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Low Energy Nuclear Reactions

Collection of information regardinga

controversialphenomena

Elforsk report 13:90

Margaretha Engstrm, Vattenfall Research !evelopment"#

$ten #ergman, $tone%o&er"#

1' (ovem)er *013


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Foreword

Elforsk which is electricity industry joint R&D comany! isresonsi"le for gathering the electricity industry on issues that may"e of strategic imortance and ha#e great imact on tomorrowenergy systems$ %he rogram area Surrounding world and Systemsin Elforsk scans ongoing research and de#eloment to "ea"le to reare the industry on imortant "reakthroughs and "uildnecessary knowledge to challenge or affirm further de#eloment$

Low Energy Nuclear Reactions! LENR! is an area with

increased attention o#er the ast two to three years$ hen ado'en comanies resent that they are engaged in commerciali'ingLENR technology! this may ossi"ly indicate an une(ecteddisco#ery and that this disco#ery in the future may affect the energysuly in the community$

For Elforsk it is thus not a"out to decide whether LENR henomenae(ists or not! "ut to "e reared if the une(ected should occur$%he theory "ehind the henomena is not yet clear and #erification ofits functionality in ractical alication has "een going on andcontinues$

%his reort! which is written "y )argaretha Engstrom on *attenfallResearch and De#eloment and Sten +ergman! Stone ,ower -+! is ageneral summary of information that in #arious ways is accessi"lea"out LENR technology$ %he reort makes no e#aluation of scientific#eracity$

Stefan )ontin,rogram area Surrounding world and SystemsELFORSK./01200203


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Summary

-re we on the #erge of a new era when it comes to en#ironmentaland sustaina"le ower generation4 5s there anything new coming uaround the corner! which could re#olutioni'e our way in generatingheat and electricity and dri#ing tomorrow6s #ehicles4 %hose are the7uestions that ha#e arisen owing to the field Low Energy NuclearReactions 8LENR9 again has "een shown attention$

%his reort is an o#er#iew of the field Low Energy Nuclear Reactions

or what it sometimes is called :old Fusion$ De#ices andarrangements! which are declared to "e "ased on the LENRtechnology! are now "eginning to "eing demonstrated at somedifferent locations in the world$ %he energy efficiency of thosede#ices is said to su"stantially e(ceed the sulied energy needed tostart and sta"ili'e the rocess$ 5f this is right ; which is in 7uestion"y many ; we are confronted with the une(ected! that there iserhas a new rocess which "y far surasses con#entional fuel"ased energy con#ersion$ Furthermore the de#ices are said to workwithout any arecia"le en#ironmental disad#antage$ Or are thoseresults now "eing shown conse7uences of error measurements andwishful thinking4

Some of what has haened in the areascientifically> #alidated and ready for market launch$

%he ?reek comany Defkalion! now laced in :anada! hadfrom the "eginning a artnershi with -ndrea Rossi! "ut haslater gone its own way in de#eloing its hydrogen2nickelreactor @yerion$ Defkalion has announced that theirtechnology will "e launched in ./0A$

+rillouin Energy :ororation! an -merican comany! claims

to ha#e in#ented what they call! the controlled electroncature reaction$


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Boseh ,a already thought in the C/s that energy could "ereco#ered "y comression and electromagnetic stimulation ofan rare gas lasma$ ,a and his latter2day successors asRohner! Klostermann and e"er et$ al$ claimed that they coulde(tract energy from a con#entional iston engine usinghydrogen! rare gases! lightning discharge and otionallyelectromagnetic resonance$

Eric Lerner! lasma hysicist in the $S$! since the early /=s

argued that it is ossi"le to "uild an ine(ensi#e electricitygeneration lant "y magnetically comress rotons and theelement "oron to directly generate electricity from the formedhelium nuclei$ @e calls his de#ice for Dense ,lasma Focus8D,F9 )achine$ E(eriments ha#e taken lace in :hile andelsewhere and there are also market agents running$ %heresearch is "ased on ri#ate contri"utions$

Fleischmann and ,ons! descri"ed in 0 how they managedto create >:old fusion> using alladium electrodes in an

electrolyte of hea#y hydrogen$ @owe#er! it has "een difficultto reeat their e(eriments and the cold fusion cooled further$

hat has now these in common4 ell they are ossi"ly differente(amles on LENR technology or #ariants thereof$ Scientific#alidations are now underway in some 7uarters to confirm functions!managing the engineering asects and understand the underlyinghysical mechanisms$

:hater . descri"es some of the model e(lanations that a"ounda"out LENR technology and oints at research areaswhere rogress ossi"ly can "e e(ected$

:hater 1 deals with how far #alidations ha#e come 8of thoselanning commerciali'ation shortly9! as well as who has #alidatedwhat$ Sketics argue that much is untrue$ 5n#entors try to hide theirsecrets from the u"lic "efore they are ready to enter themarket$ ,atents taken omits the most essential in the e(lanations$

:hater A addresses a #ariety of alications ! rimarily the nickel2hydrogen2"ased LENR2technological in#entions$ hatcould "e the result of successful demonstrations and test runs4


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:hater 3 deals with secific issues that might relate to theelectricity industry$ hat is the conse7uence of small chea

heating G electricity roduction units4

5n :hater H the authors discuss some of the more generalconclusions coming out of the current de#eloment and also thecurrent situation regarding #alidations$

5n :haters C and are found some references not gi#en inrunning te(t


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Summary

-re we on the #erge of a new era when it comes to en#ironmentaland sustaina"le ower generation4 5s there anything new coming uaround the corner! which could re#olutioni'e our way in generatingheat and electricity and dri#ing tomorrow6s #ehicles4 %hose are the7uestions that ha#e arisen owing to the field Low Energy NuclearReactions 8LENR9 again has "een shown attention$

