environmental and social safeguard policies safety of dams international waterways disputed areas...

Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies

Safety of Dams

International Waterways

Disputed areas

Use of country systems

Transparency

Accountability

©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

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EXAMPLES:RWANDA BURUNDI-

TRANSBOUNDARY MARSHLAND

MALI-MINING DEVELOPMENT

AFRICA- ERADICATION OF TRYPANOSOMIASIS


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CLIMATIC GOVERNANCE


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CLIMATIC GOVERNANCE

Emerging issue for Africa

How to avoid contributing to climate change or help attenuate the problem?

How to adapt to a changing and variable climate ?

How to integrate resilience to climate variablity and change into development?


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Programme Pilote pour la Résilience Climatique

INVENTAIRE ET PRIORITÉS Résilience Climatique au Niger

REPUBLIQUE DU NIGER -------------------

MINISTERE DE L’ECONOMIE ET DES FINANCES

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://highearthorbit.com/images/world-bank-logo.jpg&imgrefurl=http://crisiscamp.eventbrite.com/&h=1000&w=983&sz=77&tbnid=Rd9b49cDWIKQvM:&tbnh=226&tbnw=223&prev=/images?q=world+Bank+logo&hl=en&usg=__NsRIFdH9TxwmeObF4_7HzV6kttY=&sa=X&ei=8kkfTKCKKYGC8gbzz4X9Cw&ved=0CBYQ9QEwAA

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5 PRIORITÉS

DEVELOP TOOLS OF ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE SUCH AS SEA WHICH INTEGRATE CLIMATE RESILIENCE INTO PLANNING AND DECISION MAKING

IMPROVE CLIMATE MODELING AND DOWSCALING CAPABILITIES AND IMPROVE THE DATA BASE FOR CLIMATE LONG RUN VIEW

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5 PRIORITÉS

SLM AND IWRM: PROMOTE AND SUSTAIN RESEARCH AND INNOVATION IN WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT AND EROSION CONTROL

DEVELOP AND SET UP AN INSURANCE SYSTEM AND A MUTUAL-COOPERATIVE PRODUCTION SYSTEM FOR AGRICULTURE AND LIVESTOCK

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5 PRIORITÉS

VENIR EN APPUI À LA CONSOLIDATION ET AU RENFORCEMENT DE LA COORDINATION DES PROGRAMMES, PLANS, INITIATIVES ET STRATÉGIES EN MATIÈRE DE CHANGEMENTS CLIMATIQUES

CLIMATIC GOVERNANCE TOOLS ?

TOOL DEVELOPED FOR DEVELOPED BY

CLIMATE MAPPER USAID NASA/U.COLORADO

CC DATA PORTAL WORLD BANK Numerous incl MCGILL

WE-ADAPT SIDA STOCKHOLM ENV. INS.

ORCHID DFID

CLLIMATE PROOF GTZ POTSDAM INST.

CRISTAL IISD

PRECIS HADLEY MET CENTER

VULNERABILITY ASS JICA

+SEVERAL OTHERS


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CAN WE COMBINE SEA AND CG TOOLS ?


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EXAMPLE OF MALICLIMATE PROOFING

AND SEA OF NATIONAL SMALL SCALE IRRIGATION

PROGRAMME


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COLLAPSE OF GOVERNANCE

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ÉVALUATIONS ÉVALUATIONS ENVIRONNEMENTALES ET ENVIRONNEMENTALES ET

CONFLITS ARMÉSCONFLITS ARMÉSMichel A. BouchardMichel A. Bouchard

Al Hamndou DorsoumaAl Hamndou Dorsouma

Les impacts des conflits armés sur la qualité de vie, la santé humaine et la diversité biologique en Afrique, Kinshasa, 26-29 mai 2008

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L’environnement est devenu depuis quelques années une préoccupation importante en situation de conflit armé ou de catastrophes naturelles, et une partie du PNUE y est consacré.

