emerging trends in forest certification the role of chain of custody systems

Re and source mean reciprocal, to use something from the Earth and then to be the source of its renewal. Todays dictionaries define resource as any property that can be converted into money. Yet if we go back to the original sense of the word re-source, we will find that the biological sustainability of our forests lies embodied in a word that we blithely use but do not fully understand.- Chris Maser, 2001

Emerging Trends inForest Certification The Role of Chain of Custody SystemsPARTNERS

McGill School of Environment Sustainable Forestry Certification WatchGroup Members Dr. Arun Agrawal (Faculty Advisor) Reid Allaway Rosanne DOrazio Alexandra English Melanie Grefard Mark Haber Ray Holberber Lisa Roscoe

Presentation OutlineReid: IntroductionResearch questions and methodsQuestion 1: resultsMel:Questions 2 and 3: resultsAli:Question 4: resultsMark:Conclusions and Recommendations

About our PartnerSustainable Forestry Certification WatchNon-profit NGO based in MontrealProvides research and analysis services to the growing forest certification communityPublishes Forest Certification Watch newsletterArranges annual conference to promote development in the certification sectorMar. 25-29,2002 in Vancouver

Many Thanks to SFCWs Stewart Fast for his assistance with this projectwww.certificationwatch.org

Goals of Forest CertificationAn approach to forestry practices designed to:Improve forest management practicesMinimize environmental impactsCapture market incentivesIncorporate long term perspectiveRecognize exemplary practicesInvolve multiple stakeholdersImprove consumer confidence

The supply chain of forest productsChain of Custody CertificationDelivers the message:This product has been made with timber from well-managed forests - and we can prove it!

Research Questions1. How do the various certification systems differ in their approach to supply chain verification?2. What are the motivations for acquiring FSC Chain of Custody certification?3. How are North American FSC Chain of Custody certified companies affected by their certification?4. What are the dynamics within the FSC supply chain and how do they affect different players in the chain of custody?

MethodsLiterature ReviewTelephone Interviews 48 interviews total represents9% of all Canadian companies8% of all US companies56% response rateboth COC and COC/FM certificate holdersData AnalysisLiterature review and analysisSurvey data compiled and examined to reveal trends using charts and cross-tabulations

Chart2

7

1

33

7

Survey Respondents

Sheet1

CALLERCOMP-NAMECONT-PERSONCERT-TYPECALL-NUMBPRODUCTISSUE-DATECOUNTRYFSC-1?MOTIVEWHY-FSC?AWARENESSCREDIBLE-SELFCREDIBLE-MKTCREDIBLE-ENV-GRPHARMONIZECERT-INVESTRECUP-COSTRECUP-MONTHINT-ADJUSTTOTAL-SALE-PRIORTOTAL-SALE-1YRCERT-SALE-1YRCERT-SALE-CURRENTMKT-SHARE-CHANGEPREMIUMPREMIUM-PERCENTSUPPLYBUYINGSELLINGBRAND-NAMEBENEFITSRENEWALENV-INITIATIVESSUPPLY-COC/FM

AliColumbia Forest Products: Old Fort N.C.Jeff Tuckey828-724-4191COC3hardwood plywood1999US12522212200 000102, 4110 000 000110 000 0006 600 0006 600 00001012237220

AliConrad Forest ProductsBruce Stennett541-756-2595COC1softwood lumber and plywood and poles processor2002US2232122210 000106-marketing/advertising35 000 00035 000 000000211.312235220

AliAnderson Lumber CompanyAnna Anderson814-837-9695COC3high grade logs and lumber2000US22,5-convenience62-12-124000100280 000280 000280 000280 00002222137210

AliACMI, Inc.Randy Keip229-888-3303COC3custom mill work, mouldings2001US224100024200102,42 000 0002 000 0000001011131210

AliIrving Forest ProductsAndre Beaulieu506-632-7777COC/FM1lumber and softwood chips2000CAN22,46222223 000 000+102,4-2-2-2-201010231122

AliShasta ForestsMr. Rynearson530-336-6986COC/FM2stumpage, conifer logs, hardwood chip logs2000US24,5-interest in community22222-180 000104,6-marketing/advertising50 000 00050 000 00045 000 00045 000 00001020208-supports viability of local manufacturers and good for forestry222

AliColumbia Forest Products: Presqu'isleNick Straetz207-764-4428COC3veneer1999US22322-12230 000100-2-2-2-201022235210

AliOrnamental MouldingsSusan Reed519-884-4080COC1wood mouldings1999CAN241,32-1-1-126000104-2-2-2-201012231210

MarkPrecision Veneer ProductsTim Turcott519-758-0960COC2plywood (hardwood and softwood) and veneer2000CAN22410001-22-15-2-20001011221-110

MarkNorth Enderby Timber Ltd.Duane Baumle250-838-9668COC3cedar lumber, decking and siding2001CAN22210002-110517 000 00017 000 0000001012235210

MarkOrnamentum FurnitureGrant Wyllychuck604-215-7444COC1solid wood furniture1999CAN241,2,3,7-benefits local community2111102-12,4031 00015 00022 000-11012114,8-niche for small businesses220

MarkClear Lake Furniture Inc.Derek Karner802-228-8395COC2custom home and office furniture2002US22410002100020.541 100 0001 100 000650 000650 00001012238-access to better quality wood210

MarkColonial CraftAngela Shrock651-631-3110COC3manufacturer of mouldings, doors, window grills, architectural mouldings, and picture frames, custom millwork1994US25-FSC encouragement1,2,322222-1-1-14-2-2-2-2-11022211,4210

MarkHA Stiles Company (HASCO)Cynthia Zills800-494-2945COC1dowels, hardwood and softwood2002US2252222285010-1-1-1-1-1-11011131-1-10

MarkPacific States Industries/Redwood Empire SawmillJason Goldberg707-894-4241COC4lumber2001US242,622222-1102,4-2-2-2-201012225220

MarkPacific Wood Systems Inc.Charles Coury541-935-9663COC2manufacturer of architectural wood surface products1998US22,41,2,3,52111210 0002-141 000 0001 000 00050 00050 000321011221,8-movement towards green products is a trend which is here to stay210

MelMid-Maine ForestryBarrie Brusila207-273-4046COC/FM2certified logs1998US22,41,32111-15500102-2-2-2-2-11000211222

MelTrue Temper Hardware - A Huffy Co.Dennis Apple814-438-7116COC1broker/distributor of dowels and squares1997US1222122110 0002-1210 000 000-1-13 500 000-11022231210

