Human IntHuman IntHuman IntHuman IntHuman Interererererestestestestest

ENCYCLOPEDIA

Retno Rianti

ENCYENCYENCYENCYENCYCLCLCLCLCLOPEDIAOPEDIAOPEDIAOPEDIAOPEDIAHuman IntHuman IntHuman IntHuman IntHuman Interererererestestestestest

Author Retno RiantiEditor Riny LestianingrumLayout Dwi Prasetyanto

Ilustrator ArifCover design Gatot

Published in : 2010

All rights reserved. No part of this publicationmay be reproduced, without the prior permission

of the copyright holder.

Publisher PT. Sindur PressJl. Pleburan VIII/64 SemarangTelp. (024) 6580335, 6582901Fax. (024) 6582903, 6581440

ISBN : 978-979-067-068-6

An Encyclopedia is a book or set of book containing facts, informationsor large amount of such reference material about different subjects. In thisencyclopedia, the information given is about all subjects that interest forpeople.

In their lives, human beings always need knowledges to develope theirmind. They like to observe things around them, inventing something, findingout the true fact of their environments: This encyclopedia consists of sevensections: Beautiful Creatures, Global Technology, Human body, Part Of OurPlanet, These Are The Most Things, The Hobbies, and The Inventors. Eachsection give widely informations for our knowledge.

All pages in this book is full of information that presented byinteresting pictures, hence understanding these informations will be easier.There is also a comprehensive contents to help readers easier in finding theinformation they need.

Beside that, this encyclopedia is meant to give more knowledge, toincrease the readers interest in what is in our surrounding, so that we canimprove our quality lives.

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Introduction ___ iii

Contents ___ iv

BEAUTIFUL CREATURES

MOLLUSKS ___ 1

CRUSTACEANS ___ 3

PRIMATES ___ 5

ANIMALS ___ 9

CONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTSCONTENTS

iviviviviv

PLANTS ___ 22

GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY ___ 28

HUMAN BODY ___ 34

PART OF OUR PLANET ___ 40

THESE ARE THE MOST THINGS ___ 54

THE HOBBIES ___ 84

Ball Games ___ 84

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Water Sport ___ 101

Ice Sport ___ 108

Photography ___ 114

Philately ___ 115

THE INVENTORS ___ 116

References ___ 130

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Any of group of soft invertebrate organisms. Most mollusks, suchas oysters and clams, have a hard shell to protect them.

ClamClamClamClamClamClam is an animal found in the ocean or in fresh

water that has a soft body and a shell in twoparts joined by a hinge. Clam eats by

opening its shell.The most delicious clam is Myaarenaria, its has a thin and brittle shell. This clamlives in Europe, along Atlantic and Pacific shore in

North America.

The giant clam Tridacna gigas in Pacific coral.It is about 200 weight kg and shell’s length 1 m.

Source:www.taka.com

Octopus (Gurita)Octopus (Gurita)Octopus (Gurita)Octopus (Gurita)Octopus (Gurita)Octopus is an animal that has a soft,

oval, body and eight arms withsuckers on their underside.It is usually small and swim a with a

jet propulsion technique. Using thetechnique, it can move 30 km/hour faster.The name of octopus comes from a phrasemeaning “having eight feet”. Actually, thelimbs are usually called “arms”. But for somereason the word “foot” was used to call thelimbs of the octopus.

MOLLUSKMOLLUSKMOLLUSKMOLLUSKMOLLUSKSSSSS

www.rightwingnation.com

To protect their lives, octopi usetheir defence mechanism, inkpocket, camouflage and break ofits feet.Source:www.rightwingnation.com

BEAUTIFUL CREABEAUTIFUL CREABEAUTIFUL CREABEAUTIFUL CREABEAUTIFUL CREATURESTURESTURESTURESTURES

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OysterOysterOysterOysterOysterOyster is a shellfish with a softbody inside a rought, hinged shell,which attaches to rocks or timberin shallow water along the coasts.Some kinds of oysters can beeaten while others are grown fortheir pearls. Pearls are kind ofjewelry produces by oyster. Itneeds a long time to produse onepearl, which made it preciousthing.

Oyster made a beautiful pearl. The oyster

is include in genus avicula and pinctada.Source:www.sitemason.com

There is a mukosa gland under the head that produce

mucus to help snail moving.Source:www.gastropoda.com

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SnailSnailSnailSnailSnailA kind of self-godied animalthat is protected from

endanger by a coiledshell. They are

moving slowly andcan live on land

or in water.Many snails eatplant but they

often eat meat.It has a strongtheet that madefrom material like

iron one. Scientistpresume that its teeth

are used as compas.

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CRUSTCRUSTCRUSTCRUSTCRUSTACEANSACEANSACEANSACEANSACEANS

An animal with a hard shell and many jointed leg. Such asa lobster, crab, or shrimp, that usually lives in the sea.

The shell is used to protect its softbody from danger. Crustacean beginits life from egg, that hatches to be alarva. If larva is bigger, it changesthe shell and grow a new one. Theshell changing is called moulting.Crustaceans keep moulting as longas they live. That is why the processmakes crutaceans have big risk tolose their lives.

LobsterLobsterLobsterLobsterLobsterA saltwater shellfish that hasa long tail and five pairs oflegs, the flesh of lobsters

is used for food. Theirshell turn bright red when

they are cooked.Lobstercan be 200 kilogram

weigh. Lobsters also havetwo tweezers, that are used

to protect them from theenemy andgathering food. American lobster.

Source:www.ibexinc.files.wordpress.com

Source:www.images.google.co.id

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ShrimpShrimpShrimpShrimpShrimpIt is a famous crustacean. It is

small freshwater orsaltwater shellfish that can be

eaten together withlobster. Shrimp is included into

ordo dekapoda, having five pairsof leg. The front legs are

adapted as tweezers used toeat, self defense and those also

are used to communicate withthe others.

CrabCrabCrabCrabCrabA sea animal that has a

flat body, a hard shell,eight legs, and two

prominent pincersor claws. Somekinds of crabscan be eaten.A male fiddlercrab has a very

big claw, used toscare other crabs.

In some areas you cansee crabs on land, and

even high up in trees. Coconutcrabs can climb up 50 feet (15,2

meters), to feed on the fruit of coconuttrees. Crabs are colorful, fascinating crustaceans, related to lobsters

and shrimp. The famous crab is the bright red sally lightfoot that lives onthe shores of the Galapagos islands.

The bright red sally lightfoot.Source:www.ayleenb.files.wordpress.com

Shrimp hides in a coral to hunt its food.Source:www.scuba-instr.com

Shrimps are related to lobsterand crab. Shrimps have hard outer skeletons that must be shed and

replaced with roomier ones as they grow. A shrimp does this eight timesbefore reaching its full size. The full size of most shrimps is not very big.

Many shrimps measure just 1 inch (2,5 cm) long or less.

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A group of mammals that has alarge brain, eyes that can look

forward, and fingers with tumb.Primates include humans,

apes, and monkeys.

The characteristic sof primateare, breasting. Female primates

produce milk to feed theirchildren, it has hair, and endoterm

body. The brain controls bloodcirculation system, it has four

ventricles.

The word primate comes from a word meaning“the first” or the most important”. The idea wasthat the primate group of animal is the mostimportant because it includes human beings.Primate is devided into four big groups, whichare: prosimian, new world monkey, old worldmonkey, and ape.

Source:www.wikipedia.org

Kingkong, lemur, orang utan,

and ape. The example of four

big group of primate.Source:www.a.abcnews3.com

PRIMAPRIMAPRIMAPRIMAPRIMATESTESTESTESTES

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ProsimianProsimianProsimianProsimianProsimianProsimian is the most primitive monkey inthe morphology or else the behaviourpsychology. Tarsier, lemur, indri are theexample of the prosimian class. Prosimianhas small rounded face, tail, big eyes andneck that can move 800. One of theexample is Tarsius which has a small body,big eyes and long back leg. It can jump 3m long from one tree to another. Tarsiustail is long and hairy in the tip of the tail.There are 5 fingers in every hand and leg.All fingers has nail except for the secondand third, which have claws for grooming.

Tarsius syrichta lives in filipina.Source:www.traviswalters.ne.com

New World MonkeyNew World MonkeyNew World MonkeyNew World MonkeyNew World MonkeyThe monkey has a long big tail, that sometime it can be used to

prehensile tool. It only can be found in South America. The example of thenew monkey are marmoset (callitrix argentata), tamarin (leontopithecusrosalia and sanguinus oedipus), muriqui, and red howler monkey. One of

the example of marmoset isTamarin. It is also calledgolden lion tamarin. It is

the smallest monkeyspecies. A dwarf marmosetis only 30 cm which half ofthe length is a tail. The tail

is not prehensil, but itclimbs as good as squirrel.

Golden lion tamarin, the smallest

monkey species.Source:

www.animalpicturesarchive.com

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MandrilMandrilMandrilMandrilMandrilThe other example isMandril (Mandrillusleucophaelus) fromGuinea. It is the mostcolorful monkey. Malemandril has dark greygreen fur and purple facewith blue puffed along theside chick. It also hasyellow beard and dark tuftof hair. But Mandril doesnot have a tail. Mandrildoes not like to livein group.

Old World MonkeyOld World MonkeyOld World MonkeyOld World MonkeyOld World MonkeyThe old world monkey is Primate

class which has the biggestmember. It has a longer tail thanthe body and it is not prehensil.

It can be found in Africa andShouteast Asia. Some monkeys

thatinclude in this class are Probosis,

which only lives in Kalimantan,Indonesia Babon, Macaca, and Mandril.

They usually eat leaves. One of the ex-ample is Probasis Monkey or “Bekantan” (Na-

salis larvatus). It lives in Kalimantan Island,Indonesia. The characteristic of the male

Bekantan is a shout and swollen nose. It canbe moved, and the tip of the nose is lay above

the mouth. The voice of the monkey is nasal. The female and youngBekantan have short and pointed nose. Bekantans are a good swimmer so

that they usually live near a river.

Probosis Monkey (Bekantan) eats

leaves for living.Source:www.tustrucos.com

Mandril (Mandrillus leucophaelus) lives in Guinea island.Source:www.cartage.org

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ApeApeApeApeApeApe is the cleverest

primate class. They usuallylive in tropical forest. There

are eight genus homonoidwhich are not extict: pan

(simpanse) gorrila, Pongo(orang utan), Hoolock,

Nomoscus, Symphalangosand Homo (human). Ape isdifferent from monkey. To

differ them, you can seefrom the tail.

Monkey has tail but ape does not. Ape walks straight with two legs,on the otherhand monkey walks with four legs.

The example of the ape is gorrila, the biggest primate species. Gorilla eatsvegetables and insects. Therefore gorillas are the omnivore, which comefrom tropical forest in Africa. 97-98% gorrilla DNA similar with humanDNA.

Each gorrila has different nose. The male is bigger than female. Everydaygorrila need almost 26 kg food consists of leaves, flowers, seeds, stems,

ants, and termites. Gorrilas seldomdrink and live in group of 6 - 7members. The chief of group issilverback gorrila, which has thesilver the back color.

Homo is the oldest genus. All speciesexcept homo sapiens have extincted.The word homo derives from latinwhich mean human.

There is a statue of homo-erectus.Source:www.Homoerectus.com

The chief of the gorrila group, silverback gorrila.Source:www.muller.lbl.gov

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There are two kinds of elephant, Asian andAfrican elephants. The asian elephants are notas big as African elephants. The asian stands10 feet (3 meters) high and lives in the forestsof India, Sri Langka, and Southeast Asia. It hassmall ears, short tusks, light and smooth skinand domed forehead.

Meanwhile the African elephants are big,stand as tall as 13 feet (4 meters),wrinkled skin, big ears, long tusks andflat forehead. They live in a savannahabitat of grassland.

Asian elephant.Source: www.images.google. co.id

African elephant.Source: www.i44.tinypic.com

Elephants live in family groups led bythe older females. Sometimes they jointogether to form bigger herd of animals.Elephants feed on leaves, barks, fruits, andgrasses. They have a good memories. Thatwhy an asian elephant can be used to work with humanbeing. They can be taught to do somethings. Elephants can live for morethan sixty years.

ElephantsElephantsElephantsElephantsElephantsElephants are the world’s largest animals that live on land. They havethick, wrinkled skin. Their eyesight are not very good, but they have

an excellent hearing and sense of smell, big teeth made of ivory whichare used for digging up roots and breaking off tree bark to eat.

ANIMALANIMALANIMALANIMALANIMALSSSSS

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BearBearBearBearBearBear is a large, strong animal with a thick, furry coat, a short tailand sharp claws. There are three kinds of bear. The grizzly bear,

polar bear, and the black bear.

Bears are omnivores, eating both plantsand animal. Black bears and grizzlies eateverything from dead animal to ants, buteat mostly grasses, roots, nuts, andberries. In summer to autumn bears eat asmuch as possible, storing fat that will helpthem live through winter without food,they sleep into a deep sleep calledhibernation, in the spring they wake upmuch thinner and very hungry.

The black bear usually weighs about 500pound (227 kg). It is a good climber. Its claws

are more curved than grizzly’s claws. Thegrizzly cannot climb trees.

Polar bear has black skin under the white furto absorb heat, and hollow hairs for added

insulation. It also has a thick layer of fatbeneath its skin and is able to go for long

periods without feeding by living on this fat.

Polar bears that live in the Arctic are verygood swimmer. Their main food is seals.

The polar bear is the biggest land predator.An adult male weighs nearly 1 ton and stands

11 feet (3,3 meters) tall, while an adult female isabout half that size.

Adult male polar bear.Source: www.images.google.co.id

The black bear.Source:www.animalsintheworld.com

The hibernation bear.Source:www.roshpinna.files.wordpress.com

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WhaleWhaleWhaleWhaleWhaleAny of various species of water animal that are mammals with a longfishlike body, flippers, a horizontal tail, and one or two blowholes.Whales live in fresh or salt water.

Whale is the biggest animals live onearth, the blue whale is the longest

animal that ever lived. A male blue whalecan grow to be 100 feet (30,5 m) long

and weigh 150 tons.

Whales are mammals, not fish even theword whale comes from a term means

“great fish” or large sea fish”. Theycannot breathe underwater.

The male of blue whale.Source:www.images.google.co.id

There are two kinds of whales, Baleen whales feed by taking inplankton from the ocean. Example, blue whales, gray whale, and

humpback whale. While toothed whales catch larger prey such as fish, theexample of this whale is belugawhales, killer whales and spermwhales. Dolphins are also smalltoothed whales. They can leap

out of the water at great speed.Most dolphins are great

swimmer, it’s about 20 mph(30 kilometer/h) fast.

They often come to surface to breathe,using the blowholes on the top of thehead, they make a spray of water whenthey let out the used air. They live, traveland feed in groups. They work closelytogether to catch their prey.

Whale make spray of water.

Source:www.oceanlight.com

Dolphins swim in group.Source:www.exzooberance.com

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Butterfly is an insect with fourlarge, brighly colored wingsand a thin body. Butterflies

are found almost all over theworld, especially in tropicalareas, in cold climates they

migrate to warmer area, likemonarch butterflies which

begin to fly south fromCanada and all over the

United States. They can flymore than 2.000 miles (3,219

kilometers). The largestbutterfly in the world is the

Queen Alexandra’s birdwing.It has a wingspan of more

than 11 inches (28 cm).

Monarh batterfly.Source:www.ani graphic.com

ButterflyButterflyButterflyButterflyButterflyLike many insects,butterflies have ametamorphosis (thechange in functionand shape that occurin steps duringdevelopment fromegg to adult)

A butterfly’s life cyclehas four stages. Theegg changes into acaterpillar, or larva. Thecaterpillar then turnsinto a chrysalis formwhich an adult butterflyeventually emerges.Butterflies feed bysucking up nectar fromflowers through thetube-likeproboscis.

Anatomy of butterfly.Source:www.images.google.co.id

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BatsBatsBatsBatsBatsBat is a small flying animal. It has a furry body

like a mouse and wings of thin skin. Bats aremammals, but they differ from other mammals

because they can fly.

Bats do not have feathery wings like birds. Insteadthey have double layers of skin stretched over thin

bones. Bats are small creatures with large wings.Most of bats are noctural, which means they are

active only at night. Bats live in every place exceptthe cold polar regions. Most bats feed on insects,

but some eat fruit, nectar, and others huntsmall animals.

There are three different bat faces,vampire bat, mouse eared bat, andhorse shoe bat. Vampir bat lives inicentral and South America. It usessharp teeth and tubelike tongue tosuck animal blood.

Bats use echoes from theirhigh-pitched squeaks to catchinsect. The echoes help the

them make a sound picture ofwhat is around them.They do

not need to use their eyesso much. All bats have large

sensitive ears to steer by.Most bats also have razor

sharp teeth. Bats hang upsidedown when they rest or sleep.

They live in colony,usually in caves or trees.

Vampire bat.Source:www.abdn.ac.uk

Above: mouse eared bat. Below: horseshoe bat.Source: www.sciencedaily.com

www.photogeza.com

Sleeping bats.Source:www.branchy.com

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The largest of all marsupials is thered kangaroo. The male is reddish-brown colour and almost twice thesize of female, which is bluish-grey.

Kangaroo has a pouch to bring itsjoey. (the body kangaroo)Source:www.animals.nationalgeographic.com

MarsupialsMarsupialsMarsupialsMarsupialsMarsupialsMarsupial is a type of mammal,the female marsupials have a

pouch in their stomach.

The baby bornt will stay in thepouch and live from their

mother’s milk until they are bigenough to live outside. Most

marsupials, such as kangaroos, koalas,and wombats live in Australia. Opossiums

live in North and South America.

Kangaroo can jump more than 30feet (9 meter) in one leap,meanwhile koalas are goodclimbers. They spend most of theirtime in eacalyptus tree, eatingtender shoots. Eventhough Koalalooks like bears, it has nothing to dowith bear family.

They have powerfull backlegs for hopping.

Red kangaroo is nocturnal.Resting by day under thetree, and active on cooler

winter day. They grazemainly on grass, but alsofeed on the leaves of low

growing shrubs.

Koala lives in eacalyptus trees.Sumber: www.zastavki.com

Red kangaroos.Source:

www.animals.nationalgeographic.com

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Tiger salamander is having batheon the rock.Source: www.zastavki.com

ReptilesReptilesReptilesReptilesReptilesReptiles are the scalyskinned animals andcold-blooded. Being

cold-blooded, it needs toeat its own weight in food

only every two month.

Reptiles always need hots ofsunshine to warm them up. They live in

warm place or deserts. Most reptiles havefour longs except snakes.

Snakes, lizards and crocodiles are reptile, they lay eggs in shallow holesand cover them. When their babies hatch out, they have to look afterthem selves already. The longest snake is the reticulated python ofsoutheast Asia. It grows up to 33 feet (10 m) long.

The longest lizard is the komodoDragon of komodo island Indonesia. Itcan grow up to 10 feet (3 meter)long.

Snakes live on every continent exceptantarctica. There are nearly threethousand species of snakes, whichhave a lot of variety and size, color,and behaviour. Snakes is wellknownby its poison, most snakes see well,but have no external ears. Theydetect vibrations caused by movingcreatures, using its forked tongue.

The smallest snake is a 4 inch(10 cm) long, which is Blind

snake of the tropics forest.The largest is the anaconda,

which can grow to be500 pound weigh.

The biggest lizard of the world. TheDragon komodo.Source:www.homepage.mac.com

The anaconda.Source:

www.animals.nationalgeographic.com

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Turtles and TortoisesTurtles and TortoisesTurtles and TortoisesTurtles and TortoisesTurtles and TortoisesTurtle is a reptile with a soft body covered by a wide bony of

leather shell that protect its head, limbs and body. It can live onland and in fresh water or ocean, meanwhile tortoise is a turtle

that lives on land and has feet toes rather than flippers.

