empirical evidences on failed r&d cooperation stéphane ......with whom to fail with? (3) •...
TRANSCRIPT
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
Em
piric
al E
viden
ces
on F
aile
d R
&D
Cooper
atio
n
Sté
phan
eLh
uill
ery
CEM
I -
Collè
ge
du
Man
agem
ent
de
la T
echnolo
gie
EPF
L -
Éco
lePo
lyte
chniq
ue
Fédér
ale
de
Lausa
nne
Fabrice
Gal
ia
ERM
ES -
FRE 2
887 –
CN
RS
Univ
ersi
té P
anth
éon-A
ssas
Par
is I
I
Sém
inai
re R
EPER
ES, s
epte
mbr
e 20
06
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
Intr
oduct
ion
•The
aim
of
this
pap
er is
to s
tudy
failu
re t
o c
ooper
atio
n
of
Fren
ch m
anufa
cturing f
irm
s
•A lot
of
pre
vious
import
ant
rese
arch
are
ded
icat
ed t
o
under
stan
d R
&D
colla
bora
tions
•H
ow
ever
, fe
w r
esea
rch a
re s
tudyi
ng t
he
per
form
ance
of
allia
nce
s; w
ith t
hre
e se
rious
short
com
ings:
–not
contr
olli
ng f
or
size
and s
ecto
rs–
not
contr
olli
ng f
or
kind o
f par
tner
s–
not
corr
ecting f
or
usu
al s
ample
sel
ection
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
•Theo
retica
l an
d e
mpiric
al r
esea
rch:
Kale
et
al.
(2002),
Colo
ghir
ou e
t al
.(2
004),
Mora
-Val
entin e
t al
.(2
004),
Reu
er a
nd Z
ollo
(2
005)
–cl
ear
def
initio
n o
f obje
ctiv
es–
inst
itutional
izat
ion o
f th
e re
lationsh
ip–
trust
and c
om
mitm
ent
–qual
ity
of re
sourc
es–
par
tner
s’ r
eputa
tion:
repea
ted inte
ract
ion b
y pre
vious
link(
s)–
tech
nolo
gic
al p
roxi
mity:
gen
eric
R&
D v
s. s
pec
ific
R&
D,
abso
rptive
cap
acity
–geo
gra
phic
al p
roxi
mity:
com
munic
atio
n
Det
erm
inin
g f
acto
rs in t
he
failu
re t
o c
ooper
ativ
e R&
D
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
Dat
a•
CIS
2,
“L'Innova
tion T
echnolo
giq
ue
dan
s l'I
ndust
rie”
, SESSI,
1994-1
996
–In
nova
tion a
ctiv
itie
s
–Cooper
ativ
e R&
D t
ypes
of
par
tner
s–
Siz
e an
d G
roup m
ember
ship
: Fr
ench
, Fo
reig
n o
r In
dep
enden
t–
Obst
acle
s to
innova
tion,
9 ite
ms
/ 3 r
esponse
s: F
ailu
re t
o
cooper
atio
n
•CIS
1,
SESSI,
1990-1
992
–Cooper
ativ
e R&
D t
ypes
of
par
tner
s
•Enquêt
e R&
D,
MEN
RT (
DEP B
3):
–
R&
D inve
stm
ent
1996
Final
sam
ple
: 2374 F
rench
man
ufa
cturing f
irm
sre
strict
ed t
o innova
tive
firm
s
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
Exp
lain
ed v
aria
ble
?
•In
CIS
2 H
amper
ing f
acto
rsCooper
atio
n fai
lure
can
lea
d t
o t
hre
e dic
hoto
mic
variab
les:
–“s
erio
usl
y del
ayed
” :
DELA
Y=
1 o
r 0
–“a
bolis
hed
”: S
TO
P=1 o
r 0
–“n
ot
even
sta
rted
”: C
AN
CEL=
1 o
r 0
thus
–FA
ILU
RE =
Max
[D
ELA
Y,
STO
P, C
AN
CEL]
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
•Thre
e m
ain q
ues
tions
of
this
pap
er:
–W
hom
to fai
l w
ith ?
–Are
cro
ss-b
ord
er R
&D
cooper
atio
ns
more
dan
ger
ous?
–D
oes
pre
vious
cooper
atio
n induce
a low
er
likel
ihood t
o fai
l (l
earn
ing e
ffec
t)?
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
Whom
to f
ail w
ith?
(1)
12
34
50
00
00
67
89
00
00
29
1011
1213
140
00
00
15
12
00
&
mm
m
CO
OP
RISK
CO
STFU
ND
ORG
AH
K
TEC
HN
OIN
FM
ARK
ETIN
FRE
GU
CO
OPF
AIL
RD
IG
OV
SIZE
FRG
ROU
PFO
RG
ROU
PID
FAIL
URE
PARE
NT
CO
MPE
T
ββ
ββ
β
ββ
ββ
ββ
ββ
ββ
ε
αα
>>
>>
>
>>
>>
>>
>>
>=
>>
=+
++
+
++
++
++
++
++
+
=+
+
∑
34
56
70
00
00
14
12
00
00
01
&m
mm
SUPL
IER
CU
STO
MC
ON
SULT
UN
IVPR
ORG
RD
IG
OV
SIZE
FRG
ROU
PFO
RG
ROU
PID
αα
αα
α
βζ
ϕτ
τδ
ν
>>
>>
>
<<
<<
<=
⎧ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎨ ⎪ ⎪+
++
+⎪ ⎪ ⎪
++
++
++
⎪ ⎩∑
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
Whom
to f
ail w
ith?
