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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 6, No 5, 2016

© Copyright by the authors - Licensee IPA- Under Creative Commons license 3.0

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4402

Received on September 2015 Published on November 2016 795

Energy saving in nano pulsed dc electrolysis for hydrogen production Harirama Dharmaraj C1, Annadurai G2

1- PhD Scholar, Sri Paramakalyani centre for Environmental Science,Manomaniam Sundarnar University,Alwarkurichi,Tirunelveli.

2- Associate Professor, Environmental Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Division, Sri Paramakalyani centre for Environmental Science, Manomaniam Sundarnar University,

Alwarkurichi Tirunelveli, India. [email protected]

doi: 10.6088/ijes.6074

ABSTRACT

Worldwide researches are going on to find a suitable alternate fuel. Hydrogen is declared as an alternate fuel and accepted as an environment friendly fuel. Addition of hydrogen with

existing IC engine fuels results more fossil fuel saving and it also reduce the emissions. But the storage and handling of hydrogen in movable vehicle is the major problem. To overcome

the hydrogen handling problems, On-Board hydrogen production and utilization at the generation point is studied. In this study, Electrolytic Cell developed with nano pulsed power circuit. In order to generate H2/O2 by Electrolysis processes, existing vehicle maximum

onboard voltage 12 volts used as input source and studied NaOH concentration varied from 0.5-15 g/L and pH variation between 12-12.9, the supply gate triggered by an input frequency of 0-200 KHz, the maximum H2/O2 output of 2.5 mL/Sec is obtained. But the regenerative

capacity of vehicle battery is 1.8 amps. So the optimum NaOH concentration is limited to 4 g/L with pH 12.5 has been observed, when supply is triggered with frequency 120 KHz, the

maximum H2/O2 output of 0.58 mL/Sec is obtained for using as additive with existing fuel. Input Power for the both conventional DC and Pulsed power DC analyses and found that Pulsed Power Electrolysis consume less power. 96.8 % power saving is possible in Pulsed

Power Electrolysis which is viable in moving vehicles that is on-board Electrolysis.

Keywords: Energy saving, Pulse power, Electrical energy conservation, Hydrogen, Nano Pulsed power.

1. Introduction

Electrical machines have more efficiency and transmission capabilities. Even though now a day electrically operated vehicles are invented, their efficiency is not adequate as Internal Combustion(IC), because of its insufficient storage. So, mechanical engine that is internal

combustion engines are still used in transport sectors. In IC engine the fuel such as gasoline (petrol), diesel, Natural gas is stored in a tank and this fuel is combusted in a combustion

chamber where the fuel is converted into mechanical energy. The major disadvantages of the engines are low efficiency, self-weight, no self-starting, complicated mechanism and emission of Green House Gases (GHG). As for as environmental pollution is concerned, the

transportation sectors alone contributed 40% of CO2 emission in the world’s CO2 emission share which leads to Global warming. The main reason for the CO2 emission from the fuels

used in the transportation vehicle has carbon. In the IC engine, fuel injected in the combustion chamber has not been fully oxidized. The un-oxidized fuel is the cause for low efficiency and emission of CO2.

Energy saving in nano pulsed dc electrolysis for hydrogen production

Harirama Dharmaraj C, Annadurai G

International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 6 No.5 2016 796

The limited fossil fuel resources and toxic emission exhausted from IC engines have pushed the researches to focus on alternate fuels (Changwei Ji, 2009). The Hydrogen has been

proved to be green alternative fuel that can be applied on vehicles. Hydrogen is the most plentiful element in the Universe making up about three quarters of all the matters. The

atmosphere contains about 0.07% hydrogen while the earth surface contains about 0.14% hydrogen. Hydrogen is the lightest element. The higher heat value of hydrogen is 3042 calorie/m3. In combustion, while using hydrogen with existing fuel, water is the emissive

product, which is non-harmful. Thus hydrogen is regarded as a clean non-pollution fuel (Debabrata Das, 2001). Among many additives hydrogen with its unique criteria seems to be

the most promising additive, which can significantly reduce fuel consumption and harmful emission in conventional diesel engines. Compared to diesel, hydrogen gas has wider flammability limits, higher flame speed and faster burning velocity, which enable engine

running on very lean mixtures. Unlike other additives hydrogen is a renewable and clean burning fuel and addition of hydrogen to hydrocarbon-based fuels does not increase toxic gas

emission. Due to the unique combustion nature of hydrogen, addition of hydrogen to the fuels with low level of burning rate can improve the combustion rate of the formed mixture (Bari.S, 2010). Application of hydrogen as an external fuel which added to diesel fuel in the

combustion ignited engine seems to be a reasonable measure approaches the combustion process constant value. Small amount of hydrogen about 5% when added to a diesel engine

shorten the diesel ignition lag and it provides better conditions for soft engine run and ca n increase engine durability (Stanislaw Szwaja, 2009).

