eng1d1 - an introduction to mythology · myth: atraditionalstory ... perseus((! medusacement...

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20140506 1 An Introduction People have always tried to understand why certain things happen. For example, they have wanted to know why the sun rises, what causes lightening, how the earth was created and where humanity first appeared. In earlier times—and in some parts of the world today —people explain natural events in terms of stories about gods and heroes. Such stories are called myths and the study of myths is called mythology . Myth: A traditional story, concerning the early history of a people or explaining some natural or social phenomenon, and typically involving supernatural beings or events. Mythology: The study of myths or a body of myths. The origins of myths are unclear but many people have made various arguments Three possible origins are: 1) Historical Events 2) Allegories (stories in which characters, events, settings symbolize or represent larger ideas and concepts) 3) Personification (giving human qualities to something that is not human; for example, the sun smiled over the mountains) One theory claims that myths are distorted accounts of real historical events According to this theory, storytellers repeatedly elaborated upon historical accounts until the figures in those accounts gained the status of gods Example: one might argue that the myth of the wind god, Aeolus , evolved from a historical account of a king who taught this people to use sails and interpret the winds Some theories propose that myths began as allegories. Allegories : a story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal hidden meaning According to one theory, myths began as allegories for natural phenomena: Apollo represents fire, Poseidon represents water, and so on. According to another theory, myths began as allegories for philosophical or spiritual concepts: Athena represents wise judgment, Aphrodite represents desire, etc.

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An  Introduction  

 People  have  always  tried  to  understand  why  certain  

things  happen.  For  example,  they  have  wanted  to  know  why  the  sun  rises,  what  causes  lightening,  how  the  

earth  was  created  and  where  humanity  first  appeared.    In  earlier  times—and  in  some  parts  of  the  world  today—people  explain  natural  events  in  terms  of  stories  

about  gods  and  heroes.  Such  stories  are  called  myths  and  the  study  of  myths  is  called  mythology.  

� Myth:  A  traditional  story,  concerning  the  early  history  of  a  people  or  explaining  some  natural  or  social  phenomenon,  and  typically  involving  supernatural  beings  or  events.  

� Mythology:  The  study  of  myths  or  a  body  of  myths.  

 

�  The  origins  of  myths  are  unclear  but  many  people  have  made  various  arguments  

�  Three  possible  origins  are:    

1)  Historical  Events    2)  Allegories  (stories  in  which  characters,  events,  settings  symbolize  or  represent  larger  ideas  and  concepts)  

 3)  Personification  (giving  human  qualities  to  something  that  is  not  human;  for  example,  the  sun  smiled  over  the  mountains)  

� One  theory  claims  that  myths  are  distorted  accounts  of  real  historical  events  

�  According  to  this  theory,  storytellers  repeatedly  elaborated  upon  historical  accounts  until  the  figures  in  those  accounts  gained  the  status  of  gods  

�  Example:  one  might  argue  that  the  myth  of  the  wind  god,  Aeolus,  evolved  from  a  historical  account  of  a  king  who  taught  this  people  to  use  sails  and  interpret  the  winds  

�  Some  theories  propose  that  myths  began  as  allegories.    �  Allegories:  a  story,  poem,  or  picture  that  can  be  interpreted  to  reveal  hidden  meaning  

�  According  to  one  theory,  myths  began  as  allegories  for  natural  phenomena:  Apollo  represents  fire,  Poseidon  represents  water,  and  so  on.    

�  According  to  another  theory,  myths                                                                      began  as  allegories  for  philosophical  or                                          spiritual  concepts:  Athena  represents                                                              wise  judgment,  Aphrodite  represents                                                        desire,  etc.    

 

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�  Some  thinkers  believe  that  myths  resulted  from  the  personification  of  inanimate  objects  and  forces.    

� According  to  these  thinkers,  the  ancients  worshipped  natural  phenomena  such  as  fire  and  air,  gradually  coming  to  describe  them  as  gods,    

 

� According  to  some,  myths  have  four  main  functions:  

 

1.   Mystical  Function:  experiencing  the  awe  of  the  universe  

2.   Cosmological  Function:  explaining  the  shape  of  the  universe  

3.   Sociological  Function:  supporting  and  validating  a  certain  social  order  

4.   Pedagogical  Function:  teaching  how  to  live  a  human  lifetime  under  any  circumstances  

 

� There  are  many  different  kinds  of  myths  from  many  different  cultures.  

