English Grammar for Effective Speaking and Writing With Professor Byung Chul Kwon Kyungdong University

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효과적인 말하기•글쓰기를 위한 영문법 English grammar for effective Speaking and Writing Lesson 1 의문문 (Questions) Lecture 1 Yes-No 의문문

YES/NO QUESTIONS -Yes/No 의문문은 간단하게 yes 혹은 no로 대답할 수 있다. Are you going home by bus? No, I think I’ll take a taxi. Can you e-mail the documents to me? I’ll do it right away. Have you seen my cell phone anywhere? I think it’s in the boardroom. -평서문이 연결동사(be), 조동사(have, be), 법조동사(can, may, could…)를 포함하고 있으면 주어와 이들 동사의 위치를 바꾸면 Yes/No 의문문이 된다. He is a policeman. → Is he a policeman? She could do it. → Could she do it? She is sleeping right now. → Is she sleeping right now? The boss has read the report. → Has the boss read the report? -평서문이 조동사(have, be), 법조동사(can, may, could…), 연결동사(be)를 제외한 일반동사를 포함할 때 문장 앞에 주어에 적합한 do동사를 추가하여 Yes/No 의문문이 된다.

평서문(Statement) Yes/No 의문문 He runs every day. He ran every day. You want coffee.

Does he run every day? Did he run every day? Do you want coffee?

-영국영어에서 본동사로서 have를 포함한 문장은 주어와 동사(본동사 have)의 위치를 바꾸어 Yes/No 의문문을 만드는 반면 미국영어는 주어에 적합한 do동사를 문장앞에 넣어 Yes/No 의문문을 만든다.

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You have a pencil. Have you a pencil? 주어-동사 자리 바꾸기 영국영어 Do you have a pencil? Do 동사 삽입 미국영어 -Yes/No 의문문은 전형적으로 문장의 끝을 올리는 억양패턴을 보인다. Would you like to use the bathroom? Do you want something to eat?

긍정 그리고 부정 Yes/No 의문문 -Yes/no 의문문은 긍정 또는 부정(not을 포함한)일 수 있다. Are you coming? Aren’t you coming? -부정 Yes/No 의문문은 문장의 첫 번째에 놓인 동사와 부정어 not을 축약한다.

긍정 부정 Have you been here before? Will you agree to those terms? Were they feeling better?

Haven’t you been here before? Won’t you agree to those terms? Weren’t they feeling better?

부정 Yes/No 의문문의 담화기능 •질문하는 사람의 예상이나 가정을 확인 Susan to Alice: Didn’t John tell you that I was coming? •질문하는 사람의 예상이나 기대를 벗어난 것에 대한 괴로움이나 실망을 표현 Can’t you ever give me a simple answer? Haven’t you called him? -긍정 극어표현(someone, somebody, already등)을 포함한 부정 Yes/No 의문문은 질문자가 긍정의 대답을 예상한다. Didn’t somebody call me this afternoon? Hasn’t he already done that? -부정 혹은 긍정 Yes/No의문문에 상관없이 부정 대답은 no로 한다. Joel: Can you come to the party?

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Rich: NO. (=I can’t come) Joel: Can’t you come to the party? Rich: No. (=I can’t come)

단축 Yes/No 의문문(Reduced Yes/No Questions) Yes/No 의문문이 평상시 대화에서 종종 축약되기도 한다. Yes/No 의문문 축약 Yes/No 의문문 Has he been talking to you? Are you coming? Do you want to talk to me about it? Is she taking her pills regularly? Are you hungry?

He been talking to you? You coming? You want to talk to me about it? She taking her pills regularly? You hungry?

평서문 Yes/No 의문문(Declarative Yes/No questions) 평서문에 Yes/no의문문의 억양(상승억양)을 더하면 yes/no 의문문이 된다. Yes/No 의문문 평서문 Yes/No 의문문 Do you play hockey? Have you already talked to him?

You play hockey? You’ve already talked to him?

평서문 Yes/No 의문문의 담화 기능 -구체적인 정보를 확인 Robert: He said he’d be here at 8:00 Jay: You’ve already talked to him? -정보를 묻거나 확인 하기 위해 이미 말한 내용 전체 혹은 부분을 반복 A: I lost my job yesterday. B: You lost your job? 놀람 혹은 경악을 표현 Fred: You know, I’m really sorry that I scratched the fender on your car the other day. Al: You scratched the fender on my car?! You never said anything about it last night at dinner!

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Lesson 1 Questions Lecture 1 Yes-No Questions Exercise Exercise A 다음문장(평서문)을 Yes/No 의문문으로 만드시오.

1. She can e-mail the documents to me. 2. You have seen my notebook. 3. Vicky knows you’re going to be late. 4. You saw the Vice Presidents yesterday. 5. You will stay in Vancouver overnight. 6. There was a problem at the bank.

Exercise B 다음 Yes/No 의문문에 대한 적합한 응답을 연결하시오.

1. Would you like some help with that report? 2. Did you enjoy your meal? 3. Have you met Mr. Jacobs? 4. Does the museum open at nine? 5. Would you like a double room?

• No, not until ten, I’m afraid. • I don’t need any, thanks. • It was delicious. • No, not yet. • No, a single is OK.

Exercise C 다음 Yes/No 의문문에 적절히 답하시오.

1. Will the flight be on time? 2. Have you booked a room yet? 3. Do you want something to eat? 4. May I take your coat? 5. Can you book a table for five?

Exercise D 다음 문장(평서문)을 부정 Yes/No 의문문으로 만드시오.

1. You have sent off those application forms yet. 2. It was kind of Mr. Blanchard to give us a pay raise. 3. You saw that coffee cup on the floor. 4. You would like to take a break now. 5. You can understand Spanish.

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Exercise F 다음 Yes/No 의문문에 대한 적합한 응답을 연결하시오.

1. Isn’t this building perfect for our company? 2. Aren’t you tired after all that exercise? 3. Shouldn’t you be leaving for the airport? 4. Wouldn’t you like someone to help you? 5. Haven’t you worked here before? 6. Didn’t you know anyone at the party?

• There was nobody I recognized. • Yes, it’s just the right size. • I guess I could use an assistant. • Yes, I don’t want to miss my flight. • Yes, let’s take a break. • I spent six weeks here as a trainee.

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Lesson 1 Questions Lecture 2 Tag Questions

부가의문문(TAG QUESTIONS) 부가의문문: 평서문에 이어서 덧붙이는 짧은 질문 부가의문문의 두 유형 양극 부가의문문(Opposite polarity tag questions) 평서문의 동사와 부가의문문의 동사가 반대인 경우

평서문 부가의문문 a. You are going. b. They have done it. c. Betty can come. d. He isn’t a vegetarian. e. He likes her.

You are going, aren’t you? They have done it, haven’t they? Betty can come, can’t she? He isn’t a vegetarian, is he? He likes her, doesn’t he?

평서문의 동사가 긍정/부정인지 부가의문문의 억양이 상승/하향하는지에 따른 양극 부가의문문 구분

a. He likes to do that, doesn’t he? b. He doesn’t like to do that, does he? c. He likes to do that, doesn’t he? d. He doesn’t like to do that, does he?

평서문 긍정, 부가의문문 부정, 상승억양 평서문 부정, 부가의문문 긍정, 상승억양

평서문 긍정, 부가의문문 부정, 하강억양 평서문 부정, 부가의문문 긍정, 하강억양

동극 부가의문문(Same Polarity Tag Questions) 평서문과 부가의문문의 동사가 모두 긍정 So, that’s the reason you told him, is it? 동극 부가의문문의 기능 •긴급명령(Urgent imperative) Hurry up, will you? •정중한 요청(polite request)

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Get me a glass of water, would you? •제안(suggestion) Let’s talk about that later, shall we? •기억환기(reminder) We were supposed to meet outside of the theater, remember? •경고/환기(admonition/reminder) You’re supposed to be here at 8 o’clock, you know? •지시/응답요청(instruction/request for feedback) You hold it like this, see? •응답요청(request for feedback) You know what I’m talking about, right? 감탄의 부가의문문(Tag Questions as Exclamations) Oh! That’s a fantastic car, isn’t it! (=What a fantastic car that is!) 감탄의 부가의문문 변이형

a. Is this a great idea, or what! b. Do you love it, or what! c. Was that the best performance ever, or what!