MelBrunkow Hardwood Corporation-SawmillBob Brunkow715-673-4343COC/FM1lumber, kiln dried2002US2262222-150 000102,4-1-1-1600 00021010227-111

MelSarita Furniture Ltd.Keith Wyton250-723-1879COC1furniture parts1999CAN241,3211025000102-2-2-2-2-11011124,8-allows for voice in industry/sustainable forestry210

MelMidwest Hardwood Corp.Chris Olson763-391-6714COC1lumber1995US122,32221225 0002-13,450 000 00060 000 0001000100 00001011136120

MelTubator Mill IncDon Deschenes360-288-2234COC1cedar and whitewood fence and lumber products2000US124211226000105-1-10000012236110

MelTechtrabois IncMark Thibault418-244-3654COC1hardwood floring material2000CAN2251-1-1-1-12000-1-12,4-1-1-1-1-11012138-improved business efficiency210

RosanneTembecCharles Gagnon819-627-4230COC3hardwood chips, flooring, mill chips, paper board, pulp2001CAN22,3,41,2,3,7-affiliation with WWF211123 000 000101,32 500 000 0002 500 000 0000-1Inc1012111220

ReidStanley Lumber ProductDavid Stanley601-735-5007COC3dimensional lumber, soft and hardwood2002US22,34,5222-1-1450010425 000 00025 000 00050 00050 00001022231210

RosanneEdward F. KocjancicEdward Kocjancic814-837-8488COC/FM3N/A2001US25-image3,7-public acceptance222-1220 000104-2-2-1-1-11012236-111

RosanneUnity Forest ProductsAnita Elphick530-671-7152COC1softwood lumber, fencing, siding and specialty products2000US2232112-130 000104,6-marketing/advertising26 000 00026 000 0003000300001012234,52-10

RosanneSiskiyou Lumber ProductsJim Russell800-695-0210COC3broker/distributor secondary manufacuturer2001US22,32,32111220 000102,430 000 00030 000 00020 00020 00001022236110

RosanneEggers Industries NeenahPaul Niehaus920-722-6444COC2doors2002US2222222215 00010465 000 00065 000 00000023012221,4220

RosanneSpecialty VeneerAllan Young715-627-2889COC3veneer2000US22,5-image5221125000104-2-220 00020 000Inc212.522224210

ReidDLH Nordisk Inc.Christian Mengel336-852-8341COC1brokerage2001US225221124000105-2-20-201021231210

ReidCharles Shackleton and Miranda Thomas Ltd.Hamilton Gillett802-672-5175COC1furniture and furniture parts2002US24,5-pride in work and quality of product62-1-1-1135001042 400 0002 400 000-12 300 00001021222,7210

ReidFletcher ChallengeDave Durst410-850-5433COC3sales office/importer-reseller2001US225,6212-1-2-1-1-12,4-1-1-1-1Inc1022124210

ReidBig Creek Lumber CoJanet Webb831-457-5023COC/FM2mill2001US23,4,5-FSC encouragement3,7-initially SCS2211270 000102,4-1-102 2000 000-11022221,422-1

LisaEscon CorpGerry Leyra562-927-3456COC2solid wood exterior doors, engineered wood doors2001US22,31,2,3211111 000 000101,2,3,4-1-1-15 000 000Inc21521231,4220

LisaNew World Millworks Inc.Rick DeSimone303-791-9003COC1architectural millwork manufacturer2002US222,7-supply is FSC certified21112900103,6-policy10 500 000-1-10022022236210

LisaAdirondack Hardwoods/Saranac Hollow WoodworkingHal Moore518-293-8424COC1cabinets, flooring furniture, plywood, lumber2000US243222223 500102,4300 000300 00020022 000Inc1022224,7210

LisaSteve Staub Forestry and Environmnetal ConsultingSteve Staub831-332-0433COC/FM4certified redwood logs1998US22,41,3222229 000103,41 250 0001 250 000750 000100 00001020231,4222

RosanneColumbia Forest ProductsTim Spayde434-432-2591COC2plywood (hardwood)2000US12,3,42,3122-1250 0001041 000 000 0001 000 000 000-1-1-11011206220

RayRivianna Natural DesignsCrystal Mario434-244-3447COC2plaques2002US24,2321-11216 0002122,4-2-2-2-2-11012221,4,7220

RayWoodstream Corp.Bob Hoefel717-626-2125COC1rodent traps1999US2251000-2-2-2-24-2-2-2-211022231210

RayRex HardwoodDave Doucette978-263-0055COC2hardwood mouldings2001US247-supply is FSC certified22-11215 000105-1-1-1100 00002712234,8-constant supply of FSC210

RayTaraca Pacific Inc.Kur Antono415-765-0422COC1distribute tropical plywood2001US22522-112500021520 000 00020 000 0000001011231220

RayTBM HardwoodsAndy Garbik717-630-0025COC1kiln drying and lumber2001US2222-111-1200 000-1-12,4-1-1-1-1010122-17210

RayKingman Products Inc.Benny Ho925-377-1800COC2outdoor furniture2001US231100022000215-2-2-211 00001011234-110

RayKearse Manufacturing Inc.Chester Kearse Jr.803-368-8130COC/FM1veneer2001US2252211240 0001043 500 0003 500 0001 500 00050 000021022221,7212

RayWycombe Wood ProductsTim Clisch608-666-2446COC1mouldings2002US22,4321222500021427 600 000-1-120 00001012225210

LisaRoseburg Forest ProductsKaren Hess541-679-2728COC2veneer2000US22410002-1-1-13,4-2-2-2-2-1-1-122224210

Sheet2

TOTAL-SALE-CURRENTSUPPLYBUYINGSELLINGTOTAL-SALE-CURRENTRENEWAL

-2002SUPPLYAREA-21

-21220NE-22

-21221S-22

-21111W-2-1

-21021S-22

-21221NE-22

-21121NC-22

-21221NC-22

-21211W-2-1

-21221W-22

-21111NE-22

-21221NE-22

-21121W-22

-21021W-2-1

-21111NC-22

-11111W-1-1

-11221NC-11

-11211W-12

-11211NE-12

1 000 0001221NESUPPLY1 000 0002

1 000 0001221NEhardwood plywoodLG01 000 0002

1 000 000 0001221Wsoftwood lumber and plywood and poles processorP11 000 000 0002

