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7/31/2019 En.wikipedia.org Wiki Cameroon

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Republic of Cameroon

Rpublique du Cameroun

Flag Coat of Arms

Motto: "Paix Travail Patrie" (French)"Peace Work Fatherland"

Anthem: Cameroun, Berceau de nosAnctres (French)

O Cameroon, Cradle of our Forefathers 1

Capital Yaound[1]

352N 1131E

Largest city Douala[1]

Official language(s)French

English

Ethnic groups Cameroon

Highlanders 31%

Equatorial Bantu 19%

Kirdi 11%Fulani 10%

Northwestern Bantu

8%

Eastern Nigritic 7%

other African 13%non-African less than

1%

Demonym Cameroonian

CameroonFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon(French:Rpublique du Cameroun), is a country inwest Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to thewest; Chad to the northeast; the Central African

Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea,

Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south.Cameroon's coastline lies on the Bight of Bonny,

part of the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean.The country is called "Africa in miniature" for its

geological and cultural diversity. Natural featuresinclude beaches, deserts, mountains, rainforests,and savannas. The highest point is Mount

Cameroon in the southwest, and the largest cities

are Douala, Yaound and Garoua. Cameroon ishome to over 200 different linguistic groups. The

country is well known for its native styles of music,particularly makossa and bikutsi, and for its

successful national football team. French andEnglish are the official languages.

Early inhabitants of the territory included the Sao

civilisation around Lake Chad and the Baka hunter-gatherers in the southeastern rainforest. Portuguese

explorers reached the coast in the 15th century and

named the areaRio dos Camares ("River ofPrawns"), the name from which Cameroon derives.

Fulani[7]

soldiers founded the Adamawa Emirate inthe north in the 19th century, and various ethnicgroups of the west and northwest established

powerful chiefdoms and fondoms. Cameroonbecame a German colony in 1884.

After World War I, the territory was divided

between France and Britain as League of Nationsmandates. The Union des Populations du

Cameroun political party advocated independence,but was outlawed by France in the 1950s. It wagedwar on French and UPC militant forces until 1971.

In 1960, the French-administered part of Cameroonbecame independent as the Republic of Cameroun

under President Ahmadou Ahidjo. The southernpart of British Cameroons merged with it in 1961to form the Federal Republic of Cameroon. The

country was renamed the United Republic ofCameroon in 1972 and the Republic of Cameroon

in 1984.

Compared to other African countries, Cameroonenjoys relatively high political and social stability.

This has permitted the development of agriculture,

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Government Republic

- President Paul Biya[1]

- Prime Minister Philmon Yang

Legislature National Assembly

Independence from France

- Declared 1 January 1960

- Annexation of former

British Cameroon

1 October 1961

Area

- Total 475,442 km2 (54th)

183,568 sq mi

- Water (%) 1.3

Population

- July 2012 estimate 20,129,878[2]

(58th)

- 2005 census 17,463,836[3]

- Density 39.7/km2 (167th)

102,8/sq mi

GDP (PPP) 2011 estimate

- Total $47.251 billion[4]

- Per capita $2,257[4]

GDP (nominal) 2011 estimate

- Total $25.759 billion[4]

- Per capita $1,230[4]

Gini (2001) 44.6[5] (medium)

HDI (2011) 0.482[6] (Low) (150th)

CurrencyCentral African CFAfranc (XAF)

Time zone WAT (UTC+1)

- Summer (DST) not observed (UTC+1)

Drives on the right

ISO 3166 code CM

Internet TLD .cm

Calling code 237

These are the titles as given in the Constitutionof the Republic of Cameroon, Article X. TheFrench version of the song is sometimes called"Chant de Ralliement", as inNational Anthemsof the World, and the English version "O

Cameroon, Cradle of Our Forefathers", as inDeLancey and DeLancey 61.

Joseph Merrick (shown here

attending an Isubu funeral in 1845)

was a Jamaican Baptist missionary

who established a church among the

Isubu of the coast.

roads, railways, and large petroleum and timber

industries. Nevertheless, large numbers ofCameroonians live in poverty as subsistencefarmers. Power lies firmly in the hands of the

authoritarian president since 1982, Paul Biya, andhis Cameroon People's Democratic Movement

party. The English-speaking territories ofCameroon have grown increasingly alienated fromthe government, and politicians from those regions

have called for greater decentralization and evensecession (for example: the Southern Cameroons

ational Council) of the former British-governedterritories.

Contents

1 History 2 Politics and government

3 Education and health 4 Regions 5 Geography

6 Economy and infrastructure 7 Demographics

7.1 Religion 8 Culture 9 See also

10 Notes 11 References 12 External links

History

Main article: History of Cameroon

The

territory ofpresent day

Cameroonwas first

settledduring the

Neolithic.

The longestcontinuous

inhabitantsare groupssuch as the

Baka(Pygmies).

1




3/19

The manuscript above is written in a

Bamum script used in Cameroontoday.

Ahmadou Ahidjo arrives at

Washington, D.C., in July 1982.

[8] From here, Bantu migrations into eastern, southern, andcentral Africa are believed to have originated about 2,000

years ago.[9] The Sao culture arose around Lake Chad c. AD

500 and gave way to the Kanem and its successor state, theBornu empire. Kingdoms, fondoms, and chiefdoms arose in

the west.

Portuguese sailors reached the coast in 1472. They noted anabundance of the mud lobsterLepidophthalmus turneranus inthe Wouri River and named itRio dos Camares, Portuguesefor "Shrimp River", and the phrase from which Cameroon isderived. Over the following few centuries, European interestsregularised trade with the coastal peoples, and Christianmissionaries pushed inland. In the early 19th century, Modibo

Adama led Fulani soldiers on a jihad in the north against non-Muslim and partially Muslim peoples and established the

Adamawa Emirate. Settled peoples who fled the Fulani caused

a major redistribution of population.[10] The northern part ofCameroon was an important part of the Muslim slave trade

network.[9]

The Bamum people have an indigenous writing system, known as Bamum script or Shu Mom. The

script was developed by Sultan Ibrahim Njoya in 1896,[11][12] and is taught in Cameroon by the

