DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 309 896 RC 017 173

TITLE Inter-American Foundation Annual Report 1988.INSTITUTION Inter-American Foundation, Rosslyn, Va.PUB DATE 88

NOTE 73p.; For the 1987 annPhotographs may

PUB TYPE Reports - D

ual report, see ED 304 244.not reproduce well.

escriptive (141)

EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage.DESCRIPTORS *Adult Education; Adult Programs; Annual Reports;

*Developmental Programs; *Economic Development;Fellowships; *Foreign Countries; *Grants; ProgramDescriptions; Public Agencies; Rural Development;Small Businesses; Technical Assistance; Training

IDENTIFIERS Caribbean; *Foreign Aid; *Inter American Foundation;Latin America

ABSTRACTThe Inter-American Foundation (IAF), an independent

agency created by Congress, funds local private organizations thatsupport the self-help efforts of the poor in Latin America and theCaribbean. In fiscal year 1988, IAF approved 208 new grants, 173grant supplements, and othOr program activities totaling nearly $25million. The average grant size was $72,000, and grantee matchingcontributions averaged $1.26 per IAF dollar. The breakdown of grantsby program area was: (1) 37% of funding to agriculture,ecodevelopment, and other rural programs (down from 46% in FY 1987);(2) 22% to urban small enterprises (up from 140; (3) 24% toeducation and training programs such as adult literacy programs,native language education, and vocational, agricultural, andorganizational skills training; (4) 10% to community serviceprograms; and (5) 2% to cultural expression initiatives. Otherprogram activities included (1) fellowships awarded to 29 graduatestudents conducting field research on grassroots development in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean and to 17 scholars from Latin American andCaribbean institutions pursuing graduate study at U.S. universities;(2) in-country support services; (3) publications and videos; and (4)independent field-based evaluations of eight diverse IAF projects,assessing both organizational processes and concrete benefits. Thisreport includes brief descriptions of the 381 grants and grantsupplements, and breakdowns of financial and statistical informationfor 1972-1988. (SV)

********** ***** **************************** ***** **************** ***** **Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made

from the original document.*************************** ***** ***************************************

I..

a

Ir .

I

: :

.034^. 1 4-

la

Ar

U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONOPce 01 Educational Research and ImprovementEDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION

CENTER (ERIC,O This document has been reproduced as

received from the person or organizationoriginating it

O Minor changes have been made to improvereproduction duality

Points of vie* or opinions stated in IMSdoCumerit do not necessarily represent officialOERI position or policy

-Contents

Board of DirectorsFoundation StaffLetter from the ChairmanThe President's ReportProgram ReportLearning & Dissemination ReportCountry Reports

Office for Argentina, Paraguay, and UruguayOffice for Bolivia and ChileOffice for BrazilOffice for the CaribbeanOffice for Central AmericaOffice for Colombia and VenezuelaOffice for Mexico-and El SalvadorOffice for Peru and EcuadorLatin America Regional Grants

Fellowship ProgramsPublications and VideosFinancial and Statistical Information(See inside back cover for information on howto apply for a grant)

2

3

46

10

16

22222833364047515559

60

Front cover: Woman in La Paz,Bolivia, grows tomatoes in a low-technology greenhouse (RobinBowman). Above: A basket maker inEsmeraldas Province, Ecuador (JuanGarcia). Opposite: At workaround thehemisphere (clockwise from right-

64 Miguel Sayago; Sean Sprague; Sandra

66 Wavrick). Back cover: Youngfishermen in Esmeraldas Province (JuanGarcia), and farmers near Caracallo,Bolivia (Robin Bowman).

The Inter-American Foundation was created by the U.S. Congress in 1969 to support the self-help efforts ofpoor people in Latin America and the Caribbean. Rather than working through governments, the Foundation

responds directly to the initiatives of the,poor by supporting. local private organizations. The Foundation receives fundsfrom Congressional appropriations and from the Social Progress Trust Fund, which is administered by the Inter-American Development Bank.

Established by Congress as an independent agency, the Foundation is apolitical and nonpartisan in its developmentefforts. It is governed by a nine-member Board of Directors appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.By law, six members of-the Board are from private organizations, and three are from the U.S. Government.

Since 1971, the Foundation has made 2,710 grants throughout Latin America and the Caribbean for a total of$270.4 million. Many grants go to grassroots organizations such as agricultural, cooperatives, community associations,and small urban enterprises. Others go to larger organizations that work with local groups and provide them withcredit, technical assistance, training, and marketing services.

The Foundation has 68 staff members, all based at its office in Rosslyn, Virginia. Its operating budget for Fiscal Year1988 was approximately $28.4 million.

3

Inter-AmericanFoundationANNUAL REPORT 1988

October 1, 1987 to September 30, 1988

Board of Directors

The Hon. Victor Blanco, ChairmanChairman of the Board, Multiple

Medical Management, Arcadia,California

The Hon. Harold K. Phillips, ViceChairman

President, Granja Costarricense deCamarones, S.A., San Jose,Costa Rica

The Hon. Lynda A. BarnessThe Barness Organization, Warrington,

Pennsylvania

The Hon. John C. DuncanChairman, Cyprus Minerals Company,

New York, New York

The Hun. Richard T. McCormackPermanent Representative to the

Organization of American States,Department of State,Washington, D.C.

The Hon. Alan WoodsAdministrator, Agency for International

Development, Department of State,Washington, D.C.

2

Advisory Council to the Board of Directors

William C. Doherty, Jr., ChairmanFabio AuriemoJose DeetjenLuis A. RaeAugustin S. Hart, Jr.Peter T. JonesThomas KahnThe Hon. J. William Middendorf III

fa

Martha T. MuseCarlos M. PerezTomas RegaladoAriel RemosThe Hon. Curtin Winsor, Jr.

As of February 1, 1989

Above: Program analyst Selma Zaidiand Foundation representative JohnGarrison discuss a report at IAFheadquarters in Rosslyn, Virginia.Left: Senior Foundation representativeDavid Valenzuela discusses a grantagreement with townspeople in Aquia,Peru, prior to the signing of thedocument by community officials.

r.

Foundation Staff

Office of the PresidentDeborah S: ekely. PresidentBetty F. Davis, Execteive Assistant

Office of the GeneralCounsel

Charles M. Berk, General CounselAdolfo A. Franco, Deputy CounselMargarita Guerra, Paralegal Specialist

Office of Administrationand FinanceDorothy B. Burruss, Director,

Finance and ManagementInformation

Rolando Loret de Moia, AccountingOfficer

Milna Bautista, AccountantJohn J. Patermaster, AccountantPatrick G. Bailey, Audit ManagerZoila Chernoff, Financial )Issistant

Melvin Astcrken, AdministrativeOfficer

Robert Reese, General ServicesAssistant

June L. Green, Director of PersonnelRetta Burden, Personnel Specialist

Office for Learning andDisseminationCharles A. Reilly, Vice President for

Learning and DisseminationElizabeth G. Pagano, Program

AnalystAllison Lange, Staff Assistant

Kathryn J. Shaw, Publications OfficerMichelle Huber, Editorial Coordinator

Patrick Breslin, Evaluations OfficerCarol C. del Campo, Development

Education Specialist

Robert J. Sogge, Fellowship OfficerScott Kuster, Fellowship Assistant

Leyda P. Appel, Translator /SpanishEditor

Office of ProgramsStephen Vetter, Vice President for

ProgramsEdmund Benner, Program Analysis

OfficerPatricia Palma, Executive Assistant

Office for Argentina,Paraguay, and Uruguay

Anne B. Ternes, SeniorRepresentative

David B. Bray, RepresentativeLeRoy Richardson, RepresentativeMaria Elena Godbey, Program Staff

