en.wikipedia.org wiki world energy consumption

8/2/2019 en.wikipedia.org Wiki World Energy Consumption

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Growth in energy consumption 2010 for

the G20 from Enerdata

(http://www.enerdata.net/enerdatauk/publica

-20-2010-strongly-energy-demand-

increase.php)

Rate of world energy usage in terawatts

(TW), 19652005[1]

Global energy usage in successively

increasing detail (2005)[2][3]

World energy consumptionFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

World energy consumption in 2010: over 5% growth[6]

Energy markets have combined crisis recovery and strongindustry dynamism. Energy consumption in the G20 soared

by more than 5% in 2010, after the slight decrease of 2009.This strong increase is the result of two converging trends.On the one-hand, industrialized countries, whichexperienced sharp decreases in energy demand in 2009,recovered firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historicaltrends. Oil, gas, coal, and electricity markets followed thesame trend. On the other hand, China and India, whichshowed no signs of slowing down in 2009, continued theirintense demand for all forms of energy.

In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the firsttime in 30 years (-1.1%) or 130 Mtoe (Megaton oilequivalent), as a result of the financial and economic crisis

(GDP drop by 0.6% in 2009).[7] This evolution is the resultof two contrasting trends. Energy consumption growthremained vigorous in several developing countries,specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD,consumption was severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thusalmost down to its 2000 levels. In North America, Europeand CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5%respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity.China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% ofthe total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009

(from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source(33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasingover time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energyconsumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.

In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474

exajoules (474 1018 J=132,000 TWh). This is equivalent toan average energy consumption rate of 15 terawatts

(1.504 1013 W)[1] The potential for renewable energy is:solar energy 1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ(167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ (139,000 TWh),

biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ (14,000TWh) and ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh).[8]

More than half of the energy has been consumed in the lasttwo decades since the industrial revolution, despite

advances in efficiency and sustainability.[9] According to

IEA world statistics in four years (20042008) the worldpopulation increased 5%, annual CO2 emissions increased

10% and gross energy production increased 10%.[10]

Page 1 of 16World energy consumption - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

10/2/2011http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption


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Energy intensity of different economies

The graph shows the ratio between energy

usage and GDP for selected countries.

GDP is based on 2004 purchasing power

parity and 2000 dollars adjusted for

inflation.[4]

GDP and energy consumption in Japan,

19582000 The data shows the correlationbetween GDP and energy use; however, it

also shows that this link can be broken.

After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 the

energy use stagnated while Japan's GDP

continued to grow, after 1985, under the

influence of the then much cheaper oil,

energy use resumed its historical relation

to GDP.[5]

Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it ischeaper to transport final products than raw materials. In2008 the share export of the total energy production by fuelwas: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm ),hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt) and electricity 1%

(269/20,181 TWh).[11]

Most of the world's energy resources are from the sun's rayshitting earth. Some of that energy has been preserved asfossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; forexample, via wind, hydro- or wave power. The term solarconstant is the amount of incoming solar electromagneticradiation per unit area, measured on the outer surface ofEarth's atmosphere, in a plane perpendicular to the rays. Thesolar constant includes all types of solar radiation, not justvisible light. It is measured by satellite to be roughly 1366watts per square meter, though it fluctuates by about 6.9%

during a yearfrom 1412 W m2 in early January to

1321 W m2

in early July, due to the Earth's varyingdistance from the sun, and by a few parts per thousand fromday to day. For the whole Earth, with a cross section of

127,400,000 km2, the total energy rate is 174 petawatts

(1.740 1017 W), plus or minus 3.5%. This value is the totalrate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89

PW, reaches the Earth's surface.[citation needed]

The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwideenergy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels

totaling an estimated 0.4 YJ (1 YJ = 1024J) and the available

nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuelsrange from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methaneclathrates are accurate and become technically extractable.The total energy flux from the sun is 3.8 YJ/yr, dwarfing allnon-renewable resources.

