emotion regulation “anybody can become angry, that is easy; but to be angry with the right person,...
TRANSCRIPT
Emotion Regulation
“Anybody can become angry, that is easy; but to be angry with the right person, and to the right degree, and at the right time, and for the right purpose, and in the right way, that is not within everybody's power, that is not easy.”
- Aristotle
If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to the thing itself, but to your estimate of ityour estimate of it; and this you have ; and this you have the the power to revokepower to revoke at any moment. – Marcus Aurelius at any moment. – Marcus Aurelius
There is nothing either good or bad but There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it thinking makes it soso. .
– – Bill ShakespeareBill Shakespeare
Happiness does not depend on outward things, but on the Happiness does not depend on outward things, but on the way we see themway we see them. – Leo Tolstoy. – Leo Tolstoy
In the depth of winter, I finally learned that there was In the depth of winter, I finally learned that there was within mewithin me an invincible summer. – Albert Camus an invincible summer. – Albert Camus
If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to the thing itself, but to your estimate of ityour estimate of it; and this you have ; and this you have the the power to revokepower to revoke at any moment at any moment
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There is nothing either good or bad but There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it sothinking makes it so..
…”…”voodoo death” may be real, and it may be explained voodoo death” may be real, and it may be explained as due to shocking emotional stress…as due to shocking emotional stress…
Overview
I. Intro to Emotions in Brain
II. Definition of Emotion Regulation
III. Regulation processes
IV. Suppression
V. Focusing on feelings
VI.VI. Relationship between Social Cognition and Relationship between Social Cognition and EmotionEmotion
Emotions in Brain, Briefly
Frontal Lobes
The story of Phineas Gage emotional, frequent outbursts of anger, rage,
couldn’t inhibit inappropriate behavior
Frontal Lobotomies
1930s: Egaz Moniz begins frontal lobotomies in humans (and eventually wins Nobel Prize)
1950s: psychosurgery in vogue; 40,000 frontal lobotomies in North America
no outward signs of emotion no facial expression no feelings toward other people felt empty, zombie-like lose prosody = emotional component of speech
orbitofrontal cortex
Orbitofrontal patients show flat skin conductance to disturbing stimuli
SCR: skin conductance response; measures sweat gland activity; indicator of arousal
Orbitofrontal cortex - emotional decision making
Gambling TaskPile A: gain more, lose morePile B: gain less, lose less
Speech Task
Stern fellows
To induce a stress response, participants were asked to prepare speeches on 2 random topics. Prior to entering the scanner, they were given bios and background information on the panelists, to convince them of the seriousness of giving the speeches
HR
SCR
Rating
Regions correlated with a measure = pos. corr. = neg. corr.
Speech Task
Amygdala
Insula
Amygdala and Insula - Negative Emotions
Disgust
Fear
Definition of Emotion Regulation
What is Emotion Regulation?
Definition
People regulate their emotions when they influence:
-Which emotions they have
-When they have emotions
-How they experience emotions
-How they express emotions
Regulation Processes
How do we regulate our emotions?
Emotion Regulation: 5 Ways
1. Selection of the situation
2. Modification of the situation
3. Deployment of attention
4. Change of cognitions
5. Modulation of responses
Situation SelectionApproaching or avoiding certain people, places or objects; choose environments to control range of contextual event
Examples
-Seeing a movie to vent feelings
-Seeking out a friend to have a good cry
-Treatment for drug addiction
Contextual Event
EMOTION
Observable Response
Situation ModificationModify or change a situation to alter its emotional impact; change an aspect of the contextual event
Examples
-Can’t make meeting; reschedule phone meeting
-Not succeeding in grad program, then switch to another
Contextual Event
EMOTION
Observable Response
Attention DeploymentControl focus of attention on the contextual event to reduce or enhance emotion
Examples-Distraction: focus attention
on non-emotional aspects of situation or from the situation altogether
-Concentration: absorb cognitive capacity or focus on emotion cues
-Rumination: direct attention to feelings and their consequences
Contextual Event
EMOTION
Observable Response
Cognitive ChangeReappraisal of event, cognitively change the emotional meaning of the event
Examples
-Reframe event
-Re-appraise meaning
-Turning tragedy into triumph
Contextual Event
EMOTION
Observable Response
Role of Cognition in Emotion
If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to to your estimate of ityour estimate of it; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment.; and this you have the power to revoke at any moment.
Stimulus/Stimulus/EventEvent
AppraiseAppraise SignificanceSignificance
EmotionalEmotional ResponseResponse
Stimulus/Stimulus/EventEvent
Re-AppraiseRe-Appraise SignificanceSignificance
AlteredAltered ResponseResponse
Role of Cognition in Emotion
If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but If you are pained by anything external, the pain is not due to the thing itself, but to to your estimate of ityour estimate of it; and this you have the ; and this you have the power to revokepower to revoke at any moment. at any moment.
Think about image in way that Think about image in way that makes you feel less negative….makes you feel less negative….