1 100 0001121NChigh grade logs and lumberL, P, O11 100 0002

110 000 0001221Scustom mill work, mouldingsM, S1110 000 0002

110 000 0001221Slumber and softwood chipsL, O1110 000 0001

13 500 0001121NEstumpage, conifer logs, hardwood chip logsM, S113 500 0002

17 000 0001221WveneerP, V117 000 0002

17 000 0001121NEwood mouldingsL, F117 000 0002

2 000 0001221Wplywood (hardwood and softwood) and veneerF12 000 0002

2 400 0002211NCcedar lumber, decking and sidingF, S12 400 0002

2 500 000 0002022NEsolid wood furnitureO12 500 000 0002

20 000 0002222Wcustom home and office furnitureL120 000 0002

20 000 0002222NEmanufacturer of mouldings, doors, window grills, architectural mouldings, and picture frames, custom millworkO120 000 0002

25 000 0002222NCdowels, hardwood and softwoodL125 000 0002

25 000 0002222NElumberF125 000 0002

26 000 0002222Smanufacturer of architectural wood surface productsL126 000 0002

280 0002222Wcertified logsL, O1280 0002

3 000 0002122NCbroker/distributor of dowels and squaresFL13 000 000-1

3 500 0002122Slumber, kiln driedFL, O13 500 0002

30 000 0002212NEfurniture parts130 000 0001

330 0002222SlumberL, S, O1330 0002

35 000 0002122Wcedar and whitewood fence and lumber productsS135 000 0002

50 000 0002222Whardwood floring materialP150 000 0002

65 0002222NEhardwood chips, flooring, mill chips, paper board, pulpO165 0002

65 000 0002022NEdimensional lumber, soft and hardwoodM165 000 0002

8 500 0002222WN/AP, B18 500 0002

85 000 0002222NEsoftwood lumber, fencing, siding and specialty productsL185 000 0002

9 300 0002222Sbroker/distributor secondary manufacuturerF19 300 0002

2WdoorsM1

veneerL, LG2

CERT-TYPECOUNTRYbrokerageLG2

COCUSfurniture and furniture partsV2

COCUSsales office/importer-resellerM, S, O2

COCUSmillO, B2

COCUSsolid wood exterior doors, engineered wood doorsL2

COC/FMCANarchitectural millwork manufacturerB2

COC/FMUScabinets, flooring furniture, plywood, lumberV2

COCUScertified redwood logsB2

COCCANplywood (hardwood)F2

COCCANplaquesB2

COCCANrodent trapsP, L2

COCCANhardwood mouldingsS2

COCUSdistribute tropical plywoodO2

COCUSkiln drying and lumberF, FL, P, L2

COCUSoutdoor furnitureLG2

COCUSveneerS2

COCUSCanada COC7mouldingsV2

COC/FMUSCanada COC/FM1veneerV2

COCUSUS COC33

COC/FMUSUS COC/FM7

COCCAN

COCUS

COCUS

COCCAN

COCCAN

COCUS

COC/FMUS

COCUS

COCUS

COCUS

COCUS

COCUS

COCUS

COCUS

COC/FMUS

COCUS

COCUS

COCUS

COC/FMUS

COCUS

COCUS

COCUS

COCUS

COCUS

COCUS

COCUS

COC/FMUS

COCUS

COCUS

Sheet2

0

0

0

0

Respondent Distribution

Chart1

01

10

0.440.56

0.460.54

01

Adequate Supply

Inadequate Supply

Sales Volumes

Percent Response

Fig. 7A Adequacy of Supply vs. Size of Company

Sheet3

yes63%Northeast33%

no25%West33%

don't know13%North Central17%

South17%

Adequate SupplyInadequate SupplyCERT-SALE-CURRENTSUPPLY

10 K -100 K0%100%-21

100 K - 1 M100%0%-22

1 M - 10 M44%56%-21

10 M -100 M46%54%-22

more than 100 M0%100%-21

-20

All respondentsAdequate supplyInadequate supply-21

Mouldings10%5%14%-22

Specialty Items15%11%18%-21

Flooring2%5%7%-22

Furniture15%11%18%-22

Logs8%21%0%-11

Brokerage10%21%4%-11

Veneer10%21%4%-11

Lumber27%21%32%-11

Plywood10%0%18%-12

Other23%16%29%-11

-11

01

CERT-TYPECERT-INVESTPREMIUMBUYINGSELLINGSUPPLY-COC/FM01

COC200 000122001

COC10 000222001

COC4000221001

COC4200111001

COC/FM3 000 000+102202

COC/FM80 000102201

COC30 000122030001

COC60001220100 0001

COC-21120100 0002

COC-11220100 0001

COC0121011 0001

COC100012202 2000 0002

COC-112202 300 0002

COC850111020 0002

COC-1122020 0002

COC10 000212020 0001

COC/FM5500102222 0001

COC10 000122022 0002

COC/FM50 000102110 K -100 K280 0002

COC50001110100 K - 1 M3 500 0002

COC25 00011101 M - 10 M45 000 0002

COC6000022010 M -100 M5 000 0002

COC20001210more than 100 M50 0001

COC3 000 000121050 0002

COC4500122050 0002

COC/FM20 00012216 600 0001

COC30 0001220600 0001

COC20 0001220650 0001

COC15 0002220

COC50002220

COC40001120

COC35001120

COC-11210

COC/FM70 000122-1

COC1 000 0002120

COC9002220

COC3 5001220

COC/FM9 0001022

COC50 0001120

COC16 0001220

COC-21220

COC15 0002220

COC50001120

COC200 0001220

COC20001120

COC/FM40 0002222

COC50001220

COC-1-1220

Research Question 1:How do the various certification systems differ in their approach to supply chain verification?

HypothesesMain differences areVerification methodCredibilityOriginsFSC chain of custody systemIs most rigorous and comprehensiveHolds the greatest potential for future developments

Origins of Certification SystemsIndustry InitiativesCSA, SFIEnvironmental NGO InitiativesFSCNon forestry-specific standardsISO 14000

Credibility and VerificationSystems-based vs. Performance-based1st, 2nd or 3rd party verificationFrequency of audits

Supply Chain VerificationChain of custody monitoringSystems-based (volume monitoring)Performance based (physical monitoring)

Certification of some or all product handlersFSC = all links in chainSFI, CSA = some or most but not allISO = not applicable

Public confidenceCredibility is as Important to the Industry as to ConsumersReal commitment to sustainable forestry or simple self preservation?Commitment to sustainable forestry must be real. A media campaign to change attitudes will not work. They [the public] will find out-Ragnar Friberg, chief forester, Stora Forest and Timber, SwedenCredibility is the Key

Why Focus on theForest Stewardship Council (FSC)?International adoptionRigorous standards and verificationConsidered credible by all playersOnly system to integrate social concernsUnique chain of custody

Chart1

0.42

0.29

0.23

0.21

0.13

0.13

0.1

FSC Benefits

Responses (%)

Why FSC?

