eq:what is ecology?
TRANSCRIPT
EQ:What is ecology?
Relationship or interactions and Interdependence among living organisms
EQ:How are living organisms organized in the biosphere?
Starting from: atomsmoleculescell parts
cellstissuesorganssystems
organisms/individuals populationcommunity
ecosystemsbiosphere
ECOLOGICAL METHODS (pp 68) ECOLOGICAL METHODS (pp 68)
There are 3 Types of ecological methods.
1. Observation & Questioning.
2. Experimentation-Used to test a hypothesis- to have dependent and independent variables and collect results.
3.Modeling-Used to craete a plan of the topic under study it because it is not possible to study it in the
classroom.
What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
What is the role of decomposers? They break down dead organisms & recycle nutrients?
How are predators and prey populations related?
Food chain=1 link Food Web=Complex feeding interactions between food chains
ENERGY PYRAMID
How much Energy is transferred to the higher level?-10% How is energy lost? 90% How is energy lost…. as heat
Energy Pyramid
Ecological Pyramid-where are producers consumers & decomposers + what do they do?
Each energy level =Trophic level
base
Factors affecting Populations of organismspp.132
EQ: What are the ways population can be decreased? What are the ways populations can be increased?
Population increases
Population decreases
Immigration= Moving in
Emigration= moving out
Death Rate
Birth Rate
Limiting Factors in Population Growth
Population Growth Can be Limited by Competition
Density dependent
Predation Density dependent
Parasitism + Disease Density dependent
Natural disaster + Weather Density - independent
Chemical Sprays, Density - independent or dependent
Ecology Vocabulary Words 1.Biotic + abiotic pp.66 2.Producer + consumer pp 69-78 3.Autotrophs +heterotrophs pp.69-78 4.Herbivore+ carnivore +omnivore 5.First level, Second level,Third Level consumer pp. 77 6.Food chain +food web pp.73-74
7.Decomposers+detritivores+ scavenger pp.74
8.Phytoplankton + zooplankton pp.75-76
9. Trophic level + food pyramid pp 77
10.Photosyhthesis + Chemosynthesis pp.70
GROWTH CURVES -2types
• Exponential –J shaped Logistic-S shaped • No lack of resources , no predators
• No limit to growth & no competition CP occurs when resources.
• An organism in a New Environment become limited
* Example-Bacteria
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES- WATER CYCLE All BGC transform the nutrients and matter into other substances…the cycles do not use up matter EQ: What processes return water to the atmosphere? EQ What processes increase water on the earth?
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES--CARBON CYCLE EQ: What are the processes that recycles Carbon through through the biosphere? Transpiration in not part of C-cycle.
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES NITROGEN CYCLE pp.86 Read
BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES PHOSPHOROUS CYCLE
• NUTRIENT LIMITATION /LIMITING NUTRIENT
Nutrients are chemicals needed by plants and animals like nitrogen phosphorous and Potassium.
• PP 86-On the Land-Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium are the limiting nutrients.
• PP86-In Water-Nitrogen is limiting nutrient. • If Nitrogen is normally a limiting factor and there is a sudden excess of
Nitrogen-in aquatic areas from runoff from nearby farms
• First, algae begin to bloom…
• Then, they die, then decay.
• This uses the O2 in the water.
• O2 then becomes limiting
• Area becomes a dead zone as there is
no O2 for aquatic plants & animals
ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION pp106-107
Primary & Secondary Succession. These differ in terms of
• Starting Point
• Time involved in recovery
• Biodiversity
• Pioneer species are the first species to inhabit the land in primary succession for example mosses and lichens
• Bare rock is just rocks with no nutrients vs Soil with organic material
Aquatic Ecosystems-Fresh water
Rivers & streams-
• Wetland-land under water, nutrient rich, they purify water by filtering nutrients
• Ex.bogs, swamps, marshes
Estuaries-A wetland where river or fresh water meets salt water/sea. Photosynthesis is high, producers are abundant, sunlight is good, therefore they are nursery ground for aquatic life ex. Everglades mangroves
BIODIVERSITY pp 166-172
*BIODIVERSITY-What is it and why is it important? Biodiversity can be Decreased by these Threats • Altered Habitats • Hunting Introduction of New Exotic species…this causes
natural species to be crowded, destroyed or eaten therefore reducing biodiversity.
• Pollution Biodiversity can be Increased/Conserved by • Protecting Individual Species/Endangered Lists • Preserving Habitats and Ecosystems • Ecological Hotspots • Considering Local Interests.
VOCABULARY WORDS 1.Biological Magnification pp161
This is the increase in concentration a
Toxic chemical , pollution that occurs in a
food chain as a consequence of persistence
(can't be broken down by
environmental processes)
Sustainable development 157Sustainable development
(SD) is a pattern of growth where resources are used to
meet human needs while preserving or sustaining the
environment. This allows us to meet the need not only in
the present, but also for future generations.
4.Desertification 159
Desertification is drying of lands
caused by a variety of factors, such as climate
change, dryness & human activities,
desertification is a significant global environmental problem.
Global Warming=Increase in temperature all over the globe.
Global warming can be measured by measuring temperatures as
shown in graph below.
GLOBAL WARMING-CAUSE , EFFECT & MEASUREMENT
Cause-Co2 from Pollution. Effects: High Land and water Temperatures
Global Warming can be measured by measuring Land and Ocean temperatures GLOBAL WARMING CAUSE
GLOBAL WARMING EFFECT
2.Ecological Footprint 173
The ecological footprint is a measure of demand for
natural resources that may be compared with the
land’s capacity to regenerate resources.
3.Ecological hot spot 171
These are areas of the world where
natural resources are threatened or
becoming
extinct.
Hotspots are protected
From Damage.
4.Desertification 159
Desertification is drying of lands
caused by a variety of factors,
such as climate change, dryness and human
activities, desertification is a significant global
environmental problem.
5.Deforestation 159 -Removal of Trees
Acid Rain pp.164. cause/effect
Aquatic Ecosystems Marine shown below-There are zones and each one is important