Lesson 1 Questions Lecture 2 Tag Questions Exercise Exercise A 다음 문장에 부가의문문을 채우시오.

1. The meeting has finished, _____________? 2. Conor isn’t leaving the company, _____________? 3. You don’t play golf, ____________? 4. Mrs. Sanders is a very good manager, _______________? 5. Your flight wasn’t late, _____________? 6. We will have to reduce costs, ________________? 7. You haven’t bought another printer, _____________? 8. The product launch was a great success, _____________? 9. You’ll finish this work today, _____________?

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10. You won’t tell the boss I was late, __________? Exercise B 다음 각 부가의문문의 적합한 응답을 연결하시오.

1. You aren’t hungry, are you? 2. That training session was a waste of time, don’t you think? 3. You met Josie before, didn’t you? 4. This is your umbrella, isn’t it? 5. Jason got a promotion, right? 6. These chairs aren’t very comfortable, are they?

•This one is OK. •No, I just ate. •He didn’t tell me. •It looks like mine. •Yes, it was useless. •We worked together in Seoul.

Exercise C 다음 각 부가의문문의 기능은? 예) Was that a great catch, or what! (감탄) 1. Susan: Bill will be joining us for dinner.

Alice: That’s great. Joan’s coming too, isn’t she? Susan: No, she has to work late.

2. Turn on the TV, will you? 3. Nobody can speak French on that trip, not even the teachers! That’s so stupid, innit! 4. Let’s talk about that over dinner, shall we? 5. So, you think you’re some kind of genius, do you? 6. Is that a fantastic dress, or what!

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Lesson 1 Questions Lecture 3 WH- Questions

WH-의문문 의문사(who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how)로 만드는 질문 하나의 문장(평서문)에 대한 다양한 Wh-의문문이 가능하다.

The boy lost his bicycle. a. Who lost his bicycle? b. What did the boy lose? c. When did the boy lose his bicycle? d. How did the boy lose his bicycle?

문장(평서문)의 목적어에 대한 Wh-의문문 *평서문의 동사가 연결동사(be), 조동사, 법조동사 일 경우

a. You are watching something. b. What you are watching _______?

c. What are you watching?

평서문(declarative sentence) 의문사-이동(wh-movement) 주어-동사 자리바꿈(subject-aux inversion)

*평서문의 동사가 일반동사일 경우 a. You saw someone. b. Who you saw ______.

d. Who did you see?

평서문(declarative sentence) 의문사-이동(wh-movement) Do-동사 삽입(do-insertion)

Wh-의문문은 의문사로 시작하지만, 전치사의 목적어에 대한 Wh-의문문을 만들 때 2가지 패턴 가능

a. You went to the concert with someone. ?

b. Who did you go to the concert with? c. With whom did you go to the concert?

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문장(평서문)의 주어에 대한 Wh-의문문 문장의 주어에 대한 wh-의문문은 단순히 주어를 적합한 의문사로 대체

Someone needs a lift. ? Who needs a lift?

How + 형용사/부사 형식의 Wh-의문문(Wh-Questions with How + Adjective/Adverb) 예) how many, how much, how long, how often… a. How long did the press conference last? b. How many stamps did she take? 내포 Wh-의문문(Embedded Wh-Questions) Wh-의문문이 상위절의 한 성분으로 배속, 주어-동사 자리바꿈, do-동사 삽입 없음. I have no idea how much this sandwich costs.

일반 Wh-의문문 내포 Wh-의문문 a. What was she doing? b. Where is she going? c. How could he do it? d. How much does it cost?

I want to know what she was doing. I want to know where she is going. I want to know how he could do it. I want to know how much it costs.

Wh-의문문의 유형(Types of Wh-Questions) Wh-정보 의문문(Wh-Information Questions) 이전에 언급된 적 없는 새롭고 구체적인 정보를 묻는 의문문 Yes/No 의문문과는 달리 Wh-정보 의문문은 항상 전제(배경)정보를 담고 있다.

질문 전제정보 a. How did they do it? b. Where did John go? c. Whose book was stolen? d. What has he done? e. Who is doing it?

They did it somehow. John went somewhere. Someone’s book was stolen. He has done something. Someone is doing it.

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Wh-정보 의문문은 하강억양과 상승억양 패턴을 보인다. a. How can they do it? b. What did she want? c. How long did the meeting last? d. Where did John go? e. What has Julia done now?

반복 확인 Wh-의문문(Repeat Please Questions) 이미 말한 부분의 일부를 반복해서 다시 말하기를 요청하는 의문문 Fred: When did Susan come home this morning? Alice: At five o’clock. Fred: a. When did she get in?

b. She got in when? 상세설명 요청 Wh-의문문(Elaborate Please Questions) 대답한 부분의 일부를 다시 상세하게 설명하기를 요청하는 의문문 Fred: He’ll come by tomorrow and have a look at the car. Al: When will he come by? Susan: Officer, that guy over there just stole my purse. Police Officer: Which guy? Sandra: We lived for over a year in France. Joan: a. Where in France? b. Where?

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Lesson 1 Questions Lecture 3 Wh-Questions Exercise Exercise A 아래 짧은 대화의 빈칸을 적합한 의문사로 채우시오.

What When Where Who Whose Why Which How

1. ______did Carla leave the office?

About five minutes ago. 2. ______do you get to work in the mornings?

I usually take the subway. 3. ______do you think of the food?

It’s OK I guess. But it’s nothing special. 4. ______is in charge of the Halson project?

I don’t know. You’d better ask the C.E.O. 5. _____coat is yours?

Mine’s the red one. 6. _____didn’t you ask for a new computer?

Because the one I’m using is fine. 7. _____is the bathroom, please?

At the end of the hall, on your left. 8. _____is that umbrella by the door?

It’s Mr. Patterson’s. He left it by mistake.

Exercise B 다음 Wh-의문문과 적합한 응답을 연결하시오.

1. What are you doing next Thursday? 2. When did you begin working

for this company? 3. Where’s the bank? 4. Who did you see at the conference? 5. Whose are those files? 6. Why did the President not support

a. I’m not sure. They’re mine. b. All the sales managers from Europe were there. c. She wrote this month’s marketing report. d. It was long, but very useful. e. He didn’t want to lose control of the company. f. I have a meeting at 3:00 P.M. g. It’s over there, on the corner.

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the takeover? 7. Which report did Lisa write? 8. How was the meeting?

h. I started as a graduate trainee in 2010.

Exercise C 다음 Wh-의문문의 유형(Wh-정보 의문문, 반복 확인 Wh-의문문, 상세설명 요청 Wh-의문문) 을 구분하시오. 예: A: John took your car. B: Who took my car? 답: 반복 확인 Wh-의문문

1. How do you get to New Orleans from here? 2. A: We saw him in California.

B: Where in California? 3. How much does this cost? 4. A: She left this afternoon.

B: When? 5. A: Alice told me about it.

B: Who told you about it?

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Lesson 1 Questions Lecture 4 OTHER TYPES OF YES/NO AND WH-QUESTIONS

선택의문문(Alternative Questions) 적어도 두 개의 선택 중 하나를 선택하여 답하는 질문 Would you like eggs, pencakes, or waffles? Are you coming or going? Which flavor would you like? Chocolate, vanilla, or strawberry? Which color do you like best? Yellow or orange? Are you coming or aren’t you? Do you like it or don’t you? Are you coming or not?

