entrepreneurship development and small business …entrepreneurship development and small business...

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S.B.S.Government Post Graduate College,

Rudrapur (Udham Singh Nagar)

Entrepreneurship Development and

Small Business Management

BBA- VI Sem.

E-Content (Study Material)

Chapter -3

Role & Support of Institutions to Promote Small Scale

Industries / Entrepreneurship

Dr. P.N.Tiwari

Associate Professor

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Entrepreneurship Development and Small Business

Chapter 3

Role & Support of Institutions to Promote Small Scale

Industries / Entrepreneurship

INCENTIVES AND SUBSIDIES In India Entrepreneurs are offered a number of incentives

because they fulfill two main objectives of economic development. Firstly, they facilitate

decentralization of industries. They assist in the dispersal of industries over the entire

geographical area of the country. Secondly, they facilitate the transformation of a traditional

technique into modern technique characterized by improved skills, high production and

higher standard of living.

INCENTIVES It is the financial and promotional assistance provided by the government to

the industries for boosting up industrial development in all regions particularly in backward

areas. Incentives include concession, subsidies and bounties.

‘Subsidy’ denotes a single lump-sum which is given by a government to an entrepreneur to

cover the cost. It is granted to an industry which is considered essential in the national

interest. The term Bounty denotes bonus or financial aid which is given by a government to

an industry to help it compete with other units in home market or in a foreign market. Bounty

offers benefits on a particular industry; while a subsidy is given in the interest of the nation.

The object of incentives is to motivate an entrepreneur to start new ventures in the larger

interest of the nation and the society.

ADVANTAGES OF INCENTIVES AND SUBSIDIES

They offer following advantages:

1) They act as a motivational force which makes the potential entrepreneur to enter into

business activities.

2) They encourage the entrepreneur to start industries in the backward areas.

3) They help the government to get a balanced regional development.

4) They help to develop new enterprises which lead to economic development.

5) They make the entrepreneur to face competition successfully.

6) They help to reduce the overall problems of small scale entrepreneurs.

NEED FOR INCENTIVES AND SUBSIDIES

The need for incentives and subsidies arises for the following reasons:

1) To Remove Regional Disparities in Development: Industries may be concentrated and

overcrowded in some regions, in order to correct this regional balance, incentives are

provided to entrepreneurs. They will start new ventures in such backward areas. Thus the

backward areas become developed and regional imbalances are corrected.

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2) To Provide Competitive Strength, Survival and Growth: several other incentives are

provided for the survival and growth of industries. For example, reservation of products,

price preference etc. will improve the competitive strength. Other concessions like

concessional finance, tax relief etc., contribute their survival and growth.

3) To Generate More Employment and Remove Unemployment: Market adjustments and

external economies play a significant role in the economic development of a country.

Subsidies cause movement of entrepreneurs from developed areas to developing or backward

areas. In short, incentives and subsidies serve as a catalyst to start a dynamic process of

development.

4) To Promote Entrepreneurship: Industrial estates, availability of power, concessional

finance, capital investment subsidy, transport subsidy etc, are few examples of subsidies

which are aimed at encouraging entrepreneurs to take up new ventures.

PROBLEMS RELATING TO SUBSIDIES

Some problems may arise in devising and implementing a subsidy system. They are as

follows.

1) A subsidy may remain unutilized.

2) If the administration is inefficient or corrupt, subsidy will not produce the desired

results.

3) It is very difficult to measure the impact of subsidies.

4) Subsidies may lead to inefficiency in the long run.

5) Subsidies once introduced are difficult to withdraw.

6) The administrative procedure must be effective.

7) The cost of administering a subsidy should be considered.

8) The subsidy scheme should be communicated to prospective beneficiaries.

9) The quantum of subsidy should be adequate to produce the desired results.

10) The target groups to whom the subsidy is to benefit should be clearly determined.

1) SMALL INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION (SIDO) The SIDO was

formed under the Ministry of Industry. It is a policy making, co-coordinating and monitoring

agency for the development of small scale industries. It maintains a close liaison with the

government, financial institutions and other agencies which are involved in the promotion

and development of small scale units. It provides a comprehensive range of consultancy

services and technical, managerial, economic and marketing assistance to the small scale

units. It has launched various technology support programmes for the benefit of small scale

industries in the country through a number of steps.

