EOC Review Packet #2

1. Label the 3 boxes to the left 2. What are the 3 structures

that make up a nucleotide? DEOXYRIBOSE SUGAR,

PHOSPHATE, NITROGEN BASE.

3. What are the 4 bases that can be found in DNA?A, T, C, G

Which ones pair together?A-T, C-G

NITROGEN BASES

NUCLEOTIDE

SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE

5. What is the process that allows DNA to make copies of itself before cell division?REPLICATION

6. Where in the cell does this take place?THE NUCLEUS

7. Write the Complement of this sequence : ATTCGTTCAG TAAGCAAGTC

NITROGEN BASES

NUCLEOTIDE

SUGAR-PHOSPHATE BACKBONE

HELICASE SSBP’S

LEADING STRAND

LAGGINS STRAND

PRIMASE

POLYMERASE

POLYMERASE

LIGASE

• Label the boxes above from the clues given below.

– IS responsible for synthesizing the new strands of DNA. – POLYMERASE

– Joins the fragments together on the lagging strand of DNA.– LIGASE

– Lays down the RNA primers before DNA ployermerase can do its job.

– PRIMASE– It has to be synthesized in fragments because DNA is

synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction.– LAGGING STRAND

– It is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction in one continuous strand.

– LEADING STRAND

– What the fragments of DNA are called on the lagging strand.– OKAZAKI FRAGMENTS

– Is responsible for adding new nucleotides onto the new strands.– POLYMERASE

– This is responsible for unwinding the existing DNA strand to be replicated.

– HELICASE– These help hold the separated strands of DNA apart.

– SINGLE STRANDED BINDING PROTEINS (SSBP’S)• Explain semi-conservative replication of DNA.

Semiconservative Model of DNA replication states that each new DNA molecule has one original strand and one new strand.

Protein SynthesisTRANSCRIPTION

NUCLEUSTRANSLATION

DNA MRNA MRNA

CODON NUCLEOTIDE

CYTOPLASM

PROTEIN

PROTEINRIBOSOME

AMINO ACID

TRNA

CODON

A.The process of using DNA to make mRNA.A. TRANSCRIPTION

B.A group of 3 nucleotides, code for amino acids.A. CODON

C.This is where Transcription takes place. A. NUCLEUS

D.Monomers of nucleic acids.A. NUCLEOTIDES

E. This is what is used to make mRNA. A. DNA

F. This process makes proteins.A. TRANSLATION

A. This is the product of Transcription.A. MRNA

B. Place were mRNA travels to.A. CYTOPLASM to a ribosome

C. Monomers of proteins. A. AMINO ACIDS

D. Transports amino acids to the ribosome.A. TRNA

E. Place where amino acids are assembled. A. RIBOSOME

F. Product of Transcription is mRNA; product of translation is a polymer of amino acids.

A. PROTEIN

2. What are the three components of a RNA nucleotide?2. RIBOSE SUGAR, NITROGEN BASE, PHOSPHATE

3. What are the 3 different types of RNA and their main function? mRNA: transcribes a gene in order to translate it into a

protein. tRNA: Brings Amino Acids to the ribosome rRNA: makes up ribosomes

4. What enzyme is responsible for transcribing DNA into mRNA?4. transcriptase

5. What are the 4 bases of RNA? Which ones pair together?5. A-U, C-G

6. What would be the mRNA sequence of the following DNA sequence? ATTCGCTTAATUAAGCGAAUUA

Genetics• Simple Inheritance :1.) A heterozygous round seeded plant is crossed

with a homozygous round seeded plant (RR). What percentage of the offspring will be homozygous?

50%Rr

RR RR

Rr

R R

R

r

• Dihybrid Cross:• In humans there is a disease called Phenylketonuria

(PKU)which is caused by a recessive allele. People with this allele have a defective enzyme and cannot break down the amino acid phenylalanine. This disease can result in mental retardation or death. Let “E” represent the normal enzyme. Also in humans in a condition called galactose intolerance or galactosemia, which is also caused by a recessive allele. Let “G” represent the normal allele for galactose digestion. In both diseases, normal dominates over recessive.

• If two adults were heterozygous for both traits, what are the chances of having a child that is completely normal? 56%

• Has just PKU? 19%• Has just galactosemia? 19% • Has both diseases? 6%

EeGg X EeGg

• Non-Mendelian Inheritance:• 1.) The color of fruit for plant "R" is determined

by two alleles. When two plants with orange fruits are crossed the following phenotypic ratios are present in the offspring: 25% red fruit, 50% orange fruit, 25% yellow fruit.

• What are the genotypes of the parent orange-fruited plants?

• Rr X Rr• This is an Example of what type of inheritance? • Incomplete Dominance

• 2.) A cross between a black cat & a tan cat produces a tabby pattern (black & tan fur together).

• What pattern of inheritance does this illustrate?