Environmental Assessment of Armed Conflict has been going on for many years now, especially within « POST CONFLICT » context and even structured organisations such as UNEP-Post Conflict Branch

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2. Les préoccupations se sont centrées principalement sur les EFFETS et l’Évaluation des dommages en situation immédiate de la phase Post Conflit , surtout à l’aide deA) DESK STUDIESB) EXPERTISES RAPIDES SUR

LES LIEUX

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1. POUR ÉVALUER LES DOMMAGES AUX FINS DE COMPENSATION MONÉTAIRE

2. AUX FINS DE GUIDER ET D’ASSISTER LA RECONSTRUCTION ET LA RÉHABILITATION

3. AUX FINS DE PRÉVENTION

1. Background information1. Background information1. Background information1. Background information

Direct environmental impacts:

What are the environmetal impacts of war?• Bomb damage• Landmines and UXO’s• Depleted Uranium• Military Waste disposal• Troop movements

What are the environmental impacts of war?

Sabotage of resources

Depleted uranium

Landmines and UXOsBomb damage

Military waste Troop movements

1. Background information1. Background information1. Background information1. Background information

Indirect environmental impacts:

Indirect Impacts• Refugees• Sanctions• Collapse of Management• Military Exploitation• Opportunity costs• Use of marginal lands

What are the environmental impacts of war?

Collapse of management

Military exploitation

SanctionsRefugees

Corruption Use of marginal lands

UNEP post-conflict assessmentsUNEP post-conflict assessments

Post-conflict assessments from 1991 Gulf War:Post-conflict assessments from 1991 Gulf War:Post-conflict assessments from 1991 Gulf War:Post-conflict assessments from 1991 Gulf War:

UNEP post-conflict assessmentsUNEP post-conflict assessments

Post-conflict assessments from 1999 Kosovo Post-conflict assessments from 1999 Kosovo conflict:conflict:

Post-conflict assessments from 1999 Kosovo Post-conflict assessments from 1999 Kosovo conflict:conflict:

1999 2000 2000

http://balkans.unep.ch/albania/reports/foreword.html

http://balkans.unep.ch/fyrom/reports/foreword.html

de P. Haavisto (2005) 26

ToolsTools

Collection of existing environmental Collection of existing environmental informationinformation

Sharing of information between UN Sharing of information between UN agencies and NGOsagencies and NGOs

GIS and remote sensing analysesGIS and remote sensing analyses

Interviews and meetingsInterviews and meetings

Site inspections Site inspections

Repeat photographyRepeat photography

Air, soil, water and vegetation sampling and Air, soil, water and vegetation sampling and analyses analyses

Review of material received during the Review of material received during the missionsmissions

Expert panel analyses of the resultsExpert panel analyses of the results

Collection of existing environmental Collection of existing environmental informationinformation

Sharing of information between UN Sharing of information between UN agencies and NGOsagencies and NGOs

GIS and remote sensing analysesGIS and remote sensing analyses

Interviews and meetingsInterviews and meetings

Site inspections Site inspections

Repeat photographyRepeat photography

Air, soil, water and vegetation sampling and Air, soil, water and vegetation sampling and analyses analyses

Review of material received during the Review of material received during the missionsmissions

Expert panel analyses of the resultsExpert panel analyses of the results

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PRE CONFLIT

SYN CONFLIT

POST CONFLIT

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REHAB

ASSISTANCERELIEF

PO

ST-C

ON

FLIT

RECONSTRUCTION

« REA » méthodes multiples

ÉES

ÉIE

TYPE PNUE

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SY

N-C

ON

FLIT

DEPLOIEMENT

CONVENTIONS DE GENÈVE

ENMOD

CICR

su

rveilla

nce?

Milit

ary

Op

s

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PR

E-C

ON

FLIT

PRE-DEPLOIEMENT

« ÉES » OUDIAGNOSTIC

ENVIRONMENTAL INTELLIGENCE

©Michel A. Bouchard et A.H. Dorsouma 2008

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Orbites Landsat 7


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Landsat 7 - 11 décembre 2001

Perturbationsenvironnementales


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GOLD EXPORT FROM OUGANDA

Source: Uganda Ministry of Energy and Mineral Development cited by (GRIP 2003)


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conclusion


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3 general and unrelated conclusions

1) There is an ambiguous link between development and natural resources endowment2) There is a link between poverty and environment3) We need to tools at a new integrated level

DÉVELOPPEMENT ET RESSOURCES NATURELLES?