Both of them have a hard shell made ofbony plates and attached to theirbackbone.

Green turtles spend their time at sea.They only come to the land to sleep andlay eggs. The increadible thing aboutthese turtles are, they always come backto the beach where they were bornt tolay their eggs.

The Galapagos island are huge. They weighover 600 pounds (91 kg).Source:www.old.faganphotos.com

Green turtle swims to reach the beach to lay itseggs.Source: www.i198.photobucket.com

The difference between turtle andtortoise is: turtle moves

slowly on land but it isfast swimmers.

Tortoise, however,spend all their lifetime on land. Thegiant saddleback

tortoises of theGalapagos island canstretch their necks to

get water and food fromlow cactus plants.

Many tortoises live in desert, anddig burrow that provide relief

from the searing heat. All tortoisesare slow, moving plant eaters.

Galapagos tortoises do not begin to feed until the sun has warmedtheir huge bodies. They eat various leaves and berries.

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Whale shark.Source:www.mail.colonial.ne.com

Basking shark hunt in the night.Source:www.sharkattackphotos.com

SharksSharksSharksSharksSharksShark is a large to very large ocean fish with arough, often grayish skin, a skeletonmade of cartilage and prominentfin on its back.

Shark are the fierce hunters ofthe world’s ocean. Unlike the

other fish, sharps don’t have aswim bladder (air bag that will help

fish floating) which means they have to keepswimming all the time, or they would sink to the bottom

of sea. The difference also shows in the skeleton. Shark’sskeleton is made of rubbery cartilage, meanwhile other

fish’s bone is made of bone.

There are a lot kindof shark; tiger shark, reef sharkwhich live near coral reefs,whale shark, which is theworld’s largest fist, growingover 40 feet (12 meter) long,and the smallest shark 15 thedwarf shark, about 7 inchers(18 centimeter) long.

The sharks are dangerous butthey will not attack is they don’t

smell blood. All shark have anexcellent sense of smell and good

hearing, which is helping themhunt at night.

Some sharks lay eggs, they laytheir eggs in a tough case, called

a mermaid’s purse which attachesitself to weeds.

Egg’s shark attaches to the weeds.Source:www.upload.wikimedia.org

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Frog.Source:www.freakingnews.com

AmphibiansAmphibiansAmphibiansAmphibiansAmphibiansAmphibian is an animal which is ableto live both on land and in water.

Usually, amphibian is cold blooded andhas backbone.

Amphibians live in the water but they do not live inthe sea. They spend part of their lives on land and goback to water when it is the time to lay their eggs.Females lay their eggs in or near a pond or stream.

Frogs have long back legs. The legs aregood when they are swimming. The legsis also used to jump. Common frogs can

leap about 2 feet (60 centimeter) andSouth African sharpnosed frogs can

jump over 10 feet (3 meter).

Toads usually have a rougher skin thanfrogs and it is often covered with mucus.

Toads like to live in drier places. Theyhave wider bodies and shorter legs.

Female surinam toads keep their eggs inholes in their skin, where

the young toads grow.

The cycle of frog’s live begins when female frogs lay eggs in the water.The eggs hatch into tadpoles. The tadpoles grow legs and turn into

froglets. Finally froglets grow intoyoung frogs.

Salamander life cycle. The egghatches into a larva. The larvagrows gills, forelimbs, and hindlimbbuds, then it will developefully limbsand gills. Finally it becomes an adultsalamander.

Frog life cycle.Source:www.harunyahya.com

Salamander life cycle.Source:www.harunyahya.com

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PenguinsPenguinsPenguinsPenguinsPenguinsPenguin is a black and white seabird that can not fly even it haswings. Like all birds, penguinshave feather. Their short, thick

feathers are wateproof. Thefluffy down feathers trap warm

air. The feathers keep their bodywarm in cold seas.

Penguins have a horny beak for catching food. They also have a small pairof wings, which is not used to fly but as flippers. They are fast and goodswimmers. There are eighteen kinds of penguins, they are found only insouthers hemisphere but only two species live in the frozen Antarctic.

The emperor penguins is thelargest penguin which live inantarctic. During the blackestwinter months,the male mindsthe single eggs laid by thefemale and then shelters thenewly hatched chick. To warmththe eggs and chicks, the malepenguins keephem on their feet.Meanwhile the female hunts forfood in the sea.

Penguins dive into the water to catch their food,surfacing to take a breathe. They eat fish,

shrimp, squard and krill. Penguins live,travel, and hunt in groups.

The smallest penguins are little blues whichstand 14 inches (35 centimeter) high.

The rock hopper penguins have long yellowor orange feather above their eyes. They

often nest on cliff tops, using pebbles orgrass. They reach their colony by hopping from

rock to rock, as their name suggest.

Emperor penguins. The largest penguin.Source: www.cornellcollege.edu

The male penguin minds the egg.Source: www.parklandpublishing.com

The rock penguin.Source:

www.ianhedges.com

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InsectsInsectsInsectsInsectsInsectsInsect is a small animal with a body divided into three parts. Insect

has six legs and pair of wings but it does not have a backbone.

Insects live all over the world from deserts tosteaming rainforests and icy lakes becausethey have no backbone, they are protected bya hard, outer skeleton or shell. Many insectshave two pairs of wings, but flies have just onepair.

Insect has three basic body parts which are ahead, a thorac and an abdomen. The legs andwings are attached to the thorac, and theantennae to the head

The common insect is wasps, the flyinginsect with a thin, black and yellow stripedbody and a narrow waist. There arethousand kind of wasps. They have stingsto capture and stung other insects or todefend themselves. Some swaps live in

group, but mostly they live alone. Thehoney bees live in group. Their nest, called

beehive may contain 60.000 worker bees.

The wasp.Source: www.envocare.co.uk

Horned beetle.Source:www.wherelightmeetsdark.com

The anatomy of insect.Source: www.kaweahoaks.com

The example of insect is beetles.Beetles live everywhere on earth.

Some live in the water and many canfly. The horned beetle is found in

Kalimantan, Indonesia. Ladybugs area kind of beetle. They eat tiny

insects, aphids which they find onplants. They have the hard outer

wings which protect their flying wing.The wings lie underneath.

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Birds of PreyBirds of PreyBirds of PreyBirds of PreyBirds of PreyBirds of Prey are birds that hunt for foodprimarily have the wing, using their keen

senses, especially vision. Mostly, thefemales are larger than the males.

The eagles, hawks, owls and falcons havehooked beaks and strong, sharp talons, they are

fast flyers, and have excelent long distanceeyesight. They can see their prey from a long

distance.

Eagle is part of the hawk family. It has sharpeyesight and feeds on

small animals,birds and fish.

The baldeagle gets its name from its whitehead feathers. They live along thecoasts, rivers and lakes in North

America.

The world’s biggest bird of prey is thecondor of the Andes mountains in South

America. It weighs up to 22 pound(10 kg). It also has huge wings. Thewingspan is about 10 feet (3 m)and it can fly at up to 23.000 feet(7.000 m).

The peregrine falcon is the world’s fastest bird.It can travel over 200 mph (320 km/h).

Usually they eat other birds, especially pigeons.

The peregrine falcon.Source:

www.anatum hawkquest.org

The condor ofthe andes.

Source:www.riomansolodge.

com

The bald eagle.

www.filedudes.comBird of prey.Source:www.img.allposters.com

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RedwoodRedwoodRedwoodRedwoodRedwoodRedwood is one of the tallest and longest living trees in the world.

It is an evergreen conifer and grows onthe western coast of North America.

The massive sequora trees inCalifornia are evergreen conifers.Some are thousands of years old. Thelargest is nearly 275 feet (84 meter)tall, with a diameter of 36 feet(11 meter).

The Bristlecone pines are not only thelargest living tree on earth, but alsothe longest living one. It lives in theSouthwest of United States. One treeis thought to be about 4.900 years old.

Bristlecone pines.Source:www.img.groundspeak.com

PLPLPLPLPLANTSANTSANTSANTSANTS

Redwood confirmed as world’s tallesttree, it measures 378.1 feet.Source:www.farm4.static.flickr.com

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CactusCactusCactusCactusCactusA thick, fleshy plant that is covered in

sharp spikes instead of leaves.

It grows in deserts. Most cactusesproduce bright flowers and fruits that youcan eat. Cactuses are specially adaptedto the dry desert climates in which theygrow. They store water in their fleshystems and their roots spread out widejust the surface of the ground to catchevery drop of available water. Cactusescome in many shapes and sizes, some ofthem like the giant saguaro eventually

growis to enormous proportions.

Saguaro giant cactus.Source:

www.images.google.co.id.

MossesMossesMossesMossesMossesMosses are small plants with very tiny leaves.

The different growth forms help to distinguish onemoss from another. There are about 25.000 species

of moss, which are together known as theBryophytes. They are small, flowerless, low-growing

plants that reproduce by means of spores.Bryophytes have a distinctly two-stage life-cycle.

There are three groups of mosses: the true mosses,the small group of mountain mosses, and the

sphagnum mosses. Mosses are most abundant indamp habitats, but they flourish everywhere exceptin the sea or in deserts. They can absorb moisture

and dissolved minerals all over their surface.

Mountain moss.Source:www.farm4.static.flickr.com

Sphagnum moss.Source: www.helsinki.fi.com

True moss.Source: www.calflora.net

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Spruce TreeSpruce TreeSpruce TreeSpruce TreeSpruce TreeAn evergreen fir tree with long

cones and shortangular needlelike leavesattached in singly twigs.

It belongs to the genus Picea,of the pine family. Spruce

grows in the Northernthemisphere and its wood isused to make paper. Spruce

tree grows all the year aroundin Germany’s black forest.

Plants in Arctic RegionPlants in Arctic RegionPlants in Arctic RegionPlants in Arctic RegionPlants in Arctic RegionIt is real sruggle for plants to survivein such extreme climates.

There are only two species offlowering plant in Antarctica,although the more maritime climate ofthe Arctic encourages more plantspecies. All tend to be low-growing asthis gives then shelter from the strongwinds. Mosses and linchens are thehardiest plants in polar regions.

Purple SaxifragePurple SaxifragePurple SaxifragePurple SaxifragePurple SaxifrageThis creeping plant is

generally found shelteringamong rocks in the Arctic. Its

beautiful purple flowers bloomalmost as soon as the snow

has melted, to make the mostof the short spring and

summer. They add a splash ofcolour to an often drab

landscape.Purple saxifrage.Source: www.geo.ucalgary.ca.com

Polar regions.Source: www.sugarmtnfarm.com

Spruce tree.Source: www.worldisround.com

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Arctic WillowArctic WillowArctic WillowArctic WillowArctic WillowThis is a low-growing shrub thatgrows in tundra swamps and wetground. It sends out long woodystems along the ground. In thenorthern spring, it has smallcatkins that appear out of scalewith the rest of the plant. Arcticwillow and its close relative Alaskawillow are favourite foods ofmoose.

HairgrassHairgrassHairgrassHairgrassHairgrassHairgrass and Antarcticpearlwort are the only twoflowering plants found in theAntarctic. Hairgrass grows inlow mats and is found only inthose areas near the coastfrom which the snow recedesin spring and where thetemperature is sufficientlyhigh.

LichensLichensLichensLichensLichensMany species of lichens grow in both the

north and south polar regions, wherethey can thrive in the unpolluted air.

Often colourful, theygenerally occur as encrustations on the

rocks. They may be fertilized bydroppings from nesting birds.

Hairgrass.Source:www.silverplains.ca.com

Lichens.Source: www.1280 ozarkmountainimages.com

Arctic willow.Source: www.silverplains.ca.com

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EdelweissEdelweissEdelweissEdelweissEdelweissEdelweiss (Leontopodium alpinum), is one

of the best-known European mountainflowers, belonging to the sunflower family

(Asteraceae). The name comes fromGerman edel (meaning noble) and weiss

(meaning white).

Leaves and flowers are covered with white hairsand appear woolly (tomentose). Flowering stalks of

Edelweiss can grow to a size of 3–20 cm. Eachbloom consisting of five to six small yellow flowerheads (5 mm) surrounded by leaflets in star form.The flowers are blooming between July andSeptember.

The plant is unequally distributed and prefers rocky limestone places at2000–2900 m altitude. It is not toxic, and has been used traditionally infolk medicine as a remedy against abdominal and respiratory diseases.

The dense hair appears to be an adaptation to high altitudes, protectingthe plant from cold, aridity and UV radiation. Since it usually grows in

inaccessible places, it is associated in many countries ofthe alpine region with mountaineering. Its white

colour is considered a symbol of purity, and holdsa Latin as well as Romanian name, floareareginei (Queen's flower). Edelweiss isa protected plant in many countries.

Edelweiss lives in rocky limestone.Source: www.people.uleth.ca.com

Another kind of edelweiss.Source: www.whirledview.typepad.com

Inaccessible places.Source:

www.people.uleth.ca.com

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Black OrchidBlack OrchidBlack OrchidBlack OrchidBlack OrchidThe orchid black has labellum withgreen hairy strip, it smell fragrant.

Black orchid (coelogyne pandurata)is a orchid species that only lives in

Kalimantan island. It attaches toother tree in tropical forest.

There are almost 20.000 types oforchid. Their seeds are so light that

they can be blown over 600 miles(1.000 km) by the wind.

Black orchid.Source:www.ienglish.cri.cn.com

Cherry BlossomCherry BlossomCherry BlossomCherry BlossomCherry BlossomA cherry blossom is the name for theflower of cherry trees known as Sakurain Japanese. In English, the word“sakura” is equivalent to the Japaneseflowering cherry. Cherry fruit (known inJapanese as sakuranbo) comes fromanother species of tree.

The most popular variety of sakura inJapan is the Somei Yoshino. Its flowers are nearly pure white, tinged withthe palest pink, especially near the stem. They bloom and usually fallwithin a week, before the leaves come out. Therefore, the trees looknearly white from top to bottom.

Winter sakura begins to bloom in the fall and continues bloomingsporadically throughout the winter. Other categories include yamazakura,yaezakura, and shidarezakura. The yaezakura has large flowers, thick withrich pink petals. The shidarezakura, orweeping cherry, has branches that fall likethose of a weeping willow, bearing cascadesof pink flowers.

Blooming of sakura in the fall.Source: www.rexze.files.wordpress.com

Somei Yoshino.Source: www.english.cri.cn.com

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Maglev TrainMaglev TrainMaglev TrainMaglev TrainMaglev TrainMaglev stands for magnetic levitation.A maglev train floats on a magneticfield and is driven by the effect ofmagnets. It has no wheels and travelsalong a guideway instead of on rails.Maglevs may will be the trains of thefuture.

Steam EngineSteam EngineSteam EngineSteam EngineSteam EngineThe steam engine named the rocket, won

a railway competition in 1829. It used coalto heat water and make steam. Then its

boiler drove two big cylinders, whichturned the front wheels. For the next 125

years, most trains worked in the someway of the rocket.

Maglev train.Source:www.chinatrainee.com

GLGLGLGLGLOBAL TECHNOLOBAL TECHNOLOBAL TECHNOLOBAL TECHNOLOBAL TECHNOLOGYOGYOGYOGYOGY

The rocket steam engine.Source:www.toysteambible.org

LightLightLightLightLightLight is a form energy calledelectromagnetic radiation, which moves invisiblewaves. The most important source of light is theSun. Nowdays, light can also be producedartificially using electricity or fire. Any object orsubstance that emits light is called a light source.

The variety of lamps.Source:www.mycutecow.org

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TelevisionTelevisionTelevisionTelevisionTelevisionA system for sending pictures andsound by electronic signals over

long distance. The signals arepicked up by the receiring set of

viewers. The signal is sent bytransmitters, satelite,

or underground cable. Televisionis one of the most singificant

inventions of the 20th century.

Television was first developedin th 1920. Early TV is verysimple, the screen was tiny

and the picture was blackand white.

Today new advances intelevision technology, including

digital and broadband acces,the screen is wide, the picture

is colorfull.

The TV screen is just one part of thepicture tube, behind the screen, an electron gun fires

three beams of electron (parts of atoms) at the screen.These beams correspond to the three colours usedin television, red, blue, and green mixed together,they produce full colour images.

Vladimir Zworykin is the russion scientistwho did most of his work in the USA.In 1923, he patented the iconoscope

television camera tube, the device thatmade electronic televisionpossible.

Vladimir Zworykin.Source:www.techcn.com

An old television.Source:www.englishrussia.com

Modern television.Source:www.newbreedlibrarian.org

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TelephonesTelephonesTelephonesTelephonesTelephonesTelephone is a sistem for speaking to someone

else over a long distance, by sending sound bywire or radio wave.

A telephone has a part for speaking into andpart for listening. It is a device that transform aperson’s voice into on electrical signal made upof varying electric curent.

Long time ago two telephonesare linked via the telephonenetwork, the sounds of speaker’svoice are picked by microphonesin the handsets. Loud speakersreproduce and amplify thesesound, so that each caller canhear what theother is saying.

Now days, atelephone can bebrought

everywhere. It is called mobile phone. Mobile phones arenot physically connected to the telephone network. Theysend and receive calls as rado wave signal. The technologyof mobile phone is very involving. Now we can also sendtext messages, email and viceo images from mobile phone.

Alexander Graham BellAlexander Graham BellAlexander Graham BellAlexander Graham BellAlexander Graham BellIn 1875, The Scottist born inventor AlexanderGraham Bell (1847-1922) made the firstsuccesful transmission of the human voicealong an electrical wire. The first call he madewere to his collegue Thomast Watson. Thetelephone is patented in 1876.

The first telephone of Graham Bell.Sumber:www.images.encarta.msn.com

Alexander Graham Bell, the invertor oftelephone.Source:www.bosgentongs.files.wordpress.com

Mobile phone.Source:www.chalika.files.wordpress#31C.com

Telephone use in home.Source:www.carrollcommunicatio#8B2.com

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The network of internet.Source: www.img.alibaba.com

InternetInternetInternetInternetInternetInternet is a worldwide communicationsystem created by connecting network ofcomputer to each other. Computer userscan connect to the internet using a mo-dem and search the system with browser.One way to communicate using computerand internet is e-mail.

E-mailE-mailE-mailE-mailE-mailE-mail stands for electronic

mail. A way of sendingmessages between users all

over world. You write aletter on your computer: then

send it down a telephone line tosomeone else’s computer

instantly. It makes sending mailusing e-mail faster than usingordinary post. Mail is sent and

received through a largecomputer called a server.

An e-mail. The easier way to send informationor mail.Source:www.helpdesk.ugent.be.com

ComputerComputerComputerComputerComputerComputer is an electronic machine that canrecall large amounts of information in wordsand pictures. Computer can be used towrite letter, store lots of information, docomplicated math, or design. Computer

make life easier. The program on computer isvarious and at the time we can communicatewith all people around the word using internet.

A set of computer.Source:www.img.alibaba.com

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TelescopesTelescopesTelescopesTelescopesTelescopesTelescope is a shape instrument with powerful lenses that make

distant things appear nearer and larger. Very powerfull telescopesare used to study the stars, planets, and other distant object

in space.

There are two types of telescope.A refracting telescope forms animage by bending, or refracting,light toys using lenses.The example is binoculars, thepair of binoculars consist of twocompact refracting telescopesjoined together. Each telescopeuses two prisms to reflect lightrays from the objective lens to

the eyepiece lens. The image is focused byadjusting the position of the eyepiece lenses.

A reflecting telescope bounces,or reflects, light ray of mirrors so thatthey form an image. Keck telescope

is the largest optical telescope onMauna Kea volcano in Hawai.

Galileo Galilei is the first scientistwho used a telescope to

systematically study the night sky. Hemade many important discoveries about

the planet and stars.

There also radio telescope which use todetect radio waves emitted by stars,galaxies, nebulae, and otherastronomical objects. It uses a largedish to focus the waves on to an aerial.The aerial changes the waves intoelectrical singnals, from which acomputer generates an image of theobject.