Sheet1

Most stringent42%

Most established29%

Buyer demand23%

International recognition21%

Convenience13%

Other13%

Unaware of other systems10%

Sheet2

Sheet3

Research Question 2: What are the motivations for acquiring FSC COC certification?

Hypothesis: Main motivations included gaining market access, appeasing NGO pressures and satisfying consumer demand.

Motivations75% : market access35% : environmental concern15% : public pressure0 % : premiums

Chart7

75

35

15

15

0

Percent of Companies (%)

Motivations

Feuil1

recupFSC-1?Q8FSC-1?Q1no to recupfirst FSCQ9Q16

-22111first FSCINT-ADJUSTtotal45PremiumsCERT-INVESTQ7

-12Recup costs2no512first FSC-2no (1)22, 4inter adjustdata to use /45premium rec# of compagn-2MOTIVE

-12yes102yes4312no3-2yes (2)86-marketing/advertising1new management24yes9-22

-12no32212yes32-102product handling1840no370%8037-12

-12don't know5212-12,43training programs6131-5%21-12,5-convenience

-12refuse1212-12,44record keeping31696-10%73-12

11212-14,6-marketing/advertising5none71611-15%73-12,4

12212-106other3716-20%21-14,5-interest in community

122120log categories4-1don't know121-25%010range 0 to 30000002

1221285050not asked226-30%2128504n = 48

122129000-1K0 - 1000451004639002

1221210001K - 100K1001 - 100000322,441000av invested $2/48 x 100 %

122122000100K- 1M100001 - 10000003452000194340.2439024394

1221220001M +1000001 +246200022market access7536

122113500-1internal adjust/45 x 100%735005-FSC encouragement4environmental concern3517

122123500n= 412,48350023public pressure157

1221240004record keeping699400045other157

1211240002product handling401040002,41premiums00

1221242002none161142002,4

1221245002,4training programs131245002

1111250002other71350002

121125000Yes to recupfirst FSC3,4new management41450004

122125000225total= 149%1550002

1221250000222,4total responses1650002

122125500221,31755002

12212yes to first FSC4360002241860002,3,4

12212no haven't recup3260002141960002,3

122129000214,6-marketing/advertising2090005-image

1221210000222,421100002

122111000022422100002,3

1221210000022423100002

122121500022524150002,5-image

122150000425150002

122160002,426160004,5-pride in work and quality of product

122200002,427200002

112200001,2,3,428200003,4,5-FSC encouragement

122250003,6-policy29250002,3

122300002,430300002

221300003,431300004

22240000432400002,4

222500002,433500002,3,4

22250000434500004,2

21270000535700002

21280000536800004

22renewed522000002,4372000002

22recup222000005382000002

22not recup32100000043910000003

222300000024030000002

3000000+3,44130000002,4

CERT-INVEST2

Feuil1

5

43

First FSC certifacate?

Feuil2

3

32

Of no to recup; no / yes to First FSC

Feuil3

2

8

Of yes to recup; no / yes to first FSC

9

37

Premiums

2

3

Of those renued, 40% has recup

10

32

Recuperated Costs

69

40

16

13

7

4

Percent of Compagnies (%)

Internal Adjustments

80

2

7

7

2

0

2

% Premiums Received

% of Companies

% Premiums Received by Companies

4

32

3

2

Costs ($)

number of companies

Costs of Certification

0

0

0

0

0


Motivations

Research Question 3:How are North American COC certified companies affected by their certification?

Hypothesis:The majority of companies have not yet recuperated costs.

Costs of CertificationMost companies have invested $1001-$100,000

Costs Attributed toprice of certificationyearly auditinginternal adjustments

Chart6

4

32

3

2

Costs ($)

number of companies

Feuil1



-12Recup costs2no512first FSC-2no (1)22, 4inter adjustdata to use /45premium rec# of compagn-2



-12don't know5212-12,43training programs6131-5%21-1


11212-14,6-marketing/advertising5none71611-15%73-1

12212-106other3716-20%21-1


1221285050not asked226-30%212850

122129000-1K0 - 100045100463900

1221210001K - 100K1001 - 100000322,441000av invested $

122122000100K- 1M100001 - 10000003452000194340.243902439

1221220001M +1000001 +2462000

122113500-1internal adjust/45 x 100%73500

1221235002,483500

1221240004record keeping6994000

1211240002product handling40104000

1221242002none16114200


1111250002other7135000


122125000225total= 149%155000

1221250000222,4total responses165000

122125500221,3175500

12212yes to first FSC436000224186000

12212no haven't recup326000214196000

122129000214,6-marketing/advertising209000

1221210000222,42110000

12211100002242210000

122121000002242310000

12212150002252415000

12215000042515000

122160002,42616000

122200002,42720000

112200001,2,3,42820000

122250003,6-policy2925000

122300002,43030000

221300003,43130000

2224000043240000

222500002,43350000

2225000043450000

2127000053570000

2128000053680000

22renewed522000002,437200000

22recup22200000538200000

22not recup3210000004391000000

22230000002403000000

3000000+3,4413000000

CERT-INVEST

Feuil1

5

43


Feuil2

0

0


Feuil3

2

8


9

37

Premiums

2

3


10

32

Recuperated Costs

69

40

16

13

7

4



80

2

7

7

2

0

2

% Premiums Received

% of Companies


0

0

0

0

Costs ($)

number of companies


Internal Adjustments69% : record keeping 40% : product handling16% : none

Chart1

69

40

16

13

7

4


Feuil1



-12Recup costs2no512first FSCno (1)22, 4inter adjustdata to use /45premium rec# of compagn-2

-12yes102yes4312no3yes (2)86-marketing/advertising1new management24yes9-2

-12no32212yes3202product handling1840no370%8037-1

-12don't know52122,43training programs6131-5%21-1

-12refuse12122,44record keeping31696-10%73-1

112124,6-marketing/advertising5none71611-15%73-1

1221206other3716-20%21-1

122124-1don't know121-25%010range 0 to 3000000

1221250not asked226-30%212850

122125100463900

122122,441000av invested $

12212452000194340.243902439

12212462000


122122,483500



122122none16114200


111122other7135000


12212225total= 149%155000

12212222,4total responses165000

12212221,3175500

12212yes to first FSC43224186000

12212no haven't recup32214196000


12212222,42110000

122112242210000

122122242310000

122122252415000

12242515000

1222,42616000

1222,42720000

1121,2,3,42820000

1223,6-policy2925000

1222,43030000

2213,43130000

22243240000

2222,43350000

22243450000

21253570000

21253680000

22renewed522,437200000

22recup22538200000

22not recup324391000000

2222403000000

3,4413000000

Feuil1

0

0


Feuil2

0

0


Feuil3

0

0


0

0

Premiums

0

0


0

0

Recuperated Costs

0

0

0

0

0

0



0

0

0

0

0

0

0

% Premiums Received

% of Companies


Costs Recuperated?76% of companies have not yet recuperated the costs of their certification.

