Equally moved and not really sick from viewing 2D and 3D motion stimuli

on a TV screen

Astrid J.A. Lubeck1

Jelte E.Bos1,2, John F. Stins1

1 Research Institute MOVE, VU University Amsterdam, Nederland. 2 TNO Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, Soesterberg, Nederland.

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Introduction

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Introduction

• Possible adverse effects of a visual-vestibular conflict1:• Visually induced motion sickness (VIMS)• Increased postural sway

• Concern that stereoscopic 3D cues exacerbate these adverse effects• 3D stimuli are perceived more natural than 2D stimuli2

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Introduction

• 2D versus 3D3,4

• VIMS: 3D > 2D• No study on postural sway

• Studies on VIMS and postural sway• 2D: several studies

• Most studies e.g. 6: VIMS ↑ and postural sway ↑• 3D: only one study5

• VIMS ↑ and postural sway ↑• No 2D condition

• But... No study that investigated both VIMS and postural sway in the comparison of viewing 2D stimuli with viewing 3D stimuli

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Introduction

• Aim:• Investigate VIMS symptoms and postural sway in one group of

participants, who are exposed to the same motion stimulus shown in 2D and 3D on a commonly available TV-screen

• Hypotheses:• VIMS ↑ and postural sway↑ due to viewing 2D and 3D motion

stimuli• But… 3D > 2D

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Methods

• 16 participants• 5 males and 11 females• mean age of 21.5 (SD = 1.32) years

• Two conditions: 2D and 3D• 4 measurement moments: pre – per 1 – per 2 – post

Symptom ScoreGeneral discomfort

FatigueHeadacheEyestrain

Difficulty focusingIncreased salivation

SweatingNausea

Difficulty concentrating

Fullness of headBlurred vision

Dizzy (eyes open)Dizzy (eyes closed)

VertigoStomach awareness

Burping

Scores0: Not1: Slight2: Moderate3: Severe

OutcomeTotal score and 3 subscales:NauseaOculomotorDisorientation

Methods

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Results

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Results

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Discussion

• Summary• 2D and 3D: VIMS ↑ and postural sway↑ • But… No difference between 2D and 3D

• Increase in VIMS was relatively small

• Why?• Geometrical distortions when shown on smaller screen• Field of view difference6

• Quarantining7

• Central nervous system puts visual input aside• Mismatch between cues becomes really obvious

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Discussion

• Postural sway obtained with eyes closed is affected by watching visual stimuli per se• In all conditions an increase

• Postural sway serves an exploratory purpose9

• More sensory information• Exploration of new virtual

environmentAdapted from 8

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Conclusion

We are equally moved and do not really get sick from viewing 2D and 3D motion stimuli

on a TV screen that were designed for the cinema

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References

1. Bos JE, Bles W, Groen EL. A theory on visually induced motion sickness. Displays. 2008;29(2):47–57.2. Polonen M, Salmimaa M, Aaltonen V, Hakkinen J, Takatalo J. Subjective measures of presence and discomfort in viewers of color-separation-based stereoscopic cinema. J Soc Inf Disp. 2009;17(5):459–466.3. Solimini AG. Are there side effects to watching 3D movies? A prospective crossover observational study on visually induced motion sickness. PLoS One. 2013;8(2):e56160.4. Watanabe H, Ujike H. Psychological and physiological effects of stereoscopic movies of real-

world scenes containing improper three-dimensional settings. 2013;5(7):1099–1105.5. Bos JE, Ledegang WD, Lubeck AJA, Stins JF. Cinerama sickness and postural instability. Ergonomics. 2013;56(9):1430–1436. 6. Van Emmerik ML, de Vries SC, Bos JE. Internal and external fields of view affect cybersickness.

Displays. 2011;32(4):169–174. 7. Golding JF, Arun S, Wortley E, Wotton-Hamrioui K, Cousins S, Gresty MA. Off-vertical axis

rotation of the visual field and nauseogenicity. Aviat Sp Environ Med. 2009;80(6):516–521.

8. Lubeck AJA, Bos JE, Stins JF. Motion in images is essential to cause motion sickness symptoms, but not to increase postural sway. Displays. 2015;38:55–61. 9. Van Emmerik RE, Van Wegen, EEH. On the functional aspects of variability in postural

control. Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev. 30; 2002; 177–183.