Part of binocular.Source:www.img.alibaba.com

Keck telescope.Source:www.nasa.gov

Arecibo radio telescope,Puerto Rico.Source:www.wired.com

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MicroscopesMicroscopesMicroscopesMicroscopesMicroscopesMicrocope is a device with one or more lenses that when lookedthrought will produce a greatly enlarged imaged of an object.

It is used for looking at things that are too small to be seen withthe unaided eyes.

The simple microscope uses one less, capableof magnifications of between 70-250times. Simple microscope of Antoni VanLeevwenhoek’s consisted of a singleconvex lens held between two metalplates. The eye had to be placed close tothe lensa to see the object placed on apin. Different lenses produced differentmagnification.

The compound microscope usestwo lenses (on objective lens andan eye piece). It was the use ofthe compound lens that led to thediscovery of cells.

How it works? The lens closest tothe object (objective lens) createsa magnified image inside themicroscope. The largest eyepiecelens uses this image as its objectand acts as a simple microscope,it was the use of the compoundlens that led to the discoveryof cells.

Lens

Pin forholdingspecimen

Screw forfocusing

Antoni Leevwenhoek’s microscope.Source:www.kalipedia.com

Robert Hooke.English Scientist Robert Hooke (1635-1703) wasresponsible for improving the early compoundmicroscope, and also introduced the term “cell”.

The part of compound microscope.Source:www.kalipedia.com

Robert Hooke.Source:www.tuition.com

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The human body is made of manydifferent part. These part all work

together to make us a whole person,helping us to live and keeping us healthy. The

watcher of all the parts is brain,our control center.

HUMAN BODYHUMAN BODYHUMAN BODYHUMAN BODYHUMAN BODY

Rails of The BodyRails of The BodyRails of The BodyRails of The BodyRails of The BodyThe largest part of the body is torso, or trunk. Thefour limbs are joined to the torso. The hands at the

ends of our arm help to touch and hold. The feethelp us to stand and walk. The head is on top of the

neck. The brain is inside the head.

OrgansOrgansOrgansOrgansOrgansof The Bodyof The Bodyof The Bodyof The Bodyof The BodyInside our body, thereare many organs, that do

special jobs for the rest of the body. Organs work together to make updifferent body system. Our brain, heart, lung, liver, and intestine havetheir own function, but they work together in good system.

Organ’s anatomy.Source: www.web.ipb.ac.id

Part of body.Source: Publisher collection

Two third of the body’sweight is caused of water.It also contains carbon,calcium, iron, nitrogen.

Arm

Head

Leg

Torso

Hand

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MusclesMusclesMusclesMusclesMusclesThe movements are made by

the muscles. They work bybecoming shorter and polling

the bones towhich they are attached.

The human body has about620 muscles that

use for movement.

When our heart beat, breatheand digest food, the muscles

work automatically.The largest muscle is thegluteus maximum in the

buttock, meanwhile the strongest muscle is the muscleon each side of the mouth, used to bite.

The part of skeleton.Source:www.bit.lipi.go.id

Part of muscles.Source:www.sites.google.com

SkeletonSkeletonSkeletonSkeletonSkeletonIt is the framework of bones, whichprovide a firm surface for muscle toattach to, helping us to move.

When the baby are born. It has 270small, soft bones. As a child grows tobe adult, some of the bones join until itis only 206 bones left.

The skeleton protects our body’sorgans. The brain is protected by the

skull, the heart and lungs are protected bythe rib cage. The femur or thigh bone, is the

largest bone in the body.

At the center of bones is soft marrow. It isinside the toughest part, named compactbone which is lined with spongy bone.

A bone’s outer layer is called the periosteum.

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The HeartThe HeartThe HeartThe HeartThe Heartand Blood Circulationand Blood Circulationand Blood Circulationand Blood Circulationand Blood Circulation

Heart job is to pump blood allaround the body.

An adult body contains about 10points (5 liter) of blood, therefore

everyday an adult’s heart pumpover 14.000 pints (7.000 liter) of

blood around the body.

The blood carries oxygen from theair we breathe and goodness from

the food we eat. The heart ispear-shaped and is about as big as

your clenched fish. It lies in yourchest, behind your ribs.

The right side of the heart pump blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen. Theleft side pumps the blood around the body.

The anatomy of heart.Source:www.dr-dan.com

BreathingBreathingBreathingBreathingBreathingWhen we breathe, we take in aircontaining O2 (oxygen). O2 isvery important to make thebody work. The air we breathe

in passing into our two lungs.The lungs is protected by therib cage.

They take oxygen from theair and pass it into ourbloodstream. Then our

blood takes oxygen aroundthe body.

Adult breathe between 12 and20 times a minutemeanwhile children breathefaster.

Respiratory system.Source:www.infoasma.org

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SoundsSoundsSoundsSoundsSoundsSounds are made by things

vibrating, and the voicecomes from vibrating vocal

cords.

These cords are soft flaps in thelarynx, or voice box. They lie

across the windpipe behind theadam’s apple at the front of

your throat.

The lips and tongue arecontrolled by hundreds of tiny

muscles which are very flexible.So they can form words fromthe sounds made by the vocal cords. The different voices are caused by

the different sizes of the throat, nose, and mouth.

Central Nervous SystemCentral Nervous SystemCentral Nervous SystemCentral Nervous SystemCentral Nervous SystemA network of nerves runs through out whole body. They carry instructionsfrom the brain, as well as message from your sense organs back to the

brain. The nerves branch offfrom the spiral cord, connectedto the brain. Together they makeup the body’s central nervoussystem. The brain is the body’scontrol center. It tells the rest ofthe body what to do.

The brain uses about a fifth ofthe oxygen we breathe, as wellas a fifth of the energy in thefood we eat. With this the brainproduces electricity. Our brainhelps us to see, to hear, to

judge, to think and to do something. The left half of the brain controls theright side of the body, while the right half controls the left side.

Part of sound system.Source: www.i150.photobucket.com

Part of brain.Source: www.hil4ry.files.wordpress.com

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SleepSleepSleepSleepSleepSleeping takes a lot of ourtime. Most people spend

about a third of their livesasleep.

We grow when we sleep.Therefore babies need at least18 hours of sleep everyday.Children sleep for about 12 hoursat night.

Adults sleep for six and ninehours a night, meanwhile old people need very little sleep. Sleep is veryimportant to give our body time to rest and mend itself.

A children is sleeping.Source:Publisher collection

Part of tongueto taste things.Source:www.wap.budzan.eu.com

Smell and TasteSmell and TasteSmell and TasteSmell and TasteSmell and TasteSmell and taste are important senses. Our sense of smell is muchstronger than our sense of taste. When we taste food, we rely on

its smell and texture to give us information about it as well.

We use our noses for smelling things.The nose then sends messages through

a nerve to the brain, which recognizesthe smell. The top of the nose are

cells that are sensitive to scentparticles. Most people can identifyabout 3.000 different smells. But

as we grow older, our sense ofsmell gets weaker.

The tongue also sends nervesignals to the brain about tastes.Actually, nose and tongue worktogether to identify things. Ourtongue has about 10.000 taste

buds, which pick up the four basictastes and pass the

information on.

bitter

sour

salty

sweet

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EarsEarsEarsEarsEarsEars have two parts. The outside part is called the outer ear, which shapedto collect sounds as they travel through the air. And the other part is theinner ear, which consist of many parts with special function. All sound are

made by things vibrating. Sound waves make the eardrums and otherparts vibrate. Information on vibrations then sent to the brain, which let

us hear the sounds.

How do we hear the sounds? Sounds pass into the ear and a tiny bone,called hammer, is connected to the eardrum. The eardrum vibrates thehammer. The hammer then moves the anvil, which in turn moves

the stirrup bone. The bones shake a spiral tube, called thecochlea, which moves tiny hairs thatsend signals to the brain. Then we

hear the sounds.

Sounds travel well through liquids,so it is easy to hear when you areunderwater. That’s way whales andother sea creatures make sounds to

communicate with each other.

The inner ear isvery important

to keep ourbalance. Three

canal next tocochlea, help us

keep our balance.They let the brain

know whatmovements thebody is making.

Source:www.uptodate.com

Hammer.Source:www.images.learningresources.com

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Our planet’s name is planet earth. There arehigh mountains, hot deserts, huge oceans,

freezing cold areas, and also continents. Earth iswrapped by Air, which allow us to breathe and live.

The earth has moon, which is about 240.000 miles(386.000 km) away from Earth.

From the space, Earth looks like a mainly blue and white planet becausemost of its surface covers with water. The white patterns are clouds, andthe brown and green areas are land. Earth has a diameter of about 7.900mile (12.700 km), four times bigger than the Moon.

The earth has 5 huge oceans; Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern , oceanaround Antarctica and Arctic Ocean. The oceans carry up 97 percent of allthe earth’s water.

PPPPPART OF OUR PLART OF OUR PLART OF OUR PLART OF OUR PLART OF OUR PLANEANEANEANEANETTTTT

Pacific OceanPacific OceanPacific OceanPacific OceanPacific OceanPacific is the

world’s largestocean. It covers

on-third of theearth surface. It

stretches from theArctic in the northto the Antartic in

the south, and fromthe Americas to

Australia and Asia.

Map of Pacific Ocean.Source:

www.pacifican.com

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Atlantic OceanAtlantic OceanAtlantic OceanAtlantic OceanAtlantic OceanThe atlantic ocean is the

second-largest of theworld's ocean.

With a total area of about106.4 million square

kilometres (41.1 millionsquare miles), it covers

approximately one-fifth of theearth's surface and about

one-quarter of its watersurface area.

The first part of its namerefers to the atlas of greek

mythology, making theatlantic the "sea of atlas".

The Atlantic Ocean occupiesan S-shaped basin extending

longitudinallybetween the Americas to thewest, and Eurasia and Africa

to the east.

It is also the deepest ocean anddrops to 11.033 meter (36,197 ft)in the Mariana Trench. Pacificmeans peaceful, yet it has manystrong currents that affects climate

and weather.

FactArea : 165.241.000 sq km (63.800.000 sq miles).Average depth : 4.200 m (13.800 ft).Greatest depth : 11.033 m (36.197 ft)

Number of island : 20000 - 30000.Highest mountain : Mauna Kea, Hawai 10.205 m (27.605 ft) of which overhalf is below the ocean’s surface.

Mariana trench, the deepestpoint in the Pacific Ocean.Source:www.ilike2learn.com

Map Atlantic Ocean.Source:www.intute.ac.uk

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As one component of theinterconnected global ocean,it is connected in the northto the Arctic Ocean, to thePacific Ocean in thesouthwest, the Indian Oceanin the southeast, and theSouthern Ocean in thesouth. The equatorsubdivides it into the NorthAtlantic Ocean and SouthAtlantic Ocean.

The Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America.

In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean. The 20° Eastmeridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines itsborder.

In the southwest, the Drake Passage connects it to the Pacific Ocean. Theman-made Panama Canal links the Atlantic and Pacific.

Fact area : 106.400.000 sq km (41.100.000 sq miles).Average depth : 3.339 m (10.950 ft).Greatest depth : 8.605 m (28.230 ft) in Poerto Rico trench.

Poerto Rico trench, the deepest point of Atlantic Ocean.Source: www.intute.ac.uk

Panama canal.Source:www.virginiawestern.edu

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Indian OceanIndian OceanIndian OceanIndian OceanIndian OceanThe Indian Ocean is the

world’s third largest ocean.

It is bounded by Africa to thewest. Australia and Indonesia to

the east and Asia to the north.In the south, it emerges with the

Southern Ocean that extendsright around the globe.

Unlike the Atlantic and Pacific.It has no natural outlet to the

north. Although the suez canal atthe northern tip of the red sea

links it with theMediteranean sea.

The currents of the Indian Oceanchange direction spectacularly

according to the monsoon windsbetween February and March, a

strong current flows south west along the coast of Sumatra, changingdirection completely between August and September.

In the Bay of Bagal, the current flows clockwise in February.

FactArea :73.426.000 sg km(28.350.000 sg miles).Average depth :3.890 m (12.762 ft).Greatest depth :7.450 m (24.441 ft) in javatrench.Number of island :5.000Smallest country Singapore.

Map of Indian Ocean.Source:www.positivity.files.wordpress.com

Java trench, the deepest point of Indian Ocean.Source:www.whoi.edu

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The Southern OceanThe Southern OceanThe Southern OceanThe Southern OceanThe Southern OceanThe Southern Ocean also known asthe Great Southern Ocean, theAntarctic Ocean and the South PolarOcean, comprises the southern mostwaters of the World Ocean. It isusually regarded as the fourth-largestof the five principal ocean.

This ocean zone is cold, northward flowingwaters from the Antarctic mix with warmersub-Antarctic waters. Australian authoritiesregard the Southern Ocean as lyingimmediately south of Australia.The Southern Ocean includes the AntarcticCircumpolar Current (which circulates

around Antarctica). Its total area comprises 20,327,000 square kilometers(7,848,000 mi²).

The Southern Ocean lies in theSouthern Hemisphere. It has typicaldepths of between 4,000 and 5,000meters (13,000 to 16,000 ft) overmost of its extent with only limitedareas of shallow water.

The Antarctic continental shelfappears generally narrow andunusually deep, its edge lying atdepths up to 800 meters (2,600 ft),compared to a global mean of 133meters (436 ft).

The Southern Ocean's greatest depth of 7,235 meters (23,737 ft) occursat the southern end of the South Sandwich Trench.In many respects, the Southern Ocean forms the opposite of the ArcticOcean, located on the opposite end of the globe.

Map of Southern or Antarctic Ocean.Source: www.utexas.edu

Fact area : 20,327,000 sq km (7,848,000 sq miles).Average depth : 4.000 and 5.000 m (13.000 to 16.000 ft).The narrow depth : 800 m (2.600 ft)The greatest depth : 7.235 meters (23,737 ft)

Map of continental shelf.Source:www.risingpowers.foreignpolicyblogs.com

4545454545

The Arctic Ocean is divided into twobasins, the Eurasian Basin, and the NorthAmerican Basin, by the Lomonosov Ridge.

There are also submarine ridgesbetween the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans.

The main current in the Arctic Ocean isthe East Greenland current. This current is strong due to the number ofrivers that flow into the Arctic Sea, the low rate of evaporation, and theland and submarine ridges surrounding the ocean. Two other weekscurrents flow out of the Arctic Ocean, the Labrador current which runsthrough Smith Sound and Baffin Bay, and one that runs out of the BeringStraight.

The central part of the ocean ispermanently covered in about tenfeet of ice. Pressure ridges in the icecan sometimes reach three timesthat height. In the summer months,the icepack is surrounded by waterand free-floating. During the winter,the icepack expands to nearly twiceits summer area, reaching the landon all sides.

Arctic OceanArctic OceanArctic OceanArctic OceanArctic OceanThe Arctic is the smallest and

shallowest of the world’s five majorocean. It is located in the Northem

Hemisphere and mostly in the Arcticnorth polar area. Almost completely

surrounded by Eurasia and NorthAmerica, the Arctic Ocean is partly

covered by sea ice throughoutthe year.

Fact area : 14.090.000 sq kmAverage depth : 3.658 m (3.410 ft).Deepest point : 4.665 m at Fram

BasinFram basin.Source:www.nsidc.org

Map of Artic Ocean.Source:www.intute.ac.uk

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ContinentsContinentsContinentsContinentsContinentsThe people of the worlds live of six different continents. Only

scientists who live and work on the seventh continent of Antartica.The continent are Asia, Africa, North America, South America,

Europe, Antarctica and Australia.

AsiaAsiaAsiaAsiaAsiaAsia is the largestcontinent in the worldin both, area andpopulation.

Asia consists of 47countries, four dependentcountries and sevenunrecognized regions.

Asia is broadly dividedinto six sub regionsnamely: Central Asia,Eastern Asia, NorthernAsia, Southeastern Asia,Southern Asia andWestern Asia.

Located in the Easternand Northernhemisphere, Asia coversmore than 8% of the totalsurface of the earth; it isalso the most populouscontinent of the world,with a population of about4 billion.

This makes Asia home tomore than 50% population of the world. Some of the major countries areChina, Japan, India, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Malaysia, Maldives,Sri Lanka, Afghanistan, Pakistan and others.

Map of Asia.Source:www.discover3e.com

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Area, 49 700 000 km2 (19 189 277 mi2)it covers about 60 percent of Earth's total

land area.Population, almost 4 billion humaninhabitants, about 60 percent of the

world's population. Seven out of ten ofthe most populated countries are in Asia.

Population density,89.07/sq km (2008 Estimate).

Number of countries, 47.

Time Zones, UTC+2 toUTC+12.Highest Point,Chomolungma, MountEverest. 8848 m (29 028 ft)Nepal.Largest Lake, Caspian Sea(salt lake) 371 000 km2 (143250 mi2).

Lake Baikal,31 500 km2 in Siberia is the world's largest freshwater lake by volume.

Longest River, Yangtze, China, 6380 km (3 964 mi).Largest Country, Russia (13,119,300 sq. km.)

Smallest Country, Maldives (300 sq. km.)Lowest Point,Dead Sea

(Depth: -396.8 mt).Languages of Asia,

Arabic, Chinese,Hindi, Japanese,Korean, Malay,Russian, Thai,

Turkic, Vietnamese.

Lake Baikal is the world’s largestfreshwater lake by volume.

Source:www.nessie.co.uk

Yangtze river, the longest river in Asia.Source: www.chinaimpression.com

Maldives, the smallest country in Asia.Source: www.travelzip.co.uk

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AfricaAfricaAfricaAfricaAfricaAfrica is the world's

second-largest and secondmost-populous continent,

after Asia.

At about 30.2 million km² (11.7million sq mi) including adjacentislands, it covers 6% of theEarth's total surface area and20.4% of the total land area.

With a billion people in 61territories, it accounts for about14.72% of the world's humanpopulation.

The continent is surrounded bythe Mediterranean Sea to thenorth, both the Suez Canal andthe Red Sea along the Sinai

Peninsula to the northeast, the Indian Ocean to the southeast, and theAtlantic Ocean to the west. It also includes the disputed territory ofWestern Sahara, there are 53 countries, including Madagascar and variousisland groups,associated with thecontinent.

Africa's largestcountry is Sudan, andits smallest country is

the Seychelles, anarchipelago off the

east coast. Thesmallest nation on the

continental mainlandis The Gambia.

Poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition and inadequate water supply andsanitation, as well as poor health, affect a large proportion of the people

who reside in the African continent.

Life in the village of Africa.Source: www.128 chimalamission.com

Map of Africa.Source: www.globalpropertyexpert.com

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North AmericaNorth AmericaNorth AmericaNorth AmericaNorth AmericaIt is the third-largest continent in area,

following Asia and Africa, and thefourth in population after Asia, Africa,

and Europe.

North America is the northerncontinent of the Americas,situated in theEarth's northern hemisphere and in the

western hemisphere. It isbordered on the north by the Arctic Ocean,

on the east by the NorthAtlantic Ocean, on the southeast by theCaribbean Sea, and on the west by the

North Pacific Ocean. North America coversan area of about 24,709,000 square

kilometers (9,540,000 square miles), about4.8% of the planet's surface or about 16.5% of its land area. As of July

2008, its population was estimated at nearly 529 million people.

North America connected toSouth America at the Isthmusof Panama. The continent isdelimited on the southeast bythe Darién watershed. Itssouthern limit is the Isthmus ofTehuantepec, Mexico. Theislands of the West Indiesdelineate a submerged formerland bridge, which hadconnected North America andSouth America.

The continental coastline is long and irregular. The Gulf of Mexico is thelargest body of water indenting the continent, followed by Hudson Bay.Others include the Gulf of Saint Lawrence andthe Gulf of California.