AssistantBlanca R. Suarez-Torres, Program

Staff Assistant

Office for Bolivia and Chile

Carl L. Swartz, Senior RepresentativeKevin Healy, RepresentativeDiane Edwards La Voy,

RepresentativeLauren Spurrier, Program Staff

Assistant

Office for Brazil

Bradford K. Smith, SeniorRepresentative

John Garrisor, RepresentativePaula Marechal, Program Staff

Assistant

Office for the Caribbean

Julie Sutphen Wechsler, SeniorRepresentative

Robert Maguire, RepresentativeWilbur T. Wright, Jr., RepresentativeAnnie Pforzheimer, Program Staff

Assistant

= 6

Office for Central America

William M. Barbieri, Senior-?epresentative

Cynthia L. Ferrin, RepresentativeKeith L. Oberg, RepresentativeJan R. Van Orman, RepresentativeOlga Reinhard, Program Staff

Assistant

Office for Colombia andVenezuela

Marion Ritchey Vance, SeniorRepresentative

Walter A. Price, RepresentativeMaria Rogal, Program Staff Assistant

Office for Mexico andEl Salvador

Carol Michaels O'Laughlin, SeniorRepresentative

Ronald P. Arms, RepresentativeSusan Pezzullo, RepresentativeJennifer Johnson, Program Staff

Assistant

Office for Peru and Ecuador

David Valenzuela, SeniorRepresentative

James Adriance, RepresentativeCharles D. Kleymeyer,

RepresentativeAnnette Cordero, Program Staff

Assistant

Program Analysts

Michael Barnes, Office for Mexico andEl Salvador, and Office for CentralAmerica

Emma Rodriguez, Office for Boliviaand Chile, and Office for Argentina,Paraguay, and Uruguay

Laura Thompson, Office for Colombiaand Venezuela, and Office for Peruand Ecuador

Selma A. Zaidi, Office for Brazil, andOffice for the Caribbean

As of September 30, 1988

A LETTER FROM THE CHAtRMAN

Strategy for Change

ix years have passed since I became theFoundation's Chairman, and in that time

much has been accomplished. Reflecting on thisrecord, I am convinced that the course which wecharted in 1982 must continue if the Foundation isto surmount today's challenges and solve the prob-lems it will face tomorrow.

When I was appointed Chairman, the Founda-tion's future was uncertain. Critics maintained thatit was no longer as innovative or responsive as ithad been. Knowing that time was of the essence, Iset about learning everything I could about theFoundation, its programs, and beneficiaries. I reada great deal, visited projects we supported, andsought the valuable counsel of Board members,staff, and grantees.

I quickly concluded that improvements wereneeded and new approaches to grassroots develop-ment required. Most importantly, it was clear tome that sustained grassroots development wouldnot be possible without integrating the LatinAmerican business community into the process. Asa businessman, I knew how much expertise andtalent was being wasted, and I knew how muchmore we could accomplish together.

Such change required strong leadership. There-fore, I assembled a new management team thatunderstood the institution's needs. Some doubtedmy vision. Some doubted whether the Fou.idationcould survive such a transformation. Yet, it is nowclear that we have not only survivedwe haveflourished.

I have mentioned the importance of leadership.Simply stated, I viewed my mission as making theFoundation the best development agency possible.And if this meant doing some things differently, Iwas prepared to assume the responsibility for myactions. I committed myself to demonstrating howour strategy for change would make the Founda-tion an even better and more dynamic institution.

4

The results of our efforts are most encouraging.Today, the Foundation enjoys more support inCongress than at any previous time. Republicansand Democrats alike praise the Foundation as oneof the most effective and admired U.S. foreignassistance programs. There is other evidence ofthis support. This past fiscal year, Congress pro-vided the Foundation with the largest singleCongressional appropriation in our history. Wefully expect this support to continue.

How did these remarkable changes come about,and what do they mean for the future? First, Iworked with all those interested in the Foundationto demonstrate my genuine commitment to its mis-sion and to grassroots development. Second, myactions clearly reflected that my only agenda wasto make the Foundation a more flexible and inno-vltive institution.

Of our many accomplishments over the past sixyears, I am especially proud of these:

First and foremost, appointing Deborah Szekelyas president of the Inter-American Foundation.I knew that the Foundation needed a leader whocould cut to the core of problems and proposepragmatic solutions. Deborah Szekely's hands-onbusiness experience and practical approach todevelopment have yielded tremendous results.

It was clear that sustainedgrassroots development would notbe possible 'without integrating theLatin American businesscommunity into the process.

Zt

Developing a close working-relationship with myfellow Board members. Together, we developedand implemented creative policies that promotethe Foundation's best initiatives in small busi-ness, education, health care, and leadershiptraining. I have stimulated the Board to revisecumbersome policies and procedures in order toachieve concrete results.Broadening the scope and experience of thosewho serve, through recruiting staff with bothbusiness and development skills.Establishing In-Country Support (ICS) systems in19 countries to provide vitally important techni-cal services to grantees. The ICS managementinitiative greatly enhances our grantees' chancesfor success, and also enhances the Foundation'seffectiveness in the field.Devoting more attention to small-business devel-opment in Latin America. By reaching out toregional and national business leaders, the Foun-dation continues to expand the base of supportfor grassroots development in the communitiesin which we work.Increasing public awareness about grassrootsdevelopment. A much larger audience of devel-opment specialists, educators, and grantees nowbenefit from the Foundation's contributionsthrough a vigorous and greatly expanded learn-ing and dissemination program. This programunderscores our efforts to experiment andinnovate.

Credit and technical assistancefrom the IAF havc increased theproductivity of microentrepreneursthroughout Latin America and theCaribbean, including this metalworker in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

Resuming work in Brazil.Today, our efforts comple-ment those of like-mindedBrazilian institutions, andtogether we are strivingto alleviate poverty bytransferring technologyand usef-1 skills to thegrassroots.

Lastly, I am proud of expanding our networks ofcontacts with key nongovernmental organiza-tions in Latin America and the Caribbean whoseprograms complement and, in some cases, pre-cede similar efforts by the region's nationalgovernments.As is often the case, the sum total of these

efforts has been much greater than the individualparts. The result has been a staff committed toinnovative programs in the field, tremendousbipartisan political support at home, and greaterawareness of the need for the kinds of common-sense approaches to development now advocatedby the Foundation.

Today, the Inter-American Foundation is astronger, more vibrant institution than when Ibecame its chairman. In the process, this tinyagency has brought great credit to the Americanpeople. It will continue to do so with strong andcommitted leadership.

For six years, I have worked to demonstratewhat the Inter-American Foundation can be. Iwant nothing more than to continue on the pathwe have taken.

Vicir,fr C,lanf

5

THE PRESIDENT'S REPORT

Foresight and Vision

oresight and vision, horizons without limit,are the subjects of this, my fifth and final

etter as President of the Inter-American Founda-tion. It is also the most difficult to write. My yearsas President of the IAF have been an honor and aprivilege, and when I leave this summer, it will bewith regret and a deep sense of loss. These lastfew years have been among the most gratifying ofmy life.

However, I am one of those entrepreneurs whobelieves that a change in leadership at the top addsinvaluable dimensions to any organization. I nowhope to take the knowledge I have gained hereand apply it to another enterprise, perhaps a"look-alike" to the Foundation that would help thepoor in our country.

