engineering drawings lecture linear geometric tolerancing.pdf
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EngineeringDrawings:GeometricTolerancing
AshortseriesoflecturesonEngineeringDrawingasPartofMECH24005400:MechanicalDesign1ByPaulBriozzo
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DistortedObjectsbySuzyLelievre
ScaleTransformSALOMEGeometryUsersGuide:ScaleTransform
GeometricTolerancing
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GeometricTolerancingWhatisit?
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GeometricTolerancing UnlikeDimensionalTolerancethatconcernsitselfwithsizecontrol,
GeometricTolerancing concernsitselfwithshapecontrol
GeometricTolerancing influencesthemanufacturingandinspectionprocesschosen
GeometricTolerancing isrequiredinfeaturesinindustriessuchas Aerospacecomponentmanufacture Automobilecomponentmanufacture Precisionmachinerymanufacture Biomedicalcomponentmanufacture
GeometricTolerancing isusedwherehighinterchangeofpartsisrequired
GeometricTolerancing andDimensionalTolerancing arelinked
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BasicConceptsofGeometryTolerancing
GeometryTolerancesarespecifiedaccordingtofunctionalrequirements:Useitifitisneeded,ifnotDONOTasitaddstotheexpenseofthemanufacture,inspectionofacomponentandclarityofanengineeringdrawing.
Dependingonthefeaturetobetoleranced andthewayinwhichitisdimensioned,thetolerancezonewillbeoneof: Thespacebetweentwoparallellines Thespacewithinacircle Thespacebetweentwoconcentriccircles Thespacewithinacylinder Thespacebetweentwocoaxialcylinders Thespacebetweentwoequidistantsurfaces Thespacewithinasphere
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GeometryTolerancing SymbolicStructure
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InterpretationofGeometryTolerancingFlatness
AFlatnesstoleranceisusedtocontroltheflatnessofasurface.Thetolerancezoneisaspecifiedspaceseparatingtwoparallelplanesbetweenwhichthesurfacetobecontrolledmustlie.
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Straightness Astraightnesstolerancemaybeusedtocontrol:
1.Straightnessofaline 2.Straightnessofanaxisinasingleplane 3.Straightnessoftheaxesofsolidsofrevolution
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Perpendicularity Aperpendicularity toleranceisusedtocontrol:
1.alinewithrespecttoadatumline 2.anaxiswithrespecttoadatumplane
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3.asurfacewithrespecttoadatumaxis 4.asurfacewithrespecttoadatumplane
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Position Apositiontoleranceisusedtocontrolthelocationofafeatureby
limitingitsdeviationfromaspecifiedtrueposition. 1.aholeaxis 2.asurface
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Position(Concentricity) Aconcentricitytoleranceisusedtocontrolaconditioninwhich
twoormorefeaturessuchascircles,spherescylinders,conesorhexagonsarerequiredtoshareacommoncentreoraxis
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CaseStudy QantasA380OilStubPipeLatein2010,aQantasA380sufferedacatastrophicfailureofoneofitsfourmainRollsRoyceengines.Investigationspointtoafailureinanoilstubpipecausedbyamanufacturingdefect.
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Position(Symmetry) Asymmetrytoleranceisusedtocontrolaconditioninwhichoneormore
featuresaresymmetricallydisposedeithersideofacentreline(axis)orcentreplane(median)ofanotherfeaturewhichisspecifiedasthedatum.
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Cylindricity Acylindricity tolerancespecifiesatolerancezoneconsistingofanannularspacebetween
twocoaxialcylindershavingadifferenceinradiiequaltothespecifiedtolerance.
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Angularity Anangularitytoleranceisusedtocontrolangularrelationshipsofanyanglebetween
straightline(axes)orsurfaceswithstraightlineelementssuchasflatorcylindricalsurfaces
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Circularity Acircularitytolerancespecifiesthewidthofanannulartolerancezone,boundedbytwo
concentriccirclesinthesameplanewithinwhichthecircumferenceofthefeaturemustlie.
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Parallelism Aparallelismtoleranceisusedtocontroltheorientationoffeaturesrelatedtooneanother
byanangleofzerodegrees.
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Example(ABadOne)
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EffectsofCombiningLinearandGeometricTolerances
Intolerancing featuresofsizeonmatingcomponentswhereeaseofassemblyisimportant,itshouldberealisedthattheleastfavourableconditionforassemblyoccurswhenmatingsizesarethemaximummaterialsizeallowablebytheindividualtoleranceofeachcomponent.
Greatervariationsinshapegeometrycanbeacceptedasthematingsizesapproachtheirleastmaterialsize.
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VirtualSize Virtualsizereferstothedimensionoftheoverallenvelopeofperfectformwhichtouchesthe
highestpointsofafeature.
Forashaft,itisthemaximummeasuredsizeplustheactualeffectofformvariationssuchasflatness,straightness,roundness,cylindricity andprofile.
Forahole,itistheminimummeasuredsizeminustheactualeffectofformvariationssuchasflatness,straightness,roundness,cylindricity andprofile.
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InterpretthisExampleofGeometricTolerancing