Properties 1NameSymAtomic NumberGroupCrystal StructureAtomic WeightShellsOrbitalsValenceMelting PointBoiling PointElectro-NegativityCovalent RadiusIonic RadiusAtomic RadiusAtomic VolumeFirst Ionization PotentialSecond Ionization PotentialThird Ionization PotentialOxydation StatesDensity @ 293 KSpecific HeatHeat of VaporizationHeat of FusionElectrical ConductivityThermal ConductivityModulus of ElasticityCoeficient of Thermal ExpansionLattice parmLattice parmLattice parmPronouncedName OriginDescriptionDiscovered ByYearLocationSources.UsesHydrogenH1Non-MetalHexagonal1.0079411s11-255.34C-252.87C2.20.32 1.54 (+1) 0.79 14.4 cm/mol13.5984 V----10.00008988 g/cm14.304 J/gK0.44936 kJ/mol0.05868 kJ/mol--0.001815 W/cmK------HI-dreh-jenGreek: hydro (water) and genes (generate)Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas. The most abundant element in the universe. Tenth most abundant element in the earth's crust.Henry Cavendish1766EnglandCommercial quantities are produced by reacting superheated steam with methane or carbon. In lab work from reaction of metals with acid solutions or electrolysis.Most hydrogen is used in the production of ammonia. Also used in balloons and in metal refining. Also used as fuel in rockets. Its two heavier isotopes are: deuterium (D) and tritium (T) used respectively for nuclear fission and fusion.HeliumHe2Noble GasHexagonal4.00260221s20-272.2C @ 26 atmos.-268.934C00.93 --0.49 19.5 cm/mol24.5874 V54.416 V--00.0001787 g/cm5.193 J/gK0.0845 kJ/mol----0.00152 W/cmK------HEE-li-emGreek: hlios (sun).Light, odorless, colorless, tasteless inert gas. Second most abundant element in the universe. Sixth most abundant in the earth's atmosphere.Sir William Ramsey, Nils Langet, P.T.Cleve1895Scotland/SwedenFound in natural gas deposits & in the air (5 parts per billion) Constantly lost to space; replenished by radioactive decay (alpha particles).Used in balloons, deep sea diving & welding. Also used in very low temperature research.LithiumLi3Alkali MetalCubic: Body centered6.9412,1[He] 2s11180.54C1342C0.981.23 .76 (+1) 2.05 13.10 cm/mol5.3917 V76.638 V122.451 V10.53 g/cm3.6 J/gK145.920 kJ/mol3.00 kJ/mol0.108 10^6/cm ohm0.847 W/cmK10 10 MPa46 10^-6 K^-13.5101 LITH-i-emGreek: lithos (stone).Soft silvery-white metal. Lightest of metals. Accounts for only 0.0007% of the earth's crust.Johann Arfwedson1817SwedenObtained by passing electric charge through melted lithium chloride and from the silicate mineral called spodumene [LiAl(Si2O6)].Used in batteries. Also for certain kinds of glass and ceramics. Some is used in lubricants.BerylliumBe4Alkali Earth MetalHexagonal9.0121822,2[He] 2s221287C2472C1.570.90 .45 (+2) 1.40 05.0 cm/mol9.3226 V18.211 V153.893 V21.848 g/cm1.82 J/gK292.40 kJ/mol12.20 kJ/mol0.313 10^6/cm ohm2.00 W/cmK301 10 MPa11.3 10^-6 K^-12.286 3.584 beh-RIL-i-emGreek: beryllos, "beryl" (a mineral).Hard, brittle, steel-gray metal. Lightest rigid metal. Formerly called glucinium (Gl) for its sweet but deadly taste.Fredrich Whler, A.A.Bussy1798Germany/FranceFound mostly in minerals like beryl [AlBe3(Si6O18)] and chrysoberyl (Al2BeO4). Pure beryllium is obtained by chemically reducing beryl mineral. Also by electrolysis of beryllium chloride.Its ability to absorb large amounts of heat makes it useful in spacecraft, missiles, aircraft, etc. Emeralds are beryl crystals with chromium traces giving them their green color.BoronB5Non-MetalRhombohedral10.8112,3[He] 2s2 2p132079C4000C2.040.82 .23 (+3) 1.17 04.6 cm/mol8.2980 V25.154 V37.93 V32.34 g/cm1.02 J/gK489.70 kJ/mol50.20 kJ/mol1.0e-12 10^6/cm ohm0.270 W/cmK441 10 MPa4.7 10^-6 K^-18.80 5.05 BO-ronFrom Arabic and Persian words for borax.Hard, brittle, lustrous black semimetal. Exists in the earth's crust at an average proportion of about 10 parts per million.Sir H. Davy, J.L. Gay-Lussac, L.J. Thnard1808England/FranceObtained from kernite, a kind of borax (Na2B4O7.10H2O). High purity boron is produced by electrolysis of molten potassium fluroborate and potassium chloride (KCl).Used with titanium & tungsten to make heat resistant alloys for jets & rockets.CarbonC6Non-MetalHexagonal12.0112,4[He] 2s2 2p22,3,43825C (Sublimes)4827C2.550.77 .16 (+4) 0.91 04.58 cm/mol11.2603 V24.383 V47.887 V(4),22.62 g/cm0.71 J/gK355.80 kJ/mol--0.00061 10^6/cm ohm1.29 W/cmK7 10 MPa1.0 10^-6 K^-12.4619 6.7080 KAR-benLatin: carbo, (charcoal).Allotropic forms include diamonds and graphite. Sixth most abundant element in the universe.Known to the ancientsUnknownUnknownMade by burning organic compounds with insufficient oxygen.For making steel, in filters, and many more uses. Radiocarbon dating uses the carbon-14 isotope to date old objects.NitrogenN7Non-MetalHexagonal14.006742,5[He] 2s2 2p33,5-209.86C-195.8C3.040.75 1.71 (-3) 0.75 17.3 cm/mol14.5341 V29.601 V47.448 V(3),5,4,2,10.0012506 g/cm1.04 J/gK2.7928 kJ/mol0.3604 kJ/mol--0.0002598 W/cmK--240 10^-6 K^-1--NYE-treh-genGreek: nitron and genes, (soda forming).Colorless, odorless, tasteless, generally inert gas. Fifth most abundant element in the universe. Makes up about 78% of earth's atmosphere.Daniel Rutherford1772ScotlandObtained from liquid air by fractional distillation.Primarily to produce ammonia and other fertilizers. Also used in making nitric acid, which is used in explosives. Also used in welding and enhanced oil recovery.OxygenO8Non-MetalCubic15.99942,6[He] 2s2 2p42-218.4C-182.962C3.440.73 1.40 (-2) 0.65 14.0 cm/mol13.6181 V35.117 V54.934 V-20.001429 g/cm0.92 J/gK3.4099 kJ/mol0.22259 kJ/mol--0.0002674 W/cmK--780 10^-6 K^-1--OK-si-jenGreek: oxys and genes, (acid former).Colorless, odorless, tasteless gas; pale blue liquid. Third most abundant element in the universe. It is the most abundant element in the earth's crust, and makes up almost 21% of the atmosphere.Joseph Priestly, Carl Wilhelm Scheele1774England/SwedenObtained primarily from liquid air by fractional distillation. Small amounts are made in the laboratory by electrolysis of water or heating potassium chlorate (KClO3) with manganese dioxide (MnO2) catalyst.Used in steel making, welding, and supporting life. Naturally occuring ozone (O3) in the upper atmosphere shields the earth from ultraviolet radiation.FluorineF9HalogenCubic18.99840322,7[He] 2s2 2p51-219.62C-188.14C3.980.72 1.33 (-1) 0.57 12.6 cm/mol17.4228 V34.97 V62.707 V-10.001696 g/cm0.82 J/gK3.2698 kJ/mol0.2552 kJ/mol--0.000279 W/cmK--1800 10^-6 K^-1--FLU-eh-reenLatin: fluere (flow).Greenish-yellow, pungent, corrosive gas. Extremely reactive. Does not occur uncombined in nature.Henri Moissan1886FranceFound in the minerals fluorite (CaF2) and cryolite(Na3AlF6). Electrolysis of hydrofluoric acid (HF) or potassium acid fluoride (KHF2) is the only practical method of commercial production.Used in refrigerants and other fluorocarbons. Also in toothpaste as sodium fluoride (NaF) and stannous fluoride (SnF2); also in Teflon.NeonNe10Noble GasCubic: Face centered20.17972,8[He] 2s2 2p60-248.67C-246.048C00.71 --0.51 17.3 cm/mol21.5645 V40.962 V63.45 V00.0008999 g/cm0.904 J/gK1.7326 kJ/mol0.3317 kJ/mol--0.000493 W/cmK--1900 10^-6 K^-1--NEE-onGreek: neos (new).Colorless, odorless, tasteless inert gas. Fourth most abundant element in the universe and fifth most abundant in the earth's atmosphere (18.18 ppm).Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers1898EnglandObtained from production of liquid air as a byproduct of producing liquid oxygen and nitrogen.Primarily for lighting.SodiumNa11Alkali MetalCubic: Body centered22.9897682,8,1[Ne] 3s1197.81C882.9C0.931.54 1.02 (+1) 2.23 23.7 cm/mol5.1391 V47.286 V71.641 V10.971 g/cm1.23 J/gK96.960 kJ/mol2.598 kJ/mol0.210 10^6/cm ohm1.41 W/cmK5 10 MPa71 10^-6 K^-14.2908 SO-di-emMedieval Latin: sodanum, (headache remedy); symbol from Latin natrium, (sodium carbonate).Soft silvery-white metal. Sixth most abundant element in the earth's crust. Burns in air with a brilliant white flame.Sir Humphrey Davy1807EnglandObtained by electrolysis of melted sodium chloride (salt), borax and cryolite.There are few uses for the pure metal, however its compounds are used in medicine, agriculture and photography. Sodium chloride (NaCl) is table salt. Liquid sodium is sometimes used to cool nuclear reactors.MagnesiumMg12Alkali Earth MetalHexagonal24.3052,8,2[Ne] 3s22648.8C1090C1.311.36 .72 (+2) 1.72 13.97 cm/mol7.6462 V15.035 V80.143 V21.738 g/cm1.02 J/gK127.40 kJ/mol8.954 kJ/mol0.226 10^6/cm ohm1.56 W/cmK44.4 10 MPa24.8 10^-6 K^-13.2095 5.2107 mag-NEE-zih-emFrom Magnesia ancient city in district of Thessaly, Greece.Lightweight, malleable, silvery-white metal. Eighth most abundant element in the universe. Seventh most abundant element in the earth's crust.Sir Humphrey Davy1808EnglandUsually obtained by electrolysis of melted magnesium chloride (MgCl2) found in sea water. Each cubic mile of seawater contains about 12 billion pounds of magnesium.Used in alloys to make airplanes, missiles and other uses for light metals. Has structural properties similar to aluminium. But since it is flammable at temperatures of burning gasoline, its uses are limited.AluminumAl13MetalCubic: Face centered26.9815392,8,3[Ne] 3s2 3p13660.37C2519C1.51.18 .54 (+3) 1.82 10.0 cm/mol5.9858 V18.828 V28.447 V32.702 g/cm0.90 J/gK293.40 kJ/mol10.790 kJ/mol0.377 10^6/cm ohm2.37 W/cmK70.5 10 MPa23.1 10^-6 K^-14.0497 ah-LOO-men-emLatin: alumen, aluminis, (alum).Soft, lightweight, silvery-white metal. Third most abundant element in the earth's crust.Hans Christian Oersted1825DenmarkNever occurs in free form. Obtained by electrolysis from bauxite (Al2O3).Used for many purposes from airplanes to beverage cans. Too soft in its pure form so less than 1% of silicon or iron is added, which hardens and strengthens it.SiliconSi14Non-MetalCubic: Face centered28.08552,8,4[Ne] 3s2 3p241410C3265C1.81.11 .26 (+4) 1.46 12.1 cm/mol8.1517 V16.345 V33.492 V2,(4),-42.33 g/cm0.71 J/gK384.220 kJ/mol50.550 kJ/mol2.52e-12 10^6/cm ohm1.48 W/cmK162 10 MPa2.6 10^-6 K^-15.4309 SIL-i-kenLatin: silex, silicus, (flint).Amorphous form is brown power; crystalline form has gray metallic appearance. Seventh most abundant element in the universe. Second most plentiful element in the earths crust.Jns Berzelius1824SwedenMakes up major portion of clay, granite, quartz (SiO2), and sand. Commercial production depends on a reaction between sand (SiO2) and carbon at a temperature of around 2200 C.Used in glass as silicon dioxide (SiO2). Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the hardest substances known and used in polishing. Also the crystalline form is used in semiconductors.PhosphorusP15Non-MetalMonoclinic30.9737622,8,5[Ne] 3s2 3p33,544.1C277C2.191.06 .17 (+5) 1.23 17.0 cm/mol10.4867 V19.725 V30.18 V3,(5),71.82 g/cm0.77 J/gK12.129 kJ/mol0.657 kJ/mol1.0e-17 10^6/cm ohm0.00235 W/cmK5 10 MPa127 10^-6 K^-13.3137 10.478 4.3765 FOS-fer-esGreek: phosphoros, (bringer of light).Soft white waxy phosphorescent solid, brownish-red powder or black solid.Hennig Brand1669GermanyFound most often in phosphate rock. Pure phosphorus is obtained by heating a mixture of phosphate rock, coke, and silica to about 1450 C.Used in the production of fertilizers and detergents. Some is used in fireworks, safety matches, and incendiary weapons. Also some applications for it and some of its compounds which glow in the dark.SulfurS16Non-MetalOrthorhombic32.0662,8,6[Ne] 3s2 3p42,4,6115.21C444.6C2.581.02 .29 (+6) 1.09 15.5 cm/mol10.3600 V23.33 V34.83 V2,4,(6)2.07 g/cm0.71 J/gK--1.7175 kJ/mol0.5e-23 10^6/cm ohm0.00269 W/cmK19 10 MPa70 10^-6 K^-110.4650 12.8665 24.4869 SUL-ferLatin: sulphur (brimstone).Tasteless, odorless, pale yellow, brittle solid. Tenth most abundant element in the universe.Known to the ancients.UnknownUnknownFound in pure form and in ores like cinnabar, galena, sphalerite and stibnite. Pure form is obtained from undergound deposits by the Frasch process.Used in matches, gunpowder, medicines, rubber and pesticides, dyes and insecticides. Also for making sulfuric acid (H2SO4).ChlorineCl17HalogenOrthorhombic35.45272,8,7[Ne] 3s2 3p51,3,5,7-100.98C-34.6C3.160.99 1.81 (-1) 0.97 16.9 cm/mol12.9676 V23.81 V39.611 V(1),3,5,70.003214 g/cm0.48 J/gK10.20 kJ/mol3.203 kJ/mol--0.000089 W/cmK------KLOR-eenGreek: chlros (greenish yellow).Greenish-yellow, disagreeable gas. Never found in free form in nature.Carl Wilhelm Scheele1774SwedenSalt (sodium chloride, NaCl) is its most common compound. Commercial quantities are produced by electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (seawater or brine from salt mines).Used in water purification, bleaches, acids and many, many other compounds such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC).ArgonAr18Noble GasCubic: Face centered39.9482,8,8[Ne] 3s2 3p60-189.2C-185.7C00.98 --0.88 23.9 cm/mol15.7596 V27.629 V40.74 V00.0017824 g/cm0.520 J/gK6.447 kJ/mol1.188 kJ/mol--0.0001772 W/cmK3 10 MPa618 10^-6 K^-1--AR-gonGreek: argos (inactive).Colorless, odorless, tasteless noble gas. It is the third most abundant element in the earth's atmosphere and makes up about 1%.Sir William Ramsey, Baron Rayleigh1894ScotlandContinuously released into the air by decay of radioactive potassium-40. Pure form is obtained from fractional distillation of liquid air.Used in lighting products. It is often used in filling incandescent light bulbs. Some is mixed with krypton in fluorescent lamps. Crystals in the semiconductor industry are grown in argon atmospheres.PotassiumK19Alkali MetalCubic: Body centered39.09832,8,8,1[Ar] 4s1163.25C759.9C0.822.03 1.51 (+1) 2.77 45.46 cm/mol4.3407 V31.625 V45.72 V10.862 g/cm0.75 J/gK79.870 kJ/mol2.334 kJ/mol0.139 10^6/cm ohm1.024 W/cmK2.4 10 MPa82 10^-6 K^-15.247 pe-TASS-i-emEnglish: pot ash; symbol from Latin: kalium, (alkali).Soft, waxy, silver-white metal. Eighth most abundant element in the earth's crust (20,900 ppm). Occurs only in compounds.Sir Humphrey Davy1807EnglandFound in minerals like carnallite [(KMgCl3).6H2O] & sylvite (potassium chloride, KCL). Pure metal is produced by the reaction of hot potassium chloride and sodium vapors in a special retort.Used as potash in making glass & soap. Also as saltpeter, potassium nitrate (KNO3) to make explosives and to color fireworks in mauve. Formerly called kalium (K). Vital to function of nerve and muscle tissures.CalciumCa20Alkali Earth MetalCubic: Face centered40.0782,8,8,2[Ar] 4s22839C1484C11.74 1.00 (+2) 2.23 25.9 cm/mol6.1132 V11.871 V50.908 V21.55 g/cm0.63 J/gK153.60 kJ/mol8.540 kJ/mol0.298 10^6/cm ohm2.00 W/cmK21 10 MPa22.3 10^-6 K^-15.5886 KAL-si-emLatin: calx, calcis (lime).Fairly hard, silvery-white metal. Fifth most abundant element in the earth's crust (41,500 ppm). Occurs only in compounds.Sir Humphrey Davy1808EnglandObtained from minerals like chalk, limestone & marble. Pure metal is produced by replacing the calcium in lime (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) with aluminium in hot, low pressure retorts.Used by many forms of life to make shells and bones. Virtually no use for the pure metal, however two of its compounds are, lime (CaO) and gypsum (CaSO4), are in great demand by a number of industries.ScandiumSc21Transition MetalHexagonal44.955912,8,9,2[Ar] 3d1 4s231541C2830C1.361.44 .75 (+3) 2.09 15.0 cm/mol6.5614 V12.80 V24.76 V33.0 g/cm0.6 J/gK314.20 kJ/mol14.10 kJ/mol0.0177 10^6/cm ohm0.158 W/cmK80 10 MPa10.0 10^-6 K^-13.3091 5.2735 SKAN-di-emLatin: Scandia, Scandinavia.Fairly soft, silvery-white metal. Eighth most abundant 'rare earth' found in the earth's crust (5.0 ppm).Lars Nilson1879SwedenOccurs mainly in the minerals thortveitile (~34% scandium) and wiikite. Also in some tin and tungsten ores. Pure scandium is obtained as a by-product of uranium refining.Scandium metal is used in some aerospace applications. Scandum oxide (Sc2O3) is used in the manufacture of high-intensity electric lamps. Scandium iodide (ScI3) is used in lamps that produce light having a color closely matching natural sunlight.TitaniumTi22Transition MetalHexagonal47.882,8,10,2[Ar] 3d2 4s22,3,41668C 10C3287C1.541.32 .61 (+4) 2.00 10.64 cm/mol6.8282 V13.58 V27.491 V(4),3,24.50 g/cm0.52 J/gK421.00 kJ/mol15.450 kJ/mol0.0234 10^6/cm ohm0.219 W/cmK110 10 MPa8.6 10^-6 K^-129512 4.6845 tie-TAY-ni-emGreek: titanos (Titans).Shiny, dark-gray metal. Ninth most abundant element in the earth's crust (5700 ppm). It can be highly polished, and is relatively immune to tarnishing.William Gregor1791EnglandUsually occurs in the minerals ilmenite (FeTiO3) or rutile (TiO2). Also in Titaniferous magnetite, titanite (CaTiSiO5), and iron ores. Pure metal produced by heating TiO2 with C and Cl2 to produce TiCl4 then heated with Mg gas in Ar atmosphere.Since it is strong and resists acids it is used in many alloys. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), a white pigment that covers surfaces very well, is used in paint, rubber, paper and many others.VanadiumV23Transition MetalCubic: Body centered50.94152,8,11,2[Ar] 3d3 4s22,3,4,51890C 10C3407C1.631.22 .54 (+5) 1.92 08.78 cm/mol6.7463 V14.65 V29.31 V(5),4,3,25.8 g/cm0.49 J/gK0.452 kJ/mol20.90 kJ/mol0.0489 10^6/cm ohm0.307 W/cmK129 10 MPa8.4 10^-6 K^-13.0232 veh-NAY-di-emFrom Scandinavian goddess, Vanadis.Soft, ductile, silvery-white metal. Resistant to corrosion by moisture, air and most acids and alkalis at room temperature.Nils Sefstrm1830SwedenFound in the minerals patronite (VS4), vanadinite [Pb5(VO4)3Cl], and carnotite [K2(UO2)2(VO4)2.3H2O]. Pure metal produced by heating with C and Cl to produce VCl3 which is heated with Mg in Ar atmosphere.It is mixed with other metals to make very strong and durable alloys. Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) is used as a catalyst, dye and color-fixer.ChromiumCr24Transition MetalCubic: Body centered51.99612,8,13,1[Ar] 3d5 4s12,3,61857C2672C1.661.18 .62 (+3) 1.85 07.23 cm/mol6.7666 V16.50 V30.96 V6,(3),27.19 g/cm0.45 J/gK344.30 kJ/mol16.90 kJ/mol0.0774 10^6/cm ohm0.937 W/cmK259 10 MPa4.9 10^-6 K^-12.8847 KROH-mi-emGreek: chrma (color).Very hard, crystalline, steel-gray metal. The pure metal has a blue-white color. It is hard, brittle and corrsion-resistant at normal temperatures.Louis Vauquelin1797FranceChromite [Fe,Mg(CrO4)] is its most important mineral. Produced commercially by heating its ore in the presence of silicon or aluminium.Used to make stainless steel. It gives the color to rubies and emeralds. Iron-nickel-chromium alloys in various percentages yield an incredible variety of the most important metals in modern technology.ManganeseMn25Transition MetalCubic: Body centered54.938052,8,13,2[Ar] 3d5 4s21,2,3,4,6,71244C2061C1.551.17 .67 (+2) 1.79 07.39 cm/mol7.4340 V15.64 V33.667 V7,6,4,(2),37.43 g/cm0.48 J/gK226.0 kJ/mol12.050 kJ/mol0.00695 10^6/cm ohm0.0782 W/cmK198 10 MPa21.7 10^-6 K^-18.9142 MAN-ge-neesLatin: magnes (magnet); Italian: manganese.Hard, brittle, gray-white metal with a pinkish tinge. Rusts like iron in moist air.Johann Gahn1774SwedenMost abundant ores are pyrolusite (MnO2), psilomelane [(Ba,H2O)2Mn5O10] and rhodochrosite (MnCO3). Pure metal produced by mixing MnO2 with powered Al and ignited in a furnace.Used in steel, batteries and ceramics. The steel in railroad tracks can contain as much as 1.2% manganese. It is crucial to the effectiveness of vitamin B1.IronFe26Transition MetalCubic: Body centered55.8472,8,14,2[Ar] 3d6 4s22,3,4,61535C2861C1.831.17 .55 (+3) 1.72 07.1 cm/mol7.9024 V16.18 V30.651 V2,(3)7.86 g/cm0.44 J/gK349.60 kJ/mol13.80 kJ/mol0.0993 10^6/cm ohm0.802 W/cmK211 10 MPa11.8 10^-6 K^-12.8665 EYE-ernAnglo-Saxon: iron; symbol from Latin: ferrum (iron).Malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal. Fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust (56,300 ppm). Ninth most abundant element in the universe.Known to the ancients.UnknownUnknownObtained from iron ores. Pure metal produced in blast furnaces by layering limestone, coke and iron ore and forcing hot gasses into the bottom. This heats the coke red hot and the iron is reduced from its oxides and liquified where it flows to the bottomUsed in steel and other alloys. Essential for humans. It is the chief constituent of hemoglobin which carries oxygen in blood vessels. Its oxides are used in magnetic tapes and disks.CobaltCo27Transition MetalHexagonal58.93322,8,15,2[Ar] 3d7 4s22,31495C2927C1.881.16 .65 (+2) 1.67 06.7 cm/mol7.8810 V17.06 V33.50 V(2),38.90 g/cm0.42 J/gK376.50 kJ/mol16.190 kJ/mol0.172 10^6/cm ohm1.00 W/cmK208 10 MPa13 10^-6 K^-12.507 4.070 KO-boltGerman: kobold (goblin).Hard, ductile, lustrous bluish-gray metal. Exists in the earth's curst in cocentrations of about 25 ppm. It has remarkable magnetic properties.George Brandt1739SwedenOccurs in compounds with arsenic, oxygen and sulfur as in cobaltine (CoAsS) and linneite (Co3S4). Pure cobalt is obtained as a byproduct of refining nickel, copper and iron.Used in many hard alloys; for magnets, ceramics and special glasses. Remains hard up to 982C. Radioactive cobalt-60 is used in cancer therapy.NickelNi28Transition MetalCubic: Face centered58.69342,8,16,2[Ar] 3d8 4s20,1,2,31453C2913C1.911.15 .69 (+2) 1.62 06.59 cm/mol7.6398 V18.168 V35.17 V(2),38.90 g/cm0.44 J/gK370.40 kJ/mol17.470 kJ/mol0.143 10^6/cm ohm0.907 W/cmK208 10 MPa13.4 10^-6 K^-13.5239 NIK-lGerman: kupfernickel (false copper).Hard, malleable, silvery-white metal. Found in the earth's crust in portions averaging 70 ppm. It can be polished to a lustrous finish. Virtually no corrosion under normal conditions.Axel Cronstedt1751SwedenChiefly found in pentlandite [(Ni,Fe)9S8] ore. The metal is produced by heating the ore in a blast furnace which replaces the sulfur with oxygen. The oxides are then treated with an acid that reacts with the iron not the nickel.Used in electroplating and metal alloys because of its resistance to corrosion. Also in nickel-cadmium batteries; as a catalyst and for coins.CopperCu29Transition MetalCubic: Face centered63.5462,8,18,1[Ar] 3d10 4s11,21083C2567C1.91.17 .73 (+2) 1.57 07.1 cm/mol7.7264 V20.292 V36.83 V(2),18.96 g/cm0.38 J/gK300.30 kJ/mol13.050 kJ/mol0.596 10^6/cm ohm4.01 W/cmK124 10 MPa16.5 10^-6 K^-13.6148 KOP-erSymbol from Latin: cuprum (island of Cyprus famed for its copper mines).Malleable, ductile, reddish-brown metal.Known to the ancients.UnknownUnknownPure copper occurs rarely in nature. Usually found in sulfides as in chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), coveline (CuS), chalcosine (Cu2S) or oxides like cuprite (Cu2O).Most often used as an electrical conductor. Also used in the manufacture of water pipes. Its alloys are used in jewelry and for coins.ZincZn30MetalHexagonal65.392,8,18,2[Ar] 3d10 4s22419.58C907C1.651.25 .74 (+2) 1.53 09.2 cm/mol9.3941 V17.964 V39.722 V27.14 g/cm0.39 J/gK115.30 kJ/mol7.322 kJ/mol0.166 10^6/cm ohm1.16 W/cmK95 10 MPa30.2 10^-6 K^-12.6650 4.9470 ZINKGerman: zink (German for tin).Bluish-silver, ductile metal.Known to the ancients.UnknownGermanyFound in the minerals zinc blende (sphalerite) (ZnS), calamine, franklinite, smithsonite (ZnCO3), willemite, and zincite (ZnO).Used to coat other metal (galvanizing) to protect them from rusting. Also used in alloys such as brass, bronze, nickel. Also in solder, cosmetics and pigments.GalliumGa31MetalOrthorhombic69.7232,8,18,3[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p12,329.78C2204C1.811.26 .62 (+3) 