Why not?

Chart5

10

32

Feuil1



-12Recup costs2no512first FSCno (1)22, 4inter adjustdata to use /45premium rec# of compagn-2

-12yes102yes4312no3yes (2)86-marketing/advertising1new management24yes9-2

-12no32212yes3202product handling1840no370%8037-1

-12don't know52122,43training programs6131-5%21-1

-12refuse12122,44record keeping31696-10%73-1

112124,6-marketing/advertising5none71611-15%73-1

1221206other3716-20%21-1

122124-1don't know121-25%010range 0 to 3000000

1221250not asked226-30%212850

122125100463900

122122,441000av invested $

12212452000194340.243902439

12212462000


122122,483500



122122none16114200


111122other7135000


12212225total= 149%155000

12212222,4total responses165000

12212221,3175500

12212yes to first FSC43224186000

12212no haven't recup32214196000


12212222,42110000

122112242210000

122122242310000

122122252415000

12242515000

1222,42616000

1222,42720000

1121,2,3,42820000

1223,6-policy2925000

1222,43030000

2213,43130000

22243240000

2222,43350000

22243450000

21253570000

21253680000

22renewed522,437200000

22recup22538200000

22not recup324391000000

2222403000000

3,4413000000

Feuil1

0

0


Feuil2

0

0


Feuil3

0

0


0

0

Premiums

2

3


0

0

Recuperated Costs

0

0

0

0

0

0



0

0

0

0

0

0

0

% Premiums Received

% of Companies


Why are costs not recuperated?

77 % of companies have less than 20 % certified sales.

80 % of companies receive no premiums.

Premiums ?Only 2 companies receive premiums greater than 15%.

Chart1

80

2

7

7

2

0

2

% Premiums Received

% of Companies


Feuil1



-12Recup costs2no512first FSC-2no (1)22, 4inter adjustdata to use /45premium rec# of compagn-2MOTIVE



-12don't know5212-12,43training programs6131-5%21-12,5-convenience


11212-14,6-marketing/advertising5none71611-15%73-12,4

12212-106other3716-20%21-14,5-interest in community


1221285050not asked226-30%2128504n = 48

122129000-1K0 - 1000451004639002

1221210001K - 100K1001 - 100000322,441000av invested $2/48 x 100 %

122122000100K- 1M100001 - 10000003452000194340.2439024394

1221220001M +1000001 +246200022market access7536

122113500-1internal adjust/45 x 100%735005-FSC encouragement4environmental concern3517

122123500n= 412,48350023public pressure157

1221240004record keeping699400045other157

1211240002product handling401040002,41premiums00

1221242002none161142002,4


1111250002other71350002


122125000225total= 149%1550002

1221250000222,4total responses1650002

122125500221,31755002

12212yes to first FSC4360002241860002,3,4

12212no haven't recup3260002141960002,3

122129000214,6-marketing/advertising2090005-image

1221210000222,421100002

122111000022422100002,3

1221210000022423100002

122121500022524150002,5-image

122150000425150002

122160002,426160004,5-pride in work and quality of product

122200002,427200002

112200001,2,3,428200003,4,5-FSC encouragement

122250003,6-policy29250002,3

122300002,430300002

221300003,431300004

22240000432400002,4

222500002,433500002,3,4

22250000434500004,2

21270000535700002

21280000536800004

22renewed522000002,4372000002

22recup222000005382000002

22not recup32100000043910000003

222300000024030000002

3000000+3,44130000002,4

CERT-INVEST2

Feuil1

0

0


Feuil2

0

0


Feuil3

0

0


0

0

Premiums

2

3


0

0

Recuperated Costs

0

0

0

0

0

0



0

0

0

0

0

0

0

% Premiums Received

% of Companies


0

0

0

0

Costs ($)

number of companies


0

0

0

0

0


Motivations

Question 4: What are the dynamics within the FSC supply chain and how do they affect different players in the chain of custody?Three hypotheses:Organization size is not a limiting factor in acquiring FSC COC certificationSupply of certified wood products in the supply chain is inadequateCOC processes are mainly driven by buyer organizations that are responding to consumer demand

Company Location

Chart1

0.33

0.33

0.17

0.17

5A-Supply-region

5A-Supply-region

0.33

0.33

0.17

0.17

4A-Buyers-suppliers

0.810.19

0.720.28

Adequate

Inadequate

Location

Percentage Response

Fig. 5A Adequacy of Supply per Region

South

South

Northeast

Northeast

West

West

North Central

North Central

0.5

0.5

0.47

0.53

0.38

0.62

0.25

0.75

Same

Different

Company Buyers and Suppliers

Percentage Response

Fig. 4A Buyers/Suppliers after Certification

3A-Supply

0.630.250.13

0.40.60

Adequate

Inadequate

Don't know

Certificate Holders

Percentage Response

Fig. 3A Supply Adequacy

6A-buyers-suppliers-supply

0.220.78

0.250.75

0.450.55

0.450.55

Adequate Supply

Inadequate Supply

Company Buyers/Suppliers after Certification

Percentage Response

Fig. 6A Buyer/Supplier vs Adequacy of Supply

Sheet1

SUPPLY-COC/FMSUPPLYBUYINGSELLING

0122

0122

0221

0111SouthNortheastWestNorth Central

2102Adequate50%47%38%25%

2202Inadequate50%53%62%75%

0222

0122

0112

0122

0121

0122

0222BuyersSuppliers

0111Same81%72%

0122Different19%28%

0112

2002NortheastWestNorth CentralSouth

022233%33%17%17%

1102

0111COC/FMCOC

0111Adequate63%40%

0122Inadequate25%60%

0121Don't know13%0%

0121

0222

1122Same BuyersDifferent BuyersSame SuppliersDifferent Suppliers

0122Adequate Supply45%22%45%25%

0222Inadequate Supply55%78%55%75%

0122Different BuyersDifferent SuppliersSame BuyersSame Suppliers



0212

0221

-1222

0212

0222

0222

2202

0112

0122

0222

0122

0112

0122

0112

2222

0122

0222

Sheet2

Sheet3

Hypothesis 1: Organization size is not a limiting factor in acquiring FSC COC certification. Findings:only 60% of companies responded3 companies have sales under 1 million $76% of companies between 1 and 100 million $ Discussion:certification is not a function of size no apparent disadvantage once certifiedsupported by recent surveys1