From 1990 to 2008 the average use of energy per person asIEA data increased 10 % and the world population increased27 %. Regional energy use grew from 1990 to 2008: MiddleEast 170 %, China 146 %, India 91 %, Africa 70 %, LatinAmerica 66 %, USA 20 %, EU-27 7 % and world 39 %

Contents

1 Emissions2 Primary energy

2.1 Fossil fuels2.1.1 Coal2.1.2 Oil




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Regional energy use (kWh/capita & TWh) and growth 1990-2008 (%)[12][13]

kWh/capita Population (million) Energy use (1,000 TWh)

1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth

USA 89,021 87,216 - 2 % 250 305 22 % 22.3 26.6 20 %

EU-27 40,240 40,821 1 % 473 499 5 % 19.0 20.4 7 %

Middle East 19,422 34,774 79 % 132 199 51 % 2.6 6.9 170 %

China 8,839 18,608 111 % 1,141 1,333 17 % 10.1 24.8 146 %

LatinAmerica

11,281 14,421 28 % 355 462 30 % 4.0 6.7 66 %

Africa 7,094 7,792 10 % 634 984 55 % 4.5 7.7 70 %

India 4,419 6,280 42 % 850 1,140 34 % 3.8 7.2 91 %

Others* 25,217 23,871 nd 1,430 1,766 23 % 36.1 42.2 17 %

The World 19,422 21,283 10 % 5,265 6,688 27 % 102.3 142.3 39 %

Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank

Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh

Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies

between the other countries: E.g. in Australia, Japan or Canada energy is used more per capita than inBangladesh or Burma.

2.1.3 Gas

2.2 Nuclear power2.3 Renewable energy

2.3.1 Hydropower2.3.2 Wind power2.3.3 Solar power2.3.4 Geothermal2.3.5 Biomass and biofuels

3 By country3.1 Oil3.2 Coal3.3 Natural gas

4 By sector5 Alternative energy paths

6 See also7 References8 Further reading9 External links




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World energy and power supply (TWh)[17]

Energy Power

1990 102 569 11 821

2000 117 687 15 395

2005 133 602 18 258

2008 143 851 20 181

Source: IEA/OECD

Energy by power source 2008[18]

TWh %

Oil 48 204 33.5%

Coal 38 497 26.8%

Gas 30 134 20.9%

Nuclear 8 283 5.8%

Hydro 3 208 2.2%

Other RE* 15 284 10.6%

Others 241 0.2%

Total 143 851 100%

Source: IEA *`=solar, wind, geothermal and biofuels

Emissions

The global warming emissions resulting from energy production are a serious global environmentalproblem. Therefore many nations have signed the UN agreement to prevent a dangerous impact on theworld's climate. What is a dangerous concentration remains a subject of debate. Limiting globaltemperature rise at 2 degrees Celsius, considered as a high risk level by Stockholm Environmental

Institute, demands 75% decline in carbon emissions in the industrial countries by 2050, if the populationis 10 mrd in 2050.[14] 75% in 40 years is about 2% decrease every year. As 2011, the warming emissionsof energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem. There is a 2530years lag in the complete warming effect of emissions. Thus human activities have created already a 1,5

C temperature rise (2006).[15] According to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute) for securitycivilization has to stop increase of emissions within a decade regardless of economy and population state

(2009).[16]

Primary energy

The

United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumptionfor most types of primary energy resources. According to IEA total world energy supply was 102,569TWh (1990); 117,687 TWh (2000); 133,602 TWh (2005) and 143,851 TWh (2008). World powergeneration was 11,821 TWh (1990); 15,395 TWh (2000); 18,258 TWh (2005) and 20,181 TWh (2008).Compared to power supply 20,181 TWh the power end use was only 16,819 TWh in 2008 includingEU27: 2 857 TWh, China 2 883 TWh and USA 4 533 TWh. In 2008 energy use per person was in the

USA 4.1 fold, EU 1.9 fold and Middle East 1.6 fold the world average and in China 87% and India 30%of the world average.[17]

In 2008 energy supply by power source was oil 33.5%, coal 26.8%, gas 20.8% (fossil 81%), renewable(hydro, solar, wind, geothermal power and biofuels) 12.9%, nuclear 5.8% and other 4%. Oil was themost popular energy fuel. Oil and coal combined represented over 60% of the world energy supply in2008.




