eq how did the progressives try to solve the social problems that resulted from industrialization...

EQ

• How did the Progressives try to solve the social problems that resulted from industrialization and urbanization?

• How did President Roosevelt change business during his administration?

• In what ways were Wilson and the Progressives similar?

Progressivism

• A major social movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries – to reform America’s social and economic

problems– accomplished many of the reforms started under

Populism

A Middle Class Movement:

• Progressivism was largely a middle class movement in response to industrialism and urbanization–Not unlike socialism, Marxism, utopianism

were reactions to industrialism in Britain• Progressives wanted to improve the

American system

Progressive Reforms

• Progressives were concerned with the following social problems:– political corruption– Monopolies– Tariffs– impure food– regulating business– prohibition of alcohol

Influencing Influencing Public Public

OpinionOpinion

Muckrakers

• Muckrakers were writers in the Progressive Era who exposed social and political evils– wanted to outrage the public against things that were

wrong in American society

– tried to provide a balance to the powers of the government and economic forces in America

– Interested in “realism” (sensationalism)

Muckrakers

• Term originally coined by Theodore Roosevelt– Intended as a criticism– Directed at journalists who, for no other reason

than monetary gain, wrote scandal stories (think National Enquirer)

– Later became badge of honor

“Men with the muckrake are often indispensable to the well-being of society, but only if they know

when to stop raking the muck”.

President

Theodore Roosevelt

Muckrakers

• Upton Sinclair– The Jungle described unhealthy conditions in meat

packing industry

• Ida Tarbell– The History of the Standard Oil Company, criticized

John D. Rockefeller the Standard Oil monopoly

Muckrakers

• Jacob Riis–How the Other Half Lives, exposed the

terrible living conditions of slum life in New York City’s tenements

• Lincoln Steffens– Shame of the Cities, exposed the corrupt

alliance between big business and city government

Upton Sinclair

The Jungle, 1906

Described unhealthyconditions of themeatpacking industry

Meant to promote socialism

President Theodore Roosevelt

*Pure Food & Drug Act, 1906

*Meat Inspection Act, 1906

Regulating Food and Drugs• President Theodore Roosevelt read The Jungle– TR immediately demanded legislative action– 1905 – TR asked Congress to regulate food and

drug production• wanted to stop impure practices

– the food and drug industry protested TR’s proposal

– opposed to any government intervention in their business (laissez – faire)

WHY?!

Regulating Food and Drugs

• Pure Food and Drug Act (1906):– stopped the interstate sale of impure or falsely

labeled food and drugs• What the label said was in there had to be in there and

nothing else

• Meat Inspection Act (1906):– established sanitary regulations for meat packers

and provided for federal inspection of meat – packing plants

The Jungle

“ It was too dark in these storage places to see well, but a man could run his hand over these piles of meat and sweep off handfuls of the dried dung of rats. These rats were nuisances and the packers would put poisoned bread out for them, they would die, and then rats, bread and meat would go into the hoppers together.”

“Mary had a little lamb, And when she saw it sicken,

She shipped it off to Packingtown, And now it’s labeled chicken”.

New York Post Jingle, 1906

Ida TarbellHistory of theStandard OilCompany, 1904

Described unfairbusiness practicesof Standard Oilmonopoly

Jacob RiisHow the OtherHalf Lives, 1890

Exposed the terribleliving conditions ofslum life in New York City’s tenements

“Long ago it was said that ‘one half of the world does not know how the

other half lives’…It did not know because it did not care”.

Jacob Riis “How the Other Half Lives”

Rich & Poor in New York City1890

Lincoln Steffens

The Shame ofthe Cities, 1902

Exposed corruptalliance between bigbusiness and citygovernment

Frank NorrisThe Octopus,

1901

Criticized railroadmonopolies andcorrupt politicians inCalifornia

Thorstein Veblen

The Theory of The LeisureClass, 1899

Attacked great wealthand ConspicuousConsumption

Regroup• What is Progressivism?• What were some of the areas of concern for

the Progressives?• Who first coined the term “muckraker” and

how was it a badge of honor?• Who wrote The Jungle?• Who was Ida Tarbell?• Who was Jacob Riis?• What is the FDA?


