environment friendly power plant
TRANSCRIPT
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Parameters forConstructing
Environmentally SafePower Plant
~ByVarun KumarGirja Shanker
Mukesh VermaNavneet Yadav
Nirav Dhruv
Venkateshwar Rao
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PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Types of power plants
Power infrastructure in India
Pollution in power plants
Pollution control
Environmental concerns
Conclusion
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TYPES OF POWERPLANTS
RENEWABLE
NON RENEWABLE
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RENEWABLE POWERPLANTS
HYDRO
WIND
SOLAR BIOMASS
TIDAL
GEOTHERMAL
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NON RENEWABLE POWERPLANTS
THERMAL
GAS NUCLEAR
DIESEL
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POWER INFRASTRUCTURE IN INDIA
Generating Capacity (31.03.2007)
*Excluding Captive generation capacity of about 41000 MW
Thermal 86,015 65.0%
Hydro 34,654 26.2%
Nuclear 3,900 2.9%
Renewable 7760 5.9%
TOTAL 132,329* 100.0%
Centra
Sec to
3 4 %
Sta te S ec t
53 %
Privat
Sec to
1 3 %
(70,096 MW)
(45,121 MW)(17,112 MW)
Total Generation2006-07: 662 TWh
Large Capacity addition is required to meet the demand
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POLLUTION IN POWERPOLLUTION IN POWER
PLANTPLANT
AIRAIR
WATERWATER SOUNDSOUND
SOLID WASTESOLID WASTE
HAZARDOUS WASTEHAZARDOUS WASTE THERMAL WASTETHERMAL WASTE
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Turbine
Turbine
CondCond
APHAPH
ESPESP
Water
Intake
Blow
Down
Colony
& DrainageMain Plant DrainMain Plant Drain
BoilerBoiler
Boiler
Blow down
ASH PONDASH POND
AAQ
AAQ
ASPHASPH
S
T
A
CK
Flue GasFlue Gas
Cooling
Tower
Environmental Concerns in TPP
Control Room
HalonChlorine Storage
AAQ
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AIR POLLUTION
PARAMETERS MONITOREDSPM
RSPM
Sox
NOx
CO
CO2
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Key to Understanding: POLLUTIONFine Particles Reduce Visibility
Chicago - Summer 2000.
Hazy Day : PM 2.5 > 35 g/m3Chicago - Summer 2000.
Clear Day : PM 2.5 < 5 g/m3 12
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WASTE WATER FROM AWASTE WATER FROM A
THERMAL POWER PLANTTHERMAL POWER PLANT1.) EFFLUENTS WITH HIGH TOTAL1.) EFFLUENTS WITH HIGH TOTAL
DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)
BLOW DOWN FROM CONDENSER CWBLOW DOWN FROM CONDENSER CWSYSTEM.SYSTEM.
NEUTRALISED WASTE FROM DM PLANTNEUTRALISED WASTE FROM DM PLANT
& SOFTENING PLANT.& SOFTENING PLANT.
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2.) EFFLUENTS WITH HIGH TOTAL SUSPENDED2.) EFFLUENTS WITH HIGH TOTAL SUSPENDED
SOLIDS (TSS)SOLIDS (TSS)
COAL HANDLING PLANTCOAL HANDLING PLANT
SERVICE WATER SYSTEM WASTESERVICE WATER SYSTEM WASTE
SLUDGE FROM PT PLANTSLUDGE FROM PT PLANT
BACKWASH WASTE WATER OF GRAVITYBACKWASH WASTE WATER OF GRAVITYFILTER & SOFTENING PLANTFILTER & SOFTENING PLANT
3.) EFFLUENTS HAVING HIGH OIL CONTENT3.) EFFLUENTS HAVING HIGH OIL CONTENTOILY WASTE FROM FUEL OIL HANDLINGOILY WASTE FROM FUEL OIL HANDLING
SYSTEM & OTHER OIL HANDLING AREAS.SYSTEM & OTHER OIL HANDLING AREAS.
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4.)4.)EFFLUENTS HAVING HIGH TEMPERATUREEFFLUENTS HAVING HIGH TEMPERATURE
BOILER BLOW-DOWN WATERBOILER BLOW-DOWN WATER
RETURN WATER OF CONDENSERRETURN WATER OF CONDENSER
COOLINGCOOLINGSYSTEMS IN PLANTS OPERATING ONSYSTEMS IN PLANTS OPERATING ON
ONCEONCE
THROUGH TYPE CIRCULATING WATERTHROUGH TYPE CIRCULATING WATER
SYSTEM.SYSTEM.
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PARAMETERS MONITORED
pHCONDUCTIVITY
TDSTSSBODCOD
O&GHEAVY METALS LIKE Fe, Cu, Cd, Cr, Zn, Pb,Hg, As etc.