Much has been accomplished at the Foundationduring the past five years, and I am especiallyproud of progress in the area of learning and dis-semination. There are countless proven ideas inthe IAF files that are replicable in the United Statesas well as in other countries. Even more importantthan specific ideas, though, is the Foundation'smodel of learning from projectsboth differentand alikethroughout the hemisphere and dissem-inating what has been learned.

There are thousands of nonprofit and voluntaryorganizations in the United States that are imple-menting excellent programs to help the impover-ished and uneducated, but there is no centralcoordinated effort to build upon these efforts bymonitoring the process. And since there is noinformation bank for sharing methodology andresults, many of these programs in inner-cityorganizations and the rural sector must continuallystart from scratch.

An important lesson that I have learned at theFoundation is that each project must build uponthe preceding one. We have begun a process toextract the lessons inherent in each effort funded,

6

Careful monitoring, learning,and dissemination allow us to touchthe lives of millions of people, whileour small number of grants canonly affect thousands.

to compare these lessons, and then to study theresults. A learning component is now a part ofeach and every Foundation grant, thereby multi-plying its value.

We have also increased the frequency withwhich we monitor projects. Project monitoringreports, for example, have increased from 400 to1,950 annually over the past five yearsalmost afive-fold increase. Careful monitoring, learning,and dissemination allow us to touch the lives ofmillions of people, while our small number ofgrants can only affect thousands.

Another lesson I have learned is the power oflocal professionals to help the disenfranchisedmembers of their own country. As President of theIAF, I have visited grantees in every country inthis hemisphere except Cuba, Suriname, and Guy-ana. I can therefore state with conviction that theanswers to the region's long-term developmentproblems lie in the partnership between in-countryprofessionals and grassroots groups.

One dictionary describes grassroots as "peopleremoved or somewhat isolated from a major politi-cal center." That is an apt description of many ofour grantees, who are often isolated geographi-cally, politically, and socially. And that is why it is

9

(9

ti

'-'14111ri

A Haitian teacher in Verrettes shows an enthusiastic preschool class how to play a new game. Improved wages, training, and statusof teachers such as this young woman are crucial if develop* countries are to properly educate future generations.

so important for the Foundation to encourage net-working among groups throughout the region.

It is also crucial to support the training of train-ers who take their knowledge into the community.There are numerous examples of Foundation sup-port for such networking and training, but let megive three examples:

The Centro de EducaciOn y Tecnologia (CET),a grassroots support organization (GSO) in Chile,helps poor urban and rural communities meet theirbasic needs for nutrition and housing by offeringtraining in sustainable agricultural techniques.

CET is so successful in its work that I suggestedthat the Foundation award it a grant to train IAFgrantees from other countries. By the end of 1989,CET will have conducted three seminars to trainfield-level experts in techniques of organic foodproduction, small-scale animal husbandry, andlow-cost housing. A fourth, policy-level seminar isaimed at the executive directors of GSOs, who will

evaluate the relevance of the training to their ownprojects.

A total of 80 people representing 27 IAF granteeorganizations from 12 countries will receive train-ing under this grant. Through their work they willdisseminate this knowledge to hundreds of otherorganizations.

The Instituto Centroamericano de Administra-ciOn de Empresas (INCAE), which trains corporatemanagers, al o trains professiwal staff of grass-roots support organizations and microenterprisesin management skills, small business administra-tion, marketing, and accounting. The training atINCAE is based on the Harvard case-studymethod, although the Institute carries this methodone step further by requiring the participants towrite the case studies themselves.

10

cc

THE PRESIDENTS REPORT

With Foundation support, during the past threeyears INCAE has taught business skills tohundreds of microentrepreneurs and GSO man-agers from all over Central America. These "exten-sionists" are then better able to help other smallbusinessmen, managers of agncultural coopera-tives, and similar grassroots groups.

Fundacao Esperanca is a private voluntaryorganization offering short- and long-term trainingto paramedicals who are natives of Brazil's remoteAmazonian communities. Not only has Esperancasucceeded in training these paramedicals to diag-nose simple illnesses and provide basic health careservices, but it has managed to set up a structure

Diotzisio Calagua is the manager of PROTERRA, anorganization that provides legal and technical assistance tofarmers in Peru's Ludt: Valley. increasingly, the 1AF worksin partnership with such local profes.ionals to tackle theregion's development problems.

8

that firmly places the paramedical as the key tohealth care services in the community.

I would like to see Fundacao Esperanca expandits training beyond the Amazon region, and planto visit Esperanca on my last official trip in orderto see how we can help further their learning anddissemination activities among Indian communitiesthroughout the region.

I am particularly interested in projects such asthese because I believe the answers to Latin Ameri-ca's problems are in training and education. Andprojects that train trainers have the largest multi-plier effect of all.

That is also why I see my greatest single accom-plishment at the Foundation as setting up the In-Country Service (ICS) teams. These teams, madeup of in-country professionals, have influenced theway we fuse funding and learning. Unlike IAFcountry representatives, who generally can visiteach project-unly once a year, ICS teams are ableto visit projects several times a yearin fact, asoften as needed. This helps grassroots organiza-tions, which benefit from expert advice; it aids theFoundation, which gets more regular feedback;and it hones the skills of indigenous professionalswho will help change their own countries throughtheir effort to improve the lives of the poor.

On a broader scale, I would like to see coopera-tion and a sharing of experiences among all donoragencies in Latin America. This would be a kind of"United Nations of Funuers," a forum not for thedistribution of grants but for the sharing of ideas.Only by working together will the full potential ofall development funds be realized.

There is need for coordinated action amongdonor agencies to help countries improve the pay,educational level, and status of teachers. Teachershold their countries' futures in the balance, forthey are the ones who educate the futuregenerations.

Children are less likely to drop out of school if itis exciting, challenging, and relevant. With state-of-the-art curricula and techniques, teachers couldteach not only reading, writing, and arithmetic butalso such pressing topics as natural resourceconservation.

I 1

So

leo

Legal promoters in Mexico City receive training from ICEI'ACin issues related to housing and urban services. Participantswill then train othc,-. in their Own communities.

Appropriate educational literature needed forthis task has not yet been developed, neither inLatin America nor anywhere else. I would like tosee a major initiative to create such literature ineach country: Innovative and attractive materialsare needed dealing with small business accounting,appropriate technology, tropical subsistence agri-culture, cooperative marketing techniques, andmore. This area, too, could benefit from interna-tional donor agency cooperation with the educatorsin each country.

Our civilization can never reach the millenniumwe dream of and work toward as long as thou-sands of children die each day from malnutrition,forests are destroyed, rivers and oceans are pol-luted, and our planet Earth is sorely abused. Inoted this almost five years ago in my first annualreport message when I wrote:

My first trip for the IAF took me to Colombia. As Istood on a hill near some small huts, it seemed like thehills of my childhood. I thought only I had changed. Butwhen I looked and listened carefully, I recognized changeall around meno smell of wood smoke, no pot bubblingon the fire, simply no wood left to burn. Nobody wasgrowing corn and beans in the garden. There were nogardens, nor goats tethered to the fences. Worse, nochickens pecked about the yards. There was nothing tofeed the chickens.

1._

I was nostalgic for a time that will n, s_r comeagain. There are just too many people today, livingin too many cities, with expectations of a style oflife they see on television or read about in novelas.Butand this is essentialthey are willing, yeseager, to work for their dreams. And there arethousands and thousands of well educated, deeplyconcerned citizens working in private voluntaryorganizations, nongovernmental organizations,national development foundations, and grassrootssupport organizations of Latin America and theCaribbean to help their impoverished countrymenThe answers are within their reach, but they needhelp to implement, to experiment with the manypossible creative solutions. That is what the Foun-dation is all about.