%his reort is an o#er#iew of the field Low Energy Nuclear Reactions

or what it sometimes is called :old Fusion$ De#ices andarrangements! which are declared to "e "ased on the LENRtechnology! are now "eginning to "eing demonstrated at somedifferent locations in the world$ %he energy efficiency of thosede#ices is said to su"stantially e(ceed the sulied energy needed tostart and sta"ili'e the rocess$ 5f this is right ; which is in 7uestion"y many ; we are confronted with the une(ected! that there iserhas a new rocess which "y far surasses con#entional fuel"ased energy con#ersion$ Furthermore the de#ices are said to workwithout any arecia"le en#ironmental disad#antage$ Or are thoseresults now "eing shown conse7uences of error measurements and

wishful thinking4


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:ontents

1 Introduction 1

0$0 5s there a new kind of energy con#ersion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$00$. @ow it all started $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.0$1 - contro#ersial research $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1

2 State of knowledge of LENR 4.$0 hat is meant "y LENR technology4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$A.$. hich are the e(lanatory models4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$H.$.$0 E(lanatory models on "all lightning and other lasmoids $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$C.$.$. Some e(lanatory models around ultracold neutrons $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.$.$1 Other e(lanatory mechanisms around low2energy fusion IIIIIIII$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.$.$A Ryd"erg and +ose2Einstein condition as elements in nuclear reactions $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 0/.$.$3 @idetsugu 5kegami hyothesis ycnonuclear fusion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$0..$1 @ow much is sent on LENR de#eloments4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ III$$01.$1$0 R & D efforts within the academic world and the authorities IIIIIIIIIIIIII01.$1$. R & D in comanies $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIII$0A.$A Ongoing research in the LENR field $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$03.$A$0 :redi"ility of ractical e(eriments $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIIIII$$0H.$3 E research $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIII$$$0C.$H :ommerciali'ation state $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIII$$0.$C -lications of interest $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$./

3 Validated energy plants 211$0 *alidated lasma e7uiment $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .01$. >*alidated> nickel2hydrogen LENR lants $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIIII ..1$.$0 E2:at Leonardo :ororation $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIIIIIIIII$$ ..1$.$. @yerion Defkalion ?reen %echnologies $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .A1$.$1 +E: +rillouin +oiler %) +rillouin :or$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIII$$ .3

1$.$A :5@% cell 2 +lackLight ,ower $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .H1$.$3 N-NOR%) Bet Energy $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII$ .

4 Possile applications of LENR tec!nology 2"

A$0 ?eneration of electricity and heat $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .A$. *ehicle alications $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIII .A$1 -erosace and Sace alications $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1/A$A %ransmutation of radioacti#e waste $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 10A$3 :onsumer roducts $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$1.

# $uestions for t!e power industry 33

3$0 )arket scenarios $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1A3$. En#ironmental and safety issues $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 133$.$0 nknown negati#e characteristics $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1H3$.$. Security $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIIIIIIIII 1C

% &onclusions 3'H$0 here does the research on LENR technology today4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 1H$. here is the e(lanation G why4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIIII$ 1H$1 here are the "iggest challenges4 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ IIIIII$ 1

( References 4)


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C$0 -rticles! reorts and rotocols $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ A/C$. e"sites$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ AA

' *ttac!+ents 4(

$0 ,atents $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$AC$0$0 $S$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$AC$0$. -sia $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$A$0$1 Euroe $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$A


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0 5ntroduction

5s it ossi"le to "uild de#ices that are ine(ensi#e! safe andgenerates heat and electricity at a fraction of today=s cost4 :anthese de#ices "e used for stationary andGor mo"ile alications4-re they safe and sustaina"le4

%his reort "riefly outlines a handful of such techni7ues!which in a sense can "e classified into the area Low Energy NuclearReactions (LENR).@owe#er! since much of what is descri"ed

"elow ha#e not yet "een #alidated and acceted "y the scientificcommunity the are significant 7uestion marks$ +ut the 7uestion iswhether now after all new knowledge kees emerging that mightsuort the hoe for LowEnergy Nuclear Reactions4%he conse7uences of any "reakthrough can "e su"stantial$

0$0 5s there a new kind of energy con#ersion

%he "reakthrough of Juantum hysics at the "eginning of the lastcentury led to de#eloment of today=s nuclear technology$ During

the ast C/ years has we ha#e learned the technical and commercialmastering of many fissions rocesses and we are now trying tode#elo fusion technology not least "y the 5%ER roject$

-t the same time continued attemts to LENR de#elo technologyhas "een made in some arts of the world$ 5t is an area that manyregard with great sketicism and as "asically imossi"le to reali'eand e#en more imossi"le to e(lain with current knowledge$De#eloment has mainly "een dri#en "y e(erimentalists andentrereneurs$ Knowledge of what has "een achie#ed has notdisseminated in the normal academic sheres "ut often throughother media$ 5n#entors ha#e often "een ut against esta"lishedscientists and LENR technology has more than once "een rejected asure falsehood or wishful thinking$ et some of the results reortedcould not straight off "e rejected$ Nuclear reactions can ro"a"lyoccur in secial en#ironments that we do not yet understand$ %helaws of nuclear hysics aly of course also in these en#ironments$

0


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On .1 )arch 0 scientists Fleischmann and ,ons featuredtheir sensational disco#ery that energy could "e e(tracted from

alladium electrodes in an electrolyte of hea#y hydrogen $Neutronswas stated to lay an imortant role$ %he term >cold fusion>was minted and many esta"lished research teams 7uicklystarted to try and reeat and #erify the e(eriments$*ery few reorted success at the time and the matter cooled downe#entually$

%oday! ./01! a commercial de#eloment within LENR area isongoing$ -ndrea Rossi with his Energy :atalyst! E2:at! is onee(amle$ 5n the late 0/s! a researcher from ni#ersity of %urin!