Population density, 22.9/km2 (59.3/sq mi)Languages English, Spanish, French, andmany othersTime Zones, UTC-10 to UTC

New York city, one of city in north America.Source: www.iaes.org

Map of North America.Source: www.bener mapsof.net

The Gulf of California.Source: www.themesunlimited.com

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South AmericaSouth AmericaSouth AmericaSouth AmericaSouth AmericaSouth America ranks fourth in area and

fifth in population.

South America has an area of 17,840,000square kilometers (6,890,000 sq mi), oralmost 3.5% of the Earth's surface. As of2005, its population was estimated at morethan 371,090,000.

South America is the southern continent ofAmerica, situated entirely in the WesternHemisphere and mostly in the SouthernHemisphere, with a relatively small portion inthe Northern Hemisphere. It is bordered onthe west by the Pacific Ocean and on thenorth and east by the Atlantic Ocean; North

America and the Caribbean Sea lie to the northwest.

South America is home to the world's highestwaterfall, Angel Falls in Venezuela; the

largest river (by volume), the AmazonRiver; the longest mountain range,the driest place on earth, theAtacama Desert, the largestrainforest, the Amazon Rainforest;

the highest capital city, La Paz, Bolivia,the highest commercially navigable lake

in the world, Lake Titicaca, and excludingresearch stations in Antarctica, the world'ssouthern most permanently inhabitedcommunity, Puerto Toro, Chile.

South America's major mineralresources are gold, silver,copper, iron ore, tin, and

petroleum. It is also one of themost biodiverse continents on

earth.

The hingest waterfall in the world, Angels Fall.Source:

www.farm2.static.flickr.com

Sao Paolo, the biggest countryin South America.

Source:www.lh3.ggpht.com

Map of South America.Source:

www.lmbahrogo.files.wordpress.com

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EuropeEuropeEuropeEuropeEurope

Europe is, one of theworld's seven continents.

It is the world'ssecond-smallest

continent by surface area.

It covers about 10,180,000square kilometres (3,930,000

sq mi) or 2% of the Earth'ssurface and about 6.8% of its

land area. Of Europe'sapproximately 50 states,

Russia is the largest by botharea and population, while

Vatican City is the smallest.

Europe is the third mostpopulous continent after Asiaand Africa, with a population

of 731 million or about 11% ofthe world's population; however, according to the United Nations, Europe's

share may fall to about 7% by 2050.In 1900, Europe's shareof the world's population was 25%.

Europe is borderedby the Arctic Oceanand otherbodies of water tothe north, theAtlantic Ocean tothe west, theMediterranean Seato the south, andthe Black Sea andconnectedwaterways to thesoutheast.

The Black Sea, as the border of Europe in the Southeast.Source: www.finestchef.com

Map of Europe.Source: www.tudorhistory.com

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Area, 10,180,000 km2 (3,930,000 sq mi)Population, 731,000,000Population density, 70/km2 (181/sq mi)Countries, 50Time Zones, UTC to UTC+5

Europe, in particular AncientGreece, is the birthplace ofWestern culture. It played apredominant role in globalaffairs from the 16th centuryonwards, especially after the

beginning of colonialism. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, Europeannations controlled at various times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania,and large portions of Asia.

Europe is generally dividedfrom Asia to its east by thewater divide of the UralMountains, the Ural River, theCaspian Sea, the CaucasusMountains and the Black Seato the southeast.

One of the Ancient Greece building, The Parthenon.Source: www.images.fanpop.com

Ural mountain.Source: www.mountain.ru.com

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AustraliaAustraliaAustraliaAustraliaAustraliaThe Australian continent is

the smallest and lowest,lying human, inhabited

continent on Earth.

Having a total land area of some8,560,000 square kilometres

(3,305,000 sq. mi.). Australiaand adjacent islands areconnected by a shallow

continental shelf covering some2,500,000 square kilometresincluding the Sahul Shelf and

Bass Strait and half of which isless than 50 metres deep.

Mainland Australia showing the continental shelf (light blue) extending tothe islands of New Guinea in the north, and Tasmania in the south Australiais the smallest of the geographic continents, though not of geological

continents. Tasmania, New Guinea and othernearby islands such as the Aru Islands and

Raja Ampat Islands are part of theAustralian continent, also known as

Sahul, since they are part of thesame geological landmass. Theseislands are separated by seas overlying the continental shelf, theArafura Sea and Torres Straitbetween Australia and New Guinea,and Bass Strait between mainland

Australia and Tasmania.

Area, 8,468,300 km2 (3,269,629 sq mi)Population, 31,260,000

Population density, 3.7/km2Country : Australia,

Papua New Guinea, and portions of IndonesiaTime Zones, GMT+10, GMT+9.30, GMT+8Largest cities List of cities in Australia by population,Sydney

The aborigin people.Source:

www.panoramio.com

Map of Australia.Source: www.webarticle.com

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THESE ARETHESE ARETHESE ARETHESE ARETHESE ARETHE MOST THINGSTHE MOST THINGSTHE MOST THINGSTHE MOST THINGSTHE MOST THINGS

The Longest MountainThe Longest MountainThe Longest MountainThe Longest MountainThe Longest MountainRange On LandRange On LandRange On LandRange On LandRange On Land

The longest mountain range onland is the Andes, which stretches

for over 5.500 mile or 8.900 kmalong the west coast of South

America and the Himalayas to thenorth of India. The transantarctic

mountains stretch right across thefrozen continent of Antartica.

The Largest ForestThe Largest ForestThe Largest ForestThe Largest ForestThe Largest ForestThe taiga is the world’s largest forest.It stretches 6.000 miles (10.000 km)

across northern Russia. The taiga isvery cold during long, dark winter and

summer in the forest is shortand cool.

The Highest Peak of The MountainThe Highest Peak of The MountainThe Highest Peak of The MountainThe Highest Peak of The MountainThe Highest Peak of The MountainMount Everest is the highest peak of all.It lies on the border between Nepal andTibet in Himalayas. It is 29.035 ft or8.848 m high. It is also known to thepeople of Tibet as chomolungma or “the

goddess mother of the world”.

Mount everest.Source:www.stanleyinternational.files.wordpress.com

Taiga forest in winter season.Source: www.worldisround.com

Mount Andes.Source:www.media-2.web.britannica.com

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The BiggestThe BiggestThe BiggestThe BiggestThe BiggestTropical RainforestTropical RainforestTropical RainforestTropical RainforestTropical Rainforest

The amazon rainforest is the biggesttropical rainforest in the world. The

rainforest grow on warm, wet lowland,where it rains almost everyday. Thereare million of creatures live in Amazonrainforst as there is plenty of warmth,

water, and food.

The Largest DesertThe Largest DesertThe Largest DesertThe Largest DesertThe Largest DesertSahara desert is thelargest desert in theworld. It is innorthern Africa.Extending from theAtlantic to the Nilevalley. It is about

3.500.000 sq miles(9.065.000 sq km) wide.

The temperature of the Saharadesert often reaches 1200F (490C).

The sahara has many water underground. In some places this water formpools called oases. It has about 90 large oases.

The Coldest ContinentThe Coldest ContinentThe Coldest ContinentThe Coldest ContinentThe Coldest ContinentThe South Pole is on the

frozen land of Antartica, whichis the coldest continent on

Earth. There are icebergs inthe cold sea near the Poles.

The largest iceberg ever seenwas about 200 miles (320 km)

long and 65 miles (100 km)wide. It was in the south

Pacific Ocean.

Iceberg.Source: www.jstravelblog.com

Sahara Desert.Source: www.farm2.static.flickr.com

Amazon rainforest.Source: www.ceh.ac.uk

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The Largest Passenger AirlinerThe Largest Passenger AirlinerThe Largest Passenger AirlinerThe Largest Passenger AirlinerThe Largest Passenger AirlinerFact :First flight 27 April 2005Introduced 25 October 2007 withSingapore AirlinesPrimary users Singapore Airlines,Emirates, Qantas, and Air France,Produced 2004 – present

The Airbus A380 is a double-deck,wide-body, four-engine airlinermanufactured by the European corporationAirbus, a subsidiary of EADS. The largestpassenger airliner in the world, the A380

made its first flight on 27 April 2005 from Toulouse, France, and made itsfirst commercial flight on 25 October 2007 from Singapore to Sydney withSingapore Airlines. The aircraft was known as the Airbus A3XX duringmuch of its development phase, but the nickname Superjumbo has sincebecome associated with it.

The A380's upper deck extends along theentire length of the fuselage, and its width is

equivalent to that of a widebody aircraft.This allows for a cabin with 50% more floor

space than the next-largest airliner, theBoeing 747-400, and provides seating for

525 people in a typical three-classconfiguration or up to 853 people in

all-economy class configurations. Thepostponed freighter version, the A380-800F,

is offered as one of the largest freightaircraft, with a payload capacity exceeded

only by the Antonov An-225. The A380-800has a design range of 15,200 km (8,200miles), sufficient to fly from New York to

Hong Kong for example, and a cruisingspeed of Mach 0.85 (about 900 km/h or 560

mph at cruising altitude).

Airbus A380, the largest aeroplane.Source:www.flightgloba.com

Passanger’s cabin inside the airbus A380.Source: www.rawsocket.org

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The Largest Plane InThe Largest Plane InThe Largest Plane InThe Largest Plane InThe Largest Plane InThe WorldThe WorldThe WorldThe WorldThe World

By the weight, FAI,short for Fédération

AéronautiqueInternationale states

that The "Antonov AN-225"Mriya" is the world'slargest aircraft, built in

Ukraine when it was part of theSoviet Union.

It has payload capacity of 250 tonnes.Unlike any other commercially availableaircraft, the An-225 has the ability to carry external loads of up to 90tonnes mounted on its "roof rack" also.

The An-225 is quoted as having a maximum takeoff weight of over 1.3million pounds (600,000 kg). The FAI gives credit for a slightly lowerweight of 1.12 million pounds (508,200 kg), the record set by an An-225in 1989 for the largest mass ever lifted by an airplane to an altitude of6,500 ft (2,000 m).

The An-225 has six engines, a 32-wheellanding gear system, and does not

have the rear ramp/doorassembly.

The AN-225 is enormous.There is enough cargospace to load 5 tanks,the complete assembledfuselage of a Boeing 737,or 8 double-deckerbuses. It can carry up to1500 people at atime.With a maximumgross weight of 640tonnes, the An-225 isthe world’s heaviestaircraft.

A size comparison between it and two of theworld's other largest aircrafts.Source: www.coppermine.luchtzak.be.com

Antonov AN-225.Source: www.harstasoft.com

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The Grand Canal.Source:

www.bridgeworld.net

The Longest CanalThe Longest CanalThe Longest CanalThe Longest CanalThe Longest CanalThe Grand Canal of China is the longestcanal in the world.

The Grand Canal, 1,764 km (about 1200miles) in length with 24 locks and 60bridges is the longest man-made waterwayas well as being the oldest canal, farsurpassing the next two grand canals ofthe world: the Suez and Panama Canals.

Running from Hangzhou, ZhejiangProvince in the south to Beijing in the northof China and connecting different riversystems, the Grand Canal contributed

greatly to ensure that the Chinese primaryeconomy thrived in past dynasties.

Now more than 2000 years old, some parts ofthe canal are still in use, mainly functioning as a

water-diversion conduit. The building of the canal in486 BC during the Wu Dynasty. It was extendedduring the Qi Dynasty, and later by Emperor Yangdi

of Sui Dynasty, during six years of furious construction from 605-610 AD.

Today, the length of the Grand Canal is approximately 1,200 miles long,running from Hangzhou in the

Zhejian province located in thesouth of China to Beijing,located in the northernportion of the country.

Additionally, the GrandCanal connects a number

of river systems toinclude the Yangtze,

Yellow Huaihe, Quiantang,and Haihe Rivers, and then

at the southern end, flowsthrough Hebei, Tianjin, Beijing,Jiangsu, Shandong, and Zhejiang.

One of the grand canal functions is fortransportation.Source: www.chinatourmap.com

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The Saltiest SeaThe Saltiest SeaThe Saltiest SeaThe Saltiest SeaThe Saltiest SeaThe name 'Dead Sea' is

actually a kinder, translationfrom the Hebrew name 'Yam

ha Maved', which means,'Killer Sea'. It is some of the

saltiest water anywhere in theworld, almost six times as

salty as the ocean!

The Dead Sea is completelylandlocked and it gets saltier

with increasing depth. Thesurface, fed by the River Jordan, is the least saline. Down to about 130feet (40 meters), the seawater comprises about 300 grams of salt per

kilogram of seawater. That's about ten times the salinity of the oceans.Below 300 feet, though, the sea has 332 grams of salt per kilogram of

seawater and is saturated. Salt precipitates out and piles upon the bottom of the sea.

People floats easily in Dead Sea becauseit’s very salty.

Source:www.entechsystems.com

None can live in Dead sea.Source:www.alliance.la.asu.edu.

Dead Sea so salty because allroads lead to the sea when

it comes to the rivers inthe area. The Dead Seais continually fed waterfrom the rivers andstreams coming downoff the mountains thatsurround it. But the

fact is no rivers drainout of the Dead Sea. The

only way water gets out ofthe Sea is through

evaporation. This part of theworld get plenty hot. When the water

evaporates, it leaves behind all the dissolved minerals in the Sea, justmaking it saltier. The fact that the water doesn't escape the Sea just trapsthe salts within its shores. There's nothing living in the Dead Sea becauseit got so salty.

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The Deepest LakeThe Deepest LakeThe Deepest LakeThe Deepest LakeThe Deepest Lakein USAin USAin USAin USAin USA

Crater lake is the deepestlake in the United States

with a maximum depth of1949 feet. It may also haveone of the purest water, in

North America.It was created when MountMazama (12,000 feet high)collapsed 7,700 years agofollowing a large eruption.

The Deepest Lake In NorthThe Deepest Lake In NorthThe Deepest Lake In NorthThe Deepest Lake In NorthThe Deepest Lake In NorthAmericaAmericaAmericaAmericaAmericaGreat Slave Lake is also known as theGrand lac des Esclaves after theSlavey North American Indians,it covers 11,000 sq miles in theNorthwest Territories of Canada andgoes down to 2,015 feet which makesit the deepest lake in North America .

Because of the low temperatures in the area, for abouteight months of the year, the lake

is at least partially frozen,while during winter, the ice

is so thick that trailertrucks can pass through.

There is a legend thatan unidentified big

creature is living in theGreat Slave Lake.

People fishes in the Lake.Source:

www.canadafishingonline.net

The beautiful land scape of the Lake.Source: www.geo.ucalgary.ca.com

Crater Lake.Source:www.firmanbudi.files.wordpress.com

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The Deepest Lake InThe Deepest Lake InThe Deepest Lake InThe Deepest Lake InThe Deepest Lake InAmericasAmericasAmericasAmericasAmericasLocated in Patagonia, betweenthe Aysén Region and theSanta Cruz Province. The lakeis called O'Higgins in Chile andSan Martin in Argentina. It isthe deepest lake in theAmericas, with a maximumdepth of 2,742 feet. The lake is

very irregular consisting of eight well-defined arms with milky light-bluewater coming from the suspended rock flour.

The lake is named after South American heroes José de San Martín ofArgentina and Bernardo O'Higgins of Chili , who fought together for theliberation of Chili Chile.

The Freshest Water and Largest and Lake In The WorldThe Freshest Water and Largest and Lake In The WorldThe Freshest Water and Largest and Lake In The WorldThe Freshest Water and Largest and Lake In The WorldThe Freshest Water and Largest and Lake In The WorldOut of the 140 sub-glacial lakes on earth, Vostok is the largest and thedeepest, with a maximum depth of 2,950 feet . Beneath's Vostok Station,13,000 feet under the surface of the central Antarctic ice sheet, may be itis the most unspoiled lake on Earth.

British and Russian scientists discovered it in 1996.

The average watertemperature is -3 °C and the

reason why it is still liquidbelow freezing is the high

pressure from the weight ofthe ice above it.

Scientists also discovered thatthe ice core may be 420,000years old, meaning that thelake could have been sealed

for over 500,000 years and thewater beneath could be as old.

San Martin Lake.Source: www.media-cdn.tripadvisor.com

The Lake Vostok in the afternoon.Source:www.inlinethumb31.webshots.com

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The Deepest LakeThe Deepest LakeThe Deepest LakeThe Deepest LakeThe Deepest LakeBy Volume In The WorldBy Volume In The WorldBy Volume In The WorldBy Volume In The WorldBy Volume In The WorldAlso known as the “blue eye ofSiberia”, is located in SouthernSiberia near the Russo-Mongolianborder.

Famous for being the deepest lake in theworld with a maximum depth of 5,369feet, it holds a volume of water largerthan that of all the great lakescombined.

Lake Baikal is a great eco-system wheremore than 1,700 species of flora andfauna live; two thirds of them only to befound there. Completely surrounded byhigh mountains and dense forests, thelake has an estimated age of 25-30million years, making it one of the mostancient lakes in geological history.

However, this enormouswater formation may harbor

a mystery of immenseproportions: a gigantic

animal, either ofsturgeon-like appearance ora rogue sea serpent; Baikal'svery own Loch Ness Monster.

No one can tell for sure if thelegend is true or not, but the

creature exists in people's minds andhaunts their thoughts. The under water creature

of Lake Baikal, Loch Ness Monster.Source:

www.i177.photobucket.com

Lake Baikal.Source:www.terre.sans.frontiere.free.fr.com

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The Largest LakeThe Largest LakeThe Largest LakeThe Largest LakeThe Largest LakeBy Surface AreaBy Surface AreaBy Surface AreaBy Surface AreaBy Surface Area

Caspian Sea is not only thelargest lakes by surface Area.

It is about 371.000 sq km (143.000sq miles) wide. It also the thirddeepest lake in the world going

down to 3.363 feet.

Between the southern areas of theRussian Federation and northern Iran lies the largest enclosed body of

water on Earth. It's an endorheic lake with salty water (salinity ofapproximately 1.2%) that was landlocked due to continental drift 5.5

million years ago. An ancient former of the Tethys Samudra Ocean,(just like the Black Sea or the Mediterranean Sea )

Burj Khalifa Dubai.Source: www.trendsupdates.com

The Tallest Building In The WorldThe Tallest Building In The WorldThe Tallest Building In The WorldThe Tallest Building In The WorldThe Tallest Building In The WorldThe world's tallest structure is the 828 m

(2,720 ft) tall Burj Khalifa in Dubai, UnitedArab Emirates.

The building gained the official title of "TallestBuilding in the World" at its opening on 4January 2010. It is taller than any otherman-made structure ever built.

The Council on Tall Buildings and UrbanHabitat, one organization that certifiesbuildings as the "World’s Tallest",recognizes a building only if at least fiftypercent of its height is made up of floorplates containing habitable floor area.Structures that do not meet this conditions,such as the CN Tower, are defined as "towers".

There are dozens of radio and televisionbroadcasting towers which measure over600 metres (about 2,000 ft) in height, andonly the tallest are recorded in publiclyavailable information sources.

Lake Caspian Sea.Source: www.tzonline.org

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The Largest Sheet of Floating IceThe Largest Sheet of Floating IceThe Largest Sheet of Floating IceThe Largest Sheet of Floating IceThe Largest Sheet of Floating IceAntarctica’s Ross ice Shelf is the world’s langers sheet of floating ice. It isabout as big as France.

The LongestThe LongestThe LongestThe LongestThe LongestCross-Sea BridgeCross-Sea BridgeCross-Sea BridgeCross-Sea BridgeCross-Sea Bridge

In The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldDonghai Bridge

(simplified ChineseDàqiáo; literally “EastSea Grand Bridge”) isthe longest cross-sea

bridge in the worldand the longest bridge

in Asia. It wascompleted on

December 10, 2005.It has a total length of32.5 kilometres (20.2

miles) and connectsShanghai and the

offshore Yangshan deep-water port in China. Most of the bridge is alow-level cause way. There are also cable-stayed sections to allow for the

passage of large ships, largest with span of 420 m.

