england in the 18th century. the stuarts (originally from scotland)
TRANSCRIPT
England in the 18th Century
The Stuarts(originally from Scotland)
House ofHanover
“Bonnie PrinceCharlie”
The Glorious Revolution: 1689
William III and Mary II(r. 1689-1702) (r. 1689-94)
Portrait of William III by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646?-1723)© Royal Collection
Portrait of Mary II by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646?-1723). © Royal Collection
Queen Anner. 1702-1714last Stuart monarch
Portrait of Anne by Sir Godfrey Kneller (1646?-
1723).
The House of Hanover(imported from Germany)
George Ir. 1714-27
George I by Georg Wilhelm Lafontaine (1680-1745)© Royal Collection
George IIr.1720-69
George II by Sir Godfrey Kneller© Royal Collection
George III, r. 1760-1820
George III, portrait by Johann Zoffany (1733/4-1810)© Royal Collection
A CLASS SOCIETY
• The Aristocracy• Professionals
• Scientists
• Physicians
• Attorneys
• Clergy
• Literati
• Military Officers
• Merchants and Bankers• Tradespeople• Working Class
• Domestic Servants• Hired labor• Apprentices• The Unemployed: debtors,
beggars,thieves
• Peasants
ENLIGHTENMENTThe Scientific
Revolution
• Emphasis on experimentation and inductive reasoning
• Scientific Method• New methods of
observation: the microscope and the telescope
• 1662: Charles I chartered the Royal Society of London for the Improving of Natural Knowledge
• Natural Religion: DeismA clockwork universe with a watchmaker God
A replica of Isaac Newton's telescope of 1672.
Sir Isaac Newton
1643-1727
• Mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher
• Developed calculus contemporaneously but separately from Liebniz
• Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica: described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion
• Opticks: discovered that light was composed of particles
• Master of the Mint: moved English coinage to the gold standard
Godfrey Kneller's Sir Isaac Newton at 46
Early Feminists
• A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, for the Advancement of Their True and Greatest Interest (1694)
• Some Reflections on Marriage (1700)
• Advocated equal education for women
• Questioned the value of marriage for women in a patriarchal society
• Poet, prodigious letter writer, world traveller
• Advocate for smallpox vaccination
• Carried on poetic debate with Alexander Pope
• Court Poems, 1716
• Letters from Turkey, 1763
• Shared Astell’s opinions on education and marriage
Mary Astell1666-1731
Lady Mary Wortley-Montagu1689-1762
The City of London
Brawling peasants at Tyburn Gate, London. The Warder
Collection. MORNING
city bustle
Peddlar hawking tarts. The Warder Collection.
Large movements of peoplefrom the country to the cities.Shift from agrarian to urbanlifestyles.
Engraving and
etching by
William Hogarth. The Art Institute
of
Chicago.
foreign violinist
ballad-monger
baby with rattle
peeing boy
oboist
drumming child
milkmaid
paver
dustman
knife-grinder
sow-gelder
fish-monger
screeching parrot
barking dog
howling cats
churchbells
cry of chimney sweep
London
Cries
Gin Lane (1751). Etching and Engraving by William Hogarth.
The New York Public Library.
Poverty and Unemploym
ent• Displaced agrarian
labor
• No social safety net
• Education only for the elite
• Child labor
• Cheap gin
Prose Fiction: Daniel Defoe (1660-
1731)• Master of plain prose and
powerful narrative• Reportial: highly
realistic detail• Robinson Crusoe• Journal of the Plague
Year• Moll Flanders• Roxana
A London coffeehouse. The British Museum
AFTERNOON
Coffee and News
Periodicals and Newpapers
Addison and SteeleThe Spectator
Periodical EssaysLiterary CriticismCharacter SketchesPolitical DiscussionPhilosophical Ideas
A London coffeehouse. The British Museum
Commerce
The Royal Exchange. Engraving by Bartolozzi. The British Library
The Rise of the Middle Class
Increased LiteracyLeisure Time
International TradeEmpire Building
London ladies shopping for fabric. From Rudolph Ackermann's Repository of Arts (1800).
ShoppingLeisure time nurtured middle class women’s interest in fashion,
society, the arts and even literature.
Vauxhall Gardens (1784). A drawing by Thomas Rowlandson.