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20%

80%30

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40©Michel A. Bouchard 2010

Management and Governance challenges

GOUVERNANCETOOLS

MONITORING OBSERVATORYTOOLS

COUNTRIESECOSYSTEM BASEDCHALLENGES

• Traditional Natural Resources Management strategies are being challenged while inability to cope with changing conditions lead rapidly to irreversible land degradation.

• Challenges have changed scales and new factors have compounded the issues: namely demographic growth, climate change, global trade rules and others.

• New threats and challenges cross national boundaries while still all requiring local-based actions or solutions.

• Emerging and growing national transboundary issues include urbanisation, migration, land use conflicts and resource-based potential conflicts.

• While there are many solutions at various scales, including local based initiatives, and numerous opportunities for developing drylands, two major issues need to be confronted now: – Developing resilience to climatic variability– Stopping irreversible losses of agricultural capabilities

by erosion (loss of soils)

• Both issues raise questions of the need for integrated MONITORING and GOVERNANCE

MONITORING

Agrégation/Sélection

Intégration et homogénéisation Diagnostic Suivi/Monitoring sur le long terme

OBSERVATION LO CALE

OBSERVATION SATELLITALE

New tools needed

NATIONAL LEVEL

LARGE ECOSYSTEM SCALES

INTERNATIONAL LEVEL

GOVERNANCE


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THANK YOU

• Drylands have given the World a profound contribution and legacy, notably the semi-nomadic and associated land tenure and land management practices and associated arts and cultures.

• Traditional ways of living were capable of coping with numerous vagaries of nature and resilience was the norm.

• Challenges have changed scales and new factors have compounded the issues: namely demographic growth, climate change, global trade rules and others.


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Politique et Critères de performance en matière de Durabilité sociale et environnementale

Évaluation environnementale et sociale et systèmes de management

Main d’œuvre et conditions de travail

Prévention et Réduction de la pollution

Hygiène, Sécurité et relations communautaires

Acquisition des terres et déplacements forcés


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Politique et Critères de performance en matière de Durabilité sociale et environnementale

Conservation de la biodiversité et gestion durable des terres

Populations autochtones

Héritage culturel


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Natural resources have fuelled the conflictNatural resources have fuelled the conflict

Liberia is a country with an area Liberia is a country with an area of 111 370 km2of 111 370 km2

Population of 3,3 million Population of 3,3 million

Rich forest resources, minerals Rich forest resources, minerals include diamonds, gold, and iron include diamonds, gold, and iron ore ore

14 years of civil war have lead to 14 years of civil war have lead to the ruin of the countrythe ruin of the country

Country’s rich natural resources Country’s rich natural resources have created and fuelled the have created and fuelled the conflictconflict

United Nations sanctions on United Nations sanctions on diamonds and timberdiamonds and timber

Liberia has a lot of child soldiersLiberia has a lot of child soldiers

Some IDP´s have moved 7 timesSome IDP´s have moved 7 times

275 000 people in IDP 275 000 people in IDP camps camps

Problems in providing Problems in providing freshwater, sanitation freshwater, sanitation and waste and waste managementmanagement

Areas around the IDP Areas around the IDP camps are subject to a camps are subject to a higher environmental higher environmental impact – such as impact – such as deforestation as a deforestation as a result of the collection result of the collection of fuel woodof fuel wood

Monrovia currently has 800 000 inhabitants - its sewage Monrovia currently has 800 000 inhabitants - its sewage treatment system was designed for a population of 130 000treatment system was designed for a population of 130 000

Lack of electricity is increasing reliance on charcoal and fuel woodLack of electricity is increasing reliance on charcoal and fuel wood

Shifting cultivation (slash and burn) is threateningShifting cultivation (slash and burn) is threateningLiberian forestsLiberian forests

New logging roads are part of the illegal timber trade, but are New logging roads are part of the illegal timber trade, but are also used by bushmeat huntersalso used by bushmeat hunters

Alluvial diamond mining Alluvial diamond mining poses threats to riparian poses threats to riparian

habitat and increases the habitat and increases the environmental risks for environmental risks for

downstreamdownstream

UNEP work in Liberia

Unregulated sandmining along a river outside Gbarnga and along the coast outside of

Monrovia is causing erosion

environmental and social safeguard policies safety of dams international waterways disputed areas...

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