the drive for energy diversity and sustainability · pdf filethe drive for energy diversity...

The Drive for Energy DiversityThe Drive for Energy Diversityand Sustainability:and Sustainability:

The Impact on Transportation FuelsThe Impact on Transportation Fuelsand Propulsion System Portfoliosand Propulsion System Portfolios

Dr. J. Gary SmythDr. J. Gary SmythDirector, Powertrain Systems Research Lab,Director, Powertrain Systems Research Lab,General Motors R&D and Strategic Planning,General Motors R&D and Strategic Planning,Warren, MI, USAWarren, MI, USA

13th Diesel Engine-Efficiency and Emissions Research (DEER) Conference, August 2007

2

SULEV Requirement!

HC: 99.8% NOx: 99.5%

GM’s leadership in enabling the Federal Clean Air Act

1960s Development of Catalytic Converter at GM 1974: GM introduces the catalytic

converter on all 1975 models sold in 1970 Ed Cole announces emissions US and Canadacontrol program – driving unleaded gasoline nationwide in US

1970: GM introduces no lead tolerant engines on all 1971 models in US & Canada

3

Transportation is a growth industry!Transportation is a growth industry!World Population Global Vehicle Parc

15%8 16% 12%

6

1980 1990 2000 2020

12%

Bill

ions

4

2

0

10%

8%

0%

Perc

ent

Sources: U.S. Census Bureau International Population Database, GM Global Market & Industry Anal

4

5

70% of growth from 10 emerging markets

70%of growth from 10 emerging markets

ChinaChina SouthSouth KoreaKoreaIndiaIndiaMexicoMexico

BrazilBrazil

PolandPolandRussiaRussia

South AfricaSouth Africa

ThailandThailand

Automotive Growth OpportunityAutomotive Growth Opportunity

TurkeyTurkey

6

Industry ChallengesIndustry Challenges

� Energy

� Environment

� Safety

� Congestion

� Affordability

� Energy

� Environment

� Safety

� Congestion

� Affordability

7

111

88

146

195

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2003 2030

Non-OECD OECD

56

79

37 45

23

37

18 23

39

106

9 18

6 13 10

22

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

OECD North

America

OECD Europe

Non-OECD

Europe-Eurasia

OECD Asia

Non-OECD Asia

Middle East

Africa Central & South America

2003 2030

Global Energy Demand – 2030Global Energy Demand – 2030

1.3%

0.7% 1.8%

1.0%

3.7%

2.4% 2.6%

2.8%

3.0%

1.0%

¨ Global: 2.0%/yr ¨ 70% over 2003

MBDOE

MBDOE

Source: DOE-EIA 2006

8

Global Energy Consumption to 2030Global Energy Consumption to 2030Oil � 2006: 85MBD

1,000 barrels/second ! � 2030: 120 MBD projected � 50% used for transportation � Transportation is 98%

dependent on petroleum

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

400.0

1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030

Wor

ld E

nerg

y C

onsu

mpt

ion

(MB

DO

E)

Renewables

Nuclear

Coal

Natural Gas

Oil

Transportation

Source: DOE-EIA 2006

9

U.S. Petroleum Consumption by AutomobilesU.S. Petroleum Consumption by Automobiles

Source: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2007 with Projections to 2030 – Report #: DOE/EIA-0383(2007)

WHERE WE NEED TO GO (Bold Moves)

11

Fuel-Cell ElectricHydrogen

Shift Reaction

Electricity

Heat

Renewables (Solar, Wind, Hydro)

Nuclear

Energy Carrier Propulsion SystemConversion

Elec

trifi

catio

nEl

ectr

ifica

tion

Energy Resource

ICE Hybrid

Conventional ICE: Gasoline / DieselLiquid

Fuels

Petroleum FuelsOil (Conventional)

Oil (Non-Conventional) Synthetic Fuels (XTL)

Syngas CO, H2

Fischer Tropsch

Coal

Natural Gas

1st and 2nd Generation Biofuels

Biomass

Liquid Fuels / Electricity / Hydrogen as the In-Vehicle Energy Carriers

Regional Niche Gaseous

Fuels

Crit

ical

Dep

ende

ncy

on B

atte

ry T

echn

olog

y

Plug-In Hybrid ICE

Electric Vehicle

Alternate Resources – A Blending StrategyAlternate Resources – A Blending Strategy

