em p 01 energy statistics & emergy prices slides
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Energy Management :: 2007/2008
Class # 1P
Course organization and
Energy statistics
Energy Prices
Dr. João Parente
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Evaluation
CLASSES:
Theoretical
Monday, from 14h30 to 16h30 (IST - room V1.36, Civil Eng. Building) or Friday from 15h to 17h (IST- room
QA02.1, South Tower), and
Practical
Tuesday from 13h to 14h30 (IST - room C12, Central Building), or from 14h30 to 16h (IST - room V1.25, CivilEng. Building), or
Thursday from 14h30 to 16h (IST - room V1.33, Civil Eng. Building), or from 16h to 17h30 (IST - room V1.16,
Civil Eng. Building).
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Course Organization
Week Dates Summary Assignement
1 10, 14 Set Sustainability and resource management
2 17, 21 Set Energy Markets OUT, 1
3 24, 28
Set Energy
and
environment:
LCA Presentation
TERM
PAPER
Topics
4 1, 5 Out Energy and environment: LCA OUT, 2
5 8, 12 Out Energy Services Definition Term Paper Topics
6 15, 19 Out Energy Systems modeling: Blocks OUT, 3
7 22, 26 Out Energy Systems modeling: I‐O OUT, 4
8 29 Out,
2 Nov Energy
Management
in
Industry
9 5, 9 Nov Main Energy Transformation Equipments Characterization, energy audits OUT, 5
10 12, 16 Nov Energy Management Systems in Industry
11 19, 23 Nov Integration of Energy Systems: Demand side management. OUT, 6
12 26, 30 Nov Energy Efficiency, tools and practice
13 3, 7 Dez Energy efficiency in buildings
14 10, 14 Dez The role of renewables
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Evaluation
Contribution to the
final classification
6 Assignments 3% each
1 Term paper 22 %
1 Exam 60 %
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Primary Energy Supply
Source: http://www.snowman-jim.org/science/images
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Primary Energy Supply :: Regional Shares of TPES
OECD - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(Europe) Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Finland; France; Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Italy;
Luxembourg; Netherlands; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Slovak Republic; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; Turkey; United
Kingdom;
(rest of the world) Australia; Canada; Japan; Korea; Mexico; NewZealand ;United States
*Excludes electricity and heat trade.
**Asia excludes China.
Source: IEA, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Fuel Shares of TPES
*Excludeselectricity andheat trade.
**Other includesgeothermal, solar, wind, heat, etc.
toe - tonesofoil equivalentSource: IEA, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Oil
Source: BP, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Oil
Source: IEA, 2007
Source: BP, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Natural Gas
Source: BP, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Natural Gas
Source: IEA, 2007
Source: BP, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Coal
Source: BP, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Coal
Source: BP, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Nuclear
Source: BP, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Nuclear
Source: IEA, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Nuclear
Source: IEA, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Hydroelectricity
Source: BP, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Hydroelectricity
Source: IEA, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply :: Hydroelectricity
Source: IEA, 2007
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Primary Energy Supply in Portugal
Source: http: //www.eco.edp.pt/image/Empresas.jpg
http ://idgnow.uol.com.br/idg images/galerias/energia_das_ondas/energia_ondas_01.jpg
Source: http: //www.ge.com/es/docs/442700_Serpa.jpg
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Energy Transformation
Source: http ://www.fenco-era.net/
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Energy Transformation :: Electricity Production
Source: http ://www.fenco-era.net/
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Energy Transformation :: Electricity Production
Source: IEA, 2007
E M t
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Energy Transformation :: Electricity Production
0
4000
8000
12000
16000
20000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Africa
Middle EastS. & Cent. America
Asia Pacific
Europe & Eurasia
North America
27%
28%
33%
5%4% 3%
Electricity production
Terawatt-hours
Source: BP, 2007
2006
E M t
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Energy Transformation :: Electricity Production
Source: IEA, 2007
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Energy Demand
Source: SUSTAINABLE ENERGY - ENERGY USES IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, Prof . Michael W. Golay, MIT - Nuclear Engineering Dept. 2007
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Energy Demand :: Consumption per capita
Source: BP, 2007
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Energy Demand :: Regional consumption pattern
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Energy Demand :: Consumption by sector
1973
2005
35%
25%
33%
7%
26%
28%
37%
9%
Other includesgeothermal. solar. electricity andheat. wind. etc.
