environmental health hazards
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Environmental Health Hazards. Harun Al Rasyid. What is environmental hazard?. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Environmental Health Hazards
Harun Al Rasyid
'Environmental hazard' is a generic term for any situation or state of events which poses a threat to the surrounding environment. This term incorporates topics like pollution and natural hazards such as storms and earthquakes.
What is environmental hazard?
Hazard:Is “a factor or exposure that may adversely affect health” it
is a qualitative term expressing the potential of an environmental agent to harm the health of certain individuals if the exposure level is high enough and/or if other conditions apply.
RiskIs “the probability that an event will occur, the probability of
unfavorable outcome e.g that an individual will become ill or die within a stated period of time or age. It is the quantitative probability that a health effect will occur after an individual has been exposed to a specified amount of a hazard.
HAZARDS AND RISKS
Contamination -- Introduction into water, air, and soil of microorganisms, chemicals, toxic substances, wastes, or wastewater in a concentration that makes the medium unfit for its next intended use. Also applies to surfaces of objects, buildings, and various household and agricultural use products.
Contamination
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms.
Pollution can take the form of chemical substances, or energy, such as noise, heat, or light energy.
Pollution
A pollutant is a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant: its chemical nature, the concentration and the persistence
Pollutant
"Pollution" is generally used when you're talking about something big, like a whole environment, or an entire river, or something else really large.
"Contamination" can refer to very small quantities of something contaminated food, medicine, drinking water supply;
it can also mean a very small amount of foreign or harmful material, such as bacterial contamination, or a toxin, especially when it's not readily visible or noticeable. For instance, a surgical suite could be contaminated simply because someone walks into it when they're not sterile, and it would be completely invisible.
Pollution & Contamination
ANY external factor that negatively affects your health can be considered an environmental health “hazard."
What are the environmental Health Hazards?
Types of EH Hazards
Traditional Hazards Disease Vectors Infectious agents Housing and Shelter Drinking Water &
Sanitation Indoor air Pollution Dietary Deficiencies Reproduction Injury hazards
Modern Hazards Tobacco smoking Alcohol and drugs Transport hazards Environmental
pollution Outdoor air pollution Chemical hazards Occupational Hazards Unbalanced Diet Stress
Inhalation
airborne contaminants
Absorption
penetration through the skin
Ingestion
eating
drinking
Routes of Entry of EH Hazards
Acute Short term period between exposure and onset
of symptoms
Chronic Long time period between exposure to an
agent and the onset of symptoms
Types of Exposure to EH Hazards
There are five types of environmental hazards: Chemical Physical Mechanical Biological Psychosocial
Main Types of EH Hazards
Pesticides Acids and Bases Metal fumes Solvents Gases
Chemical Hazards
Insects Rodents Animals Microorganisms:
Bacteria Viruses Parasites Yeasts Molds
Biological Hazards
Noise and Vibration Ionizing Radiation Non-ionizing Radiation Light, Lasers Pressure Extremes of Temperature
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
Uncertainty Anxiety Lack of feeling of control over
one own life Homesickness Isolation
PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS
Stress is a human response to stressors Stress is a specific event or situation that causes
a mental or psychological reaction. Stress is a process resulting from the interaction
between humans and the environment. Stress process consists of 2 stages:
Deciding whether or not an event (stressor) poses a hazard
Appraising the possibilities of dealing with the situation.
What is stress?
Cardiovascular diseases Hypertension Ischemic heart diseases Increase heart rate
Peptic ulcer Bronchial asthma
What are the Health Effects of Stress?
Air pollutants Indoor air pollutants Outdoor air pollutants
Water shortage and pollutants Food hazards Housing hazards Occupational Hazards Insect and Rodents’ Hazards Pesticides Global Environmental hazards
What kinds of environmental hazards should you be concerned
about?
Air Pollutants and their Health Effects
Addition of harmful substances to the atmosphere resulting in damage to the environment, human health and quality of life
Can occur indoor or outdoor, in cities and across continents and even globally
Air pollutants consist of: gaseous pollutants, odors, suspended particle matter (dust, fumes, mist and smoke)
What is air pollution?
Indoor air can be defined as any non-industrial indoor space where a person spends a period of an hour or more in any day.
This can include the air space in the office, classroom, motor vehicle, shopping centre, hospital and home.
In door air pollution
second-hand tobacco smoke; airborne mold and mildew; lead-impregnated dust from old paint cockroach
shedding; dust mite particles; combustion gases released by stoves, heaters, candles
and fireplaces; chemicals released by dry cleaned clothes; cleaning products; room deodorizers; office supplies; paints and sealers; new furniture and pressed wood; personal care products; and pesticides.
Common indoor air pollutants
Ozone (O3) Particulate Matter (PM) Carbon Monoxide (CO( Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Lead (Pb ( Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs ( Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs(
Outdoor Air Pollutants
Transportation (Mobile sources ) Motor vehicles, rail, shipping, aviation.
