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4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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4-2 What Shapes an Ecosystem?
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Ecosystems are influenced by a combination of biological and physical factors.
• Biotic – biological factors
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
Physical, or nonliving, factors that shape ecosystems are called abiotic factors.
Abiotic factors include:
• temperature • precipitation• humidity• wind• nutrient availability• soil type• sunlight
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Biotic and Abiotic Factors
The area where an organism lives is called its habitat. A habitat includes both biotic and abiotic factors.
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The Niche
The Niche
A niche is the full range of physical and biological conditions in which an organism lives and the way in which the organism uses those conditions.
No two species can share the same niche in the same habitat
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Community Interactions
Competition
Competition occurs when organisms of the same or different species attempt to use an ecological resource in the same place at the same time.
Define Resource:
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Community Interactions
The competitive exclusion principle states that no two species can occupy the same niche in the same habitat at the same time.
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Community Interactions
The distribution of these warblers avoids direct competition, because each species feeds in a different part of the tree.
Yellow-Rumped Warbler
Bay-Breasted Warbler
Fee
din
g h
eig
ht
(m)
0
6
12
18
Cape May Warbler
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Community Interactions
Predation
An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation.
Predator
Prey
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Community Interactions
Symbiosis
Any relationship in which two species live closely together is called symbiosis.
Symbiotic relationships include:
• mutualism
• commensalism
• parasitism
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Community Interactions
Mutualism: both species benefit from the relationship.
ex. Lichen
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Community Interactions
Commensalism: one member of the association benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
ex. Epiphyte
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Community Interactions
Parasitism: one organism lives on or inside another organism and harms it.
Ex. Mistletoe, wasp & hornworm, tick
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Ecological Succession
What is ecological succession?
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Ecological Succession
This series of predictable changes that occurs in a community over time is called ecological succession.
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Ecological Succession
Primary Succession
On land, succession that occurs on surfaces where no soil exists is called primary succession.
The first species to populate the area are called pioneer species.
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Ecological Succession
In this example, a volcanic eruption has destroyed the previous ecosystem.
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Ecological Succession
The first organisms to appear are lichens.
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Ecological Succession
Mosses soon appear, and grasses take root in the thin layer of soil.
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Ecological Succession
Eventually, tree seedlings and shrubs sprout among the plant community.
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Ecological Succession
Secondary Succession
Events that can lead to secondary succession:
fires, abandoned fields, logging
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4-2
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4-2
Which of the following is a biotic factor in a bullfrog's niche?
a. water
b. a heron
c. climate
d. day length
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An organism’s niche is different from its habitat because
a. The niche does not include the place where the organism lives.
b. the niche includes all the conditions under which the organism lives.
c. the niche includes only abiotic factors.
d. the niche includes only biotic factors.
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4-2
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The attempt by organisms of the same or different species to use a resource at the same time in the same place is called
a. competition.
b. predation.
c. symbiosis.
d. cooperation.
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An association between two species in which one species benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed is called
a. symbiosis.
b. mutualism.
c. commensalism.
d. parasitism.
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When a volcano erupts and completely destroys an ecosystem, the first species to populate the area are usually
a. grasses and shrubs.
b. pioneers such as lichens.
c. small plants such as mosses.
d. small animals such as rodents.
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