1.81 11.8 cm/mol5.9993 V20.51 V30.71 V35.907 g/cm0.37 J/gK258.70 kJ/mol5.590 kJ/mol0.0678 10^6/cm ohm0.406 W/cmK11 10 MPa19.7 10^-6 K^-14.523 7.661 4.524 GAL-i-emLatin: Gallia (France).Soft, blue-white metal.Paul mile Lecoq de Boisbaudran1875FranceFound throughout the crust in minerals like bauxite, germanite and coal.Used in semiconductor production. It us used in making LEDs (light-emitting diodes) and GaAs laser diodes.GermaniumGe32MetalCubic: Face centered72.612,8,18,4[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p22,4937.4C2830C2.011.22 .53 (+4) 1.52 13.6 cm/mol7.900 V15.934 V34.22 V(4),25.323 g/cm0.32 J/gK330.90 kJ/mol36.940 kJ/mol1.45e-8 10^6/cm ohm0.599 W/cmK115 10 MPa5.7 10^-6 K^-15.677 jer-MAY-ni-emLatin: Germania (Germany).Grayish-white metal.Clemens Winkler1886GermanyObtained from refining copper, zinc and lead.Widely used in semiconductors. It is a good semiconductor when combined with tiny amounts of phosphorus, arsenic, gallium, and antimony.ArsenicAs33Non-MetalRhombohedral74.921592,8,18,5[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3-3,0,3,5817C @ 28 atmos.Sublimes at 613C2.181.20 .58 (+3) 1.33 13.1 cm/mol9.8152 V18.633 V28.351 V(3),55.72 g/cm0.33 J/gK34.760 kJ/mol--0.0345 10^6/cm ohm0.500 W/cmK39 10 MPa15.4 10^-6 K^-14.1319 a=54 8'AR-s'n-ikGreek: arsenikon; Latin: arsenicum, (both names for yellow pigment).Steel-gray, brittle semi-metal.Known to the ancients.UnknownUnknownFound in mispickel (arsenopyrite)Many of its compounds are deadly poison and used as weed killer and rat poison. Conducts electricity. Used in semiconductors. Some compounds, called arsenides, are used in the manufacture of paints, wallpapers, and ceramics.SeleniumSe34Non-MetalHexagonal78.962,8,18,6[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4-2,4,6217C684.9C2.551.16 .50 (+4) 1.22 16.45 cm/mol9.7524 V21.19 V30.82 V-2,(4),64.79 g/cm0.32 J/gK37.70 kJ/mol6.694 kJ/mol1.0e-12 10^6/cm ohm0.0204 W/cmK20 10 MPa45.0 10^-6 K^-14.3658 4.9592 si-LEE-ni-emGreek: seln (moon).Soft metalloid similar to sulfur. Ranges from gray metallic to red glassy appearance.Jns Berzelius1818SwedenObtained from lead, copper and nickel refining. Conducts electricity when struck by light.Light causes it to conduct electricity more easily. It is used in photoelectric cells, TV cameras, xerography machines and as a semiconductor in solar batteries and rectifiers. Also colors glass red.BromineBr35HalogenOrthorhombic79.9042,8,18,7[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p51,3,5,7-7.2C58.78C2.961.14 1.96 (-1) 1.12 25.6 cm/mol11.8138 V21.8 V36.0 V(1),53.119 g/cm0.473 J/gK15.438 kJ/mol5.286 kJ/mol--0.00122 W/cmK------BRO-meenGreek: brmos (stench).Redish-brown liquid.Antoine J. Balard1826FranceOccurs in compounds in sea water.It was once used in large quantities to make a compound that removed lead compound build up in engines burning leaded gasoline. Now it is primarily used in dyes, disinfectants, and photographic chemicals.KryptonKr36Noble GasCubic: Face centered83.82,8,18,8[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p60-156.6C-152.3C01.12 --1.03 38.9 cm/mol13.9996 V24.359 V36.95 V00.003708 g/cm0.248 J/gK9.029 kJ/mol1.638 kJ/mol--0.0000949 W/cmK--425 10^-6 K^-1--KRIP-tonGreek: kryptos (hidden).Colorless, odorless, tasteless rare noble gas.Sir William Ramsey, M.W. Travers1898Great BritainForms 1 millionth of the atmosphere. Obtained from production of liquid air.Used in lighting products. Some is used as inert filler-gas in incandescent bulbs. Some is mixed with argon in fluorescent lamps. The most important use is in flashing stroboscopic lamps that outline airport runways.RubidiumRb37Alkali MetalCubic: Body centered85.46782,8,18,8,1[Kr] 5s11,2,3,438.89C686C0.822.16 1.61 (+1) 2.98 55.9 cm/mol4.1771 V27.28 V40.0 V11.53 g/cm0.363 J/gK72.216 kJ/mol2.192 kJ/mol0.0779 10^6/cm ohm0.582 W/cmK2.0 10 MPa91 10^-6 K^-15.70 roo-BID-i-emLatin: rubidus (deep red); the color its salts impart to flames.Soft, silvery-white, highly reactive metal.R. Bunsen, G. Kirchoff1861GermanyOccurs abundantly, but so widespread that production is limited. Usually obtained from lithium production.Used as a catalyst, photocells, and vacuum and cathode-ray tubes.StrontiumSr38Alkali Earth MetalCubic: Face centered87.622,8,18,8,2[Kr] 5s22769C1384C0.951.91 1.26 (+2) 2.45 33.7 cm/mol5.6948 V11.03 V43.60 V22.6 g/cm0.30 J/gK144.0 kJ/mol8.30 kJ/mol0.0762 10^6/cm ohm0.353 W/cmK15 10 MPa22.5 10^-6 K^-16.0851 STRON-she-emFrom the Scottish town, Strontian.Soft, malleable, silvery-yellow metal.A. Crawford1790ScotlandFound in minerals celestite and strontianite.Used in flares and fireworks for crimson color. Strontium-90 is a long lived highly radioactive fallout product of atomic-bomb explosions.YttriumY39Transition MetalHexagonal88.905852,8,18,9,2[Kr] 4d1 5s231522C 8C3338C1.221.62 1.02 (+3) 2.27 19.8 cm/mol6.217 V12.24 V20.52 V34.47 g/cm0.30 J/gK363.0 kJ/mol11.40 kJ/mol0.0166 10^6/cm ohm0.172 W/cmK64.4 10 MPa11.3 10^-6 K^-13.6475 5.7308 IT-ri-emFrom the Swedish village, Ytterby, where one of its minerals was first found.Silvery, ductile, fairly reactive metal.Johann Gadolin1789FinlandFound in minerals such as monazite, xenotime, and yttria.Combined with europium to make red phosphors for color TV's. Yttrium oxide and iron oxide combine to form a crystal garnet used in radar.ZirconiumZr40Transition MetalHexagonal91.2242,8,18,10,2[Kr] 4d2 5s22,3,41852C 2C4377C1.331.45 .84 (+4) 2.16 14.1 cm/mol6.6339 V13.13 V22.99 V46.4 g/cm0.27 J/gK58.20 kJ/mol16.90 kJ/mol0.0236 10^6/cm ohm0.227 W/cmK94 10 MPa5.7 10^-6 K^-13.2313 5.1479 zer-KO-ni-emFrom the mineral, zircon.Gray-white, lustrous, corrosion-resistant metal.Martin Klaproth1789GermanyFound in many minerals such as zircon and baddeleyite.Used in alloys such as zircaloy which is used in nuclear applications since it does not readily absorb neutrons. Also baddeleyite is used in lab crucibles. Used in high-performance pumps and valves. Clear zircon (ZrSiO4) is a popular gemstone.NiobiumNb41Transition MetalCubic: Body centered92.906382,8,18,12,1[Kr] 4d4 5s12,3,52468C 10C4742C1.61.34 .64 (+5) 2.08 10.87 cm/mol6.7589 V14.32 V25.04 V(5),38.57 g/cm0.26 J/gK682.0 kJ/mol26.40 kJ/mol0.0693 10^6/cm ohm0.537 W/cmK104 10 MPa7.3 10^-6 K^-13.3067 ni-OH-bee-emFrom Niobe; daughter of the mythical Greek king Tantalus.Shiny white, soft, ductile metal.Charles Hatchet1801EnglandOccurs in a mineral columbite. Formerly known as colombium (Cb). It is used in stainless steel alloys for nuclear reactors, jets and missiles.Used as an alloy with iron and nickel. It can be used in nuclear reactors and is known to be superconductive when alloyed with tin, aluminum or zirconium.MolybdenumMo42Transition MetalCubic: Body centered95.942,8,18,13,1[Kr] 4d5 5s12,3,62617C4612C2.161.30 .59 (+6) 2.01 09.4 cm/mol7.0924 V16.461 V27.16 V(6),5,4,3,210.2 g/cm0.25 J/gK598.0 kJ/mol32.0 kJ/mol0.187 10^6/cm ohm1.38 W/cmK322 10 MPa4.8 10^-6 K^-13.1469 meh-LIB-deh-nemGreek: molybdos (lead).Hard, silvery-white metal.Carl Wilhelm Scheele1778SwedenFound in the minerals molybdenite (MoS2) and wulfenite (MoO4Pb).Its alloys are used in aircraft, missiles, and protective coatings in boiler plate.TechnetiumTc43Transition MetalHexagonal-97.90722,8,18,13,2[Kr] 4d5 5s20,2,4,5,6,72172C4877C1.91.27 --1.95 08.5 cm/mol7.28 V15.26 V29.54 V(7),6,411.5 g/cm0.21 J/gK660.0 kJ/mol24.0 kJ/mol0.067 10^6/cm ohm0.506 W/cmK380 10 MPa8 10^-6 K^-12.735 4.388 tek-NEE-shi-emGreek: techntos (artificial).Silvery-gray metal. First synthetically produced element.Carlo Perrier, millo Segr1937ItalyMade first by bombarding molybdenum with deuterons (heavy hydrogen) in a cyclotron.Added to iron in quantities as low as 55 part-per-million transforms the iron into a corrosion-resistant alloy.RutheniumRu44Transition MetalHexagonal101.072,8,18,15,1[Kr] 4d7 5s10,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,82334C4150C2.21.25 .62 (+4) 1.89 08.3 cm/mol7.3605 V16.76 V28.47 V2,(3,4),6,812.2 g/cm0.238 J/gK595.0 kJ/mol24.0 kJ/mol0.137 10^6/cm ohm1.17 W/cmK430 10 MPa6.4 10^-6 K^-12.7059 4.2818 roo-THE-ni-emLatin: Ruthenia (Russia).Rare, extremely brittle, silver-gray metal.Karl Klaus1844RussiaFound in pentlandite and pyroxinite.Used to harden platinum and palladium. Aircraft magnetos use platinum alloy with 10% ruthenium.RhodiumRh45Transition MetalCubic: Face centered102.90552,8,18,16,1[Kr] 4d8 5s12,3,4,5,61966C 3C3695C2.281.25 .67 (+3) 1.83 08.3 cm/mol7.4589 V18.08 V31.06 V2,(3),412.4 g/cm0.242 J/gK493.0 kJ/mol21.50 kJ/mol0.211 10^6/cm ohm1.50 W/cmK330 10 MPa8.2 10^-6 K^-13.8045 RO-di-emGreek: rhodon (rose). Its salts give a rosy solution.Hard, silvery-white metalWilliam Wollaston1803EnglandObtained as a by-product of nickel production.Used as a coating to prevent wear on high quality science equipment and with platinum to make thermocouples.PalladiumPd46Transition MetalCubic: Face centered106.422,8,18,18[Kr] 4d102,3,41552C2940C2.21.28 .64 (+2) 1.79 08.9 cm/mol8.3369 V19.63 V32.93 V(2),412.02 g/cm0.24 J/gK357.0 kJ/mol17.60 kJ/mol0.0950 10^6/cm ohm0.718 W/cmK127 10 MPa11.8 10^-6 K^-13.8908 peh-LAY-di-emNamed after the asteroid, Pallas, discovered in 1803.Soft, malleable, ductile, silvery-white metal.William Wollaston1803EnglandObtained with platinum, nickel, copper and mercury ores.Used as a substitue for silver in dental items and jewelry. The pure metal is used as the delicate mainsprings in analog wristwatches. Also used in surgical instruments and as catalyst .SilverAg47Transition MetalCubic: Face centered107.86822,8,18,18,1[Kr] 4d10 5s11,2961.93C2162C1.931.34 1.15 (+1) 1.75 10.3 cm/mol7.5762 V21.49 V34.83 V110.5 g/cm0.235 J/gK250.580 kJ/mol11.30 kJ/mol0.630 10^6/cm ohm4.29 W/cmK80 10 MPa18.9 10^-6 K^-14.0863 SIL-verAnglo-Saxon: siolful, (silver); symbol from Latin: argentium.Silvery-ductile, and malleable metalKnown to the ancients.UnknownUnknownFound in ores called argentite (AgS), light ruby silver (Ag3AsS3), dark ruby silver(Ag3SbS3) and brittle silver.Used in alloys for jewelry and in other compounds for photography. It is also a good conductor, but expensive.CadmiumCd48MetalHexagonal112.4112,8,18,18,2[Kr] 4d10 5s22320.9C765C1.691.48 .95 (+2) 1.71 13.1 cm/mol8.9937 V16.908 V37.48 V28.65 g/cm0.23 J/gK99.570 kJ/mol6.192 kJ/mol0.138 10^6/cm ohm0.968 W/cmK62 10 MPa30.8 10^-6 K^-12.9789 5.6169 KAD-me-emGreek: kadmeia (ancient name for calamine (zinc oxide)).Soft, malleable, blue-white metal.Fredrich Stromeyer1817GermanyObtained as a by product of zinc refining.Used in nickel-cadmium batteries. Also in electroplating steel and in the manufacture of berings. Its compounds are found in paint pigments and a wide variety of intense colors. Boiling cadmium gives off a weird, yellow-colored vapor that is poisonous.IndiumIn49MetalTetragonal114.8182,8,18,18,3[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p11,2,3156.61C2080C1.781.44 .80 (+3) 2.00 15.7 cm/mol5.7864 V18.869 V28.03 V37.31 g/cm0.23 J/gK231.50 kJ/mol3.263 kJ/mol0.116 10^6/cm ohm0.816 W/cmK14 10 MPa32.1 10^-6 K^-14.5981 4.9469 IN-di-emLatin: indicum (color indigo), the color it shows in a spectroscope.Rare, very soft, silver-white metalFerdinand Reich, T. Richter1863GermanyFound in certain zinc ores.Used to coat high speed bearings and as an alloy that lowers the melting point of other metals. Relativly small amounts are used in dental items and in electronic semiconductors.TinSn50MetalTetragonal118.712,8,18,18,4[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p22,4231.97C2602C1.961.41 .71 (+4) 1.72 16.3 cm/mol7.3438 V14.632 V30.502 V(4),27.30 g/cm0.227 J/gK295.80 kJ/mol7.029 kJ/mol0.0917 10^6/cm ohm0.666 W/cmK50 10 MPa22.0 10^-6 K^-15.8317 TINNamed