As I noted at the beginning of this letter, muchremains to be done, and I expect to carry out someof this work in another capacity. But for now I amleaving friends and trusted colleagues, withoutwhom many of these achievements would nothave been possible.

I want to thank the entire Foundation staff fortheir hard work and their willingness to embracethe concept, "you don't have to wait till it breaksto fix it." In addition, I want to thank VictorBlanco, Chairman of the Board of Directors; RobertMashek, Executive Vice President until his retire-ment in late 1988; Stephen Vetter, Vice Presidentfor Programs; and Charles Reilly, Vice Presidentfor Learning and Dissemination. The latter twospent many long hours and what should havebeen holidays to help convert my dreamsinto reality.

I am also grateful to William Dyal and Peter Bell,the first two presidents of the IAF, for their contri-b-Jtions. But the major credit must go to Congress-men Dante Fascell and Bradford Morse for theirforesight and vision 20 years ago in creating aFoundation with a passport for change. As a fund-ing agency we are small, but as a learning agencywe are unique, and we will persevere.

Thank you for the opportunity to learn withyou. I will take the Foundation with me whereverI go.

12 9

PROGRAM REPORT

Partnership at the Grassroots:A New Green Revolution

Nurturing the rapidlythickening network oflocal organizationsrequires donors andgrantees to think aboutwhat each does best.

uring the recent con-ference of nongovern-

mental organizations andinternational donors sponsoredby the Consejo Nacional deOrganizaciones de Interes Social(CEDOIS) in the DominicanRepublic, one of the participantscommented that "in the '60sand '70s, everyone was preoccu-pied with the miracle grains andthe high technology of theGreen Revolution. But today,the most important green revo-lution is taking place among thegrassroots organizations ofdeveloping nations. ' This playon words is not only interestingbut revealing, pointing to thechange in attitudes that hasoccurred during the past twodecades.

When the Foundation beganto support grassroots develop-ment projects in 1969, manycritics believed that the scarcityof private development organi-zations in Latin America andthe Caribbean sounded amplewarning that the soil of theregion was too poor to support

10

a vibrant localized approach todevelopment. The high aciditylevel of that soil was measuredby indicators such as the fre-quency of military governments,the underappreciation of privateand civic initiative, and the his-torical legacy of a highly central-ized state and church. Suchfactors had thwarted the emer-gence of independent localsocial and economic organiza-tions, and by extension, wouldalways threaten any new rootsystem, regardless of the qualityof outside support. Substantialprogress seemed to requirethinking in monumental, macroterms, not small, micro terms.

Yet there was an argument tobe made for thinking broadlywhile investing precisely. Wherelarge sectoral programs weremeasuring results and productsin terms of inputs and outputs,grassroots development wouldfocus on the processes, thechanges individuals working incooperation could achieve. Thesectoral programs of largedonors were often conceived asmammoth undertakings, yettheir unwieldiness and highadministrative costs tended tominimize help to populationsliving at the margins. Grassrootsprograms generally cost a pit-tance, and they could be specifi-cally targeted to reach the poor.

.3

And ironically enough, whenthe world economic climatecooled in the 1980s, grassrootsprojects often proved to bemore resilient and betteradapted to the shrinking pool ofresources.

In 1969, there were only anestimated 250 private develop-ment or nongovernmentalorganizations (NGOs) in all ofLatin America. During the inter-vening 20 years, there has beena virtual explosion of NGOs,and the number increases daily.The 1985 study by Brian Smithof the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, which identifiedapproximately 4,000 indigenousNGOs in Latin America, mea-sures the tip of the iceberg, onlylisting nonmembership organi-zations providing technical ser-vices to development projectsfor the poor. It does not includethe tens of thousands of infor-mal community groups that areorganizing throughout the

When the worldeconomic climatecooled in the 1980s,grassroots projectsoften proved to bebetter adapted toshrinking resources.

6.

i

i ..:

; i A31 2

,..

tf.;.

!,;t" . if!:-y . ,

4

-Peruvian farmers harvest wheat; While the Green Revolution-produced a wealth of agricultural technology, an important revolutionis taking place today among grassroots organizations throughout the developing world.

region to carry out a wide arrayof activitiesfrom womenworking together to improve theeducation and health of theirchildren, to peasant farmersestablishing joint marketing andproduction programs. In Hon-duras, for instance, a recent sur-vey identified 160 NGOs and3,000 peasant associations with210,000 members; 1,260 cooper-ative societies with 175,000members; and 310 producer

-associations with 53,000members.

In Brazil, a recent censusidentiied 1,041 NGOs currentlyoperating in 24 states and 231cities-90 percent of them

founded in the past two dec-ades, 55 percent of them in the1980s alone.

The Foundation takes under-standable pride for the part ithas played in nurturing thisphenomenon. During the 18years of the Foundation's exis-tence, we have supported some1,800 organizations with $270million in funds. It is our beliefthat this growth will continue,presenting a tremendous chal-lenge to us and to other donorsinterested in grassroots develop-ment. In FY 1988, we had theopportunity to support almost200 new organizations and sup-plement 170 others that havepreviously received IAF grants.

The IAF has also learned val-uable lessons through its experi-

14,

ence that may prove useful toother funders. Managing agrassroots development agendais different from managing pro-grams more sectorally driven.Key indicators to watch in man-aging a grants program forgrassroots development includethe following:

Project Design. The impor-tance of beneficiaries' involve-ment in project design andimplementation cannot beoverstressed. Review ofcountless projects suggeststhat when beneficiaries areincluded on the ground floor,they are more likely to stickwith a particular programthrough hard times, increas-ing the probability of success.

11

Ia=a2

PROGRAM REPORT

4.

-"4-'-- . t.?.-

44

In response to an initiative designed by local people to solve a specific problem, theIAF awarded a.grant to Mapuche Indians in Santiago, Chile, which will help thempreserve cultural traditions in their new urban environment.

Counterpart Funds. A floodof resources is pouring intothe NGO sector, sometimestoo much. For a project not tobe swamped, the proportionof local to outside resourcesneeds to be carefullyweighed. The ratio of IAFsupport$1 for every $1.26 inlocal resourceshas remainedgenerally constant during thepast four years, and we arevery reluctant to fund a proj-ect unless it can at least raisematching resources.Decision-Making Time. Wehave tightened our internalreview of proposals to movecloser to our goal of providingapplicants with a firm yes-or-no decision within threemonths, since experience hasdemonstrated the importance

12

of quick action to build onenthusiasm mobilized at thelocal level.Funding Spread. Tighteningour internal review processhas also led to better manage-ment of our work load andbudget, ensuring sounderchoices. Donor organizationsoften face a remorseless "fis-cai year crunch" when largepercentages of their moniesmust be obligated in the finalquarter or be lost. We arepleased that in FY 1988 weallocated only 15 percent ofour budget during the fourthquarter, funding 15 percent inthe first quarter and 35 per-cent in each of the middlequarters.Overhead. Maximizing thelevel of grant support whileminimizing our administrativecosts is a key to good pro-gram management. We againheld our overhead to 17 per-