5taly! Don +orghi! ran simle e(eriments with nickel andhydrogen$ 5n 01 a reort was released from e(erimentsmade "y :EN La"oratories in Recife !+ra'il ! around hise(eriments in which! inter alia! neutrons and large energyroduction could "e o"ser#ed$0

Other e(eriments! roughly contemorary! was said to show thatnickel and hydrogen on se#eral occasions caused the e(losion of amagnitude! which ro"a"ly could not "e e(lained "y the smallhydrogen 7uantity at hand$ %he 7uestion is whether in anyways energy was released! not deri#ed from the chemically "oundenergy of the hydrogen$

0$. @ow it all started

e ha#e chosen to go "ack to the mid20/s! when somesectacular e(eriments were conducted in the $S$ and then in#arious ways documented$

Boseh ,a conducted e(eriments "ased on a con#entionalcom"ustion engine$ %he iston sace in the engine was redesignedand instead of gasoline was fed a no"le gas mi(ture consisting ofhelium! argon! kryton and (enon$ %he machine de#eloedgot the name >%he No"le ?as Engine>! name referringthe no"le gases$ ,a and colleagues 8including Bohn Rohner9could show that the machine 8which is well documented in itsatents9 could "e run without any fuel additi#es for a"out 1 months$

0:$ +orghi! :$ ?iori! -$-$ Dall6Ollio! Experimental Evidence of Emission of Neutronsfrom

Cold Hydrogen Plasma! -merican 5nstitute of ,hysics 8,hys$ -t$ Nucl$9! #ol 3H!no C!01$

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%he engine de#eloed A/23/ k of ower continuously$ Sometimes0// 2 .// h could "e reco#ered during the months that the

machines were tested$%his sectacular e(eriment was 7uestioned "y science world$

-fter ,as death in 0 his aide! Bohn Rohner! continuedde#eloment into what came to "e >%he ,lasmic %ransition)achine >$ .

-round 03! Dr$ Eric Lerner! lasma scientist from S-!:ame u with a suggestion a"out a so2called Dense ,lasma Focus)achine8DF,9 1$ %he rincile was "ased on the acceleration of

rotons! magnetic comression and "om"ardment of "oron atoms ina relati#e small limited #olume$ D,F technology was #alidated onlyartially$ 5nterestingly! howe#er! was that Lerner=s idea came fromastrohysical o"ser#ations how gala(ies rotate and formenergy! and that the de#ice was reorted to generate electricitydirectly$

0$1 - contro#ersial research

%he LENR henomenon is reorted to ha#e many roerties similarto suerconducti#ity and suerflow$ %hese henomena consist of acollecti#e "eha#ior of elementary articles which show u as7uasiarticles such as honons! lasmons and olaritroner$

)any of the hyothetical e(lanations for LENR include7uasiarticles such as honons! olaritroner and lasmons$,lasma henomena can also articiate in some of the rocesses$Electric and magnetic fields can there #ia nonlinearities "e connectedtogether #ia lasma resonances$ Formation of neutrons can occur#ia different hyothetical models$ 5t should "e emhasi'ed that allhenomena that are resent must gi#e rise tonuclear reactions to create the kinetic energy$

.htt


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. State of knowledge a"out LENR

>:old Fusion> "ecame a hot toic in the sring of 0$ ResearchersFleischmann and ,ons came into the sotlight on )arch .1! 0when they claimed that they ha#e "een e(erimentally shown thatslow neutrons could "e roduced "y using alladium electrodes in aelectrolyte of hea#y hydrogen$ +ut the attemts ha#e "eenchallenged and "een difficult to reeat$ 5n recent years it seems thatthe interest in >:old fusion> or LENR as it is now called! hasincreased$ -t the end of ./0. a"out 0C// u"lished articles could"e counted within LENR area$

.$0 hat is meant "y LENR technology4

So far! no #alidated theory or e(lanation model could "e resentedwhich ro#ides suort for LENR$ One reason may simly "e thatLow Energy Nuclear Reactions cannot occur$Other reasons could "e thatnew hysics> is needed it is a"out henomena that canoccur in articular en#ironments$ %he "asic hysics can not "echanged$

%he models of e(lanation descri"ed "elow are not entirely

randomly selected$ %hey reflect some models that in one or theother way ossi"ly can suort each other as there


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ELFORSKH

can "e logical connections and ossi"ly causal chains$ Some model

aroaches are critici'ed for #iolating esta"lished rinciles$ Someother theoretical e(lanations are "ased on the assumtion that thestandard model of elementary articles is not ade7uate! which thencontradicts the esta"lished scientific ercetion$H

.$.$0 E(lanatory models on flash of "all lightnings and other lasmoids

+all lightnings has long fascinated man$ @ow can light glo"es "eformed! mo#e through solid materials such as walls and such4 hat

made that ,as and other second lasma machines seemed towork4

:lint Seward! at Electron ,ower System in S! has descri"ed howlasmoids 8"all lightnings9 can ossi"ly "e formed in nature from aninitial lighting discharge$C %he resulting magnetic field traselectrons and gi#es these closed ring characteristics! which in turncreates a rotating current that maintains itself$ 8)a(well=s e7uationstakes care of "oth geometries and time deri#ati#es$9

Other researchers! e$g$ Sanduolo#iciuha#e e(erimentallydemonstrated a #ery unusual henomenon occurring in lasmaconte(t$ Namely something that just man is caa"le of in naturethat entroy decreases in the system$5n other words! the lasma has the a"ility to self organi'eand create a system that does not e(hi"it greater disorder when letloose "ut creates order out of chaos$ 5t is interesting to note thelasmoid a"ility to create a negati#e 8dynamic9 resistance$ 5n otherwords! a lasma! could then "ecome >suerconducting>$ 85s thissomething that might e(lain the e(tremely high magnetic fieldswhich can sometimes are o"ser#ed in tornados49

5t may also "e mentioned that the $S$ defense through D-R,- isin#esting in R & D in "all lightning area in which to conduct researchinto as

HE(emel#is Einstein2:artan2E#ans! E:E! teorin! sehtt


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@ydrogen chnage to alha articles 8ie helium nuclei9$ %heorymakers means that electron cature in rotons and deutronsrocess "ecomes the rocess when lasmons has high energy!i$e$ in#erse "eta decay$

%he formation of hea#ier unsta"le nuclides leads to furtherdecay and radiation which is a"sor"ed in the material and isassumed to "e con#erted to heat$ %he released amount ofenergy kees the system running lea#ing also 7uite a lot which

can "e taken out in heat or electricity$ -ny gamma radiationformed in connection with certain transmutations is con#erted"y surface lasmons to 5R hotons 8i$e$ thermal radiation9$Some soft 2ray radiation may ossi"ly also transire$