Bamum Scripts and Archives Project.[12] The German Empire claimed the territory as the colony ofKamerun in 1884 and began a steady push inland. They initiated projects to improve the colony's

infrastructure, relying on a harsh system of forced labour.[13] With the defeat of Germany in World

War I, Kamerun became a League of Nations mandate territory and was split into French Cameroun

and British Cameroons in 1919. France integrated the economy of Cameroun with that of France[14]and improved the infrastructure with capital investments, skilled workers, and continued forced

labour.[13]

The British administered their territory from neighbouring Nigeria. Natives complained that this madethem a neglected "colony of a colony". Nigerian migrant workers flocked to Southern Cameroons,

ending forced labour but angering indigenous peoples.[15] The League of Nations mandates were

converted into United Nations Trusteeships in 1946, and the question of independence became a

pressing issue in French Cameroun.[14] France outlawed the most radical political party, the Union desPopulations du Cameroun (UPC), on 13 July 1955. This prompted a long guerrilla war and the

assassination of the party's leader, Ruben Um Nyob, near Boumnybel, the village where he wasborn. In British Cameroons, the question was whether to reunify with French Cameroun or joinigeria.

On 1 January 1960 at 2:30 am, French Cameroun gainedindependence from France under President Ahmadou Ahidjo.

On 1 October 1961, the formerly British Southern Cameroonsunited with French Cameroun to form the Federal Republic ofCameroon. Ahidjo used the ongoing war with the UPC to

concentrate power in the presidency, continuing with this even

after the suppression of the UPC in 1971.[16]

His political party, the Cameroon National Union (CNU),

became the sole legal political party on 1 September 1966 andin 1972, the federal system of government was abolished in




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President Paul Biya of Cameroon and

Ambassador R. Niels Marquardt of

the United States, 16 February 2006.

favour of a United Republic of Cameroon, headed from Yaound.[17] Ahidjo pursued an economicpolicy of planned liberalism, prioritising cash crops and petroleum exploitation. The government used

oil money to create a national cash reserve, pay farmers, and finance major development projects;

however, many initiatives failed when Ahidjo appointed unqualified allies to direct them. [18]

Ahidjo stepped down on 4 November 1982 and left power to his constitutional successor, Paul Biya.

However, Ahidjo remained in control of the CNU and tried to run the country from behind the scenesuntil Biya and his allies pressured him into resigning. Biya began his administration by movingtoward a more democratic government, but a failed coup d'tat nudged him toward the leadership

style of his predecessor.[19]

An economic crisis took effect in the mid-1980s to late 1990s as a result of international economicconditions, drought, falling petroleum prices, and years of corruption, mismanagement, and cronyism.

Cameroon turned to foreign aid, cut government spending, and privatised industries. With thereintroduction of multi-party politics in December 1990, the former British Cameroons pressure

groups called for greater autonomy, with some (SCNC) advocating complete secession as the

Republic of Ambazonia.[20] In February 2008, Cameroon experienced its worst violence in 15 years

when a transport union strike in Douala escalated into violent protests in 31 municipal areas.[21][22]

Politics and government

Main article: Politics of Cameroon

The President of Cameroon has broad, unilateral powers tocreate policy, administer government agencies, command the

armed forces, negotiate and ratify treaties, and declare a state

of emergency.[23] The president appoints government officials

at all levels, from the prime minister (considered the officialhead of government), to the provincial governors, divisionalofficers, and urban-council members in large cities. The

president is selected by popular vote every seven years. In

smaller municipalities, the public elects mayors andcouncilors.

Corruption is rife at all levels of government. In 1997,Cameroon established anti-corruption bureaus in 29 ministries,

but only 25% became operational,[24] and in 2011, Transparency International placed Cameroon at

number 134 on a list of 183 countries ranked from least to most corrupt.

[25]

On 18 January 2006, Biyainitiated an anti-corruption drive under the direction of the National Anti-Corruption Observatory.[24]

Cameroon's legal system is largely based on French civil law with common law influences.[26]

Although nominally independent, the judiciary falls under the authority of the executive's Ministry of

Justice.[27] The president appoints judges at all levels. The judiciary is officially divided into tribunals,the court of appeal, and the supreme court. The National Assembly elects the members of a nine-

member High Court of Justice that judges high-ranking members of government in the event they arecharged with high treason or harming national security.

Human rights organisations accuse police and military forces of

mistreating and even torturing criminal suspects, ethnic minorities,homosexuals, and political activists.[28] Prisons are overcrowded with

little access to adequate food and medical facilities,[29][30] and prisons




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A statue of a chief in Bana,

West Region, shows the

prestige afforded such rulers.

The Cameroonian

government recognizes thepower of traditional

authorities provided their

rulings do not contradict

national law.

A traditional doctor advertises his

services in Tatum, Northwest Region.

Such healers are popular alternatives

to conventionally trained doctors.

run by traditional rulers in the north are charged with holding political

opponents at the behest of the government.[31] However, since the first

decade of the 21st century, an increasing number of police and

gendarmes have been prosecuted for improper conduct.[30]

The National Assembly makes legislation. The body consists of 180

members who are elected for five-year terms and meet three times peryear. Laws are passed on a majority vote. Rarely has the assemblychanged or blocked legislation proposed by the president. The 1996

constitution establishes a second house of parliament, the 100-seat

Senate, but this body has never been put into practice.[26] Thegovernment recognises the authority of traditional chiefs, fons, and

lamibe to govern at the local level and to resolve disputes as long as

such rulings do not conflict with national law.[32]

President Paul Biya's Cameroon People's Democratic Movement

(CPDM) was the only legal political party until December 1990.

umerous regional political groups have since formed. The primaryopposition is the Social Democratic Front (SDF), based largely in the

Anglophone region of the country and headed by John Fru Ndi.[33]

Biya and his party have maintained control of the presidency and theational Assembly in national elections, but rivals contend that these

have been unfair.[20] Human rights organisations allege that the

government suppresses the freedoms of opposition groups by preventing demonstrations, disrupting

meetings, and arresting opposition leaders and journalists.[31][34] Freedom House ranks Cameroon as

"not free" in terms of political rights and civil liberties.[35] The last parliamentary elections were held

on 22 July 2007.[36]