1 5

cent and are exploring waysto lower it further.In-Country Support (ICS)Services. We have found theuse of local consultants toaccompany the developmentof projects to be extremelyimportant. Technical assis-tance, timely advice, andmonitoring reports can makethe difference between suc-cess and failure. The relativelylow cost of the ICS systemin FY 1988 it was only 6 per-cent of the total programbudgetshows that valuableassistance can be obtained fora fairly small investment.Average Grant Size. Theaverage grant for FY 1988remained in the $72,000range. The average for ourfirst 15 years was $105,000.This reduction reflects ourevaluations of hew largergrants (those over $500,000)performed in the past. Largegrants can create large prob-lems and waste, so we havechosen to better distributeour limited resources amongmore organizations.Vitality of the Portfolio. Thegrowth in new organizationsmakes it vital to find ways ofsupporting, them as they comeinto being. At the same time,the ongoing needs of someinnovative organizations weare already financing createsan offsetting demand for ourresources. To find a properbalance between old and new,

each national portfolio isreviewed to reflect local needsand formulate a clearly statedcountry strategy. For exam-ple, in Colombia the pro-portion of old grants to newgrants is nearly one to one,while in Peru, it is fiveto one.As the network of NGOs and

community organizations wid-ens and thickens, there is agrowing need for clarifying theterms of partnership betweenorganizations and donors inter-ested in sustainable, people-centered development. The con-cept of "partnership" is ofteninvoked and widely interpreted.In defining the concept as it ispracticed project by project, onesoon retui.is to the terms of ref-erence that guide any good andenduring human relationship.The three values uppermost inmy mind as I watched the qual-ity of interaction mature andgrow during the past year withthe organizations we supportare the following:

Responsiveness. This con-cept, easily misused, is meanthere to underscore thoimportance of suppcvn.-tglocal initiatives designed bylocal people to solve specific

The interventionof outside experts,however well intend-ed, can only beeffective when ithas been invited byand is channeledthrough localorganizations.

problems. Recognizing thatthose most directly affectedby a problem have the great-est interest and commitmentto seeing it solved, donorsmust understand that theintervention of outsideexperts or practitioners, how-ever well intended, can onlybe effective when it has beeninvited by and is channeledthrough local organizations.The old adage "you can leada horse to water but cannotmake it drink" still applies:Projects cannot be force-fedwith money or outside exper-tise. Mature partnershipsbetween international donorsand local organizations relyon frank dialogue that tapstheir respective skills andknowledge, reducing the riskthat local organizations willcater to the whims of donorsimporting new problems bysponsoring pet cures.Reciprocity. A balanced part-nership requires a clearunderstanding of the relativestrengths and weaknesses,and the separate interests ofboth parties. Too often we seethe tendency towards one-sided relationships, with anorganization only looking tous for financial resources.Recognizing, however, thateach project is a potentialgold mine for lessons that can

16

benefit elher projects., we seean attendant need for moni-toring, evaluations, and writ-ten reports. The importantpoint here is simply that thetwo partners be very explicitand open in order to mini-mize unnecessary conflicts.Responsibility. Publicaccountabilil for manage-ment of funds continues to bea key to project implementa-tion and organizationalgrowth. The vitality of anyorganization is tied to fiscalawareness among its member-ship and beneficiaries, andthat can most easily beattained through mutuallyagreed upon audits. The needfor "organizational transpar-ency" extends to us as well,as the publishing of thisannual report attests. Donororganizations work best whenthey can gain the approval ofthe larger society in whichthey function, and when theymaintain credibility with theirdomestic constituency andwith their colleagues andpartners in the internationalcommunity.Responsiveness, reciprocity,

and responsibility are the threeguiding principles for us andthe organizations we support.Grass grows, covers erodedland, sustains livestock, keepsthe wind from taking topsoil.Grassroots development nur-tures local people. It is nothingexotic, only the common resultof ordinary people workingtogether to enrich their commu-nities and their lives.

Steve Vetter

13

PROGRAM REPORT

1988 Program Highlights

Overview

In FY 1988,:ctie Inter-American Foundationapproved.208 grantS, 173 grant supplements,and oficier program activities totaling$24,848,919 to Support grassroots developmentinitiatives in Latin America-and the-Caribbean.Other programmatic activities-includedIn-Country:Support (ICS)_ Services, fellowships,evaluations,publiCations,, and learning,and dis-Seminatiorr projects.

Grantee matching- contributions, eitherin -kind or-cash, averaged $1.26 for overy Foun-dation dollar in FY 1988: The average grant sizein-FY 1988-,was $72,000, compared with $67,000'in FY 1987, and $105,000 for the periodFYs 197241987.

Grgn&,bilSector

Food-Production-and AgricultureFoundation support -for agricultural and ea=ide-Velopment 2 iVities totaled approxithately$7.5 million in FY 1988, or 37 percentof pro=

gram funding. This percentage reflects a contin-uing downward trend for support of ruralactivities, which totaled 48, percent in FY 1986,46 percent in FY 1987, and 42 percent betweenFYs 1971-1986.

-Initial analysis of rural.sector funding indi-cates the decrease is due, in part, to populationshifts from fanns to cities, growing interest inthe "informal seCtor"..r.n urban areas, .and anincrease in the number of microenterpriseprojects presented to the Foundation.

During FY 1988, grants were approved forrural programs such as environmental protec-tion and conservation, crop diversification,animal husbandry, and artisan fisheries. Themajority of grants provided for credit programs,technical assistance, and training.to improvecrop production and marketing, administration,and organizational and leadeiship skills of smallfarmer associations.

Enterprise Development and ManagementWhile support for rural,projects diminished,Foundation support for urban small enterprises

Grants by Size-1988

39 at less than $25,000

49 at $25,000-$49,999

68 at $50,000-$99,999

34 at $100,000-$199,999

7 at $200,000 - $400,000

1 at over $400,000

198 TOTAL

14

increased by nearly 100 percent during FY 1988.Funding for this sector totaled $4.5 milli° or22 percent of program resources. In previousyears, total microenterprise grants accountedfor 12-15 percent of the Foundation's programresources.

Giants were used by local developmentorganizations to improve marketing techniques,acquiie production equipmen,, establish revolv-ing credit funds, and support managerial andtechnical skills training.

Beneficiaries included owners and operatorsof small businesses with minimal skills whohave migrated from rural to urban areas andnow form part of the growing "informal sector."

Education and TrainingUnlike support for rural and urban economicdevelopment activities, IAF support for educa-tion and training programs changed little dur-ing the past fiscal year. Grants in these areastotaled $5.0 million, representing 24 percent ofprogram resources in FY 1988, compared with22 percent in FY 1987.

Project activities included networkingexchanges, adult literacy programs, nativelanguage education, and vocational and organ-izational skills training, as well as instruction inaccounting and agricultural and fishingtechniques.

The majority of training and educationalgrants were components of larger agricultural,conservation, and enterprise developmentprojects supported by the Foundation.

Community ServicesSupport community service programstotaled $1.4 million in FY 1988, or less than 10percent of program resources, compared with15 percent in FY 1987.

Grants were approved for community organi-zations, urban sanitation, health education andservices, self-help housing, appropriate tech-nology for low-income neighborhoods, andlegal services.

Irg57. Grants and Amendmentsfor Supplemental Funding

Program Area

FoodProduction/Agriculture

EnterpriseDevt./Management

Education/Training

Research/Dissemination

Housing

Health

LegalAssistance

III CulturalExpression

Ecodevelopment

TOTAL

Chart showspercentage oftotal fundsallocated byprogram area.

Number AmountGrants ($000's)

130 $ 7,489

72 4,513

88 5,012

27 941

5 373

15 646

7 366

9 402

6 525

359 $20,267

Cultural ExpressionIn FY 1988, the Foundation utilized 2 percent ofits program resources to support culturalexpression initiatives.

Although these grants represent a small por-tion of the total program budget, they providean invaluable opportunity for people to learnabout their heritage and to preserve their tradi-tional cultural values.