The steps include establishment of

(a) process-cum-product development centers,

(b) Tool rooms and training centers. (c) Specialized institutes and

(d) Regional testing centers with its field testing stations.

FUNCTIONS OF SIDO The main functions are co-ordination, industrial development and

industrial extension service, other functions are summarized as follows:

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1) To estimate the requirements of raw material for the small scale sector and to arrange their

supply.

2) To collect data on consumer items which are imported and encourage the setting up of

new units by giving them co-ordinate assistance.

3) To prepare project reports and other technical literature for prospective entrepreneurs.

4) To secure reservation of certain products for the SSIs.

2) NATIONAL SMALL INDUSTRIES CORPORATION (NSIC) It was set up in 1995 to

provide machinery to small scale units on hire purchase basis and to assist these units in

obtaining orders from government departments and officies. Its head office is at Delhi. It has

four regional offices at Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai and Calcutta. It has eleven branch offices

also.

FUNCTIONS OF NATIONAL SMALL INDUSTRIES CORPORATION

Its functions are as follows:

1) To develop small scale units as ancillary units to large scale industries

2) To impart training to industrial workers.

3) To market the product of SSIs at home and abroad.

4) To help the small scale industries in procurement of scarce and imported raw material.

5) To obtain orders for SSI units from government department and offices.

6) To provide machinery to SSI units on hire purchase basis.

7) To construct Industrial Estate and establish and run proto-type production-cum-training

centres.

3) SMALL INDUSTRIES SERVICE INSTITUTES (SISIs) Small Industries Service

Institutes have been established in each state in 1956 as agencies of SIDO. The objective is to

develop small scale industries. The functions performed may be summarized as follows:

1) It promotes entrepreneurship and development of SSIs in rural and other underdeveloped

areas.

2) It supplies market information in selected cases and undertakes market distribution surveys

for industrial enterprises.

3) It conducts various programmes for workers in other organizations as well as in small

industry in certain trades.

4) It assesses the capacities of small units for imported/controlled materials.

5) It provides technical guidance on the efficient use of wastages and scraps.

6) It prepares designs and drawing for production equipment and accessories.

7) It ensures that small industry development in India is being done in right lines.

8) It provides workshop common facilities to industrialists at reasonable charges.

9) It conducts detailed plant studies to locate production and other problems. It initiates and

coordinates modernization of selected industries.

10) The institute assists in rehabilitation of sick units.

11) It helps to develop ancillary industries. It registers SSI units with NSIC to supply their

products to government.

12) The institute conducts modernization studies for technology upgradation.

13) It undertakes quality control, energy conservation and pollution control, specialized

training programmes on export marketing.

14) The institutes also conduct surveys and studies for identification of industries having

scope of promotion and development.

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15) It advises the Govt. of India and state government on policy matters relating to small

industry development.

4) KHADI AND VILLAGE INDUSTRIES COMMISSION KVIC makes finance

available to the implementing agencies in the form of capital expenditure loans. It also

extends assistance for setting up of retail sales outlets and also for strengthening of the capital

base of the registered institutions and cooperatives. It also assists individual artisans besides

formulating liberal pattern of assistance for identified hill, border and weaker sections. The

loans for Khadi are interest free, while those for village industries have an interest at the rate

of 4% per annum.

FUNCTIONS OF KVIC

(1) To train the artisans.

(2) To assist village industries in procuring raw materials.

(3) To assist and support through marketing of finished products of village industries.

(4) To provide equipment and machinery to producers on concessional terms.

(5) To undertake R and D programmes for improved implements for silk reeling, more

efficient extraction of oil in power ghanis, manufacture of panel boards from banana stems

and improved ‘charka’ and looms. The main thrust of KVIC is to alleviate rural poverty and

to make the village artisan more productive through improved technology and market

support.

5) THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND SMALL

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT (NIESBUD) It is an apex body established in 1983 by the

ministry of Industries, Government of India, for coordinating, training and overseeing the

activities of various institutions/agencies engaged in entrepreneurship development,

particularly in the area of small industry and small business. The Institute which is registered

as a society under Government of India Societies Act started functioning from 6th July,

1983.The policy, direction and guidance to the institute is provided by its governing council

whose chairman is the minister of SSI. It has an executive committee.