12



Shift Reaction

Energy Carrier Propulsion SystemConversionEnergy Resource

Elec

trifi

catio

nEl

ectr

ifica

tion

ICE Hybrid


Fuels



Syngas CO, H2

Fischer Tropsch

Coal

Natural Gas


Biomass


Crit

ical

Dep

ende

ncy

on B

atte

ry T

echn

olog

y

Electricity

Heat


Nuclear

Plug-In Hybrid ICE

Electric Vehicle

13

NON-CONVENTIONAL FUELS

Location: Venezuela/Canada Quantity: Venezuela – 1.36 Tbbl resource, 270 Bbbl recoverable

Canada – 2.5 Tbbl resource, 315 Bbbl recoverable Source: AEO2006 EIA

(Note: Saudi Arabia – 270Bbbl recoverable)

Production: 5.3 – 8.5 Mbbl/day by 2030, depending on crude price source: AEO2006 EIA 1.2 Mbbl/day in 2005 Geological Survey of Canada 2005

Issues: Investment requires sustained high crude prices (> $30/bbl), inherently more expensive than Middle East crude

Water/process energy availability, GHG emissions

Can slow, not eliminate, falloff in world crude production

EXTRA-HEAVY OIL/OIL SANDSEXTRA-HEAVY OIL/OIL SANDS

NON-CONVENTIONAL FUELS

SHALE OILSHALE OILLocation: Worldwide (U.S. resource – Utah, Wyoming, Colorado)

Quantity: Worldwide – 2.9 Tbbl recoverable U.S. West – 750 Bbbl recoverable

source: AEO2006 EIA

Production: 0.43 Mbbl/day by 2030, depending on crude price source: AEO2006 EIA

Issues:Investment requires sustained very highcrude prices ($55-$70 bbl conventionalmining, estimated $35-$48 bbl by 2030)

Water/process energy availability,GHG emissions

14

15

World Fossil Energy ReservesWorld Fossil Energy Reserves

16

Coal-to-Liquids (CTL) GrowthCoal-to-Liquids (CTL) GrowthUSA Sasol 80,000 bpd DKRW 5,000 bpd (Wyoming) Rentech 10 bpd

1,800 bpd (Illinois) 30,000 bpd (Montana) 35,000 bpd (Ohio)

WMPI 10,000 bpd (Wyoming) Headwaters 50,000 bpd (Arizona)

50,000 bpd (N Dakota)

Germany Syntroleum 3,000 bpd

DCL: Direct Coal Liquefaction ICL: Indirect Coal Liquefaction (Fischer-Tropsch)

India Headwaters 11,000 bpd [DCL] Sasol 80,000 bpd [ICL] Shell 60,000 bpd Syntroleum 17,000 bpd

Philippines Headwaters 11,000 bpd [DCL]

China Sasol 80,000 bpd [DCL] Sasol 80,000 bpd [ICL]

South Africa Sasol 160,000 bpd

South Africa Sasol 80,000 bpd

China Shenhua unknown bpd

[DCL]

China Shell 70,000 bpd (x2) Yankuang 20,000 bpd Others < 10,000 bpd

Source: Global Insight

Probable

Under construction

Probable and/or Possible

17

Alternate fossil fuel resourcesAlternate fossil fuel resources

� Very large reserves to produce liquid fuel from unconventional oil & coal � Issues: Cost, CO2 emissions and large energy required to extract

Source: Global Insights 2006

Total coal reserves significantlylarger

BIOFUELSBIOFUELS

Biomass Production and PotentialBiomass Production and PotentialGlobal ProductionGlobal Production

5,000 4,500 4,000 3,500 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000

500 0

2004 2005 2006 U.S. Brazil China India France GermanyRussia

US ProductionUS Production8,000

7,000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1,000

0 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Actual Production Future - Projected

Renewable Fuels Standard 7.5B gal by 2012

US Biomass Potential:US Biomass Potential:1.3B Tons Per Year by 2030 (DOE1.3B Tons Per Year by 2030 (DOE)

= ~100B gallons ethanol= ~100B gallons ethanol ( ~65B gallons gas equivalent)( ~65B gallons gas equivalent)