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Regional energy use (kWh/hab)[12][13]

kWh/capita Population (milj)

1990 2008 1990 2008

USA 89 021 87 216 305

EU-27 40 240 40 821

Middle East 19 422 34 774 199

China 8 839 18 608 1 333Latin America 11 281 14 421 462

Africa 7 094 7 792 984

India 4 419 6 280 1 140

The World 19 421 21 283 6 688

Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank

Regional coal supply (TWh) and share 2009 (%)[22]

2000 2008 2009* %*

North America 6,654 6,740 6,375 16%

Asia excl. China 5,013 7,485 7,370 19%

China 7,318 16,437 18,449 47%

EU 3,700 3,499 3,135 8%

Africa 1,049 1,213 1,288 3%

Russia 1,387 1,359 994 3%

Others 1,485 1,763 1,727 4%

Total 26,607 38,497 39,340 100%

Source: IEA, *in 2009 BP

Since the annual energy supply increase has been high, e.g. 20072008 4,461 TWh, compared to the

total nuclear power end use 2,731 TWh[18][19] environmental activists, like Greenpeace, support increaseof energy efficiency and renewable energy capacity. These are also more and more addressed in theinternational agreements and national Energy Action Plans, like the EU 2009 Renewable EnergyDirective and corresponding national plans. The global renewable energy supply increased from 2000 to

2008 in total 3,155 TWh, also more than the nuclear power use 2,731 TWh in 2008. [20] The energyresources below show the extensive reserves of renewable energy.

Fuel typeAverage power in TW

[21]

1980 2004 2006

Oil 4.38 5.58 5.74

Gas 1.80 3.45 3.61

Coal 2.34 3.87 4.27

Hydroelectric 0.60 0.93 1.00

Nuclear power 0.25 0.91 0.93

Geothermal, wind,solar energy,wood

0.02 0.13 0.16

Total 9.48 15.0 15.8

Source: The USA Energy Information Administration

Fossil fuels

Main article: Fossil fuel

The twentieth century saw a rapidtwentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels.Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide

annual growth rate was 2%.[1] According tothe US Energy Information Administration's2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ totalconsumption in 2004 was divided as follows,with fossil fuels supplying 86% of theworld's energy:

Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the18th and 19th century. With the advent of

the automobile, airplanes and the spreadinguse of electricity, oil became the dominantfuel during the twentieth century. Thegrowth of oil as the largest fossil fuel wasfurther enabled by steadily dropping pricesfrom 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased

from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil. [23] Coal, natural gas, and nuclearbecame the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energyefficiency. In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which




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Regional oil supply (TWh) and share 2009 (%)[27]

2000 2008 2009* %*

North America 12,350 12,590 12,305 26%

Asia excl. China 8,510 9,217 9,620 21%

China 2,490 4,130 4,855 10%

EU 7,980 8,055 8,050 17%

Africa 1,482 1,624 1,730 4%

Russia 2,138 2,828 1,499 3%

Others 8,562 9,761 8,526 18%

Total 43,506 48,204 46,585 100%


bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy

efficiency in the world.[24] From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and theirshare of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal, which is one of the dirtiest sources of

energy,[25] was the fastest growing fossil fuel.[26]

Coal

In 2000 coal was used in China 28%, other Asia 19%,North America 25% and the EU 14%. In 2009 the

share of China was 47%.[22]

Oil

The use of oil doubled in China during 20002009. In 2009 the consumption of oil was inthe EU 1,6 fold and North America 2.5 fold

compared to China.[27]

Gas

In 2009 the world use of gas was 131%compared to year 2000. 66% of the thisgrowth was outside EU, North America LatinAmerica and Russia. Others include MiddleEast, Asia and Africa. The gas supplyincreased also in the previous regions: 8.6% inthe EU and 16% in the North America 2000

2009.[28]

Nuclear power

As of December 2009, the world had 436 reactors.[29] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two

were connected in 2009.[29][30]

Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8%

in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 1314% of the world's electricity demand.[31]

Renewable energy

Main article: Renewable energy

Renewable energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat,which are renewable (naturally replenished). As of 2010, about 16% of global final energy consumptioncomes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating,and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar,

geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 2.8% and are growing very rapidly.[32] The share ofrenewables in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from

hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables.[33]




