environmental systems and societies standard level …

13
2210-6301 13 pages M10/4/ENVSO/SP1/ENG/TZ0/XX Monday 17 May 2010 (afternoon) ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES STANDARD LEVEL PAPER 1 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your session number in the boxes above. Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so. Answer all of the questions in the spaces provided. You may continue your answers on answer sheets. Write your session number on each answer sheet, and attach them to this examination paper and your cover sheet using the tag provided. At the end of the examination, indicate the number of answer sheets used in the appropriate box on your cover sheet. 1 hour Candidate session number 0 0 © International Baccalaureate Organization 2010 0113 22106301

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Page 1: ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES STANDARD LEVEL …

2210-6301 13 pages

M10/4/ENVSO/SP1/ENG/TZ0/XX

Monday 17 May 2010 (afternoon)

ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES

STANDARD LEVEL

PAPER 1

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

• Write your session number in the boxes above.

• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.

• Answer all of the questions in the spaces provided. You may continue your answers on

answer sheets. Write your session number on each answer sheet, and attach them to this

examination paper and your cover sheet using the tag provided.

• At the end of the examination, indicate the number of answer sheets used in the appropriate

box on your cover sheet.

1 hour

Candidate session number

0 0

© International Baccalaureate Organization 2010

0 1 1 3

2 2 1 0 6 3 0 1

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1. (a) Identifytwosourcesofeachofthefollowinggreenhousegases.

Methane:

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Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs):

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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Carbondioxide:

1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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(Question 1 continued)

(b) (i) Distinguishbetweennegative feedbackandpositive feedback.

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[2]

(ii) Constructadiagramtoshowhowapositivefeedbackprocessinvolvingmethanemayaffecttherateofglobalwarming.

[2]

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(Question 1 continued)

(c) Figure1belowshowshowincreasesingreenhousegasemissionsarepredictedtoaffectglobalsurfacetemperaturesbeyondtheyear2000.

Figure 1

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.0

−1.0

Recordeddata PredicteddataKey:

Highincreaseinemissions

Moderateincreaseinemissions

Lowincreaseinemissions

Noincreaseinemissionsafter2010

Possiblerangeofvalues

1900 2000 2100 Time/year

[Source:adaptedfromhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spm.html]

(i) Explain why the changes in global surface temperature between the years1900 and 2000arelikelyto have some degree of uncertainty,eventhoughtheyarebasedonrecordeddata.

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[1]

(ii) Statetworeasonswhycomputermodelscannotpredictexactlyhowglobalsurfacetemperatureswillchangeduringthetwenty-firstcentury.

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Changesinglobalsurfacetemperature

relativetotemperatureinyear2000/

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(Question 1 continued)

(d) As well as being powerful greenhouse gases, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) affectatmosphericabsorptionofultravioletradiation.

(i) State thename of the atmospheric gas that significantly reduces the amount ofultravioletradiationreachingtheEarth’ssurface.

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[1]

(ii) Figure2belowshowsthestructureoftheEarth’satmosphere.Labelthetwo lowestlayersoftheatmosphereonthediagram. [1]

Figure 2

200km

80km

50km

10km

Exosphere

Thermosphere

Mesosphere

I: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

II: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sealevel

(iii) Stateoneeffectofultravioletradiationonlivingorganisms.

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[1]

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2. Owls are predators that huntmainly at night.They feed on smallmammals such asmice,voles and shrews. Theowls vomitup pelletswhich contain the parts of the prey that theycannotdigest, suchas jawbones. These jawbonescanbeused to identifypreyspecies.

Barnowl(Tyto alba)

[Source:ReproducedwiththepermissionoftheBarnOwlTrust]

Woodmouse(Apodemus sylvaticus)

[Source:Reprintedwithpermission]

Figure3belowshowshowanowlproducesapelletandFigure4showsthefeaturesofthemammaljawbonesusedtoidentifytheowl’sprey.

Figure 3 Figure 4

undigestedpartsformapelletandarevomitedup

incisortooth(frontofjaw)

toothrootslengthofjawbone

[Source:Ward’sNaturalScience] [Source:ReproducedwiththepermissionoftheBarnOwlTrust]

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(Question 2 continued)

(a) Using the key, identify the prey speciesA toF from the lower jaw bones found inowlpellets,froman openEuropeanwoodland. [3]

A. B.

1cm 1cmC. D.