15

LEARNING & DISSEMINATION REPORT

Evaluating the Human Factor inGrassroots Development

Factoring humandevelopment into theequation means inventingnew yardsticks formeasuring successand failure.

o fulfill its congressionalmandate of directly

assisting the poor people ofLatin America and the Carib-bean, the Inter-American Foun-dation works to encourage andstrengthen grassroots organiza-tions. The Foundation believesthat these organizationsnotthe hardware and infrastructureemphasized in typical develop-ment projectsprovide the keyto people improving the qualityof their lives.

Because the IAF is not a typi-cal development agency, stan-dard techniques are poorlyadapted to evaluating projectsfunded by the Foundation.Cost-benefit analyses used byother funders do not take manyof our goals into account. Forexample, while Foundationgrants are geared to addressspecific development problems,the ultimate goal usually tran-scends the provision of a partic-ular service or product: Primaryemphasis is on creating orstrengthening a local organiza-tion that can function effectivelyafter funding ends.

16

Given this concern for organi-zational development, economicperformance during the grantperiod is not always decisive inhow the IAF evaluates projects.Of course, most projects mustshow a positive rate of return inthe long run if they are to helpthe participants: No one benefitsfrom an endeavor that consis-tently operates in the red.

Over the past several years,the Foundation has been strug-gling to develop methods forevaluating the impact of fund-ing that measure concreteresults without overlookingorganizational growth.

Social Process andCost-Benefit AnalysisLast summer, in pursuit ofthose methods, the Foundationcommissioned a field-basedstudy of eight projects, using aneclectic methodology to assessboth the organizational proc-esses we seek to encourage, andthe concrete benefits that arethe immediate goals of mostdevelopment projects. Theresearch was contracted out to afive-member, interdisciplinaryteam that included twe experi-enced field researchers, twoeconomists, and oneanthropologist.

g

A worker at the processing plant run byCCAM in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. Arecent 1AF study shows this federationboosted members' incomes.

IAF field representatives wereasked to identify projects thatexemplified significant organi-zational growth and concreteeconomic activities. From theinitial sample of 30 projects, theresearch team chose eight,based on suitability to thestudy's complex methodologyand the need for a variety ofproject settings.

The eight typify the IAF port-folio in types of grantee, typesof development activities, andthe general IAF rationale for

funding. But since the samplesize is small and it was not ran-domly selected, no statisticalclaims are made about overallIAF funding.

The projects reflected a vari-ety of geographic locales,including Argentina, Bolivia,Colombia, Cosca Rica, Ecuador,Paraguay, Peru, and St. Lucia.Half the organizations studiedwere grassroots groups, andhalf were organizations thatprovide services to grassrootsgroups.

The projects themselves alsoreflected the variety of Founda-tion funding and included suchactivities and services as credit,legal assistance, export market-ing, community organizing,technical assistance, and self-help housing. The oldest organ-ization had been in existence16 years while the youngest hadthree years of experience. Therange of Foundation fundingwas also broad: one organiza-tion has been awarded over$2 million in IAF grants, whileanother received a $33,000grant.

The team studied threeaspects of each grant: the per-formante of the fundedorganization, the impact onbeneficiaries, and cost-benefitdata to evaluate effectiveness.

Technicians from PROTERRA survey land in Peru's Lurlu Valley. This grassrootssupport organization was one of eight IAF grantees evaluated to determine concretebenefits derived from develpment projects.

A team member spent anaverage of 12 days with eachorganization, and the teamleader spent two to four days ateach site (except for one casewhen travel connections brokedown). The researchers studiedavailable records and observedinteractions between the mem-bers of the organization and thebeneficiaries. They also con-ducted extensive interviewswith local staff members, bene-ficiaries, and others knowledge-able about the project.

The researchers then analyzedthe performance of each organi-zation based on a series of indi-cators drawn from Foundationexperience in measuring organi-zational growth, such as thedegree of control beneficiariesexercised over a project, andtheir critical understanding of aproject's implications. The teamstudied the economic levels of

the beneficiaries in each project;the degree to which leadershipand technicians were accounta-ble to participants; the extent towhich beneficiaries participatedin the decision-making, man-agement, and implementation ofthe project; and the level ofbeneficiary satisfaction with theproject.

The researchers also studied. the internal health of the organ-izations and their ability toinfluence others. They studiedhow sustainable each organiza-tion was, measured in terms ofmanagerial capacity and finan-cial solvency; how dependent itwas on Foundation funding;whether it was adapting tochanging circumstances; how itwas handling challenges and

17

LEARNING & DISSEMINATION REF NT

crises; and whether the organi-zation had served as a rolemodel for other developmentgroups.

The second part of the analy-sis focused on whether the proj-ect met the social and economicneeds of the beneficiaries asstated in the grant proposal.The researchers tried to measureindividual benefits such asincreased income, productivity,or access to credit and other serv-ices; gains such as obtainingland titles or low-cost housing;and attitudinal changes such asan increased sense of opportu-nity and momentum. They alsomeasured organizationalimpacts such as increased con-trol over markets and pricing,increased awareness of the ben-efits of cooperative self-helpefforts, and an increased senseof organizational capacity andpower.

Finally, the researchers con-ducted a cost-benefit analysis.Each organization's fixed andoperational costs for a projectwere weighed against the totalbenefits created. Both costs andbenefits were measured in realterms to account for inflation,and a 13 percent discount fac-torthe World Bank's standardrate for project analysis indeveloping countrieswas usedto account for the time value ofmoney.

In addition to weighing suchtraditional development benefitsas increased production, job cre-

18

ation, and credit availability, theresearchers assigned economicvalue to other project outcomes:the time saved by farmers fromhaving services closer at hand,the value to small producers ofreceiving prompt payment fortheir goods, and the savingsfrom lowering input costs. Thevalue of specific services werecalculated through interviewswith beneficiaries, and pricecomparisons for similar servicesin nearby areas.

FindingsGiven the manner of projectselection, it should not be sur-prising that the research find-ings were very positive in termsof their organizational perform-

ance, impact on grantees, andcost-effectiveness.

The projects' impact on bene-ficiaries were both positive andtangible. All eight organizationshad provided unprecedentedaccess to such services as credit,agricultural inputs, legal serv-ices, and housing. Less quan-tifiable benefits were alsoapparent: increased levels ofexperience, increased self-confidence, and a sense offuture direction. One troublingfinding, however, revealed thatbeneficiary participation in man-agement and decision-makingwas often low.

Cost-effectiveness scores werehigh in the seven projectswhere they could be calculated.

cont. on p. 20

A factory worker fashions petticoats in Quito, Ecuador. During FY 1988, theFoundation reviewed its recent experience in support of women's projectssuch as this one.

21

1988 Learning andDissemination Highlights

Overview

The Office of Learning and Dissemination wascreated and staffed during 1986. Breaking withtraditional, high-cost approaches to researchthat yield few practical gains, the new officewas charged with the task of finding innova-tiveand less expensiveways to generateinformation. As a result, the average cost ofrommissioned research has dropped consider-ably, and more useful appraisals of grassrootsdevelopment are being producedusually incollaboration with Latin Americans andCaribbeans.

Activities

Research and EvaluationFor the first time in the Foundation's history, acomprehensive Learning Agenda has beendeveloped to guide research efforts. Currentinvestigation focuses on such topics as thenature of base groups and the organizationsthat support them, as well as ecologically soundagricultural projects. Other activities include:a reclassification of the projects in the Foun-dation's data base for more consistent statisticalanalysis;a new policy for producing project histories,which led to 267 completed file-based historiesand 13 field-based project histories, withemphasis on lessons learned; andreviews of recent Foundation experience infour funding areas: health, agricultural market-ing, and projects aimed at women and youth.

