Ground improvement using Geosynthetics1. Geosysnthetic matrials2. Transportation and geotechnical3. Geoenvironmental4. Hydraulic engineering5. Private development

1. Geosynthetic materials Geotextile (GT) Geogrids (GG) Geonets (GN) Geomembranes (GM) Geosynthetic clay liners (GCL) Geopipe (GP) Geofoam (GF) Geocomposites (GC)

2. Transportation and geotechnical applications GTs as filters GTs and GGs as wall reinforcement GTs and GGs as slope reinforcement GC wick drains (also called PVDs) GC erosion control

3. Geotechnical aplications Nature of waste problem Vertical geomembrane cutoff walls Liners for surface impoundments Heap leach mining

4. Hydraulic engineering applications Water proofing of dams Water proofing of canals Reservoir liners/Floating covers New tunnel water proofing Tunnel rehabilitation Pipe rehabilitation and remediation5. Private development applications Tank Farms/Gas stations Pools, ponds and lakes Golf courses Agriculture Aquaculture

Functions of geosynthetics1. Filtration2. Drainage3. Separation4. Protection5. Impermeabilization6. Reinforcement of walls/steep slopes7. Reinforcement of soft soil8. Reinforcement of concrete and asphalt9. Erosion control or surfacial stabilization10. Confinement

Material properties of geosynthetics1. Mass per unit area (MUA)- ISO 9864; EN965: 1995 ASTM2. Tensile creep and creep rupture- EN ISO 13431; 1996 ASTM3. Compressive behaviour- EN ISO 134324. Static puncture test- the test CBR (EN ISO 12236; 1996)5. Pyramid puncture- ASTM 5494-936. Dynamic puncture test: cone drop test- ISO 13433; EN 918:19957. Impact resistance- CEN TC 189 W114; ISO 13428 draft8. Abrasion resistance- EN ISO 13427:19959. Direct shear friction- EN ISO 12957:199810. Direct shear- EN ISO 12957-111. Inclined plane test- EN ISO 12957-212. Damage during installation- ENV ISO 10722-1:199713. Geosynthetics (composites internal strength)- EN ISO 13426-114. Water flow capacity in the plane- EN ISO 12958:199915. Characteristic opening size- EN ISO 12956:199916. Resistance to weathering- prEN 12224: 199617. Resistance to microbiological degradation- ENV 12225:199618. Resistance to liquids- ENV ISO 1296019. Resistance to thermal oxidation- prEN ISO 1343020. Resistance to hydrolysis- prEN 12447