1cm 1cm

E. F.

1cm 1cm

[Source:ReproducedwiththepermissionoftheBarnOwlTrust]

Key to lower jaw bones found in owl pellets Diagram letter

1 Largeupward-pointingincisortoothatfrontofjaw Goto2

Nolargeupward-pointingincisortoothvisibleatfrontofjaw Goto3

2 Sixormoretoothrootsvisible Goto4

Fiveorfewertoothrootsvisible House mouse

3 Lengthofjawisequaltoormorethan1cm Common shrew

Lengthofjawislessthan1cm Pygmy shrew

4 Lengthofjawisequaltoormorethan1.5cm Field vole

Lengthofjawislessthan1.5cm Goto5

5 Toothrootsareallofequalsize Wood mouse

Secondtoothrootfromfrontofjawissmallerthantheothers Harvest mouse

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(Question 2 continued)

(b) To estimate the populations of smallmammals in awoodland, ecologists set traps intheareabeforesunsetandthefollowingmorningmarkedallthecapturedanimalsbeforereleasingthemagain.

(i) Statewhatinformationtheecologistsmustrecordbeforereleasingtheanimals.

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[1]

(ii) Aweeklaterthetrapsaresetagainasbefore.Statewhatdatamustberecordedwhenthetrapsareopenedandexplainhowthesedatamaybeusedtoestimatethesmallmammalpopulationsinthearea.

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[2]

(iii) A student suggests that the relativeabundanceof jawbones fromdifferentpreyspecies found in owl pellets might be proportional to the relative sizes of thepopulationsofthosespecies.

Suggesttworeasonswhydatafromowlpelletsmaynotreflecttherelativesizesofthesmallmammalpopulationsinanarea.

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[2]

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3. (a) Distinguishbetween the termsecological footprint andcarrying capacity of a humanpopulation.

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[2]

(b) For the resources listed below, identify whether each is considered to be renewable,non-renewableorreplenishable.Groundwaterisshownasanexample. [2]

Groundwater: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Replenishable.............

Ricecropfromapaddyfield: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Coppermineralsinrocks: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Animalwool: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ozonelayer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

(c) (i) Distinguishbetweentransfer processesandtransformation processes.

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(Question 3 continued)

Figure5belowshowsafreshwaterlakeinatemperateforestbiome,closetoanocean.

Figure 5

[Source:PhotobyPeterMoore.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wast_Water]

(ii) Annotate the diagram below to show the natural transfer and transformationprocesseswhichmovewaterfromtheoceantothelake. [2]

ocean

lake

snow-cappedmountains

(iii) The land around the lake is used for livestock farming. State and explainone impact thismayhaveon the lakeecosystem.

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[2]

(iv) Suggest two reasons why fresh water supplies may be insufficient to meet thedemandsofhumansocietiesinthefuture.

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[2]

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4. Figure6belowshowstheestimatedsizeofsomeglobalenergyflowsforoneyear.

Figure 6 Energy type Total energy flow / joules × 1020

yr–1

SunlightreachingsurfaceofEarth 30000

Netprimaryproductivity(NPP) 30–50

Humanfoodconsumption 0.2

[Source:EINewman,2002,AppliedEcologyandEnvironmentalManagement,Vol.2,BlackwellScience,Oxford.CopyrightWiley-Blackwell,reproducedwithpermission.]

(a) State two processes that reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface,asthelighttravelsthroughtheatmosphere.

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[1]

(b) UsingthedatainFigure6,calculate,asapercentagerange,theproportionofglobalNPPusedforhumanfoodconsumptioninoneyear.

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[2]

(c) Suggesttworeasonswhyfoodisinshortsupplyinsomesocieties.

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[2]

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5. (a) Definethetermenvironmental impact assessment.

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[2]

(b) Figure7belowshowsthreealternativelocationsforalandfillsite(A,BandC).

Figure 7

Key:

Contourlines Roadnetwork Railnetwork River Landfillsites

B

C

A

High

ground

High

ground

High

ground

300 m

300 m

400 m

200 m

200 m

Wildlife reserve 200 m

Ocean

City

100 m

100 m

100 m

1 km

Prevailing

winds

Scale:

N

Chooseonelandfillsiteandstatetwoadvantagesandtwodisadvantagesofyourchoice.

Landfillsitechosen: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Advantages: 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Disadvantages: 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

[2]

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(Question 5 continued)

(c) (i) Listthreetypesofsoliddomesticwaste.

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[1]

(ii) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of one namedmanagement strategy,otherthanlandfill,fordealingwithsoliddomesticwaste.

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