english phonetics and phonology 1. voiced and … phonetics and phonology lecture 6: english...
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English Phonetics and Phonology
Lecture 6: English consonants in detail
KAMIYAMA, [email protected]
1. Voiced and voiceless plosives
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 63
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial position
• Observe the consonant at the beginning of thefollowing words:
• /ppæk/• /bbæk/• Then compare them with the consonant at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /ppak/ (« Pâque »)• /bak/ (« bac »)
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 64
/ppæk/ /bbæk/
aspirationaspiration devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 65
/ppæk/ /bbæk/
aspirationaspirationupper lip
lower lip
vocal foldvibration
upper lip
lower lip
vocal foldvibration
devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))
initiation(airstream)
initiation(airstream)
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 66
AspirationAspiration• /pæk/ : phonemic transcription• [ppʰhæk] : narrow (detailed) transcription
Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicingDevoicing: (partial) absence of voicing• /bæk/• [bbæk]
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial position
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 67
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial position(unstressed syllable)
• Observe the consonant at the beginning of thefollowing words:
• /ppəˈræmɪtə/• /bbɪˈliːf/
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 68
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-medial position
• Observe the voiced bilabial plosive //pp// in thefollowing words:
• /ˈppʌblɪk/• /rɪˈppʌblɪk/
• /ˈppeɪppə/
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 69
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-medial position
• Observe the voiced bilabial plosive //pp// in thefollowing words:
• /ppeɪs/• /sppeɪs/
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 610
/ppeɪs/ /sppeɪs/
aspirationaspiration no aspirationno aspiration
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 611
AspirationAspiration• /ppeɪs/• [ppʰheɪs]
No aspiration after No aspiration after /s//s/• /sppeɪs/• [sppeɪs]
Voiced and voiceless plosives:after /s/
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 612
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-medial position
• Observe the voiced bilabial plosive //bb// in thefollowing words:
• /bbeɪt/• /dɪˈbbeɪt/
• /bbiː/• /ˈæbbi/
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 613
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial/medial position
• In English, voicelessvoiceless plosives /p /p t t k/k/ areaspiratedaspirated [ppʰh t tʰh k kʰh], especially in word-initialposition before a stressed vowel (/pæk/[ppʰhæk]).
• But it is not the case before before or after after /s//s/(/speɪs/ [sppeɪs], /fɪks/ [fɪkks]), or immediatelyafter another plosive (/ˈæktə/ [ˈækttə]).
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 614
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-initial/medial position
• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //b b d d gg// are totallyor partially devoiceddevoiced [bb d d g g (or gg )] in word-initial position.
• Word-medially they can be partially devoiced.• In any case, they are not aspirated.
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 615
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:
• /bækk/• /bægg/• Then compare them with the consonant at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /bakk/ (« bac »)• /bagg/ (« bague »)
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 616
/bækk/ /bægg/
clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 617
Clipping: shortening of the preceding vowelClipping: shortening of the preceding vowel• /bæk/• [bææ k]
Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /bæg/• [bægg (or gg )]
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 618
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
• In English, a vowel is clippedclipped (shortened)when followed by a voicelessvoiceless plosive (//p p t t kk//)in the same syllable: /bæk/ [bææ k].
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 619
Voiced and voiceless plosives:Word-final position
• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //b b d d gg// aredevoiceddevoiced totally or partially in word-finalposition (especially in utterance-final position)[bb d d g g (or gg )], as in /bæg/ [bægg (or gg )].
• But the explosion noise tends to be smallerthan that of voiceless ones (//p t k//) in thesame position.
• The preceding vowel is not clipped.
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 620
N.B. Clipping and long/short vowels
What happens to the following words?• /biːd/• /biːt/• /bɪd/• /bɪt/
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 621
/biːd/ /bɪt/
clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortenedpreceding vowel shortened))
/biːt/ /bɪd/
2. Voiced and voiceless fricatives
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 623
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the endend of thefollowing words:
• /feɪss/• /feɪzz/• Then compare them with the consonant at the
beginning of the following words in French:• /fass/ (« face »)• /fazz/ (« phase »)
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 624
/feɪss/ /feɪzz/
clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 625
Clipping: shortening of the precedingClipping: shortening of the precedingvowelvowel
• /feɪs/• [feeɪɪs]
Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /feɪz/• [feɪzz ]
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 626
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• In English, a vowel is clippedclipped (shortened)when followed by a voicelessvoiceless fricative (//f f θθ s sʃʃ//) in the same syllable: /feɪs/ [feeɪɪs].
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 627
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• In English, voicedvoiced plosives //v v ð z ð z ʒʒ// aredevoiceddevoiced totally or partially in word-finalposition (especially in utterance-final position)[vv ð ð z z ʒʒ (or ʒʒ)], as in /feɪz/ [feɪzz ].
• But they tend to be shorter, and the frictionnoise tends to be smaller than that of voicelesscounterparts (//f θ s ʃ//) in the same position.
• The preceding vowel is not clipped.
3. Voiced and voiceless affricates
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 629
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial position
• Observe the consonant at the beginning ofthe following words:
• /ttʃʃeɪn/• /ddʒʒeɪn/
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 630
/ttʃʃeɪn/ /ddʒʒeɪn/
aspiration (long aspiration (long hissing hissing noise)noise) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 631
AspirationAspiration• /tʃeɪn/• [ttʃʰʃʰeɪn]
Devoicing: (partial) absence of voicingDevoicing: (partial) absence of voicing• /dʒeɪn/• [dd ʒʒeɪn]
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial position
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 632
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-initial/medial position
• As in plosives, the voicelessvoiceless affricate //ttʃʃ// isaspiratedaspirated [ttʃʰʃʰ], (/tʃeɪn/ [tʃʰeɪn]).
• The voicedvoiced affricate //ddʒʒ// is totally or partiallydevoiceddevoiced [dd ʒʒ] in word-initial position.
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 633
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position
• Observe the consonant at the end of thefollowing words:
• /eɪttʃʃ/• /eɪddʒʒ/
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 634
/eɪttʃʃ/ /eɪddʒʒ/
clipping clipping ((preceding vowel shortened preceding vowel shortened )) devoicing devoicing (absence of (absence of voicingvoicing))
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 635
Clipping: shortening of the precedingClipping: shortening of the precedingvowelvowel
• /eɪtʃ/• [eeɪɪtʃ]
Devoicing (no clipping)Devoicing (no clipping)• /eɪdʒ/• [eɪdd ʒʒ]
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 636
Voiced and voiceless affricates:Word-final position
• As in plosives and fricatives, a vowel isclippedclipped (shortened) when followed by avoicelessvoiceless affricate //ttʃʃ// in the same syllable:/eɪtʃ/ [eeɪɪtʃ].
21/4/2015 T. Kamiyama Phonetics and Phonology 2014-2015 Lecture 637
Voiced and voiceless fricatives:Word-final position
• As in plosives and fricatives, the voicedvoicedaffricate //ddʒʒ// is devoiceddevoiced totally or partially inword-final position (especially in utterance-finalposition) [dd ʒʒ], as in /eɪdʒ/ [eIdd ʒʒ].
• But the friction noise tends to be smaller thanthat of the voiceless counterpart //tʃ// in thesame position.
• The preceding vowel is not clipped.