Cameroon is a member of both the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie. Its foreign

policy closely follows that of its main ally, France (the former colonial ruler).[37] The country relies

heavily on France for its defence,[27] although military spending is high in comparison to other sectors

of government.[38] Biya has clashed with the government of Nigeria over possession of the Bakassi

peninsula and with Gabon's president, El Hadj Omar Bongo, over personal rivalries.[33]

Education and health

Main articles: Education in Cameroon and Health in CameroonIn 2001, the literacy rate of Cameroon was estimated to be

67.9% (77% for males and 59.8% for females).[39] Most

children have access to state-run schools that are cheaper than

private and religious facilities.[40] The educational system is a

mixture of British and French precedents[41] with most

instruction in English or French.[42] Cameroon has one of the

highest school attendance rates in Africa.[40] Girls attend

school less regularly than boys do because of culturalattitudes, domestic duties, early marriage and pregnancy, andsexual harassment. Although attendance rates are higher in the

south,[40]

a disproportionate number of teachers are stationed

there, leaving northern schools chronically understaffed.[30]




6/19

Cameroon is divided into 10

regions.

The quality of health care is generally low.[43] Outside the major cities, facilities are often dirty and

poorly equipped.[44] Life expectancy at birth is estimated to be 54.71 years in 2012, among the lowest

in the world.[45] Endemic diseases include dengue fever, filariasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, meningitis,

schistosomiasis, and sleeping sickness.[46] The HIV/AIDS seroprevalence rate is estimated at 5.4% for

those aged 1549,[47] although a strong stigma against the illness keeps the number of reported cases

artificially low.[43] Traditional healers remain a popular alternative to Western medicine.[48]

Regions

Main articles: Regions of Cameroon and Divisions of Cameroon

The constitution divides Cameroon into 10 semi-autonomous regions,each under the administration of an elected Regional Council. A

presidential decree of 12 November 2008 officially instigated the

change from provinces to regions.[49] Each region is headed by a

presidentially appointed governor. These leaders are charged withimplementing the will of the president, reporting on the general mood

and conditions of the regions, administering the civil service, keepingthe peace, and overseeing the heads of the smaller administrative

units. Governors have broad powers: they may order propaganda in

their area and call in the army, gendarmes, and police.[50] All local

government officials are employees of the central governments

Ministry of Territorial Administration, from which local governments

also get most of their budgets.[9]

The regions are subdivided into 58 divisions (French dpartements).These are headed by presidentially appointed divisional officers

(prfets), who perform the governors' duties on a smaller scale. The divisions are further sub-divided

into sub-divisions (arrondissements), headed by assistant divisional officers (sous-prefets). The

districts, administered by district heads (chefs de district), are the smallest administrative units. Theseare found in large sub-divisions and in regions that are difficult to reach.

The three northernmost regions are the Far North (Extrme Nord), North (Nord), and Adamawa

(Adamaoua). Directly south of them are the Centre (Centre) and East (Est). The South Province (Sud)lies on the Gulf of Guinea and the southern border. Cameroon's western region is split into four

smaller regions: The Littoral (Littoral) and Southwest (Sud-Ouest) regions are on the coast, and the

orthwest (Nord-Ouest) and West (Ouest) regions are in the western grassfields. The Northwest andSouthwest were once part of British Cameroons; the other regions were in French Cameroon.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Cameroon

At 475,442 square kilometres (183,569 sq mi), Cameroon is

the world's 53rd-largest country.[51] It is comparable in size toPapua New Guinea and somewhat larger than the U.S. state of

California.[26][52]

The country is located in Central and WestAfrica on the Bight of Bonny, part of the Gulf of Guinea andthe Atlantic Ocean. Cameroon lies between latitudes 1 and

13N, and longitudes 8 and 17E.




7/19

Volcanic plugs dot the landscape near

Rhumsiki, Far North Region.

Countryside near Ngaoundal in

Cameroon's Adamawa Region.

Tourist literature describes Cameroon as "Africa in miniature"

because it exhibits all major climates and vegetation of the

continent: coast, desert, mountains, rainforest, and savanna.[53]

The country's neighbours are Nigeria to the west; Chad to the

northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and

Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo tothe south.

Cameroon is divided into five major geographic zonesdistinguished by dominant physical, climatic, and vegetative

features. The coastal plain extends 15 to 150 kilometres (9 to

93 mi) inland from the Gulf of Guinea[54]

and has an average

elevation of 90 metres (295 ft).[55] Exceedingly hot and humid with a short dry season, this belt isdensely forested and includes some of the wettest places on earth, part of the Cross-Sanaga-Bioko

coastal forests.[56][57]

The South Cameroon Plateau rises from the coastal plain to an average elevation of 650 metres(2,133 ft).[58] Equatorial rainforest dominates this region, although its alternation between wet and dryseasons makes it is less humid than the coast. This area is part of the Atlantic Equatorial coastal

forests ecoregion.

An irregular chain of mountains, hills, and plateaus known as

the Cameroon range extends from Mount Cameroon on the

coastCameroon's highest point at 4,095 metres (13,435 ft)[59]almost to Lake Chad at Cameroon's northern border at1305'N. This region has a mild climate, particularly on the

Western High Plateau, although rainfall is high. Its soils areamong Cameroon's most fertile, especially around volcanic

Mount Cameroon.[59] Volcanism here has created crater lakes.

On 21 August 1986, one of these, Lake Nyos, belched carbon

dioxide and killed between 1,700 and 2,000 people.[60] Thisarea has been delineated by the World Wildlife Fund as the

Cameroonian Highlands forests ecoregion.

The southern plateau rises northward to the grassy, rugged Adamawa Plateau. This feature stretchesfrom the western mountain area and forms a barrier between the country's north and south. Its average

elevation is 1,100 metres (3,609 ft),[58] and its average temperature ranges from 22 C (71.6 F) to

25 C (77 F) with high rainfall between April and October peaking in July and August.[61] Thenorthern lowland region extends from the edge of the Adamawa to Lake Chad with an average

elevation of 300 to 350 metres (984 to 1,148 ft).[59] Its characteristic vegetation is savanna scrub andgrass. This is an arid region with sparse rainfall and high median temperatures.

Cameroon has four patterns of drainage. In the south, the principal rivers are the Ntem, Nyong,Sanaga, and Wouri. These flow southwestward or westward directly into the Gulf of Guinea. The Dja

and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. In northern Cameroon, the Bnou River runsnorth and west and empties into the Niger. The Logone flows northward into Lake Chad, whichCameroon shares with three neighbouring countries.