The longest cross-sea bridge in the world, Donghai Bridge.Source: www.upload.wikimedia.org

The largest sheet of floating ice, which decreases slowly because of the globalwarning.Source:www.geomorphology.org.uk

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The Largest GorgeThe Largest GorgeThe Largest GorgeThe Largest GorgeThe Largest GorgeIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The World

The Grand Canyon is a gorgeof the Colorado River in NorthArizona, located in the Grand

Canyon National Park. It isthe largest gorge in the world.It is about 277 miles (446 km)

long and 5.000 ft (1.500 m)deep. There are a lot of

narrow cleft with steep, rockywalls.

The Driest Desert in The WorldThe Driest Desert in The WorldThe Driest Desert in The WorldThe Driest Desert in The WorldThe Driest Desert in The WorldThe Atacama desert is, according to NASA, National Geographicand many other publications, one of the driest places on Earth,

and is virtually sterile because it is blocked from moisture on bothsides by the Andes mountains and by the Chilean Coast Range.

The average rainfall in the Chilean region of Antofagasta is just 1millimetre (0.04 in) per year. Some weather stations in the Atacama havenever received rain.

Some locations in the Atacama do receive a marine fog known locally asthe Camanchaca, providing sufficient moisture for hypolithic algae, lichensand even some cacti. But

in the region that is inthe "fog shadow" of thehigh coastal crest-line,

whichaverages 3,000 metres(10,000 ft) m high for

about 100 kilometres (60mi) south of Antofagasta,

the soil has beencompared tothat of Mars.

Atacama desert view in 3.000 m high.Source: www.cynthia.boxerman.co.uk

Grand Canyon in the North Arizona.Source: www.4x4bitz.ie.com

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The Longest RiverThe Longest RiverThe Longest RiverThe Longest RiverThe Longest RiverIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The World

The Nile is the world'slongest river at 4,135 miles.

It has two sources, one at LakeVictoria, in Uganda (the WhiteNile) and one at Lake Tana, in

Ethiopia (the Blue Nile). Theentire Nile River Delta is estimatedto drain an area of 1,293,000 square

miles. This area is so vast that has anumber of different climate areas. North,in Egypt and Sudan, rainfall is rare. Moreto the south, in and around Ethiopia, rainfall is heavy, contributing to the

floodwaters that rush downstream and eventually create thewonderfully fertile soil that supports so much of life in Egypt and Sudan.

Dams, the most notable being the Aswan High Dam, have been built alongthe route to prevent massive flooding of populated areas.

The Nile River Delta is home for many species of animals, includingcrocodiles, turtles, baboons, wildebeest, and more than 300 species ofbirds, including fishing eagles, ibis, and the Nile Valley Sunbird.

The ancient Egyptians called the river Ar or Aur, meaning "black," becauseof the black sediment left behind after the frequent river floods. Nilecomes from the Greek Neilos, which means "river valley."

The people who lived alongthe Nile in ancient timesused the river for agricultureand transportation. Thathasn't changed, although themethods of agriculture andtransportation have. Steamships are still used in Egyptand Sudan, to transportgoods.

Nile river is still used for trasportation.Source:www.justcopas.files.wordpress.com

The Nile River.Source:www.indobestseller.files.wordpress.com

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The Highest Water,The Highest Water,The Highest Water,The Highest Water,The Highest Water,Fall In The WorldFall In The WorldFall In The WorldFall In The WorldFall In The World

Fact :Angel Falls has other names,

Salto Ángel, Angel Falls from Isla RatónLocation Auyantepui, Canapa National

Park, VenezuelaTotal height 979 m/3,212 ft

Height of longest drop 807 m/2,647 ftNumber of drops 47

Angel Falls or Kerepakupai merú whichmeans "waterfall of the deepest place",

in Pemon language, or: Parakupa-vena, which means "the fall from the

highest point"; Spanish: Salto Ángel, isthe world's highest waterfall, with a

height of 979 m (3,212 ft) and aplunge of 807 m (2,647 ft). The

waterfall drops over the edge of theAuyantepui mountain in the Canaima

National Park, Venezuela.

The base of the falls feeds into the Kerep River which flows into theChurun River, a tributary of the Carrao River.

The height figure 3,212 feet (979 m) mostly consists of the main plungebut also includes about 0.25 miles (400 m) of shallowly sloped cascades

and rapids below the dropand a 100-feet (30 m) highplunge downstream of thetalus rapids. While the mainplunge is undoubtedly thehighest single drop in theworld.

Angel Falls in Venezuela.Source:www.fizzyenergy.com

The Churun River which got thewater from the Kerep River as thebase of the falls.Source:www.farm2.static.flickr2.com

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The Largest Snakes By WeightThe Largest Snakes By WeightThe Largest Snakes By WeightThe Largest Snakes By WeightThe Largest Snakes By WeightIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldThe largest documented Anaconda to date wasalmost 28 feet, with a girth of 44 inches. It wasnot weighed at the time! But scientists estimate

that it must have weighed over 500 pounds.

Anacondas are huge snakes belonging to the Boafamily and are also known as Water Boa.

They are also found in tropicalrainforests, Savannah grasslands,

scrub forests and deciduous forests.Anaconda's weight is usually

supported by water. They prefer tolive in water, but do enjoy spending

time on land in shallow caves.

What an anaconda looks like?The anaconda has a brownish green, scaly

skin that glistens but is dry to the touch.The nostrils are on the top of the snout,

letting the snake breathe easily when it is in water. It ‘smells' with itstongue, has no fangs and is non-venomous. It has a large head and thickneck. It emits a foul smelling, brownish musk, which is quite poisonous tosmall organisms. It continues to grow all its life, getting bigger and bigger.

Anaconda.Source:www.animalpicturesarchive.com

Green anaconda.Source:www.mypetsforparties.com

The Longest Snake in The WorldThe Longest Snake in The WorldThe Longest Snake in The WorldThe Longest Snake in The WorldThe Longest Snake in The WorldThe Asiatic Reticulated Python holds the world record to be the

longest snake ever measured, at 33 feet. The Anaconda,however, is

considerablyheavier than the

ReticulatedPython.

Asiatic Reticulated Python.Source: www.arkive.org

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Running cheetah.Source:www.images.paraorkut.com

The fastest Animal On LandThe fastest Animal On LandThe fastest Animal On LandThe fastest Animal On LandThe fastest Animal On LandThe cheetah is the fastest

land animal.

The cheetah (Acinonyxjubatus) is a typicalmember of the cat

family (Felidae) that is uniquein its speed, while lacking

climbing abilities. The species isthe only living member of the

genus Acinonyx. It is the fastest landanimal, reaching speeds between 112 and

120 km/h (70 and 75 mph) in short time covering distances up to 460 m(1,500 ft), and has the ability to accelerate from 0 to 103 km/h (64 mph)in three seconds, faster than most supercars. The recent studies confirm

the cheetah's status as the fastest land animal.The word "cheetah" isderived from the Sanskrit word citrakaya?, meaning "variegated body".

Python reticulatus, also known as the (Asiatic) reticulated python or regalpython, is a species of python found in Southeast Asia. Adults can grow toover 28 feet (8.7 m)in length but normally grow to an average of 10-20feet. They are the world's longest snakes and longest reptile, but are notthe most heavily built. Like all pythons, they are non-venomousconstrictors and normally not considered dangerous to humans, eventhough large specimens are powerful enough to kill an adult and attacksare occasionally reported.

An excellent swimmer, it haseven been reported far

out at sea and hasconsequently colonizedmany small islandswithin its range. The

specific name is Latinmeaning net-like, or

reticulated, and is areference to the complex color

patternPython swims in the river.Source: www.arkive.org

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Bee Hummngbird drinks eighttime his body mass in water.

Source:www.birdwatchersdepot.com

The Smallest Bird In The WorldThe Smallest Bird In The WorldThe Smallest Bird In The WorldThe Smallest Bird In The WorldThe Smallest Bird In The WorldThe male Bee Hummingbird is thesmallest bird, as he is smaller than thefemale. The Bee Hummingbird (Mellisugahelenae) inhabits Cuba and the Isle ofYouth. The bird weighs 1.8 grams, havinga length of about 5 cm (2 in). This birdhas also the smallest number of feathers:about 1,000 feathers (in other birdspecies, there are up to 25,000 feathers).

The bird flies with 80 wing beats per second,a rhythm which the human cannot detect

naturally details. During the courtshipdisplays, the male flap his wings up to 200

times per second!

The nest is attached to small branches usingspider web threads. The nest is also world's

smallest (3 cm or 1.2 inch in diameter). The nestusually hosts two eggs, smaller than two coffee

beans. The chicks usually hatch in May-June.

The appetite of this bird is the opposite of its size. This hummingbirdconsumes small spiders and mites, but especially the sweet nectar of the

tropical vividly colored flower. Its highmetabolism means this bird consumes

half of its body mass and drink 8times their body mass in water

daily.

Its heart rate is the secondfastest of all animals, tosustain the high metabolism.The body temperature is

400C (1040F), the highest of allbirds, but it drops during the

night to 190C (660F) to save energy.These birds are solitary, accepting each

other's company only during thebreeding period.

Male bee hummingbird.Source:www.picturesarchive.com

Hummingbird’s nest.Source:

www.wapedia.mobi.com

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The Biggest Eggs In The WorldThe Biggest Eggs In The WorldThe Biggest Eggs In The WorldThe Biggest Eggs In The WorldThe Biggest Eggs In The WorldThe extinct giant elephant bird (Aephornismaximus) laid 1 feet long eggs, in which anElephant Bird egg compared to chicken eggliquidcapacity of 2.25 gallons, the equivalent of sevenostrich eggs and more than 12,000 humming birdeggs.When early Arabian and Indian explorers

started returning from their journeys along the coastof Africa, they brought … huge eggs, up to three feet

in circumference.

The eggs of a bird that would later beknown as the Elephant Bird, or Vouron Patra

(Aepyornis maximus). The eggs of theElephant Bird laid were larger than the

largest dinosaur eggs.

Largest FlocksLargest FlocksLargest FlocksLargest FlocksLargest FlocksFlamingoes, with their longnecks and legs, have a heightrange of 3-5 feet and are thebiggest bird to form largeflocks. Of the four species, thelesser flamingo (Phoeniconaiasminor) of eastern and southernAfrica has been seen in flocks ofseveral million birds,particularly in the Great Lakesof eastern Africa.

The Smelliest BirdThe Smelliest BirdThe Smelliest BirdThe Smelliest BirdThe Smelliest BirdThe south American hoatzin (Opisthocomus hoazin)has an odor similar to cow manure. Colombians callit pava hedionda ("stinking pheasant"). The cause ofthe smell is believed to be a combination of its diet of

green leaves and its specialized digestive system,which involves a kind of fermentation.

Egg fosil of elephant bird.Source: www.fossilfarm.com

Elephant bird.Source: www.farm2.static.flickr.com

Flamingoes.Source: www.ckcbirds.co.uk

Smelliest bird.Source:www.i580.photobucket.com

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The Longest Bridge In EuropeThe Longest Bridge In EuropeThe Longest Bridge In EuropeThe Longest Bridge In EuropeThe Longest Bridge In EuropeThe Vasco da Gama Bridge (Portuguese: Ponte Vasco da Gama), is acable-stayed bridge flanked by viaducts and roads that spans the TagusRiver near Lisbon, capital of Portugal. It is the longest bridge in Europe(including viaducts), with0 a total length of 17.2 km (10.7 mi), including0.829 km (0.5 mi) for the main bridge, 11.5 km (7.1 mi) in viaducts, and4.8 km (3.0 mi) in dedicated access roads. Its purpose is to alleviate thecongestion on Lisbon’s other bridge (25 de Abril Bridge), and to joinpreviously unconnected motorways radiating from Lisbon.

The Longest Bridge By TotalThe Longest Bridge By TotalThe Longest Bridge By TotalThe Longest Bridge By TotalThe Longest Bridge By TotalLength In The WorldLength In The WorldLength In The WorldLength In The WorldLength In The WorldThe Lake Pontchartrain Causeway, or theCauseway, consists of two parallel bridges thatare the longest bridges in the world by totallength. These parallel bridges cross LakePontchartrain in southern Louisiana. Thelonger of the two bridges is 23.87 miles(38.42 km) long. The bridges are supported byover 9,000 concrete pilings. The two bridgesfeature bascule spans over the navigationchannel 8 miles (13 km) south of the northshore. The southern terminus of the Causewayis in Metairie, Louisiana, a suburb of NewOrleans. The northern terminus is atMandeville, Louisiana.

Lake Pontchartrain Causeway.Source:www.bridgeworld.net

Vasco da Gama Bridge.Source:www.600 lusas.com

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The Smallest IslandThe Smallest IslandThe Smallest IslandThe Smallest IslandThe Smallest IslandIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The World

The smallest island in the world,according to the Guinness Book

of Records, is Bishop Rock.

It lies at the most south-westerlypart of the United Kingdom. It is one

of 1040 islands around Britain andonly has a lighthouse on it.

In 1861, the Britishgovernment set out the parameters

for classifying an island. It wasdecided that if it was inhabited, the

size was immaterial. However, if it was uninhabited, it had to be “thesummer’s pasturage of at least one sheep”, which is about two acres.

A lighthouse at the Bishop Rock.Source: www.farm3.static.flickr.com

Greenland, a single islandwhich is the largest island inthe world.Source:www.farm1.static.flickr.com

The Largest IslandThe Largest IslandThe Largest IslandThe Largest IslandThe Largest IslandIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldThe largest island inthe world is GreenlandIsland.

Australia is considered acontinent because it hasunique plant and animallife. Antarctica also is acontinent – larger thanEurope and Australia.Greenland, although quitebig, shares the habitatfeatures of NorthernAmerica. So it is an islandnot a continent.

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The SmallestThe SmallestThe SmallestThe SmallestThe SmallestCountryCountryCountryCountryCountry

The size as a golfcourse, the VaticanCity is the smallest

country in theworld.

It’s basically a walledenclave inside of

Rome, Italy. It’s sosmall that the entire

country does not havea single street

address.

The Vatican City may be small, but it is very powerful. It is the sovereignterritory of the Holy See, or the seat of the Catholic Church (basically itscentral government), which has over 1 billion people (about 1 in 6 peopleon the planet) as constituents.

The Vatican City was created in 1929 by the Lateran Treaty (which wassigned by one of history’s most repressive dictators, Benito Mussolini) and

is ruled by the Pope, basically a non-hereditary, elected monarch whorules with absolute authority (he’s the

legislative, executive and judiciary all rolledinto one) – indeed, the Pope is the only

absolute monarch in Europe.

Another unique thing about the smallestcountry in the world is that it has no

permanent citizens. Citizenship of theVatican City is conferred upon those who

work at the Vatican (as well as theirspouses and children) and is revoked when

they stop working there.

Size: 0.17 sq. mi. (0.44 km²)Population: 783 (2005 census)

Location: Rome, Italy Benediktus XVI.Source:www.barrymichaels.files.wordpress.co.com

Vatican City.Source: www.frjessie.files.wordpress.com

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The Largest CountryThe Largest CountryThe Largest CountryThe Largest CountryThe Largest Country

Russia also officially known as theRussian Federation, is a

country in northern Eurasia. Russiashares borders with the following

countries: Norway, Finland,Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and

Poland, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia,Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China,

Mongolia, and North Korea. It alsohas maritime borders with Japan

(by the Sea of Okhotsk) and the United States (by the Bering Strait).

At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is by far thelargest country in the world, covering more than a ninth of the Earth'sland area. Russia is also the ninth most populous nation in the world with142 million people. It extends across the whole of northern Asia and 40%of Europe, spanning 11 time zones and incorporating a wide range ofenvironments and landforms. Russia has the world's largest reserves ofmineral and energy resources, and is considered an energy superpower.It has the world's largest forest reserves and its lakes containapproximately one-quarter of the world's fresh water.

Fact:Area Total 17,075,400 sq km (6,592,800 sq miles)Water (%) 13 (including swamps)

The capital city of Russia, Moscow in the night.Source: www.matanews.com

Map of Russia.Source:www.christusrex.org

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The population continues to grow. There is also a serious genderimbalance. Census data obtained in 2000 revealed that 119 boys wereborn for every 100 girls, and among China’s "floating population" the ratiowas as high as 128:100. These situations led the government in July 2004to forbid selective abortions of female fetuses. It is estimated that thisimbalance will rise until 2025–2030 to reach 20% then slowly decrease.

Today, China's population is over 1.3 billion, the largest in the world. Chinaplans to conduct its sixth national population census in 2010

Population of China, 1961–2006Population, 1,321,000,000 (2007 est.)

Map of China. Source:www.papersinn.com

The LargestThe LargestThe LargestThe LargestThe LargestPopulation Of ThePopulation Of ThePopulation Of ThePopulation Of ThePopulation Of TheCountryCountryCountryCountryCountry

China has been the world'smost populous nation for

many centuries.

When China took its first post census in1953, the population stood at 582 million; by

the fifth census in 2000, the population hadmore than doubled, reaching 1.3 billion.

Population in China.Source:

www.iwandahnial.files.wordpress.com

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The Longest WallThe Longest WallThe Longest WallThe Longest WallThe Longest WallIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The WorldIn The World

The Great Wall of China orCángchéng; literally "long

city/ fortress" or WànliChángchéng; literally "Thelong wall of 10,000 Li, is aseries of stoneandearthen

fortifications innorthern China.

It was built, rebuilt, andmaintained between the 5th

century BC and the 16thcentury to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire

during various successive dynasties.

Since the 5th century BC, several wallshave been built that were referred to asthe Great Wall. One of the most famous isthe wall built between 220–206 BC by thefirst Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang.Little of that wall remains; the majority ofthe existing wall were built during the MingDynasty.

The Great Wall stretches fromShanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nur in thewest, along the wall that roughly delin-eates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia.

The most comprehensive archaeologicalsurvey, using advanced technologies, hasrecently concluded that the entire GreatWall, with all of its branches, stretches for8,851.8 km (5,500.3 mi).

This is made up of 6,259.6 km (3,889.5 mi) of sections of actual wall,359.7 km (223.5 mi) of trenches and 2,232.5 km (1,387.2 mi) of naturaldefensive barriers such as hills and rivers. The Great Wall is a maximum9.1 m (30 ft) wide and is about the same color as the soil surrounding it.

The wall is made from the brick.Source: www.construction-machine.org

Part of the wall.Source: www.construction-machine.org

The famous great wall in China.Source: www.mandacutie.files.wordpress.com

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The MostThe MostThe MostThe MostThe MostPopulous CityPopulous CityPopulous CityPopulous CityPopulous City

Mumbai formerly calledBombay, is the capital of

the India state ofMaharashtra. Mumbai,the most populous cityin India, is one of the

most populous cities inthe world, with a

population ofapproximately 14

million. Along with the neighboring urban areas, which includes cities ofNavi Mumbai and Thane, it is one of the most populous urban regions in

the world. Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep naturalharbour. As of 2009, Mumbai was named an Alpha world city.

Mumbai city.Source: www.efkon.com

The Largest Urban Agglomerations In The WorldThe Largest Urban Agglomerations In The WorldThe Largest Urban Agglomerations In The WorldThe Largest Urban Agglomerations In The WorldThe Largest Urban Agglomerations In The WorldTokyo is the capital of Japan. This huge, wealthy and fascinatingmetropolis brings high-tech visions of the future side by side with glimpsesof old Japan, and has something for everyone.

Today, Tokyo is the destination for business, education, modern culture,and government. It is vast: it's best thought of not as a single city, but aconstellation of cities that have grown together.

Tokyo's districts vary wildlyby character, from theelectronic sound ofAkihabara to the Imperialgardens and shrines ofChiyoda, from thehyperactive youthculture mecca of Shibuya tothe pottery shops andtemple markets of Asakusa.