after Etruscan god, Tinia; symbol from Latin: stannum (tin).Silvery-white, soft, malleable and ductile metal.Known to the ancients.UnknownUnknownPrincipally found in the ore cassiterite(SnO2) and stannine (Cu2FeSnS4).Used as a coating for steel cans since it is nontoxic and noncorrosive. Also in solder (33%Sn:67%Pb), bronze (20%Sn:80%Cu), and pewter. Stannous fluoride (SnF2), a compound of tin and fluorine is used in some toothpaste.AntimonySb51MetalRhombohedral121.7572,8,18,18,5[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p30,-3,3,5630.74C1587C2.051.40 .76 (+3) 1.53 18.23 cm/mol8.64 V16.53 V25.30 V(3),56.684 g/cm0.21 J/gK77.140 kJ/mol19.870 kJ/mol0.0288 10^6/cm ohm0.243 W/cmK67 10 MPa11.0 10^-6 K^-14.5069 a=57 6'27"AN-teh-MOH-niGreek: anti and monos (not alone); symbol from mineral stibnite.Hard, brittle, silvery-white semimetal.Known to the ancients.UnknownUnknownFound in stibnite (Sb2S3) and in valentinite (Sb2O3).It is alloyed with other metals to increase their hardness. Also in the manufacture of a few special types of semiconductor devices. Also in plastics and chemicals. A few kinds of over-the-counter cold and flu remedies use antimony compounds.TelluriumTe52Non-MetalHexagonal127.62,8,18,18,6[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p42,4,6449.5C989.9C2.11.36 .97 (+4) 1.42 20.5 cm/mol9.0096 V18.60 V27.96 V-2,(4),66.24 g/cm0.20 J/gK52.550 kJ/mol17.490 kJ/mol2.0e-6 10^6/cm ohm0.0235 W/cmK40 10 MPa18.8 10^-6 K^-14.4568 5.9270 te-LOOR-i-emLatin: tellus (earth).Silvery-white, brittle simi-metal.Franz Mller von Reichenstein1782RomaniaObtained as a by-product of copper and lead refining.Used to improve the machining quality of copper and stainless steel products and to color glass and ceramics. Also in thermoelectric devices. Some is used in the rubber industry and it is a basic ingredient in manufacturing blasting caps.IodineI53HalogenOrthorhombic126.904472,8,18,18,7[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p51,3,5,7113.5C184.35C @ 35 atmos.2.661.33 2.20 (-1) 1.32 25.74 cm/mol10.4513 V19.131 V33.0 V(1),5,74.93 g/cm0.214 J/gK20.752 kJ/mol7.824 kJ/mol8.0e-16 10^6/cm ohm0.00449 W/cmK--87 10^-6 K^-14.79 7.25 9.78 EYE-eh-dineGreek: ieides (violet colored).Shiny, black, non-metalic solid; as a gas it is violet and intensely irritating to the eyes, nose and throat.Bernard Courtois1811FranceOccurs on land and in the sea in sodium and potassium compounds.Required in small amounts by humans. Once used as an antiseptic, but no longer due to its poisonous nature.XenonXe54Noble GasCubic: Face centered131.292,8,18,18,8[Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p60-111.9C-107.1C01.31 --1.24 37.3 cm/mol12.1299 V21.21 V32.10 V00.00588 g/cm0.158 J/gK12.636 kJ/mol2.297 kJ/mol--0.0000569 W/cmK--253 10^-6 K^-1--ZEE-nonGreek: xenos (strange).Heavy, colorless, odorless, noble gas.Sir William Ramsay; M. W. Travers1898EnglandObtain from the small quantities in liquid air.Used for filling flash lamps and other powerful lamps. Electrical excitation of xenon produces a burst of brilliant whtie light. Also used in bubble chambers and modern nuclear power reactors.CesiumCs55Alkali MetalCubic: Body centered132.905432,8,18,18,8,1[Xe] 6s1128.4C669.3C0.792.35 1.74 (+1) 3.34 71.07 cm/mol3.8939 V25.10 V--11.873 g/cm0.24 J/gK67.740 kJ/mol2.092 kJ/mol0.0489 10^6/cm ohm0.359 W/cmK1.8 10 MPa100 10^-6 K^-16.0797 SEE-zi-emLatin: coesius (sky blue); for the blue lines of its spectrum.Very soft, light gray, ductile metal.Gustov Kirchoff, Robert Bunsen1860GermanyFound in pollucite [(Cs4Al4Si9O26).H2O] and as trace in lepidolite.Used as a 'getter' to remove air traces in vacuum and cathode-ray tubes. Also used in producing photoelectric devices and atomic clocks. Since it ionizes readily, it is used as an ion rocket motor propellant.BariumBa56Alkali Earth MetalCubic: Body centered137.3272,8,18,18,8,2[Xe] 6s22725C1897C0.891.98 1.42 (+2) 2.78 39.24 cm/mol5.2117 V10.004 V--23.51 g/cm0.204 J/gK142.0 kJ/mol7.750 kJ/mol0.030 10^6/cm ohm0.184 W/cmK13 10 MPa20.6 10^-6 K^-15.013 BAR-i-emGreek: barys (heavy or dense).Soft, slightly malleable, silvery-white metal.Sir Humphrey Davy1808EnglandFound in barytine (BaSO4) and witherite (BaCO3), never found in pure form due to its reactivity. Must be stored under kerosene to remain pure.Barite, or barium sulfate (BaSO4), when ground is used as a filter for rubber, plastics, and resins. It is insoluable in water and so is used in X-rays of the digestive system. Barium nitrate, Ba(NO3)2, burns brilliant green and is used in fireworks.LanthanumLa57Transition MetalHexagonal138.90552,8,18,18,9,2[Xe] 5d1 6s23918C3464C1.11.69 1.16 (+3) 2.74 20.73 cm/mol5.5770 V11.059 V19.174 V36.7 g/cm0.19 J/gK414.0 kJ/mol6.20 kJ/mol0.0126 10^6/cm ohm0.135 W/cmK50 10 MPa5.2 10^-6 K^-13.770 12.159 LAN-the-nemGreek: lanthanein (to be hidden).Soft, silvery-white, malleable, ductile metal.Carl Mosander1839SwedenFound with rare earths in monazite and bastnasite. Monazite sand typicall contains 25% lanthanum.It is used in the electodes of high-intensity, carbon-arc lights. Also used in the production of high-grade europium metal. Because it gives glass refractive properties, it is used in expensive camera lenses.CeriumCe58Rare EarthCubic: Face centered140.1152,8,18,20,8,2[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s23,4798C 3C3433C1.121.65 1.14 (+3) 2.70 20.67 cm/mol5.5387 V10.851 V20.20 V(3),46.78 g/cm0.19 J/gK414.0 kJ/mol5.460 kJ/mol0.0115 10^6/cm ohm0.114 W/cmK30 10 MPa5.2 10^-6 K^-15.1603 SER-i-emNamed after the asteroid, Ceres, discovered two years before the element.Malleable, ductile, iron-gray metal.W. von Hisinger, J. Berzelius, M. Klaproth1803Sweden/GermanyMost abundant rare earth metal. Found in many minerals like monazite sand [Ce(PO4)].Its oxides are used in the optics and glass-making industries. Its salts are used in the photography and textile industry. Used in high-intensity carbon lamps and as alloying agents in special metals.PraseodymiumPr59Rare EarthHexagonal140.907652,8,18,21,8,2[Xe] 4f3 6s23931C3520C1.131.65 1.13 (+3) 2.67 20.8 cm/mol5.464 V10.551 V21.62 V(3,4)6.77 g/cm0.19 J/gK296.80 kJ/mol6.890 kJ/mol0.0148 10^6/cm ohm0.125 W/cmK50 10 MPa5.4 10^-6 K^-13.6726 11.8358 pra-si-eh-DIM-i-emGreek: prasios and didymos (green twin); from its green salts.Silvery white, moderately soft, malleable, ductile metal.C.F. Aver von Welsbach1885AustriaObtained from same salts as neodymium.Used with neodymium to make lenses for glass maker's goggles since it filters out the yellow light present in glass blowing. Alloyed with magnesium creates a high-strength metal used in aircraft engines. Makes up 5% of Mich metal.NeodymiumNd60Rare EarthHexagonal144.242,8,18,22,8,2[Xe] 4f4 6s231021C3074C1.141.64 --2.64 20.6 cm/mol5.5250 V10.727 V22.076 V37.0 g/cm0.19 J/gK273.0 kJ/mol7.140 kJ/mol0.0157 10^6/cm ohm0.165 W/cmK38 10 MPa6.9 10^-6 K^-13.6580 nee-eh-DIM-i-emGreek: neos and didymos (new twin).Silvery-white, rare-earth metal that oxidizes easily in air.C.F. Aver von Welsbach1925AustriaMade from electrolysis of its halide salts, which are made from monazite sand.Used in making artificial ruby for lasers. Also in ceramics and for a special lens with praseodymium. Also to produce bright purple glass and special glass that filters infrared radiation. Makes up 18% of Mich metal, which is used in making steel.PromethiumPm61Rare EarthHexagonal-144.91272,8,18,23,8,2[Xe] 4f5 6s231042 C3000 C (estimated)1.131.63 1.09 (+3) 2.62 22.39 cm/mol5.55 V10.903 V22.283 V36.475 g/cm0.18 J/gK------0.179 W/cmK42 10 MPa----pro-MEE-thi-emNamed for the Greek god, Prometheus.Rare earth metal of synthetic origin on the earth, naturally made in stars.J.A. Marinsky, L.E. Glendenin, C.D. Coryell1945United StatesDoes not occur naturally. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.It has been used as a source of radioactivity for thickness-measuring gages.SamariumSm62Rare EarthRhombohedral150.362,8,18,24,8,2[Xe] 4f6 6s22,31074C1794C1.171.62 1.08 (+3) 2.59 19.95 cm/mol5.6437 V11.069 V23.423 V(3),27.54 g/cm0.20 J/gK166.40 kJ/mol8.630 kJ/mol0.00956 10^6/cm ohm0.133 W/cmK45 10 MPa--8.996 a=23 13'seh-MER-i-emNamed after the mineral samarskite.Silvery rare earth metal.Paul mile Lecoq de Boisbaudran1879FranceFound with other rare earths in monazite sand. The sand is often 50% rare earths by weight and 2.8% samarium.It is used in the electronics and ceramics industries. It is easily magnetized and very difficult to demagnetize. This suggests important future applications in solid-state and superconductor technologies.EuropiumEu63Rare EarthCubic: Body centered151.9652,8,18,25,8,2[Xe] 4f7 6s22,3822C1527C1.21.85 1.07 (+3) 2.56 28.9 cm/mol5.6704 V11.245 V24.926 V(3),25.259 g/cm0.18 J/gK143.50 kJ/mol9.210 kJ/mol0.0112 10^6/cm ohm0.139 W/cmK15 10 MPa41 10^-6 K^-14.5822 yoo-RO-pi-emNamed for the continent of Europe.Soft, silvery-white metal.Eugne Demaray1901FranceObtained from monazite sand, which is a mixture of phosphates of calcium, thorium, cerium, and most other rare earths.Used with yttrium oxide to make red phosphors for color televisions.GadoliniumGd64Rare EarthHexagonal157.252,8,18,25,9,2[Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s231313C3273C1.21.61 1.05 (+3) 2.54 19.9 cm/mol6.1500 V12.095 V20.635 V37.895 g/cm0.23 J/gK359.40 kJ/mol10.050 kJ/mol0.00736 10^6/cm ohm0.106 W/cmK55 10 MPa-2 10^-6 K^-13.6361 5.7828 GAD-eh-LIN-i-emNamed after the mineral gadolinite.Soft, ductile, silvery-white metal.Jean de Marignac1880SwitzerlandFound with other rare earths in gadolinite and monazite sand.Used in steel alloying agents and the manufacture of electronic components.TerbiumTb65Rare EarthHexagonal158.925342,8,18,27,8,2[Xe] 4f9 6s23,41356C3230C1.21.59 1.18 (+3) 2.51 19.2 cm/mol5.8639 V11.525 V21.91 V(3),48.27 g/cm0.18 J/gK330.90 kJ/mol10.80 kJ/mol0.00889 10^6/cm ohm0.111 W/cmK57 10 MPa9.4 10^-6 K^-13.6011 5.6938 TUR-bi-emNamed after Ytterby, a village in Sweden.Soft, ductile, silvery-gray, rare earth metal.Carl Mosander1843SwedenFound with other rare earths in monazite sand, which typically contain 0.03% terbium. Other sources are xenotime and euxenite, both of which are oxide mixtures that can contain up to 1% terbium.It is used in modest amounts in special lasers and solid-state devices.DysprosiumDy66Rare EarthHexagonal162.52,8,18,28,8,2[Xe] 4f10 6s231412C2567C1.221.59 1.03 (+3) 2.49 19.0 cm/mol5.9389 V11.67 V22.802 V38.536 g/cm0.17 J/gK230.0 kJ/mol11.060 kJ/mol0.0108 10^6/cm ohm0.107 W/cmK63 10 MPa9.6 10^-6 K^-13.5904 5.6477 dis-PRO-si-emGreek: dysprositos (hard to get at).Soft, lustrous, silvery metal.Paul mile Lecoq de Boisbaudran1886FranceUsually found with erbium, holmium and other rare earths in some minerals such as monazite sand, which is often 50% rare earth by weight.Its uses are limited to the experimental and esoteric.HolmiumHo67Rare EarthHexagonal164.930322,8,18,29,8,2[Xe] 4f11 6s231474C2700C1.231.58 --2.47 18.7 cm/mol6.0216 V11.805 V22.843 V38.80 g/cm0.16 J/gK241.0 kJ/mol12.20 kJ/mol0.0124 10^6/cm ohm0.162 W/cmK72 10 MPa9.8 10^-6 K^-13.5774 5.6160 HOLE-mi-emFrom Holmia, the Latinized name for Stockholm, Sweden.Fairly soft, malleable, lustrous, silvery metal.J.L. Soret1878SwitzerlandOccurs in gadolinite. Most often from monazite which is often 50% rare earth and typically 0.05% holmium.It has very few practical applications; however, it has some unusual magnetic properties that offer some hope for future applications.ErbiumEr68Rare EarthHexagonal167.262,8,18,30,8,2[Xe] 4f12 6s231529C2868C1.241.57 1.00 (+3) 2.45 18.4 cm/mol6.1078 V11.929 V22.739 V39.05 g/cm0.17 J/gK261.0 kJ/mol19.90 kJ/mol0.0117 10^6/cm ohm0.143 W/cmK73 10 MPa9.4 10^-6 K^-13.5589 5.5876 UR-bi-emNamed after the Swedish town, Ytterby.Soft, malleable, silvery metal.Carl Mosander1843SwedenFound with other heavier rare earths in xenotime and euxerite.Erbium oxide is used in ceramics to obtain a pink glaze. Also a few uses in the nuclear industry and as an alloying agent for other exotic metals. For example, it increases the malleability of vanadium.ThuliumTm69Rare EarthHexagonal168.934212,8,18,31,8,2[Xe] 4f13 6s231545C1950C1.251.56 1.09 (+3) 2.42 18.1 cm/mol6.1843 V12.054 V26.367 V(3),29.33 g/cm0.16 J/gK191.0 kJ/mol16.840 kJ/mol0.0150 10^6/cm ohm0.168 W/cmK76 10 MPa12 10^-6 K^-13.5346 5.5548 THOO-li-emFrom Thule ancient name of Scandinavia.Soft, malleable, ductile, silvery metalPer Theodor Cleve1879SwedenFound with other rare earths in the minerals gadolinite, euxenite, xenotime, and monazite. