Endocrine systemEndocrine system

20092009

Endocrine systemEndocrine system

HormonesHormones (products of the (products of the endocrine glands) are released endocrine glands) are released

in the blood or tissue fluid); in the blood or tissue fluid); they have influence on organs they have influence on organs and tissues that are far from and tissues that are far from

the site of productionthe site of production

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal Hypothalamo-hypophyseal systemsystem

Nc. supraopticus Nc. supraopticus and and paraventricularis in paraventricularis in hypothalamus –hypothalamus –oxytocin and oxytocin and vasopresin (ADH)vasopresin (ADH)

They are They are released in released in neurohypophysisneurohypophysis

Hypothalamus: Hypothalamus: Liberines :Liberines :

TRH,GnRH,GRH,CRTRH,GnRH,GRH,CRH,PRFH,PRF

Statines:Statines: somatostatin,dopasomatostatin,dopaminmin

Influence on Influence on hormone production hormone production in adenohypophysisin adenohypophysis

NeurohypophysisNeurohypophysis

Unmyelinized nerve Unmyelinized nerve fibres – Herring fibres – Herring bodies - granules bodies - granules contain vasopressin contain vasopressin (ADH) and oxytocin; (ADH) and oxytocin; neurophysinneurophysin

Pituicytes = glial Pituicytes = glial cells (lipofuscin) – cells (lipofuscin) – glial fibrillary acidic glial fibrillary acidic proteinprotein

NeurohypophysisNeurohypophysis

Oxytocin –increases tonus and causes Oxytocin –increases tonus and causes contraction of the uterine smooth muscle contraction of the uterine smooth muscle and myoepithelial cells in the ducts of and myoepithelial cells in the ducts of mammary glandmammary gland

Vasopressin – ADH –increases resorption of Vasopressin – ADH –increases resorption of water in collecting ducts of kidney and water in collecting ducts of kidney and causes contraction of smooth muscles in causes contraction of smooth muscles in small arteries – increases the blood small arteries – increases the blood pressurepressure

NeurohypophysisNeurohypophysis

AdenohypophysisAdenohypophysis

Blood supply:Blood supply: Superior hypophysial artery – Superior hypophysial artery –

hypothalamus and pituitary gland– hypothalamus and pituitary gland– portal systemportal system

Inferior hypophysial artery - Inferior hypophysial artery - neurohypophysisneurohypophysis

Anterior pituitary glandAnterior pituitary gland

Chromofobes:Chromofobes: undifferentiated – stem undifferentiated – stem cells, folicullar cells (supportive system)cells, folicullar cells (supportive system)

Chromophils:Chromophils: Acidophilic:Acidophilic: prolactin, growth hormone (GH) prolactin, growth hormone (GH) Bazophilic:Bazophilic: ACTH (adrenocorticotropic ACTH (adrenocorticotropic

hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), gonadotropic: FSH (follicle-hormone), gonadotropic: FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing stimulating hormone), LH (luteinizing hormone)hormone)

Anterior pituitary glandAnterior pituitary gland

Growth hormoneGrowth hormone – acts by IGF 1 – acts by IGF 1 (somatomedin) producedin liver and (somatomedin) producedin liver and tissue.tissue.

Function growth – bone, anabolic hormoneFunction growth – bone, anabolic hormone ProlaktinProlaktin – growth of mammary gland, – growth of mammary gland,

secretion of milksecretion of milk Hyperprelactinemie – infertilita, Hyperprelactinemie – infertilita,

amenorhea and galactorhea.amenorhea and galactorhea.

Pituitary Pituitary gland-gland-pars pars intermediaintermedia

Pineal glandPineal gland

Pinealocytes- production of melatoninPinealocytes- production of melatonin Astrocytes – supportive cellsAstrocytes – supportive cells

Function: reaction on light – rythmic Function: reaction on light – rythmic secretory activity (melatonin is produced in secretory activity (melatonin is produced in darkness)darkness)

Biological clock – regulation of circadian Biological clock – regulation of circadian rythmsrythms

It modifies function of endocrine glandsIt modifies function of endocrine glands

Pineal glandPineal gland

PinealocytesPinealocytes

AstrocytesAstrocytes

Thyroid glandThyroid gland

Follicles – colloid (thyroglobulin) – cFollicles – colloid (thyroglobulin) – cubic ubic cells -follicularcells -follicular – thyroxine (T4) and tri- – thyroxine (T4) and tri-iodotyrosine (T3)iodotyrosine (T3)

Function: stimulation of oxidative Function: stimulation of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria phosphorylation in mitochondria (resorption in intestine, regulation of lipid (resorption in intestine, regulation of lipid metabolism, growth, development of CNS)metabolism, growth, development of CNS)

Parafollicular cellsParafollicular cells– calcitonin –decrease – calcitonin –decrease of Ca level in blood –storage into bone and of Ca level in blood –storage into bone and release into urine.release into urine.