Effect of hydrogen addition on combustion and emission performance of spark ignition engine at lean condition has been observed that the engine break thermal efficiency increased.

The break thermal efficiency increases from 26.3% for the original gasoline engine to 31.56% for the hydrogen enriched gasoline engine at 6% hydrogen addition fraction. The maximum cylinder temperature and peak cylinder pressure increases, while the flame

development and propagation durations reduced with the increase of hydrogen addition. CO 2 and HC emissions are obviously reduced with the increase of hydrogen blended level

(Changwei Ji, 2009). The effect of hydrogen addition on the performance of methane fueled vehicle studied by

Bauer et al., and observed that reduction of the methane consumption and pollutant emission. Jacob wall 2007., studied the effect of hydrogen, enriched hydrocarbon combustion on

emission and performance shows that adding hydrogen in as low as 5-10% with the existing hydrocarbon fuel results in reduced consumption of hydrocarbon fuel. The study concluded that introduction of hydrogen into the combustion process has been shown to (i) Increase the

thermal efficiency and decrease the consumption. (ii) Decrease carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbon emission. (iii) Increase NOX emissions unless proper time and mixture

adjustment are used. Most of the analysis focused using pure hydrogen addition by using hydrogen cylinders.

Hydrogen has a high specific energy and very low density entailing high storage volume unless it is compressed or combined chemically with a metal alloy. The gaseous hydrogen is

compressed and cooled 800K for liquidification storages. In metal hydride alloys associated with the nickel metal-hydride battery industry store the hydrogen with maximum volumetric and gravimetric energy densities. To store hydrogen on-board in the form of a compressed

gas, a cryogenic liquid or gas dissolved in metal hydrides, a large amount is required to be stored and carried which lead increase in the over all weight of the vehicle. One of viable

solution to this problem is to generate hydrogen on-board through electrolysis of water and




use it in the form hydrogen oxygen mixture. Bari et al experiment revealed that effect of H2/O2 addition by increasing the thermal efficiency of the diesel engine. The impacts of using

a small amount H2/O2 mixture as an additive on the performance of a four-cylinder diesel engine were evaluated. The required amount the H2/O2 mixture was generated using

electrolysis. The experimental result shows that with the introduction of 4.84% of total diesel equivalent H2/O2 mixture into diesel, the break thermal efficiency increase 2.6%. The break specific fuel consumptions of the engine reduced 15.07%. However adding H2/O2 beyond

5% does not have significant effect in enhancing the engine performance. The emissions of CO2, HC and CO were found reduced due to better combustion, while NOX increased due to

the higher temperature reached during the combustion. There are plenty of studies on effect of hydrogen addition on spark ignition engines,

compressed ignition engines and methane gas engines. But limited studies related on-board hydrogen production. The thrust of this paper is to determine on-board hydrogen production

by electrolysis of water. The conventional electrolysis process has very low efficiency. In the conventional DC electrolysis of water, hydrogen is generated as a result of electron transfer from the cathode electrode to absorbed hydrogen ions on the electrode surface. In the case of

nano pulsed power, the electric field is applied for only a very shorter than the time necessary for the formation of the constant electric double layer and electrons are collected on the

surface of the cathode electrode as in a capacitor. In conventional electrolysis, when the applied voltage increased, the current increases so that the hydrogen generation rate increases but the efficiency compared with ideal generation rate is decreased. On nano pulse power

electrolysis the generation rate can be increased without decreasing the efficiency (Naohiro Shimizu et al., 2006). Experimental studies are made the effect of chemical concentration in

the electrolysis, design of on-board electrolysis cell, cell outlet gas analysis and flow rate of hydrogen generation with the help of available power supply source of vehicle battery.