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Regional gas supply (TWh)[28]

2000 2008 2009* %

North America 7,621 7,779 8,839 28%

Asia excl. China 2,744 4,074 4,348 14%

China 270 825 1,015 3%

EU 4,574 5,107 4,967 16%

Africa 612 974 1,455 5%

Russia 3,709 4,259 4,209 13%

Latin America 1,008 1,357 958 3%

Others 3,774 5,745 6,047 19%

Total 24,312 30,134 31,837 100%


Wind power: worldwide installed

capacity (not actual power

generation)[35]

Hydropower

Main article: hydropower

Worldwide hydroelectricity installed capacityreached 816 GW in 2005, consisting of 750 GW oflarge plants, and 66 GW of small hydro

installations. Large hydro capacity totaling10.9 GW was added by China, Brazil, and Indiaduring the year, but there was a much faster growth(8%) small hydro, with 5 GW added, mostly inChina where some 58% of the world's small hydroplants are now located. China is the largesthydropower producer in the world, and continues toadd capacity. In the Western world, althoughCanada is the largest producer of hydroelectricityin the world, the construction of large hydro plants

has stagnated due to environmental concerns.[34]

The trend in both Canada and the United States hasbeen to micro hydro because it has negligible environmental impacts and opens up many more locationsfor power generation. In British Columbia alone, the estimates are that micro hydro will be able to morethan double electricity production in the province.

Wind power

Main article: Wind power

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with aworldwide installed capacity of 198 gigawatts (GW) in 2010,[36][37]

and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.[38] Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricityuse in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany

and the Republic of Ireland.[39] The United States is an importantgrowth area and installed U.S. wind power capacity reached

25,170 MW at the end of 2008.[40]

Solar power

Main article: Solar energy

The available solar energy resources are 3.8 YJ/yr (120,000 TW). Less than 0.02% of availableresources are sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels and nuclear power as an energy source. Assumingthat our rate of usage in 2005 remains constant, estimated reserves are accurate, and no new unplannedreserves are found, we will run out of conventional oil in 2045, and coal in 2159. In practice, neither willactually run out as natural constraints will force production to decline as the remaining reserves dwindle.[41][42][43] The rate at which demand increases and reserves dwindle has been increasing dramaticallybecause the rate of consumption is not constant. For example, if demand for oil doubled, reserves wouldnot last as long. In addition, the cost of fossil fuels continues to rise while solar power becomes moreeconomically viable.




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Ohaaki geothermal power station

In 2007 grid-connected photovoltaic electricity was the fastest growing energy source, with installationsof all photovoltaics increasing by 83% in 2009 to bring the total installed capacity to 15 GW. Nearlyhalf of the increase was in Germany, which is now the world's largest consumer of photovoltaicelectricity (followed by Japan). Solar cell production increased by 50% in 2007, to 3,800 megawatts,

and has been doubling every two years.[44]

The consumption of solar hot water and solar space heating was estimated at 88 GWt (gigawatts of

thermal power) in 2004. The heating of water for unglazed swimming pools is excluded.[3]

Geothermal

Main article: Geothermal power

Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries.[45]In the year 2004, 200 PJ (57 TWh) of electricity was generatedfrom geothermal resources, and an additional 270 PJ ofgeothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating.In 2007, the world had a global capacity for 10 GW of electricity

generation and an additional 28 GW of direct heating, including

extraction by geothermal heat pumps.[3][46] Heat pumps are smalland widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are

uncertain and range up to 100 GW.[45]

Biomass and biofuels

Main articles: biomass and biofuel

Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only asmall share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, theNetherlands, Poland, and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total

energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded. [3]

World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 billion litres (8.72 billion USgallons), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in

Brazil.[3] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 billion litres (1.03 billion US gallons), making it the fastest

growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany.[3]

By country

See also: Energy by country and List of countries by energy consumption per capita

Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate, but there is a largedifference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with 6 kWhper person and United States with 11.4 kWh per person. In developing countries, particularly those thatare sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use is closer to 0.7 kWh. Bangladesh hasthe lowest consumption with 0.2 kWh per person.