�  Some  myths  we  will  be  looking  at  in  this  class  are:  � Creation  Myths  � Trickster  and  Transformer  Myths  � Monster  and  Monster  Killer  Myths  � Romance  of  Warrior  Myths  � Journey  and  Adventure  Myths  

� Originated  in  ancient  Greece  � Greeks  imagined  their  gods/goddesses  to  have  human  characteristics  –  both  physically  and  emotionally  

� Greek  myths  often:  �  Explain  the  creation  of  something  � Depict  the  struggle  between                                                      good  and  evil  

�  Show  the  relationship  between                                    mortals  and  supernatural  

� A  hero’s  quest  

�  Roman  mythology  originated  in  ancient  Rome  �  Roman  mythology  came  to  be  after  Greek  mythology  �  A  lot  of  Roman  myths  are  borrowed  from  the  Greeks  �  Roman  mythology  shares  a  lot  of  similarities  with  Greek  mythology  –  with  only  a  change  of  names  

�  Below  is  a  list  of  some  of  the  names:     Greek Names Roman Names

Aphrodite     Venus  

Apollo   Apollo  

Hades   Pluto  

Zeus   Jupiter  

� Native  Canadian  mythology  consists  of  three  kinds  of  myths:  

§ Creation  Myths  –  these  describe  the  origin  of  the  cosmos  

§ Trickster  Myths  –  where  there  is  a  comical  character  who  steals  fire,  water,  animals,  etc.  and  sets  them  loose  into  the  world  

§ Culture  Hero  Myths  –  human  beings  with  supernatural  power  bring  the  world  into  order  

 

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� The  employment  of  mythological  figures  for  the  purpose  of  self-­‐promotion  was  and  is  common.  

�  In  the  past,  individuals  and  families  often  linked  themselves  to  a  famous  figure  or  story  from  a  myth.    

�  Linking  themselves  to  a  myth  not  only  serves  to  publicize  them,  but  also  links  them  to  the  same  sorts  of  qualities  that  are  represented  by  the  particular  myth.  

� Mythological  figures  continue  to  be  used  in  similar  ways  in  modern-­‐day  society.    

� As  they  are  such  recognizable  and  meaning-­‐laden    figures,  modern  advertising  cannot  help  but  to  use  them  to  promote  various  products.    

�  Just  as  the  Ancients  did,  modern  day  advertisers  use  mythological  figures  to  make  a  connection  with  their  audience,  as  well  as  provide  information  about  their  product,  through  a  comparison  with  the  qualities  of  their  mythical  figure.    

 �  It  empowers  advertisers  to  encompass  a  great  deal  of  information  in  minimal  space.  

AJAX � Ajax  is  a  Greek  warrior  in  the  Trojan  War  who  "cleaned  up"  in  battle.  

� The  product  Ajax  is  a  popular  household  cleanser.      

� Hercules  is  the  Roman  name  for  Heracles,  the  greatest  Greek  hero.  

� A  company  called  Hercules  makes  a  top-­‐selling  video  graphics  card.    

� Their  slogan  is  “Legendary  Strength,  Quality  and  Performance”.    

� Medusa  is  a  terrible  monster  whose  glance  could  petrify  you.  

�  In  some  versions,  she  was  once  a  beautiful  maiden.  

�  She  is  killed  by  the  hero  Perseus  

 � Medusa  Cement  Company  sells  cement  products  worldwide.      

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�  Nike  is  the  winged  goddess  of  Victory  who  can  run  and  fly  at  great  speeds.  

 �  The  company  Nike  sells  shoes  and  sportswear  that  allow  athletes  to  move  swiftly  and  be  victorious.    

�  Pandora  is  the  first  woman  in  Greek  mythology,  whose  name  means  "all-­‐gifted”  

�  Pandora's  Gift  Boutique  sells  higher  end  gift  merchandise  like  jewellery.      

� The  idea  of  a  heroic  quest  is  something  that  is  common  in  the  world  of  mythology.  

� Quest:  A  long  adventure  in  search  of  a  special  treasure  or  to  accomplish  a  special  deed.  

� Hero:  A  person  who  is  someone  different  from  the  ordinary  and  who  accomplishes  something  great  or  overcomes  unbeatable  obstacles.    §  He  or  she  follows  a  regular  series  of  steps  in  an  

adventure  and  becomes  a  hero  along  the  way.    

� A  hero  is  different  from  an  idol:  §  Hero  —  a  person  of  distinguished  courage  or  ability,  admired  for  his  or  her  brave  deeds  and  noble  qualities.    

§  Idol  —  any  person  or  thing  regarded  with  blind  admiration,  adoration,  or  devotion.    

�  Phase  One:  Birth  § A  hero/heroine  will  usually  have  strange  circumstances  surrounding  his  or  her  birth  

§  These  circumstances  may  include:  o a.  Having  gods  or  royalty  for  parents  o b.  Having  his  life  threatened  in  some  way  o c.  Having  be  seen  as  a  threat  to  the  government/authority  

o d.  A  trick  having  to  be  played  to  save  the  child  

�  Phase  Two:  Destiny  §  A  hero  will  have  a  specific  role  that  he  is  to  fulfill  in  his  life  (often  prophesied,  foretold)  

�  Phase  Three:  The  Quest  §  A  hero  will  have  at  least  one  seemingly  impossible  task  he  must  perform  to  prove  his  worth    

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�  Phase  Four:  The  Journey  Home  §  Usually,  a  hero’s  quest  will  involve  a  lengthy  and  dangerous  journey  (either  to  or  from  the  Quest)  

�  Phase  Five:  The  Reward  §  A  hero  will  always  gain  some  kind  of  reward  from  his  actions  (fame,  fortune,  status,  or  a  prize)  

�  Phase  Six:  Romantic  Elements  §  A  Greek  hero  will  almost  always  be  involved  in  some  kind  of  romance  during  his  adventure  

1.  THE  ORDINARY  WORLD/BIRTH  �  The  hero  leaves  his/her  familiar  world.  �   Sometimes  extra-­‐ordinary  circumstances  surround  the  birth,  establishing  the  hero’s  pedigree.    