반향의문문(Echo Questions) 이미 말한 부분의 일부 혹은 전부를 반복하는 의문문

a. John: I’ll fax it to Elizabeth right now. Bill: You’ll fax it to her?

b. Sue: Take a look at this. Ann: (Take a look) at what?

Al: Did you borrow my car keys? Bill: Did I borrow your car keys? Susan: And what do you think of this slogan? Alan: What do I think about it? Well, my initial reaction is…

감탄의문문(Exclamatory Questions) 감탄의 기능을 하는 의문

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Isn’t he big! Don’t you look great!

수사의문문(Rhetorical Questions) 묻는 사람의 의견을 표현하는 Yes/No 의문문 Diane: Have you heard the news about Alan? Bill: Who hasn’t? Of course I enjoyed the dinner. Who wouldn’t?

알면 말해봐 의문문(Display Questions) 학생들에게 어떤 주제에 대해 알고 있는 지식을 말해 보도록 요청하는 의문문 So this play is about what? And these isotopes are formed how? Lesson 1 Questions Lecture 4 OTHER TYPES OF YES/NO AND WH-QUESTIONS Exercise Exercise A 다음 각 질문에 적합한 응답을 연결하시오. 1. Do you want beef or fish? 2. Will Mrs. Shriver arrive in the morning or

in the afternoon? 3. Is your office on the left or the right? 4. Would you like the door open or closed? 5. Should I wear casual or formal clothes? 6. Should we go now or stay and complete

this work?

a. A suit and tie is best. b. I’ll have the salmon, please. c. Let’s finish it now. d. It’s at the end of the left. e. She’ll be here at 5:00 P.M. f. Close it, please.

Exercise B 다음 대화의 밑줄 친 질문의 유형(선택의문문, 반향의문문, 감탄의문문, 수사의문문, 알면 말해봐 의문문)을 구분하고 적합한 억양 패턴을 적용하여 연습하시오.

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예) A: I certainly wouldn’t want to be sued. B: Who would? 답: 수사의문문

1. A: She always has lunch at Timponi’s. B: She always has lunch where?

2. A: Do you like the blue one or the red one? B: I’ve gotta go with the blue.

3. A: Have you seen my glasses anywhere? B: Have I seen your glasses?

4. A: So his essay discusses what? B: Relationships between men and women.

5. A: Isn’t she a beauty! B: Yeah. She must be a movie star.

6. A: Have you heard about the latest scandal? B: Who hasn’t?

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Lesson 2 부정(Negation) Lecture 1 동사부정(Verbal Negation) 부정(Negation)은 긍정문의 반대인 부정문을 형성하는 규칙 She is not at the office. vs. She is at the office. 부정문의 기능 단언(assertion) I won’t be able to make the next meeting. 사실을 부정 You weren’t short with me, sweetie. 거부·거절(refusal) A: Would you like another cup of coffee? B: No, thank you.

부정의 두 형식(Two forms of Negation) 동사 부정(verbal negation) 부정어 ‘not’과 동사의 결합

긍정 평서문 부정 평서문 Lance is very happy. Lance isn’t very happy.

비동사 부정(Nonverbal negation) Nobody, nothing, no, none, neither/nor, never와 같은 단어나 un-, non-과 같은 부정 접사를 활용한 부정 He did nothing. There is no milk in the fridge. Luisa has never been there.

동사 부정(Verbal Negation) 동사 부정은 1차 동사 부정과 2차 동사 부정으로 하위 구분

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1차 동사 부정(Primary Verb Negation) 시제(현재/과거)를 가진 동사를 부정

긍정문 부정문 My cousins are staying with me. We lived there for a long time.

My cousins are not staying with me. We did not live there for a long time.

1차 동사 부정의 유형

1. 조동사를 포함한 문장 부정어 ‘not’을 문장(평서문)의 첫째 조동사와 결합

긍정문 부정문 Not 축약문 He is working. He has been trying. He can read it later.

He is not working. He has not been trying. He can not read it later.

He isn’t working. He hasn’t been trying. He can’t read it later.

2. 연결동사(be)를 포함한 문장

부정어 ‘not’을 be 동사와 결합 긍정문 부정문 Not 축약문

He is a doctor. There is some milk. They were in class.

He is not a doctor. There is not any milk. They were not in class.

He isn’t a doctor. There isn’t any milk. They weren’t in class.

3. 일반동사를 포함한 문장

주어와 시제에 적합한 조동사 ‘do’(do-support)와 부정어 ‘not’ 결합 긍정문 부정문 Not 축약문

I liked the play. She plays the piano. She has a car.

I did not like the play. She does not play the piano. She does not have a car.

I didn’t like the play. She doesn’t play the piano. She doesn’t have a car.

Cf. She hasn’t a car. (BrE) Roger hasn’t time to talk right now. (BrE)

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부정/긍정 극어 표현과 동사 부정 (Negative/Positive Polarity Items and Verbal Negation)

긍정 부정 Ron brought some friends. Ron didn’t bring any friends. She doesn’t have any money. *She has any money. 부정극어(Negative Polarity Items): ‘any’와 같이 일반적으로 부정문에 그 사용이 제한된 단어 예: anybody, anything, any longer, anymore, anyone, anywhere… 긍정극어(Positive Polarity Items): ‘some’과 같이 일반적으로 긍정문에 그 사용이 제한된 단어 예: somebody, someone, something, somewhere, somewhat, somehow… There are some crows roosting in that tree. *There aren’t some crows roosting in that tree. There was somebody else in the car. *There wasn’t somebody else in the car. anymore/any longer ---------- still She still lives in that old house. *She doesn’t still live in that old house. She doesn’t live in that old house { anymore/any longer}. already ----------- yet I have already read that report. I haven’t read that report yet.

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전형적으로 부정문에서 사용되는 표현들 much at all a bit bother faze

I don’t see her much. She didn’t like the play at all. Andy doesn’t care for him a bit. I wouldn’t bother to have it repaired. It didn’t faze him.

2차 동사 부정(Secondary Verb Negation) 부정어 ‘not’과 부정사 (to 부정사, 원형부정사), 분사(현재/과거)의 결합 2차 동사부정이 적용되는 절(Clauses That Take Secondary Negation) 부정사절

긍정 부정 She promised him [to come]. She promised him [not to come].

긍정 부정 유형 It’s important to be seen by someone. She recommended that we buy it.

He hates hearing the truth.

It’s important not to be seen by anyone. She recommended that we not buy it. He hates not hearing the truth.

부정사절 That 절

동명사절

부정 상승(Negative Raising) 하위절의 부정어 ‘not’이 상위절로 상승 이동하여 부정 I imagine [that he won’t want to come]. I don’t imagine [that he will want to come]. 부정상승 규칙은 상위절의 동사가 의견(opinion)을 드러내고 (예, think, believe, expect, imagine, suppose..등) 이어진 that 절에 법조동사(예, should, could, will. 등)를 포함할 때 적용 It appears [that we won’t win after all]. It doesn’t appear [that we will win after all]. It is likely [that John won’t come]. It isn’t likely [that John will come].

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동사 부정의 이런저런 사실(Additional Facts about Verbal Negation) 다중 부정(Multiple Negation) I couldn’t not respond. I didn’t not pay attention. (=I paid attention.) She won’t not tell the truth. (=She will tell the truth.) You can’t not go with them. (=You must go with them.) Lesson 2 Negations Lecture 1 Verbal Negations Exercise Exercise A 다음 각 문장이 문법적인지 밝히시오. 비문법적이라면 그 이유를 지적하고 문법적이 되도록 수정하시오. 예) He not always studies in the library. 답: 비문(동사 부정에서 동사가 일반동사일 경우 부정어 ‘not’을 시제와 주어에 적합한 do 동사와 결합해야 한다.) 수정: he doesn’t always study in the library.

1. She visits her grandmother much. 2. He went to their house, didn’t he? 3. I have read the newspaper yet. 4. Who isn’t going to the mall? 5. There aren’t some cherries in the bowl.