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Electrolytic cell

Figure 1: Electrolytic Cell




A portable electrolytic cell consists of anode and cathode in stainless steel material. Cathode

made in stainless steel pipe 128 mm length with diameter of 25 mm and 90 mm length of stainless steel pipe with diameter of 12 mm used as anode. The container outer walls are

temperature resistive Accrelytic body with a total height of 210 mm, 100 mm breadth and 50 mm width and have provisions of gas leak proof end cap with anode cathode connectors. The construction of the Electrolytic cell is shown in Figure 1.

The over flow and outlet gas flow vents are provided to insert temperature resistive hose to

take out the gas. Two sets of electrolytic cell are used in the hydrogen production. Vehicles containing battery voltage of 12V DC power supply is used and fed to the nano pulse circuit in which the conventional DC power altered into nano pulsed DC power. The nano pulsed

power is connected to the electrolytic cell anode in parallel.

2.2 Nano Pulsed Power Circuit

Figure 2: Nano pulsed power supply

Nano pulsed circuit diagram is shown in Figure 2. The gate of the Silicon Inductive Thyristor (SI Thy) is connected to the pulse transformer. When the Field Effect Transistor (FET) is

switched on, the current through the inductive coil gradually increases. When the FET is switched off at a certain current level, the current flow is instantly switched off and the

reverse voltage is induced through the coil. The switching time is varied by applying gate pulse. This circuit is simplest and most compact for generating nano pulses.

The Electrolytic cells are connected with the output of nano pulse circuits positive and cathodes are connected with negative. Pure water is a bad conductor hence NaOH is added

to increase the conductivity. The optimized chemical concentration, optimum voltage, current and input frequency are studied with hydrogen production flow rate. The electrolytic cell outlet gas was analyzed with the help of Thermo Finigan make Gas Chromatography

(GC). Input source used is 0-24 volt DC power supply made by Aplab. Frequency variations are made by Agilent make Function generator. The nano pulsed waveforms are conformed to

Agilent make Digital storage Oscilloscope. The conductivity and pH values are analyzed as




per method of standard. The data are collected by repeated trials and found the H2/O2

production rate .The experiments are made in Integrated Liquid Hydrogen Plant (ILHP) of

Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), Government o f India, Liquid Propulsion Scientific Center (LPSC), Mahendrahiri, Tirunelveli District, and Tamil Nadu.

3. Results and discussion

In this study DC 12V power supply is used as a power source of electrolytic cell and investigations are carried out to optimize the chemical compound, current, Voltage, Input frequency for the production of H2/O2 which values are not detrimental to the existing vehicle battery capacity.

3.1 Effect of NaOH dosage

The variation of conductivity at different NaOH concentration ranges is presented in Figure 3.

0

5

10

15

20

25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

NaOH Concentration ( g/L)

Co

nd

ucti

vit

y

( m

S/c

m)

Figure 3: Effect of NaOH concentration on conductivity.

The concentration of NaOH ranges from 0.5-15 g/L varied with step increment of 0.5 g/L. From the figure it can be observed that, the conductivity of water inc reased by increasing the

NaOH concentration. In each step of increment of concentration of NaOH, the conductivity and pH value is observed and presented in Figure 4.

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6

Condutivity (mS / cm)

pH

Conductivity

pH

Figure 4: Optimization the Conductivity, pH with NaOH Concentration




The conductivity is increased when increasing the dosage of the NaOH. The maximum value of NaOH dosage 9 g/L gives conductivity of 22 mS/cm. The pH value is maximum at 9g/L.

The current flow in the electrolyte cell in every increment of NaOH concentration also studied and observed that, the current flow is increasing whenever the conductivity of the

electrolyte increased.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 2 4 6 8

Current (Amps)

Co

nd

uct

ivit

y

(mS

/ c

m)

Figure 5: Study of current Flow with Conductivity

Figure 5 illustrates the effect of conductivity in the current flowing through the circuit. The conductivity of the electrolyte increases the current flow and 6 amps is observed in the

conductivity value of 70 mS/cm, but the current flowing in the circuit is to be limited according to the regenerative capacity of existing vehicle battery. The regenerat ive capacity

of vehicle battery is 1.6-2.0 Amperes. More than this value of current flow from the existing battery will detrimental and it will drain more. So the value of NaOH concentration is optimized and limited to 4 g/L for further investigation. The conductivity vs. concentration of

NaOH standard curve shows that the conductivity is increasing upto 20 % of weight concentration of NaOH. After 20 % weight of conductivity decreased due to its saturation of

concentration.