• Became President in 1901• Progressive President– Roosevelt favored strong use of presidential

power to bring social change– TR’s progressive program called the “Square Deal”

“We must treat each man on his worth and merits as a man. We must see

that each is given a ‘square deal’…He is

entitled to no more and should receive

no less”.


“We draw the line against misconduct, not against wealth”.


Reforming Big Business

• Trustbuster– Theodore Roosevelt (TR) known as

“trustbuster”–only opposed to “bad trusts” who formed

monopolies to end competition not opposed to bigness in business

Reforming Big Business

• Sherman Antitrust Act {1890}:– Outlawed every “contract, combination or

conspiracy” which hurt free trade and competition– Going to be used by TR as a weapon against

“bigness” to help the “little guy”

Northern Securities Company:

• A railroad monopoly led by J.P. Morgan, James J. Hill, Edward Harriman– controlled three railroads in the Northwest– Northern Securities had a complete monopoly over

all railroad traffic between Chicago and Pacific Northwest

– TR ordered U.S. Attorney General to file a suit against Northern Securities in 1902• considered a monopoly under the Sherman Antitrust Act

Square Deal SqueezingThe Trusts

Northern SecuritiesCompany

Northern Securities Company

• 1904 – Supreme Court ruled against the Northern Securities Company:

• considered a conspiracy in restraint of trade• Northern Securities therefore ordered to dissolve

Theodore Roosevelt and Business Monopolies:

• 1903 – TR creates the Department of Commerce and Labor:– included Bureau of Corporations – given the power to investigate and publicize “bad”

business practices (Bureau of Corporations)

• 1903 – Congress passed the Expedition Act– antitrust cases given priority in federal courts

The Standard Oil Trust (1911):

• The Supreme Court ruled against Standard Oil Trust– invoked the Sherman Antitrust Act– the Court made the following ruling against

Standard Oil:• bigness is not an automatic offense• but a company cannot abuse its power and size

by unfairly interfering with trade and competition• called the “rule of reason” by the Supreme Court

Rule of Reason

Coal Strike1902

Roosevelt and Labor

• The Coal Strike (1902):– coal miners went on strike in Pennsylvania with

the following demands:• recognition of the United Mine Workers

(UMW) • the right of the UMW to negotiate on behalf of

its members (collective bargaining)• a nine hour work day• 20% pay increase

Roosevelt and Labor

– mine owners refused to negotiate with the UMW• TR therefore threatened to use federal troops

to take over the mines in the name of the government• an arbitration commission appointed by

Roosevelt to settle the dispute reached the following agreement:–workers received 10% pay increase–nine hour work day–UMW still not granted the right to negotiate

Roosevelt and Labor

• 1902 Coal Strike the first time a President intervened in a labor dispute without stopping the strike

Regroup• In what ways was TR a Progressive?• Was TR really anti-business?• What weapon did TR use to bust trusts?• How did the Supreme Court rule in the

Northern Securities case?• What did TR create to investigate bad

business practices?• What was the “rule of reason”?

Reforming City Government

*Commission

*City Manager

Increasing Democracy

*Direct Primary

*Initiative

*Referendum

*Recall


• A Call for Reform– political reform began at the local level– eventually spread to the state and national level– Progressives worked to make government more

efficient– introduced the commission into city government• commission – a form of city government where a

group of experts manage specific city services

– commission appointed and not elected– this freed them to make unpopular decisions


• city manager – an expert on running the different departments of the city– city manager appointed by the city council

(elected officials)

• city manager and the commission were both Progressive reforms

Increasing Democracy:

• Progressives supported the following governmental reforms:–direct primary– initiative–Referendum– recall