5t may "e noted that a N-S- scientist! Boseh Vawodny!has taken out a atent on a method of roducing hea#y electrons8$S$./00/.33HA3-09$ %his is done "y stimulating the resonance ofsurface lasmons G olaritons on electrically conducting surfaces$

.$.$1 Other e(lanatory mechanisms around low2energy fusion

@anno EssWn! at K%@! has ut forward the following idea G modelossi"le e(lanation "ehind the low2energy nuclear reactions andesecially for the Rossi2tye nickel owder2hydrogen stranded asset> of a con#entional firedsmall2scale ower lants 8320/ )9 with e(isting con#entionalgeneration e7uiment! and relace old "oiler with +rillouin =shot reactor N@+ [! along with the renewal of a ower

contracts or steamheat contract with an industry or a owercomany$

.1htt


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ELFORSK0A

Key e(erts connected to the Sunrise! including formerDirector of the :alifornia ,u"lic tilities :ommission 8 :,: 9=s indeendent ower di#ision! has already offered ossi"lecandidates for takeo#ers which are a#aila"le at negligi"le costand who already ha#e ower contracts

on successful testing of N@+ [ at SR5 ! Sunrises offer of Y./ million will fund a full commercial launch of this model!including>)erchant ower sulyretrofit >

.$A Ongoing research in the LENR field

%oday there are o#er 0/// eer2re#iewed articles a"out LENR !sometimes u to 0C// are mentioned$ )any of these can "e read onthe we"site htt


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security certificate from an aro#ing organi'ation ! such asnderwriters La"oratories! L$ Leonardo :ororation recei#ed such a

safety certificate for the industrial #ersion of the E2:at 0 ) fromS?S$ .H

.$A$0 :redi"ility of ractical trials

ith the trial2and2error method! researchers ha#e come a long way$On the 5nternet there are recies with materials and rocesse(lanation for how LENR e(eriments can "e erformed$.C -ne(amle is the ,irelli e(eriment in electrochemical en#ironment !imlemented "y teachers and students at the Leooldo ,irelli5ndustrial ni#ersity in Rome and descri"ed in the e"$. One of the

e(eriments in the reactor -thanor achie#ed a surlus energy ofA//M$

5t is more difficult to indeendently carry out e(eriments with thedry gas #ersion including nickel and hydrogen$ %his re7uires skills ongeometric relationshis of nickel container! grain si'e of the owderand the amlitude and fre7uency of electric ulse to start therocess $ Furthermore! knowledge a"out controlling the rocess sothat it does not end in an e(losion 8which haened numeroustimes9$ %herefore! a deeer knowledge should "e ac7uired a"outhow this commercial nickel2hydrogen rocess works$ From the "elow

descri"ed #alidations of commercial rocesses ! as far as known !only two were erformed "y researchers not funded "y thecomanies whose de#ices were #alidated$ %his in#ol#es e7uimentfrom Defkalion and Leonardo :ororation$ %he #alidation ofDefkalion @yerion reactor was erformed! howe#er! "y an industrialscientist with the commercial comany ersonnel resent$

)5% has had oen courses on LENR technology in Banuary ./0. and./01$. 5n ./0. the course was demonstrated LENR e7uimentfrom Bet Energy ! which reortedly worked during H months$1/ -tthe conference! 5::F 20 at )issouri ni#ersity a #ideo test was

shown Buly .1 ./01 where Defkalion from )ilan in u"licdemonstrated the function of its

.H S?S 5talia S- ! the *oluntary :ertificate of :omliance with Safety Re7uirements ofDirecti#e .//HGA.GE: 8-nne( S?S 59

.C e$g$ onhtt


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ELFORSK0H

@yerion reactor$10%his should "e looked at as a commercialcomany showing their roduct under de#eloment$ %here is a testrotocol from the u"lic demonstration$1.

- general accetance of LENR 2 #alidations comes first when LENRde#ices ha#e "een tested at a! from manufacturer indeendent! siteand "y indeendent researchers$ 5n addition! ro"a"ly oenness onall the materials and arameters for interreting the de#ices="eha#iour is ro"a"ly needed$ :redi"ility at large comes first if alsoother LENR manufacturers make demonstrations of their e7uiment$

So far! no comlete indeendent demonstration of all arameters ina LENR reactor was erformed$ Researchers from +ologna andsala ni#ersity only had the oortunity to study the energye(change from Leonardo :ororation @ot 2:at reactor in Decem"er./0. and )arch ./01! see results under >'alidated ; nic,el "*ydrogen LENR plants.

.$3 E research

ENE- 85talian National -gency for New %echnologies! Energy and

Sustaina"le Economic De#eloment 9 has in different Euroeanconte(ts rendered needs to in#est E research on LENR $ E(amlesinclude a roosal on materials research for LENR in the E 11andthe meeting arranged "y -malia Sartori ! chairman of the 5%RE:ommittee of the Euroean ,arliament and ENE- :ommissioner?io#anni Lelli at 1 Bune ./01$1A %he meeting was hosted "y themem"er of the 5%RE :ommittee Edit @erc'og $

-t the meeting! cooeration in LENR research "etween ENE- in 5taly!Stanford Research 5nternational and Energetics LL: in the nitedStates since .//A was resented$ %he Na#al Research La"oratory !NRL ! %he nited States joined the colla"oration in .// and since./0/ is also the ni#ersity of )issouri in#ol#ed in researchcolla"oration$

10See the we"cast on htt


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ELFORSK0C

-t the meeting was also a re#iew of alladium 2 deuteriumresearchers a"out LENR=s reroduci"ility and real effect$ %hearticiants were from the nited States! electro chemist )ichael)cKu"re 8Stanford Research 5nternational! SR59 ! Ro"ert Duncan8 *ice :hancellor for Research ! ni#ersity of )issouri 9 and ?raham@u"ler 8Director of the Sidney Kimmel 5nstitute for Nuclear !ni#ersity of )issouri 9 ! from 5taly articiated *ittorio *iolante8 LENR Research :oordinator ! ENE- and rofessor at ni#ersit\degliStudi di Roma %or *ergata ! Rome 9 and from ?ermany articiatedKonrad :'erski 8,rofessor at niwersytet S'c'eci]ski ! ,oland andthe %echnische ni#ersitQt +erlin9 $

