energy aspects and environmental impacts of cellular · pdf fileenergy aspects and...

1 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / DateI insert classification level

Nokia SiemensNetworks

Energy aspects and environmental impacts of cellular systems

Hans-Otto Scheck

2 © Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / DateSoc Classification level


Nokia Siemens Networks vision 2015: The World connected

Applications pre-dominantly

in Internet

Applications pre-dominantly

in Internet

Broadband Everywhere

5 Bn people connected

Multitude of business models

For the coming years:

• New growth markets driving growth

• Penetration of fixed and wireless broadband access growing fast

• Usage of bandwidth hungry applications increasing



Access Network Bandwidth Evolution

2000 20050,01

0,1

1

10

100

1.000

Use

r dat

a ra

te [M

bps]

ADSL1-3 Mbps

ADSL6-8 Mbps

ADSL2plus16-20 Mbps

VDSL225-50 Mbps

GPON*100 Mbps

GPRS*0,075 Mbps

UMTS*0,384 Mbps

HSDPA*3.6-7.2 Mbps

NG-PON*DSM L3

Wireline

Wireless

LTE*

HSDPA*1.8 Mbps

WiMAX*HSPA MIMO*

* Bandwidth of shared media (e.g.wireless, PON) are commercial offersper subscriber

2010

…how about energy consumption?



The information and communications technology (ICT) energy usage and CO2 emissions

Industrial, ~ 31%

Residential, ~ 24%

Commercial, ~ 23%

Travel & Transports,~ 20%

ICT~ 2 %

Global energy usage by industry

Aviation 2%

• Telecom industry’s direct impact: ~0.4% of global CO2 emissions



Life cycle thinking – key focus areas

Design for Environment (DfE) Supplier Network

Management

End-of-Life Practices (EoL)

Environmental Management Systems (EMS)

Rawmaterials

Product & technology development

Suppliers’activities

Own operations

Use

Reuserecovery

recyclingdisposal

• Innovative products• Energy consumption • Origin of the materials• Hazardous materials• Amount of materials• Recyclability

• Take back• Disassembly • Recycling• Re-use• Safe disposal

• Responsibility in the value chain

• Good housekeeping• Energy• Waste

• Guidance for environmentally sound use• Energy efficient products• Operational efficiency



Mobile networks: Focus on where energy goes -Radio

Mobile CS Core

Mobile PS Core IP Core

Transport

Typical power consumption per active element

1 W 500-1500 W 11000 W

Typical power consumption during a voice call

1 W 3-30 W 1 W

• The high number of base stations compared to core elements make them by far the largest energy consumer in mobile networks.



Base station energy consumption reduction

Base station architecture • Improve efficiency of power amplifier• Remote radio head at the antenna

Improved energy efficiency removes need for air cooling.

System level features• Sleep mode for idle TRX• Shut down TRX during low traffic periods.• Smart antenna concepts• Variable number of TRX in MIMO systemsIndirect savings• Size reduction reduces raw material

consumption, saves transport and installation costs

OPEX• Power• Site rental• Remote capacity

provisioningCAPEX• Site implementation• Site construction• Transmission• Antenna system• Power system

When compared with typical previous-generation WCDMA base-stations, the power reduction for the Nokia Siemens Networks Flexi BTS is 60%.



Technology is improving –The requirements are rising• Power amplifier efficiency has been constantly improved.• Higher spectral efficiency requirement (higher order modulation)

compensates the gain.• For analog technologies there is the 100% efficiency limit.

100% efficiency limit

1990 2000 2006

PA Efficiency

“Analog technology improvements go stepwise and are regularly set back by increasing requirements”

Learning curve

Higher order modulation8dB back-off

Digital pre-distortion& Doherty PA

Stepwise improvements with new architecture

WCDMAGSM LTE

Higher order modulation

10dB back-off

Set-backs by increasing requirements

2010

@HOS Nov06

40%

30%

20%

10% Feed-forward

Digital pre-distortion

Envelopetracking



Technology is improving –Flexibility to rapidly match market needs

• Reduced power consumption of advanced digital semiconductor processes

• Complexity slows down ASIC design and increases NRE• The need to serve a changing market requires flexibility

Flexibility

Power consumption(mW/MOPS)

Dedicatedlogic

Dedicatedlogic

µ Processorµ Processor

Memory

µ Processorµ Processor

Memory

µ Processor

Memory

Addr.MAC

µ Processor

Memory

Addr.MAC

0% (H/W) 100% (S/W)

0.01

0.1

1

10

ASIC

0.001

CPUFPGA

µProcessor

Memory

SatelliteProcessor

SatelliteProcessor

SatelliteProcessor

µProcessor

Memory

SatelliteProcessor

SatelliteProcessor

SatelliteProcessor

DSP

10 -06© HOS

Maximize flexibility

Minimize power consumption



Sites amount reduction, renewable energy sources

Improved radio coverage to minimize number of base stations sites

• 2-way and 4-way diversity, AMR, DFCA• Smart antennas radio sites, MIMO• Use of low frequency bands• 6-sector sites• Extended Cell• Radio access sharing• Optimal network design / planningRenewable energy sources• Solar, wind and hybrid solutions.

Doubling the radio link distance quadruples

coverage area of a cell

Most technologies are available today. Most technologies are available today.



Home BTS, wireless relays

FixedIP network

DSL InternetFEMTO

Gateway

Macro site

Mobile CS Core

Home BTS

Mobile PS Core

• A new trend: Home BTS based solutions• But:

• To cover the total city area of Helsinki about 100 sites are needed with an average power consumption of 1kW, resulting in a total of 100kW• To cover only Helsinki’s buildings requires approximately 200.000 WLAN sites consuming 10W each, resulting in an electrical power consumption of 2000kW

Fixed broadband access (GPON, DSL)

CentralOffice

VDSL2

Cabinet

splitter

Remote converter

copper loop

• Existing copper loop length is often too long for VDSL. Deployment typically requires fiber led DSLAM in a cabinet or in a building • Equipment vendors, operators and regulatory bodies (e.g. European Commission) working together to define common energy targets.





Environmental Impacts of Radio Networks -More than BTS energy consumption• Production and materials• Packaging materials• Transport and network rollout• Power consumption during operation• Travel for maintenance• Power supply for remote sites• Recycling• Application

NSN code of conduct:Commitment to reduce environmental effects during all

product life cycles and making this a business asses.

Green values and environmental issues

• Global warming based on human activities

• Overflow of waste tips, health impacts now even an issue in China

• Production according to ISO standards is monitored globally

• Growing political activity on energy management

• Return rules for electronics• Sustainable energy industry

has exceptionally high growth rates

Solarworld:1900% growth

Figure 2: World Ecological Footprint, 1961-1997

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

billio

n "a

rea

units

"

Ecological Footprint

Available biocapacity

Available biocapacity allowing10% for nature reserves

Our biological footprintabove earth’s capacity

Smog in HangzhouGlobalwarming





Summary

• New network elements expected to consume less energy than their predecessors, in spite of increased capacity and bandwidth.

• New products, architectures and solutions design, including use of renewable energy sources, will drive the CO2 footprint for Next Generation Networks down.

• Can the growing energy consumption caused by the rapid growths of telecom users and data rates be compensated by technology improvements?

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