Exercise B 다음 각 문장이 문법적인지 밝히시오. 비문법적이라면 그 이유를 지적하고 문법적이 되도록 수정하시오. 예) It’s important to be not seen. 답: 비문(부정어 ‘not’은 부정사 앞에 와야 한다.) 수정: It’s important not to be seen.

1. We promised them to not call. 2. Lori expected her not to show up. 3. He suggested not buying it.

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4. I sat on the bus thinking not about my destination. 5. You can’t not take the test.

Lesson 2 부정(Negation) Lecture 2 비동사 부정(Nonverbal Negation)

비동사 부정(Nonverbal Negation) 비동사 부정의 두 유형 부정어(Negative words)와 부정접사(Negative affixes) 부정어(Negative words) 전형적인 부정어: no, none, nobody, no one, nothing, nowhere, no place, neither, nor, never..

비동사 부정 동사부정 He revealed no information. She chose none of them. They did nothing to stop him. We were going nowhere. We knew neither of them. She had never done that before. There is no news.

He didn’t reveal any information. She didn’t choose any of them. They didn’t do anything to stop him. We weren’t going anywhere. We didn’t know either of them. She hadn’t ever done that before. There isn’t any news.

부정/긍정 극어 표현과 부정어(Negative/Positive Polarity Items Compared with Negative Words)

긍정 극어 부정 극어 부정어 some someone/somebody something somewhere/someplace

any anyone/anybody anything anywhere/any place

no no one/nobody nothing nowhere/no place

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sometimes sometime, once

ever anytime, ever

never never

They found someone who had witnessed the accident. They didn’t find anyone who had witnessed the accident. They found no one who had witnessed the accident. 비동사 부정의 Not(Not in Nonverbal Negation) Not + 수량사(quantifiers): all, every, many, much.. Not all of his suggestions were accepted. Not every person is born rich. After the two boys had finished eating, not much was left for me. Not+one, a single, ..ago Not one customer has protested so far. (=no customers) Not a single customer has protested so far. (=no customers) I was on the phone with him not 5 minutes ago. (=less than 5 minutes ago) Not+a little, a few His remarks resulted in not a little confusion. (=a good deal, fair amount of confusion) Not a few of the members attending the meeting were upset by the chairman’s remarks. (=Quite a few members were upset.) Not+un-,in- 부정접두사로 시작하는 형용사 It is not uncommon for me to write multiple drafts. (=It is somewhat common.) That behavior is not uncharacteristic of him. (=It is somewhat characteristic of him.) Not often, never, rarely, seldom, only등의 표현이 문장의 맨 앞자리에 있을 때 주어-동사 자리바꿈(Subject-Aux Inversion)규칙 적용 Never in my entire life have I witnessed such bravery. Not often have I witnessed such bravery. *Never in my entire life I have witnessed such bravery.

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*Not often I have witnessed such bravery. 부정 접사(Negative Affixes) 부정의미의 접사를 단어에 결합하여 부정 That remark was not appropriate. (동사 부정) That remark was inappropriate. (비동사 부정: 부정 접사) 가장 일반적인 부정 접두어: un-, in-, im-, il-, ir-, dis-, a-, non-

부정접두사(Negative Prefixes) 형용사 부사 명사 동사

unhappy inefficient implausible illegal irregular disloyal asymmetrical nonviolent

unhappily inefficiently implausibly illegally irregularly disloyally asymmetrically nonviolently

unhappiness inefficiency implausibility illegality irregularity disapproval asymmetry nonviolence

dislike

Lesson 2 Negations Lecture 2 Non-Verbal Negation Exercise Exercise A 다음 각 동사부정 문장에 상응하는 비동사 부정문을 말하시오. 예) He doesn’t ever do any work. 답: he never does any work.

1. There wasn’t anybody we knew at the party. 2. There aren’t any more muffins left. 3. I didn’t see anything suspicious. 4. She wasn’t anywhere near the accident when it happened. 5. He didn’t see John or Susan.

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6. The people who usually attend these concerts didn’t come this time. Exercise B 다음 각 문장이 문법적인지 밝히시오. 비문법적이라면 그 이유를 지적하고 문법적이 되도록 수정하시오. 예) There aren’t some e-mail messages for me. 답: 비문(‘some’은 긍정 극어 표현으로 부정문에 사용할 수 없다.) 수정: There aren’t any e-mail messages for me.

1. I’ve never seen nothing like that. 2. Not often you will have a streak of luck like that. 3. She phoned me not five minutes ago. 4. Many senators said that the president’s position on taxes was undefensible. 5. I didn’t do nothing wrong. 6. He took no prisoners. 7. The method that he was using was highly inefficient.

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Lesson 3 명령문(Imperative Sentences) Lecture 1 명령문의 형태와 의미

(Forms & Meanings of Imperatives) 명령문은 명령, 지시, 요청에 사용

명령문의 형태(Forms of Imperative) 형태적 특성 •주어가 가시적이지 않다. 평서문 명령문 You look at me. You take her to dinner.

Look at me. Take her to dinner.

•동사는 항상 기본형(원형) 평서문 명령문 You are quiet. Be quiet. •부정은 Do + not + 동사원형 평서문 명령문 You aren’t crazy. You don’t use it.

Don’t be lazy. Don’t use it.

강조 명령문(Emphatic Imperatives) 명령문 앞에 Do를 넣어 명령의 긴박함을 표현 Hurry up. (기본 명령문) Do hurry up! (강조 명령문) 명령문과 부가의문문(Imperatives with Tags) 명령문 다음에 이어지는 부가의문문 will you? 와 would you? Hurry up, will you!

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Get my gloves out of the car, would you? 주어가 가시적인 명령문(Imperatives with Visible Subjects) You behave yourself! Passengers going to Dayton, form a line over here. Somebody please go find a doctor. Nobody move! 호격 명령문(Vocative Imperatives) 누구를 지명하여 부르거나 관심을 끌기 위해 사용하는 고유명사나 혹은 호칭 (Ma’am, Sir, waiter, Dear, you all…)으로 시작하는 명령문 Ann, you go first. Dear, look what I found under the couch. Look what I found under the couch, dear. 관용적인 ‘I need you’ 명령문(Idiomatic I Need You Imperatives) I need you로 시작하는 부드러운 명령문 I need you to fill out this form. I need you to take off your clothes and put on this robe. I need you to step back from the car, sir. Let’s 명령문(Let’s Imperatives) Let’s로 시작하는 명령문 Let’s eat breakfast. Let us bow our heads in prayer. You all have something to do for Ms. Johnson. Let’s do it, please. Let’s have a look at your tongue. OK. It looks like we may have gone too far, so let’s take the next exit and turn around. OK, let’s keep that on, shall we? Let’s take turns, OK?

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Let’s not talk about what happened anymore, please? Let’s not discuss it anymore, shall we?

명령문의 의미(The Meanings of Imperatives) 명령, 지시, 요구(Commands, Order, and Demands) Get out of my way! Right face! Forward, march! Keep off the grass. Let the games begin! 요청(Requests) Please help me finish this. Shut the window, will you? Kindly lower your voices. 충고, 권고, 경고(Advice, Recommendations, and Warnings) Keep your options open. Remember, always buy low and sell high. Watch your head. That doorjamb is a little low. 지시와 설명적인 안내(Instructions and Expository Directives) Remove all the tape and the packing material from the printer. For full details of performances, talks, workshops, contact the Third Eye Center. Take a left at the first stop light. Compare example (2a) with (2b) Take the airline industry, for example. 초대(Invitations) Drop by after work, and we’ll discuss it in more detail. Have another piece of cake. Feel free to call me any time. 허락(Permission)

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OK, Go ahead and do it. Take as much time as you feel you need. Come in. 수락(Acceptance) Since you feel so strongly about it, go ahead and tell him. Hey, it’s your money. Invest it any way you want. 바람(Wishes) May the wind be always at your back. Have a safe journey. OK. See ya. Have a good time at the game. Enjoy yourself! Enjoy! Have a nice day. 조건 의미의 명령문(Structures with Imperative Form but Conditional Meaning) Do that and you’re fired! (=If you do that, you will be fired.) Touch that knob and the telly goes wrong. (=If you touch that knob, the telly will go/goes wrong.) 주어 You가 드러난 명령문(Imperatives with a visible You subject) 대조적인 You(Contrastive You) You be Butch Cassidy, and I’ll be the Sundance Kid. You take the high road, and I’ll take the low road. 비대조성 You(Noncontrastive You) 화가 나 까칠함(Impatience or Irritation) “Now, now, can’t you take a little joke, my friend?” Santiago slowly raised his head. “Don’t you call me your friend. The only friend you have is yourself.” 위안과 격려(Comfort or Encouragement) “Good for you, lass! You show ‘em!” someone shouted.