Economy and infrastructure

Main article: Economy of Cameroon




8/19

Street vendor in Douala, Cameroon

Graphical depiction of Cameroon's

product exports in 28 color coded

categories.

A Fulani herder drives his cattle in

northern CameroonFishing is a major industry in

Cameroon. Fifteenth-century

Portuguese explorers found prawns in

such abundance that they named theareaRio dos Camares ("River of

Prawns"), the name from which

Cameroon derives. This prawn was

caught at Limbe in 2007.

Cameroon's per-capita GDP (Purchasing power parity) was

estimated as US$2,300 in 2008,[62] one of the ten highest in

sub-Saharan Africa.[63] Major export markets include France,

Italy, South Korea, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[26]

Cameroon has enjoyed a decade of strong economic

performance, with GDP growing at an average of 4 percentper year. During the 20042008 period, public debt wasreduced from over 60 percent of GDP to 10 percent and

official reserves quadrupled to over USD 3 billion.[64]

Cameroon is part of the Bank of Central African States (of

which it is the dominant economy),[63] the Customs andEconomic Union of Central Africa (UDEAC) and the

Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa

(OHADA).[65]

Its currency is the CFA franc. Red tape, high taxes, andendemic corruption have impeded growth of the private sector.

Unemployment was estimated at 30% in 2001, and about athird of the population was living below the international

poverty threshold of US$1.25 a day in 2009.[66] Since the late

1980s, Cameroon has been following programmes advocatedby the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) to

reduce poverty, privatise industries, and increase economic

growth.[27] Tourism isa growing sector,

particularly in the

coastal area, aroundMount Cameroon, and

in the north.

Cameroon's naturalresources are very well

suited to agricultureand arboriculture. An

estimated 70% of thepopulation farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated

19.8% of GDP in 2009.[26] Most agriculture is done at the

subsistence scale by local farmers using simple tools. Theysell their surplus produce, and some maintain separate fieldsfor commercial use. Urban centres are particularly reliant on

peasant agriculture for their foodstuffs. Soils and climate onthe coast encourage extensive commercial cultivation of

bananas, cocoa, oil palms, rubber, and tea. Inland on the South

Cameroon Plateau, cash crops include coffee, sugar, and tobacco. Coffee is a major cash crop in thewestern highlands, and in the north, natural conditions favour crops such as cotton, groundnuts, and

rice. Reliance on agricultural exports makes Cameroon vulnerable to shifts in their prices. [26]

Livestock are raised throughout the country. Fishing employs some 5,000 people and provides 20,000tons of seafood each year. Bushmeat, long a staple food for rural Cameroonians, is today a delicacy in

the country's urban centres. The commercial bushmeat trade has now surpassed deforestation as themain threat to wildlife in Cameroon.




9/19

A bush taxi attempts to pass a stalled

logging vehicle on the road between

Abong-Mbang and Lomi, East

Region.

The southern rainforest has vast timber reserves, estimated to cover 37% of Cameroon's total land

area. However, large areas of the forest are difficult to reach. Logging, largely handled by foreign-owned firms, provides the government US$60 million a year, and laws mandate the safe andsustainable exploitation of timber. Nevertheless, in practice, the industry is one of the least regulated

in Cameroon.

Factory-based industry accounted for an estimated 29.7% of

GDP in 2009.[26] More than 75% of Cameroon's industrial

strength is located in Douala and Bonabri. Cameroonpossesses substantial mineral resources, but these are not

extensively mined.[27] Petroleum exploitation has fallen since

1985, but this is still a substantial sector such that dips inprices have a strong effect on the economy. Rapids andwaterfalls obstruct the southern rivers, but these sites offer

opportunities for hydroelectric development and supply mostof Cameroon's energy. The Sanaga River powers the largest

hydroelectric station, located at Eda. The rest of Cameroon'senergy comes from oil-powered thermal engines. Much of thecountry remains without reliable power supplies.

Transport in Cameroon is often difficult. Except for theseveral relatively good toll roads which connect major cities

(all of them one-lane) roads are poorly maintained and subjectto inclement weather, since only 10% of the roadways are

tarred.[26] Roadblocks often serve little other purpose than to allow police and gendarmes to collect

bribes from travellers.[67] Road banditry has long hampered transport along the eastern and western

borders, and since 2005, the problem has intensified in the east as the Central African Republic has

further destabilised.[68]

Intercity bus services run by multiple private companies connect all major cities. Although intercitybuses rarely depart on schedule but rather wait until all the tickets are sold. They are the most popular

mean of transportation followed by the rail service Camrail. Rail service runs from Kumba in thewest to Blabo in the east and north to Ngaoundr.

International airports are located in Douala and Yaound. The airport at Bamenda is now closed. TheWouri estuary provides a harbour for Douala, the country's principal seaport. In the north, the BnouRiver is seasonally navigable from Garoua across into Nigeria.

Although press freedoms have improved since the first decade of the 21st century, the press is corrupt

and beholden to special interests and political groups.[69]Newspapers routinely self-censor to avoid

government reprisals.[30] The major radio and television stations are state-run and othercommunications, such as land-based telephones and telegraphs, are largely under government control.[70]

However, cell phone networks and Internet providers have increased dramatically since the first

decade of the 21st century[71] and are largely unregulated.[31]

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Cameroon and Languages of Cameroon




10/19

Population in

Cameroon[72]

Year Million

1971 7.0

1990 12.2

2009 19.5

Source: OECD/World Bank

The homes of the Musgum, in the Far

North Region, are made of earth and

grass.