OBJECTIVES OF NIESBUD The objectives of the institute include the following:

To evolve standardized materials and processes for selection, training, support and

sustenance of entrepreneurs, potential and existing.

To share internationally, its experience and expertise in entrepreneurship development.

To train the trainers, promoters and consultants in various areas of entrepreneurship

development.

To provide national/international forums for the interaction and exchange of experiences

helpful for policy formulation and modification at various levels.

To provide vital information and support to trainers, promoters and entrepreneurs by

organizing research and documentation relevant to entrepreneurship development.

FUNCTIONS OF NIESBUD (a) Evolving effective training strategies and methodology.

(b) Standardizing model syllabi for training various target groups.

(c) Formulating scientific selection procedures.

(d) Developing training aids, manuals and tools.

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(e) Facilitating and supporting central/state/other agencies in organizing entrepreneurship

development programmes.

(f) Conducting training programmes for promoters, trainers and entrepreneurs.

6) Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI):

SIDBI was set up in April 1990 as a wholly owned subsidiary of IDBI (Industrial

Development Bank of India) t provide financial assistance to the entrepreneurs under an Act

of the Parliament, namely Small Industries Development Bank of India Act 1989.

The Bank has been delinked from IDBI with effect from March 27, 2002. The Bank caters all

SSIs –tiny, village and cottage—through its Head Official at Lucknow.

Channels of SIDBI’s Assistance:

1. Indirect Finance:

By way of refinance and bills discounting through more than 901 primary lending institutions

having over 65000 outlets across the country.

2. Direct Finance:

Direct finance is given through SIDBI’s own 38 offices by means of several tailor-made

schemes to reach assistance to specific target groups.

3. Promotional and Development Activities:

Involving accredited Non-Government organizations voluntary organizations, Scientific and

Research Institutions, Technology Institutions, Management Institutions, etc.

Thus SIDBI is the principle financial institution for promotion, financing and development of

small scale industries in India. It co-ordinates functions of existing institutions engaged in

similar activities.

Accordingly, SIDBI has taken over the responsibility of administering Small industries

Development Fund and nation Equity fund which were earlier administered by IDBI

Functions of SIDBI:

The important functions of SIDBI are:

(1) To initiate steps for technological up-gradation and modernization of existing units.

(2) To expand the cannels for marketing the products of SSI sector in domestic and

international markets.

(3) To promote employment oriented industries especially in semi-urban areas to create

employment opportunities and thereby checking migration of people to urban areas.

(4) To refinance loans and advances extended by the primary lending institutions to SSI units

and also provides resources to them.

(5) To discount and rediscount bills arising from sale of machinery to or manufactured by

industrial units in the SSI sector.

(6) To provide services like leasing, factoring etc. to industrial concerns in the SSI sector.

(7) To expand financial support to State Small Industries Development Corporation for

providing scare raw-materials to industrial units in SSI sector.

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(8)To grant loan and advances to any person engaged in exporting or executing any turnkey

project abroad.

(9) To subscribe to or purchasing stocks and shares, bonds and debentures of any state

/financial Corporations.

Scope of SIDBI:

The SIDBI covers all industrial undertakings like any concern engaged in business activities

and which is regarded as a small scale undertaking under Section 11-B of the Industrial

Development and Regulation Act, 1951.

The following business activities undertaken by small scale sector are covered under the

scope of SIDBI:

(i) The manufacturing preservation or processing of goods;

(ii) Shipping industry;

(iii) Mining industry;

(iv) Hotel industry

(v) Transport of passengers or goods by road/water/air;

(vi) Generation or distribution of electricity or any other form of power;

(vii) Maintenance, repair, testing or servicing of machinery of any description or vehicle or

vessels or motor boats or trailers or tractors;

(viii) Assembling, repairing or packing any article with the aid of machinery or power;

(ix) The development of any contiguous area of land as an Industrial Estate;

(x) Fishing or providing stores facilities for fishing or maintenance thereof;

(xi) Providing special or technical knowledge or other services for the promotion of industrial

growth; or

(xii) The research and development of any process or product in relation to any of the matters

aforesaid.