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and 0.007% thulium.Radioactive thulium is used to power portable x-ray machines, eliminating the need for electrical equipment.YtterbiumYb70Rare EarthCubic: Face centered173.042,8,18,32,8,2[Xe] 4f14 6s22,3819C1196C1.11.74 .99 (+3) 2.40 24.79 cm/mol6.2542 V12.188 V25.03 V(3),26.98 g/cm0.15 J/gK128.90 kJ/mol7.660 kJ/mol0.0351 10^6/cm ohm0.349 W/cmK18 10 MPa25.1 10^-6 K^-15.4864 i-TUR-bi-emNamed for the Swedish village of Ytterby.Silvery, lustrous, malleable, and ductile metal.Jean de Marignac1878SwitzerlandFound in minerals such as yttria, monazite, gadolinite, and xenotime. Monazite is often 50% rare earth by weight and typically 0.03% ytterbium.Used in metallurgical and chemical experiments.LutetiumLu71Rare EarthHexagonal174.9672,8,18,32,9,2[Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s231663C3402C1.271.56 .98 (+3) 2.25 17.78 cm/mol5.4259 V13.888 V20.957 V39.85 g/cm0.15 J/gK355.90 kJ/mol18.60 kJ/mol0.0185 10^6/cm ohm0.164 W/cmK84 10 MPa8.2 10^-6 K^-13.5032 5.5511 loo-TEE-shi-emNamed for the ancient name of Paris, Lutecia.Silvery-white, hard, dense, rare earth metal.Georges Urbain1907FranceFound with ytterbium in gadolinite and xenotime. Usually obtained from monazite sand which is ofter 50% rare earth by weight and 0.003% lutetium.It has no practical applications.HafniumHf72Transition MetalHexagonal178.492,8,18,32,10,2[Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s242227C4602C1.31.44 .83 (+4) 2.16 13.6 cm/mol6.8251 V14.925 V23.32 V413.2 g/cm0.14 J/gK575.0 kJ/mol24.060 kJ/mol0.0312 10^6/cm ohm0.230 W/cmK139 10 MPa5.9 10^-6 K^-13.1947 5.0513 HAF-ni-emFrom Hafnia, the Latin name of Copenhagen.Silvery, ductile metal.Dirk Coster, Georg von Hevesy1923DenmarkObtained from mineral zircon or baddeleyite.Used in reactor control rods because of its ability to absorb neutrons.TantalumTa73Transition MetalCubic: Body centered180.94792,8,18,32,11,2[Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s23,52996C5425C 100C1.51.34 .64 (+5) 2.09 10.90 cm/mol7.89 V----516.6 g/cm0.14 J/gK743.0 kJ/mol31.60 kJ/mol0.0761 10^6/cm ohm0.575 W/cmK183 10 MPa6.3 10^-6 K^-13.298 TAN-te-lemFrom king Tantalus of Greek mythology, father of Niobe.Rare, gray, heavy, hard but ductile, metal with a high melting point.Anders Ekeberg1802SwedenChiefly occurs in the mineral tantalite. Always found with niobium.Often used as an economical substitute for platinum. Tantalum pentoxide is used in capacitors and in camera lenses to increase refracting power. It and its alloys are corrosion and wear resistant so it is used to make surgical and dental tools.TungstenW74Transition MetalCubic: Body centered183.842,8,18,32,12,2[Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s22,3,4,5,63410C 20C5660C2.361.30 .60 (+6) 2.02 09.53 cm/mol7.98 V----(6),5,4,3,219.3 g/cm0.13 J/gK824.0 kJ/mol35.40 kJ/mol0.189 10^6/cm ohm1.74 W/cmK401 10 MPa4.5 10^-6 K^-13.1653 TUNG-stenSwedish: tung sten (heavy stone): symbol from its German name wolfram.Hard, steel-gray to white metal. Highest melting point of all metals.Fausto and Juan Jos de Elhuyar1783SpainOccurs in the minerals scheelite (CaWO4) and wolframite [(Fe,Mn)WO4].Made into filaments for vacuum tubes and electric lights. Also as contact points in cars. Combined with calcium or magnesium it makes phosphors. Tungsten carbide is extremely hard and is used for making cutting tools and abrasives.RheniumRe75Transition MetalHexagonal186.2072,8,18,32,13,2[Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2-1,1,2,3,4,5,6,73180C5627C (estimated)1.91.28 .53 (+7) 1.97 08.85 cm/mol7.88 V----(7),6,4,2,-121.0 g/cm0.13 J/gK715.0 kJ/mol33.20 kJ/mol0.0542 10^6/cm ohm0.479 W/cmK461 10 MPa6.2 10^-6 K^-12.760 4.458 REE-ni-emLatin: Rhenus, the Rhine River.Rare and costly, dense, silvery-white metal.Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, Otto Berg1925GermanyFound in small amounts in gadolinite and molybdenite. Has a very high melting point.Mixed with tungsten or platinum to make filaments for mass spectrographs. Its main value is as a trace alloying agent for hardening metal components that are subjected to continuous frictional forces.OsmiumOs76Transition MetalHexagonal190.232,8,18,32,14,2[Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s20,3,4,6,83054C5027C2.21.26 .63 (+4) 1.92 08.49 cm/mol8.7 V----2,3,(4),6,822.40 g/cm0.13 J/gK746.0 kJ/mol31.80 kJ/mol0.109 10^6/cm ohm0.876 W/cmK550 10 MPa5.1 10^-6 K^-12.7354 4.3193 OZ-mi-emGreek: osm (odor).Hard fine black powder or hard, lustrous, blue-white metal.Smithson Tenant1804EnglandObtained from the same ores as platinum.Used to tip gold pen points, instrument pivots, to make electric light filaments. Used for high temp. alloys and pressure bearings. Very hard and resists corrosion better than any other.IridiumIr77Transition MetalCubic: Face centered192.222,8,18,32,15,2[Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s232410C4130C2.21.27 .63 (+4) 1.87 08.54 cm/mol9.1 V----2,3,(4),622.42 g/cm0.130 J/gK604.0 kJ/mol26.10 kJ/mol0.197 10^6/cm ohm1.47 W/cmK533 10 MPa6.4 10^-6 K^-13.8390 i-RID-i-emLatin: iris (rainbow).Heavy, brittle, white metal.S.Tenant, A.F.Fourcory, L.N.Vauquelin, H.V.Collet-Descoltils1804England/FranceFound in gravel deposits with platinum.Used with osmium to tip gold pen points, to make crucible and special containers. Also to make alloys used for standard weights and measures, and heat-resistant alloys. Also as hardening agent for platinum.PlatinumPt78Transition MetalCubic: Face centered195.082,8,18,32,17,1[Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s12,3,41772C3827C2.281.30 .63 (+4) 1.83 09.10 cm/mol9.0 V18.563 V--2,(4)21.45 g/cm0.13 J/gK510.0 kJ/mol19.60 kJ/mol0.0966 10^6/cm ohm0.716 W/cmK175 10 MPa8.8 10^-6 K^-13.9240 PLAT-n-emSpanish: platina (little silver).Rare, very heavy, soft, silvery-white metal.Julius Scaliger1735ItalyProduced from deposits of native, or elemental, platinum.Used in jewelry, to make crucible and special containers and as a catalyst. Used with cobalt to produce very strong magnets. Also to make standard weights and measures. Resists corrosion and acid attacks except aqua regia.GoldAu79Transition MetalCubic: Face centered196.966542,8,18,32,18,1[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s11,31064.43C2808C2.541.34 .85 (+3) 1.79 10.2 cm/mol9.2257 V20.521 V--(3),119.32 g/cm0.128 J/gK334.40 kJ/mol12.550 kJ/mol0.452 10^6/cm ohm3.17 W/cmK78.3 10 MPa14.2 10^-6 K^-14.0786 GOLDAnglo-Saxon: geolo (yellow); symbol from Latin: aurum (shining dawn).Soft, malleable, bright yellow metal.Known to the ancients.UnknownUnknownFound in veins in the crust, with cooper ore and native .Very malleable. Used in electronics, jewelry and coins. It is a good reflector of infrared radiation, so a thin film of gold is applied to the glass of skyscrapers to reduce internal heating from sunlight.MercuryHg80MetalRhombohedral200.592,8,18,32,18,2[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s21,2-38.87C356.58C21.49 1.02 (+2) 1.76 14.82 cm/mol10.4375 V18.759 V34.202 V(2),113.546 g/cm0.139 J/gK59.229 kJ/mol2.295 kJ/mol0.0104 10^6/cm ohm0.0834 W/cmK22 10 MPa49 10^-6 K^-13.005 a=70 32'MER-kyoo-riFrom the Roman god Mercury; symbol from Latin: hydrargyrus (liquid silver).Heavy, silver-white metal, liquid at ordinary temperatures.Known to the ancients.UnknownUnknownVirtually all mercury comes from cinnabar or mercury sulfide (HgS). Some sources of red cinnabar are so rich in mercury that droplets of elemental mercury can be found in random samples.Used in thermometers, barometers, and batteries. Also used in electrical switches and mercury-vapor lighting products.ThalliumTl81MetalHexagonal204.38332,8,18,32,18,3[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p11,3303.5C1457C 10C2.041.48 1.59 (+1) 2.08 17.2 cm/mol6.1083 V20.428 V29.829 V3,(1)11.85 g/cm0.13 J/gK164.10 kJ/mol4.142 kJ/mol0.0617 10^6/cm ohm0.461 W/cmK12 10 MPa29.9 10^-6 K^-13.4567 5.5250 THAL-i-emGreek: thallos (green twig), for a bright green line in its spectrum.Soft gray metal that looks like lead.Sir William Crookes1861EnglandFound in iron pyrites. Also in crookesite, hutchinsonite and lorandite. Most is recovered from the byproducts of lead and zinc refining.Its compounds are used in rat and ant poisons. Also for detecting infrared radiation.LeadPb82MetalCubic: Face centered207.22,8,18,32,18,4[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p22,4327.502C1740C2.331.47 1.19 (+2) 1.81 18.17 cm/mol7.4167 V15.028 V31.943 V4,(2)11.34 g/cm0.13 J/gK177.70 kJ/mol4.799 kJ/mol0.0481 10^6/cm ohm0.353 W/cmK20 10 MPa28.8 10^-6 K^-14.9504 LEDAnglo-Saxon: lead; symbol from Latin: plumbum.Very soft, highly malleable and ductile, blue-white shiny metal.Known to the ancients.UnknownUnknownFound most often in ores called galena or lead sulfide (PbS). Some is found in its native state.Used in solder, shielding against radiation and in batteries.BismuthBi83MetalRhombohedral208.980372,8,18,32,18,5[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p33,5271.3C1560C 5C2.021.46 1.03 (+3) 1.63 21.3 cm/mol7.289 V16.687 V25.559 V(3),59.8 g/cm0.12 J/gK104.80 kJ/mol11.30 kJ/mol0.00867 10^6/cm ohm0.0787 W/cmK34 10 MPa13.4 10^-6 K^-14.736 a=57 14'BIZ-methGerman: bisemutum, (white mass), Now spelled wismut.Hard, brittle, steel-gray metal with a pink tint.Known to the ancients.UnknownUnknownIt can be found free in nature and in minerals like bismuthine (Bi2O3) and in bismuth ochre (Bi2O3)Main use is in pharmaceuticals and low melting point alloys used as fuses.PoloniumPo84MetalMonoclinic-208.98242,8,18,32,18,6[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p4-2,0,2,4,6254C962C21.46 --1.53 22.23 cm/mol8.4167 V----(4),29.4 g/cm0.12 J/gK----0.0219 10^6/cm ohm0.20 W/cmK26 10 MPa23 10^-6 K^-13.345 peh-LOW-ni-emNamed for Poland, native country of Marie Curie.Silvery-gray, extremely rare, radioactive metal.Pierre and Marie Curie1898FranceOccurs in pitchblende from decay of bismuth.Used in industrial equipment that eliminates static electricity caused by such processes as rolling paper, wire, and sheet metal.AstatineAt85HalogenUnknown-209.98712,8,18,32,18,7[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p51,3,5,7302C337C2.21.45 --1.43 --9.5 V----(1),3,5,7----------0.017 W/cmK------AS-teh-teenGreek: astatos (unstable).Unstable, radioactive member of the halogen group.D.R.Corson, K.R.MacKenzie, E.Segr1940United StatesDoes not occur in nature. Similar to iodine. Produced by bombarding bismuth with alpha particles.Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of astatine.RadonRn86Noble GasCubic: Face centered-222.01762,8,18,32,18,8[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p60-71C-61.8C0----1.34 50.5 cm/mol10.7485 V----00.00973 g/cm0.09 J/gK16.40 kJ/mol2.890 kJ/mol--0.0000364 W/cmK------RAY-donVariation of the name of another element, radium.Colorless, odorless, tasteless, radioactive, heavy, noble gas.Fredrich Ernst Dorn1898GermanyFormed from the decay of radium in the earths crust.Used to treat some forms of cancer.FranciumFr87Alkali MetalCubic: Body centered-223.01972,8,18,32,18,8,1[Rn] 7s1127C677C0.7--------------1--------0.03 10^6/cm ohm0.15 W/cmK2 10 MPa----FRAN-si-emNamed for France, the nation of its discovery.Highly rare and unstable, radioactive metal.Marguerite Derey1939FranceFormed by decay of actinium. Chemical properties similar to cesium. Decays to radium or astatine.Since its isotopes have such short half-lives there are no commercially significant compounds of francium.RadiumRa88Alkali Earth MetalCubic: Body centered-226.02542,8,18,32,18,8,2[Rn] 7s22700C1140C0.9--1.62 (+2) --45.20 cm/mol5.2789 V10.148 V--25 g/cm0.12 J/gK------0.186 W/cmK16 10 MPa8 10^-6 K^-1--RAY-di-emLatin: radius (ray).Silvery-white metal. Intensely radioactive.Pierre and Marie Curie1898FranceFound in uranium ores at 1 part per 3 million parts uranium.Used in treating cancer because of the gamma rays it gives off.ActiniumAc89Transition MetalCubic: Face centered-227.02782,8,18,32,18,9,2[Rn] 6d1 7s2--1050C3200C (300C)1.1------22.54 cm/mol5.17 V12.126 V--310.07 g/cm--------0.12 W/cmK34 10 MPa--5.311 ak-TIN-i-emGreek: akis, aktinos (ray).Heavy, silvery-white, very radioactive metalAndr Debierne1899FranceExtremely rare, found in all uranium ores. Usually obtained by treating radium with neutrons in a reactor.It has no significant commercial applications.ThoriumTh90Rare EarthCubic: Face centered232.03812,8,18,32,18,10,2[Rn] 6d2 7s241750C4000C1.31.65 1.05 (+4) --19.9 cm/mol6.08 V11.504 V20.003 V411.7 g/cm0.12 J/gK514.40 kJ/mol16.10 kJ/mol0.0653 10^6/cm ohm0.540 W/cmK73 10 MPa11.0 10^-6 K^-15.0847 THOR-i-emNamed for Thor, Norse god of thunder.Heavy, gray, soft, malleable, ductile, radioactive metal.Jns Berzelius1828SwedenFound in various minerals like monazite and thorite.Used in making strong alloys. Also in ultraviolet photoelectric cells. It is a common ingredient in high-quality lenses. Bombarded with neutrons make uranium-233, a nuclear fuel.ProtactiniumPa91Rare EarthOrthorhombic231.035882,8,18,32,20,9,2[Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s24,51600C--1.5------15.0 cm/mol5.89 V----(5),415.4 g/cm0.12 J/gK--12.30 kJ/mol0.0529 10^6/cm ohm0.47 W/cmK100 10 MPa9.7 10^-6 K^-13.925 3.238 PRO-tak-tin-eh-emGreek: proto and actinium (parent of actinium); it forms actinium when it radioactively decays.Very rare, silvery-white, extremely radioactive metal.Fredrich Soddy, John Cranston, Otto Hahn, Lise Meitner1917England/FranceDoes not occur in nature. Found among fission products of uranium, thorium, and plutonium.It has no significant commercial applications.UraniumU92Rare EarthOrthorhombic238.02892,8,18,32,21,9,2[Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s22,3,4,5,61132C3818C1.381.42 .81 (+6) --12.59 cm/mol6.1941 V----(6),5,4,318.9 g/cm0.12 J/gK477.0 kJ/mol8.520 kJ/mol0.0380 10^6/cm ohm0.276 W/cmK186 10 MPa13.9 10^-6 K^-12.8538 5.8697 4.9550 yoo-RAY-ni-emNamed for the planet Uranus.Silvery-white, dense, ductile, malleable, radioactive metal.Martin Klaproth1789GermanyOccurs in many rocks, but in large amounts only in such minerals as pitchblende and carnotite.For many centuries it was used as a pigment for glass. Now it is used as a fuel in nuclear reactors and in bombs.NeptuniumNp93Rare EarthOrthorhombic-237.04822,8,18,32,22,9,2[Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s23,4,5,6640C3902C1.36------11.62 cm/mol6.2657 V----6,(5),4,320.45 g/cm0.12 J/gK--5.190 kJ/mol0.00822 10^6/cm ohm0.063 W/cmK900 10 MPa28 10^-6 K^-16.663 4.723 4.887 nep-TOO-ni-emNamed for the planet Neptune.Rare, silvery radioactive metal.E.M. McMillan, P.H. Abelson1940United StatesProduced by bombarding uranium with slow neutrons.It has no significant commercial applications.PlutoniumPu94Rare EarthMonoclinic-244.06422,8,18,32,24,8,2[Rn] 5f6 7s23,4,5,6641C3232C1.28------12.32 cm/mol6.06 V----6,5,(4),319.8 g/cm0.13 J/gK344.0 kJ/mol2.840 kJ/mol0.00666 10^6/cm ohm0.0674 W/cmK97 10 MPa46.7 10^-6 K^-16.183 4.822 10.963 ploo-TOE-ni-emNamed for the planet Pluto.Silvery-white, extremely radioactive artificially produced metal.G.T.Seaborg, J.W.Kennedy, E.M.McMillan, A.C.Wohl1940United StatesFound rarely in some uranium ores. Made by bombarding uranium with neutrons.Used in bombs and reactors. Small quantities are used in thermo-electric generators.AmericiumAm95Rare EarthHexagonal-243.06142,8,18,32,25,8,2[Rn] 5f7 7s22,3,4,5,6994C2607C1.3------17.86 cm/mol5.993 V----6,5,4,(3)13.6 g/cm0.11 J/gK--14.40 kJ/mol0.022 10^6/cm ohm0.1 W/cmK--7.1 10^-6 K^-13.4681 11.240 am-er-ISH-i-emNamed for the American continent, by analogy with europium.Silvery-white, artificially produced radioactive metal.G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, L.O.Morgan, A.Ghiorso1945United StatesProduced by bombarding plutonium with neutrons.Americium-241 is currently used in smoke detectors.CuriumCm96Rare EarthHexagonal-247.07032,8,18,32,25,9,2[Rn] 5f7 6d1 7s23,41340C--1.3------18.28 cm/mol6.02 V----(3),413.5 g/cm----15.0 kJ/mol--0.1 W/cmK------KYOOR-i-emNamed in honor of Pierre and Marie Curie.Silvery, malleable, synthetic radioactive metal.G.T.Seaborg, R.A.James, A.Ghiorso1944United StatesMade by bombarding plutonium with helium ions. So radioactive it glows in the dark.It has no significant commercial applications.BerkeliumBk97Rare EarthUnknown-247.07032,8,18,32,26,9,2[Rn] 5f9 7s23,4----1.3--------6.23 V----4,(3)----------0.1 W/cmK------BURK-li-emNamed after Berkeley, California the city of its discovery.Synthetic radioactive metal.G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso1949United StatesSome compounds have been made and studied. Made by bombarding americium with alpha particles.It has no significant commercial applications.CaliforniumCf98Rare EarthUnknown-251.07962,8,18,32,28,8,2[Rn] 5f10 7s2------1.3--------6.30 V----4,(3)----------0.1 W/cmK------kal-eh-FOR-ni-emNamed after the state and University of California.Synthetic radioactive metal. Powerful neutron emitter.G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr.1950United StatesMade by bombarding curium with helium ions.It has no significant commercial applications.EinsteiniumEs99Rare EarthUnknown-252.0832,8,18,32,29,8,2[Rn] 5f11 7s2------1.3--------6.42 V----(2),3----------0.1 W/cmK------ine-STINE-i-emNamed in honor of the scientist Albert Einstein.Synthetic radioactive metal.Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif1952United StatesMade by bombarding uranium with neutrons.It has no significant commercial applications.FermiumFm100Rare EarthUnknown-257.09512,8,18,32,30,8,2[Rn] 5f12 7s2------1.3--------6.50 V----3----------0.1 W/cmK------FER-mi-emNamed in honor of the scientist Enrico Fermi.Synthetic radioactive metal.Argonne, Los Alamos, U of Calif1953United StatesProduced by bombarding lighter transuranium elements with still lighter particles or by neutron capture.It has no significant commercial applications.MendeleviumMd101Rare EarthUnknown-258.09842,8,18,32,31,8,2[Rn] 5f13 7s22,3----1.3--------6.58 V----2,3----------0.1 W/cmK------men-deh-LEE-vi-emNamed in honor of the scientist Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleyev, who devised the periodic table.Synthetic radioactive metal.G.T.Seaborg, S.G.Tompson, A.Ghiorso, K.Street Jr.1955United StatesMade by bombarding einsteinium with helium ions.It has no significant commercial applications.NobeliumNo102Rare EarthUnknown-259.10112,8,18,32,32,8,2[Rn] 5f14 7s2------1.3--------6.65 V----2,3----------0.1 W/cmK------no-BELL-i-emNamed in honor of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and founded Nobel prize.Synthetic radioactive metal.Nobel Institute for Physics1957SwedenMade by bombarding curium with carbon-13It has no significant commercial applications.LawrenciumLr103Rare EarthUnknown-262.10982,8,18,32,32,9,2[Rn] 5f14 6d1 7s23--------------------3----------0.1 W/cmK------lor-ENS-i-emNamed in honor of Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron.Synthetic radioactive metal.A.Ghiorso, T.Sikkeland, A.E.Larsh, R.M.Latimer1961United StatesProduced by bombarding californium with boron ions.It has no significant commercial applications.RutherfordiumRf104Transition MetalUnknown-261.10892,8,18,32,32,10,2[Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2----------------------4----------0.23 W/cmK------ruth-er-FORD-i-emNamed in honor of Ernest RutherfordSynthetic radioactive metal.A. Ghiorso, et al1969United StatesMade by bombarding californium-249 with beams of carbon-12 and 13, which produced an isotope with half lives of 4+ and 3 sec.It has no significant commercial applications.HahniumHa105Transition MetalUnknown-262.11442,8,18,32,32,11,2[Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2----------------------------------0.58 W/cmK------HA-ni-emNamed in honor of Otto HahnSynthetic radioactive metal.A. Ghiorso, et al1970United StatesMade by bombarding californium-249 with a beam of nitrogen-15It has no significant commercial applications.SeaborgiumSg106Transition MetalUnknown-263.11862,8,18,32,32,12,2[Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2------------------------------------------see-BORG-i-emNamed in honor of Glenn Seaborg, American physical chemist known for research on transuranium elements.Synthetic radioactive metal.Soviet Nuclear Research/ U. of Cal at Berkeley1974USSR/United StatesMade by bombarding californium-249 with oxygen-18.It has no significant commercial applications.NielsbohriumNs107Transition MetalUnknown-262.12312,8,18,32,32,13,2[Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2------------------------------------------neels-BOR-i-emNamed in honor of Niels BohrSynthetic radioactive metal.Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)1976GermanyObtained by bombarding bismuth-204 with chromium-54.It has no significant commercial applications.HessiumHs108Transition MetalUnknown-265.13062,8,18,32,32,14,2[Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2------------------------------------------HES-i-emNamed in honor of Henri Hess, Swiss born Russian chemist known for work in thermodydamics.Synthetic radioactive metal.Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)1984GermanyFormed by the bombardment of lead-208 with iron-58.It has no significant commercial applications.MietneriumMt109Transition MetalUnknown-266.13782,8,18,32,32,15,2[Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2------------------------------------------MITE-ner-i-umNamed in honor of Lise MietnerSynthetic radioactive metal.Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)1982GermanyObtained by bombarding bismuth-209 with iron-58.It has no significant commercial applications.UnnunniliumUnn110Transition MetalUnknown-2682,8,18,32,32,16,2[Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s1------------------------------------------oon-nun-NIL-i-emUn (one) nun (one) nilium (zero)Synthetic radioactive metal.Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)1994GermanyMade by bombarding bismuth-209 with cobolt-59.It has no significant commercial applications.UnnununiumUnu111Transition MetalUnknown-2692,8,18,32,32,17,2[Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s1------------------------------------------oon-nun-OON-i-emUn (one) nun (one) unium (one)Synthetic radioactive metal.Heavy Ion Research Laboratory (HIRL)1994GermanyMade by bombarding bismuth-209 with nickel-60.It has no significant commercial applications.