Look Neg >> Look Neu
Reappraise Neg >> Look Neg
““He’s in pain, suffering, hospital, may die soon….”….”
Think about image as you would Think about image as you would naturally, don’t try to alter your naturally, don’t try to alter your experience… experience…
““Receiving treatment, is hearty, will be right as rain….”….”
Typical Design for Studying Typical Design for Studying Re-appraisalRe-appraisal
Instructional Instructional cuecue
2 secs2 secs 8 secs8 secs
Stimulus Stimulus periodperiod
Affect Affect ratingrating
Inter-trial Inter-trial intervalinterval
2 secs2 secs 4-10 secs4-10 secs
RELAXRELAX
Strength ofStrength ofAffectAffectREAPPRAISE
orLOOK weak strong
1 2 3 4 5
Reappraisal significantly decreases Reappraisal significantly decreases negative affectnegative affect
LookLook ReappReapp LookLook
00
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
Str
engt
h of
Neg
a ti v
e A
f f ect
St r
engt
h of
Neg
ati v
e A
ff ect
StrongStrong
WeakWeak
Negative PhotoNegative Photo Neutral PhotoNeutral Photo
Effects of Effects of reappraisalreappraisal
pp < .001 < .001
Reappraisal significantly decreases Reappraisal significantly decreases amygdala responseamygdala response
0-2 3-4 5-6 7-8 9-10 11-12 13-14 15-16-.2
-.15
-.1
-.05
0
.05
.1
.15
.2
LookLook > > Decrease
Reapp
Look neg
Look neuPhotoPhoto10 secs10 secs
CueCue2sec2sec
% s
igna
l cha
nge
% s
igna
l cha
nge
Lag
IncreaseIncrease > Look > LookReappraiseReappraise > Look Neg > Look Neg
Preparing to Reappraise Aversive ImagesPreparing to Reappraise Aversive ImagesMedial PFC
VLPFC
DLPFC
IncreaseIncrease > Look > Look
Reappraising Aversive ImagesReappraising Aversive Images
Dorsal lateral PFC(DLPFC)
Ventral lateral PFC(VLPFC)
Medial PFC
ReappraiseReappraise > Look Neg > Look Neg
lateral
Medial PFCDorsal ACC
medialp < .001
Ventral PFC
Regions Supporting ReappraisalRegions Supporting Reappraisal ((ReappraiseReappraise > Look) > Look)
Controls
lateral
Medial PFC
medialDorsal PFC
p < .001
Ventral PFCDepressedDepressed
Dorsal PFC
Working Model of the Cognitive Working Model of the Cognitive Control of EmotionControl of Emotion
Medial
Lateral
AmygdalaAmygdalaGenerate
initial response
Lateral PFCLateral PFC
Top-down Top-down implementation implementation
of cognitive of cognitive reappraisalsreappraisals
Medial PFCMedial PFC
Self-awareness Self-awareness of emotion of emotion
during during reappraisalreappraisal
Monitor reappraisal
success
Anterior Anterior Cingulate Cingulate
CortexCortex
Response ModulationDirectly influencing physiological, experiential, or expression
Examples
-Hide or present facial expression
-Use exercise or drugs to decrease experience
Contextual Event
EMOTION
Observable Response
Suppression
Emotional SuppressionInhibit emotion so that emotions are hidden
from others (response modulation)
Consequences
Lab Session (short-term)
Facial expression, somatic activity, heart rate
Blinking, GSR
Chronic Suppressors (long-term)
Positive expression and experience
Negative experience
Interpersonal functioning and well-being
Get into groups of 2 or 3 One person in group will look at the screen
Try to suppress your facial expression The other(s) will look at that person’s face
(and not the screen) Try to find out when your partner sees
something disturbing.
Emotional Suppression
Switch!
Emotional Suppression
1 2 3 4 5
What is the relationship between What is the relationship between Social Cognition and Emotion?Social Cognition and Emotion?
What is the relation btw. Soc-Cog What is the relation btw. Soc-Cog and Emotion?and Emotion?
What do you feel, think, want right now?What do you feel, think, want right now?What are your traits/dispositions?What are your traits/dispositions?
Did he intend to be mean?Is he an aggressive guy?
Social Social CognitionCognition
What is the relation btw. Soc-Cog What is the relation btw. Soc-Cog and Emotion?and Emotion?
What do you feel, think, want right now?What do you feel, think, want right now?What are your traits/dispositions?What are your traits/dispositions?
Does he look angry?How upset am I?
(Is her heart racing, etc.)
Social Cognition
What are you expressing?What are you expressing? How am I feeling How am I feeling (expressing, physio responding)(expressing, physio responding)??
Emotion
Draw high-level inference about Draw high-level inference about social/emotional stimulisocial/emotional stimuli
Why is this man Why is this man smiling??Happy?Happy?
Draw high-level inference about Draw high-level inference about social/emotional stimulisocial/emotional stimuli
Why is this man smiling?Why is this man smiling?Happy?Happy?
Or manipulative?Or manipulative?