State Level Institutions:

1) Directorate of Industries (DIs) – At the State level, the Commissioner/ Director of

Industries implements policies for the promotion and development of small-scale, cottage,

medium and large scale industries. The Central policies for the SSI sector serve as guidelines

but each State evolves its own policy and package of incentives. The Commissioner/ Director

of Industries in all the States/UTs, oversee the activities of field offices, that is, the District

Industries Centers (DICs) at the district level

2)District Industries Centers (DICs) – In order to extend promotion of small-scale and

cottage industries beyond big cities and state capitals to district headquarters, DIC program

was initiated in May, 1978, as a centrally sponsored scheme. DIC was established with the

aim of generating greater employment opportunities especially in rural and backward areas in

the country. At present DICs operate under respective Sate budgetary provisions. DICs

extend services of the following nature – (i) economic investigation of local resources (ii)

supply of machinery and equipment (iii) provision of raw materials (iv) arrangement of credit

facilities (v) marketing (vi) quality inputs (vii) consultancy

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Role of DIC

1. Technical support for preparation of Project Report.

2. Information on sources of machinery & Equipment.

3. Priority in Power supply/ Telephone connection.

4. Promotion of new Industrial Estates/ Growth Centres.

5. Land/ Shed in Industrial Estate.

6. Approval of Project Reports of special types.

7. Promotion of Electronic Industries.

8. Govt. Margin Money Loan under Additional Employment Programme.

9. Training through Entrepreneurship Development Programme.

10. Assistance under State Incentives Scheme.

11. Allotment of Raw Materials.

12. Financial Assistance under Self Employment Schemes.

13. Financial assistance through Bank/ WBFC/ WBSIC/NSIC.

14. Assistance under Equipment Leasing Scheme through NSIC.

15. Marketing linkage with Central Govt./ State Govt. organisations/ undertakings.

16. Marketing assistance through WBSIC/NSIC/CEO.

17. Ancillary Industry tie-up with Govt. undertakings.

18. Marketing information.

19. Marketing assistance through participation in Exhibitions/ Trade Fairs/ Buyers-Sellers

Meet etc.

20. Marketing assistance to Handicrafts Artisans through participation in Handicrafts Expo

and Exhibition inside/ outside of the state.

21. Linkage with organisations like WBHDC/ WB State Handicrafts Co-operative Society

Ltd./Development Commissioners ( Handicrafts ).

22. Attending problems related to SSI Registration/ Bank loan/ Marketing of production etc.

3) State Financial Corporation’s (SFCs) – Main objectives are to finance and promote

small and medium enterprises in their respective states for achieving balanced regional

growth, catalyze investment, generate employment and widen ownership base of industry.

Financial assistance is provided by way of term loans, direct subscription to

equity/debentures, guarantees, discounting of bills of exchange and seed capital assistance.

SFCs operate a number of schemes of refinance of IDBI and SIDBI and also extend equity

type assistance. SFCs have tailor-made schemes for artisans and special target groups such as

SC/ST, women, ex-servicemen, physically challenged and also provide financial assistance

for small road transport operators, hotels, tourism-related activities, hospitals and so on.

Under Single Window Scheme of SIDBI, SFCs have also been extending working capital

along with term loans to mitigate the difficulties faced by SSIs in obtaining working capital

limits on time

4) State Industrial Development / Investment Corporation (SIDC/SIIC) – Set up under

the Companies Act, 1956, as wholly owned undertakings of the State governments, act as

catalysts in respective states. SIDC helps in developing land providing developed plots

together with facilities like roads, power, water supply, drainage and other amenities. They

also extend assistance to small-scale sector by way of term loans, subscription to equity and

promotional services. 11 out of 28 SIDCs in the country also function as SFCs and are termed

as Twin-function IDCs

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5) State Small Industrial Development Corporations (SSIDC) – Established under

Companies Act, 1956, as State government undertaking, caters to small, tiny and village

industries in respective states. Being operationally flexible undertakes the activities like (i)

procure and distribution of scarce raw materials, (ii) supply of machinery to SSI units on hire-

purchase basis, (iii) product marketing assistance, (iv) construction of industrial estates, allied

infrastructure facilities and their maintenance (v) extending seed capital assistance on behalf

of State government and (vi) providing management assistance to production units.