Increasing Democracy• direct primary : an election wherein the

voters nominate candidates who will run for government office:– until direct primaries, candidates chosen by the

party leaders• Initiative – a process whereby 5 to 15% of the

people could draft a bill and send it to the legislature for consideration:– the bill “had” to be considered but not passed– it allowed the people to practice freedom of

petition


• Referendum – a process whereby the legislature was required to submit a bill directly to the voters for approval:– used mainly to deal with taxes and financial

matters that directly affected the people• Recall – a process whereby approximately

25% of the voters sign a petition that calls for a special election to decide if an official should continue in office

The Wisconsin Idea• Robert LaFollette:– governor of Wisconsin– supported all major Progressive reforms– reforms called the “Wisconsin Idea”

• Wisconsin Idea was based on the following Progressive reforms:– higher taxes on corporations and inheritance of the

wealthy– commissions to regulate railroads and public utilities– workmen’s compensation laws for workers injured on

the job– a conservation program of forests and lakes

The Wisconsin Idea

“The will of the people shall be the law of the land!”

Governor Robert La Follette

#wisconsinidea

Teddy Roosevelt

And Conservatio

n

TR & Conservation

• Conservation:– by 1900, America’s natural resources in danger• timber and mining companies the worst

offenders– TR believed strongly in protecting and preserving

the environment and nation’s natural resources• America’s first environmental President

TR & Conservation

• Gifford Pinchot:– an influential member of the Division of Forestry– taught timber companies to use less wasteful

methods of timber cutting– emphasized replanting of trees– Forest Reserve Act:• set aside forest reserve land for public use

– TR established the following two national parks:• Mesa Verde – Colorado• Grand Canyon – Arizona

TR & Conservation• TR set aside 148 million acres of forest land– also withdrew 80 million acres from public sale

Regroup

• What are:– Direct primary– Initiative– Recall– Referendum

• How do these reforms increase democracy?• What was the “Wisconsin Idea”?• How is TR’s conservation a major government

reform?

The Candidates

Election of 1912• Background:– 1912 – former President Theodore Roosevelt

announces he will seek the Republican nomination for President• opposes President William Howard Taft• accuses Taft of not being “progressive” enough

• Taft easily wins Republican nomination– TR accuses Taft of stealing the nomination– TR therefore leaves the Republican Party &

creates Bull Moose Party (Progressive Party)

TR v. Taft

Election of 1912

• Bull Moose Party:– TR’s followers gathered in Chicago– formed Bull Moose Party– TR nominated Bull Moose candidate for President– Party name comes from TR’s claim he was as “fit

as a bull moose”

TheBull Moose Party

http://elections.harpweek.com/1912/cartoon-1912-large.asp?UniqueID=23&Year=1912

The Election of 1912

• Bull Moose Party Platform:– endorsed “Wisconsin Idea” (initiative, referendum,

recall, direct primary, direct election of U.S. senators)– endorsed woman’s suffrage– endorsed workmen’s compensation– prohibition of child labor– regulation of working conditions for women– creation of a Federal Trade Commission to regulate

business trusts• Democrats nominate Woodrow Wilson– a Progressive

Progressive v. Progressive1912

Roosevelt and Wilson• Two Progressive Candidates:– TR and Wilson similar on the following issues:• both favored greater political democracy• both supported social and economic reform• both opposed Taft as a symbol of the status quo

– TR and Wilson differed on the following issues:• TR favored high tariffs; Wilson wanted lower

tariffs• TR supported big business; Wilson opposed big

business• TR wanted to regulate giant corporations;

Wilson wanted to break up all giant corporations


• Woodrow Wilson’s plan called the “New Freedom”– wanted to restore freedom of America’s early

days– favored policies that favored small business

growth over large businesses– New Freedom ideals appealed to rural areas

The Election of 1912• Election Outcome– the candidates received the following number of

electoral votes:• Wilson – 435 votes• Roosevelt – 88 votes*• Taft – 8 votes

– Wilson won only 42% of the popular vote• the split in the Republican Party allowed Wilson to win the

Election of 1912*Highest 3rd party total ever


• Wilson’s Party (Democrats) maintained control of Congress– Democratic control of Congress will allow Wilson

to enact his “New Freedom” domestic program

Regroup

• Who were the candidates in the campaign of 1912?