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The US consumes 25% of the world's energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the

world population at 4.59%.[47] The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently takingplace in China, which has been growing at 5.5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1.3

billion people (19.6% of the world population[47]) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kWh per person.

One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes acountry to produce a dollar of gross domestic product.

Oil

Top oil producers (Mt)[48][49][50]

2005 2008 2009

1 Russia 470 485 494

2 Saudi Arabia 519 509 452

3 United States 307 300 320

4 Iran 205 214 2065 China 183 190 194

6 Canada 143 155 152

7 Mexico 188 159 146

8 Venezuela 162 137 126

9 Kuwait nd 145 124

10 United Arab Emirates nd 136 120

x Norway 139 nd nd

x Nigeria 133 nd nd

Total 3,923 3,941 3,843

Top ten 62 % 62 % 61 %




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Coal

Top hard coal and brown coal producers (Mt) [48][49][50]

2005 2008 2009

1 China 2,226 2,761 2,971

2 United States 1,028 1,076 9853 India 430 521 561

4 Australia 372 397 399

5 Indonesia 318 284 301

6 South Africa 315 236 247

7 Russia 222 323 297

8 Kazakhstan 79 108 101

9 Poland 160 144 135

10 Colombia 65 79 73Total 5,878 6,796 6,903

Top ten 89 % 87 % 88 %

Top hard coal importers (Mt)[48][49][50]

2005 2008 2009

1 Japan 178 186 165

2 China 25 nd 114

3 South Korea 77 100 103

4 India 37 58 66

5 Taiwan 61 66 60

6 Germany 38 46 38

7 United Kingdom 44 43 38

8 Turkey nd 19 20

9 Italy 24 25 19

10 Spain 25 19 16

x France nd 21 nd

x United States 28 nd nd

Total 778 778 819

x Top ten 69 % 75 % 78 %

Import of production 16 % 13 % 14 %




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Natural gas

Top natural gas producers (billion cubic meters) [48][49][50]

2005 2008 2009


2 Russia 627 657 5893 Canada 187 175 159

4 Iran 84 121 144

5 Norway 90 103 106

6 China nd 76 90

7 Qatar nd 79 89

8 Algeria 93 82 81

9 Netherlands 79 85 79

10 Indonesia 77 77 76x United Kingdom 93 nd nd

x Saudi Arabia 70 nd nd

Total 2,872 3,149 3,101

Top ten 67 % 65 % 65 %

Top natural gas importers (billion cubic meters)[48][49][50]

2005 2008 2009

1 Japan 81 95 93

2 Germany 91 79 83


4 Italy 73 77 69

5 France 47 44 45

6 Ukraine 62 53 38

7 Turkey 27 36 35

8 Spain 33 39 34

9 South Korea 29 36 33

10 United Kingdom nd 26 29

x Netherlands 23 nd nd

Total 838 783 749

x Top ten 70 % 73 % 71 %

Import of production 29 % 25 % 24 %




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World energy use per sector[51]

2000 2008 2000 2008

TWh %*Industry 21,733 27,273 26.5% 27.8%

Transport 22,563 26,742 27.5% 27.3%

Residential and service 30,555 35,319 37.3% 36.0%

Non-energy use 7,119 8,688 8.7% 8.9%

Total* 81,970 98,022 100% 100%

Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectorsNumbers are the end use of energyTotal world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh

By sector

Industrial users (agriculture, mining,manufacturing, and construction) consumeabout 37% of the total 15 TW. Personal andcommercial transportation consumes 20%;

residential heating, lighting, and appliancesuse 11%; and commercial uses (lighting,heating and cooling of commercialbuildings, and provision of water and sewer

services) amount to 5% of the total.[52]

The other 27% of the world's energy is lostin energy transmission and generation. In2005, global electricity consumptionaveraged 2 TW. The energy rate used togenerate 2 TW of electricity isapproximately 5 TW, as the efficiency of a

typical existing power plant is around 38%.[53] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the

most common fuel for the world's electricity plants.[54]