2009 UN estimates place Cameroon's population at 19,522,000.

The population is young: an estimated 40.9% are under 15, and96.7% are under 65. The birth rate is estimated at 34.1 births per

1,000 people, the death rate at 12.2.[26] The life expectancy is

53.69 years (52.89 years for males and 54.52 years for females).[26]

Cameroon's population is almost evenly divided between urban andrural dwellers.[73] Population density is highest in the large urban

centres, the western highlands, and the northeastern plain.[74]

Douala, Yaound, and Garoua are the largest cities. In contrast, the

Adamawa Plateau, southeastern Bnou depression, and most of the South Cameroon Plateau are

sparsely populated.[75]

People from the overpopulated western highlands and the underdeveloped north are moving to the

coastal plantation zone and urban centres for employment.[76] Smaller movements are occurring as

workers seek employment in lumber mills and plantations in the south and east.[77] Although the

national sex ratio is relatively even, these out-migrants are primarily males, which leads tounbalanced ratios in some regions.[78]

Both monogamous and polygamous marriage are practiced,

and the average Cameroonian family is large and extended.[79]

In the north, women tend to the home, and men herd cattle orwork as farmers. In the south, women grow the family's food,

and men provide meat and grow cash crops. Cameroonian

society is male-dominated, and violence and discrimination

against women is common.[30][31][80]

Estimates identify anywhere from 230 to 282 different folksand linguistic groups in Cameroon.[81][82] The AdamawaPlateau broadly bisects these into northern and southerndivisions. The northern peoples are Sudanese groups, who live

in the central highlands and the northern lowlands, and theFulani, who are spread throughout northern Cameroon. A small number of Shuwa Arabs live near

Lake Chad. Southern Cameroon is inhabited by speakers of Bantu and Semi-Bantu languages. Bantu-speaking groups inhabit the coastal and equatorial zones, while speakers of Semi-Bantu languageslive in the Western grassfields. Some 5,000 Pygmies roam the southeastern and coastal rainforests or

live in small, roadside settlements.[83]Nigerians, make up the largest group of foreign nationals.[84]

In 2007, Cameroon hosted a total population of refugees andasylum seekers of approximately 97,400. Of these, 49,300 were

from the Central African Republic (many driven west by war),[85]

41,600 from Chad, and 2,900 from Nigeria.[86]

Kidnappings ofCameroonian citizens by Central African bandits have increased

since 2005.[68]

The European languages introduced during colonialism have

created a linguistic divide between the population who live in the

orthwest and Southwest regions and the French-speaking

remainder of the country.[87] Both English and French are officiallanguages, although French is by far the most understood language

(80+ %).[88] German, the language of the original colonisers, has




11/19

A Tikar family in the Northwest

Province

Religion in Cameroon[91]

religion percent

Christianity 70%

Islam 21%

Indigenous 6%

Other (including Judaism, the Bah' Faith and people without religion) 4%

Holidays

long since been displaced by French and English. Cameroonian

Pidgin English is the lingua franca in the formerly British-

administered territories.[89] A mixture of English, French, and

Pidgin called Camfranglais has been gaining popularity in urban

centres since the mid-1970s.[90]

Religion

Main article: Religion in Cameroon

Cameroon has a high level of religious freedom and diversity.[30]

The predominant faith is Christianity, practiced by about two-

thirds of the population, while Islam is a significant minority faith,adhered to by about one-fifth. In addition, traditional faiths are

practiced by many. Muslims are most concentrated in the north,

while Christians are concentrated primarily in the southern and

western regions, but practitioners of both faiths can be found throughout the country.[91] Large cities

have significant populations of both groups.[91] There is significant internal migration. There are

currently no active religious political parties.

People from the North-West and South-West provinces are largely Protestant, and the French-

speaking regions of the southern and western regions are largely Catholic.[91] Southern ethnic groups

predominantly follow Christian or traditional African animist beliefs, or a syncretic combination of

the two. People widely believe in witchcraft, and the government outlaws such practices.[92]

Suspected witches are often subject to mob violence.[30]

In the northern regions, the locally dominant Fulani ethnic group is mostly Muslim, but the overall

population is fairly evenly divided among Muslims, Christians, and followers of indigenous religious

beliefs (calledKirdi ("pagan") by the Fulani).[91] The Bamum ethnic group of the West Region is

largely Muslim.[91]Native traditional religions are practiced in rural areas throughout the country butrarely are practiced publicly in cities, in part because many indigenous religious groups are

intrinsically local in character.[91]

Culture

Main article: Culture of Cameroon

Further information: Cuisine of Cameroon and Music of Cameroon

Each of Cameroon'sethnic groups has its

own unique cultural

forms. Typical




12/19

Baka dancers greet visitors to the East

Region.

Date English Name

1 January New Year's Day

11 FebruaryNational YouthDay

1 May Labour Day

20 May National Day

15 August Assumption

1 October Unification Day

25

DecemberChristmas

celebrations include

births, deaths, plantings,harvests, and religiousrituals. Seven national

holidays are observedthroughout the year, and

movable holidays includethe Christian holy days ofGood Friday, Easter

Sunday, Easter Monday,and Ascension; and the

Muslim holy days of Eid-ul-Fitr, Eid-ul-Adha, andEid Miladun Nabi.

Music and dance are an integral part of Cameroonian

ceremonies, festivals, social gatherings, and storytelling.[93]

Traditional dances are highly choreographed and separate men and women or forbid participation byone sex altogether.[94] The goals of dances range from pure entertainment to religious devotion.[95]

Traditionally, music is transmitted orally. In a typical performance, a chorus of singers echoes a

soloist.[96]

Musical accompaniment may be as simple as clapping hands and stomping feet,[97]but traditionalinstruments include bells worn by dancers, clappers, drums and talking drums, flutes, horns, rattles,

scrapers, stringed instruments, whistles, and xylophones; the exact combination varies with ethnic

group and region. Some performers sing complete songs by themselves, accompanied by a harplike

instrument.[96][98]

Popular music styles include ambasse bey of the coast, assiko of the Bassa, mangambeu of the

Bangangte, and tsamassi of the Bamileke.[99]Nigerian music has influenced AnglophoneCameroonian performers, and Prince Nico Mbarga's highlife hit "Sweet Mother" is the top-selling

African record in history.[100] The two most popular styles are makossa and bikutsi. Makossa

developed in Douala and mixes folk music, highlife, soul, and Congo music. Performers such as

Manu Dibango, Francis Bebey, Moni Bil, and Petit-Pays popularised the style worldwide in the1970s and 1980s. Bikutsi originated as war music among the Ewondo. Artists such as Anne-Marie

zi developed it into a popular dance music beginning in the 1940s, and performers such as Mama

Ohandja and Les Ttes Brules popularised it internationally during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.[101]

Cuisine varies by region, but a large, one-course, eveningmeal is common throughout the country. A typical dish is

based on cocoyams, maize, cassava (manioc), millet,

plantains, potatoes, rice, or yams, often pounded into dough-like fufu (cous-cous). This is served with a sauce, soup, or

stew made from greens, groundnuts, palm oil, or other

ingredients.[102] Meat and fish are popular but expensive

additions.[103]

Dishes are often quite hot, spiced with salt, red

pepper, and Maggi.[104] Water, palm wine, and millet beer arethe traditional mealtime drinks, although beer, soda, and wine

have gained popularity. Silverware is common, but food istraditionally manipulated with the right hand. Breakfastconsists of leftovers of bread and fruit with coffee or tea,

generally breakfast is made from wheat flour various different




13/19

A woman weaves a basket near Lake

Ossa, Littoral Region. Cameroonians

practice such handicrafts throughout

the country.