Night in Tokyo.Source:www.insomnia.ac.com

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This car cost nearly half as much as theBugatti Veyron, yet has enough power to

top the most expensive car in a speedrace. It is estimated that only 25 of this

exact model will ever be produced.

The MostThe MostThe MostThe MostThe MostExpensive CarExpensive CarExpensive CarExpensive CarExpensive Car

Bugatti Veyron$1,700,000.

This is by far the mostexpensive street legal

car available on themarket today. It is the

fastest accelerating carreaching 0-60 in 2.6

seconds. It claims to bethe fastest car with a topspeed of 253 mph+. However, the title for the fastest car goes to the SSC

Ultimate Aero which exceed 253 mph pushing this car to 2nd place forthe fastest car.

The Fastest Street Legal CarThe Fastest Street Legal CarThe Fastest Street Legal CarThe Fastest Street Legal CarThe Fastest Street Legal CarSSC Ultimate Aero $654,400.

Don't let the price tag fool you, the 6thmost expensive car is actually thefastest street legal car in the world witha top speed of 257 mph+ and reaching0-60 in 2.7 seconds.

The Bugatti Veyron.Source: www.testriffic.com

SSC Ultimate Aero.Source: www.testriffic.com

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The Fastest CarThe Fastest CarThe Fastest CarThe Fastest CarThe Fastest CarIn RacingIn RacingIn RacingIn RacingIn RacingMcLaren F1

$970,000.

In 1994, the McLarenF1 was the fastest

and most expensivecar. Even though itwas built 15 years

ago, it has anunbelievable top

speed of 240 mph and reaching 60 mph in 3.2 seconds. Even as of today,the McLaren F1 is still top on the list and it outperformed many other

supercars.

McLaren F1.Source: www.F1.Gt.2 motorimania.net

MTT Turbine Superbike.Source:www.electricshk.com

The Most Powerful MotorcycleThe Most Powerful MotorcycleThe Most Powerful MotorcycleThe Most Powerful MotorcycleThe Most Powerful MotorcycleThe MTT Turbine Superbike costing $150,000 (111,000 Euros). Thismotorcycle is not only expensive but also extremely fast. This Superbike isthe Guinness World Record holder for the “Most Powerful Motorcycle Everto Enter Series Production”.

The turbine engine in this motorcycleis made by Rolls Royce and is

capable of over 300hp. Themotorcycle also boasts

carbon fiber fairings, arear mountedcamera with LCDcolor display,forward-andrear-looking radardetector with laserscrambler, one

touch “Smart Start”ignition, and many

other coolgadgets.

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The Most ExpensiveThe Most ExpensiveThe Most ExpensiveThe Most ExpensiveThe Most ExpensiveMotorcycleMotorcycleMotorcycleMotorcycleMotorcycle

The Dodge Tomahawk isthe most expensivemotorcycle in production.

It cost you at least$250,000. The production islimited to a few hundredmodels. The DodgeTomahawk V10 superbike

boasts 8.3 liter engine (505 cubic inch), and the 10 cylinders can bring thebike to a maximum speed of almost 400 mph. The 1500lb bike has anindependent 4 wheel suspension and can reach 60 mph in around 2.5seconds.

The Most ExpensiveThe Most ExpensiveThe Most ExpensiveThe Most ExpensiveThe Most ExpensiveCruise ShipCruise ShipCruise ShipCruise ShipCruise Ship

Royal Caribbean GenesisPrice Tag: $1.2 billion

Completion Date: 2009Total Length: 1180 feet

Passengers: 6400.

In the cruise ship industry,the battle for bragging rights

has turned into a QE2-sizeslugfest. In 2003, Cunard stole thecrown for world’s largest cruise ship when it launched the 151,410-ton

Queen Mary 2; three years later Royal Caribbean topped it with the154,000-ton Freedom of the Seas. Now, Royal Caribbean is set to raisethe stakes yet again with the 220,000-ton Genesis, slated to launch in

2009 from a shipyard in Turku, Finland.

The ship’s three main propellers will swivel 360 degrees on independentbearings. All will be driven by electric motors powered by the ship’s centralbank of six diesel generators, and steered by an integrated navigation andcontrol system. From the bridge, the captain will be able to move the ship

in any direction, with the flick of a joystick. No tugboats required.

The Most Expensive Motorcycle, Dogde Tomahawk.Source: www.web.net

The Most Expensive Cruise Ship, RoyalCaribbean Genesis.Source: www.farm1.static.flickr.com

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The Most Expensive Hotel Ever BuiltThe Most Expensive Hotel Ever BuiltThe Most Expensive Hotel Ever BuiltThe Most Expensive Hotel Ever BuiltThe Most Expensive Hotel Ever BuiltThe Emirates Palace is a luxury hotel located in the United Arab Emirates(UAE) city of Abu Dhabi.

The building was designed by Wimberly, Whisenand, Allison, Tong andGoo. It opened in November 2005 but certain restaurants and spas did notopen until 2006. The hotel was built by and is owned by the Abu Dhabigovernment, and is currently being managed by the Kempinski Group.

The costs to build the hotel was 3billion USD or 11.02 billion AED.The Emirates Palace occupies850,000 m² of floor space.

Underground parking allowshousing for 2,500 vehicles. Thereare two swimming pools andspas.

The hotel has its own marina andhelipad. According to the NewYork Times, the Emirates Palaceis reputed to be the mostexpensive hotel ever built.

The interior of Emerate Palace hotel.Source: www.static.panoramio.com

The front of Emerate Palace hotel.Source: www.seemster.com

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The Most Expensive Room Hotel Per NightThe Most Expensive Room Hotel Per NightThe Most Expensive Room Hotel Per NightThe Most Expensive Room Hotel Per NightThe Most Expensive Room Hotel Per Night

The Atlantis Bridge Suite has the acknowledgmet of being the mostexpensive hotel suite in the world - $25,000 a night. Found on Paradise

Island, Bahamas. The Bridge Suite is located on top of a bridge thatconnects the two Royal Towers buildings,

so it overlooks the entire resort and marina.

The ten-room suite is decorated in red, black and lots of gold, and comeswith its own butler, bar lounge and entertainment center as well as 12-footceilings. The master bedroom has a sitting area, his-and-hers closets, andhand-painted linens. The bathrooms have chaise lounges, marble baths,and dolphin fixtures. For those who are fussy about their personal space,there are two separate master bathrooms. The kitchen also has its own

entrance so the butler or cook never bothers you.

The suite room in Atlantis Hotel.Source: www.home-designing.com Source: www.static.rp-online.de.com

Source: www.jalberts.net.com

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THE HOBBIESTHE HOBBIESTHE HOBBIESTHE HOBBIESTHE HOBBIES

SportSportSportSportSportLong time ago, people loved in sport, either for

recreation of for the thrill of competition. In ancient Greece, forexample, men regularly visited gymnasiums to relax and to keep

fit; some also participated in the more formal competitions. Today,there is an impressive range of sports to choose from, including

activities as diverse as athletics, archery, and horse riding. Sportscan be enjoyed for their own sake, as leisure or health,

or at a competitive level.

Ball GamesBall GamesBall GamesBall GamesBall GamesEvery sport that use ball as the equipment to play. It might a single orteam play.

Players can make a tacle to stop the opposingteam.Source:www.angelo.edu

American footballAmerican footballAmerican footballAmerican footballAmerican footballFootball, Tackle football,

Gridiron football.It is a contactcollision sport.

Team members 11at a time.

Categorization Outdoor.

American football, known inthe United States

simply as football is acompetitive team sport

known for combiningstrategy with physical play.

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Football is played on a field360 by 160 feet (109.7 by

48.8 m). The longerboundary lines are sidelines,

while the shorter boundarylines are end lines. Sidelines

and end lines are out ofbounds. Near each end of the

field is a goal line; they are100 yards (91.4 m) apart.

A scoring area called an endzone extends 10 yards

(9.1 m) beyond each goal lineto each end line. The end

zone includes the goal linebut not the end line.

Each team has 11 players on the field at a time. However,teams may substitute for any or all of their players, if time

allows, during the break between plays. Teams are dividedinto three separate units: the offense, the defense and the

special teams.

The playing of the game is to score points by advancing the ball into theopposing team's end zone. The ball can be advanced by carrying it or bythrowing it to a teammate. The winner is the team with the most points

when the time expires.

American football team with their manager.Source:www. wma.edu

Stanford-football field.Source: www.pictureninja.com

www.americansportscollectibles.com

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BaseballBaseballBaseballBaseballBaseballCharacteristics:

Team members 9.Categorization Bat-and-ball.

It become the Olympic sport in1992–2008.

Baseball is a bat-and-ball sportplayed between two teams of nine

players each.That take turns playingoffense (batting or hitting) and

defense (fielding or pitching). A pair of turns, one at bat and one in thefield, by each team constitutes an inning;

there are nine innings in a game.

The goal is to score runs byhitting a thrown ball with abat and touching a series offour bases arranged at thecorners of a ninety-footsquare, or diamond.

The bat is a hitting tool, traditionally made of a single,solid piece of wood.

The glove or mitt is a fielding tool, made of paddedleather with webbing between the fingers. As an aid incatching and holding onto the ball.

The baseball is about the size of an adult's fist, around9 inches (23 centimeters) in circumference. It has arubber or cork center, wound in yarn and covered inwhite cowhide, with red stitching.Source: www.geo.ucalgary.ca.com

The baseball park must havea minimum distance of 325feet (99 m) from home plateto the fences in left and rightfield and 400 feet (122 m) to

center. The most famously idiosyncratic outfield boundary is the left-fieldwall at Boston's Fenway Park, in use since 1912: the Green Monster is 310feet (94 m) from home plate down the line and 37 feet (11 m) tall

Children baseball team.Source: www.blog.zaavy.com

Boston’s Fenway Park.Source: www.charlescoty.com

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BasketballBasketballBasketballBasketballBasketballBasketball is a team sport in which two teams of5 players try to score points against one another

by placing a ball through a 10 foot (3.048 m)high hoop (the goal) under organized rules.

In the United States, Basketball is very famousgames. It have its own organization, called NBA.

Basketball is one of the most popular and widelyviewed sports in the world.

Points are scored bythrowing (shooting) the ballthrough the basket fromabove. The team with morepoints at the end of thegame wins, but additionaltime (overtime) may beissued when the scores ofboth teams are the same.The ball can be advanced onthe court by bouncing it(dribbling) or passing itbetween teammates.

Basketball can be played either indoor or outdoor court. The only essentialequipment in a basketball game is the basketball and the court: a flat,rectangular surface with baskets at opposite ends (or in the case of 3-on-3street basketball, half a court with one basket). A regulation NBA basket-ball court is 94' long by 50' wide.

There are also regulations onthe size a basketball should

be. If women are playing, theofficial basketball size is 28.5"in circumference (size 6, or a

"285 ball") and a weight of 20ounces. For men, the official

ball is 29.5" in circumference(size 7, or a "295 ball") and

weighs 22 ounces.

A player dribbles the ball to score.Source: www.bealonghorn.utexas.edu

www.designer-sports.com

Indoor basketball court.Source:www.sudsblog.com

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BowlingBowlingBowlingBowlingBowlingBowling is a game in which players attempt to

score points by rolling a bowling ball along a flatsurface, either into objects called pins or to get

close to a target ball. Bowling track usually awooden or synthetic surface.

There are many forms of bowling, with one of themost recent being ten-pin bowling.

tenpin, largest and heaviestpins, bowled with a large ball, andthe most popular size in NorthAmericacandlepin, tall, thin, and bowledwith a handheld ballduckpin, short, squat, andbowled with a handheld ballfivepintall, between duckpins andcandlepins in diameter with arubber girdle, bowled with ahandheld ball.

Bowling is an aerobic type ofphysical exercise, similar to walking with

free weights. Bowling helps in burningcalories and works muscle groups which

is not usually exercised.

The flexing and stretching in bowlingworks tendons, joints, ligaments, and

muscles in the arms and promotesweight loss. Apart from the physical

benefits it also has psychosocialbenefits, strengthening friendships or

creating new ones in groups.

Tenpin.Source: www.ball levitpal.com

www.faqs.org

Children also can play bowling.Source: www.thewarblersnest.com

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FootballFootballFootballFootballFootballThe most popular of these sportsworldwide is more commonly knownas just "football" or "soccer".However, the word football is appliedto whichever form of football is the

most popular in each particular part ofthe world.

In some nation, like The UnitedKingdom and Italia, people use term football. They

have their own liga which is famous around the world. Theplayers also become the icon of the game. The most famous

even in football game is world cup.

The team member is usually between 11 and 18 players;some variations that have fewer players (Futsal) are alsopopular. A clearly defined area in which to play the game.Scoring goals or points, by moving the ball to an opposing

team's end of the field and either into a goal area, or over a line. Playersbeing required to move the ball, by kicking, carrying,

or hand-passing the ball.

Players using only their body to move the ball,except the goal keeper. In most regulations, thereare rules restricting the movement of playersoffside, and players scoring a goal must put theball either under or over a crossbar between thegoalposts. Other features common to severalfootball regulations include: points being mostlyscored by players carrying the ball across the goalline; and players receiving a free kick after theytake a mark or make a fair catch.

David Beckham, the famousicon of the football game fromEngland.Source:www.celebrityexchange.com

Football stadium.Source:

www.upload.wikimedia.org

World’s cup tropy.Source:

www.gallery.hd.org.com

www.images2.fanpop.com

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GolfGolfGolfGolfGolfGolf is a precisionclub-and-ball sport.Golfers, using club,attempt to hit balls intoeach hole on a golf coursewhile trying to make thefewest number of strokes.

Golf is one of the few ballgames that does notrequire a standardizedplaying area.

Instead, the game isplayed on golf "courses",each of which features aunique design, althoughcourses typically consistof either nine or 18 holes,

each with a teeing area that is set off by two markers showing the boundsof the legal tee area, fairway, rough and other hazards, and the puttinggreen surrounded by the fringe with the flagstick and cup, levels of grassare varied to increase difficulty.

While many holes aredesigned with a direct

line-of-sight This is called a"dogleg", in reference to a

dog's knee. The hole iscalled a "dogleg left" if thehole angles leftwards andvice versa; sometimes, ahole's direction can bend

twice and is called a"double dogleg".

One of golf course types.Source: www.geo.ucalgary.ca.com

The flagstik is used to mark the hole.Source:

www.golfincabo.com

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Golf competition is generallyplayed for the lowest number

of strokes by an individual,known simply as stroke play,

or the lowest score on themost individual holes during a

complete round by anindividual or team, known as

match play.

A professional Golf playerusually has an assistant

who also his caddy. Acaddy help him to bring

his bag’s clubs during thegame. Sometimes a good

caddy also help a golferto choose which club he

used to hit the ball, sothe ball can fly as far as

he want.

Golf balls are spherical, usually white(although other colours are allowed), andminutely pock-marked by "dimples" thatdecrease aerodynamic drag by decreasing airturbulence around the ball in motion, therebyallowing the ball to fly farther.

A tee is allowed only for the first stroke oneach hole.

Golf clubs are used to hit a golf ball.A maximum of 14 clubs is allowed in a player'sbag at one time during a stipulated round.

Bag to bring golf clubs.Source:www.todaysgolfer.co.uk

A caddy helps golfers to make direction.Source: www.farm4.static.flickr.com

Golf ball, golf club, and a tee.Source: www.wallpaperbase.com

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Ice hockeyIce hockeyIce hockeyIce hockeyIce hockeyCharacteristics

Contact CollisionTeam members Five

skaters and onegoaltender.

Ice hockey is one ofthe olympic game

since Olympic 1920Ice hockey is a

team sport playedon ice, in which

skaters use sticksto direct a puck into

the opposing team's goal. It is a fast-paced and physical sport.

Ice hockey is most popular in areas that are sufficiently cold for naturalreliable seasonal ice cover. With the advent of indoor artificial ice rinks, ithas become a year-round past time in these areas.

Ice hockey can be played both men or women. Worldwide the NationalHockey League (NHL) is the highest level for men and the CanadianWomen's Hockey League (CWHL) and the Western Women's HockeyLeague (WWHL) are the highest level for women.

The player uses stick to direct a puck.Source: www.ice cdn.nhl.com

Ice hockey team.Source: www.www4.wittenberg.edu

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Since ice hockey is a full contactsport and body checks are allowed,

injuries can be a commonoccurrence. Protective equipment is

highly recommended and is enforcedin all competitive situations.

This usually includes a helmet,shoulder pads, elbow pads, mouth

guard, protective gloves, heavilypadded shorts, athletic cup/jock

strap, shin pads.

In addition, goaltenders willusually add a neck guard,chest protector, blocker, catchglove, and leg pads.

Ice hockey is played on ahockey rink. During normalplay, there are six players,including one goaltender, perteam on the ice at any time,each of whom is on ice skates.

The objective of the gameis to score goals by

shooting the puck, intothe opponent's goal net,

which is placed at theopposite end of the rink.The players may control

the puck using a longstick with a blade that iscommonly curved at one

end.

Indoor hockey rink.Source:

www.upload.wikimedia.org

A goaltender keeps his rink side.Source: www.farm1.static.flickr.com

A stick, a puck and a rink.Source: www.dennisflood.com

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TennisTennisTennisTennisTennisTeam members, Single

or doubles.Categorization: Racket sport

Equipment Tennis ball, tennisracket. Tennis is one of the

olympic game since Olympic1896-1924, 1988-present.

Tennis is a sport usuallyplayed between two players

(singles) or between twoteams of two players each

(doubles).

Each player uses aracket that is strung tostrike a hollow rubberball covered with felt

past a net into theopponent's court.

Advanced playersimprove theirperformance

through a number ofaddition equipment. Vibration dampers may

be interlaced in the proximal part of thestring array for improved feel. Racket handlesmay be customized with absorbent materials

to improve the players' grip. Players oftenuse sweat bands on their wrists to keep theirhands dry as well. Finally, although the game

can be played in a variety of shoes, usuallythey use special shoes.

The tennis racket comprises a handle and neckjoining a roughly circular frame that holds an array of

tightly pulled strings.

Tennis balls are of hollow rubber with a felt coating.The predominant color was Optic Yellow

www.wconfed

Single women game.Source: www. i232.photobucket.com

Margaret Court who won 29Grand Slam tournaments.

Source:www.sporting-heroes.net

Roger Federer who won 16 GrandSlam tournaments.

Source: www. topnews.in.com

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Tennis is played on arectangular, flat surface,

usually grass, clay, a hardcourtof concrete and/or asphalt and

occasionally carpet (indoor).The court is 78 feet (23.77 m)

long, and 27 feet (8.23 m)wide for singles matches and

36 ft (10.97 m) for doublesmatches. Additional clear space

around the court isrequired in order for players to

reach overrun balls.

A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel with thebaselines, dividing it into two equal ends. The net is 3 feet 6 inches (1.07

m) high at the posts and 3 feet (91.4 cm) high in the center.

Tennis is enjoyed bymillions ofrecreational playersand is also a hugelypopular worldwidespectator sport,especially the fourGrand Slamtournaments : theAustralian Open, theFrench Open,Wimbledon, and theUS Open.

Lawn court for Wimbledontournament, held in June and Juli.Source:www.myenglandtravel.com

Trophy for the winner of single man(left side) and woman (right side) in

Wimbledon tournament.Source:

www. i372.photobucket.com

Clay court for the French open in Paris, held in May-Juni.Source:www.cache.daylife.com

wokingschoolsderation.co.uk

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VolleyballVolleyballVolleyballVolleyballVolleyballVolleyball is an Olympic teamsport in which two teams of 6

players are separated by anet. Each team tries to scorepoints by grounding a ball onthe other team's court under

organized rules.