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경고, 위협, 조언(Admonishment, Threat, or Advice) And don’t you ever forget what we swore to do. Don’t you ever address me in that tone again. Well, Becky, you be careful at night.

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Lesson 4 한정사(Determiners) 명사 앞에 놓여 명사를 수식하는 단어(형용사는 별개) 한정사와 배열순서(Determiners and their order of appearance) 한정사의 종류 •관사(Articles) – a/an, the He met a woman. The woman got out of a car. •지시한정사(Demonstrative determiners)-this/that, these/those I want that book not this one. These sweaters are more expensive than those sweaters over there. •소유한정사(Possessive determiners)-my, his/her, our, your, its, their That’s her book. This is my book over here. •명사 소유한정사(Nouns as possessive determiners)-john’s, Bill’s Anne’s car is older than Jessica’s car. •수량사(Quantifiers)-all, any, few, many She has all the money. There are many ways to do it. •단위 표현(Partitives)-glass of, loaf of, bit of, acre of He bought a loaf of bread. •기수 표현(Cardinal numbers)-one, two, three She bought three hats. •서수 표현(Ordinal numbers)-first, second, third That is the second time he has done that. •배수 표현(Multipliers)-double, twice, three times She bought double the amount we need. •분수 표현(Fractions)-three-fourths, two-fifths Three-fourths of the audience was made up of young people.

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한정사의 배열 순서에 따른 분류

한정사의 배열 순서

전치 한정사(Predeterminers)

중앙 한정사 (Central Determiners)

후치 한정사(Postdeterminers)

-수량사(all, both, each) -배수 표현

(double, twice, five times) -분수 표현 (three-fourths, two-fifths)

-수량사(any, every, some) -관사(a/an, the)

-소유 한정사(my, our, your) -명사 소유한정사 (John’s, Ann’s) -지시 한정사(this/that)

-수량사(many, much, few, little, less, least, more, most)

-기수(one, two) -서수(first, second, another, next, last) -단위표현(glass/bottle/jar of)

a. Both sisters wanted to go. b. The sisters wanted to go. c. Both the sisters wanted to go. d. *The both sisters wanted to go. e. Those children are coming. f. Two children are coming. g. Those two children are coming h. *Two those children are coming.

수량사, 명사 관사, 명사 수량사, 관사, 명사 관사, 수량사, 명사 지시 한정사, 명사 기수, 명사 지시 한정사, 기수, 명사 기수, 지시 한정사, 명사

한정사의 유형(Types of Determiners) 수, 분수, 배수(Numbers, Fractions, and Multipliers) 기수 There’s only one seat left on the whole bus. Bill’s three granddaughters are visiting from Australia. Meteorologists are predicting the worst storm in fifty years. 분수 Half the team is injured. Two-thirds of the players were late for practices. I’ve finished about one-third of my homework.

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I’m willing to pay half the amount. *I’m willing to pay half amount. He’s half your age. 배수 He’s twice the man you are! For some reason, she’s earning three times our salaries. The price you are paying is five times the cost of production. He received an offer that was double the amount that she got. *He received an offer that was double amount that she got. 서수 The tickets will go to the tenth caller. My parents just celebrated their 50th anniversary. The next step will be to conduct a physical checkup. I already have two bicycles, but I have to buy another one so that my son can go cycling with us. 지시 한정사(Demonstrative Determiners) {This/That} novel is completely captivating. Does anyone enjoy {this/that} music? {These/Those} people have been waiting for over an hour. *These furniture have to be moved. *Be sure to verify those information. 지시 한정사의 의미(Meaning of Demonstrative Determiners) 공간적 근접성(Spatial Proximity) No. I want this lamp. That one over there is OK, but it needs a halogen bulb. And they’re so expensive. 시간적 근접성 We bought a house this summer. We bought a house that summer.

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신 정보/ 구 정보(Given vs. New information) There is this pub in Dublin that has my family’s name on the sign over the door. I was told that artists hang out there a lot. Can you make those chocolate chip cookies again? 개념 정의를 위한 That/Those(That/Those for Defining a Concept) The unit of heat was defined as that quantity which would raise the temperature of unit mass of water. We apologize to those readers [who did not receive the Guardian on Saturday, …] 수량사(Quantifiers) 가산명사 단수(Singular Count Nouns) any each every

Any computer will do. Each book was by a different author. Every computer in the school was replaced.

가산명사 복수(Plural Count Nouns) any both (a) few many several all most more some

Any of those computers can process that much data. Both shows were canceled after one season. A few cell phones don’t have this feature. Many voters are still waiting at the polls. Brian lived in that apartment for several years. All students must take the placement exam. Most travelers use the Internet to plan trips. Would you like more vegetables? Some birds cannot fly.

불가산 명사(Noncount Nouns) (a) little less much all most more some

I think I’ll have a little soup. He gave us less homework than he usually does. We don’t have much time. Vanessa loves getting all the attention. Most of the furniture is in good shape. That recipe requires more milk than you have. Some of the information was not accurate.

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I don’t have much money. ?I have much money. Do you have much money? Psychologists have given these matters much consideration. The dining room was the scene of much confusion. All men are created equal. Some boys like sports. Some of the women in this room like tall men. Many of his friends are Republicans. All (of) the men are married. Both (of) these cars are brand new. 수량사의 자유로운 위치 이동(Quantifier Floating) All of my relatives are farmers. My relatives all are farmers. My relatives are all farmers. I want [all of my friends to be at the airport]. I want my friends all to be at the airport. I want my friends to all be at the airport. *I want my friends to be all at the airport. All of the boys waved at the girls. The boys all waved at the girls. *The boys waved all at the girls. Your mother wants [all of her sons to go to college]. *Your mother wants [her sons to go all to college]. {Each of the boys/Each boy} owns a motorcycle. The boys each own a motorcycle. Uncle Harold gave each of the children a dollar.

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Uncle Harold gave the children each a dollar. Uncle Harold gave the children a dollar each. Each of the new wide-body jets will cost $2 million. The new wide-body jets will each cost $2 million. The new wide-body jets will cost $2 million each. Some of the guests made speeches. *The guests some made speeches. Most of the guests are diplomats. *The guest are most diplomats. 수량사와 대명사의 자리이동(Quantifier-Pronoun Flip) All (of) his books got good reviews. All of them got good reviews. Both of them got good reviews. Each of them got a good review. *All them got good reviews. All of them got good reviews. They all got good reviews. John unpacked all (of) his books. John unpacked all of them. John unpacked them all. John reviewed each of the books. John reviewed each of them. ?John reviewed them each.

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수량사의 의미(Meanings of Quantifiers) 수량사 의미 all any both each every few

전체 단일 구성원 두 명 1명의 구성원 1명의 구성원 적은 수

All (of) the recruits are over 18 years old. {Any of these cell phone/Any cell phones} fits your requirements. Both (of the) recruits are over 18 years old. {Each of the recruits/Each recruit} is over 18 years old. {Every one of the recruits/Every recruit} is over 18 years old. {A few of the recruits/Few recruits} are over 18 years old.