Total world energy use per sector was in 2008 industry 28%, transport 27% and residential and service

36%. Division was about the same in the year 2000. [51]

Alternative energy paths

Denmark and Germany have started to make investments in solar energy, despite their unfavorable

geographic locations. Germany is now the largest consumer of photovoltaic cells in the world. Denmarkand Germany have installed 3 GW and 17 GW of wind power respectively. In 2005, wind generated

18.5% of all the electricity in Denmark.[55] Brazil invests in ethanol production from sugar cane, whichis now a significant part of the transportation fuel in that country. Starting in 1965, France made largeinvestments in nuclear power and to this date three quarters of its electricity comes from nuclear

reactors.[56] Switzerland is planning to cut its energy consumption by more than half to become a 2000-watt society by 2050 and the United Kingdom is working towards a zero energy building standard for allnew housing by 2016.

See also

Comparisons of life-cycle greenhouse gas emissionsCubic mile of oilDomestic Energy ConsumptionEarth's energy budgetElectricity generationElectric energy consumptionEnergy developmentEnergy policyEnvironmental impact of aviation




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Kardashev scalePeak oilSustainable energyThe End of Energy Obesity (book)A Thousand Barrels a Second: The Coming Oil Break Point and the Challenges Facing anEnergy Dependent World(book)

Regional:

Asian brown cloudEnergy by countryEnergy use and conservation in the United KingdomEnergy use in the United StatesMaking Sweden an Oil-Free Society

Lists:

List of countries by carbon dioxide emissionsList of countries by electricity consumption

List of countries by electricity productionList of countries by energy consumption and productionList of countries by energy intensityList of countries by greenhouse gas emissionsList of countries by renewable electricity production

References

^ abc Energy - Consumption'!A1 "Consumption by fuel, 19652008" (http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/sta(XLS). Statistical Review of World Energy 2009, BP. July 31, 2006.

http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statisticalEnergy - Consumption'!A1. Retrieved 2009-10-24.

1.

^ "BP Statistical review of world energy June2006" (http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/sta(XLS). British Petroleum. June 2006.http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/statisticalRetrieved 2007-04-03.

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^ abc ef "Renewables, Global Status Report2006" (http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/download/RE_GSR_2006_Update.pdf) (PDF). RenewableEnergy Policy Network for the 21st Century. 2006.http://www.ren21.net/globalstatusreport/download/RE_GSR_2006_Update.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-03.

3.

^ "World Energy Intensity: Total Primary Energy Consumption per Dollar of Gross Domestic Product using

Purchasing Power Parities, 19802004" (http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/tablee1p.xls) (XLS).Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy. August 23, 2006.http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/tablee1p.xls. Retrieved 2007-04-03.

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^ "Historical Statistics of Japan" (http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/chouki/index.htm) . Japan Ministry ofInternal Affairs and Communications. http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/chouki/index.htm. Retrieved 2007-04-03.

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^ World energy use in 2010: over 5% growth, Enerdata Publication(http://www.enerdata.net/enerdatauk/publications/pages/g-20-2010-strongly-energy-demand-increase.php)

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^ Global Energy Review in 2009, Enerdata Publication(http://www.enerdata.net/enerdatauk/publications/world-energy-statistics-supply-and-demand.php)

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^ State of the World 2009, Worldwatch Institute, 20098.




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^ "Historical Review of Energy Use" (http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/GS361/electricity%20generation/HistoricalPerspectives.htm) . ND. http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/GS361/electricity%20generation/HistoricalPerspectives.htm. Retrieved 2010-11-05.

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^ IEA Key energy statistics 2010 (http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf) and Keyenergy statistics 2006 (http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf) page 48

10.

^ IEA Key energy statistics 2010 (http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf) and IEAKey energy statistics 2009 (http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key_stats_2009.pdf) oil page 11,gas p.13, hard coal (excluding brown coal) p. 15 and electricity p. 27

11.

^ ab Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures (http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=/Broschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f) Table55 Regional energy use, 1990 and 2008 (kWh per capita)

12.

^ ab IEA Key energy statistics 2010 (http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf)Population page 48 forward

13.