Cameroon faces Germany at

Zentralstadion in Leipzig, 27 April

2003.

foods such as puff-puff (doughnuts), accra banana made from

bananas and flour,bean cakes and many more. Snacks arepopular, especially in larger towns where they may be bought

from street vendors.[105]

Traditional arts and crafts are practiced throughout the country

for commercial, decorative, and religious purposes.Woodcarvings and sculptures are especially common.[106] Thehigh-quality clay of the western highlands is suitable for

pottery and ceramics.[95]

Other crafts include basket weaving,beadworking, brass and bronze working, calabash carving andpainting, embroidery, and leather working. Traditional

housing styles make use of locally available materials andvary from temporary wood-and-leaf shelters of nomadic

Mbororo to the rectangular mud-and-thatch homes of southern

peoples. Dwellings made from materials such as cement and

tin are increasingly common.[107]

Contemporary art is mainly promoted by independent cultural organizations (Doual'art, Africra) and

artist-run initiatives (Art Wash, Atelier Viking, ArtBakery). Douala and Yaound are the major citieswhere the institutions and projects are located. Douala hosts the art biennial DUTA (2005 and 2007)

and the art and architecture triennial SUD-Salon Urbain de Douala with site-specific permanent and

ephemeral urban interventions; in Yaound is located RAVY-Rencontres d'arts visuels de Yaound.

Cameroonian literature and film have concentrated on both

European and African themes. Colonial-era writers such as

Louis-Marie Pouka and Sankie Maimo were educated by

European missionary societies and advocated assimilation into

European culture as the means to bring Cameroon into the

modern world.[108] After World War II, writers such as MongoBeti and Ferdinand Oyono analysed and criticised colonialism

and rejected assimilation.[109]

Shortly after independence, filmmakers such as Jean-Paul

gassa and Thrse Sita-Bella explored similar themes.[110] Inthe 1960s, Mongo Beti and other writers explored post-

colonialism, problems of African development, and the

recovery of African identity.[111] Meanwhile, in the mid-

1970s, filmmakers such as Jean-Pierre Dikongu Pipa andDaniel Kamwa dealt with the conflicts between traditional and post-colonial society. Literature and

films during the next two decades concentrated more on wholly Cameroonian themes.[112]

ational policy strongly advocates sport in all forms. Traditional sports include canoe racing and

wrestling, and several hundred runners participate in the 40 km (25 mi) Mount Cameroon Race of

Hope each year.[113] Cameroon is one of the few tropical countries to have competed in the Winter

Olympics. However, sport in Cameroon is dominated by association football (soccer). Amateur

football clubs abound, organised along ethnic lines or under corporate sponsors. The Cameroonnational football team has been one of the most successful in Africa since its strong showing in the

1990 FIFA World Cup. Cameroon has won four African Cup of Nations titles and the gold medal at

the 2000 Olympics.[114] Samuel Eto'o and the Cameroon national team did not make it out of the

group stages of the 2010 FIFA World Cup.




14/19

See also

Outline of Cameroon

Index of Cameroon-related articles

Notes

1. ^ a b c "Cameroon" (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107382.html) . Infoplease.

http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0107382.html. Retrieved 27 May 2011.2. ^ "Cameroon" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html) . The World

Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html. Retrieved 21 July2012.

3. ^ "Rapport de prsentation des rsultats dfinitifs" (http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/Rapport_de_presentation_3_RGPH.pdf) (in French) (PDF). Institut national de

la statistique. p. 6. http://www.statistics-cameroon.org/downloads/Rapport_de_presentation_3_RGPH.pdf.Retrieved 21 July 2012.

4. ^ a b c d "Cameroon" (http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?

pr.x=39&pr.y=9&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=622&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=) . International Monetary Fund.

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2012/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?

pr.x=39&pr.y=9&sy=2009&ey=2012&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=622&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=. Retrieved 2012-04-18.

5. ^ "Distribution of family income Gini index" (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html) . The World Factbook. CIA. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-

world-factbook/fields/2172.html. Retrieved 2009-09-01.6. ^ http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2011_EN_Table1.pdf

7. ^ In Fula:Fule; in French:PeulorPeuhl.8. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 2.

9. ^ a b c Cameroon (http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/26431.htm) . State.gov (2011-08-25). Retrieved on

2011-09-24.

10. ^ Fanso 84.11. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 59

12. ^ a b Bamum (http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/inscribing/bamum.html) . National Museum of African Art,

Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved on 2012-01-29.

13. â b

DeLancey and DeLancey 125.

14. â b

DeLancey and DeLancey 5.15. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 4.

16. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 6.17. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 19.

18. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 7.

19. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 8.20. ^ a b DeLancey and DeLancey 9.

21. ^Nkemngu.22. ^ Matthews.

23. ^ "Background Notes: Cameroon; Neba 250.

24. ^ a b IRIN, "New anti-corruption drive".

25. ^ "Corruption Perceptions Index".

26. â b c d e f g h i j

CIA World Factbook: Cameroon (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html) . Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2011-09-24.

27. ^ a b c d "Background Note: Cameroon".

28. ^ "Cameroon", Amnesty International; "Cameroon (2006)", Freedom House; "Cameroon", Country

Reports on Human Rights Practices, U.S. Department of State; "Elections to the Human Rights Council",Amnesty International.29. ^ "Elections to the Human Rights Council".

30. ^ a b c d e f g "Cameroon", Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.