Source: IEA, 2007
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gy g
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Energy Demand :: Oil
Source: IEA, 2007
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gy g
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Energy Demand :: Natural Gas
Source: IEA, 2007
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Energy Demand :: Coal
Source: IEA, 2007
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Energy Demand :: Electricity
Source: IEA, 2007
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1%
60%
22%
17%
5%
46
15%
15%
19%
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Others
Electricity
Natural gas
OilCoal
Energy Demand in Portugal :: Energy consumption by source
Energy consumption by source
kTOE
Others include wood, wastes, heat, …
Source: DGGE, 2007
1990
2004
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29%
33%
20%
18%
39%
28%
23%
10%
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Services
Domestic
Transportation
Industry (1)
Energy Demand in Portugal : : Energy consumption by sector
Energy consumpt ion by sector
kTOE
(1) Includes transformation and extraction industry. Does not include final uses as raw materials, nor non energetic uses of o il.
Source: DGGE, 2007
1990
2004
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Energy Supply & Demand Trends
Source: http://www.lisbonideaschallenge.com.pt
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Energy Supply & Demand Trends :: TPES outlook by fuel type
20001850 21502050 210019501900
80
60
40
20
0
Solids
Liquids
Gases
Wood Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Hydrogen
Copyright ©1999-2004, Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Dept. of Economics & Geography, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, 11549 USA.
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References & Further Reading
Source: IEA, 2007
• IEA 2007, Key World Energy Statistics http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/key_stats_2007.pdf
• BP 2007, Statistical Review of World Energy June 2007http://www.bp.com/
• DGGE 2007, http://www.dgge.pt/
• Tester, J. et al 2005, Sustainable Energy –Choosing Among Options, MIT Press 1st Edition.
• IEA 2004, Energy Policies of IEA Countries, Portugal 2004 review, International Energy Agency, 2004
http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/portugal.pdf
• IEA 2001, Energy Indicators and Sustainable Development, presented at COP7 meeting, 29 October–9 November,
Marrakesh http://www.iea.org/textbase/papers/2001/cop7sus.pdf
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PROBLEMS
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Problems
PROBLEM 1:
Consider a house with an electrical contract of 10,35 kVA. The present contract is in simple tariff. The
consumption power daily profile is represented in the figure.
The owner is considering to substitute the fridge by a new one. The fridge presents an average power of 200
W, while the new one is expected to consume 100 W.
Consider the following simplifications:
a) Winter peak schedule
b) Constant power consumption of the fridge
Questions:
a) What is the present electricity monthly bill ?
b) Is dual tariff, cycle daily, less expensive ?
c) Considering that the contract has been optimized, what will be the annual saves from the fridge
substitution ?
Energy Management
P bl
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Problems
PROBLEM 1:
Energy Management
R l t d k t t iff
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Regulated market tariff
NON RESIDENTIAL (BTE, MT, AT, MAT)
•Energy (3 or 4 periods)
•Peak power (Php)
•Contracted power (Pc)
RESIDENTIAL (BTN)
•Energy (peak and off-peak period)•Contracted Power
Energy Management
Residential
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Residential
Appl icat ion: A house with a 6,9 kVA contracted power has a monthly consumption of 200 kWh at peak
hours and 100 kWh at off-peak hours. What is the best option in the Regulated Market ?