Properties 2PROPERIES OF THE ELEMENTS (TABLE 2)ElementGroupPeriodAtomic No.Atomic Mass (amu)Melting Point (K)Boiling Point (K)Density (g/cm^3)Ionization Energy (kJ/mol)Atomic Radius ()Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)Hydrogen1a111.007913.9620.390.0013120.3272.80Helium8a124.00260.954.2150.002,372.300.50-21Lithium1a236.941453.691619.160.535201.5559.80Beryllium2a249.012215602757.151.85899.401.12-240Boron3a2510.8124503931.152.46800.600.9827Carbon4a2612.01139205100.152.251086.40.91122.30Nitrogen5a2714.0763.1877.350.001,402.300.92-7Oxygen6a2815.999454.3690.1880.001313.90.73141.10Fluorine7a2918.99853.5385.010.001,681.000.72328.00Neon8a21020.179724.5527.1020.002,080.600.71-29Sodium1a31122.9898370.951154.550.97495.801.952.70Magnesium2a31224.3059231378.151.74737.701.60-230Aluminum3a31326.9815933.5227202.70577.601.4345Silicon4a31428.0855168529532.33786.401.32133.60Phosphorus5a31530.9738317.25553.151.831011.71.2871.70Sulfur6a31632.066388.36717.8241.96999.581.27200.42Chlorine7a31735.4527172.17239.10.001251.10.99348.80Argon8a31839.94883.7787.280.001520.50.98-35Potassium1a41939.0983336.91038.70.87418.802.3548.36Calcium2a42040.07811231757.151.55589.801.97-156Scandium3b42144.9559181230032.9926311.606TItanium4b42247.88194335624.5076581.44820Vanadium5b42350.9415219036826.16501.32150Chromium6b42451.996213029457.19652.801.24964Manganese7b42554.93805151723937.3717.401.24Iron8b42655.84718118103145.57.86759.301.24124Cobalt8b42758.933217673170.38.97581.25370Nickel8b42858.69172831938.9736.701.246111Copper1b42963.5461357.728558.92745.401.278118.30Zinc2b43065.39692.811847.1906.401.332Gallium3a43169.723302.9322535.903578.801.4129Germanium4a43272.61121331255.323762.11.37120Arsenic5a43374.9216885(s)5.729471.3977Selenium6a43478.964909584.48940.901.4194.96Bromine7a43579.904265.9331.913.10281,139.901.14324.60Krypton8a43683.8115.95119.750.00371350.71.12-39Rubidium1a53785.46783129671.53403.002.4846.89Strontium2a53887.62104216542.6549.502.15-168Yttrium3b53988.9059180335774.4786161.810Zirconium4b54091.224212547776.526601.650Niobium5b54192.9064275051368.576641.42996Molybdenum6b54295.942883491910.2684.901.36296Technetium7b54397.90722523484011.4877021.35870Ruthenium8b544101.072700439212.457111.325110Rhodium8b545102.905522362236400012.417201.345120Palladium8b546106.421827321312.0238051.37560Silver1b547107.86821235.08243710.5731.001.444125.70Cadmium2b548114.411594.2610408.542867.701.489Indium3a549114.82429.7823437.28558.301.6629Tin4a550118.71505.1228967.28708.601.62121Antimony5a551121.75903.8919136.684833.701.59101Tellurium6a552127.6722.812826.24869.201.6190.15Iodine7a553126.9045386.8457.394.661,008.401.33295.30Xenon8a554131.29161.35165.10.0059871170.41.31-41Cesium1a655132.9054302951.71.8785375.702.6745.49Barium2a656137.327998.32122.23.59502.902.22-52Lanthanum3b657138.9055119337436.174538.101.87750Cerium658140.115106837436.77527.801.82550Praseodynium659140.90765119234036.7825231.82850Neodynium660144.24129233847.0045301.82150Promethium661144.9127135330005351.8150Samarium662150.361345.320767.5365431.80250Europium663151.965109917135.2595472.04250Gadolinium664157.25157932737.8955921.80250Terbium665158.9253162930738.2725641.78250Dysprosium666162.5177328738.5365721.77350Holmium667164.9303173428738.8035811.76650Erbium668167.26177031739.0515891.75750Thulium669168.9342181820039.3325961.7850Ytterbium670173.04109717036.9776031.9450Lutetium671174.967192536039.8425241.73450Hafnium4b672178.491495472313.316421.564Tantalum5b673180.94793258578615.57611.4360Tungsten6b674183.853680593619.357701.3760Rhenium7b675186.2073453596021.047601.3714Osmium8b676190.23000577022.618401.34110Iridium8b677192.222727466222.658801.357150Platinum8b678195.082045409721.458701.38205.30Gold1b679196.96651337.58308119.3890.101.442222.74Mercury2b680200.59234.29629.8113.5451,007.001.6Thallium3a681204.3833576.3176011.8589.301.7130Lead4a682207.2600.65202411.34715.501.75110Bismuth5a683208.9804544.5918529.8703.301.7110Polonium6a684208.982452752712358121.76180Astinine7a685209.98715756071.42270Radon8a686222.017620221110371.4-41Francium1a787223.01973002.744.00Radium2a788226.025497320106509.302.2Actinium3b789227.027813233603498.801.878Thorium790232.03812023506011.715871.798Protactinium791231.03591500430015.375681.606Uranium792238.02891403420019.055841.385Neptunium793237.048290320.455971.31Plutonium794244.0642912.8350819.825851.51Americium795243.06141267287013.67578.20Curium796247.0703162013.51581Berkelium797247.07031558324313.25601Californium798251.07961170608Einstienium799252.083619Fermium7100257.0951627Mendeleevium7101258.1635Nolelium7102259.1009642Lawrencium7103262.11Ruthefordium4b7104261.11Hanium5b7105262.114Seaborgium6b7106263.118

&FPage &P

Properties 3PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS (TABLE 1)ElementAtomic no.SymbolAtomic weightBoiling pointMelting pointDensity (kg/m3)Heat vapour (kJ/mol)Heat fusion (kJ/mol)Th Conductivity (W/m/K)Specific Heat Capacity (J/kg/K)Hydrogen (H)1H1.0120.4613.96710.450.060.1714447.24Helium (He)2He44.263.461260.080.020.135234.51Lithium (Li)3Li6.941603.16453.66530136.013.0210.871.193308.21Beryllium (Be)4Be9.013043.161550.161850309.4611.7325159.131884.42Boron (B)5B10.812303.162340536.0122.1901293.97Carbon (C)6C12.015103.164000.162260719.010.0723.87690.95Nitrogen (N)7N14.0177.3663.168102.790.360.031034.34Oxygen (O)8O1690.1654.3611403.410.220.03912.9Fluorine (F)9F1984.9653.5615053.160.26753.77Neon (Ne)10Ne20.1827.1624.5612001.770.340.04Sodium (Na)11Na22.991165.16370.96970101.012.621.81341235.34Magnesium (Mg)12Mg24.311380.16923.161740136.178.9622.4159.131046.9Aluminum (Al)13Al26.982723.16933.162700284.3410.6838.2209.38900.34Silicon (Si)14Si28.092953.161683.162330170.0246.481083.75678.39Phosphorus (P)15P30.98Sulfur (S)16S32.06717.76392.16207012.61.4200.29732.83Chlorine (Cl)17Cl35.45238.46172.16156010.223.220.01485.76Argon (Ar)18Ar39.9587.3683.7614006.531.180.02523.45Potassium (K)19K39.11033.16336.8686079.152.314.396.31741.21Calcium (Ca)20Ca40.081713.161111.161550153.858.7921.8125.63623.95Scandium (Sc)21Sc44.963003.161812.163000339.215.911.56.28544.39Titanium (Ti)22Ti47.93533.161941.164510445.9815.492.4527.64Vanadium (V)23V50.943723.162173.166100443.8917.594502.51Chromium (Cr)24Cr522938.162148.167190305.5713.827.867460.64Manganese (Mn)25Mn54.942423.161518.167430224.8714.665.4481.57Iron (Fe)26Fe55.853273.161809.167860354.2715.371075.38460.64Cobalt (Co)27Co58.933173.161768.168900389.4515.241667414.57Nickel (Ni)28Ni58.713003.161726.168900381.0717.6314.592.13439.7Copper (Cu)29Cu63.542868.161356.168960304.8613.0259.3393.63385.26Zinc (Zn)30Zn65.371179.16692.667140114.747.3716.7113.07383.17Gallium (Ga)31Ga69.722510.16302.9659105.615.8330.82Germanium (Ge)32Ge72.593103.161210.565320284.7631.832.258.63305.7Arsenic (As)33As74.99886.161090.16572032.4527.722.9343.38Selenium (Se)34Se78.96958.16490.16479013.995.2380351.76Bromine (Br)35Br79.91331.16265.96312014.995.280293.13Krypton (Kr)36Kr83.8121.16115.8626009.051.630.01Rubidium (Rb)37Rb85.47961.16312.06153075.82.38335.01Strontium (Sr)38Sr87.621653.161041.162600141.548.794.3737.02Yttrium (Y)39Y88.91Zirconium (Zr)40Zr91.223853.162125.166490502.5116.752.4276.38Niobium (Nb)41Nb92.913573.162741.16840026.8852.35272.19Molybdenum (Mo)42Mo95.945833.162883.1610200536.0127.6419146.57255.44Technetium (Tc)43Tc96.91Ruthenium (Ru)44Ru101.075173.162773.1612200619.7725.5410238.69Rhodium (Rh)45Rh102.94773.162239.1612400531.8321.782287.94247.07Palladium (Pd)46Pd106.44253.161825.1612000376.8816.759.371.19242.88Silver (Ag)47Ag107.872483.161233.9610500254.1911.3161.6410.39234.51Cadmium (Cd)48Cd112.41038.16594.068650100.086.1114.692.13230.32Indium (In)49In114.822273.16429.367310224.873.2711.123.87238.69Tin (Sn)50Sn118.692543.16505.067300293.137.28.867226.13Antimony (Sb)51Sb121.751653.16903.666620195.1419.852.620.94205.19Tellurium (Te)52Te127.6Iodine (I)53I126.9456.16386.86494021.787.8300.42217.76Xenon (Xe)54Xe131.3165.16161.26306012.652.30.04Cesium (Cs)55Cs132.9963.16301.86190068.262.095.3217.76Barium (Ba)56Ba137.341913.16987.163500149.57.661.6284.76Lanthanum (La)57La138.913743.161193.166170402.016.281.713.82188.44Cerium (Ce)58Ce140.123741.161068.166670397.825.031.310.89175.88Praseodymium (Pr)59Pr140.913400.161208.166770330.826.71.511.73201.01Neodymium (Nd)60Nd144.243300.161297.167000288.947.121.312.98188.44Promethium (Pm)61Pm144.91Samarium (Sm)62Sm150.352173.161345.167540192.638.791.1175.88Europium (Eu)63Eu151.961712.161099.165260175.889.211.2163.32Gadolinium (Gd)64Gd157.253273.161585.167890301.5115.490.78.79297.32Terbium (Tb)65Tb158.923073.161629.168270293.1316.330.9184.25Dysprosium (Dy)66Dy162.52873.161680.168540280.5717.171.110.05171.69Holmium (Ho)67Ho164.932873.161734.168800280.5717.171.1163.32Erbium (Er)68Er167.263173.161770.169050280.5717.171.29.63167.5Thulium (Tm)69Tm168.932000.161818.169330247.0718.431.1159.13Ytterbium (Yb)70Yb173.041700.161097.166980159.137.543.5146.57Lutetium (Lu)71Lu174.973600.161925.169840376.8819.261.5154.94Hafnium (Hf)72Hf178.495673.162495.1613100649.0821.783.192.13146.57Tantalum (Ta)73Ta180.955698.163269.1616600753.7728.488.154.44150.75Wolfram (W)74W183.856203.163683.1619300774.7133.7118.1167.5134Rhenium (Re)75Re186.26173.163453.1621000636.5233.085.171.19138.19Osmium (Os)76Os190.25773.163273.1622600678.3926.811129.82Iridium (Ir)77Ir192.22Platinum (Pt)78Pt195.094803.162042.1621400510.8919.689.571.19134Gold (Au)79Au196.973243.161336.1619300342.5512.6942297.32129.82Mercury (Hg)80Hg200.59630.16234.761360058.212.351.18.38138.19Thallium (Tl)81Tl204.371730.16576.1611850162.484.275.538.94129.82Lead (Pb)82Pb207.191998.16600.5611400176.725.114.634.76129.82Bismuth (Bi)83Bi208.981833.16544.469800178.8110.890.98.38142.38Polonium (Po)84Po208.98Astatine (At)85At209.99Radon (Rn)86Rn222.02Francium (Fr)87Fr223.02Radium (Ra)88Ra226973.165000114.7410.05Actinium (Ac)89Ac227.03Thorium (Th)90Th232.044123.162023.161170019.265.5142.38Protactinium (Pa)91Pa231.04Uranium (U)92U238.034091.161405.1619070460.6411.313.426.8117.25Neptunium (Np)93Np237910.1619500394.89Plutonium (Pu)94Pu2423508.16913.16365.16Americium (Am)95Am243.06Curium (Cm)96Cm247.07Berkelium (Bk)97Bk247.07Californium (Cf)98Cf251.08Einsteinium (Es)99Es254.09Fermium (Fm)100Fm257.1Mendelevium (Md)101Md257.1Nobelium (No)102No255.09Lawrencium (Lr)103Lr256.1?? (Rf)104Rf?? (Ha)105Ha