2.  CALL  TO  ADVENTURE  �  The  hero  is  called  to  adventure  by  some  external  event  or  messenger.    

�  The  hero  may  accept  the  call  willingly  or  reluctantly.      

3.  MENTOR/HELPERS/AMULET    �  During  the  early  stages  of  the  journey,  the  hero  will  often  receive  aid  from  a  protective  (and  often  supernatural)  figure.    

�  The  helper  commonly  gives  the  hero  a  protective  weapon  or  amulet  for  the  journey.    

 4.  CROSSING  THE  THRESHOLD    �  Upon  reaching  the  threshold  of  adventure,  the  hero  must  undergo  some  sort  of  ordeal  in  order  to  pass  from  the  everyday  world  into  world  of  adventure.    

�  This  trial  may  be  as  painless  as  entering  a  cave  or  as  violent  as  being  swallowed  by  a  whale.  

�  An  important  feature  is  a  contrast  between  familiar  world  and  unknown  world  of  adventure.  (This  is  where  the  adventure  really  begins.)    

 

 5.  TESTS  (ALLIES/ENEMIES)  �  The  hero  must  undergo  series  of  tests,  which  can  include  encounters  with  monsters,  warriors  or  forces  of  nature.  

�  Each  successful  test  further  proves  the  hero’s  ability  and  advances  the  journey.    

�  In  learning  the  “new  rules”  of  the  world,  the  hero  also  makes  friends  and  enemies.      

�  6.  HELPERS  �  The  hero  is  often  accompanied  by  or  encounters  along  the  way  a  helper  who  assists  in  the  series  of  tests  and  generally  serves  as  a  loyal  companion.    

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 7.  SUPREME  ORDEAL  (CLIMAX/FINAL  BATTLE)  �  The  hero  then  has  to  face  the  greatest  challenge.    �  S/he  is  brought  to  the  brink  of  death  in  a  battle  with  malevolent  forces  (monster,  wizard,  warrior).    

�  This  is  the  critical  moment  in  the  hero’s  journey  which  leads  to  the  resolution  of  the  adventure.    

8.  FLIGHT  �  After  accomplishing  the  mission,  the  hero  must  return  to  threshold  of  adventure  and  prepare  for  return  to  everyday  world.    

�  If  the  hero  has  angered  the  opposing  forces,  the  return  might  take  the  form  of  a  hasty  flight.    

 9.  RETURN  (RESURRECTION)  �  The  hero  again  crosses  the  threshold  of  adventure  and  returns  to  everyday  world.    

�  The  return  usually  takes  the  form  of  an  awakening,  rebirth,  or  a  simple  emergence  from  a  cave/forest.  

�  Sometimes  the  hero  is  pulled  back  by  a  force  from  the  everyday  world.    

10.  ELIXIR  .    �  The  object,  knowledge  or  blessing  that  the  hero  acquired  on  the  journey  is  now  used  in  everyday  world.  

�  It  may  have  healing  functions  and  helps  define  the  hero’s  role  in  society.    

11.  HOME    �  The  hero  returns  home  with  the  elixir.    � Often  home  is  restored  or  “set  aright”,  thereby  completing  the  heroic  cycle.    

1.   Call  to  adventure:  An  emergency  or  great  challenge  arises  in  the  hero’s  world.  

2.   The  Tool  Kit:  The  hero  begins  to  accumulate:      (A)  new  knowledge  and  skills,      (B)  a  mentor,  and      (C)  tools  and  special  objects.  

1.   Entry  into  the  Monstrous  World:  This  world  does  not  have  to  be  a  fantasy  world,  but  it  is  very  different  from  the  hero’s  community.    

2.   Tests  and  Trials:  The  hero  faces  dangers  and  risks.  3.   Supreme  Ordeal:  The  hero  faces  an  ultimate  

special  task  will  prove  his  worth.  4.   Reward:  The  hero’s  triumph  is  rewarded.  5.   Return  Home:  The  hero’s  community  recognizes  

the  hero’s  accomplishments.    

�  Roman  Name:  Jupiter  �  God  of  the  sky  � Weapon  is  the  thunderbolt    

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�  Roman  Name:  Pluto  �  God  of  the  underworld  (realm  of  the  dead)  �  Brother  of  Zeus  

�  Roman  Name:  Venus  �  Goddess  of  love  �  Known  to  be  sweet,  delicate,  and  beautiful    

�  A  common  character  in  Native  mythology  � Often  portrayed  as  a  trickster  figure  �  Purpose  is  usually  to  try  and  educate  the  reader  about  some  kind  of  problem  in  society