.$H :ommercial status of LENR

- num"er of comanies are lanning to commerciali'e roducts thatthey claim are "ased on LENR technology$ %heir roducts willro"a"ly "e launched in the energy market "efore a theoreticalgenerally acceted e(lanation e(ists$ )arket introduction isdeendent uon many factors! including functionality and technologymaturity! security! atent rights ! economics! en#ironmental "enefitsand accetance among oliticians and the u"lic$

Leonardo &orporationhas three tyes of de#ices< E2:at ! @ot2:at8 high temerature E2:at 9 and a de#ice that is controlled "y gas$%he @ot 2:at de#ice is designed for electricity generation com"inedwith steam tur"ine$ %hey ha#e launched the 5ndustrial 0 ) lantfor heat called the E2:at! which as stated "y the comany! can "edeli#ered four months after order$ %he comany is said! to his-merican artner to ha#e deli#ered three lants! one E2:at forwarmth! an E2:at with gascontrol and a @ot2:at for electricity

generation$ %hese three lants ha#e the american artner as stated"y the comany further deli#ered to customers! not clear to who$

,efkalion -reen .ec!nologieshas two main tracks in the launchof its technology< de#ices for energy con#ersion and licensing itstechnology to consumer roduct manufacturers whose roductsre7uire energy for their function $ %hey claim to ha#e licensed itstechnology to a"out ./ comanies for the oeration of #ariousroducts $%wo of these comanies ha#e "een resented as one of

Euroe=s largest car manufacturer and the world=s largest mo"ilehone comany$ @yerion is lanned to "e ready for market in


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./0A in the range of 0/ k to 0 ) ^ with a :O, 8:oefficient of,erformance9! i$e$ energy yield! of H 2 0$

-t the u"lic demonstration during the 5::F 20 from )ilan on ..Buly ./01 technology arrangement and instrumentation was underthe full control of Defkalion$ Due to ro"lems with degassing thereactor! which was reorted to "e sensiti#e to small amounts ofother gases than hydrogen! it ga#e only a :O, of .$ %his is not thentaken into account entali content in heat of #aorisation! which hadgi#en a much higher :O,$

/rillouin &orporation0sde#ice is called +E: +rillouin +oiler[$

%hey ha#e recei#ed Y ./ million in #enture caital from SunriseSecurities :ororation in New ork :ity to outfit a coal ower lantwith a LENR 2owered "oiler in si'e 320/ )$13 %he agreementincludes key e(ertise in contact with Sunrise! where re#iously theDirector of the indeendent ower di#ision at the :alifornia ,u"lictilities :ommission! :,: ! has already offered otential ac7uisitioncandidates a#aila"le for minimal costs ! with the e(isting electricity

contracts$ hen +rillouin has a de#eloed reactor for industrial useis not known$

/lackLig!t Power0stechnology is a wet electrolytic cell ! wherehydrogen from water steam is used as the energy source$ %heirtechni7ue is said to "e a"le to generate electricity directly withoutintermediate heat generation $ +lackLight ,ower has also a dryrocess which is adated for heat and steam2owered electricitygeneration$ -lso here are the lans unknown to market launch$

et Energy0saliance Nanor [ with designer )itchell R$ Swart' isstill in the demonstration hase$

LEN& whose de#ice today generates 0//21// ! lanscommercial scale of 1 k to 1/ k in ./01 G 0A$ Owner ?eorge @$)iley ! holds the first -merican LENR atent! which was issued Buly.A! ./0. < $S$ ..C /./$

13See $ 0A in the resentation htt


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ELFORSK./

1 *alidated energy facilities

Since many e(eriments are carried out for a long time! "ut onlyrecently "egun to "e classified as LENR ! we ha#e chosen to descri"ethe #alidation of some energy facilities ! which can "e attri"uted tothe class unknown henomena ! "ut with a ossi"le connection tonuclear rocesses$ e also take u some of the initial e(eriments!

which ha#e ure lasma hysical "ackground and some latere(eriments ! which are collecti#ely termed LENR technology$

1$0 *alidated lasma machinery

One of the machines that are documented and artly officially#alidated is Boseh ,a6s >No"le ?as Engine>$ ,a! as in C/ 2 and/=s worked with "rothers Ro"ert and %om Rohner$ >%he Rohner?rou> has continued to work with ,a6s machine and some #ideofootage is a#aila"le$1H

5n the scientific #alidation! conducted "y Richard Feymann at:al%ech ! ,a worked with Bimmy Sa"ori and "rothers %om andRo"ert Rohner$ %he #alidation was de"ated when the machinee(loded$ )achine de#eloment continued after ,as death 0med different mechanical #ariants of ,as original machine$ 5t isunclear whether these were #alidated$ Bohn Rohner was granted aatent on a > ,lasmic %ransition ,rocess Engine > on No#em"er 0!.// 8 S./00/001CC.-0 9

@ein' Klostermann e#entually came into the icture and took in

.//H also his own atent 8SC/CH3/+.9 $ Se#eral differentde#eloment comanies ha#e "een rele#ant "ut it is unclear whatsu"stance has come out$ 5n Decem"er ./0.! a lasma machine!rather like Rohner later models was seen in a ?erman atent$ %hisatent 8DE0/./000/11.-09! "y B_rgen e"er is "ased on a nickeliston and hydrogen$ hether this has "een "uilt or not is unclear$hat is clear howe#er is that the hydrogen gas must "e heated totemeratures "etween 03/23// `:$

1Hhtt


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ELFORSK .0

1$. > *alidated > nickel2hydrogen LENR facilities

e ha#e in our screening found eight >sur#eys> of the LENR rocessas such$ One of these was conducted "y Edmund Storms andu"lished in ./0/ in Naturwissenschaften$1C 5n addition to theserocess#alidations there are a num"er of #alidations of more or lessde#eloed lants for commerciali'ation! which are those resented"elow$ *alidation of energy generation in the "elow reorts concerns:O, 8:oefficient Of ,erformance9! out"ound useful energy di#ided"y the energy inut$