1 Humphries et al. (1998),Carter and Merry (1995)

Chart1

1

2

9

13

4

Total Sales Volume (K=1000, M=1,000,000)

Number of companies

Current total sales volume of certified companies

Chart2

1

3

6

13

4


Number of companies


Sheet1

10 K -100 K1

100 K - 1 M2

1 M - 10 M9

10 M -100 M13

more than 100 M4

Sheet1

0

0

0

0

0


Number of companies


Sheet2

Sheet3

Hypothesis 2: Supply of certified wood in supply chain is inadequate.60% of COC respondents have an inadequate supply

Yet 60% of COC/FM respondents say they have sufficient supply to meet buyer (COC) demand.

How can that be?

Chart7

0.630.250.13

0.40.60

Adequate

Inadequate

Don't know

Certificate Holders

Responses (%)

Supply Adequacy

Chart6

Chart6

0.630.250.13

0.40.60

Adequate

Inadequate

Don't know

Certificate Holders

Percentage Response

Supply Adequacy

5A-Supply-region

0.50.5

0.470.53

0.380.62

0.250.75

Adequate

Inadequate

0.4

0.6

Adequate

Inadequate

Location

Percentage Response



0.220.78

0.250.75

0.450.55

0.450.55

Adequate Supply

Inadequate Supply


Percentage Response


Sheet1


0122

0122

0221


2102Adequate50%47%38%25%

2202Inadequate50%53%62%75%

0222

0122

0112

0122

0121

0122

0222BuyersSuppliers

0111Same81%72%

0122Different19%28%

0112


022233%33%17%17%

1102

0111COC/FMCOC

0111Adequate63%40%


0121Don't know13%0%

0121

0222







0212

0221

-1222Adequate40%

0212Inadequate60%

0222

0222

2202

0112

0122

0222

0122

0112

0122

0112

2222

0122

0222

Sheet2

Sheet3

MBD00707CDE.xls

Chart1

0.33

0.33

0.17

0.17

5A-Supply-region

5A-Supply-region

0.33

0.33

0.17

0.17

4A-Buyers-suppliers

0.810.19

0.720.28

Adequate

Inadequate

Location

Percentage Response


South

South

Northeast

Northeast

West

West

North Central

North Central

0.5

0.5

0.47

0.53

0.38

0.62

0.25

0.75

Same

Different


Percentage Response

Fig. 4A Buyers/Suppliers after Certification

3A-Supply

0.630.250.13

0.40.60

Adequate

Inadequate

Don't know

Certificate Holders

Percentage Response



0.220.78

0.250.75

0.450.55

0.450.55

Adequate Supply

Inadequate Supply


Percentage Response


Sheet1


0122

0122

0221


2102Adequate50%47%38%25%

2202Inadequate50%53%62%75%

0222

0122

0112

0122

0121

0122

0222BuyersSuppliers

0111Same81%72%

0122Different19%28%

0112


022233%33%17%17%

1102

0111COC/FMCOC

0111Adequate63%40%


0121Don't know13%0%

0121

0222







0212

0221

-1222

0212

0222

0222

2202

0112

0122

0222

0122

0112

0122

0112

2222

0122

0222

Sheet2

Sheet3

Adequate or Inadequate Supply?General agreement in the literature on a supply deficit1How to explain COC/FM response to having enough supply?COC/FM companies are mostly supplying for themselves, or their local community Supported by Humphries et al. which found that 77% of respondents sell locally.What does this mean? Lack of communication between forest management companies and buyers.

1 Humphries et al. (1998), Carter and Merry (1995)

Buyer/Supplier RelationsIn fact, certification does not appear to involve changing buyer/supplier relations.

72% of respondents have the same suppliers and 81% the same buyers as before certification

Chart1

0.810.19

0.720.28

Same

Different


Percentage Response

Buyers/Suppliers after Certification

5A-Supply-region

5A-Supply-region

0.810.19

0.720.28

Same

Different


Percentage Response

Buyers/Suppliers after Certification

1A-location

0.33

0.33

0.17

0.17

Adequate

Inadequate

Location

Percentage Response


South

South

Northeast

Northeast

West

West

North Central

North Central

0.5

0.5

0.47

0.53

0.38

0.62

0.25

0.75

Fig. 1A Company Locations

3A-Supply

0.630.250.13

0.40.60

Adequate

Inadequate

Don't know

Certificate Holders

Percentage Response



0.220.78

0.250.75

0.450.55

0.450.55

Adequate Supply

Inadequate Supply


Percentage Response


Sheet1


0122

0122

0221


2102Adequate50%47%38%25%

2202Inadequate50%53%62%75%

0222

0122

0112

0122

0121

0122

0222BuyersSuppliers

0111Same81%72%

0122Different19%28%

0112


022233%33%17%17%

1102

0111COC/FMCOC

0111Adequate63%40%


0121Don't know13%0%

0121

0222







0212

0221

-1222

0212

0222

0222

2202

0112

0122

0222

0122

0112

0122

0112

2222

0122

0222

Sheet2

Sheet3

Hypothesis 3: COC processes are mainly driven by buyer organizations responding to consumer demand

Findings:Demand > Supply#1 motivation to certify = market access

Discussion:Companies are becoming certified in response to buyer demandIn order to retain market accessCannot say whether or not this is directly a result of consumer demand

Summary of Chain DynamicsCompanies are getting certified in order to retain buyersBuyers encourage their existing suppliers to become certified, who encourage their suppliers to become certified, who So why arent forestry companies responding to this demand?no premiums while largest costs not aware of demandlag time to certify forestry operations

The Future of Forest CertificationFSC COC is still in its infancyCertification is becoming increasingly popular75% of our sample received their certification since the year 2000

Chart1

1

1

1

3

6

11

15

10

Year

Organization

Issue Date of Certification

BENEFITS(2)

BENEFITS(2)

1

1

1

3

6

11

15

10

Year

Organization


RENEW (2)

39

5

4

Benefits of Certification

Yes

No

87.5

12.5

Renewal of Certification

BENEFIT TYPES (2)