PublicationsThe 1987 Annual Report and three issues ofGrassroots Development were published duringFY 1988 in Spanish, English, and Portuguese.In addition, Direct to the Poor, an anthology ofarticles from Grassroots Development, was pro-duced in collaboration with Lynne Rienner Pub-lishers. The Foundation itself published UnaApertura a la Esperanza (a Spanish translation of

rr

In the IAF's latest video, the community of Apia tries torepopulate its communal highlands with alpacas.

the highly acclaimed Hopeful Openings publishedlast year) and a monograph titled The IAF andthe Small- and Micro-Enterprise Sector.

Video SeriesIn FY 1988, the Foundation completed the thirdvideo M its Grassroots Development VideoSeries. This latest video centr-;on the repopu-lation of alpacas in the central highlands out-side Aquia, Peru. To date, approximately120,000 students have seen the videos, and anestimated 1.5 million others have viewed themon cable networks.

FellowshipsFellowships were awarded to 46 scholars,researchers, and development practitionersfrom the Caribbean, Latin America, and theUnited States in FY 1988. Support was given forresearch on microdevelopment approaches toimproving the condition of poor peoplethroughout Latin America and the Caribbean.

Links to In-Country Support (ICS) ServicesA regional ICS conference was held in Wash-ington, D.C., in October 1987 to enhance com-munications among the various ICS offices.Regional workshops then took place as afollow-up, and future meetings were scheduledto seek ways to even better support the devel-opment efforts of grantees and to integrate thelearning efforts of the Foundation and ICSprofessionals.

19

22

LEARNING & DISSEMINATION REPORT

cont. from p. 18(One organization was too largeand complex to be thoroughlyanalyzed in the time available.)Most organizations, and espe-cially the older ones, scoredhigh on assessments of sustain-ability. And there was signifi-cant evidence of IAF projectsserving as models for otherdevelopment efforts. In fact,two of the projects were repli-cated nationally.

Some instances of measurableimpact include the following:

A grassroots support organi-zation providing legal andtechnical assistance for farm-ers in Peru's Lurin Valley wasinstrumental in securing legis-lation to protect land titlesnationwide. It developed aninexpensive land-titling sys-tem, and also helped lay thegroundwork for a nationalorganization of campesinoswho had recently acquiredland titles.A credit organization filled agap in Uruguay's financialsystem by securing credit atfavorable terms and condi-tions for the cooperative sec-tor. In the process, it hasbecome a significant channelof international funding tocooperatives. In nine years,the organization has suppliedcredit to 282 cooperatives and5,640 of their members.A self-help housing programin Colombia proved its meth-ods were far more cost-ejective than government-financed housing projects,while directly benefiting3,400 families.

20

A self-helphousing program inColombia proved itsmethods were farmore cost-effectivethan government-financed housingprojects.

An agricultural exportingcooperative in Costa Ricamanaged to obtain higherprices for a squash-like vege-table called chayote, after over-coming a nearly disastrousimbroglio with the U.S.Department of Agriculture.The cooperative, which repre-sents smaller producers, wenton to capture 30 to 40 percentof the country's chayoteexport market.A long-established coopera-tive federation in Bolivia hassignificantly boosted its mem-bers' productivity andincome, while successfullyweathering Bolivia's astro-nomical inflation rate.A credit and technical assis-tance organization in St. Luciadirectly aided 319 microentrepreneurs, increasing theirearnings by more than 100percent, on average, over aperiod of four years. Not oneof the entrepreneurs wouldhave qualified for commercialcredit.A new campesino federationin Ecuador has alreadyincreased daily milk produc-tion by 54 percent over thelocal average.Cotton production in anIndian community in theArgentine Chaco is up, as is

`)3

family income. As a result, in1988 only 10 percent of thehouseholds had their princi-pal earner migrate to find sea-sonal labor. Four years before,half did so.

Where Do We Go FromHere?As a result of this study, theFoundation will be implement-ing a long-term effort to reportin depth on a representativesample of projects. This moni-toring process is intended tostart early in the life of a proj-ect: Ideally, interesting projectswill be preselected for monitor-ing when they are approved forfunding. One project a year willbe earmarked from each of theFoundation's seven regionaloffices for such monitoring.

Data about the social and eco-nomic conditions of beneficiariesgathered at the start of a projectwill form a baseline to measurefuture project impacts. Follow-up data will be obtainedthrough periodic monitoring,and a comprehensive studywill be conducted after projectcompletion.

Together, these new evalua-tion tools will greatly increasethe Foundation's ability toquantify the effects of projectsand share the lessons that havebeen learned with grantees andthe development community,while remaining faithful to itsCongressional mandate.

Patrick Breslin

Grants by Office 1988

BAHAMAS

g.DOMINICAN"REPUBLIC

($ in thousands)

GUATEMALA

EL SALVADOR

COSTA

JAMAICA

BELIZEHONDURAS' HAITI

NICARAGUA

1NalinsferRICA

PANAMA

ECUADOR

$ 2,880 Office for Argeniina ,Paraguay and Uruguay.

$ 2,279 Office for Bolivia and Chile

$ 2,167 II Office for Brazil

$ 1,808 Office for the Caribbean

$ 4,538 I Office for Central America

$ 1,614 Office for Colombia and Venezuela

$ 2,465 13 Office for Mexico and El Salvador

$ 2,294 IS Office for Peru and Ecuador

$ 222 Latin America Regional Grants

$20,267 TOTAL GRANTS

CHILE

TURKS AND CAICOS

Ao

BARBUDA

NGUIfLAIlra :

ST. KITTS AND NEVIS 1)0 ANTIGUAMONTSERRAT CO

9 DOMINICAST. LUCIA a

ANTILLES ST. VINCENT 0 0o . GRENADA 0

BA:IBADOS

o TOBAGO

23 TRINIDAD

NETHERLANDS

Al

16. 0.

GUYANARINAME

URUGUAY

21

24

COUNTRY REPORTS

1988 Grant Portfolio: Spelling OutPartnership at the Grassroots

This section brieflydescribes each of 381grants and grantsupplements made by theIAF during FY 1988. Eightprojectsone per regionalofficeare profiled to showhow poor peopleinnovatively tackle local,regional, and nationalproblems.

Office for Argentina,Paraguay, andUruguay

ArgentinaNew Grants

Asociacion de Pequerlos Pro-ductores Agropecuarios deCachi (CACHI), $36,300 over 18months, to build a warehouse-office complex, jointly mar!:etvegetables, administer credit,and provide training and techni-cal assistance in management,accounting, agronomy, andfamily nutrition. (AR-220)

Centre; -de Estudios de laEmp:esa (CEDE/ACDE), $51,000over two years, for a fund toprovide grants and loans of lessthan $5,000 to rural and urban

22

low-income groups, includingcommunity associations, cooper-atives, small businesses, andfamily enterprises, primarily incentral Argentina. (AR-235)

COFIRENE Banco de Inversion,S.A. (COFIRENE), $51,500 overtwo years, to administer a fundto provide grants and loans torural and urban low-incomegroups, primarily in northeast-ern Argentina. (AR-236)

Centro de Estudios de La Mujer(CEM), $43,940 for one year, toprovide training, technical assis-tance, and a marketing surveyto a new cleaning-services coop-erative of 60 women in theLomas de Zamora area ofgreater Buenos Aires. (AR-237)

Centro Interdisciplinario deEstudios Territoriales (CIET),$11,300 over seven months, tocarry out a participatory studyof the physical, social, legal,and organizational status of 55low-income neighborhoods inthe city of Resistencia; and todisseminate the results.(AR-240)

Centro de ComunicaciOn Popular y Asesoramiento Legal(CECOPAL), $35,360 for twoyears, to expand a successfulpilot program in urban garden-ing by providing families in fourneighborhoods of Cordoba withtraining and technical assis-tance. (AR-241)

P5

Grupo de Investigation yAction Comunitaria (GIAC),$92,997 over 18 months, tostrengthen new communityorganizations in two barrios inQuilmes, in greater BuenosAires, by promoting self-helpactivities to improve health andsanitation and other basic ser-vices. (AR-242)

Asociacion ComunitariaColonia La Matanza (ColoniaLa Matanza), $55,428 for twoyears. See box on page 23.