• Codominance• What percent of kittens would have tan fur if

a tabby cat is crossed with a black cat?• 0%

• 3.) Hairy ears is a x-linked recessive trait in humans. If you mate a homozygous hairy ear female with a normal male:

• What are the expected offspring genotypes and phenotypes and their ratios? • 100% BOYS WITH XhY; 100% girls with XHXh

• What does a female’s genotype have to be in order to express the disease?• XhXh

• What does a female’s genotype have to be in order to be a carrier of the disease?• XHXh

• What does a males’ genotype have to be in order to express the disease?• XhY

• Can a male be a carrier of an X-linked recessive trait?• No.

• 1.) What type of mutation is Figure A?• substitution

• 2.) What type of mutation is Figure B?• deletion

• 3.) What type of mutation is in Figure C.? • nondisjunction

• 4.) Which mutation could have the greatest affect on the phenotypes of an organism and why?• Deletion or insertion – would cause a frameshift.

• 5.) In what process do mutations in Figure C. occur?• meiosis

• 6.) What process do mutation in figure A & B occur?• Either mitosis or protein synthesis

• 1.) The pedigree to the right shows the passing on of Hitchhiker’s Thumb in a family. Is this trait dominant or recessive? – recessive

2.) How do you know?few people have it

• 3.) Write the genotype of the individuals that have hitchhiker’s thumb underneath the individual. hh

4.) Write the geontypes of the individulas that are carriers of hitchhiker’s thumb underneath each individual. Hh

• 5.) Is it possible to know any other family members genotype for Hitchhiker’s thumb? Why? Because they are expressing the dominant phenotype.

•Look at the figures above, use the clues to fill in the boxes:A.What process is the first picture representing?B.How many cells are produced? Are they identical or unique?C.What process is the second picture representing?D.How many cells are produced? Are they identical or unique?

MITOSIS2

IDENTICAL MEIOSIS 4 UNIQUE

Cell Reproduction

1.) What types of cells does mitosis take place in? BODY/SOMATIC CELLS2.) Are these cells haploid or diploid? DIPLOID3.) What types of cells does meiosis take place in? SEX CELLS/GAMETES4.) Are these cells haploid or diploid? HAPLOID5. If the organism has 38 chromosomes in its body cells,

how many chromosomes would a sperm cell have?19

Evolution1.) Explain the situation that is

occurring in the picture to the left.

THE ENVIRONMENT ON THE LEFT IS FAVORING LIGHT COLORED MOTHS, THE ONE TO THE RIGHT IS FAVORING DARK COLORED MOTHS

2.) What determines what acts on an organisms phenotypes?

THE ENVIRONMENT

1.) Looking at the 3 types of natural selection graphs, fill in the blanks, there are clues below to help you.

• A. There is no shift in the average phenotype within a population.

• B. There is a shift to both extremes of a phenotype with in a population.

• C. There is a shift to one extreme of a phenotype within a population.

2.) In humans babies average birth weight is around 7lbs, babies who are either extremely light or extremely heavy have lower survival rates, what type of selection is this an example of?STABILIZING

DISRUPTIVE

STABILIZING DIRECTIONAL

• There are two types of rabbits: those that strictly eat grass and those that strictly eat berries and flowers. A drought occurs one year, and the plants have difficulty producing any extras (flowers, berries, etc.).They can only try and keep themselves green. The rabbits have had babies all year long but many are eaten by foxes or hawks. Due to the drought, many have starved to death.

• 1.) Which rabbit has natural selection selected AGAINST? • Flower eating bunnies

• 2.) Darwin's 5 points: Identify the 5 points in the scenario above.– Population has variations, what is it for the rabbits? What they eat– Some variations are favorable which one was it?– More offspring are produced than survive, what happened to the

rabbits? They were eaten or starved to death– Those that survive have favorable traits, what are they?– A population will change over time, how is the rabbit population

changing?

Explain each type of speciation below:

HOMOLOGOUS

VESTIGIAL ANALOGOUS

• Define the following Terms and then label the examples above with the correct term.

• Homologous Structure–– SAME STRUCTURE/DIFFERENT FUNCTION

• Analogous Structure– – DIFFERENT SRUCTURE/SAME FUNCITON

• Vestigial Structure –

– REMAINS OF A STRUCTURE THAT NO LONGER SERVES A PURPOSE

• Which are more closely related: Clubmosses and quillworths, or Ferns and quillworhts? Why?

• Which are least related, Ferns and flowering plants or Ferns and spikemosses? Why?

• Identify what is in the picture to the left.• VIRUS

• What are the structures that make up this?• GENETIC MATERIAL AND PROTEIN

• What are two ways that this can cause a disease in an organism? (Hint: there are 2 cycles) • LYITC AND LYSOGENIC

• What is the best way to treat or prevent being infected by this?• VACCINE

• Is this living or nonliving? Give two reasons why.• NOT ALIVE• DOESN’T RESPOND OR

REPRODUCE

• What organisms is this in the picture to the left?

• BACTERIUM• Explain the two ways that this

organism can cause disease.• INFECTION OR TRANSMISISON• How can you treat or prevent getting a

disease from this organism?• ANTIBIOTIC• This organism can belong to 2

kingdoms; List all the characteristics of each of the kingdoms that this organism can belong to.