15/19

31. ^ a b c d "Cameroon (2006)", Freedom House.

32. ^ "Background Note: Cameroon"; Neba 252.

33. ^a b

West 11.34. ^ "Cameroon", Amnesty International.

35. ^ Cameroon is ranked a six in both categories on a scale of one to seven, with one being "most free" andseven being "least free". "Cameroon (2006)", Freedom House.

36. ^ Kandemeh.

37. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 126; Ngoh 328.38. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 30.

39. ^ CIA The World Factbook (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html) . Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2011-09-24.

40. ^ a b c Mbaku 15.

41. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 1056.42. ^ Mbaku 16.

43. ^ a b DeLancey and DeLancey 21.

44. ^ West 64.45. ^ CIA World Factbook (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-

factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html?

countryName=Cameroon&countryCode=cm&regionCode=afr&rank=200#cm;) , Life Expectancy ranks46. ^ West 5860.

47. ^ "Cameroon", UNAIDS.48. ^ Lantum and andre Monono 14.

49. ^ Dcret N 2008/376 du 12 novembre 2008 (http://www.prc.cm/index_fr.php?link=les_actes/lecture_act&id=79&lang=fr&quoi=D%E9cret) , President of the Republic website.

Accessed 9 June 2009.50. ^Neba 250.

51. ^Demographic Yearbook1.52. ^ "Rank Order Area".


54. ^ Fomesky et al. 6.55. ^Neba 14.

56. ^Neba 28.57. ^ "Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes".

58. ^ a bNeba 16.

59. ^ a b cNeba 17.

60. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 161 report 1,700 killed; Hudgens and Trillo 1054 say "at least 2,000"; West10 says "more than 2,000".

61. ^ Gwanfogbe et al. 20; Neba 29.62. ^ "CIA Factbook 2009".

63. ^ a b Musa, "Biya plan to keep power in Cameroon clears hurdle".

64. ^ MFW4A (http://www.mfw4a.org/cameroon/cameroon-financial-sector-profile.html) . MFW4A.

Retrieved on 2011-09-24.

65. ^ "The business law portal in Africa (http://www.ohada.com/index.php) ", OHADA.com. Accessed 22March 2009.

66. ^Human Development Indices (http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_2008_EN_Tables.pdf) , Table 3:

Human and income poverty, p. 35. Retrieved on 1 June 2009.67. ^ Hudgens and Trillo 1036.

68. ^ a b Musa, "Gunmen kill one, kidnap 22 in Cameroon near CAR".

69. ^ "Cameroon Annual Report 2007".70. ^ Mbaku 20.

71. ^ Mbaku 201.72. ^ CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2Highlights.XLS)

Population 19712009 IEA (pdf (http://iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf) pages 8789

73. ^ West 3.

74. ^Neba 10911.75. ^Neba 111.76. ^Neba 1056.

77. ^Neba 106.




16/19

78. ^Neba 1034.79. ^ Mbaku 139.

80. ^ Mbaku 141.81. ^Neba 65, 67.

82. ^ West 13.

83. ^Neba 48.84. ^Neba 108.

85. ^ International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.86. ^ "World Refugee Survey 2008" (http://www.refugees.org/survey) . U.S. Committee for Refugees and

Immigrants. 2008-06-19. http://www.refugees.org/survey.87. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 28.

88. ^La langue francaise dans le monde en 2010, Nathan89. ^Neba 94.

90. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 131; Niba.

91. ^ a b c d e f g July-December, 2010 International Religious Freedom Report Cameroon

(http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010_5/168393.htm) . State.gov (2011-4-8). Retrieved on 2011-11-12.92. ^ Geschiere 16970.

93. ^ Mbaku 189; West 18.94. ^ Mbaku 204.

95. ^ a b West 18.

96. ^ a b Mbaku 189.

97. ^ Mbaku 191.98. ^ West 189.

99. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 184.100. ^ Mbaku 200.

101. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 51; Nkolo & Ewens 443.102. ^ West 845.

103. ^ Mbaku 1212.

104. ^ Hudgens and Trillo 1047; Mbaku 122; West 84.105. ^ Mbaku 121; Hudgens and Trillo 1049.

106. ^ West 17.107. ^ Mbaku 1103.

108. ^ Mbaku 801109. ^ Fitzpatrick 38; Mbaku 77, 834; Volet.

110. ^ DeLancey and DeLancey 11920; West 20.111. ^ Mbaku 856.


113. ^ West 127.114. ^ West 923, 127.

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United States Department of State. Accessed 6 April 2007. "Cameroon (http://web.amnesty.org/report2006/cmr-summary-eng) ".Amnesty International

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"Cameroon (http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78723.htm) ". Country Reports on

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"Cameroon

(http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/countries/country_fact_sheets/cty_fs_CMR.html) ".Human Development Report 2006. United Nations Development Programme. Accessed 6 April

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World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence Agency. 15 March 2007. Accessed 6 April

2007.




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"Cameroon (http://www.unaids.org/en/Regions_Countries/Countries/cameroon.asp) ".

UNAIDS. Accessed 6 April 2007. "Cameroon (2006) (http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?

page=22&year=2006&country=6935) ". Country Report: 2006 Edition. Freedom House, Inc.

Accessed 6 April 2007. "Cameroon Annual Report 2007 (http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20731) ".

Reporters without Borders. Accessed 6 April 2007. "CAMEROON: New anti-corruption drive leaves many sceptical(http://www.irinnews.org/report.aspx?reportid=57951) ". 27 January 2006.IRIN. UN Office for

the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. Accessed 6 April 2007. Constitution of the Republic of Cameroon (English

(http://confinder.richmond.edu/admin/docs/Cameroon.pdf) and French(http://www.prc.cm/instit/consti.htm) versions). 18 January 1996. Accessed 6 April 2007.

"Corruption Perceptions Index 2007

(http://www.transparency.org/policy_research/surveys_indices/cpi/2007) ". TransparencyInternational. Accessed 28 September 2007.

DeLancey, Mark W., and Mark Dike DeLancey (2000):Historical Dictionary of the Republic

of Cameroon (3rd ed.). Lanham, Maryland: The Scarecrow Press. Demographic Yearbook 2004

(http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/DYB2003/Table03.pdf) . United NationsStatistics Division.