1$.$0 E2:at Leonardo :ororation

Leonardo :ororation has se#eral u"lic #alidations of their LENRde#ices! of which only the last one was made "y an indeendentthird arty$ %he #arious de#ices are descri"ed on their we"site$1

%he industrial 0 ) E2:at has a safety certification "y S?S 5taliaS$$-$ %he first #alidation is not erformed "y an indeendent thirdarty "ut u"lished "y Leonardo :ororation$ %he reort named

Report on t*e internal test Performed on t*e


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ELFORSK..

rocess$ hen the rocess is running in stand2alone mode thiscounter argument is not #alid$

%he #alidation made "y indeendent scientists is carried out withresect to the energy e(change in the eriod from 01 to 0CDecem"er ./0. "y ?iusee Le#i ! +ologna ni#ersity! E#elyn Foschi! +ologna! and during 0 to .1 )arch ./01 of the ?iusee Le#i !+ologna ni#ersity! E#elyn Foschi ! +ologna !%or"jrn @artman ! +o@istad ! Roland ,ettersson and Lars %egnWr ! sala ni#ersity and@anno EssWn ! K%@$1 %he result of this #alidation included i$a thehigh energy e(change ! high energy density and no detectedradiation$

%he #alidation showed that energy from @ot2:at can not only "e of achemical nature$ 5t should "e noted that for commercial reasonsresearchers was not allowed to access all facts$ %herefore thescientific community criticism of how the tests were erformed$

1*e first test3

%he e7uiment was oerated with an energy consumtion of 13 khand generated net 0H/ kh$ %he heat in the form of con#ection andradiation from a @ot :at was calculated$ -s result ower density of Ck G kg and energy density of H/ kh G kg was reached$%hismeans that a @ot2:at generates more than con#entional energysources$ 5n this test :O, P 3$H /$$

1*e second test3

%he e7uiment was oerated with 11 kh and H. kh generated

net$ %he estimated ower density was 31/ k G kg! and energydensity H0 $0/1kh G kg $ 5n this test :O, P .$H /$3$

5n "oth tests! the reactor was stoed intentionally and not "ecauseof fuel consumtion $%hus! the calculated energy density unitsshould "e considered as lower than the actual #alues $ %he @ot2:atthat scientists #alidated ro#ed with conser#ati#e assumtions toha#e an energy density of around 0// ///

1?iusee Le#i ! +ologna ni#ersity! E#elyn Foschi ! +ologna! %or"jrn @artman ! +o@istad ! Roland ,ettersson and Lars %egnWr ! sala ni#ersity! and @anno EssWn ! K%@!

5ndication of anomalous heat energy roduction in a reactor de#ice !htt


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ELFORSK.1

times that of gasoline and a ower density of a"out 0 /// times thatof gasoline$

For"es has u"lished a Ragonediagram where the +ologna result islotted! seethird arty #alidations$

One of them is conducted "y Los -lamos National La"oratories$ %heother of DR$ )ichael )cKu"re from Stanford Research 5nternational 8SR59 ! which also thereafter joined their ad#isory "oard$A.

1$.$A :5@%2cell 2 +lackLight ,ower+lackLight ,ower=s continuous rocess for ower generation con#ertsregular water #aour [email protected] into electricity! o(ygen! and a new! moresta"le form of hydrogen which the comany calls hydrino$ %hisreleases more than .// times more energy than ure hydrogen atincineration! according to Dr$ Randell )ills! :hairman! :EO and,resident of +lackLight ,ower! 5nc$! and in#entor of +lackLight ,owerrocess$

Dr )ills says +lackLight ,ower has reached an imortant milestonein the uscaling of the rocess! which tyically roduces a gain8:O,9 of more than 0/ times o#er a long eriod and in the scale 0/$

Now the comany reortedly lans a 0// system and "elie#es thata 0$3 k unit for household use will "e in oeration as early as./01$A1

+lackLight ,ower=s cell has "een #alidated for 1/ to C/ days ofcontinuous oeration of si( different configurations of indi#idual and

grous of researchers! which they consider to "e indeendent$ %heyha#e their doctorates from uni#ersities such as )5% and :altech $

hence these researchers ha#e recei#ed ayment for their#alidations are not known $ %herefore! the following result from si(#alidation rotocol are not considered third arty #alidations$

A0See htt


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ELFORSK

.H

K$*$ Ramanajachary was a rofessor of chemistry and "iochemistryat Rowan ni#ersity$ @is areas of e(ertise are metals o(idationchemistry ! electrical and magnetic roerties of materials ! and ion2conducting olymers and o(ides$ ,rofessor Ramanajachary foundthat :5@%2cells had a :O, "etween 0$H and C$13$

%erry :oeland! a chemical engineer from )5%! who has worked atDuracell and other "attery manufacturers and at -ltairNanotechnologies 5nc$! e#aluated :5@% cells during two occasions inNo#em"er and Decem"er ./00$ Dr$ :oeland found that the :O,was "etween . and 3$3$

@enry ein"erg was during the #alidation currently rofessor ofchemical engineering and chemical hysics and a rofessor ofmaterials engineering at the :alifornia 5nstitute of %echnology ! andhas a long resume in academia with #arious rofessorshis at#arious uni#ersities$ ,rofessor ein"erg found that :5@% cell had a:O, P 0/$

- team from the Fortune 3// comanies list of $S$ DOD ad#isers!which consisted of an R & D rogram director who has worked forN-S-! a ,h$D$ in ,hysics and a ,h$D$ in chemistry with fuel celle(ertise$ %hese researchers found that :5@%2cells with nickel hadfor 3 2 .C days :O, b . after sta"ili'ation! "ut some e#en o#er 1//$:ells with moly"denum instead of nickel had a :O, of u to .A./$