• ARCHAEA OR PROKARYA• Besides cause disease, what are two

other roles this organism can play in the environment?

• MAKE FOOD, DECOMPOSERS

• 1.) What is this organism in the picture?

• MUSHROOM • 2.) What kingdom does it

belong to? List all the characteristics of this organism.

• FUNGI• MULTICELLULAR/CHITIN• 3.) What are some roles it

has in the environment?• DECOMPOSER 4.) What is it lacking that

does not allow it to be in the plant kingdom?

CHLOROPLASTS

PLANT

PLANTAE: MULTICELLULAR, PHOTOSYNTHETIC

anchor the plant,absorb water and mineral salts from the soil.

provides structural support, transportation between the root and leaves, and a location of food storage.

physical "platform" for Photosynthesis. Contain most of the chloroplasts.

PHOTOTROPISM GRAVITROPISM THIGMOTROPISM

REPRODUCTION/TRANSPORT/RESPONSE

PLANTS RESPONSE TO GRAVITY

PLANTS RESPONSE TO TOUCH

PLANTS RESPONSE TO LIGHT

• What type of organism does this cell belong to

• An animal• What kingdom does this

organism belong to? What are the characteristics of this Kingdom?

• Animalia – multicellular, heterotrophic

• List one food chain in this food web.• Tree squirrel fox• List two produces in this food web.• Grass and trees• List 2 secondary consumers• Birds and mice• List 2 top consumers.• Fox and owl• Which would contain more of the

sun’s energy, the Fox or the squirrel? Explain your answer.

• The squirrel, because he is a primary consumer.

• What do the arrows show us?• Flow of energy• If we had to include a decomposer in

our food web what are 2 things we could draw?

• Bacteria or fungi

Trophic Levels

10

1

0.1

0.01

GRASS

GRASSHOPPER

BIRD

OWL

Relationships

A

B

C

A

• What are three ways in which carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere?

• Combustion, microbes, cell respiration

• How is carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere?

• Plants, algae or cyanobacteria

• In what process do plants use carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates?

• photosynthesis • What would happen to

the level of CO2 if trees were removed from the environment?

• It would increase

• How is nitrogen used in plants and animals?• To make proteins• What are four forms of nitrogen found in

the biosphere and where are they found?• Atmospheric, in soil, as ammonium, and by

decomposers• What kinds of bacteria live in the soil? • denitrifying, nitrifying and nitrogen fixing. • What is nitrogen fixation?• The ability of bacteria to assist plants I the

uptake of nitrogen. • What is denitrification?• the conversion of nitrates in soil to free

atmospheric nitrogen.

• T or F Phosphate is released as rocks and sediments wear down.

• T or F Plants absorb phosphate from the soil or from water.

• T or F Phospherous is

abundant in the atmosphere.

• T or F Organic phosphate

cannot move through food webs.

Write the name of the body system on the left and an example of

another body system that interacts with the system and how on the

right.

REPRODUCTIVE URETOGENITAL

SKELETAL MUSCULAR

MUSCULAR NERVOUS

IMMUNE CIRCULATORY

RESPIRATORY CIRCULATORY

RESPRIATORY

ENDOCRINE

DIGESTION

CIRCULATORY

NERVOUS

INTEGUMENTARY

EXCRETORY

MUSCULAR

CIRCULATORY

NERVOUS

REPRODUCTIVE

ENDOCRINE

For each set of picture identify the body system being represented and explain how each would interact

with each other

IMMUNE CIRCULATORY

ANTIBODIES ARE TRANSPORTED THROUGHTOUT THE BODY VIA THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

For each set of picture identify the body system being represented and explain how each would

interact with each other

RESPIRATORY MUSCULAR

THE OXYGEN WHICH IS TAKEN IN BY THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM PROVIDES THE NECESSARY NERGY FOR MOVEMENT OF MUSCLES

For each set of picture identify the body system being represented and explain how each would

interact with each other

ENDOCRINE CIRCULATORY

THE HORMONES PRODUCED BY THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TRAVEL TO THEIR TARGETS VIA THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.

For each set of picture identify the body system being represented and explain how each would

interact with each other

NERVOUS RESPIRATORY

A SIGNAL FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM COULD CAUSE AN INCREASE IN THE RATE OF RESPIRATION

For each set of picture identify the body system being represented and explain how each would

interact with each other

SKELETAL MUSCULAR

WITH DIRECTION FROM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, THE MUSCLES WILL MOVE THE VARIOUS BONES OF THE BODY.

For each set of picture identify the body system being represented and explain how each would

interact with each other

INTEGUMENTARY NERVOUS

THERE ARE MANY SENSORY RECEPTORS LOCATED IN THE SKIN. THE SKIN TRANSMITS SIGNALS TO THE BRAIN ABOUT THE OUTSIDE ENVIRONMENT.

For each set of picture identify the body system being represented and explain how each would

interact with each other

RESPIRATORY CIRCULATORY

THE OXYGEN TAKEN IN BY THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS IS TRANSPORTED THROUGHOUT THE BODY VIA THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.