^ Energilget 2050 by prof. Cristian Azar and Kristian Lindgren Chalmers Gteborg (Swedish)14.^ Paul Brown, Global Warming, The last chance for change, London 2006, pages. 165, 16, 4345, 1315.^ State of the world 2009, Worldwatch institute, 200916.

^ ab Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures (http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=/Broschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f) Table46 Total world energy supply, 19902009 and Table 48 World power generation by energy resource, 19902008, (TWh)

17.

^ ab Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures (http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=/Broschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f) Table46 Total world energy supply, 19902009, Table 53 Global supply of renewable energy, 19902008 (TWh)

18.

^ IEA Key energy statistics 2010 (http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf) page 17nuclear electricity 2 731 TWh in 2008,

19.

^ Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures (http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=/Broschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f) Table53 The global supply of renewable energy, 19902008, TWh

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^ World Consumption of Primary Energy by Energy Type and Selected Country Groups(http://www.eia.doe.gov/pub/international/iealf/table18.xls) December 31, 2008 Microsoft Excel file format

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^ ab Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures (http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=/Broschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f) Table52 Global supply of coal, 19902009 (TWh)

22.

^ Yergin, p. 79223.^ "Key World Energy Statistics" (http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf) (PDF).International Energy Agency. 2006. http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf. Retrieved2007-04-03. pp. 4857

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^ Coal Pollution (http://www.knowyourpower.net/coal_pollution/default.aspx)25.^ Yergin, p. ?26.

^ ab Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures (http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=/Broschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f) Table47 Global supply of oil, 19902009 (TWh)

27.

^ ab Energy in Sweden 2010, Facts and figures (http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=/Broschyrer&id=e0a2619a83294099a16519a0b5edd26f) Table50 Global supply of gas 19902009 (TWh)

28.

^ ab Trevor Findlay (2010). The Future of Nuclear Energy to 2030 and its Implications for Safety, Securityand Nonproliferation: Overview (http://www.cigionline.org/sites/default/files/Nuclear%20Energy%20Futures%20Overview.pdf) , The Centre for International Governance Innovation (CIGI), Waterloo,Ontario, Canada, pp. 1011.

29.

^ Mycle Schneider, Steve Thomas, Antony Froggatt, and Doug Koplow (August 2009). The World NuclearIndustry Status Report 2009 (http://www.bmu.de/english/nuclear_safety/downloads/doc/44832.php)Commissioned by German Federal Ministry of Environment, Nature Conservation and Reactor Safety, p. 5.

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^ World Nuclear Association. Another drop in nuclear generation (http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/newsarticle.aspx?id=27665&terms=another+drop+) World Nuclear News, 05 May 2010.

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^ REN21 (2011). "Renewables 2011: Global StatusReport" (http://www.ren21.net/Portals/97/documents/GSR/GSR2011_Master18.pdf) . p. 17.http://www.ren21.net/Portals/97/documents/GSR/GSR2011_Master18.pdf.

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^ "Environmental Impacts of Renewable Energy Technologies (adapted from material in the UCS book CoolEnergy: Renewable Solutions to Environmental Problems, by Michael Brower (MIT Press, 1992), 220

pp)" (http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/renewable_energy_basics/environmental-impacts-of-renewable-energy-technologies.html) . Union of Concerned Scientists. 10 August 2005.http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/renewable_energy_basics/environmental-impacts-of-renewable-energy-technologies.html. Retrieved 2007-04-08.

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^ GWEC, Global Wind Report Annual Market Update (http://www.gwec.net/index.php?id=180)35.^ Lars Kroldrup. Gains in Global Wind Capacity Reported(http://greeninc.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/15/gains-in-global-wind-capacity-reported/) Green Inc.,February 15, 2010.

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^ Global wind energy markets continue to boom 2006 another record year(http://www.gwec.net/uploads/media/07-02_PR_Global_Statistics_2006.pdf) (PDF).

38.

^ New Report a Complete Analysis of the Global Offshore Wind Energy Industry and its Major Players(http://www.pr-inside.com/new-report-a-complete-analysis-of-r533066.htm)

39.

^ U.S., China Lead Global Wind Installation(http://www.nawindpower.com/naw/e107_plugins/content/content_lt.php?content.3459)

40.

