energy - what are the technical, economic, and political...

Eric M. Stuve

Department of Chemical EngineeringUniversity of Washingtonhttp://faculty.washington.edu/stuve/

Energy - What are theEnergy - What are theTechnical, Economic, andTechnical, Economic, and

Political Implications ofPolitical Implications ofMeeting our Basic EnergyMeeting our Basic Energy

Needs?Needs?

How Do WeHow Do WeUseUse Energy? Energy?

IndustryIndustry CommercialCommercial

ResidentialResidential TransportationTransportation

http://www.nrel.gov/data/pix/

Where Where Does Does OurOurEnergy Come From?Energy Come From?


Fossil FuelsFossil FuelsOilOil

CoalCoal

Natural GasNatural Gas

NuclearNuclear


and solar, too!and solar, too!

RenewablesRenewables


WindWind

HydroHydroBiofuelsBiofuels

How Much Energy Do We Use?How Much Energy Do We Use?

Oil 40%Oil 40%

Coal 23%Coal 23%

Nat. Gas 23%Nat. Gas 23%

Nuclear 8%Nuclear 8%Renewables Renewables 6%6%

98 Quads Total

1 Quad

= 1 Quadrillion Btu

= 1015 BtuUS DOE, Annual EnergyReview, 2003

Supplying Our NeedsSupplying Our Needs

Oil 40%Oil 40%

Coal 23%Coal 23%

Nat. Gas 23%Nat. Gas 23%

Nuclear 8%Nuclear 8%Renewables Renewables 6%6%

98 Quads TotalResidential 22%

Commercial 18%

Transport. 27%

Industry 33%

US DOE, Annual Energy Review, 2003

Energy DiversityEnergy Diversity

• Energy Diversity: the ability to …– Use an energy source for every application– Supply an application by all energy sources

• Good energy diversity– Allows the market to optimize energy costs– Promotes competition among energy providers– Promotes efficient energy usage– Promotes new resource development– Is politically neutral– Increases national and worldwide stability– Benefits the environment (see energy efficiency)

The Importance of EnergyThe Importance of Energy

• Energy is essential in sustaining life– Second only to food in importance

• Threatened with loss of energy people will …– Go to war– Engage in extreme business practices– Scavenge energy from any and all sources

• Energy is inherently political,– And dealing with energy can lead to strange

behaviors

Energy MythsEnergy Myths

• We are running out of oil– This will never happen, BUT– We will abandon oil when it costs too much

• We must stop using fossil fuels– And how will we supply 85% of our energy needs?– Use the fossil fuels now and develop the next energy

resource

• People need to conserve energy– People don’t use energy; people’s machines do– People can waste energy, and ought to stop!

Return to Our ProblemReturn to Our Problem……

• Good energy diversity for…– Residential– Commercial– Industrial

• Poor energy diversity for transportation– 66% of energy from oil used for transportation– 95% of transportation energy comes from oil

Nat. Gas22.51

Coal22.70

Renew6.10

Nuclear7.97

Oil39.08 Source

Industrial32.54

Commercial17.59

Residential21.47

Transportation26.75

Sector

The Weakest Link:The Weakest Link:Oil & TransportationOil & Transportation

• Why the extreme dependence oftransportation on oil?

• Transportation fuels (gasoline, diesel,kerosene) optimized for energy density

• Oil has the highest fraction of these fuels• Vehicles designed to run on transport. fuels

Select a FuelFuel \ HHV kJ/mol MJ/kg MJ/liter* kJ/mol CO2

H2 286 142 1.73 ∞

CH4 890 55.5 0.04 / 24.0 890

CH3OH 638 19.9 15.8 638

C2H5OH 1235 26.8 21.2 618

Glucose 2814 15.6 24.3 469

Gasoline 46.8 34.1 ≈ 600

Kerosene 45.9 37.6 ≈ 600

Coal, bit. 27 21 < 600

*H2: at 2200 psi; CH4: at STP and as LNG; Glucose: solidHHV (LHV): Higher (lower) heating value [water as liquid(vapor)]

Other Sources forOther Sources forTransport FuelsTransport Fuels

• Coal– Coal gasification to synthesis gas (CO & H2)– Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to liquid fuels– Used in wartime, but otherwise uneconomical

• Natural gas– Steam reform methane to synthesis gas (CO & H2)– Gas-to-liquids (GTL) fuels processing (see coal)

• Nuclear energy– Provide reforming energy for natural gas

• Renewables– Biofuels

Develop a New Develop a New ““FuelFuel””