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THERMAL POLLUTION
Increase in watertemperature thatadversely affects
organisms that livethere (coolingequipment)
Thermal plume:
area that is warmedfrom a coolingwater discharge
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NOISE POLLUTION
TURBINE FLOOR
BLOW DOWN
VARIOUS MAINTENANCE WORKS DUE TO RUNNING EQUIPMENTS
AMBIENT NOISEAMBIENT NOISE
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AMBIENT NOISEAMBIENT NOISE
STANDARDSSTANDARDS
AREA CATEGORY OF AREA/ZONE LIMITSIN dB
CODE DAY TIME NIGHT TIME
(A) INDUSTRIAL AREA 75 70
(B) COMMERCIAL AREA 65 55
(C) RESIDENTIAL AREA 55 45
(D) SILENCE ZONE 50 40
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POLLUTION CONTROL
OUTPUT CONTROL: pollution controltechnologies, deal with pollutants after
produced
INPUT CONTROL: pollution prevention,dont make the pollutant
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ENVIRONMENTALCONCERNS
Emission Control
Effluent Management
Resource ConservationAsh Utilization
Waste Management
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A JOURNEY TOWARDSZERO EMISSION
FROM RASAYAN SHAKTI
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Introduction
What is a zero emission plant?
Technology to control PM/SPM
Some technologies for SOX/NOxreduction Combustion modifications
clean up systems
Technologies for CO2 captureCO2 sequestration
ZERO EMISSION
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ZERO EMISSION POWERPLANT
Power plant emissions can be Unwanted content in the exhaust gas (CO2,
NOx, CO, VOC, SO2, dioxin, smoke,particles, steam plume..)
Ash, cooling water, spill water, lube oil Noise and vibrations
Transports of fuel and ash, fuel preparation
In a Zero emission power plant
all emissions are there but are low as aresult of good engineering required by laws,directives and regulations to reach globalstandards.
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Technology to controlPM/SPM
ESP
SUPPORT OF CHEMICAL DOSING
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ESP PROCESS STEPS
Collectingelectrode,grounded
Rapping mechanismDischarge electrode withNegative high tension (20-60kV)
1
2
3
4 5
Dust layer1.Electron emission
2.Dust particle charging
3.Migration
4.dust collection
5.Rapping
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Desirables for Stack EmissionDesirables for Stack Emission
ReductionReduction
Optimum Electrical Resistivityof the fly ash108-1011
Higher Moisture in flue gas.
Lower Flue gas temp
Higher Sulpher in flue gas.
Proper Gas flow distribution
Minimum Un-burnt in fly ash
Particle size distribution
Advance ESP controller/ Ele. Energy for
fly ash.
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FLUE GAS CHEMICAL CONDITIONING
1. FLUE GAS
HUMIDIFICATION
2. SO3 DOSING
3. AMMONIA
DOSING
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AMMONIA DOSING
SYSTEM AT ESP INLET
FOR STACK EMMISSIONCONTROL
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Ammonium sulphate is the outcome of neutralization of excess sulpher
present in flue gas.
AMMONIA DOSING
CHEMICAL CHANGE Ammonia combine with SOX and transforms it to
Ammonium sulphate & Ammonium bisulphate.
ADVANTAGE
Ammonium bisulphate molecules (being adhesive in nature)
increases the adhesion strength of dust collected on
electrodes and falls in the form of lumps while rapping and
thus reduces the re-entertainmentloss
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LAYOUT FOR AMMONIA DOSING IN ESP
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PASS-D PASS-C PASS-B PASS-A
DUCT
PASS-A
LAYOUT FOR AMMONIA DOSING IN ESP
ZERO METER
WATER SPRAY
AMMONIA CYLINDER
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AMMONIA DOSING UNIT # 3
AVERAGE
AMMONIA DOSING RATE
STACK LEVEL
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Simple layout.
System installation in house with
available resources.
Easy to operate.