"2006 Elections to the Human Rights Council: Background information on candidate countries(http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGIOR410062006?open&of=ENG-CMR) ". May2006. Amnesty International Publications. Accessed 6 April 2007.

Fanso, V. G. (1989). Cameroon History for Secondary Schools and Colleges, Vol. 1: FromPrehistoric Times to the Nineteenth Century. Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd.

Fitzpatrick, Mary (2002). "Cameroon."Lonely Planet West Africa, 5th ed. China: Lonely Planet

Publications Pty Ltd.

Fomensky, R., M. Gwanfogbe, and F. Tsala, editorial advisers (1985)Macmillan School Atlasfor Cameroon. Malaysia: Macmillan Education Ltd.

Fonge, Fuabeh P. (1997).Modernization without Development in Africa: Patterns of Changeand Continuity in Post-Independence Cameroonian Public Service. Trenton, New Jersey:

Africa World Press, Inc. Geschiere, Peter (1997). The Modernity of Witchcraft: Politics and the Occult in Postcolonial

Africa. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia. Gwanfogbe, Mathew, Ambrose Meligui, Jean Moukam, and Jeanette Nguoghia (1983).

Geography of Cameroon. Hong Kong: Macmillan Education Ltd.

"Highest Average Annual Precipitation Extremes(http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html#highpre) ". Global Measured

Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation, National Climatic Data Center, 9 August 2004.Accessed 6 April 2007.

Hudgens, Jim, and Richard Trillo (1999). West Africa: The Rough Guide. 3rd ed. London:

Rough Guides Ltd. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (28 May 2007). "Cameroon:

Population Movement; DREF Bulletin no. MDRCM004(http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/EKOI-73N32R?OpenDocument) ".ReliefWeb. Accessed 18 June 2007.

Kandemeh, Emmanuel (17 July 2007). "Journalists Warned against Declaring Election Results(http://www.cameroon-tribune.net/article.php?lang=Fr&oled=j17072007&idart=4085&olarch=j17072007) ", Cameroon Tribune. Accessed 18

July 2007. Lantum, Daniel M., and Martin Ekeke Monono (2005). "Republic of Cameroon", Who Global

Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. World Health Organization.




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MacDonald, Brian S. (1997). "Case Study 4: Cameroon",Military Spending in Developing

Countries: How Much Is Too Much? McGill-Queen's University Press. Matthews, Andy (12 March 2008). "Cameroon protests in USA

(http://www.africanews.com/site/list_messages/16465) ", Africa News. Accessed 13 March

2008. Mbaku, John Mukum (2005). Culture and Customs of Cameroon. Westport, Connecticut:

Greenwood Press. Musa, Tansa (8 April 2008). "Biya plan to keep power in Cameroon clears hurdle(http://africa.reuters.com/wire/news/usnL08308448.html) ". Reuters. Accessed 9 April 2008.

Musa, Tansa (27 June 2007). "Gunmen kill one, kidnap 22 in Cameroon near CAR(http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/L27787695.htm) ". Reuters. Accessed 27 June

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Publishers.

Niba, Francis Ngwa (20 February 2007). "New language for divided Cameroon(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6376389.stm) ". BBC News. Accessed 6 April 2007.

Njeuma, Dorothy L. (no date). "Country Profiles: Cameroon

(http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/soe/cihe/inhea/profiles/Cameroon.htm) ". The Boston CollegeCenter for International Higher Education. Accessed 11 April 2008.

Nkemngu, Martin A. (11 March 2008). "Facts and Figures of the Tragic Protests(http://www.cameroon-tribune.net/article.php?

lang=Fr&oled=j11032008&idart=9281&olarch=) ", Cameroon Tribune. Accessed 12 March2008.

Nkolo, Jean-Victor, and Graeme Ewens (2000). "Cameroon: Music of a Small Continent".

World Music, Volume 1: Africa, Europe and the Middle East. London: Rough Guides Ltd. "Rank Order Area (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-

factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html) ". The World Factbook. United States Central Intelligence

Agency. 15 March 2007. Accessed 6 April 2007.

Sa'ah, Randy Joe (23 June 2006). "Cameroon girls battle 'breastironing' (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5107360.stm) ". BBC News. Accessed 6 April 2007.

Swarovski Orchestra (2004).National Anthems of the World. Koch International Classics.

Audio CD.

Volet, Jean-Marie (10 November 2006). "Cameroon Literature at a glance(http://aflit.arts.uwa.edu.au/CountryCameroonEN.html) ".Reading women writers and African

literatures. Accessed 6 April 2007. West, Ben (2004). Cameroon: The Bradt Travel Guide. Guilford, Connecticut: The Globe

Pequot Press Inc.

Wight, Susannah, ed. (2006). Cameroon. Spain: MTH Multimedia S.L. "World Economic and Financial Surveys

(http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/02/data/index.aspx) ". World EconomicOutlook Database, International Monetary Fund. September 2006. Accessed 6 April 2007.

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(http://esa.un.org/unpp/) . 2006. United Nations Population Division. Accessed 6 April 2007.

2011. "Corruption Perceptions Index" (http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2011/results) Accessed 5

April 2012

External links

Government

Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon (http://www.presidenceducameroun.com) Prime Minister's Office (http://www.spm.gov.cm/index.php?L=1)




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ational Assembly of Cameroon (http://www.assemblenationale.cm/)

Global Integrity Report: Cameroon (http://www.globalintegrity.org/report/Cameroon/2010/)has reporting on anti-corruption in Cameroon

Chief of State and Cabinet Members (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-

1/world-leaders-c/cameroon.html)

General information

Cameroon (https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cm.html) entry atThe World Factbook

Cameroon (http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/cameroon.htm) from UCB Libraries

GovPubs Cameroon (http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Africa/Cameroon/) at the Open Directory Project

Wikimedia Atlas of Cameroon Cameroon travel guide from Wikitravel Key Development Forecasts for Cameroon

(http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CM) from International Futures

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cameroon&oldid=506274896"

Categories: Cameroon African countries Countries bordering the Atlantic Ocean

English-speaking countries and territories French-speaking countries

Member states of La Francophonie Member states of the African Union

Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations

Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation Republics

States and territories established in 1960 Member states of the United Nations

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