TARIFFS PEAK SCHEDULE
FIX TERM
Contracted
power
(kVA)
Number of
contracts
Price for
simple tariff
(€/month)
Price for
dual tariff
(€/month)
3,45 2.881.831 5,57 8,25
4,6 45.504 7,47 10,64
5,75 25.336 9,38 13,03
6,9 1.137.272 11,29 15,42
10,35 342.316 16,68 22,13
13,8 116.915 22,16 28,95
17,25 34.800 27,50 35,5820,7 141.403 33,09 42,56
0,1077 €/kWh
0,0584 €/kWh
Energy in peak period
VARIABLE TERM
Energy in off peak period0,1077 €/kWh
WINTER SUMMER
8h - 22h 9h - 23 h
Working
days
Sunday
ALL YEAR WINTER SUMMER ALL YEAR7h - 24h 9h30 - 13h
18h30 - 22h
9h - 14h
20h - 22h
Never
Saturday
DAILY CYCLE
WEEKLY CYCLE
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Problems
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Problems
SOLUTION PROBLEM 1:
a) 3 minutes
Daily consumption is
Daily consumption = 6x4 + 5 + 4x5+3x9 + 5x1 = 81 kWh/day
Monthly consumption:
Monthly consumption = 81 x 30 = 2430 kWh/month
Present electricity monthly bill:
Monthly bill = Fixed term + Variable term = 16,68 + 2430 x 0,1077 = 278 €/month
b) 5 minutes
For the daily cycle:Peak hours (8h –22h) = 6x3 + 5 + 4 + 3 x 9 = 54 kWh/day or 1620 kWh/month
Off peak hours = 81 – 54 = 27 kWh/day or 810 kWh/month
Present electricity monthly bill:
Monthly bill = 22,13 + 1620x0,1077 + 810x0,0584 = 243 €/month
There is a benefit with the dual tariff, daily cycle.
c) 3 minutes
Supposing that, the contract has been changed for the dual tariff, daily cycle. The daily cost saving will be:
(considering that there are 14 peak hours and 10 off peak hours)
Daily cost saving = (0,2 –0,1) x (14x0,1077 + 10x0,0584) = 0,21 €/day
The cost saving in one year will be:
Monthly cost saving = 0,21x365 = 77 €/year
Energy Management
Problems
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Problems
PROBLEM 2:
Consider a WC that have to ways to dry your hands: electrical hot air blow and recycled paper. The electrical
equipment has a power of 1,5 kW and takes 60 seconds to dry your hands. Drying with paper requires 30 g of
paper.
Consider that:
a) The production of 1 kg of paper requires 0,2 m3of natural gas and 0,3 kWh
b) The electricity of charged under a BTN simple tariff
c) In industry electricity as a price of 0,07 €/kWh
With this conditions:a) What is the energy consumption of each solution ?
b) What is the cheaper solution ?
Energy Management
FUEL PRICES
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FUEL PRICES
Average prices, based on data from DGEG (www.dgge.pt).
Natural gas prices are strongly dependent on the consumption magnitudeas will be presented forward.
Biomass prices depend very much of biomass source, size and humidit y
LHV
(MJ/kg)
PRICE PRICE
€/GJ
Coal (power st.) 29 0,05 €/kg 2
Biomass 10 0,05 €/kg 5
Natural gas 39 0,03 €/kWh 8Fuel-oil 40 0,46 €/kg 12
Propane 47 1,1 €/kg 23
Gas-oil 43 1,084 €/l (0,835 kg/l) 30
Petrol 45 1,32 €/l (0,75 kg/l) 39
Natural gas 39 0,58 €/m3 14
Gas-oil 43 0,733 €/l (0,835 kg/l) 20
Butane 47 1,38 €/kg 29
Propane 47 1,7 €/kg 36
INDUSTRY
TRANSPORTS
RESIDENTIAL
Consolidation: Is electricity an expensive energy ?
Energy Management
Problems
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Problems
SOLUTION PROBLEM 2:
a) 5 minutes
The electricity consumption is:
Electricity consumption = 1,5 x (60 / 3600) = 0,025 kWh
The industrial consumption to produce 1 kg of paper is:
Industrial consumption = 0,2 m3 x 39 MJ/m3 x (1/3,6) kWh/MJ +0,3 kWh
= 2,2 + 0,3 = 2,5 kWh/kg paper
Considering that each paper towel weights 30 g:
Industrial consumption = 2,5 x 0,03 = 0,075 kWh
In this case, the best solution in terms of energy consumption is the hand dryer.
b) 5 minutes
With the hand dryer, the electric consumption costs:
Electricity cost = 0,025 x 0,1077 = 0,0026 €
With the paper towel, the natural gas costs 0,03 €/kWh. As already calculated, the natural gásconsumption
represents 2,2 kWh/kg of paper, meaning that:
Paper towel cost = 0,03 x (2,2 x 0,03 + 0,3 x 0,07) = 0,0026 €In terms of energy cost, both solutions are equivalent.