• How were TR & Wilson similar?• How were they dissimilar?• What was significant about TR’s electoral vote

total?• How did TR’s run impact the outcome of the

election?

President Woodrow Wilson

• New Freedom:– the New Freedom was President Wilson’s

progressive reform program which dealt with the following issues:• Tariffs• Taxes• monopolies (trusts)• banking

Underwood Tariff lowered tariffs by 25%


• Graduated Income Tax– a tax which increases in proportion to an

individual’s income• meant to place the tax burden on the wealthy

• Monopolies– Wilson proposed two laws to establish rules of fair

competition:• Federal Trade Commission Act• Clayton Anti-Trust Act


• Federal Trade Commission– monitored business practices in foreign and

interstate trade– ordered companies to “cease and desist” when

found guilty of unfair business practices

• Clayton Anti-Trust Act: outlawed unfair business activities which impaired

competition

Federal Trade Commission


• The following unfair practices were defined under the Clayton Act:– price discrimination – charging different prices to

different customers– tying contracts – contracts where one company

could only or exclusively use the goods or services of another company

– interlocking directorate – when the same people serve as the directors of competing corporations


• The Clayton Act also outlawed the practice of a company buying the stock of another company to reduce competition– EXAMPLE – Dupont purchased General Motors stock so it

could force General Motors to exclusively buy Dupont paint

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

*Price Discrimination

*Tying Contracts

*Interlocking Directorates

Clayton Anti-Trust Act & Labor Unions


• Labor Unions– the Clayton Anti-Trust Act exempted labor unions

from all anti-trust laws– court injunctions against labor unions could only

be used to prevent irreparable damage to property

– strikes, peaceful picketing and boycotts were considered legal under the Clayton Act

– Gompers: “The Workers’ Magna Carta!”


• Banking– America’s banks faced the following problems:• small banks had no central money reserve from

which to borrow money in times of trouble• during financial panics, people withdrew all

their money• many banks were therefore forced to close


• America also had a “currency shortage”– currency backed by gold in short supply– greater supply needed for an expanding

economy– the Federal Reserve Act therefore enacted

to meet the crisis


• Federal Reserve System:– formed a federation of 8 to 12 central banks– these central banks were called “bankers banks”– these “bankers banks” could supply temporary

funds to member banks in times of trouble– all national banks required to join the Federal

Reserve System– state banks could join on a voluntary basis

Federal Reserve Act

The Federal Reserve System

Regroup

• What was Wilson’s New Freedom?• How did Wilson change his position on

business after the election of 1912?• In what ways was Wilson just as progressive

as TR?• What is the Federal Reserve supposed to do?• How was the Clayton Anti-Trust Act the

“Magna Carta” of the Labor movement?

The Progressive Amendments

• 16th Amendment (1913):– The Congress shall have power to lay and

collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration

Sixteenth Amendment1913

*Federal Income Tax


• 17th Amendment (1913):– The Senate of the United States shall be

composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.


• 18th Amendment (1919):– prohibited alcohol (later repealed by the 21st

Amendment• the prohibition of alcohol was enforced under the

Volstead Act

– the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.


• 19th Amendment (1920):1. granted women full voting rights

(women’s suffrage) 2. The right of citizens of the United States

to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.

Nineteenth Amendment1920

*Granted women full voting rights

Women’sSuffrage

End of Progressivism War World I:

1. President Wilson concentrated on world events when World War I broke out in Europe

a. all Progressive reform ended when America entered the war

End of Progressivism

Regroup

• How many “Progressive Amendments” were passed and what were they?

• What ended Progressivism?• How did Progressivism attempt to address the

social ills of the late 19th and early 20th centuries?

• Was it successful? Why or why not?

eq how did the progressives try to solve the social problems that resulted from industrialization...

Documents

pure food drug act

drugspure food

meat packers

impure practicesthe

piles of meat

jungle tr

following social problems

elsemeat inspection