3.2 Effect of frequency on H2/O2 production

Figure 2 Shows the nano pulsed power supply arrangement. In this circuit the Static

Induction Thyristor (SI Thy) is used to convert DC battery voltage into oscillating AC with time of 250 nano seconds. The DC power is oscillated by applying small amount of gate pulse of the Static Induction Thyristor. A SI Thy is normally turned on by applying a positive

gate voltage like normal thyristor and is turned off by application of negative voltage to its gate. The variation H2/O2 production with the gate triggering frequency is shown in Figure 6.

It can be observed that, the production flow rate of H2/O2 is 43 mL/min as high at gate trigger frequency range of 120-150 KHz. After the value of 150 KHz the production flow rate is

reduced. From the figure, it reveals that the optimum frequency is120 KHz. The pulse output is depends upon the nature of the external anode circuit impedance and the supply voltage, as

well as the gate current. The variation of current and flow rate of H2/O2 is shown in Figure 7.




38.5

39

39.5

40

40.5

41

41.5

42

42.5

43

43.5

0 50 100 150 200 250

Frequency (KHz)

Flo

w r

ate

(m

L/S

ec)

Figure 6: Variation of flow rate of H2/O2 with Input Frequency

00

.20

.40

.60

.8

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6

Current (Amps)

Flo

w R

ate

(m

L/S

ec)

Figure 7: Variation of flow rate of H2/O2 with current flow on on-board

From the graph it reveals that, the current increases the production flow rate of H2/O2. Naohiro et al [7] observed in his study, the hydrogen flow rate was 0.0001mL/Sec with input voltage of 140 volts, current flow of 52 Amps and triggering frequency of 5 KHz.

3.3 Effect of Voltage on H2/O2 production

Figure 8 depicts the variation of input voltage with the produc tion flow rate of H2/O2. The figure shows that the flow rate increases with increase of the input voltage. But minimum

voltage required is 8.0 volts and maximum 12 V. The value of voltage is limited to the available on-board battery voltage of 12 volts. So the maximum production flow rate of

H2/O2 is 0.58 mL/Sec is possible with the limited to available on-board battery voltage of 12 Volts.




0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

Voltage

Flo

w R

ate

(m

L / s

ec)

Figure 8 Variation of flow rate of H2/O2 with Voltage

3.4 Hydrogen gas analysis

The output gas from the electrolytic cell analysed with Thermo Finigan make Gas Chromatography (GC) and confirmed the Hydrogen/Oxygen production. The retention time

for standard Hydrogen gas is 1.462 minutes. The outlet gas also has same retention time. The chromatograph of the produced gas is shown in Figure 9.

Figure 9: Chromatography of the produced Gas

The produced gas also passed through the Oxygen analyzer, which shows 33.3 % as oxygen. From the chromatograph and Oxygen analyzer, it reveals that, the production gas consists of

67.7 % of Hydrogen and 33.3 % of Oxygen.

From the analysis it is concluded that the optimum pH value is 12.5, conductive range is 17.53 mS/cm, NaOH concentration is in the range of 4 g/L and hydrogen flow rate obtained is 0.58 mL/Sec. This optimum value is not detrimental to the existing on-board vehicle

battery. The waveforms of the input power of the electrolytic cell are obtained by the hand held oscilloscope and found that it is the pulsating with the rate of 250 nano second. The waveform captured at the input of the electrolytic cell is shown in Figure 10.




Figure 10: Photography of Pulsed power supply input waveform.

The experiment conducted by Bari et al result shows that with the introduction of 4.84% of

total diesel equivalent H2/O2 mixture into diesel, the break thermal efficiency increase by 2.6%. The break specific fuel consumptions of the engine reduced to 15.07%. How ever

adding H2/O2 beyond 5% does not have significant effect in enhancing the engine performance. The emissions of CO2, HC and CO were found reduced due to better combustion, while NOX increased due to the higher temperature reached during the

combustion.

