ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN POWER PLANTS

Frans van AartEnergy Efficiency in IPPC installations

October 21, Vienna

CONTENT

1. Introduction

2. Demand Side Management

3. Energy Efficiency in Power Generation

4. LCP and other directives

5. Conclusions

1 Introduction

high efficiency is good for economy and the environment

high efficiency is in line with core business electricity

industry

Annual average electrical efficiency

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

1980 1990 2000 2001 2002

jaar

elec

tric

eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

1 INTRODUCTION

high efficiency is good for economy and the environment

high efficiency is in line with core business electricity industry– reducing emissions (protection environment)– conservation fuels (preservation of resources)– reducing dependence on fuel import outside EC

too high efficiencies are expensive and thus uneconomic:– market advantage to less efficient (=cheaper) plants– thus not beneficiary for the environment

Energy Efficiency of power plant

scope of definition (gross, net)

combustion technology (installation, fuel)

type of cooling

ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions

temperature cooling water / air

Efficiency loss vs. cooling temperature

-2.5%

-2.0%

-1.5%

-1.0%

-0.5%

0.0%

0 2.5 5 7.5 10

Temperature rise cooling water [K]

Eff

icie

ncy

lo

ss

[%]

Super critical boiler

Gas turbine topping

Combined cycle

Energy Efficiency of power plant

scope of definition (gross, net)

combustion technology (installation, fuel)

type of cooling

ambient conditions vs. ISO conditions

temperature cooling water / air

operating load

annual average vs. guaranteed performance

no fixed figures that can be compared right away

2 DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

reducing energy demand good principle

not the task of power industry, but of spatial planners,

architects etcetera

not in scope BREF Energy Efficiency but in scope Directive

“Energy end-use efficiency and energy services”

“framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules

that could interfere with the development of the electricity

market”

3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION Efficiency figure depends on

– type of generation

Efficiency in Electricity Generation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Hydro

pow

er p

lant

Tidal p

ower

plan

t

Larg

e ga

s fire

d CCGT p

ower

plan

t

Melt

ed ca

rbon

ates

fuel

cell (

MCFC)

Pulver

ised

coal

boile

rs w

ith u

ltra-

critic

al ste

am p

aram

eter

s

Solid

oxide

fuel

cell (

SOFC)

Coal fi

red

IGCC

Atmos

pher

ic Circ

ulatin

g Flui

dised

Bed

Com

busti

on (C

FBC)

Press

urise

d Flui

dised

Bed

Com

busti

on (P

FBC)

Larg

e ga

s tur

bine

(MW

rang

e)

Steam

turb

ine co

al-fir

ed p

ower

plan

t

Steam

turb

ine fu

el-oil

pow

er p

lant

Wind

turb

ine

Nuclea

r pow

er p

lant

Biomas

s and

biog

as

Was

te-to

-elec

tricit

y pow

er p

lant

Diesel

engin

e as

dec

entra

lised

CHP u

nit (e

lectri

cal s

hare

)

Small

and

micr

o tu

rbine

s (up

to 1

00 kW

)

Photo

volta

ic ce

lls

Geoth

erm

al po

wer p

lant

Solar p

ower

tower

Eff

icie

ncy

(%

)

3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION Efficiency figure depends on

– type of generation

– condition of power plant (operation, maintenance)

– ambient conditions

– design of power plant

ultra super critical steam boilers

Improved boiler materials → improved steam parameters

3 EFFICIENCY IN POWER GENERATION Efficiency figure depends on

– type of generation

– condition of power plant (operation, maintenance)

– ambient conditions

– design of power plant

ultra super critical steam boilers

gas turbine based power plant

– higher firing temperature

– supercritical steam parameters HRSG

BAT and BAT levels (coal / lignite)

Fuel Technique Electrical efficiency (net) (%)

New plants Existing plants

Coal PC (DBB and

WBB)

43 – 47 The achievable improvement of thermal efficiency

depends on the specific plant, but as an indication,

a level of 30 – 40 % or

an incremental improvement of more than 3 % points

can be seen as associated with the use of BAT

FBC >41

Lignite PC (DBB) 39 – 45

FBC >40

BAT and BAT levels (biomass / peat)

Fuel Technique Electrical efficiency (net)(%)

Biomass Grate-firing Around 20

Spreader-stoker >23

FBC (CFBC) >28 – 30

Peat FBC (BFBC and CFBC)

>28 – 30

BAT and BAT levels (gaseous fuels)

Plant type Electrical efficiency (%)

New plants Existing plants

Gas turbine

Gas turbine 36 – 40 25 – 40

Gas-fired boiler

Gas-fired boiler 40 – 42 35 – 40

CCGT

Combined cycle with or without supplementary

firing (HRSG) for electricity generation only

54 – 58 40 – 54

4 LCP AND OTHER DIRECTIVES

Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration

– powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation

Fuel utilisation instead of efficiency

thermal efficiency and electrical efficiency are apples and

oranges

cogeneration efficiency → fuel utilisation

BAT and BAT levels (Cogeneration)

Plant type Fuel utilisation(%)

New and existing plants

Coal

75 – 85

Depending on the specific plant application and the heat and electricity demand

Lignite

Biomass

Peat

Gas-fired boiler

Combined cycle with or without supplementary

firing

LCP and other directives

Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration

– powerful instrument to improve fuel utilisation

– fuel utilisation dependent on long term heat

demand (district heating or process heat)

– in case heat delivery feasible:

cogeneration can be considered as BAT

LCP and other directives

Directive 2004/8/EC Promotion of cogeneration

Directive 2003/87/EC

Greenhouse gas emission allowance trading

Emission Trading Directive

Market mechanism will result in

– lower emissions

– higher efficiency

No definition of BAT or BAT levels for energy efficiency

of LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency (Article 26)

Article 26 Emission Trading Directive

“…the permit shall not include an emission limit value for

direct emissions of that gas unless,...”

“…Member States may choose not to impose requirements

relating to energy efficiency in respect of combustion

units or other units emitting carbon dioxide on the site.”

OPTIONS FOR EXTRA REGULATIONS

Goal should be:

public demonstration that optimal efficiency is applied

Practical options:

Drafting Energy Plans to optimize economically feasible

options

Benchmarking against "World Class Plants"

6 CONCLUSIONS

The efficiency of Power Plants has been improved and will be improved continuously

To be demonstrated by:

– Energy plans

– Benchmarking

No BAT or BAT levels for LCP in BREF Energy Efficiency

(not in line with a liberalized market)

Framework conditions and not an over-detailed set of rules

real assistance licensing authorities for permitting an installation