Industry sources Power stations, petroleum refining, chemical
manufacturing. Power Plants Central heating Incineration of domestic wastes
Sources of air pollution
Irritation of nose, eye, and throat Respiratory diseases (Bronchitis, Asthma, cough,
nausea …etc.) Cardiovascular diseases Toxicity (CO) Decrease of pulmonary function and restricted
activities) Cancers (Benzene) Neurological impairments, such as seizures,
mental retardation, and behavioral disorders (Pb). kidney/liver damage, CNS disorders (Arsenic,
cadmium, lead, mercury, nickel, and chromium) Increased hospital admissions and ER visits. Premature death
Health Effects of Air Pollutants
Reduce emissions (conservation and improved efficiency); e.g., refineries
Collect, capture, and retain pollutants before entering the atmosphere; e.g., gas stations
Regulating automobile exhaust using catalytic converter, control of sulfur dioxide through scrubbing
Varied pollutant-control strategies and new and improved technologies
Air pollution control
Regulatory control Standards (process and emission)
Engineering control Ventilation (general and local) Process change
Work practice control Administrative control Personnel protective equipment
Air pollution control
There are 4 billion cases of diarrhea worldwide each year and 2.2 million avoidable deaths-that's a death every 14 seconds.
Most diarrheal deaths occur in the Majority World and just being able to wash one's hands with soap and water can reduce diarrhea by 35%.
Insect-related diseases Malaria, is the biggest killer, causing 1-2 million deaths a year. At any given time 100 million people suffer from the disease.
What is Water Health Significance?
Parasites Intestinal worms infect about 10% of the majority world population. About 200 million people are affected by schistosomiasis (bilharzia), with 200,000 dying each year.
After a peak in the late 1980s, guinea-worm infections have been declining as water sources are better monitored.
What is Water Health Significance?
Every day, diarrheal diseases cause some 6,000 deaths, mostly among children under five: in 2001, 1.96 million people died from infectious diarrheas; 1.3 million were children under five.
Diarrheal diseases have killed more children in the past ten years than all the people lost to armed conflict since World War II.
Water Health Significance
Between 1,085,000 and 2,187,000 deaths due to diarrheal diseases can be attributed to the 'water, sanitation and hygiene' risk factor, 90% of them among children under five.
With simple hygiene measures such as washing hands after using the toilet or before preparing food, most of these deaths are preventable.
Water Health Significance
Biological Chemical physical
Water Hazards and Health Effects
Volatile organic compounds
Hydrophobic organic compounds
Endocrine disruptors
Petroleum Additives Pesticides
Water Hazardous Substances
Heavy metals Other inorganic
elements Acids/bases Oxidants/reductants Chlorination by-products Combustion by-products
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Typhoid fever Giardia Dysentery Cholera Diarrhea (caused by a variety of
pathogens) Hepatitis Polio Worms
The main water-borne/fecal oral diseases are
PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS
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Water associated Diseases
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Disease Rates and Risk
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Pollution preventionMinimize pollution
recycling and re-use; treatment; encourage cleaner production technologies; encourage good housekeeping
Disinfection (Chlorination)Disposal or discharge of waste water
only under specified conditions; precautionary approach; differentiated approach; polluter pays
Water Pollution Control
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Biological Chemical Physical
Food Hazards
Biological: bacteria, viruses, parasites
Chemical: heavy metals, natural toxins, sanitizers, pesticides, antibiotics
Physical: bone, rocks, metal
Types of Food Hazards?
Biological = Living Organisms In Meat and Poultry: Salmonella bacteria (poultry and eggs) Trichinella spiralis parasite (pork) On Fruits and Vegetables: E. coli bacteria (apple juice) Cyclospora parasite (raspberries) Hepatitis A virus (strawberries)
Biological Hazards in Food
Biological Hazards in Food
Biological Hazards in Food
Prevention of microbes growing Holding at low temperatures (<40oF) Cooling from 140o-40oF quickly
Cooking helps to kill microbes >165oF(73o C) for poultry and eggs >155oF (68o C) for ground beef >160oF (71o C) for pork
How can you prevent Biological Hazard to Foods?
Chemical hazard: a toxic substance that is produced naturally added intentionally or un-intentionally
Naturally-occurring: Natural toxins (aflatoxins, marine toxins)
Added intentionally: Antibiotics, preservatives
Added non-intentionally: Cleaning agents, Pesticide Residues
Chemical Hazards in Food
Chemical Hazards in Food
Physical hazard: a hard foreign object that can cause illness or injury
Inherent to the food or ingredient Bone fragment, feathers
Contaminant during processing Stones, rocks, dirt, fingernails
Physical Hazards in Food
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have identified five risk factors for foodborne illness: Food from unapproved and unsafe source Improper holding time and temperature Poor personal hygiene Improper cooking Cross-contamination
What are the Food Risk Factors?
To guarantee quality and safety of the foods traded at the national and international level; Protecting the health of the consumers and ensuring
fair practices in the food trade; Facilitating food trade.
FOOD CONTROL SYSTEMS
Consumer protection, facilitate the production of safe food and fair trade practices. Simple, coherent, transparent, result of
process of consensus among the food chain actors.
Based on risk assessment through the food chain.
FOOD REGULATIONS
To monitor and control production processes Identify food safety hazards and critical control
points
Production, processing and marketingEstablish limitsMonitor
Applied to meat, poultry, and eggs
Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (BPOM - Indonesia)
Determine if personnel have potential occupational exposure to environmental hazards.
Obtain training. Voluntarily notify supervisor or OMC of any pre-
disposition to environmental hazards that can create medical emergencies.
Use personal protective equipment, administrative controls, and engineering controls when exposed to environmental hazards.
Recognizing and Controlling Occupational Hazards
Thank You