= 46% of actual usage in 200= 46% of actual usage in 2006= 34% of projected usage in= 34% of 2030projected usage in 2030

19

20

Electricity: Energy Diversity ExemplifiedElectricity: Energy Diversity Exemplified� Diverse energy sources are

used for electricity generation – based on local resources

� Existing, global infrastructure with clearly-defined standards

� Efficient transmission system � Spare generation capacity

exists: US “valley filling” up to43% of light-duty fleet *

� Energy from Renewables (17%) ─ High growth (~52%) but just

keeping up with overalldemand growth

─ Hydropower alreadymaximized

19%

41%6%

18%

16% Natural Gas Coal Oil Renewables Nuclear

Global Electricity Generation 2003

Generation capacityalready exists

Baseload: Nuclear, hydro

Baseload: Coal

MidnightNoonMidnight Noon Midnight

Elec

tric

ity D

eman

d

Peak Peak

US Daily Load Shape

* PNNL Report 2007; 33miles/day commute

Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy� 16% of global electricity generated

(2005; 16 trillion kWh) ─ 442 reactors─ 370 GW capacity

� Current projections indicate significant additional capacityapproved / being constructed ─ 80 reactors─ 80 GW capacity

� Proposed capacity additions: ─ 152 reactors ─ 107 GW capacity

� China has 10 reactors, with 18 under construction / approved and 50 more proposed

Number of Reactors India

South Africa Belgium

Spain China

Sweden United Kingdom

Canada Ukraine

South Korea Germany

Russia Japan

France USA

Operational Under Construction Planned Proposed

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Nuclear Power Generation Capacity in MW India

South Africa Belgium

Spain China

Sweden United Kingdom

Canada Ukraine

South Korea Germany

Russia Japan

France USA

Operational Under Construction Planned Proposed

0 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 125,000 150,000

21

22



Shift Reaction

Electricity

Heat


Nuclear


Elec

trifi

catio

nEl

ectr

ifica

tion

Energy Resource

ICE Hybrid


Fuels



Syngas CO, H2

Fischer Tropsch

Coal

Natural Gas


Biomass



Fuels

Crit

ical

Dep

ende

ncy

on B

atte

ry T

echn

olog

y

Plug-In Hybrid ICE

Electric Vehicle

23

GM Advanced Propulsion Technology StrategyGM Advanced Propulsion Technology Strategy

Improved Vehicle Fuel Economy & Emissions

Reduced Petroleum

Consumption

Fuel Infrastructure

Hybrid ElectricVehicles (incl. Plug-In HEV)

IC Engine andTransmission Improvements

Hydrogen FuelCell Vehicles

Battery ElectricVehicles

Near-Term Mid-Term Long-Term Petroleum (Conventional and Alternative Sources)

Bio Fuels (Ethanol E85, Bio-diesel)

Hydrogen

Electricity (Conventional & Alternative Sources)

24



Reduced Petroleum

Consumption

Fuel Infrastructure







Hydrogen


25

Cam Phasing

Spark Ignition Direction Injection

Port Deactivation

2-Step VVA

Homogenous Charge Compression Ignition

Achieving the Upper Potential of Gasoline Engines

DPF, SCR & LNTAftertreatment

VVT / VVA

Electrically Assisted

Boost

Advanced Boost Configurations

Diesel EngineDiesel Engine

Low Temp / Low soot

Combustion

26

HCCI Homogeneous

Combustion

PCCI Pre-Mixed

Charge Comb.

Advanced EGR Systems

Reduced Compression

Ratio

Enhanced EGR Cooling

Enabling Technology DevelopmentEnabling Technology DevelopmentDiesel Particulate Filter

Advanced Boosting

Cylinder Pressure Sensing

NOX Aftertreatment

PCCI Combustion

-- -

--

- -

27

150 hp / 310 Nm (229 lb-ft150 hp / 310 Nm (229 lb ft)90 hp / 200 Nm (148 lb-ft)90 hp / 200 Nm (148 lb-ft) 125 hp / 280 Nm (207 lb-ft)125 hp / 280 Nm (207 lb ft) 150 hp / 320 Nm (236 lb-ft)150 hp / 320 Nm (236 lb ft)