Nick ?lumac was a rofessor at the ni#ersity of 5llinois in

)echanical Engineering since -ugust .//C$ @e conducted the#alidation as a technology consultant at )ahomet$ ,rofessor ?lumacfound the energy yields from 0/ and u$ :ells with moly"denumga#e a :O, ./// while nickel cells had after 0C days :O, "etween$0 and 0A$A$

%wo ,h$D$ from the Enser :or$ ha#e made an e#aluation$ Enser is acomany working for the $S$ military with missile "atteries$ %heyha#e .3 researchers in electrochemistry$ Bames K$ ,ugh is ENSERs

technical director$ @e is an e(ert in hysical organic chemistry andelectrochemistry$ Ethirajulu Dayalan is a research fellow inelectrochemistry who worked for! among other things N-S- and the$S$ -rmy$ %he two researchers found that :5@% cells had a :O,


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ELFORSK0//$

.C

1$.$3 N-NOR%) Bet Energy

Bet Energy=s de#ice N-NOR [ in m range was tested at )5% inBanuary 2 Bune ./0. and was dislayed u"licly$ %he e7uiment wasclaimed to ha#e a :O, of 0.20A during testerioden$AA

%heir LENR reactor shows similar energy and ower densities asLeonardo :ororation=s @ot2:at! as e#idenced "y Ragone diagram ontheir we"site< htthy iscold fusion so imortant 4 >%he diagram was resented Buly .1!./01 at the :onference 5::F0$

AA htt


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ELFORSK

.

A ,ossi"le alications of LENRtechnology

A$0 Electricity and heat roduction

5f LENR technology works as it is said today highly concei#a"lealications are district heat roduction and heat2 and steamgeneration for industrial rocesses$ %he reason why the e7uiment

would likely come first to engineer fre7uent customers is safety$Leonardo :ororation has only security certificates to 0 )machines and still has a rocess underway for the security certificatefor small lants to residential customers$ %he comany e(ects thatretail market is taking off if the e(eriences of the industrialcustomer facilities are good$ LENR de#ices! if they work ! would inthe future "e a"le to comete against "oth the central heating sideas the retail side! including "e alternati#es to heat ums and "ioenergy$

E#en lants for electric ower generation could "e ossi"le$ Onee(amle is the @ot :at for electricity generation tested in +ologna$-gain! one can e(ect that the industrial customer e(eriences aree(ected to underin security certification for the consumer market$$S$ reorts concerning lans to rein#est in old coal lants "yrelacing coal "oilers against LENR2reactors$ LENR2de#ices might inthe future comete with fossil2and nuclear ower generation as wellas electricity sales to retail and industrial customers$ %he comanyKresenn reort de#eloment underway for LENR 2 oeration of

datacentraler$A3

A$. *ehicle alications

5f LENR technology works one imortant alication might "e #ehiclefuelling$ ,a6s original machine was "ased on a con#entionalcom"ustion engine$ Rohner! Klostermann and e"er=s designs are allmotor alications with istons and flywheel$ %he e(losioncham"er! howe#er! is relaced with the lasma comartment$

A3See htt


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ELFORSK

.

LENR2reactors for #ehicle dri#e are also studied "y LENR :ars S\rl inLausanne$AH%he construction dislayed on this site reminds of other

LENR2de#ices with the difference that it will ro#ide electricity$,ossi"ly this is done #ia the thermoelectric con#ersion$ Otions as aheat source in Stirling engines are also mentioned in terms of#ehicle dri#es$ LENR :ars S\rl has a atent alication "y the nameof Low Energy Nuclear 1*ermoelectric 4ystems $ :.4. =76> ?7=@>A95 06 ! u"lication date 0/ Octo"er ./01$

%here are reorts that %oyota and @onda ha#e in#estments in LENRresearch to roduce LENR owered cars$AC %oyota has alsocolla"oration with researchers at the ni#ersities of Osaka andKo"e$A5f and so! when the alication in #ehicles arises! it will "e incometition with electricity! "iogas and hy"rid #ehicles$S,--R ! NRL ! D-R,- ! D%R- and D5- ha#e conducted research onLENR! i$a$ for military transorts$AD5- u"lished No#$ 01! .//reort! 1ec*nology orecast3 orldwide Researc* on Low" EnergyNuclear Reactions -ncreasing and Baining 0cceptance! and theyconclude < > $$$ the military otential of Such high2energy 2densityower sources is enormous $ -nd since the $S$ military isnmatched user of li7uid fuel for transortation! LENR owersources could roduce the greatest transformation of the "attlefieldfor $S$ forces since the transition from horseower to gasolineower$> 3/

A$1 -erosace and Sace -lications

N-S- and +oeing are e(loring oortunities with future LENR 2oeration for eco2friendly oeration of the flight! as descri"ed in theN-S- reort< N-S-G:R2./0.2.0C33HSu"sonic ltra ?reen -ircraftResearch ,hase 55< N ^A -d#anced :oncet De#eloment$30-nimortant

AH

Nicolas :hau#in ! LENR ,owered Electric *ehicles ! ,roceedings 5LENRS 20.!illiams"urg! S- ! Buly 021 ! ./0.

AChtt


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ELFORSK1/

asect is how a#iation could "e de#eloed if the fuel weight isreduced to almost 'ero$

For military flight alications it is seen the ossi"ility of de#eloinga suersonic lane that has almost unlimited mileage$ For sacealications ! reusa"le launch #ehicle with increased ayload 83/Mmore 9! no maintenance and the a"ility to "uild e#er smallersaceshi$ N-S- is therefore studying LENR 2 oeration ofrymdsonder$3.