List of important institutions that are helping Indian

entrepreneurs by providing financial and other supports

A) Financial Institutions:

1) Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI)

2) Industrial Finance Corporation of India (IFCI)

3) Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI)

4) National Small Industries Corporation Ltd (NSIC)

5) State Small Industries Corporation (SSIC)

6) Regional Rural Banks (RRBs)

7) State Financial Corporation’s (SFCs)

8) State Industrial Development Corporations (SIDCs)

9) Cooperative Banks and Gramin Banks

B) Institutions for technical guidance:

1) Small Industries Development Organisation (SIDO)

2) District Industries Centres (DICs)

3) Technical Consultancy Organizations (TCOs)

4) Small Industries Service Institutes (SISIs)

5) State Small Industries Development Corporations (SSIDCs)

6) Industrial Development Corporation (IDCs)

C) Training Institutions:

1) Small Industries Service Institute (SISI)

2) National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD)

3) Council for Advancement of Peoples Action and Rural Technology (CAPART)

4) District Industries Centre (DIC)

Long Questions:

1. Define Incentives, Subsidies & Bounty and State the Advantage of incentives &

subsidies.

2. Write a short Note on (SIDO) Small Industrial Development Organisation.

3. Write a short Note on (SISI) Small Industries Service Institutes.

4. Write a short Note on (NSIC) National Small Industries Corporation and

Khadi & Village Industry Commission.

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5. Write a short Note on The National Institute For Entrepreneurship & Small

Business Development (NIESBUD).

6. Write a short Note on Small Industries Development Bank of India (SIDBI).

7. Discuss or Explain Role of Directorate of Industries (DI) & District Industries

Center.

8. Explain Role of State Financial Corporation’s (SFCs) in Entrepreneurship

Development.

9. Discuss Role of State Industrial Development Corporation (SIDC) , State

Industrial Investment Corporation (SIIC) & State Small Development

Corporations (SSIDC).

10. Stat Types of Incentives for the Development of Entrepreneurship.

Objective Questions:

1) EDI is located at

(a) Ahmedabad ( b) Baroda ( c) Ghandhinagar ( d) None of the above

( c) Ghandhinagar

2)Give full from of SIDC and SIICS

State Industrial Development Corporations, State Industrial Investment Corporations

3) SSIDCs were established under which Act

Companies Act 1956.

4) TCOs stands for

Technical Consultancy Organisations.

5) Give five names of state level agency that extend facilities for promotion of SSIs

State Infrastructure Development Corporation,

State Co-operative Banks

Regional Rural Banks,

State Export Corporation,

Sate Agro Industries Corporation ,

State Handloom and Handicrafits Corporation

6) TCOs provide a total package of consultants services to small & medium scale

enterprises –True or False

True

7) SIDBI and IDBI Stands for

Small Industries Development Bank of India. Industrial Development bank of India

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8 )SIDBI was set up in

a) May 1978 b) April 1990 c)June 1990 d)None of the above

b) April 1990

9 )SIDBI’s operations cover three areas of_______,______ and ______

indirect assistance, direct assistance & development & support services

10 ) Define subsidy

Subsidy denotes a single lump sum which is given by a government to an entrepreneur to

cover the cost.

11) WASME Stands for

World Association for Small & Medium Enterprises

12) NABARD stands for

National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

13) Prime minister Rojgar Jojra is provided by district industry centre to provide self

employment to unemployed youth—Agree or Disagree

Agree

14) What is CMRY & PMRY ?..

CMRY & PMRY are self employment schemes.

Chief Minister Rojgar Yojna, Prime Minister Rojgjar Yojna

15 ) To provide financial assistance to entrepreneurs the government has set up a

number of___________ .

A. financial advisors.

B. financial intermediaries

C. Industrial estates.

D. financial institutions.

ANSWER: D. financial institutions.

16) State Industrial corporations engage in the development of__________

A. industrial estates.

B. institutional estates.

C. individual investors.

D. agricultural entrepreneurs

ANSWER: A

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17) IFCI was established in the year___________

A. 1985.

B. 1984.

C. 1980.

D. 1987.

ANSWER: B

18) IFCI provides____________

A. medium term credit.

B. short term credit.

C. medium and long term credit.

D. long term credit.

ANSWER: C

19) Assistance from IFCI is available for_________

A. setting up of new industrial projects

B. expansion of existing units.

C. renovation and modernization.

D. All of the above.

ANSWER: D

20) SIDBI was set up as a subsidiary of_________

A. IDBI.

B. IFCI.

C. ICICI.

D. . SFC.

ANSWER: A

21) Which of the following is a function of SIDBI

A. Extension of seed capital.

B. Discounting of bills.

C. Providing factoring services.

D. All of the above.

ANSWER: D

22) Financial resources of SFCs consist of__________

A. paid up capital.

B. reserve funds.

C. borrowings from RBI.

D. All the above.

ANSWER: D

23) A concessional rate of interest is charged by SFC in case of__________

A. small scale industries.

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B. . units in backward areas.