365 hp / 895 Nm (660 lb-ft)365 hp / 895 Nm (660 lb ft)180 hp / 420 Nm (310 lb-ft)180 hp / 420 Nm (310 lb ft) NEW IN 2009 – EuropeNEW IN 2009 – Europe NEW IN 2009NEW IN 2009

2.0L I-42.0L I-41.3L I-4 CDTi1.3L I-4 CDTi 1.7L I-4 CDTi1.7L I-4 CDTi 1.9L I-4 CDTi1.9L I-4 CDTi

Duramax 6.6L V-8Duramax 6.6L V-83.0L V-6 CDTi3.0L V-6 CDTi

GMPT Global Portfolio Diesel EnginesGMPT Global Portfolio Diesel Engines

250 hp / 550 Nm (406 lb-ft)250 hp / 550 Nm (406 lb ft) 310 hp / 704 Nm (520 lb-ft)310 hp / 704 Nm (520 lb ft) 2.9L V-62.9L V-6 Duramax 4.5L V-8Duramax 4.5L V-8

Global Renewable FuelsGlobal Renewable Fuels

In U.S., GM has over 2 millionIn U.S., GM has over 2 million FlexFuel E85-capable vehicles onFlexFuel E85-capable vehicles on the road. Building >400,000 morethe road. Building >400,000 more every year.every year.

In Brazil, FlexPower is now available inIn Brazil, FlexPower is now available in every passenger car model.every passenger car model. FlexPower models account for 90% ofFlexPower models account for 90% of sales.sales.

In Sweden, Saab leads theIn Sweden, Saab leads the environment-friendly car segment withenvironment-friendly car segment with 9-5 BioPower, accounting for 85% of9-5 BioPower, accounting for 85% of Saab 9-5 sales.Saab 9-5 sales.

28

29



Reduced Petroleum

Consumption

Fuel Infrastructure







Hydrogen


Saturn VUE (timing not announced)

30

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2007 2008 20092006 2010

GM Hybrid Portfolio

HybridHybrid

22--ModeModeHybridHybrid

Light HybridLight Hybrid

GM/Allison Hybrid BusGM/Allison Hybrid Bus

Tahoe/YukoTahoe/Yukon

EscaladeEscalade

Silverado/SierraSilverado/Sierra

22--ModeModeHybridHybrid

Saturn AURA/Chevy MalibuSaturn AURA/Chevy Malibu

Saturn VUESaturn VUE

22--ModeModePlugPlug--InIn

Saturn VUESaturn VUE

Saturn VUE (timing not announced)

Chevy Silverado/GMC SierraChevy Silverado/GMC Sierra

31

� 288V NiMH Battery � 2-Mode Operation � 2 X 60KW

Motor/generators

33

2-Mode Hybrid - Joining Hybrid Forces2-Mode Hybrid - Joining Hybrid Forces

GM-DC MoU, 13.12.2004

DC-GM-BMW MoU, 12.09.2005

ShiftReaction

Heat

Renewables(Solar, Wind, Hydro)

Nuclear

Oil(Non-Conventional) Synthetic Fuels (XTL)

SyngasCO, H2

FischerTropsch

Coal

Natural Gas

1st and 2nd

Biomass

34



Electricity


Elec

trifi

catio

nEl

ectr

ifica

tion

Energy Resource

ICE Hybrid


Fuels


Generation Biofuels


Crit

ical

Dep

ende

ncy

on B

atte

ry T

echn

olog

y

Plug-In Hybrid ICE

Electric Vehicle

PLUG IN HYBRID (PHEV)

November 2006: Production Plans Announced (LA Auto Show)

Range-Extended EV (ICE/Fuel-Cell)CONTINUING THE PATH

January 2007: E-Flex Vehicle Architecture Announced (NAIAS) - VOLT Concept Vehicle - 40 miles All Electric Range (AER)

36

Chevy Volt ConceptChevy Volt Concept

Electric Drive Motor � 120 kW / 320Nm (peak)

Li Ion Battery Pack � 136 kW peak power � 16 kWh energy

53 kW Generator � Internal Combustion Engine � 1.0L 3-cylinder turbo

37

Range-Extended EVRange-Extended EV

38

Range-Extended EVRange-Extended EV

id

Nickel

Advanced Lithium Ion

--

Advanced Battery TechnologyAdvanced Battery Technology

100101000Much improvement over time

� Focused on “power” for hybrids,NOT “energy” for plug-insand pure electric vehicles

