england’s dominions: canada & australia (with a little irish thrown in for good measure)
TRANSCRIPT
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England’s Dominions: Canada & Australia (with a little
Irish thrown in for
good measure)
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Canada• 1763: (after 7 Years War), France gave Canada to England• Quebec had largest French-speaking population in Canada
– center of French cultural influence– religion: Roman Catholic
• The Quebec Act (1774): gave Quebec an appointed governor & council; made the Roman Catholic Church the established religion there
• The Canada Act of 1791: divided the colony into Upper Canada (mostly English-speaking) & Lower Canada (mostly French-speaking)
• Anglo-French antagonism continued to be a major feature of Canadian political, economic, & social life
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Canada• Union Act of 1840: series of insurrections in Canada between French &
British colonists– Lord Durham sent to Canada: reported back that Canada needed to
be administered as one area with a single legislature, an appointed governor, & a greater degree of control over their own affairs
• North American Act of 1867:– Anglo-French relations still strained– feared domination by the U.S.– Ontario+Quebec+New Brunswick+Nova Scotia = Dominion of
Canada • parliamentary form of government adopted • use of English & French guaranteed by law• all matters except foreign affairs handled by Canadians
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Canada• Canada’s 1st Prime Minister = John A. McDonald
– goal to expand across the continent to strengthen the Dominion
– By 1873, Canada included Manitoba, British Columbia, & Prince Edward Island
– Canadian Pacific Railway (1887): transcontinental railroad tied the eastern & western portions of the Dominion together• spurred settlement along its path• as towns grew & people/goods moved along the lines, 2
more provinces were added = Alberta & Saskatchewan• made it easier to move mining & timber resources
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Canada• Relations with the U.S.– War of 1812 united Canadians (both Anglo &
French)– border conflicts & trade disputes continued after
the war– feared economic, cultural, & political domination
by the rapidly growing U.S.• political & cultural links with England, a strong
French presence in Quebec, & concern about relations with the U.S. made it difficult for Canadians to forge a distinct, clearly defined national identity
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Australia• 1770: Captain James Cook “discovered” Australia & claimed
it for King George• Population: inhabited by 300,000 aborigines spread across the
entire continent– economy based on hunting, gathering, & fishing– relatively undisturbed by outsiders before Cook came
• Penal Colony: Britain had extreme overcrowding in its prisons– before U.S. independence, England sent convicts to Georgia – Australia now seemed to be a good substitute– 1788: Botany Bay received a load of British convicts– Captain Arthur Phillip=governor of the new penal colony– food in short supply, morale very low, but colony survived
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Australia• Island’s move from colony to nation was facilitated by the
settlers’ ability to sustain a growing population– free settlers began to immigrate for available land– freed prisoners & discharged prison guards stayed too– found land to be conducive to sheep ranching & wheat farming
• 1850s: gold discovered in southeastern Australia – influx of settlers = improvements in transportation,
communications, & public institutions (ie. Schools & libraries)• Establishment of the Commonwealth:
– separate colonies agreed to form the Commonwealth of Australia to decrease their vulnerability to outside forces
– by 1911: all colonies united
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Australia• “White Australia”– rapid immigration led to racial tensions– Asians flocked to the gold fields & were met with
prejudice & hostility• labor unions feared that Asians would lower
wages & decrease the standard of living– White settlers pressured the government to exclude
Asians, Pacific Islanders, & other “undesirables”• result: Commonwealth Immigration Restriction
Act of 1901– no more Asians could enter
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The Irish Question• Prime Minister Gladstone’s most troublesome problem
• Roman Catholics in Ireland didn’t want to pay taxes to support the Anglican Church
• Roman Catholics not allowed to hold office until 1829 when the Catholic Emancipation Act was passed (passed to avoid Irish protests)
• Charles Stewart Parnell organized the Irish members of the House of Commons to vote as a bloc & gain attention for “home rule” (self-government)
• Gladstone promoted two home rule bills, but neither passed through the conservative House of Lords
• *problem still not solved today*