• For optimum energy diversity we seek– A fuel that can be made from all energy sources– A means to use that fuel in transportation vehicles

• Two possible fuels:– Electricity– Hydrogen

Electric VehiclesElectric Vehicles

• All energy sources, current and future, canproduce electricity

• Good electrical distribution network exists– But needs expansion to handle transportation

• Electric cars limited by battery technology– Current batteries too heavy (Pb acid) or too

expensive (Li-ion)

• Gas-electric or diesel-electric hybrids are goodbridge technologies

Toyota Toyota PriusPrius


Hydrogen VehiclesHydrogen Vehicles

• All energy sources can be used to makehydrogen

• Essentially no H2 distribution network– $1–2 million per mile of H2 pipeline– 10–20% losses to pumping/compression

• Keep existing liquid fuels network– Install reformers at filling stations– Consumer has choice of liq. fuel or H2

• Fuel cell technology still expensive– But could use re-tuned internal combustion engines

Hydrogen from…Fossil Fuels:

Extraction (oil, coal, nat. gas)Sulfur removalReforming (energy intensive)CO removal (< 50 ppm for PEM)

ElectrolysisBio-derived fuelsBiomass gasification/pyrolysis

1.752.10Biomass

Bio-fuels

Electrol.(Effic.)

Nat. Gas

3.606.70

1.86(75%)

2.57(62%)

1.505.00

2010 $/gge H2

Current$/gge H2

gge: gallon of gasoline equivalent

U.S. Department of Energy, “Hydrogen, Fuel Cells &Infrastructure Technologies Program Multi-Year Research,Development and Demonstration Plan” (2005).

Fuel ProcessingFuel Processing

Fuel ReformingFuel Reforming

Sulfurremoval

Reformer

High Tshift

Low Tshift

COremoval

Raw Fuel

H2 Reformateto fuel cell

Vaporizer(liq. fuels)

Ballard Bus (250 hp)

www.ballard.com

Excide fuel cell “Racer”, 1960

from the Science Service Historical Images Collection

Allis-Chalmers fuel cell tractor, 1959Allis-Chalmers fuel cell tractor, 1959

from theScience ServiceHistorical Images

Collection

Union CarbideUnion Carbide’’ssKarl Karl Kordesch Kordesch &&his alkaline fuelhis alkaline fuelcell motorcycle,cell motorcycle,

19671967

from theScience ServiceHistorical Images

Collection

Hydrogen RefuelingHydrogen Refueling

http://www.shell.com/static/hydrogen-en/downloads/pictures/new_york_large.jpg

UTC Fuel Cells - Hyundai Sante FeUTC Fuel Cells - Hyundai Sante Fe

http://www.utcfuelcells.com/transportation/index.shtm

UTC Fuel Cells - Nissan X-TrailUTC Fuel Cells - Nissan X-Trail


Nissan FC X-Trail SpecsNissan FC X-Trail Specs

Overall length/width/height(mm)

4,465 x 1,765 x 1,790

Seating capacity 5

Vehicle

Top speed (km/h) 125 (speed reported to theMinistry of Land,Infrastructure andTransport)

Type Coaxial motor withintegrated speed reductiongear

Motor

Max. power (kW) 58Fuel cell Solid polymer electrolyte

typeFuel cellstack

Supplier UTC Fuel Cells (UTCFC,USA)

Storagebattery

Battery type Lithium-ion battery

Fuel type Compressed hydrogen gasFuelingsystem Max. charging pressure

(MPa)35

http://www.nissan-global.com/EN/STORY/0,1299,SI9-CH177-LO3-TI707-CI550-IFY-MC109,00.html

UTC Fuel Cells - BMW (APU)UTC Fuel Cells - BMW (APU)


GM fuel cell trailer at Dow Freeport Texas facility. This trailer israted for 75 kW, but the system will be expanded to produce 35MW of electrical power, enough to satisfy about 2% of Dow’sTexas operations.http://www.gm.com/company/gmability/adv_tech/500_stationary/index.html

HH22 Production and Fuel Cells Production and Fuel Cells

CaliforniaCalifornia’’s Hydrogen Highways Hydrogen Highway

http://www.hydrogenhighway.ca.gov/

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• National Renewable Energy LaboratoryPicture Exchangewww.nrel.gov/data/pix/

• US Dept. of Energy, Annual EnergyReview, 2003

• Hal Wallace, Smithsonian Institutionwww.fuelcells.si.edu

energy - what are the technical, economic, and political...

Documents