Thyroid glandThyroid gland

Folicullar cellsFolicullar cells

C – Parafollicular C – Parafollicular cells: production cells: production of calcitonin: of calcitonin: regulation of Ca regulation of Ca level in bloodlevel in blood

Production of thyroxineProduction of thyroxine

Synthesis of thyroglobulin - Synthesis of thyroglobulin - proteosynthesisproteosynthesis

Uptake of iodide from blood – active Uptake of iodide from blood – active transport – iodine pumptransport – iodine pump

Activation of iodide and its binding to Activation of iodide and its binding to tyrosine in thyreoglobulin (in tyrosine in thyreoglobulin (in follicular colloid) follicular colloid)

Resorption of thyroglobulin and its Resorption of thyroglobulin and its braking by lysosomes – secretion of braking by lysosomes – secretion of T4 and T3T4 and T3

Parathyroid glandParathyroid gland

Chief cells – production of parathyroid Chief cells – production of parathyroid hormone – regulation of Ca level in hormone – regulation of Ca level in blood – activates osteoclasts in bone blood – activates osteoclasts in bone – antagonist of calcitonin– antagonist of calcitonin

OOxyphilic cellsxyphilic cells (mitochondrias) (mitochondrias)

Parathyroid glandParathyroid gland

SuprarenalSuprarenalglandgland

Cortex :Cortex : zona glomerulosazona glomerulosa zona fasciculatazona fasciculata zona reticulariszona reticularis

MedullaMedulla

Cortex of suprarenal glandCortex of suprarenal gland

Mineralocorticoids – aldosteron –regulates–Mineralocorticoids – aldosteron –regulates–resorption of Na in kidney (stimulation by resorption of Na in kidney (stimulation by angiotensinII)angiotensinII)

Glucocorticoids – cortisol, corticosteron – Glucocorticoids – cortisol, corticosteron – regulation of metabolism, immunity regulation of metabolism, immunity (stimulation by ACTH)(stimulation by ACTH)

Androgens – dehydroepiandrosteronAndrogens – dehydroepiandrosteron – – anabolic activityanabolic activity

Suprarenal glandSuprarenal gland

Medulla:Medulla:

Epinephrin (80%)Epinephrin (80%) Norepinephrin (20%)Norepinephrin (20%)

Reaction to stress – Reaction to stress – Increase of blood Increase of blood pressure, frequency pressure, frequency of heart of heart

Suprarenal gland - medullaSuprarenal gland - medulla

PancreasPancreas

Exocrine gland – enzymesExocrine gland – enzymes

Endocrine gland – islets of Endocrine gland – islets of Langerhans – controls of glucose Langerhans – controls of glucose level in blood and function of GITlevel in blood and function of GIT

PancreasPancreas

A-cells –A-cells – glucagonglucagon

B-cells –B-cells – insulininsulin

D-cells –D-cells – somatostatinsomatostatin

F-cells –F-cells – pankreatic pankreatic polypeptidepolypeptide

Islet of Langerhans - insulinIslet of Langerhans - insulin

Islet of Langerhans – B cellIslet of Langerhans – B cell

A and D cellsA and D cells

Islet of Langerhans - glucagonIslet of Langerhans - glucagon

Islet of Langerhans - Islet of Langerhans - somatostatinsomatostatin

DNESDNES(diffuse neuroendocrinne (diffuse neuroendocrinne

system)system) Regulation of resorption and motility Regulation of resorption and motility

(gastrin, secretin, GIP, cholecystokinin, (gastrin, secretin, GIP, cholecystokinin, motilin, VIP, serotonin, somatostatin, motilin, VIP, serotonin, somatostatin, glucagon, substance P, ghrelin)glucagon, substance P, ghrelin)

Cell can reach surface or they cannot. Cell can reach surface or they cannot. Granules are located closely to basal Granules are located closely to basal lamina and they are excreted into the lamina and they are excreted into the bloodblood

Endocrine systemEndocrine system OvaryOvary: estrogens and progesteron: estrogens and progesteron TestisTestis: androgens: androgens Placenta:Placenta: HCG (human chorionic HCG (human chorionic

gonadotropin), placental lactogen, gonadotropin), placental lactogen, estrogens and progesteronestrogens and progesteron

HeartHeart – cardiomyocytes- atrial natriuretic – cardiomyocytes- atrial natriuretic hormonehormone

KidneyKidney– juxtaglomerular apparatus – – juxtaglomerular apparatus – renin – angiotensinrenin – angiotensin

Thymus:Thymus: thymosin alfa, thymopoetin, thymosin alfa, thymopoetin, tymolin, thymic humoral factor (stimulates tymolin, thymic humoral factor (stimulates proliferation and differenciation of T proliferation and differenciation of T lymfocytes)lymfocytes)

Adipose tissue:Adipose tissue: leptin, estrogens leptin, estrogens