(2)
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
With w
hom
to f
ail w
ith?
(3)
•co
llabora
tion w
ith C
om
pet
itors
or
Public
Res
earc
h O
rg.
induce
a 5
%
rais
e of th
e pro
bab
ility
to fai
l
•th
e rise
is
3%
for
a co
llabora
tion w
ith C
ust
om
ers
•Str
onger
appro
priat
ion c
onditio
ns
low
erth
e lik
elih
ood
to fai
l
–Fi
rms
bel
ongin
g t
o M
echan
ical
Equip
., o
r Chem
ical
s, R
ubber
and
Plas
tics
, or
Phar
mac
eutica
ls o
r G
lass
indust
ries
are
les
s pro
ne
to f
ail by
13%
to 1
6%
–Pu
blic
support
ing r
educe
fai
lure
pro
bab
ility
by
18%
(bia
sed)
–Fi
rms
bel
ongin
g t
o a
fore
ign g
roup (
fren
ch g
roup)
reduce
the
pro
bab
ility
to f
ail by
19%
(12%
)
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
Cro
ss-b
ord
er f
ailu
res
(1)
•W
e in
troduce
a d
istinct
ion b
etw
een t
he
7 t
ypes
of
par
tner
s:–
Fren
ch n
atio
nal
colla
bora
tive
firm
s–
Fore
ign (
Am
eric
an a
nd/o
r Euro
pea
n)
firm
s
12
34
56
70
00
00
00
12
34
56
70
00
00
00
0
FR
FRFR
FRFR
FRFR
i
FOR
FOR
FOR
FOR
FOR
FOR
FOR
FAIL
URE
PARE
NT
CO
MPE
TSU
PLIE
RC
UST
OM
CO
NSU
LTU
NIV
PRO
RG
PARE
NT
CO
MPE
TSU
PLIE
RC
UST
OM
CO
NSU
LTU
NIV
PRO
RG
R
αα
αα
αα
α
ηη
ηη
ηη
η
β
>>
>>
>>
>
>>
>>
>>
>
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
Cro
ss-b
ord
er f
ailu
res
(2)
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
Cro
ss-b
ord
er f
ailu
res
(3)
•Fi
rms
with c
ross
-bord
er R
D lin
k(s)
are
m
ore
pro
ne
to f
ail th
an f
irm
s w
ith
nat
ional
net
work
ing
•Fi
rm w
ith c
ross
-bord
er R
D lin
k w
ith
cross
-bord
er P
RO
sar
e m
ore
lik
ely
to fai
l by
2 o
r 3%
.
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
The
lear
nin
g e
ffec
t (1
)
•Tak
ing into
acc
ount
the
poss
ible
lea
rnin
g e
ffec
t fr
om
pre
vious
R&
D c
olla
bora
tions:
mat
chin
g C
IS1 (
1990-9
2)
and C
IS2 (
1994-9
6)
: 534 f
irm
s only
1112
130
00
1415
1617
00
00
2122
230
00
241
251
260
00
O
LDO
LDO
LD
OLD
OLD
OLD
OLD
NEW
NEW
NEW
NEW
NEW
FAIL
URE
PARE
NT
CO
MPE
TSU
PLIE
R
CU
STO
MC
ON
SULT
UN
IVPR
ORG
PARE
NT
CO
MPE
TSU
PLIE
R
CU
STO
MC
ON
SULT
UN
IV
αα
α
αα
αα
αα
α
αα
α
<>
<
>>
>>
<<
<
<<
<
=+
++
++
+
++
+
++
27 04
12
00
00
01
&
NEW
NEW
im
mm
PRO
RG
RD
IG
OV
SIZE
FRG
ROU
PFO
RG
ROU
PID
α
βζ
ϕτ
τδ
ν
<
>>
>>
>=
++
++
+−
+−
++
∑
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
The
lear
nin
g e
ffec
t (2
)
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
The
lear
nin
g e
ffec
t (2
)
•N
o lea
rnin
g e
ffec
t is
found
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
Concl
usi
on 1
If R
&D
is
to b
efu
nded
:•
Cro
ss b
ord
er R
&D
lin
ks a
re t
o b
eta
rget
ed•
PRO
-indust
rylin
ks a
re t
o b
eco
nsi
der
edfirs
t•
Rep
eate
dfu
ndin
gs
are
des
erve
d
Concl
usi
on 1
: E
.C.
polic
yis
wel
ldes
igned
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
Concl
usi
on 2
-
Co
llèg
ed
uM
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
a T
ech
no
log
ie–
CD
MC
hair
e e
n E
con
om
ie e
t M
an
ag
em
en
t d
e l
'In
no
vati
on
–C
EM
I
Concl
usi
on 2
•Fu
nd
R&
D?
(undirec
tpolic
y)ou
•N
etw
ork
ing f
undin
g?
(direc
t polic
y)
But
the
trad
eoff
is
not
that
clea
rher
e:R&
DI
isupw
ard
bia
sed
(endogen
eity
pb)