He has many friends. He has some friends. He has few friends. 단위 표현(Partitives) I’ll have a glass of water. I’ll have a loaf of bread. I’ll have two pieces of pie. I’ll have that slice of cake. I’ll have a bowl of your new soup. gallon/liter of ton/gram/pound of glass/cup/bottle of + beer, wine, catsup, milk head of + cauliflower, cabbage, lettuce slice of + cake, pie, pizza, bread band of + robbers, gypsies, roving minstrels bunch of + ruffians, teenagers, sailors squad/platoon of + soldiers herd of + antelope, cattle, elephants flock of + birds

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school of + fish pod of + whales covey of + quail 여타의 수량 표현(Other ways of expressing quantification) a lot of, lots of, a great deal of, loads of, oodles of, plenty of, a smidgen of, a tad of… 소유 한정사(Possessive Determiners) 소유 한정사(Possessive Determiners) 소유 대명사(Possessive Pronouns) 단수 복수 단수 복수 my your his/her/its

our your their

mine yours his/hers

ours yours theirs

He told my father. *He told mine father. That coat is Lisa’s and this one is mine. *That coat is Lisa’s and this one is my. 명사 소유 한정사(Nouns as Possessive Determiners) Susan’s coat Bill’s five brothers John’s last five attempts the committee’s decision the decision of the committee Felcia’s shiny black hair > the shiny black hair of Felicia the tiger’s paw > the paw of the tiger December’s storms the storms of December

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London’s pubs the pubs of London the roof of the house > the house’s roof the hem of your skirt > your skirt’s hem his nose > the nose of his [The designer’s creations] were on display. [The creations of a relatively young designer from Italy] were on display. (선호) [A relatively young designer from Italy’s creations] were on display. (비 선호)

Lesson 4 한정사(Determiners) Exercises Exercise A 다음 각 문장의 한정사를 하위 종류별로 구분하시오. 예) They didn’t have blueberries, so he bought [a fifth of a quart of raspberries]. 답: a = 관사, fifth = 분수, quart of = 단위 표현 1. [The first two runners] crossed the finish line two hours after the start of the race. 2. [His both sisters] are in the army. 3. [One-third of her last salary check] went to paying off her debt. 4. I have to attend [that party]. It’s a party for [my brother’s twentieth anniversary]. 5. A: How many [bags of ice] did they order for the party?

B: [Twice the number] that we ordered for [your party]. 6. While at the supermarket, he bought [a bunch of grapes] and [a loaf of bread]. Exercise B 다음 각 문장의 한정사가 문법적인지 아닌지 구분하고 비문법적이라면 그 이유를 설명하시오. 예) I love those music. 답: 비문법적 이유: 지시 한정사 those는 가산명사 복수형태 앞에 쓰일 수 있다. music은 불가산 명사.

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1. He is tenth student who signed up for this course. 2. This orange juice tastes sour. 3. There is one more luggage in the baggage compartment of the plane. 4. The small statue is half size of the big one. 5. We only have to move two furniture to rearrange the room. Exercise C 다음 각 문장이 문법적이지 못한 이유를 설명하고 문법적으로 고치시오. 예) Delegates many opposed the resolution. 답: 수량사 many는 문장의 다른 위치로 이동할 수 없다. 수정: Many of the delegates opposed the resolution. 1. They wanted each to go to the same college in the United Kingdom. 2. She liked every sweater they showed her, so she bought all them. 3. Those T-shirts cost each fifteen dollars. 4. I want you to both write me 500 words on why you should be hired. 5. Students most are accomplished musicians. Exercise D 다음 각 문장이 선호되는 표현인지 비 선호 표현인지 구분하고 비 선호라면 그 이유를 설명하시오. 예) What happened to Jen’s hand? 답: 선호 표현 (명사가 인간을 가리킴) 1. She ran her fingers through the shiny red fur of the dog. 2. I have a passion for Chicago’s jazz clubs. 3. there was a deep cut over the left eye of the player. 4. It was only later that I saw him standing in the corner of the room. 5. The house is a successful young architect from Milan’s latest design.

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Lesson 5 관사(Articles) 관사의 유형(Types of Articles) 정관사(the)와 부정관사(a/an) 그리고 무관사(Zero Article) 정관사는 명사가 특히 구체적으로 알아차릴 수 있는(specifically identifiable) 경우에 사용 Can you do something about the noise? 부정관사는 명사가 일반적으로 알고 있는(identifiable in general) 경우에 사용 Bring me a screwdriver. Bring me the screwdriver. Susan bought a new dress. My brother is a veterinarian. 관사와 가산명사/불가산명사 관사의 용법은 관사 다음에 오는 명사의 가산성과 밀접하게 관련 가산명사: lamp, pen, child / several lamps, two pens, many children 불가산명사: stuff, furniture, information / *three stuffs, *several furnitures, *many informations 정관사(Definite Article) 정관사 + 가산명사(단수/복수), 불가산명사 Give him the key. Give him the keys. I gave him the information that he wanted. 정관사는 일반적으로 사람 이름 앞에서 쓰이지 않는다. I would like to meet Donald. *I would like to meet the Donald. 사람이 특정한 대상으로 도드라지면 정관사와 같이 쓰임 Oh, the Harry Kilgore you are referring to clearly isn’t the Harry Kilgore I know. I actually met THE Brad Pitt. You know, the movie star. You remember that we are having dinner with the Smiths on Friday, right? The Medicis held power for a long time.

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부정관사(Indefinite Article) 부정관사 + 가산명사 단수 She has a brother who lives in Seattle. *He gave me a water because I was so thirsty. I drank all of it. *Rachel gave me an information about it. 불가산명사의 단위표현 앞에 주로 부정관사가 쓰임 a slice of pizza a piece of cake a loaf of bread a bowl of oatmeal Would you like to go somewhere and have a cup of coffee? Would you like to go somewhere and have a coffee? After dinner, he offered us a cheese from southern Italy. She served a tea that she had found in a gourmet tea shop in Chicago. 부정관사로서의 Some(Some as an Indefinite Article) Some이 가산명사 앞에 놓일 때 부정관사의 복수형으로 간주함 There were some books in the box. Some이 불가산명사 앞에 놓일 때 부정관사로 간주함 Tom provided some information about it. Some이 가산명사 단수 앞에 놓일 때 알 수 없는 대상이거나 별로 중요치 않은 대상을 가리킴 Some guy came by and left this package for you. A guy came by and left this package for you. Some student or other is waiting to see you. Some의 다른 기능들(Additional facts about Some) We talked about it for some time. It was some time before I saw her again. Some of the audience members left after the intermission, but quite a few stayed for the last act. Boy, that was SOME party! I’ve never had such a great time.