3.5 Power analyses of the pulsed electrolysis

In electrolysis process the input power plays major role while fixing the production cost of

the hydrogen. In conventional electrolysis the input power is the product of voltage and current. But in this nano pulsed electrolysis the input power can be calculated as per the IEEE

standard 194-1977 method. The definition of pulse power has been extended since the early days of microwave to be where duty cycle is the pulse width times the repetition frequency [22]. For microwave systems which are designed for a fixed duty cycle, peak power is often

calculated by use of the duty cycle calculation along with an average power sensor [22]. Pp =P avg / Duty Cycle

Whereas Pp = Pulse Power Pavg=Average Power

In this paper the hydrogen production in both conventional and nano pulsed powers are used and the power consumption is analyzed. The conventional DC Electrolysis the power input

directly applied to the electrolytic cell and the following results were obtained. The waveform of the input pulse power of the Electrolysis was captured by the help of High speed Oscilloscope and found that it is a pulsating DC having pulse width of 200 nano second and

frequency of 100 MHz. Figure 10 shows the waveform of the pulsed DC power used in this study. The maximum H2/O2 output of 0.58 mL/Sec obtained at 18 watts in conventional DC

Electrolysis.




0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.4

1.5 3

4.9

9.35

12.3

5

15.7

520

.7

DC Input Power ( Watts)

Flo

w R

ate

(m

L/S

ec)

Figure 11: Conventional DC input power supply in electrolysis.

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Pulse Power (Watts)

Flo

w R

ate

(m

L/S

ec)

Figure 12: Nano Pulsed DC input power supply in electrolysis

Figure 11 shows the conventional DC input with the output of H2/O2 gas. The effect of nano pulsed DC electrolysis, the input power and hydrogen production rate were analyzed and the

input power required is only 0.57 Watts. Figure 12 shows the result of pulsed power effects on H2/O2 production. The pulsed power and conventional power inputs were analyzed and the

result shows that the pulsed DC electrolysis is more effective and power savings. In maximum H2/O2 output, power required in pulsed power is 0.57 Watts, whereas the conventional DC power required is 18 Watts. From this power analyses concluded that

96.8 % power saving is possible by the Nano Pulsed Power, Naohiro et al [7] studied the pulse power and concluded that the conventional DC Electrolysis an electron transfer with

high energy can only reduce the hydrogen ion, so that the difference between applied voltage and decomposition voltage dissipated as heat. But in pulsed DC, the input power can be efficiently consumed for Electrolysis. This fact implies that the Nano Pulsed Power can be

increased even with an increase of Electrolysis Efficiency.

Diesel Engine performance studies are made by Bari et al [3] under constant speed of a conventional diesel engine with varying load conditions by adding H2/O2 mixture. His result show that by using 6.02 % of total diesel equivalent of H2/O2 mixture the brake thermal

efficiency increased from 32.9 % to 35.8 % and fuel saving of 15.16 %. In his study it is




observed that the engine emissions of HC, CO2, and CO were found reduced due to better combustion. In this investigation H2/O2 mixture with optimum mixing can be achieved by

addition of more Nono-Pulsed Electrolyses. Using low power consumed Nano-Pulsed Electrolyses leads to on-board generation to save 15 % Fuel saving in Vehicles and non-point

emission can be reduced to save Environment. 4. Conclusion

The impact of using a small amount of H2/O2 mixture is an additive on the combustion engine,

it improve the break thermal efficiency, reduction of emission of Green House Gases (GHG) and fuel savings. In this investigation on-board hydrogen production with flow rate 0.58 mL/Sec is possible with available regenerative source of vehicle battery voltage of 12V,

NaOH concentration of 4 g/L, input frequency of 120 KHz and drawl of current flow is 1.6 Amp. In conventional Electrolysis, the efficiency is very less and power handling in moving

vehicle is very difficult. By using nano pulsed Electrolysis the efficiency is increased and power drawn is very low. In this investigation H2/O2 production with flow rate 0.58 mL/Sec is possible with nano pulsed power and 96.8% of power saving can be achieved. The H2/O2

addition of 5 % compliment major effect on engine performance and fuel saving. The produced flow rate can be increased by adding more electrolytic cells and providing separate

battery source. Future investigation can be made to fuel saving and reduction of vehicle emission. In mere future this research will lead to save natural resource and safe environment.

Acknowledgements

The authors are very grateful to Indian Space Research Organization, Liquid Propulsion System Center, Government of India, Mahendragiri, Tirunelveli District, TamilNadu for the permission to do the investigations. The authors would like to thank Engineers/Scientist for

their support beneficial comments and discussions.

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