The game is played on avolleyball court 18 meters (59 feet)long and 9 meters (29.5 feet) wide,divided into two 9 m × 9 m halves bya one-meter (40-inch) wide netplaced, so that the top of the net is2.43 meters (7 feet 11 5/8 inches)above the center of the court formen's competition, and 2.24 meters(7 feet 4 1/8 inches) for women'scompetition. There is a 3 meters linefrom and parallel to the net in eachteam court which is considered as the"attack line". This "3 meter" (10 feet)line divides the court into "back row"

and "front row" areas. These are in turn divided into 3 areas each: theseare numbered as follows, starting from area "1", which is the position of

the serving player:

Women volleyball team.Source:www.acccsports.org

The complete rules are extensive. Play proceedsas follows: A player on one of the teams begins arally by serving the ball from behind the backboundary line of the court, over the net, and intothe receiving team's court. The receiving teammust not let the ball be grounded within theircourt. They may touch the ball as many as threetimes.

A player serves to start the games.Source: www.conrkuip.typepadcom

Volleyball court.Source: www.bilkent.edu.tr.com

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FIVB regulations state that the ball mustbe spherical, made of leather or

synthetic leather, have a circumferenceof 65–67 cm, a weight of 260–280 g

and an inside pressure of 0.30–0.325kg/cm2. Other governing bodies have

similar regulations.

Blocking refers to theactions taken by playersstanding at the net to stop oralter an opponent'sattack.

A block that is aimed atcompletely stopping an attack,thus making the ball remain inthe opponent's court, is calledoffensive.

Blocking is also classified according to the number of players involved.Thus, one may speak of single (or solo), double, or triple block.

At the same time, the blockposition influences the positionswhere other defenders place

themselves while opponent hitters are spiking.

The attack is usually the third contacta team made with the ball.

The object of attacking is to handlethe ball so that it lands on the

opponent's court and cannot bedefended. A player makes a series ofsteps, jumps, and swings at the ball.

Ball and net.Source:www.acccsports.org

The player jumps to do spike.Source:

www.upload.wikimedia.org

Double blocker stop the ball.Source:www.uis.edu

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SquashSquashSquashSquashSquashMainly a singles game, squash is

played in a closed court withfour walls. The players use thesame floor space. The object is

to hit the ball againts one ormore walls, provided one is thefront wall, so that the opponent

cannot return it before it hasbounced twice on the floor.

Squash players.Source:

www.livestreamingsport.com

Squash court.Source:www.oraghallaighsgfc.com

Squash is played with a smallhollow ball which becomesmore bouncy as the air insidegets warm and expands. Theball must land below the out ofcourt line marked all aroundthe court, and must not hit theboard at the base of the frontwall.

This gamewas invented

in 1950 in theUSA, where it

has overtakensquash in popularity.

The ceiling is used as wellas the walls. As in squash,

the ball mustalways hit the front wall

and may bounce only onceon the floor.

Racket and ball for playing squash.Source:www.memberstatements.com

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Table tennisTable tennisTable tennisTable tennisTable tennisPlayers aim to hit a ball over a

net so that the opponentcannot return it. The ball must

bounce before being hit.

For service, it must bounce onthe server’s side first. The firstplayer to score 21 points, wins.

The small ball is made of light plastic.

The blade of the wooden bat may becovered in pimpled rubber on both sides.Other technological improvements include theuse of carbon or other synthetic layers as part ofthe blade to increase the size of the sweet spotor the stiffness of the blade.

The net is 15.25 c, (6 in) high.

The game is played on a 274 cm × 152.5 cm × 76 cm high(9 ft × 5 ft × 30 inches high) table.

The International TableTennis Federation

requires a total playingarea not less than 14 mlong, 7 m wide and 5 m

high for competitions.No limitations in size or

shape are specified. Youcannot win on a let. It is

counted as a redo.

A player in competition has to focus onthe ball so she can return the ball to

the opponent ‘s side of table.Source:

www.z.about.com

Blade and ball of table tennis.Source: www.argyletennis.net

Table tennis.Source:www.anisargaresort.

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BadmintonBadmintonBadmintonBadmintonBadmintonBadminton is a racket sport played by eithertwo opposing players (singles) or twoopposing pairs (doubles), who take positionson opposite halves of arectangular court that isdivided by a net.

The shuttlecock is a feathered ball whoseunique aerodynamic properties cause it tofly differently from the balls used in most

racket sports. Because shuttlecock flight isaffected by wind, competitive badminton is

best played indoors. Badminton is alsoplayed outdoors as a casual

recreational activity.

Since 2009, badminton has beenan Olympic sport with five events:men's and women's singles, men'sand women's doubles, and mixeddoubles, in which each pair consists of a man and awoman.

The court is rectangular and divided into halves by a net.The full width of the court is 6.1 metres (20 ft), and insingles this width is reduced to 5.18 metres (17 ft). Thefull length of the court is 13.4 metres (44 ft).

The service courts are marked by a centre line dividingthe width of the court, by a short service line at distance

of 1.98 metres (6 ft 6 inch) from the net. The net is 1.55 metres (5 ft 1inch) high at the edges and 1.524 metres (5 ft) high in the centre. The netposts are placed over the doubles sidelines, even when singles is played.

Single man player.Source:

www.upload.wikimedia.org

Shuttlecock andracket are the

equipment to playbadminton.Sumber:

www.api.ning.com

Indoor badminton court.Source: www.img.diytrade.com

Double women players.Source:

www.lakers.freedomblogging.com

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Water SportWater SportWater SportWater SportWater SportWater sport is every sport

which done in water.There are a lot of kindof sport which usually

need water as themedia of playing.

SurfingSurfingSurfingSurfingSurfingSurfing is a surface

water sport in which thesurfer moves along the face

of a breaking ocean wave .Surfing also takes place on rivers,

riding a standing wave.

Two major subdivisions withinstand-up surfing arelongboarding andshortboarding, reflectingdifferences in surfboard designparticularly including surfboardlength, and riding style.

In tow-in surfing a motorizedwater vehicle, such as apersonal watercraft tows thesurfer into the wave front,

helping the surfer match a large wave's higher speed, a speed that isgenerally, a speed that a self-propelled surfer can not match.

Surfing in Hawaii.Source:www.geekyblog.net

It is longboarding.Source:www.secure.seabreeze.com

Kelly slater, 9 times worldChampionship.

Source:www.surfermag.com

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To surfing we need appropriated swells.The surfers willingly go around the world to lookfor great beaches which have beautiful waves.Hawaii beaches, Bali beaches, Thai beaches areplaces that famous with big waves, because theylocated on coastlines exposed to large expansesof ocean traversed by intense low pressuresystems.

Swell is generated when wind blows consistentlyover a large area of open water, called the wind'sfetch. The size of a swell is determined by thestrength of the wind and the length of its fetchand duration.

The wave that affected by wind conditions fromthe offshore which blows into the front of thewave. There is a “barrel” or the “tube” wave.

The most important influence onwave shape is the topography of the

seabed directly behind andimmediately beneath the breaking

wave. The contours of the reef or barfront becomes stretched by

diffraction.

Each break is different, since theunderwater topography of one placeis unlike any other. At beach breaks,

sandbanks change shapefrom week to week.

A large wave breaking swellregularity varies across the globe andthroughout the year. Different seasonalso influence the swells.

Tube wave.Source:www.images.paraorkut.com

Barrel wave.Source:www.tosika.files.wordpress.com

Hawaii beach is the most famous place forsurfing.Source: www.touristmaker.com

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SwimmingSwimmingSwimmingSwimmingSwimmingSwimming is both a popular recreation and an important competititve

sport. It involves using legs and arms against the water topropel the body along. It is an excellent form

of exercise, and a good way to learn toswim is, use buoyancy aids, such as

water wings, whenpractising strokes.

ButterflyPurely a competitive stroke, butterflywas invented when swimmers began

to bend the breaststroke rules. Thearms move symmetrically from above thewater with an explosive pull. The legs kick up

and down together.

BackstrokeThis is the slowest stroke. Arms and legs movesymmetrically underwater, the legs providing mostof the thrust. The arms circle from an outstretchedposition, pulling through the water, around, andunder the chin. At the same time, the legs movewith a frog like kick. Swimmers lie on their backs inbackstroke. The stroke requires alternate arm pulls,windmill style, and a flutter kick, in which the legsmove up and downin the water.

Front CrawlThis is the rastest stroke, so it is

used in free style races, but it mayalso be performed slowly. It is a

popular recreational stroke and isused in long distance swimming.

The swimmer lies face down in thewater. Both arms and legs move

alternately, the arms pull down throughthe water from an outstretched

position, and the legs move upand down.

Backstroke style.Source:www.images.morris.comwww.biscuit.cacom

Front crawl style.Source:

www.biocrawler.com

Butterfly style.Source:

www.images1.fanpop.com

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Cliff DivingCliff DivingCliff DivingCliff DivingCliff DivingCliff diving is one of the riskier kinds of diving;hence, extreme caution is a must. To the benefitof the divers, certain standards have been set tominimize the risk factors. Some of these includedetermining the height of the jump (23 - 28meters for men, 18 - 23 meters for women), anideal entering speed of 75 - 100 km/h, and a freefall time of 3 seconds.

Cliff diving is usually done in areas surrounded bycalm waters. Apart from a recreational activity,this extreme sport has also been taken up as aprofession by brave hearts who continuallyconduct spine-chilling shows for the audience.

Cliff diving is defined as the acrobatic perfection of diving into water froma high cliff. Braving the rough rocks, divers take a plunge in thehard-hitting water beneath to experience a thrill to last for a lifetime

The sensational sport originated from the Hawaiian Island of Lana´i in1770. Kahekili, the king, demanded that his men leap off high cliffs andenter the water feet first without a splash, to prove their courage andloyalty.

This exciting sport requires a technicaleducation, extensive training, courage,

self-confidence, extraordinary physical controland possessing the ability to make quick

decisions is a must for this extreme sport,before one takes the first plunge.

Double cliff divers making amanoeuver in red bull cliff.Source:www.insidesoca.com

Women also do cliff diving.Source:

www.johnfulwider.com

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CanoeingCanoeingCanoeingCanoeingCanoeingThe two main types of canoe racing are over calm water andover rough water. There are two types of canoe, kayaks andCanadian canoes. In a kayak, the canoist sits inside the boatwith legs stretched out under the deck and uses a paddlewith a blade at each end. In a Canadian canoe, the canoistsits or kneels and uses a one bladed paddle.

Flat water racingThere are sprint and longdistance races for singles,doubles, and fours, for bothkayaks and Canadian canoes.In long river races, marathon,obstacles such as locks andrapids are negotiated byportage. The strength isneeded by the athletes.

In slalom races,competitors set

out one at a time.They have to

negotiate anumber of gates made

from hanging poles andthey incur penalties for

mistakes. In whitewatercourse, competitors are

timed over a course thatincludes obstacles such as

against the flow, rocksand rapids.

Canoeing.Source:

www.colitti.com

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SailingSailingSailingSailingSailingIs the art of controlling a boat withlarge foils called sails. By charging therigging, rudder and keel or centreboard, a sailor manages the force ofthe wind on the sails in order tochange the direction and speed of aboat.

Sailing boats use the power of thewind to drive them through the water.Vessels range from one persondinghies to ocean going yachts thathave a crew of 12 or more. Boats cansail directly downwind or across thewind, but have to take a zigzagcourse, called tacking, to sail into thewind.

Yacht RacingYacht RacingYacht RacingYacht RacingYacht RacingYachts race on inshore and offshore courses. Inshore racesare held just off the coast, on courses marked out withbuoys. Offshore races go across the seas. Some races are foryachts of the same design, and other competitions, calledhandicap races, are for boats of different designs.

Yacht racing.Source:www.sailbreadonthewater.com

Sailing over the Ocean.Source:www.sailbreadonthewater.com

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Water skiers are towed behind a motorboat on one or twoskis. Competitions have three sections. In slalom, waterskiers negotiate a series of six buoys over increasinglydifficult runs. In jumpings they take off from a ramp.In tricks, points are awarded for special manoeuvers.

In skiing the skier uses skis as the mainform of equipment and stands upright

while holding onto a tow rope.

WindsurfingWindsurfingWindsurfingWindsurfingWindsurfingIn windsurfing, the sailor stands ona board and steers by means of thesail, controlling it and supporting therig with a double boom.

Water Skiing.Source:

www.farm4.static.flickr.com

There are several kinds ofcompetition, including racing

around buoys, slalom races, andperforming tricks.

Windsurfing.Source:

www.zastavk.com

Water SkiingWater SkiingWater SkiingWater SkiingWater Skiing

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Ice SportIce SportIce SportIce SportIce SportAny snowy slope is a site for sled racing, but for major competitions, spe-cial steep, twisty runs are made from ice and snow. The art is to shift thebodyweight to make the sled go the fastest way down, letting gravity dothe work. Riders go one at a a time, and the winner is the one with thelowest total time from up to four runs.

LugeThe luge is one or two person toboggan with no brakes or steering. Theriders, or sliders, use their legs and shoulders to guide the vehicle. Theluge is ridden face up, in a sitting or lying position.

BobsleighTwo or four men bobs havemetal runners, steering, andbrakes. In a four, the twomiddle men help to guidethe bob by shifting theirweight on turns. A brakeman uses the brakes onlyfor correcting skids or forstopping.

Bobsleigh Olympic winter games.Source:www.allbestpictures.com

Luge.Source:www.lugeaustralia.com

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Figure SkatingFigure skating takes

place on an indoor ice rink. There are four events,men’s and women’s singles, mixed pairs, and icedancing. Long-track speed skating usually takes

place outdoors, and skaters race against the clock.Short-track is held indoors, with elimination heats.Ice hockey, on indoor ice rinks, is a major sport in

North America and parts of Europe.

Skaters perform set rountines andfree programmes to music,featuring spins, jumps, and, inpairs, lifts. Judges award marks out of six forartistic impression and for technical merit.Ice dancing is less athletic, with more emphasisplaced on interpretation of the music.

TobogganThe skeleton toboggan is so called

because it has no structure above therunners. The rider lies face down,

uses toe pieces for braking, andsteers by shifting weight. The only

major competitions are on the CrestaRun at St Moristz in Switzerland.

Speed SkatingLong track racing is held on a 400-m(436-yd) track with two skaters inseparate lines. There are no lines in shorttrack racing, and four to six skaters jockeyfor position around a tight oval track.

Mixed pairs dancing.Source: www.wallpapergate.com

Single woman competition.Source:www.icemidwest.com

Woman in speed skating.Source:www.iceracingnsw.org

Ice toboggan.Source:

www.coolest-gadgets.com

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The Summer Olympic GamesThe Summer Olympic GamesThe Summer Olympic GamesThe Summer Olympic GamesThe Summer Olympic GamesThe Summer Olympic Games are an

international multi-sport event,occurring every four years, organized

by the International OlympicCommittee. Medals are awarded in each

event, with gold medals for first place,silver for second and bronze for third,

a tradition that started in 1904.

The Summer Olympic Games can be followed by allcountry in the world. They send their best male andwomen athletes to join the competition and prove thatthey are the best athletes in the world, and give amedals to their nation so their country will have the bestrank among other country.

The next Summer Olympic will be held in London, The United Kingdom.London, United Kingdom will hold the 2012 Summer Olympics, making itthe first city to host the Games three times. The International OlympicCommittee has removed baseball and softball from the 2012 program.

www.olympicmonitor.com

The gold medal of Summer Olympic 2012.Source: www.wilorraine.typepad.co.uk

London is making preparation to hold Summer Olympic in 2012.Source: www.sightseeingtours.co.uk

www.webmedia.bg

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The Summer Olympic Games is always held indifferent country based on the country’s

preparation to have big event. So it is notimpossible for big country like the United States

becomes the host of the event morethan once time.

In fact, The United states has hosted four Summer Olympics Gamesmore than any other nation.

The International Olympic Committee chose Rio de Janeiro,Brazil as the host city of the 2016 Summer Olympics. Riowill become the first South American city to host either

the Summer or Winter Games

In the men's 110-metrehurdles at the 2004 OlympicGames in Athens.Source:www.drbishop.ca.com

www.pju.org

www.britannica.com www.sunshinecoastjudo.com

www.drbishop.ca.com

Summer Olypic logo 2016.Source:

www.webmedia.bg

www.bop.nppa.org

Summer OlympicsGames

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Figure skating.Source:

www.wallpapergate.com

Ski-jumping over the sport'sexclusion from the 2010Winter Olympics inVancouver.Source:www.i147.photobucket.com

There is a mukSumber:www.digilander.libero.i.com

Medal ofWinter Olympic 2010.

Source:www.psfk.com

Ice hockey.Source:www.Olympic Spirit.com

Winter Olympic GamesWinter Olympic GamesWinter Olympic GamesWinter Olympic GamesWinter Olympic GamesThe Winter Olympic Games are a winter multi-sport eventheld every four years. The feature winter sports held onsnow or ice, such as Alpine skiing, cross-country skiing,figure skating, bobsledding and ice hockey. Fewercountries participate in the Winter Olympics than the

Summer Olympics. The first Winter Olympics were held inChamonix, France in 1924. Prior to this, figure skating andice hockey had been events at the Summer Olympics.

The Games were held every fouryears from 1924 until 1940 when

they were interrupted by World War II. The Winterand Summer Games resumedin 1948 and were celebratedon the same year until 1992.At that time the Winter Gamessplit from the Summer Games,and were begun to becelebrated on alternating evenyears. The first Winter OlympicGames to be held on this newschedule was in 1994 inLillehammer, Norway.

Many countries have hostedthe Winter Olympics multipletimes. The United States hashosted the Games four times,more than any other country.France has been host threetimes. Austria, Canada, Italy,Japan, Norway, andSwitzerland have hosted theGames twice.

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In 2003 the IOC awarded the 2010 Winter Olympicsto Vancouver, thus allowing Canada to host its

second Winter Olympics. With a population of morethan 2.5 million people, Vancouver will be the largest

metropolitan area to ever host a Winter OlympicGames. Vancouver is a low-altitude, seaport city

with a relatively mild oceanic climate. Most of thevenues will be located in the Vancouver

metropolitan area, with the exception of the alpine,Nordic, and sliding events, which will be held in Whistler.

The decision for the location of the 2014Winter Olympics was made on 4 July 2007.Sochi, Russia, was elected as the host city over the othertwo finalists: Salzburg, Austria, and Pyeongchang, SouthKorea. Sochi will be the first city with a subtropical climateto host the Winter Games.The Olympic Village and OlympicStadium will be located on the Black Sea coast. All of themountain venues will be 50 kilometres (30 mi) away in thealpine region known as Krasnaya Polyana.

Source:www.i147.photobucket.com

Tschudi when the 1952Winter Olympics arrivedoutside his door in Norefjell.Source:www.i147.photobucket.com

Gregor schlierenzauer Better Know A Winter OlympicsSport Ski Jumping The Game Of Insanity.Source: www.i147.photobucket.com

Winter Olympic logo.Source:www.i147.photobucket.com

Winter Olympic logo.Source:www.i147.photobucket.com

Winter Olympics Games

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Action picturesA camera can reveal actions that are too quick to see with the naked eye,splitting a second into 4.000 parts or more. To take good action pictures, a

photographer must learn when totrigger the shutter to capture just theright one of those instants.

A picture of dancer.Source:www.i39.tinypic.com

A beautiful viewcaught in camera.Source: www.city-data.com

A set of camera.Source: www.city-data.com

PhotographyPhotographyPhotographyPhotographyPhotographyA photograph can capture an instant ofhappiness or record an athlete’s recordbreaking sprint, it can show the cruelty of waror the beauty of the Earth from Space. Yetthere is more photography than pictures in amagazine. Although photography is less than

180 years old, it now influences everypart of our lives. X-ray photography

can reveal faulty welds in a gaspipeline, or faulty valves in yourheart. A process calledphotolithography is used toattach microscopic circuits ontocomputer chips.

Types of photographyModern cameras have made photography easier,

but different types of photography still demanddifferent skills. Great news photographers cananticipate where historic events are about tounfold, while landscape photographers need

patience and an artist’s skill with composition.