^ Oil, the Dwindling Treasure (http://www.hubbertpeak.com/hubbert/natgeog.htm)41.^ World Energy Reserves (http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/res.html)42.^ World Energy Consumption in Standard U.S. Physical Units (http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/iea/wec.html)43.^ Solar Cell Production Jumps 50 Percent in 2007(http://environment.about.com/od/renewableenergy/a/solar_cells.htm)

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^ ab "The Future of GeothermalEnergy" (http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf) (PDF). MIT.http://geothermal.inel.gov/publications/future_of_geothermal_energy.pdf. Retrieved 2007-02-07.

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^ Fridleifsson,, Ingvar B.; Bertani, Ruggero; Huenges, Ernst; Lund, John W.; Ragnarsson, Arni; Rybach,Ladislaus (2008-02-11). O. Hohmeyer and T. Trittin. ed (pdf). The possible role and contribution ofgeothermal energy to the mitigation of climate change(http://iga.igg.cnr.it/documenti/IGA/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf) . Luebeck,Germany. pp. 5980.http://iga.igg.cnr.it/documenti/IGA/Fridleifsson_et_al_IPCC_Geothermal_paper_2008.pdf. Retrieved 2009-04-06.

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^ ab "World Population Prospects" (http://esa.un.org/UNPP/) . esa.un.org. http://esa.un.org/UNPP/. Retrieved2011-02-07.

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^ abc e IEA Key energy statistics 2010 (http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf)Crude Oil page 11

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^ abcde Key world energy statistics 2009 (http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf)49.

^

a

b

c

d

e

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^ "International Energy Outlook 2007" (http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html) . United StatesDepartment of Energy, Washington, DC. http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html. Retrieved 2007-06-06.

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^ "Coal Facts 2006 Edition" (http://www.worldcoal.org/assets_cm/files/PDF/coal_fact_card_2006.pdf)(PDF). World Coal Institute. September 2006.http://www.worldcoal.org/assets_cm/files/PDF/coal_fact_card_2006.pdf. Retrieved 2007-04-08.

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^ "Danish Annual EnergyStatistics" (http://www.energistyrelsen.dk/graphics/UK_Facts_Figures/Statistics/yearly_statistics/Figures2005(XLS). Danish Energy Authority. December 2006.http://www.energistyrelsen.dk/graphics/UK_Facts_Figures/Statistics/yearly_statistics/Figures2005.xls.Retrieved 2007-01-27.

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^ Smil, p. ?56.

Further reading

World Energy Outlook 2006. International Energy Agency. 2006. ISBN 9-264-10989-7.MacKay, David J C (2008). Sustainable Energywithout the hot air(http://www.withouthotair.com) . Cambridge: UIT. ISBN 978-0-954452933.http://www.withouthotair.com.

Smil, Vaclav (2003).Energy at the crossroads. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19492-9.Tester, Jefferson W; et al. (2005). Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options. The MITPress. ISBN 0-262-20153-4.

Yergin, Daniel (1993). The Prize. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-79932-0.

External links

World Energy Outlook (http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/)Official Energy Statistics from the US government (http://www.eia.doe.gov/)Energy Statistics and News from the European Union (http://www.energy.eu/)Annual Energy Review 2006, DOE/EIA-0384(2006)(http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/aer/pdf/aer.pdf) , by the U.S. Department of Energy's EnergyInformation Administration (PDF)

Statistical Review of World Energy 2009 (http://www.bp.com/productlanding.do?categoryId=6848&contentId=7033471) , annual review by BP

Energy Export Databrowser (http://mazamascience.com/OilExport/) A visual review ofproduction and consumption trends for individual nations; data from the British PetroleumStatistical Review.

Google - public data (http://www.google.com/publicdata/explore?ds=d5bncppjof8f9_&ctype=l&strail=false&nselm=h&met_y=eg_use_pcap_kg_oe&hl=en&dl"Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita)"

World Energy Consumption Figures (http://yearbook.enerdata.net/)

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_energy_consumption"Categories: Energy policy | economicsEnergy | Energy by region | Energy consumption

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