20

15

8

7

6

6

1

Benefit

Organization

Types of Benefits Derived from Certification

PERCENT-CERT-SALES (2)

20

2

1

0

4

Percent Certified Sales

Number of Organizations

Percent Certified Sales Among those Organizations that Plan to Renew Certification

Renewal of Certification82% of the interviewees plan to renew their certification

Chart3

39

5

4

Chart2

Chart2

39

5

4

Renewal of Certification

BENEFITS(2)

87.5

12.5

Year

Organization


1994

1995

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

2002

1

1

1

3

6

11

15

10

Benefits of Certification

BENEFIT TYPES (2)

20

15

8

7

6

6

1

Benefit

Organization


PERCENT-CERT-SALES (2)

20

2

1

0

4

Percent Certified Sales

Number of Organizations

Percent Certified Sales Among those Organizations that Plan to Renew Certification

Certification and the Market Of the organizations that plan to renew their certification:74% do not receive a premium on certified wood products51% consider the supply of certified wood products to be inadequate67% have not yet recuperated their costs from certification74% have certified sales that make up 20% or less of their total sales volume

Solving the Puzzle of CertificationWhy are 82% of organizations renewing their certification despite limited market incentives?

Reported BenefitsCOC certification provides a number of benefits which are important to the future of forest certification

Chart2

20

15

8

7

6

1

Organization


Sheet1

CALLERCOMP-NAMECONT-PERSONCONT-INFOCERT-TYPECALL-NUMBPRODUCTISSUE-DATECOUNTRYFSC-1?MOTIVEWHY-FSC?AWARENESSCREDIBLE-SELFCREDIBLE-MKTCREDIBLE-ENV-GRPHARMONIZECERT-INVESTRECUP-COSTRECUP-MONTHINT-ADJUSTTOTAL-SALE-PRIORTOTAL-SALE-1YRTOTAL-SALE-CURRENTCERT-SALE-1YRCERT-SALE-CURRENTMKT-SHARE-CHANGEPREMIUMPREMIUM-PERCENTSUPPLYBUYINGSELLINGBRAND-NAMEBENEFITSRENEWALENV-INITIATIVESSUPPLY-COC/FM

AliColumbia Forest Products: Old Fort N.C.Jeff Tuckey828-724-4191COC3hardwood plywood1999US12522212200 000102, 4110 000 000110 000 000110 000 0006 600 0006 600 00001012237220

AliConrad Forest ProductsBruce Stennett541-756-2595COC1softwood lumber and plywood and poles processor2002US2232122210 000106-marketing/advertising35 000 00035 000 00035 000 000000211.312235220

AliAnderson Lumber CompanyAnna Anderson814-837-9695COC3high grade logs and lumber2000US22,5-convenience62-12-124000100280 000280 000280 000280 000280 00002222137210

AliACMI, Inc.Randy Keip229-888-3303COC3custom mill work, mouldings2001US224100024200102,42 000 0002 000 0002 000 0000001011131210

AliIrving Forest ProductsAndre Beaulieu506-632-7777COC/FM1lumber and softwood chips2000CAN22,46222223 000 000+102,4-2-2-2-2-201010231122

AliShasta ForestsMr. Rynearson530-336-6986COC/FM2stumpage, conifer logs, hardwood chip logs2000US24,5-interest in community22222-180 000104,6-marketing/advertising50 000 00050 000 00050 000 00045 000 00045 000 00001020208-supports viability of local manufacturers and good for forestry222

AliColumbia Forest Products: Presqu'isleNick Straetz207-764-4428COC3veneer1999US22322-12230 000100-2-2-2-2-201022235210

AliOrnamental MouldingsSusan Reed519-884-4080COC1wood mouldings1999CAN241,32-1-1-126000104-2-2-2-2-201012231210

MarkPrecision Veneer ProductsTim Turcott519-758-0960COC2plywood (hardwood and softwood) and veneer2000CAN22410001-22-15-2-2-20001011221-110

MarkNorth Enderby Timber Ltd.Duane Baumle250-838-9668COC3cedar lumber, decking and siding2001CAN22210002-110517 000 00017 000 00017 000 0000001012235210

MarkOrnamentum FurnitureGrant Wyllychuck604-215-7444COC1solid wood furniture1999CAN241,2,3,7-benefits local community2111102-12,4031 00065 00015 00022 000-11012114,8-niche for small businesses220

MarkClear Lake Furniture Inc.Derek Karner802-228-8395COC2custom home and office furniture2002US22410002100020.541 100 0001 100 0001 100 000650 000650 00001012238-access to better quality wood210

MarkColonial CraftAngela Shrock651-631-3110COC3manufacturer of mouldings, doors, window grills, architectural mouldings, and picture frames, custom millwork1994US25-FSC encouragement1,2,322222-1-1-14-2-2-2-2-2-11022211,4210

MarkHA Stiles Company (HASCO)Cynthia Zills800-494-2945COC1dowels, hardwood and softwood2002US2252222285010-1-1-1-1-1-1-11011131-1-10

MarkPacific States Industries/Redwood Empire SawmillJason Goldberg707-894-4241COC4lumber2001US242,622222-1102,4-2-2-2-2-201012225220

MarkPacific Wood Systems Inc.Charles Coury541-935-9663COC2manufacturer of architectural wood surface products1998US22,41,2,3,52111210 0002-141 000 0001 000 0001 000 00050 00050 000321011221,8-movement towards green products is a trend which is here to stay210

MelMid-Maine ForestryBarrie Brusila207-273-4046COC/FM2certified logs1998US22,41,32111-15500102-2-2-2-2-2-11000211222

MelTrue Temper Hardware - A Huffy Co.Dennis Apple814-438-7116COC1broker/distributor of dowels and squares1997US1222122110 0002-1210 000 000-113 500 000-13 500 000-11022231210

MelBrunkow Hardwood Corporation-SawmillBob Brunkow715-673-4343COC/FM1lumber, kiln dried2002US2262222-150 000102,4-1-13 000 000-1600 00021010227-111

MelSarita Furniture Ltd.Keith Wyton250-723-1879COC1furniture parts1999CAN241,3211025000102-2-2-2-2-2-11011124,8-allows for voice in industry/sustainable forestry210

MelMidwest Hardwood Corp.Chris Olson763-391-6714COC1lumber1995US122,32221225 0002-13,450 000 00060 000 000110 000 0001000100 00001011136120

MelTubator Mill IncDon Deschenes360-288-2234COC1cedar and whitewood fence and lumber products2000US124211226000105-1-1-10000012236110