LandscapesOutdoor scenes offer the photographer

infinite variety because the mood of every placealters with changing light, weather, and seasons.

Skilful photographs captureatmosphere.

www.canon-eos-450-d.com

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PhilatelyPhilatelyPhilatelyPhilatelyPhilatelyPhilately (stamp

collecting) began inthe 1840s. As there

were very few stampsin existence, early

philatelists collectedmany of the same

art, and stuck themon walls or furniture

for decoration.

Today, a stamp album may include different stamps from every nation ofthe world. Because goverments often use stamp designs to mark specialpolitical events, or to honour individuals, stamp collections can beinteresting documents of social history, reflecting social attitudesand priorities in different nations.

Usually, people collect stamps which havememoriable story, maybe they look them fromthe amount of production, because as rare asthe stamp produce, or it is limited edition stamp,it becomes more expensive.

People who likes to collecting stamp will spend a greatamount of money to have a

stamp which has great history.For hobby, collecting stamp can

be done by collecting it asgroup. example by country,

shape, or theme. Stamps donot need to be rare or

expensive, just collectingstamp you interest in.

The world’s rarest stamp is the 1856 BritishGuiana One Cent, for it is only one copy.Itwas found by a young boy in BritishGuiana in 1873. The stamp worth$850.000.Source:www.i291.photobucke.com

Collecting stamp by its country, India.Source:www.knol.google.com

Collecting stamp by itscountry, India.Source:www.knol.google.com

Stamp album.Source:www.web.britannica.com

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www.iklanmax.com

THE INVENTORSTHE INVENTORSTHE INVENTORSTHE INVENTORSTHE INVENTORS

Alexander Graham Bell,the inventor of the telephone.

In the 1870s, two inventors Elisha Gray andAlexander Graham Bell both independently

designed devices that could transmit speechelectrically (the telephone).

Finishing it, Both men rushed theirrespective designs to the patent office

within hours of each other, and Alexander Graham Bellpatented his telephone first.Elisha Gray and Alexander GrahamBell entered into a famous legalbattle over the invention of thetelephone, which Bell won.

www.upload.wikimedia.org

www.rainbowresource.com

Alexander Graham Bell.Source:www.bosgentongs.files.wordpress.com

www.iklanmax.com

Bette Nesmith Graham,the inventor of Liquid Paper.

The invention of Liquid paper started from a mistake out.Bette Nesmith Graham was a secretary in Dallas and also a

singgle mother who raising a baby boy, Michael. She wasvery tired in typing documents for her boss repeatedly,

because she had to repeat it all over again every time she made amistake. Than she tried to make a thing that can cover upmistake on paper. Bette was an artist and use to handling paints

and inks. She used her own kitchen blender to mix up her first batch ofliquid paper, the substance used to cover up mistakes made on paper.

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Eliason and motorized toboggan.Source:www.snowmobile-canada.com

Modern snowmobile.Source:www.bearpawinn.com

Cyrus McCormick.Source:www.de.academic.ru.com

Hore-drawn reaper.Source:www.gwcmodela.com

.

Cyrus McCormick,the inventor of mechanical reaper.

Cyrus McCormick, the "Father of ModernAgriculture," made one of the most significant

contributions to the United States' prosperity, when heinvented the horse-drawn reaper in 1831.

Cyrus Hall McCormick wasborn in 1809. He grew up on hisfamily's 532-acre farm, "WalnutGrove", north of Lexington,Virginia. As a boy, McCormick had a talent forboth agriculture and inventing. At the age of15, he invented a lightweight cradle forcarting harvested grain (1824).

Using his father's incomplete model as astarting point, McCormick sketched out plans

for a machine that would automatically cut, thresh and bundle grain whilebeing pulled through a field by horses. Within six weeks, he had built the

world's first mechanical reaper.

Carl Eliason,the inventor of the snowmobile.

Carl Eliason has to be listed as inventor of thesnowmobile, since his patent is 30 years earlierthan the other contender for that honor, Joseph

Armand Bombardier. Carl Eliason of SaynerWisconsin built what is basically a motorized

toboggan in 1924, which was patented in 1927.

From the first motorized toboggan, Eliasonbegan to make his machine larger and lesslike a toboggan and more like a modernsnowmobile. The Eliason's motorizedtoboggan started out with a 2.5 hp motor,and by 1937 used a 25 hp motor. Hecontinued developing his motorized tobog-gan, meanwhile thedevelopment of snowmobilebecomes huge bussines.

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Douglas C. Engelbart,the inventor of the computer mouse.

A mouse is a device that you hold and move with thehand in order to move ans control the cursor on com-puter screen or give other command to the computer.

In 1964, the first prototype computer mouse wasmade to use with a graphical user interface (GUI),'windows'. Engelbart received a patent for thewooden shell with two metal wheels (computermouse) in 1970,describing it in thepatent application as an"XY position indicator

for a display system. "It was nicknamed themouse because the tail came out the end,"Engelbart revealed about his invention.

Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith,the inventor of Crayola Crayons.

Edward Binney,co-inventor of Crayolacrayons. Crayon is a stickof colored wax for writing,drawing , or coloring.

Crayola brand crayons were the first kids crayons evermade, invented by Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith. The

brand's first box of eight Crayolacrayons made its debut in 1903.The crayons were sold for a nickel and thecolors were black, brown, blue, red, purple,orange, yellow, and green. The word Crayolawas created by Alice Stead Binney (wife ofEdwin Binney) who took the French words forchalk (craie) and oily (oleaginous) andcombined them.

Douglas C. Engelbart.Source:www.innovationjournalism.org

www.images.google.co.id

www.ok.gov

www.thegreenhead.com

Binney and Smith.Source:

www.pabook.libraries.psu.edu

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Edwin Perkins,the inventor of Kool-Aid.

Kool-Aid was invented by Edwin Perkins andhis wife Kitty in Hastings, Nebraska, United

States. All of his experiments took place in hismother’s kitchen. Its predecessor was a liquid

concentrate called Fruit Smack.

Fruit Smack, like Jell-O®, came in sixdelicious flavors. The four-ounce bottle madeenough for a family to enjoy at an affordable

price. However, shipping the bottles proved tobe costly and breakage was becoming a

problem as well.

In 1927, Perkins developed amethod of removing the liquid fromFruit Smack so the remainingpowder could be re-packaged inenvelopes under a new name to becalled Kool-Ade, changed thespelling to Kool-Aid.

Perkins moved hisproduction toChicago in 1931and Kool-Aid wassold to GeneralFoods in 1953.

Kool-Aid Man, afrosty pitcher filledwith Kool-Aid, is the

mascot of Kool-Aid.Source:

www.stopthecap.com

Young Edwin Perkins.Source:

www.genealogy.com

www.elizafrye.com

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Gordon Gould,the inventor of the laser.

An electronic apparatus for making a thin,very powerful beam of light that cantransmit information, perform surgery andcut through metal.

Gordon Gould was thefirst person to use the

word "laser," andthere is good reason

to believe he made the first light laser. Gould was adoctoral student at Columbia

University under Charles Townes, theinventor of the maser.

Gould was inspired to build his optical laser startingin 1958. He failed to file for a patent his invention

until 1959. As a result, Gould's patent was refusedand his technolgy was exploited by others.

In 1977 Gould finally won his patent war and received hisfirst patent for the laser.

Gordon Gould.Source: www.glowingdia.com

Blue laser.Source:

www.elkindustries.com

Josephine Garis Cochrane,the inventor of the dishwasher.

In 1886, Josephine Cochran proclaimed indisgust, "If nobody else is going to invent adishwashing machine, I'll do it myself". And shedid, Cochran invented the first dishwasher.

Cochran had expected the public towelcome her new invention, unveiled atthe 1893 World's Fair, but only thehotels and large restaurants werebuying her ideas. It was not until the1950s that dishwashers caught on withthe general public. It became the usefullequipment for the household.

Josephine Garis Cochrane.Source: www.gonenotforgotten.com

Dishwasher machine.Source:www.img.hgtv.com

121121121121121

Levi Strauss,the inventor of blue jeans.

In 1850 during the California gold rush,Levi Strauss, a 20-year-old Bavarian

immigrant, left New York for SanFrancisco with a small supply

of dry goods.

Shortly after his arrival, a prospector wanted to knowwhat he was selling. When Strauss told him he hadrough canvas for tents and wagon covers, theprospector said, "You should have brought pants!"saying he couldn't find a pair of pants strong enoughto last. So, Strauss had the canvas made into pants.

Miners liked the pants, but complained that theytended to chafe. A substitution of a twilled cotton clothfrom France called "serge de Nimes," became known

as denim. His denim merk is Levi’s which stands for Levi Straus. Today,Levi’s becomes the famous denim pants in the world.

Marion Donovan,the inventor of the disposable diaper.

Marion Donovan was a young mother in thepost-war baby boom era. She came from a family of

inventors and inherited the inventing 'gene'.Unhappy with leaky, cloth diapers that had to bewashed, she first invented the 'Boater', a plastic

covering for cloth diapers.

Donovan made her first boater using a showercurtain. A year later she carried her ideasfurther. Using disposable absorbent materialand combining it with her Boater design,Donovan created the first convenientdisposable diaper. Manufacturers thought herproduct would be too expansive to produce.Donovan, left unable to sell or license herdiaper patent, went into business for herself.

Nowday baby diapers are very essential for mothers around the world.

Baby disposablediaper.Source:www.frugalyankee.com

Marion Donovan.Source:www.americanhistory.si.edu

Levi Strauss.Source:

www.web.mac.com

ww

w.im

age2

.onlin

eauct

ion.c

om

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Mark Zuckerberg,the inventor of facebook.

Mark Zuckerberg (born May 14,1984) is an American

entrepreneur best known forco-founding the popular social

networking site Facebook.Zuckerberg co-founded

Facebook with fellow classmatesDustin Moskovitz, Eduardo

Saverin, and Chris Hughes whileattending Harvard. Zuckerberg

serves as Facebook's CEO. He has been the subject of controversysurrounding the origins of his business.

Time magazine added Zuckerberg as one of The World's Most InfluentialPeople of 2008. He fell under the Scientists & Thinkers category for hisweb phenomenon, Facebook, and ranked 52 out of 101 people. As ofJanuary 2010 Zuckerberg is the youngest self-made businessman worthmore than a billion dollars

On May 24, 2007, Zuckerberg announced a Facebook Platform,a development platform for programmers to create social applicationswithin Facebook. This announcement sparked a great deal of interest in

the developercommunity. Withinweeks, manyapplications had beenbuilt and somealready had millions ofusers. Today, thereare more than800,000 developersaround the worldbuilding applicationsfor Facebook Platform.

View of facebook platform.Source:www.blogs.nlb.gov.sg.com

Mark Zuckerberg.Source: www.nrkbeta.no.com

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Percy Spencer,the inventor of the microwave oven.

The microwave oven was a by-product of anothertechnology, because it was during a radar-relatedresearch project around 1946 that Dr. PercySpencer invented themicrowave oven.

An electromagnetic maveof extremely highfrequency, 1 GHz or more,and having wave lengthsfrom 1 mm to 30 cm.

Pency Spencer.Source:www.raytheon.com

Philo T. Farnsworth,the inventor of modern television.

In 1927, Farnsworth was the first inventor totransmit a television image comprised of 60horizontal lines. Farnsworth developed thedissector tube, thebasis of all currentelectronic televisions.He filled for his first

television patent in 1927 (pat# 1,773,980.)Based on his invention, the technology televisionhave developed in great scala. We can see thetelevision type is numerious. Including flat andwide screen, 3D motion picture, andsurrounding sound system.

Richard Drew,the inventor ofScotch tape.

Scotch Tape wasinvented in 1930 bybanjo playing 3Mengineer Richard G.Drew.

Philo T. Farnsworth.Sumber:www.explorepahistory.com

Scotch tape.Source:www.i193.photobucket.com

Richard Drew.Source:www.invent.org

Modern television.Source:www.atech.org.com

Percy Spencer.Source:www.raytheon.com

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Rudolph Diesel,the inventor of the diesel engine.

In 1893, he published a paperdescribing an engine with combustionwithin a cylinder, the internalcombustion engine. In 1894, he filled fora patent for his newinvention, dubbedthe diesel engine.Diesel was almost

killed by his engine when it exploded - however, hisengine was the first that proved that fuel could beignited without a spark. He operated his firstsuccessful engine in 1897.

Rudolph Diesel.Source:www.theautochannel.com

www. image.dieselpowermagl.com

Ruth Handler,the inventor of the Barbie doll.

Every girl loves barbie dool. Not only a little girl butalso a woman likes to have the barbie doll ascollection. The Barbie doll was invented in 1959 byRuth Handler (co-founder of Mattel), whose own

daughter was called Barbara.

Davidson barbie.Source:www.ssl126.securefastssl.com

Ruth Handler.Source:www.techcn.com

India barbie.Source:www.api.ning.com

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Schuyler Wheeler,the inventor of the electric fan.

In 1886 Schulyer Wheeler invented theelectric fan, a principal method of homecooling until Willis Haviland Carrier, thefather of air conditioning, designed the

first scientific system to clean, circulate,and control the temperature and humidity

of air in homes.

Samuel Morse,the inventor of Morse code.

While being a professor of artsand design at New York

University in 1835, SamuelMorse proved that signals

could be transmitted by wire.He used pulses of current to

deflect an electromagnet,which moved a marker to

produce written codes on a stripof paper, the invention

of Morse Code.Morse code machine.Source:www.telemuseum.org

Samuel Morse.Source:www.youngworldculturepictorial.com

www.gwpda.org

Electric fan.Source:www.rubell.files.wordpress.com

Schuyler Wheeler.Source:www. images.mirror.co.uk

Schuyler Wheeler was an American engineerwho invented the two-blades electric fan in1882 at age 22.

Wheeler was born in Massachusetts.His two-bladed electric fan was produced bythe Crocker and Curtis Electric MotorCompany. He died of angina pectoris at hishome in Manhattan.

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Thomas Adams,the inventor of chewing gum.

Adams Sons and Company was formed in1876 by the glass merchant Thomas

Adams (1818-1905) and his two sons.

As a result of experiments in awarehouse of Front Street, Adams

made chewing gum that had chicle asan ingredient, large quantities of which

had been made available to him byGeneral Antonio de Santa Anna of Mexico,

who was in exile in Staten Island and atwhose investigation Adams had tried to use the

chicle to make rubber.

Adams sold the gum with the slogan "Adams' NewYork Gum No. 1 Snapping and Stretching."

The firm was the nation's most prosperous chewinggum company by the end of the century: it built amonopoly in 1899 by merging with the six largestand best-known chewing gum manufacturers in theUnited States and Canada, and achieved greatsuccess as the maker of Chiclets.

Thomas Adams.Source:www.personsfamous.com

Who don’t like gum, chewing gum isalso likeable by adult.Source:www.businesspundit.com

www.imagehost.ngobrolaja.com

Type of bubble gum.Source:www.upload.wikimedia.com

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Thomas Alva Edison,the inventor of the phonograph,lightbulb and motion pictures.

August 12, 1877, is the datepopularly given for Thomas Alva

Edison's completion of the model forthe first phonograph. It is more likely,

however, that work on the model was notfinished until November or December of that year, since Edison did not filefor the patent until December 24, 1877.

Tupper, Silas,the inventor of tupperware.

Tupperware (plastic container with airtight lid) wasinvented by Earl Silas Tupper (1908-1983).

Using inflexible pieces of polyethylene slag given tohim by DuPont, Tupper purified the slag and molded itto create lightweight, non-breakable containers, cups,bowls, plates, and even gas masks that were used inWorld War II. He later designed liquid-proof, airtightlids by duplicating the lid of a paint can.

Motion pictures.Source:www.farm3.static.flickr.com

www.tupperwarequeen.com

phonograph.Source:

www.edisontinfoil.com

Thomas Alva Edison.Source:www.ooyake.com

www.depaul.edu

www.collectiblewebs.com

Silas Tupper.Source:www.2.bp.blogspot.com

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Willis Carrier,the inventor of air conditioning.

In 1902, only one year after Willis Haviland Carriergraduated from Cornell University with a Masters inEngineering, the first air (temperature and humidity)conditioning was in operation in Brooklyn.

He found out air problem when he work for company inBrooklyn. The problem was the fluctuations in heat andhumidity that caused the paper be expand and contractwith the missalignment of colored ink.

He made a design for a new machine thatbecome as the world’s first modern air

conditioning system. After several years ofrefiement and field testing, on January 2,

1906. Carries was grated US patent on hisinvention, which he called, “Apparatus for

treating Air.” It was designed to dehumidifyair, heating water for the first and cooling it

for the second.

Walter Hunt,the inventor of the safety pin.

The safety pin was the invention of Walter Hunt, inventedwhile Hunt was twisting a piece of wire, trying to think ofsomething that would help himpay off a fifteen-dollar debt. OnApril 10, 1849, the safety pin was

patented. Hunt thought little of hissafety pin as an invention andsoon sold the patent for fourhundred dollars.

On 1849, Hunt was granted US paten 6,281for his safety pin. Hunt’s pin was made fromone piece of wire, which was coiled into a spring at one end a separatedclasp and point at the other end, allowing the point of wire be forced bythe spring into the clasp. It’s designed to keep finger safe from injury,hence the name.

www.razorbladeproducts.com

Willis Carrier.Source:

www.upload.wikimedia.org

Air Conditioning.Source:

www.kstarus.com

Walter Hunt.Source:

www.sil.si.edu.com

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Wright Brothers,the inventor of aircraft.

In 1899, Wright Brothers designed their firstaircraft: a small, biplane glider flown as a kite totest their solution for controlling the craft by wingwarping. Wing warping is a method of arching thewingtips slightly to control the aircraft's rollingmotion and balance.

In 1900, the Wrightssuccessfully testedtheir new 50-poundbiplane glider with its

17-foot wingspan and wing-warpingmechanism at Kitty Hawk, in both unmannedand piloted flights. In fact, it was the firstpiloted glider.

After months of studying how propellers workthe Wright Brothers designed a motor and a new aircraft sturdy enough toaccommodate the motor's weight and vibrations. The craft weighed 700pounds and came to be known as the Flyer.

Yokoi, Gumpei,the inventor of the Game Boy.

Gumpei Yokoi was the creator of the GameBoy and Virtual Boy and worked on Famicom(and NES), the Metroid series, Game BoyPocket and did extensive work on the systemwe know today as the Nintendo EntertainmentSystem.

www.retrolution.dk.com

www.baixakijogos.com

Wright Brothers and the first Aircraft.Source: www.oac.cdlib.org

Gumpei Yokoi.Source:www.nintendoland.com

Wright Brothers.Source:

www.etsu.edu

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John. M Echol, Hassan Shadily. 1992. Kamus Indonesia Inggris. Jakarta:Gramedia.

John. M Echol, Hassan Shadily. 2000. Kamus Inggris Indonesia. Jakarta:Gramedia.Morris, G. Christopher. 2007. Macillan Dictionary ForChildren Simon & Schuster Books For Young Readers. New York,London, Toronto, Sydney: Simon & Schuster, Inc.

Morris, Neil. 2005. My First Encyclopedia. United Kingdom: ParragonPublishing.

Mudzakir, Arief. 2006. RPUL Global. Semarang: CV. Aneka Ilmu.Pringle, Laurence. 2001. Scholastic Encyclopedia of Animals. Singapore:

Scholastic Inc.Random House, Inc, 1999. Ramdom House Webster’s College Dictionary.

New York: Division of Random House, Inc.Roger, Kirsteen; Laura Howell; Alastair Smith; Philip Clarke & Corinne

Henderson. 2002. The Ubsorne Internet-Linked Sience Encyclopedia.London, England: Usborne Publishing Ltd.

The Dorling Kindersley. 3The Dorling Kindersley2002. Illustrated FamilyEncycopedia, volume I-Z. London, UK: Dorling Kindersley Limited.

www.wikipedia.go.idwww.wikipedia.com