Victoria and Albert Royal Museum.
Samuel Johnson
James Boswell Hester Thrale
Oliver Goldsmith
Duchess of Devonshire Mary “Perdita” Robinson
Prince of Wales
Society Large public gatherings were the
fashionable places to see and be seen in society.
Social Satire
• Alexander Pope• Mock epic: “The Rape of
the Lock”
• Poetic Satire: “The Dunciad
• Jonathan Swift• Satiric Essay: “A Modest
Proposal”
• Satiric Fiction: Gulliver’s Travels
J. S. Muller after Samuel Wale, A General Prospect of Vaux Hall Gardens Shewing at one View the disposition of the whole Gardens
(after 1751).
ARTIFICE
ARTIFICEThe Augustan Age
• Art as an improvement upon nature• Neo-classical ideals: balance,
harmony, reason• Formal Gardens• Landscape painting• Rise of literary criticism • Major poetic forms:
• Heroic couplets: rhymed iambic pentameter
• Epic and mock epic• Poetic essay• Occasional poems
John Dryden1631-1700
Thomas Gainsborough,
Heneage Lloyd and his sister, c.1750
The Rise of the Novel
• Samuel Richardson’s Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740)• Epistolary
• Realistic detail
• Morality tale
• Servant resisting seduction by her employer
• Henry Fielding’s Joseph Andrews (1742) and Tom Jones (1749)• Picaresque protagonist• “comic epic in prose”• Parody of Richardson• First to acknowledge the novel as
pure fiction• Wide range of social classes
Epistolary Novels• Novels in which the narrative is
told in letters by one or more of the characters
• Allows author to present feelings and reactions of characters, brings immediacy to the plot, allows multiple points of view
• Psychological realism• Contemporary epistolary novels:
Alice Walker’s The Color Purple; Nick Bantock’s Griffin and Sabine; Kalisha Buckhanon, Upstate
Jean-Baptiste Greuze,The Letter Writer
Picaresque Novels• Derives from Spanish picaro: a
rogue• A usually autobiographical
chronicle of a rascal’s travels and adventures as s/he makes his/her way through the world more by wits than industry
• Episodic, loose structure• Highly realistic: detailed description
and uninhibited expression• Satire of social classes• Contemporary picaresques: Saul
Bellow’s Adventures of Augie March; Jack Kerouac’s On the Road
The Laughing Audience (1733). Etching and engraving by William Hogarth. The New York Public Library
EVENING
Entertainment
TheatreOpera
Symphony
Restoration and 18th C. Theatre
Theatres reopened with restoration of Charles II
French influence:ActressesHeroic
coupletsNeoclassical
modes:Social
comediesHeroic
tragedies
17th C. Comedy of Manners Witty--language
driven Satirical of social
mores Risque Marriage and
money 18th C. Comedy of
Sentiment Marriage and
money Moralistic in tone Controlled by
censors
Ladies at the opera from Gallery of Fashion (1796).
England’s first professional female
author:Aphra Behn1640?-1689 Novelist
Venice Preserv'd The History of the
Nun Love Letters between
a Nobleman and his sister (1684)
The Fair Jilt (1688) Oroonoko (c.1688) The Unfortunate
Happy Lady: A True History
Playwright The Forced Marriage
(1670) The Amorous Prince
(1671) Abdelazar (1676) The Rover (1677-81) The Feign'd
Curtezans (1679) The City Heiress
(1682) The Lucky Chance
(1686) The Lover's Watch
(1686) The Emperor of the
Moon (1687) Lycidus (1688)
Painting of the interior of the Drury Lane Theater.
Thomas Rowlandson. The British Library.
The Advent of the Female Professional
Writer
“All women together ought to let flowers fall upon the grave of Aphra Behn, for it was she who earned them
the right to speak their minds.” Virginia Woolf
Painting of the interior of the Drury Lane Theater List of Women Dramatists.
Susanna Centlivre1669-1723
Mary Pix1666-1709
Eliza Haywood1693-1756
Charlotte Charke1713-1760
Hannah More1745-1833
Elizabeth Inchbald1753-1821
Popular 17th-18th C. Dramatists
A riot mob in Covent Garden (1763). The Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D.C
Night (1738). Etching and engraving
by William Hogarth.
Denizensof the NIGHT