� Lithium-ion chemistry can provide both power and energy Sp

ecifi

c En

ergy

(Wat

t hr/k

gSp

ecifi

c En

ergy

(Wat

thr/k

g)

0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 Specific Power (Watt/kg)

Lead Ac Supercapacitor

00 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200Specific Power (Watt/kg)

Lead Acid Supercapacitor

Nickel

Advanced Lithium Ion

757575

505050

252525

000

Greatest hurdle: Develop large, high-volume lithium-ion battery packs � Individual cells that meet requirements exist � Cost ($/kWh) � Requires intensive development with battery sources

39

40



Reduced Petroleum

Consumption

Fuel Infrastructure







Hydrogen


42

GM’s Newest Fuel Cell StackGM’s Newest Fuel Cell Stack

4th4 generation fuel cell stackth generation fuel cell stack�� 372 single fuel cells372 single fuel cells

Power:Power:�� 73kW continuous73kW continuous�� 110kW peak110kW peak�� Power density: 1.6kW/literPower density: 1.6kW/liter

43

Project Driveway - 100 Vehicle Fleet Project Driveway - 100 Vehicle Fleet � World’s largest fuel cell vehicle fleet � With customers later this year � 4th-generation fuel cell propulsion � Engineered for 50,000 miles of life � Able to start and operate

in sub-freezing temperatures.

44

Well-to-Wheels AnalysisWell-to-Wheels Analysis

Tank-to-WheelsTank-to-WheelsWell-to-TankWell-to-Tank

45

Energy Pathways – Well-to-WheelsEnergy Pathways – Well-to-Wheels

Based on 2006 EUCAR/CONCAWE and GM 2005 WTW

0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

WTW Energy Use (relative to gasoline ICE)

-1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Gasoline ICE Diesel ICE

FT Diesel ICE Diesel DME

Hydrogen FC

FT Diesel ICE Diesel DME

Hydrogen FC Plug-in: EV only

FT Diesel ICE E85 ICE

Diesel DME Hydrogen FC

Plug-in: EV only RME Diesel ICE

Plug-in: EV only

WTW CO2 (relative to gasoline ICE)

Well-to-Tank Tank-to-Wheel

Oil

Natural Gas

Coal

Biomass

US E-Mix

CO2 ProductionCO2 Production Energy ConsumptionEnergy Consumption

In SummaryIn Summary

Demand � 85MBD = 1,000 barrels / second! � 70% growth through 2030 � US petroleum usage:

140B gallons growing to 190B gallons (2030)

Supply � Energy diversification required (reduce petroleum) � Blending energy carrier strategy:

coexistence of liquid fuels, electricity & hydrogenas the on-vehicle fuels

46

47



Shift Reaction

Electricity

Heat


Nuclear


Elec

trifi

catio

nEl

ectr

ifica

tion

Energy Resource

ICE Hybrid


Fuels



Syngas CO, H2

Fischer Tropsch

Coal

Natural Gas


Biomass



Fuels

Crit

ical

Dep

ende

ncy

on B

atte

ry T

echn

olog

y

Plug-In Hybrid ICE

Electric Vehicle

GM’s CommitmentGM’s Commitment

Promote & execute a “Blending Energy CarrierStrategy”

� Efficiency: Implement Advanced PropulsionTechnologies to optimize fuel efficiency and minimizeemissions

� Biomass: Accelerate the utilization of biomass with E85 and Bio Diesel capable propulsion systems

� Electrification: Drive the electrification of the vehicle - Hybrid vehicles & plug in hybrids- State of the art “Electric Drive” systems

� Hydrogen: Reinvent the automobile through thedesign, development and validation of a productionviable automotive fuel cell system

48

March to Zero: Removing the Automobile fromMarch to Zero: Removing the Automobile from the Environmental Debatethe Environmental Debate

Noxious Emissions:Key Enabler : Catalytic Converter

Tailpipe CO2: Key Enablers : Efficiency Improvements

Alternative Fuels Electrification of the Vehicle

LEADERSHIP AND COLABORATIONAuto Industry

Energy IndustryGovernments

49

50

Thank You for your Attention.Thank You for your Attention.