C. units set up by technical entrepreneurs

D. All the above.

ANSWER: D

24) SIDC stands for __________

A. State industrial development corporation.

B. Small industries development corporation

C. State institutional development corporation.

D. Small institutional development corporation.

ANSWER: A

25) In backward areas, term loans for expansion or setting up a new unit are available

at __________

A. concessional terms

B. differential terms.

C. standard terms.

D. specific terms.

ANSWER: A

26) Term financing is mainly availed by entrepreneurs for the establishment of _______

A. a. new industrial units

B. b. acquisition of fixed assets.

C. b. expansion in plant capacity

D. c. all the above.

ANSWER: D

27) The first step in starting a new business venture is _________

A. . Idea generation.

B. Scanning of ideas.

C. Preparing a business plan.

D. Project implementation

ANSWER: A

28) EDPs course contents contains ___________

A. a. General introduction to entrepreneurs

B. b. Motivation training.

C. b. Managerial skills.

D. b. All the above.

ANSWER: D

29) The main functions of DIC is __________

A. a. To collect data on consumer items.

B. a. Identification of entrepreneurs.

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C. a. To prepare model schemes.

D. a. To secure reservation of certain products for the SSIS.

ANSWER: B

30) SIDO stands for____________

A. State Travel Industries Development Organization.

B. Service Industries Development Organization.

C. Small Industries Development Organization.

D. Small Institution Development Organization.

ANSWER: C

31) The main function of SIDO is _________

A. a. To provide SSI with machines on hire purchase basis.

B. a. To assist small industries with marketing facilities.

C. a. To distribute basic raw materials through their depots.

D. a. To secure reservation of certain products for the SSIS.

ANSWER: D

32) National Alliance of Young Entrepreneurs (NAYE) Sponsored an Entrepreneurial

Development schemewith Bank of India in______________

A. January 1920.

B. August 1920.

C. January 1972.

D. August 1972.

ANSWER: D

33) Large investment is made in fixed assets, the project will be termed as __________

A. Capital Intensive.

B. Labour Intensive.

C. Product Intensive.

D. Market Intensive.

ANSWER: A

34) Projects involving large number of human resources will be termed as __________

A. Capital Intensive.

B. Labour Intensive.

C. Product Intensive.

D. Market Intensive.

ANSWER: B

35)

ANSWER: B

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36) The term ___________ denotes bonus or financial aid which is given by a

government to an industry to help it compete with other units.

A. Incentive.

B. Subsidy.

C. Bounty.

D. Concession.

ANSWER: C

37) The granting of cash subsidy on the capital investment is called __________

A. Concessional finance

B. Quantum of Subsidy.

C. Interest Subsidy.

D. Central Investment Subsidy.

ANSWER: D

38) DGTD stands for __________

A. Directorate General of Technical Development

B. District General of Technical Development.

C. District General of Taxation Deduction.

D. Directorate General of Taxation Deduction.

ANSWER: A

39) _____________ involves estimates about project costs and revenues and the funds

required for the

project

A. Techno-economic analysis.

B. . Feasibility analysis.

C. Input analysis.

D. Financial analysis

ANSWER: D

40) Decisions taken by an entrepreneur on behalf of his enterprise are known as

_________

A. Organizational decisions.

B. Personal decisions.

C. Routine decisions.

D. Strategic decisions

ANSWER: A

Reference Books:

No. Title Author Publication

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1 Entrepreneurial Development – I, II &

III

Vasant Desai Himalaya Publishing House,

Bombay

2 Entrepreneurship Robert D Hisrich The Tata McGraw Hill Pub.

New Delhi

3 Small Scale Enterprises and

Entrepreneurship Ecosystem


Bombay

4 Small Scale Enterprises and

Entrepreneurship


Bombay

5 The Dynamics of Entrepreneurial

Development and Management


Bombay

6 Entrepreneurial Development C. B. Gupta Sultan Chand & Sons, New

Delhi

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