energy-delay tradeoffs for underwater acoustic sensor networks (blackseacom2013)
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Tuesday, April 11, 2023BlackSeaCom2013 Batumi, Georgia1
Energy-Delay Tradeoffs for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
Muhamad Felemban (Purdue University)Emad Felemban (Um Al Qura University)
Tuesday, April 11, 2023BlackSeaCom2013 Batumi, Georgia2
Outline Introduction and motivation
Contribution
Underwater Communication Model
Energy-Delay Tradeoffs
Conclusion
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Introduction Most of the Earth is covered by water Underwater operations are difficult Monitoring tasks:
pipelines Underwater cables Countries borderlines
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Motivation AUV Limitations:
Off-line configuration Non real-time monitoring Limited Bandwidth and high propagation delays
Use Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network to over come theses limitations
But Large power consumption High end-to-end delay High cost deployment
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Outline Introduction
Contribution
Underwater Communication Model
Energy-Delay Tradeoffs
Conclusion
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Contribution Present a comprehensive analytical model of
underwater acoustic communication Investigate the delay-energy tradeoffs in
string topology networks Find the number of hops in network based on
delay and energy consumption requirements
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String Network Topology Multi-hops string topology N sends data to Gateway (GW) via hops h1 h2
h3 .. hn
Nh1
h2
h3hn
GW
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Outline Introduction
Contribution
Underwater Communication Model
Energy-Delay Tradeoffs
Conclusion
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Passive Sonar Equation Underwater sound propagation is modeled by
many forms of Sonar equations Passive sonar equation is used to compute the
source level of omitted sound [Urick]
DI is directivity index We assume omni-directional directivity
€
SL(d, f ) = A(d, f ) +N( f ) + SNR −DI
Tuesday, April 11, 2023BlackSeaCom2013 Batumi, Georgia10
Source Level SL(d,f) SL(d,f) is the ratio of the intensity of omitted
signal to some reference intensity [Urick]
Reference intensity has a value of 0.67x10-18
It is calculated using transmission power Ptx
Where d is water depth in meters
€
SL(d, f ) =10log(ItI0)
€
It =Ptx
2π ×1m × d
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Underwater Path Loss A(d,f) Path loss A(d,f)
Two factors Energy spreading
K = 15 Wave absorption
α(f) is computed using Ainslie and McColm model [Ainslie&McColm]temperature, frequency, depth, salinity, and acidity
€
A(d, f ) = k log(d) +α ( f )r ×10−3
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Underwater Ambient Noise N(f) Overall p.s.d of underwater ambient noise is
given [Coates]
Nt models the water turbulence Ns models surface-ship Nth models thermal noise Nw models breaking wave
€
N( f ) = N t ( f ) +Ns( f ) +N th ( f ) +Nw ( f )
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Frequency-Dependent Path Loss A(d,f) + N(f) in passive sonar equation are
frequency-dependent Observation: Minimum A(d,f) + N(f) is achieved at
certain frequencies of various depths
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Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Using Orthogonal Frequency Division Model
(OFDM), Bit Error Rate (BER) is computed [Proakis]
€
Pb =3
2kerfc(
k
10
Eb
N0
)
€
Eb /N0 = SNRBN
R
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Acoustic Propagation Delay Acoustic wave propagation in water is much
slower than electromagnetic propagation in air
Empirical formula of acoustic propagation velocity is given by [Marczak]
€
c =1.402385 ×103 +5.038813T
−5.799136 ×10−2T 2 + 3.287156 ×10−4T 3
−1.398845 ×10−6T 4 +2.787860 ×10−9T 5
Tuesday, April 11, 2023BlackSeaCom2013 Batumi, Georgia16
Outline Introduction
Contribution
Underwater Communication Model
Energy-Delay Tradeoffs
Conclusion
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Network Energy Consumption 1000m Deep and BER of 10-9
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Network Energy Consumption 100m Deep and BER of 10-9
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Energy Reduction
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End-to-End Delay End-to-end delay of multi-hops string network
is given [Cui etc]
€
Delay = n(t prop(i,i+1) + t pkt )
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Energy-Delay Tradeoffs By specifying the delay and energy
consumption requirements, the number of middle hops can be found For example: 3-hops path over 1000m and depth
of 1000m has 4 seconds delay and needs 11 Watts transmission power
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Conclusion Comprehensive analytical model of
underwater communication for string topology networks
Energy consumption is reduced as the number of hops increases 5 hops reduce 80% of network energy at 1000m
deep and 60% at 100m End-to-end delay linearly increases when
more hops is introduced
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References [Urick] R. Urick, “Principles of underwater sound,” New York,
1983. [Ainslie&McColm] M. Ainslie and J. McColm, “A simplified formula
for viscous and chemical absorption in sea water,” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, vol. 103, no. 3, pp. 1671–1672, 1998.
[Coates] Underwater acoustic systems. Halsted Pr, 1989. [Proakis] “Digital communications,,” 1995. [Marczak] “Water as a standard in the measurements of speed of
sound in liquids,” the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,vol. 102, p. 2776, 1997.
[Cui etc] “Energy-delay tradeoffs for data collection in tdma-based sensor networks,” in Communications, 2005. ICC 2005. 2005 IEEE International Conference on, vol. 5. IEEE, 2005, pp. 3278–3284.
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Acknowledgment This work is funded by the National Science
Technology and Innovation Plan (NSTIP) of King Abdulaziz City of Science and Technology (KACST) in Saudi Arabia
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Energy-Delay Tradeoffs for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks
Muhamad Felemban (Purdue University) and
Emad Felemban (Um Al Qura University)