BENIFITSSTACK SPM
LEVEL < 100
MG/NM3
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The rate of NOx is proportional to pressureand residence time and exponentiallyincreasing with flame temperature
Generally NO2 is produced at lower flame
temperature & NO at higher
NO2 at high concentrations look like yellowish
smoke
BASICS OF NOX
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SOME TECHNOLOGIES FORNOX REDUCTION
Water-steam injection
Exhaust gas clean up in catalyticreactor
Catalytic combustion
Catalytic absorption in SCONOX
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WATER-STEAM INJECTION
-- NOx is reduced by cooling down the flame with HNOx is reduced by cooling down the flame with H22O -O -
200
100
0.5 1.0 1.5
Fuel/Air Equivalence Ratio
Water Injection
Steam InjectionLean PremixCombustion
NOx
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EXHAUST GAS CLEAN UPSelective Catalytic Reactor
Ammonia is mixed into the combustion air afterthe gas turbine
In the catalytic reactor the ammonia reacts withNOx to produce N2 and H20
90% efficiency Works between certain temperature limits, thus
has to be positioned in an exhaust gas boiler
Deterioration of catalytic elements: average 6
years life SCR is most often combined with a DLE
combustion system to reach NOx levels around 3-5 ppm
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CATALYTIC NO
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CATALYTIC NOX
ABSORPTION
The SCONOX system uses catalytic absorption
The absorption elements works at lowertemperatures than the SCR
They are regenerated with H2 to form H20and N2
The SCONOX reactor is built up of a numberof elements with individual dampers on each
element, upstream and downstream The regeneration is an ongoing process in
which elements are shut off by the dampersand blown by H2 for a minute
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The H2 is generated from the fuel gas by asteam reformer
95 97% NOx removal efficiency
~ 4 times more expensive than SCR butthere is a growing market in the US,
perhaps in Norway and Japan
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Catalytic NOx absorption
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CARBON SEQUESTRATION
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CARBON SEQUESTRATIONCARBON SEQUESTRATION
It is a family of methods for capturing andpermanently isolating gases that couldcontribute to global climate change
Stores CO2 removed from the atmosphere orcaptured from emissions and stores it inanother form somewhere else (a carbon sink)
CARBON SEQUESTRATION WILL HAVE TO BE DEPLOYEDVERY RAPIDLY AT AN ENORMOUS SCALE FOR SAFEGHG STABILIZATION IN THE ATMOSPHERE
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Carbon Sequestration: General
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Carbon Sequestration: GeneralModes
Ocean Sequest.. Direct, deep-ocean
injection
Geological Sequest.. Saline Reservoirs Old Oil/Gas fields
Coal Beds
Soil/PlantSequestration
ChemicalSequestration Creating terrestrialsolids Creating hydrates Basalt injection Absorption into
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Carbon Sequestration: General
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Carbon Sequestration: GeneralModes
Ocean &
Geologicalmodes have thehighest storagecapacity, whichwould coverfrom 50 to >250years of currentemissionvolumes. They
also have longtermsequestrationpotential
DOE, Carbon Sequestration Roadmap46
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NEW ERA APPROACH
KYOTO PROTOCOL (1997)
UN CLIMATE CONFERENCE BALI(2007)
EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT
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EFFLUENT MANAGEMENT
Effluent Treatment Plants
Sewage Treatment Plants
Ash Water Recycling Systems
Neutralization pits
Coal Settling Pits
Oil Skimmers
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Coal Slurry : Coal particles are settled byretention and dozing coagulant aid.
Oily Waste : Oil is recovered by installingskimmers and the oil recovered is reused.
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P.T. Plant Waste : Filter backwash wasteis recycled to clarifiers. Clarifier sludge issent to the ash handling system.
Main Plant Waste : Treated in lamellaclarifiers.
Final discharge : Continuous onlinemonitoring is done for important
parameters
EFFLUENT TREATMENT
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EFFLUENT TREATMENTPLANT
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RESOURCE CONSERVATION
8 .
0 .6 0 . 7
8 .0
0 .50 .7
7 .
0 . 30 .
0
2
4
6
8
1 0
2 0 0 3 - 0 4 2 0 0 4 - 0 5 2 0 0 5 - 0 6
O p e r a t i o n a l P e r fo r m a n
A u x . P o w e r C o n s . ( % )S p . O i l C o n s . ( m l / k w h )S p . C o a l / k g
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Vindhyac
hal
Kahalg
aon
Ta
lcher
VSTP
P-II
SIPAT
C
ycleofConcen
trationforWa
ter
Reduction in Consumption of Coal , Oil & WaterReduction in Consumption of Coal , Oil & Water
LAND MANAGEMENTLAND MANAGEMENT
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Land requirement reduced from 1 acre / MW to0.7 acre / MW through :
- Efficient Layout Design- Ash Pond Height Increase
- Ash Utilization
LAND MANAGEMENTLAND MANAGEMENT
AFFORESTATIONAFFORESTATION
17 Million Trees of different speciesincluding Jatropa (Energy Plantation)
planted in and around power stations
RECLAMATION OFRECLAMATION OF
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RECLAMATION OFRECLAMATION OF
ABANDONED ASH PONDSABANDONED ASH PONDS
Abandoned Ash Dykes reclaimed at:- Ramagundam STPS
- Rihand STPS
ASH POND MANAGEMENTASH POND MANAGEMENT
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ASH POND MANAGEMENTASH POND MANAGEMENT
Continuous water cover in the Ash pond Arrangement of Water Sprinklers
Green Cover at Ash PondLand reclamation
NTPC Vindhyachal
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y
It is obvious from above discussion that thermalPower plant may cause serious damage to
ecologyIf proper eco-considerations are not
incorporated.Use of effective pollution control equipment may
Minimize adverse ecological impact.
CONCLUSION &
RECOMENDATION
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