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무관사(Zero Article) 명사 앞에 관사가 놓이지 않은 경우 (Ø + 가산명사/불가산명사) There’s Ø milk in the fridge, if you are thirsty. There’s some milk in the fridge, if you are thirsty. Ø Bullets were flying everywhere. The street was covered with Ø leaves. Ø Teachers want good materials. Ø Tigers are dangerous. 추상명사(Abstract Nouns) Ø Education is becoming more specialized these days. The education I received at my alma mater prepared me for life. He received a good, old-fashioned, liberal arts education. 이름(Names) Ø Mary is a successful interior decorator. I would like you to meet Ø Dr. Phillips. She went to Ø Harvard University. John lives in Ø Melbourne. They have a large house on Ø Lake Michigan. 관습이나 기관의 명사(Nouns designating customs or institutions) He always eats Ø breakfast in the kitchen. The breakfast was delicious! They serve a fantastic breakfast at that restaurant. He’s in Ø church right now. They held the ceremony in the church. They were both sent to Ø jail. The jail houses over 300 inmates. Lucy is in Ø hospital. She had a bad automobile accident. (BrE) Lucy is in the hospital. She had a bad automobile accident. (AmE) We were at the university together. (AmE) We were at Ø university together. (BrE)

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무관사의 여타 내용(Additional facts about Zero Article) 날, 달, 계절(days, months, and seasons) May is the most pleasant month. She usually goes skiing in December. He always visits his mother on Tuesday. That was the December when it snowed over 30 inches in two days. She always visits her mother on the second Tuesday of each month. Let’s schedule our next meeting on a Monday. 교통/통신 수단(Modes of transportation and communication) They went by plane, but we prefer to travel by train. You can contact him by phone. I’ll send it by express mail. You can always get in touch with me by e-mail. He got off the train at Penn Station. She took a plane to Toledo. It is not a good idea to send money through the mail. We spoke briefly over the phone. 평형구조(Parallel structures) They went from place to place. It’s an agreement between father and son. That is privileged information between lawyer and client. She quickly made the transition from backup musician to superstar. 유일한 직책 명칭이 서술명사일 때(Predicate nominals that are unique titles) John is managing editor of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. John is the managing editor of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch. She was elected president of her stock club. 헤드라인과 표지판(Headlines and signs) FIRE DESTROYS DOWNTOWN OFFICE BUILDING. A fire destroyed a downtown office building. Slippery When Wet! The road surface is slippery when it is wet.

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관사사용의 조건 담화 내에서의 정관사(Definite Articles in Discourse) 명사의 첫 번째 언급과 두 번째 언급(First vs. Second mention of a noun) She has a brother and a sister. The brother is a university student. The sister is still in high school. 명사가 대화현장에서 알 수 있는 대상을 가리킬 때 Pass the butter, please. 명사가 공유지식으로 충분히 알 수 있는 대상을 가리킬 때 Rebecca: Let’s meet at the cafeteria at 12:15. Paul: Okay, I’ll see you then. 사물들 간의 연관관계 유추로 충분히 알 수 있는 대상을 가리킬 때 An SUV was involved in an accident on the freeway last night. The driver and the passengers were injured. 일반적 지칭(Generic Reference) Tigers are dangerous animals. A tiger is a dangerous animal. The tiger is a dangerous animal. 정관사 사용을 해야 하는 문법 환경(Grammatical structures that require the use of the definite article) 관계대명사의 수식을 받는 선행명사는 보통 정관사와 같이 쓰인다. A: What happened to Bill? He looks so depressed. B: Oh, the woman [he went out with last night] was nasty to him. 전치사구의 수식을 받아 한정된 명사 앞에 정관사(Prepositional phrases that specify a Noun) Her letter appeared on the op-ed page [of the New York Times]. 특정 명사로 좁히는 That – 절 The fact [that he refused their offer] surprised me.

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The suggestion [that she might have lied] was rejected by the jury. 최상급의 형용사 수식을 받는 명사(Nouns modified by superlative adjectives) His teacher said he was the most intelligent student in the class. When she won the lottery, she believed that she was the luckiest person in the world. 서수의 수식을 받는 명사(Nouns modified by ordinals) I ran all the way to the station and just caught the last train. She was the first student to finish the exam. 관용표현(Idioms) The positive feedback on his writing was a shot in the arm for him. He worked harder after that. Everybody said she acted just like her mother. She was a chip off the old block. The fly in the ointment was my brother. He was the only one who didn’t like the idea. She was no longer angry about what happened. It was all water under the bridge. Their car was very old. They knew it would bite the dust soon. Someone tell those slow people in front of us to get the lead out and walk faster. If you want to stay at this school, you have to work hard to cut the mustard. They were going to New York to paint the town red once they graduated. We need someone who knows what he’s doing to lead the way. Sitting all day at work drives her up the wall. She prefers to be active. He told no one of his decision beforehand. He wanted to keep everyone in the dark. 정관사 + 고유명사 표현들(Names that take definite articles) 지리적 명칭(Geographical Place Names) •the United Kingdom, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, the Democratic Republic of Congo •the Great lakes, the Finger Lakes (Lake Victoria, lake Erie) •the Himalayas, the Alps, the Andes, the Alburz Mountains (Mount Kilimanjaro, Mount Rainier, Mount Everest) the Matterhorn and K2. •the Philippines, the Canary Islands, the Solomon Islands, the Antilles. •the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, the Caspian Sea, the Gulf of Guinea, the Persian Gulf, the Bays of Bengal (Hudson Bay, Baffin Bay, San Francisco Bay) •the Bering Strait, the Formosa Strait, the Strait of Gibraltar. •the Gobi Desert, the Sahara Desert, the Central Siberian Plain, the Atlantic Coastal Plain, the Great Plains, the plateau of Tibet, the Mongolian Plateau, the Iberian

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Peninsula, the Korean Peninsula (Kamchatka Peninsula) •the Amazon River, the Yangtze, the Rhein, the Panama Canal, the Suez Canal, the Grand Canal. •the Tropic of Cancer, the Tropic of Capricorn, the Equator, the International Dateline, the Prime Meridian. •the sun, the moon, the earth (Venus, Saturn, Mercury) 신문의 이름(Names of Newspaper) the Manchester Guardian(the Guardian), the New York Times(the Times), the Wall Street Journal(the Journal), the Washington Post(the Post) 정부 기관/직책의 이름(Names of Governmental Bodies and Titles of Officials) the Department of Commerce, the Treasury Department, the Federal Bureau of Investigation(the FBI), the Central Intelligence Agency(the CIA), the President, the Prime Minister, the Vice President. 신체 부위 명사(Names for Parts of the Body) He was shot in the arm. He lost an arm in an automobile accident. It is a strange kind of lizard that doesn’t have legs.

Lesson 5 관사(Articles) Exercises Exercise A 다음 각 문장의 관사 관련 오류 찾고 이유를 설명하시오. 예) The subject of his lecture was the human intelligence. 답: 오류: the human intelligence (여기에서 ‘intelligence’는 일반적인 의미(지능)로 관사 없이 즉 무관사로 쓰여야 한다.) 1. Have you met the Professor Granger yet? 2. I met him at university. 3. She gave me an information about it that I can use in my report. 4. A: Can I help you with the project?

B: I don’t need help – I need data. 5. Let’s go get a coffee and talk this over.

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6. I called Phil the other day, and his brother answered the phone. He told me that Phil is in hospital with a broken leg. 7. I don’t like him very much because he always talks in a class. 8. Some girl just called you. 9. We sent the package by the express mail. 10. The teacher gave us a homework that looks really difficult. Exercise B 다음 각 문장의 정관사(밑줄 친)를 왜 사용하고 있는지 이유를 설명하시오. 예) A man and a woman entered the restaurant. The couple was led to a table by the headwaiter. 답: the couple은 두 번째 언급(the couple은 앞 문장에서 이미 도입된 ‘a man and a woman’을 지시한다) 1. Be careful! You are going to knock the vase over. 2. As he was standing on the corner, one of those large diesel-powered buses drove by. The exhaust fumes were so overpowering that he began to cough. 3. Alan was typing up a report on his laptop. All of a sudden the screen went blank. 4. Mary flew to Paris. The journey lasted six and a half hours. 5. A: What’s up with Sara? She seems really irritable today.

B: Oh, the woman who she works for has been giving her a hard time. 6. The meeting is in the conference room. 7. The first person to sail to America was an Icelander. 8. He was amazed by the fact that there is so much life on earth.

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Lesson 6 Pronouns(대명사) 대명사는 명사 혹은 전체 절을 대체하는 단어 인칭대명사(Personal Pronouns) Don’t mention your plan to Alan’s wife. She might not approve of it. 선행어 인칭대명사 He set the briefcase down on the table before he opened it. Because they discovered that they really didn’t like them, the boys decided not to order pancakes for breakfast anymore. 인칭대명사의 유형

주격 인칭 대명사 목적격 인칭 대명사 단수 복수 단수 복수 1인칭 I we me us 2인칭 you you you you 3인칭 he/she/it they him/her/it them

You can’t be too careful with money. One can’t be too careful with money. 인칭대명사의 변이(Variability of Personal Pronouns) 서술부 명사(Predicate Nominals) Who’s there? It is I. Who’s there? It’s me. Which one is the movie star? That is she over there. Which one is the movie star? That’s her over there.