51

� Delivers 20% improved fuel economy

� Best highway fuel economy

� Priced less than $23,000

52

GM Hybrid System for Saturn VUE Green Line GM Hybrid System for Saturn VUE Green Line

Advanced 36V Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Pack Advanced 36V Nickel Metal Hydride Battery Pack

Engine Control Module with Hybrid Supervisory Software

Engine Control Module with Hybrid Supervisory Software

2.4 L 4-cyl Ecotec Engine, 170 HP @ 6600 RPM

2.4 L 4-cyl Ecotec Engine, 170 HP @ 6600 RPM

Dual Tensioner Assembly and Aramid Cord Belt Dual Tensioner Assemblyand Aramid Cord Belt

Modified 4T45E Automatic Transmission with Auxiliary Pump Modified 4T45E Automatic Transmission with Auxiliary Pump

Power Electronics with Inverter and DC/DC Converter

Power Electronics with Inverter andDC/DC Converter

4KW Motor/Generator4KW Motor/Generator

53

Hybrid Version inHybrid Version in20072007

Saturn AuraSaturn Aura

Chevrolet Malibu

ChevroletMalibu

54

Chevy Avalanche , Suburban & Tahoe

GMC Yukon & Yukon XL

Chevy SilveradoGMC Sierra

Chevy Uplander

Chevy Monte Carlo

Chevy Impala

The GM U.S. “FlexFuel Club” 17 models for 2007 MY! The GM U.S. “FlexFuel Club”17 models for 2007 MY!

GMC Savana

Powertrain Technology Global HighlightsPowertrain Technology Global Highlights2007 MY2007 MY

� Active Fuel Management: 9 engine variants in 15 models available� Active Fuel Management: 9 engine variants in 15 models available � Variable Valve Timing: 26 engine variants in 66 car and truck models26 engine variants in 66 car and truck models� Variable Valve Timing: �� SIDI: Globally, 2 engine variants in 9 modelsSIDI: Globally, 2 engine variants in 9 models�� Port De-Activation: 6 engiPort De-Activation: ne variants in 16 models6 engine variants in 16 models � Turbocharged GasolineTurbocharged Gasoline Engines: 14 engine variants in 18 models� Engines: 14 engine variants in 18 models �� Six-speed TransmissionsSix-speed Transmissions

─ AT: 7 new variants in 41 global models─ AT: 7 new variants in 41 global models─ MT: 7 variants in 21 global models─ MT: 7 variants in 21 global models

�� Diesel EnginesDiesel Engines─ 17 engine variants available in 45 vehicle lines─ 17 engine variants available in 45 vehicle lines─ More than one million diesel engines annually─ More than one million diesel engines annually

55

A Healthy New Pipeline of CTL Projects areA Healthy New Pipeline of CTL Projects are in Planning Stages Worldwide and in Chinain Planning Stages Worldwide and in China

DKRW proposed two WMPI to build a $612 M , projects in Wyoming and 5000 bpd CTL Montana with a combined demonstration facility in PA

capacity of 33,000 bpd

Rentech / Peabody to build two CTL plants in Montana and Illinois /

Indiana / Kentucky with a combined capacity of 20,000 – 60,000 bpd

scheduled for 2009

Syntroleum and Sustec (purchased by Siemens) to develop a

20,000 bpd project

3 companies including Headwater Energy Services

formed American Lignite Energy to pursue

development of a 32,000 bpd CTL facility in North Dakota

Researchers from South Africa’s University of

Witwatersrand participating in a $10 million pilot CTL plant in

coal rich Shanxi province

Shenhua Group has started construction on

a 1 million m.t./year demonstration project

for direct CTL

Oil India Ltd. To build a second pilot CTL

plant to convert Assam coal to diesel

Shenhua Group. has partnered with Sasol to build a 3 million

m.t./year CTL project

Shenhua Group and Shell formed a joint venture for a

70,000 bpd CTL project

Bumi announced plans in 2006 to

build a 80,000 bpd CTL facility in

South Sumatra

L&M Lignite of New Zealand proposed a

50,000 bpd CTL facility in South or

Central Otago Source: Industry Reports, Booz Allen Analysis

56

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