MelTechtrabois IncMark Thibault418-244-3654COC1hardwood floring material2000CAN2251-1-1-1-12000-1-12,4-1-1-1-1-1-11012138-improved business efficiency210

RosanneTembecCharles Gagnon819-627-4230COC3hardwood chips, flooring, mill chips, paper board, pulp2001CAN22,3,41,2,3,7-affiliation with WWF211123 000 000101,32 500 000 0002 500 000 0002 500 000 0000-1Inc1012111220

ReidStanley Lumber ProductDavid Stanley601-735-5007COC3dimensional lumber, soft and hardwood2002US22,34,5222-1-1450010425 000 00025 000 00025 000 00050 00050 00001022231210

RosanneEdward F. KocjancicEdward Kocjancic814-837-8488COC/FM3N/A2001US25-image3,7-public acceptance222-1220 000104-2-2-2-1-1-11012236-111

RosanneUnity Forest ProductsAnita Elphick530-671-7152COC1softwood lumber, fencing, siding and specialty products2000US2232112-130 000104,6-marketing/advertising26 000 00026 000 00026 000 0003000300001012234,52-10

RosanneSiskiyou Lumber ProductsJim Russell800-695-0210COC3broker/distributor secondary manufacuturer2001US22,32,32111220 000102,430 000 00030 000 00030 000 00020 00020 00001022236110

RosanneEggers Industries NeenahPaul Niehaus920-722-6444COC2doors2002US2222222215 00010465 000 00065 000 00065 000 00000023012221,4220

RosanneSpecialty VeneerAllan Young715-627-2889COC3veneer2000US22,5-image5221125000104-2-2-220 00020 000Inc212.522224210

ReidDLH Nordisk Inc.Christian Mengel336-852-8341COC1brokerage2001US225221124000105-2-2-20-201021231210

ReidCharles Shackleton and Miranda Thomas Ltd.Hamilton Gillett802-672-5175COC1furniture and furniture parts2002US24,5-pride in work and quality of product62-1-1-1135001042 400 0002 400 0002 400 000-12 300 00001021222,7210

ReidFletcher ChallengeDave Durst410-850-5433COC3sales office/importer-reseller2001US225,6212-1-2-1-1-12,4-1-1-1-1-1Inc1022124210

ReidBig Creek Lumber CoJanet Webb831-457-5023COC/FM2mill2001US23,4,5-FSC encouragement3,7-initially SCS2211270 000102,4-1-117 000 00002 2000 000-11022221,422-1

LisaEscon CorpGerry Leyra562-927-3456COC2solid wood exterior doors, engineered wood doors2001US22,31,2,3211111 000 000101,2,3,4-1-125 000 000-15 000 000Inc21521231,4220

LisaNew World Millworks Inc.Rick DeSimone303-791-9003COC1architectural millwork manufacturer2002US222,7-supply is FSC certified21112900103,6-policy10 500 000-18 500 000-10022022236210

LisaAdirondack Hardwoods/Saranac Hollow WoodworkingHal Moore518-293-8424COC1cabinets, flooring furniture, plywood, lumber2000US243222223 500102,4300 000300 000330 00020022 000Inc1022224,7210

LisaSteve Staub Forestry and Environmnetal ConsultingSteve Staub831-332-0433COC/FM4certified redwood logs1998US22,41,3222229 000103,41 250 0001 250 0001 000 000750 000100 00001020231,4222

RosanneColumbia Forest ProductsTim Spayde434-432-2591COC2plywood (hardwood)2000US12,3,42,3122-1250 0001041 000 000 0001 000 000 0001 000 000 000-1-1-11011206220

RayRivianna Natural DesignsCrystal Mario434-244-3447COC2plaques2002US24,2321-11216 0002122,4-2-2-2-2-2-11012221,4,7220

RayWoodstream Corp.Bob Hoefel717-626-2125COC1rodent traps1999US2251000-2-2-2-24-2-2-2-2-211022231210

RayRex HardwoodDave Doucette978-263-0055COC2hardwood mouldings2001US247-supply is FSC certified22-11215 000105-1-185 000 000-1100 00002712234,8-constant supply of FSC210

RayTaraca Pacific Inc.Kur Antono415-765-0422COC1distribute tropical plywood2001US22522-112500021520 000 00020 000 00020 000 0000001011231220

RayTBM HardwoodsAndy Garbik717-630-0025COC1kiln drying and lumber2001US2222-111-1200 000-1-12,4-1-120 000 000-1-1010122-17210

RayKingman Products Inc.Benny Ho925-377-1800COC2outdoor furniture2001US231100022000215-2-2-2-211 00001011234-110

RayKearse Manufacturing Inc.Chester Kearse Jr.803-368-8130COC/FM1veneer2001US2252211240 0001043 500 0003 500 0003 500 0001 500 00050 000021022221,7212

RayWycombe Wood ProductsTim Clisch608-666-2446COC1mouldings2002US22,4321222500021427 600 000-19 300 000-120 00001012225210

LisaRoseburg Forest ProductsKaren Hess541-679-2728COC2veneer2000US22410002-1-1-13,4-2-2-2-2-2-1-1-122224210

Sheet2

Maintain/Increase Market20

Improve Public Image15

Non-market Benefits8

Other7

Future Market Access6

Increase Profits1

Sheet2

Organization


Sheet3

Why Renew?Maintain market share and satisfy important buyersFuture importance of certification may outweigh its current impactsPresence of non-market benefitsEnvironmental concern

General ConclusionCurrently, FSC COC certification does not seem to be generating the expected market incentiveshowever, the general attitude among certificate holders remains positiveThe voluntary nature of FSC COC certification has inherent strengths and weaknessesFSC COC is an important, but underutilized, toolThe long term impact of certification on the forestry industry is not yet known, but it is an important first step towards sustainability

RecommendationsThe establishment of an FSC supply information networkFuture research topicsInvestigate ways to expand rigorous certification into pulp and paper sectorAddressing the discrepancy in supply between FM and COC certificate holdersInvestigate the impact of box stores, such as Home Depot, on Chain of Custody dynamics

AcknowledgementsStewart Fast & Sustainable Forest Certification WatchProfessor: Arun AgrawalTeaching Assistant: Brian Sarwer-FonerAll our colleagues in 401Thank you

Forest Certification can onlySucceed If consumers are conscious of the impacts of their purchase decisionsPlease choose wisely

emerging trends in forest certification the role of chain of custody systems

Documents

certification sectormar

fsc supply chain

role of chain

various certification

supply chain verification

numbpro forest products

forestry practices

word resource