Properties 4NameAt. #SymbolBP (K)MP (K)Densityat. wt.Most stable oxidation Statecovalent radiusAt. Radius (angstroms)First IPspecific heat capacitythermal conductivityelectrical conductivityheat of fusionHeat of VaporizationElectro- negativityYears Since DiscoveryFamilyGrouporbitlaMetal or Non-metal2nd most stable oxidation state3rd most stable oxidation state4th most stable oxidation statemg/kg crustmg/L seawater% human body masslength of name0hydrogen1H20.2813.810.08991.0079710.320.7913.5980.18150.05850.45812.2249Hydrogen1sM1.40E+031.08E+051.00E+018helium2He4.2160.950.17854.002600.930.4924.5870.1520.0210.084147Noble gas18sN8.00E-037.00E-166lithium3Li1615453.70.536.94111.232.055.3923.58284.711.73147.10.98198Alkali Metal1sM2.00E+011.80E-017beryllium4Be324315601.859.0121820.91.49.3221.8252002511.712971.57217Alkaline Earth2sM2.80E+005.60E-069boron5B427523652.3410.81130.821.175.2981.02627022.6507.82.04207Boron13pN1.00E+014.44E+007.00E-055carbon6C510038252.2612.01140.770.9111.260.7090.077152.55*Carbon14pN22.00E+022.80E+012.30E+016nitrogen7N77.34463.151.25114.006730.750.7514.5341.0420.025980.362.79283.04243Pnictide15pN5421.90E+015.00E+012.60E+008oxygen8O90.18854.81.42915.999420.730.6513.6180.920.26740.2223.41093.44241Chalcogen16pN4.61E+058.57E+056.10E+016fluorine9F8553.551.69618.998410.720.5717.4220.8240.02790.263.26983.98149Halogen17pN5.85E+021.30E+003.30E-038neon10Ne27.124.550.920.179700.710.5121.5641.030.04930.341.77117Noble gas18pN5.00E-031.20E-044sodium11Na11563710.9722.9897711.542.235.1391.2314120.12.60198.010.93208Alkali Metal1sM2.36E-041.08E+041.40E-016magnesium12Mg13809221.7424.30521.361.727.6461.0215622.48.95127.61.31207Alkaline Earth2sM2.33E+041.29E+032.70E-029aluminum13Al2740933.52.726.9815431.181.625.9860.923737.710.7290.81.61190Boron13pM8.23E+042.00E-039.00E-058silicon14Si263016832.3328.085541.111.448.1510.71480.000450.23591.9191Carbon14N22.82E+052.20E+002.60E-027phosphorus15P553317.31.8230.9737651.061.2310.4860.7690.23500.6312.42.19346Pnictide15pN541.05E+036.00E-021.10E+0010sulfur16S717.82392.22.0732.06661.021.0910.360.710.26901.73102.58*Chalcogen16pN463.50E+029.05E+022.00E-016chlorine17Cl239.18172.173.21435.452710.990.9712.9670.480.00893.2110.23.16241Halogen17pN3571.45E+021.94E+041.20E-018argon18Ar87.4583.951.78439.94800.980.8815.7590.520.01771.1886.506121Noble gas18pN3.50E+004.50E-015potassium19K1033336.80.8639.098312.032.774.3410.757102.516.42.3376.90.82208Alkali Metal1sM2.09E+043.99E+022.00E-019calcium20Ca175711121.5540.07821.742.236.1130.64720031.38.53154.671207Alkaline Earth2sM4.15E+044.12E+021.40E+007scandium21Sc310918142.9944.955931.442.096.540.56815.81.516.11304.81.36145Transition Metal3dM2.20E+016.00E-078titanium22Ti356019354.5447.8841.3226.820.52321.92.618.6425.21.54224Transition Metal4dM35.65E+031.00E-038vanadium23V365021636.1150.941551.221.926.740.48930.7422.8446.71.63185Transition Metal5dM4321.20E+022.50E-038chromium24Cr294521307.1951.99631.181.856.7660.44993.77.920339.51.66218Transition Metal6dM621.02E+023.00E-043.00E-068manganese25Mn223515187.4454.93841.171.797.4350.487.820.514.64219.741.55241Transition Metal7dM2769.50E+022.00E-042.00E-059iron26Fe302318087.87455.84731.171.727.870.44980.211.213.8349.51.83*Transition Metal8dM35.63E+042.00E-036.00E-034cobalt27Co314317688.958.933221.161.677.860.42110017.916.19373.31.88280Transition Metal9dM32.50E+012.00E-052.00E-066nickel28Ni300517268.958.693421.151.627.6350.44490.714.617.2377.51.91264Transition Metal10dM38.40E+015.60E-141.00E-056copper29Cu28401356.68.9663.45621.171.577.7260.38540160.713.14300.51.9*Transition Metal11dM16.00E+012.50E-141.00E-046zinc30Zn1180692.737.1365.3921.251.539.3940.38811616.97.38115.31.65765Transition Metal12dM7.00E+014.90E-033.30E-034gallium31Ga2478302.925.9169.72331.261.815.9990.37140.61.85.59256.061.81140Boron13pM1.90E+013.00E-057germanium32Ge31071211.55.3272.6141.221.527.8990.3259.90.00000331.8334.32.01129Carbon14pM1.50E+005.00E-059arsenic33As87610905.7874.921631.21.339.810.33503.827.732.42.16765Pnictide15pN51.80E+003.70E-037selenium34Se9584944.7978.9641.161.229.7520.322.0485.5426.322.55198Chalcogen16pN-265.00E-022.00E-048bromine35Br331.85265.953.1279.90411.141.1211.8140.2260.12205.28614.7252.96189Halogen17pN572.40E+006.73E+012.90E-047krypton36Kr120.851163.7583.801.891.0313.9990.2480.009491.6389.029117Noble gas18pN21.00E-042.10E-047rubidium37Rb961312.631.53285.467812.162.984.1770.36358.247.82.3469.20.82154Alkali Metal1sM9.00E+011.20E-014.60E-048strontium38Sr165510422.5487.6221.912.455.6950.33.5358.2136.90.95225Alkaline Earth2sM3.70E+027.20E+004.60E-049yttrium39Y361117954.4788.905931.622.276.380.317.21.817.15393.31.22187Transition Metal3dM3.30E+011.30E-057zirconium40Zr468221286.5191.22441.452.166.340.27822.72.321590.51.33226Transition Metal4dM1.65E+023.00E-059niobium41Nb501527428.5792.906451.342.086.880.26553.76.626.9690.11.6151Transition Metal5dM32.00E+011.00E-057molybdenum42Mo4912289610.2295.9461.32.017.0990.2513817.336590.42.16233Transition Metal6dM5431.20E+001.00E-021.00E-0510technetium43Tc4538247711.59871.271.957.280.2450.60.001235021.978Transition Metal7dM10ruthenium44Ru4425261012.37101.0731.251.897.370.23811714.925.52567.772.2171Transition Metal8dM4261.00E-037.00E-079rhodium45Rh3970223612.41102.905531.251.837.460.2421502321.76495.392.28212Transition Metal9dM241.00E-037palladium46Pd3240182512106.4221.281.798.340.24471.81016.74393.32.2212Transition Metal10dM41.50E-029silver47Ag24361235.0810.5107.86811.341.757.5760.23542962.911.3250.631.93*Transition Metal11dM7.50E-024.00E-056cadmium48Cd1040594.268.65112.4121.411.718.9930.23296.814.76.0799.871.69198Transition Metal12dM1.50E-011.10E-047.00E-057indium49In2350429.787.31114.8231.4425.7860.23381.63.43.26226.3351.7891Boron13pM2.50E-012.00E-036tin50Sn2876505.127.31118.7141.411.727.3440.22866.68.77.2290.371.96*Carbon14pM22.30E+004.00E-062.00E-053antimony51Sb1860903.916.69121.75731.41.538.6410.20724.32.619.8367.972.05415Pnictide15pM52.00E-012.40E-048tellurium52Te1261722.726.24127.641.361.429.0090.2022.350.000217.4950.632.1233Chalcogen16pN-261.00E-039iodine53I457.5386.74.93126.904511.331.3210.4510.1450.44907.7620.92.66204Halogen17pN574.50E-016.00E-022.00E-056xenon54Xe165.1161.395.9131.2901.311.2412.130.1580.005692.312.64117Noble gas18pN2463.00E-055.00E-055cesium55Cs944301.541.87132.905412.353.343.8940.2435.95.32.09267.740.79155Alkali Metal1sM3.00E+003.00E-042.00E-066barium56Ba207810023.59137.3321.982.765.2120.20418.42.88.01140.20.89207Alkaline Earth2sM4.25E+021.30E-023.00E-056lanthanum57La373711916.15138.905531.252.745.580.1913.51.911.3399.571.1176Rare Earth3dM3.90E+013.40E-069cerium58Ce371510716.77140.1231.652.75.540.1911.41.49.2313.81.12212Rare Earth3fM46.65E+011.20E-066praseodymium59Pr378512046.77140.907731.652.675.460.19312.51.510.04332.631.13130Rare Earth3fM49.20E+006.40E-0712neodymium60Nd334712947.01144.2431.642.645.530.1916.51.610.88283.681.14174Rare Earth3fM4.15E+012.80E-069promethium61Pm327313157.2214531.632.625.55417.921.1374Rare Earth3fM10samarium62Sm206713472.75150.3631.622.595.640.1971.3.31.111.09191.631.17136Rare Earth3fM27.05E+004.50E-078europium63Eu180010955.24151.96531.852.565.670.18213.91.110.46175.731.2114Rare Earth3fM22.00E+001.30E-078gadolinium64Gd354515857.9157.2531.612.546.150.23610.60.815.48311.711.2129Rare Earth3fM6.20E+007.00E-0710terbium65Tb350016298.23158.925331.592.515.860.1811.10.91.2172Rare Earth3fM41.20E+001.40E-077dysprosium66Dy284016858.55162.531.592.495.940.17310.71.111.062301.22129Rare Earth3fM5.20E+009.10E-0710holmium67Ho296817478.8164.930331.582.476.0180.16516.21.117.15251.041.23137Rare Earth3fM1.30E+002.20E-077erbium68Er314018029.07167.2631.572.456.1010.16814.31.217.15292.881.24173Rare Earth3fM3.50E+008.70E-076thulium69Tm222318189.32168.934231.562.426.1840.1616.81.316.81911.25136Rare Earth3fM25.20E-011.70E-077ytterbium70Yb146910926.97173.0431.72.46.2540.15534.93.77.71281.1108Rare Earth3fM23.20E+008.20E-079lutetium71Lu366819369.84174.96731.562.255.430.1516.41.518.63551.27108Rare Earth3dM8.00E-011.50E-078hafnium72Hf4875250413.31178.4941.442.166.650.14233.421.76661.071.392Transition Metal4dM3.00E+007.00E-067tantalum73Ta5730329316.65180.947951.342.097.890.1457.58.1367371.5213Transition Metal5dM2.00E+002.00E-068tungsten74W5825369519.3183.8561.32.027.980.1317418.235.4422.582.36232Transition Metal6dM5431.25E+001.00E-048rhenium75Re5870345521186.20771.281.977.880.13747.95.833.05707.11.990Transition Metal7dM4627.00E-044.00E-067osmium76Os5300330022.6190.241.261.928.70.1387.612.329.29627.62.2212Transition Metal8dM3681.50E-036iridium77Ir4700272022.6192.2241.271.879.10.1314721.326.36563.582.2212Transition Metal9dM2361.00E-037platinum78Pt41002042.121.45195.0841.31.8390.1371.69.419.66510.452.28280Transition Metal10dM25.00E-038gold79Au31301337.5819.3196.966531.341.799.2250.12831748.812.36324.432.54*Transition Metal11dM14.00E-034.00E-031.00E-054mercury80Hg629.88234.3113.55200.5921.491.7610.4370.148.3412.29259.32*Transition Metal12dM18.50E-023.00E-057thallium81Tl174657711.85204.38311.482.086.1080.12946.15.64.27162.092.04154Boron13pM38.50E-011.90E-058lead82Pb2023600.6511.35207.221.471.817.4160.12935.34.84.77177.92.33*Carbon14pM41.40E-013.00E-051.70E-044bismuth83Bi1837544.599.75208.980431.461.637.2890.1227.870.9111792.02262Pnictide15pM58.50E-032.00E-057polonium84Po12355279.320941.531.538.42200.7131202117Chalcogen16pM262.00E-101.40E-148astatine85At61057521011.471.431.712302.275Halogen17pN3578radon86Rn211.42029.7322201.3410.7480.0940.003642.916.4115Noble gas18pN24.00E-136.00E-165francium87Fr95030022312.7152.1640.776Alkali Metal1sM8radium88Ra14139735226.025422.235.2790.09418.618.37136.820.9117Alkaline Earth2sM9.00E-078.90E-116actinium89Ac3470132410.0722731.885.170.12121.1116Rare Earth3dM5.50E-108thorium90Th5060202811.72232.038141.651.86.010.113547.115.65543.921.3187Rare Earth3fM9.60E+001.00E-067protactinium91Pa4300184515.4231.035951.615.89475.61.5102Rare Earth3fM41.40E-065.00E-1112uranium92U4407140818.95238.02961.421.386.050.1227.63.615.48422.581.38226Rare Earth3fM5432.70E+003.20E-031.00E-077neptunium93Np417591220.2237.048251.36.196.30.81.3675Rare Earth3fM6439plutonium94Pu350591319.8424441.081.516.060.136.740.71.2875Rare Earth3fM6539americium95Am2880144913.724331.845.993100.71.371Rare Earth3fM6549curium96Cm162013.524736.02101.371Rare Earth3fM6berkelium97Bk16201424736.23101.366Rare Earth3fM49californium98Cf11702516.3101.365Rare Earth3fM11einsteinium99Es117025236.42101.363Rare Earth3fM11fermium100Fm113025736.5101.363Rare Earth3fM7mendelevium101Md180025836.58101.360Rare Earth3fM11nobelium102No110025936.65101.357Rare Earth3fM28lawrencium103Lr190026031054Rare Earth3dM10rutherfordium104Rf26151Transition Metal4dM13hahnium105Ha26248Transition Metal5dM7seaborgium106Sg26341Transition Metal6dM10hassium107Hs26239Transition Metal7dM7bohrium108Bh265Transition Metal8dM7meitnerium109Mt26633Transition Metal9dM10ununnilium110UunTransition Metal10dM10

Periodic Table ColorIPeriodic Table Of ElementsXVIII11IIXIIIXIVXVXVIXVII2H38He1.008Sr4.003HydrogenHelium187.6222345678910LiBeStrontiumBCNOFNe6.9419.0122, 8, 18, 8, 210.81112.01114.00715.99918.99820.18LithiumBerylliumBoronCarbonNitrogenOxygenFlourineNeon2, 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 831112IIIIVVVIVIIVIIIIXXXIXII131415161718NaMgAlSiPSClAr22.9924.30526.98228.08630.97432.06635.45339.948SodiumMagnesiumAluminumSiliconPhosphorousSulfurChlorineArgon2, 8, 12, 8, 22, 8, 32, 8, 42, 8, 52, 8, 62, 8, 72, 8, 84192021222324252627282930313233343536KCaScTiVCrMnFeCoNiCuZnGaGeAsSeBrKr39.09840.07844.95647.8850.94251.99654.93855.84758.93358.6963.54665.3969.72372.6174.92278.9679.90483.8PotassiumCalciumScandiumTitaniumVanadiumChromiumManganeseIronCobaltNickelCopperZincGalliumGermaniumArsenicSeleniumBromineKrypton2, 8, 8, 12, 8, 8, 22, 8, 9, 22, 8, 10, 22, 8, 11, 22, 8, 13, 12, 8, 13, 22, 8, 14, 22, 8, 15, 22, 8, 16, 22, 8, 18, 12, 8, 18, 22, 8, 18, 32, 8, 18, 42, 8, 18, 52, 8, 18, 62, 8, 18, 72, 8, 18, 85373839404142434445464748495051525354RbSrYZrNbMoTcRuRhPdAgCdInSnSbTeIXe85.46887.6288.90691.22492.90695.94(98)101.07102.906106.42107.868112.411114.818118.71121.75127.6126.904131.29RubidiumS