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비교급(Comparisons) He is a lot faster than I am. He is a lot faster than I. He’s a lot faster than me. She’s just as strong as I am. She’s just as strong as I. She’s just as strong as me. He judged her to be a year or so younger than himself. She was slightly taller than himself. 인칭대명사 접속(Conjoined Personal Pronouns) *Just between you and I, Bill’s not going to be promoted. *The research proposal was prepared by Dr. Carver and I. The research proposal was prepared by Dr. Carver and myself. *There’s another project that is being supervised by a graduate student, and him and I are working on it. *Me and Julie are going shopping. 인칭대명사에 관한 이런저런 내용(Additional Information About Personal Pronouns) You and me, we’re two of a kind. Me and my friend Bob, we’d been to the game. He thinks Philadelphia is going to win. Me, I’m betting on the Lakers. “By the way,” he says, “we’ll over to see you soon, Elsie and myself.”

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재귀대명사(Reflexive Pronouns) 재귀대명사

단수 복수 1인칭 2인칭 3인칭

myself yourself himself/herself/oneself

ourselves yourselves themselves

비강조 기능(Nonemphatic Function) 재귀형 동사 + 재귀대명사 Fred prides himself on his knowledge of basketball. He shaved himself with a rusty razor. He shaved with a rusty razor. 선행명사 지칭(Referring to Preceding NPs) Alice recognized herself in the picture. Alice recognized her in the picture. 재귀대명사 사용의 제약조건(Restrictions on Reflexive Pronouns) 단문(Simple Sentences) Alice told John all about herself. Mary told Cathy all about herself. 복합문(Complex Sentences) Bill knew that Al thought that Tom was fond of himself. Bill knew [that Al thought [that Tom was fond of himself]].

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인칭대명사 대신(In Place of Personal Pronouns) This must really be a big thrill for someone like {you/yourself}. Assume that someone other than {you/yourself} will be directing the project. There was barely enough room in the cabin for her and {me/myself}. Please respond to Sue and {me/myself} by e-mail. The research proposal was prepared by Dr. Carver and me. *The research proposal was prepared by Dr. Carver and I. The research proposal was prepared by Dr. Carver and myself. 강조의 기능(Emphatic Function) 대화 내에서의 강조(Emphasis in Conversation) Of course, I would never do anything like that. Of course, I myself would never do anything like that. Of course, myself, I would never do anything like that. Of course, I would never do anything like that myself. 글쓰기에서 절 경계 너머 강조와 대조(Emphatic Contrast Across Clauses in Writing) If the symptoms of the disease are difficult to recognize, the disease itself is even harder to treat. Even though the factors contributing to the current recession are readily identifiable, the recession itself may not be susceptible to traditional economic cures. 상호대명사(Reciprocal Pronouns) Alice and Joan admired themselves. Alice and Joan admired each other. It is only in teaching respect for one another that the different races can live peacefully together.

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소유대명사(Possessive Pronouns) You take the big car, and I’ll drive Alice’s car. You take the big car, and I’ll drive hers.

소유대명사 단수 복수 1인칭 2인칭 3인칭

mine yours his, hers, its

ours yours theirs

A teacher of yours mentioned that you weren’t in school today. They’re friends of hers. This friend of mine told me that you won some money recently. Some friends of mine are throwing a big farewell party for her. *He introduced me to the friend of his. You know John? A friend of his told me that the food served at that restaurant is awful. You know John? His friend told me the food served at that restaurant is awful. 부정대명사(Indefinite Pronouns)

긍정 부정대명사 some + any + every + -one -body -thing

someone somebody something

anyone anybody anything

everyone everybody everything

부정적 부정대명사 no + -one -body -thing

no one nobody nothing

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I saw no one. (=I didn’t see anyone.) We bought nothing. (=We didn’t bring anything.) 부정대명사와 주어-동사 일치(Indefinite Pronouns and Agreement) I hope everyone arrives on time. *I hope everyone arrive on time. When it comes to food, everybody knows what he does and doesn’t like. When it comes to food, everybody knows what they do and don’t like. Did someone leave her scarf at my house on Friday night? Did someone leave their scarf at my house on Friday night? 예상/기대의 Somebody, Someone, Something Did somebody call while I was out? Did anyone call while I was out? 대명사와 일치(Pronouns and Agreement) 한 물건을 가리키지만, 복수인 명사 scissors, shears, tweezers, glasses, goggles, pants, trousers, shorts He took his glasses off, and then he put them on again. *He took his glasses off, and then he put it on again. 집합명사(Collective Nouns) The noisy crowd, which has up until now been engaged in cheering its team, is finally settling down. The noisy crowd, which have up until now been engaged in cheering their team, are finally settling down.

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The Admissions Committee are holding their meeting in the conference room today. The Admissions committee is holding its meeting in the conference room today. 양성 평등 대명사(Gender-Free Language) Everyone should pick up his check in the office. If a person masters these techniques, he can defend himself in all situations. Anyone who has spent part of his life abroad can see his own country in a different light. In this country, everybody over 65 believes that the world owes him a living. People who master these techniques, can defend themselves in all situations. People/Individuals who have spent their lives abroad can see their own country in a different light. In this country, everybody over 65 believes that the world owes them a living. 지시대명사(Demonstrative Pronouns) Here are some application forms. You will need to fill these out and return them before the deadline. This book isn’t bad. But I read her first book, and that was more interesting. Hyden’s wife cut up some of his musical scores to make hair curlers. This infuriated him, but he could do nothing about it.

Lesson 6 Pronouns(대명사) Exercises Exercise A 다음 각 문장의 인칭대명사(밑줄 친)의 선행어를 확인하여 밝히시오. 예) Before she went out shopping, Beatrice told Benny to take out the trash. When she got back, she saw that he still hadn’t taken it out. 답: trash

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1. Joan was sure that she would like John, and she was surprised to discover that she didn’t. 2. Crows are among the smartest birds in the animal kingdom. They have a sixth sense that protects them from the craftiest hunters. 3. Because they find them boring, many elementary-school-aged boys don’t like to play with girls. 4. The new bicycle I bought last week was stolen from my garage. Fortunately, the police found it near the bus station. 5. No matter how hard they tried, the boys simply could not push the car out of the ditch. Exercise B 다음 각 문장의 대명사(밑줄 친)가 적합한지? 아니라면 그 이유와 어떻게 수정되어야 하는지 밝히시오. 예) So John and me were standing there, freezing cold and wondering what we could do to get warm. 답: 부적합( ‘I’로 바뀌어야 함. 주어 위치로 주격을 써야 함.) 1. Alice went with Bill and Fred, and Joan came along with John and I a little bit later. 2. Somehow me and this other bloke managed to get out of the car before it blew up. 3. Actually, the final design was submitted by Joan and myself. 4. Me and Susan are living over on the west side of San Francisco. 5. Between you and me, I don’t think she is going to come. Exercise C 다음 각 문장의 재귀대명사의 선행어를 밝히시오. 예) Su Jung told Hannah that Mary bought it for herself. 답: Mary 1. Ted asked Alan whether Bruce had defended himself. 2. Cathy showed Emily an old picture of herself. 3. Frank knew that Paul was referring to himself when he said that. 4. Susan told Barbara an anecdote about herself. 5. Sam warned Mary that Alice had introduced herself to Archie.

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참고서적 The teacher’s grammar of English : a course book and reference guide / Ron Cowan. Pass the TOEIC test : Introductory Course / Miles Craven