A$A %ransmutation of radioacti#e waste

%ransmutation of nuclides resent in used nuclear fuel into sta"lenuclides ha#e "een erformed at )itsu"ishi @ea#y 5ndustries "y

asuhiro 5wamura$31%hese e(eriments ha#e "een indeendentlyrelicated "y %oyota :entral Research and De#elomentLa"oratories$3A-lthough Osaka and 5wate ni#ersity in Baan hasrelicated frsken$33-mong others ! successful e(eriments were

conducted with the transmutation of 011:s33to 0A0,r3 and Sr1toH)oA.$

Francesco ,iantelli has a atent alication for the treatment ofradioacti#e waste! OG./01G/AH0 20 !et*od and a device fortreating radioactive material ! with u"lication date A -ril ./01$

S,--R has -ril 0H! ./01 recei#ed atent $S$ !A0!0 !entitled 4ystem and met*od for generating particleswhere

>?enerated articles may "e catured "y other nuclei to create newelements! to remediate nuclear waste $$$>$ 5f this transmutationmethod can "e carried out in a larger scale and with reasona"leeconomy! there may "e a ossi"ility of neutrali'ing the nuclides

3.iaoling ang and ?eorge @$ )iley ! - ?ame2 :hanging ,ower Source +ased on LowEnergy Nuclear Reactions 8 LENRs 9 ! resentation at NE%S ./0.! )arch 02.1! ./0.

31

$ 5wamura ! O"ser#ation of Nuclear %ransmutation Reactions induced "y D. ?as,ermeation through ,d :omle(es ! in Ele#enth 5nternational :onference on :ondensed)atter Nuclear Science ! )arseille! France .//A andhtt


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ELFORSK10

from today=s nuclear fuel that can not "e used as fuel for generation5* reactors $

A$3 :onsumer roducts

Defkalion has stated that they license their technology to #ariousmanufacturers of consumer roducts$ %hemsel#es! they willreortedly commerciali'e their technology for sea #ehicles$ 5fsuccessful! it means a cometition with electricity for chargingmo"ile hones and oeration of orta"le consumer roducts of allkinds$ -le( anthoulis ! :EO of Defkalion ! has stated that < 3H

Z :olla"oration is ongoing with si( comanies for the de#eloment ofsecial alications$ )any of these comanies are included in the to0/ comanies in the world in their field$ -lications co#eredinclude< unmanned aerial #ehicles ! comuters ! water heaters!electric ower generation ! greenhouse ! shi management! cars!water desalination G urification and large tur"ines $

Z License agreement for the manufacture of consumer roducts are

signed with comanies in 5taly! France ! ?reece 8 Defkalion 3/M9!:anada and South -frica$ 0!1// comanies in a"out C countries areinterested $ License rice has re#iously "een A/$3 million$

3H

htt


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3 Juestions for the ower industryLENR 2 effects aears to "e demonstrated in la"oratorye(eriments$ Now lacking is e#idence that the energy con#ersionrocess is suita"le for industrial electricity2 and heat 2roduction$

E(eriences from de#eloment of other techni7ues show thatractical ro"lems can arise on the way to commerciali'ation$%herefore! there is considera"le uncertainty a"out if and whencommerciali'ation will occur$

%he #alidation of the Leonardo :ororation=s @ot :at was conducted"y se#eral uni#ersity researchers together$ hile academic criticismhas "een directed at uni#ersity researchers #alidation! it seems still#ery thrustworthy$3C- @ot2:at is oerating at high temerature withmuch its energy emitted as radiation$

Earlier LENR 2 de#ices ha#e "een measured with calorimetry! wherefluid calorimetry has ro#en to ro#ide the most accurate results$:alorimetry is well suited for lower temeratures that emit energy in

the form of con#ection$ ,resuma"ly! therefore! the more comlicatedmethod of measurement with measuring radiation was chosen for#alidation of @ot2:at $%he researchers stated in the article that theyha#e made conser#ati#e estimates so no dou"t e(ists that a largeenergy outut resulted from the @ot2:at they measured $ )any7uestions remain a"out LENR de#eloment$ 5f the de#eloment issuccessful! these 7uestions are #alid7A.>96> #y B. Levi $ E. osc*i $ 1. Hartman $ . HFistad $ R. . Pettersson$

L.1egner $ H. EssGn $ arDiv 3 6>7@.@>@v6 p*ysics.gen "p*


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ELFORSK11

Z @ow safe is the e7uiment4

Z :an you trust an certain utime4

Z 5s the e7uiment controlla"le4

Z hat skills are needed to oerate and maintain a LENR facility4

Z ill LENR "e rimarily used for electricity2 and heat2 roduction for

sale or in e7uiment that re7uires energy4

Z hat cost of roduction of electricity and heat can "e e(ected4

Z @ow fast can LENR technology "e introduced in the energy

market 4

Z hat oortunities and threats does it reresent for the differentlayers in the market4

3$0 )arket scenarios

5s it ossi"le to seculate on the future market scenarios at thisoint4 )ay"e it is ossi"le! "ut the conditions are unclear$ DoesLENR e(ist in ractice4 5s the techni7ue ro"ust4 5s it safe that noe(ternal neutrons! magnetic! gamma rays! etc$ comes out 4 :an thee7uiment "e oerated without running amok4 ?i#en that the

engineers sol#e the a"o#e ro"lems! a rough sketch of an imaginarymarket could "e ainted$ )ost likely in the first hase! heatroduction will "e interesting for industries! residential areas anderhas e#entually later for indi#idual households$ Similarly!in thethird world e$g$ in desalination of seawater at low costs$

,ower generation! either directly or indirectly may "e interesting inste two$ @ere direct con#ersion or transformation #ia Stirlingengines! or thermionic con#erter may "e considered$ )ay"e

magneto hydrodynamic 8)@D9 ower con#ersion will "e considered4E#erything deends on the cost of creating high temeratures$


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ELFORSK1A

%oday there is a trend towards electrification of the #ehicle fleet$ %hescenarios ainted oint towards a large ercentage "attery cars andlug2in hy"rids in ./1/$ ,erhas a "reakthrough for LENR shouldchange the image$

3$. En#ironmental and safety issues

LENR technology=s ositi#e attri"utes 8whether it oeratescommercially9 are gi#en as the reason for that at least a do'encomanies are de#eloing it$ 5f LENR technology is successful! it hasossi"ly the following "enefitsResults are results>

and theories will come later$ LENR technology should ossi"ly "ea"le to stand for a "reakthrough aradigm shift in the energy sector$%he in#estments that are now "eing made should urge us to reflectand to "e careful with ositi#e sceticism$ %he material that we wentthrough in this study indicates that the reorted LENR henomenacan "e interconnected with

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