engineering the light matter interaction with ultra-small open access microcavities
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Engineering the light matter interaction with ultra-small open access microcavities. Jason M. Smith Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK. Photonics in Oxford. Physics. Chemistry. Biochemistry and Life sciences. Engineering Science. Materials. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Engineering the light matter interaction with ultra-small open access microcavities
Jason M. Smith
Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
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Photonics in Oxford
Engineering Science
Liquid crystals
Optical wireless
CMOS imagers/ detectors
Microscopy
Fibre/waveguide theory
Metamaterials
Acousto-optics
Physics
Quantum optics and controlQuantum
optics,fundamentals and processing
Metrology
Biophysics measurement
CMOS imagers
Telescope instrumentation
Spectroscopy
X ray generation
Optical techniques in nano-technology
Biophysics
Photovoltaics
Chemistry
Cavity ringdown Spectroscopy
Absorption spectroscopy
Novel spectroscopic
techniques
Ultrafast spectroscopy Fluorescence
imaging
Molecular materials
Synthetic organic chemistryMolecular electronics
Organic chemistry
Soft condensed matter
Surface analysis
Materials
Nanocrystal quantum dots–
synthesis, characterisation and modeling
Biochemistry and Life sciences
Advanced microscopy-
Micron imaging centre
Biochemistry
Microscopy for single molecule
Biochemistry
Bionanotech, Biochemistry
Correlative microscopy
Wellcome trust centre for
human genetics
Cell imaging
X-ray crystallography
Diamond
Imaging. Weatherall Inst.
for Molecular Medicine.
Radiation Oncology (Imaging)
High speed imaging
Processing of visual
information. Exp. Psychology
Cavity QED
Photovoltaics – silicon and 3rd Gen materials
Carbon nano-materials – synthesis,
characterisation and modeling
Diamond photonics
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The Photonic Nanomaterials Group, Department of MaterialsJason Smith
Characterisation of single colour centres in diamond
Optically Detected MagneticResonance of single spins (300K)
Microwave frequency (GHz)
http://www-png.materials.ox.ac.uk
Engineering interfaces in quantum photonics / electronics / spintronics
Novel optical microcavity arrays for enhanced light-matter interactions
Engineering excitonic states in semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots
Photonics of diamond and its defects
Modified emission spectra and transition rates
Sub-femtolitre tunable microcavity arrays
Nanocrystal synthesis, characterisation and modeling
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Outline
• Optical microcavities – why small is beautiful
• Fabrication and characterisation of novel
femtoliter open-access cavities
• Preliminary studies of light-matter coupling at
room temperature
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Introduction to optical microcavities
Strong coupling: ,g
g
dξ.g
V
ξ is the field per photon
is the coupling strength
Energy output
time
g2
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Fermi’s Golden Rule: fif H 2
'ˆ2'
VnQFP 2
3
43
/
,g Energy output
time
Can either a) work out new matrix element with cavity vacuum field and ‘count’ photon states
or
b) use free space matrix element and work out change in the optical DoS (Purcell approach)
Weak coupling:
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From J P Reithmayer, Wurzburg.
From K Vahala, Caltech
From E. L. Hu, (then) UCSB
Popular microcavity designs
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Planar-concave ‘half-symmetric’ cavities
Stability criterion
High quality dielectric mirrors
• Fully tunable
• Efficient coupling
• Access to field maximum
Trupke et al APL 2005, PRL 2007Steinmetz et al APL 2006 Muller et al APL 2009Cui et al Optics Express 2006
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9998.04exp2
max
R
P R Dolan et al, Femtoliter tunable optical cavity arrays, Optics Letters 35, p.3556 (2010).
High Q open access microcavities with femtoliter mode volumes
Sub – nm surface roughness for high reflectivity mirrors
SEM of arrayed concave surfaces by ion beam milling
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LFSR
2
2
White light transmission spectra
mL 3
mL 12
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Hermite-Gauss mode structure
TEMx,y
0,00,11,0
0,21,12,0
0,31,22,13,0
0123
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Laser Transmission Imaging of mode
structure
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Quality factors
Q = 5 x104 achieved
Q ~ 106 anticipated
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Photoluminescence measurements of solutions of intra-cavity quantum dots
Z. Di, H. V. Jones, P. R. Dolan, S. M. Fairclough, M. B. Wincott, J. Fill, G. M. Hughes and J. M. Smith, Controlling the emission from semiconductor quantum dots using ultra-small tunable optical microcavities, New J. Phys. 14 103048 (2012).
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http://users.ox.ac.uk/~png
Fluorescence from CdSe/ZnS colloidal quantum dots coupled to cavity modes
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Purcell effect at room temperature
VnQFP 2
3
43
/
40
cavQD
resQ
“Bad emitter” regime
𝑉 >2𝜇𝑚3
𝑉=0.53𝜇𝑚3
Best aligned quantum dots
Worst aligned quantum dots
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F = FP +1
FDTD calculations
(assumes free space emission is unperturbed by cavity)
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Suppression of leaky modes
Purcell factor of resonant mode
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Emission from a single quantum dot into a cavity
Count rate ~ 100,000 s-1 into NA = 0.4.
Compare ~50,000 s-1 with NA = 1.25 and no cavity.
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Apparatus for cryogenic operation…
…awaiting first low T results!
Nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond
NV
Wavelength /nm
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Mode volume ~3
• Mirrors: silica/titania (n=2.5) terminated with /4 titania. • Above: planar mirror, 8 pairs• Below: curved mirror, 10 pairs, β = 3 µm• Mirror spacing =/2 (222 nm), n=1.44• Emitter = 6408nm, dipole //x
NB this is about as good as an L3 photonic crystal cavity (Chalcraft APL 90, 241117 2007)
How small can open access cavities be made (with decent Q)?
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Current Possible
Mirror reflectivity 99.9% >99.995%
Q factor 5 x 104 >106
Mode volume 0.5 µm3 0.1 µm3
Field per photon ~1.8 kV cm-1 ~6 kV cm-1
Purcell factor * ~70 ~10000
Leakage rate ~60 GHz < 5 GHz
Summary of cavity specifications
Applications
• Cavity QED/ quantum information science
• Sensing & spectroscopy
• Tunable lasers
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Acknowledgments
Phil Dolan Ziyun Di
Helene Jones Gareth HughesPostdoc position available soon
Aurélien Trichet
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Funding and support
• EPSRC
• The Leverhulme Trust
• The Royal Society
• Oxford Martin School
• The KC Wong
Foundation
• Hewlett Packard Ltd