R-243)

cin:3 5n Comunitaria Las(Las Tolderias),

..i.6,549 over two years. See boxon page 23. (AR-244)

Asociacion Comunitaria Pozodel Toro (Pozo del Toro),$59,408 for two years. See boxon page 23. (AR-245)

Centro de Promotion y Estudiode la Vejez (CEPEV), $49,200over 18 months, to help 40 oldermembers of the Centro Carbo-nari lay the groundwork for acommunity center for theelderly in the La Boca section ofBuenos Aires; and to providetraining and materials for otherprofessionals working with theelderly. (AR-246)

A New Era for Indians in theArgentine Chaco

s hundreds of Indians cheered in thestreets, the Chamber of Deputies of

Chaco Proyince in northern Argentina passedthe Ley del Aborfgen Chaquetio, or Law of theChaco Indians, in May 1987. This was a legisla-.tiVe milestone:for the 24,000 Toba, Mocovf, andMataco-Wichf people of the province. The lawnot only set a precedent for Chaco Province butalso reflected the beginning of a new phase inthe treatment-of Indians in Argentina: a transi-tiqn from past neglect to encouragement ofIndian autonomy and economic diversification.

The new legislation callsior improved ser-vices of all kinds and creates a Chaco IndianInstitute to replace the DirecciOn del Aborigen,

or Indian Affairs Ministry,which has historically beenconfined to providing creditand agricul-tural inputs forcottoncultivation.

Since 1983,the Inter-Amer-ican Foundation,in close col-laboration-withthe Direccian

cont. on p. 24

Argentina has ;population of

31.5 Million, inn area onethird the sizeof the UnitedStates.

A Toba Indian plows farmland in la Matanz?; Argentina. Follow-up grantS are helping four indigenous communitiesin this remote region of Chaco ProvinCe io become self-sufficient.

P6 23

COUNTRY REPORTS

cont. from p. 23

A New Era

del Aborigen, has helped pave the way for thattransition by providing funding so that severalIndian communities could undertake activitiesto improve their economic situation and achievegreater independence.

The Indians of northeastern Argentina areamong the poorest inhabitants of an alreadypoverty-stricken region. They were the last ofthe country's native population to be conqueredby an advancing wave of settlers in the latenineteenth century, during the same periodwhen the indigenous peoples of the westernUnited States were also subjugated. Since thattime, the Indians of the Northeast have sub-sisted on precarious combinations of cottonfarming, migrant wage labor, and increasinglyrestricted hunting and gathering.

When the IAF first began, working in theregion in the 1970s, most of the Indian commu-nities were considered too weak organization-ally to manage their own development projects.However, based in part on a feasibility study byanthropologist Richard Reed, the IAF decidedin 1983 to finance projects in five Indian com-munities in the central Chaco region. The movewas part of a strategy to strengthen basegroups among both white and Indian popula-tions, in a country with a long history of statesubsidies that had inhibited the development ofautonomous local organizations.

From 1983 to 1986, the IAF financed land-clearing activities and the purchase of tractorsto expand agricultural production in four TobacommunitiesLa Matanza, Pozo del Toro, RaizChaquefia, and El Colchonand in the Mocovi

community of Las Tolderias. The five indige-nous community associations were energizedby the grants, despite problems in setting asidemaintenance funds for the tractors and an inad-equate grasp of the principles of rotating creditfunds.

In the spring of 1988, after a series of self-evaluations and project-planning sessions, theIAF refinanced four of the communities. Thefifth, El ColchOn, appeared to be going throughan internal crisis, and would not have been ableto handle a second round of funding. The newgrants, which total $245,327, place greateremphasis on training in vocational, managerial,and accounting skills. For example, althoughthe grants do not provide for the purchase ofmore tractors, they do provide funds to estab-lish a mechanical workshop staffed by Indianyouths trained in tractor repair and mainte-nance. The grants also provide for clearingadditional arable land; for fencing to secureland claims and to keep out foraging animals;and in the community of Raiz Chaquefia, forexperiments with goat-breeding and varieties ofcorn that thrive in a dry environment, to reducefarmers' dependence on cotton.

To better understand the process of devel-opment in such histoncally disadvantagedcommunities, the IAF is considering a compre-hensive study to evaluate the impact of theseprojects. This would help both the communitiesand the IAF understand the potential for chang-ing deeply rooted economic and organizationalpatterns, and could help the new Chaco IndianInstitute elaborate its own future developmentpolicies. (AR-243, AR-244, AR-245, AR-248)

David Bray

Instituto de Desarrollo Social yPromociOn Humana (INDES),$255,845 over three years, forcontinued technical services to73 small-farmer associations andproduction g ou ps in four prov-inces of northeastern Argentina,benefiting 1,540 families.(AR-247)

24

AsociaciOn ComunitariaColonia Lpa 'a' Na Qom (RaizChaquefia), $73,942 over 18months. See box on page 23.(AR-248)

AsociaciOn Promotores Chaco(APCH), $404,946 over 18months, to coordinate a devel-opment plan for the Impenetra-ble region of northwesternChaco Department, involving 10communities of small-scale cattleherders and eight associationsof Mataco-Wichi Indians build-ing fencing and irrigation sys-

tems, clearing land, and startinga variety of income-genen-tingactivities. (AR-249)

Centro de Estudios Urbanos yRegionales (CEUR), $61,320 forone year, to evaluate self-helphousing projects using low-costtechnologies to determine whichare most efficient, and the eco-nomic and social factors condi-tioning success. (AR-250)

Equipo de Apoyo a los Auto-constructores "El Hornero"(EDA), $45,310 over 18 months,to establish four training clinicsin poor areas of greater BuenosAires to improve the construc-tion skills of families buildingtheir own homes. (AR-254)

Centro Vecinal dc. Vo Ican(VOLCAN), $33,743 for threeyears, to establish a small enter-prise for processing and market-ing meat and hides, open aconsumer store, and provideagricultural extension services.(AR-255)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Instituto de Desarrollo Social yPromoci6n Humana (INDES),$50,680, to continue providingproduction credit, training, andtechnical assistance to smallfarmer organizations in north-eastern Argentina. (AR-156)

Asociacion de Mujeres deNegocios y Profesionales(AMNyP), $13,505, to completethe second stage of a three-yearproject creating microenterprise

I:417.

le

tit\(.\ &rat))

It

Artisans apply the finishing touches to pottery in AUDA's newly renovated workshopin Montevideo, Uruguay. Training courses have helped the association's 365 membersstreamline production and improve designs.

jobs for low-income women inthe provincial capital of Neu-quen. (AR-195)

Centro de Estudios de Estacio ySociedad (CEDES), $15,450, todesign educational materials,and to evaluate organizing strat-egies in poor urban neighbor-hoods. (AR-197)

Procop Cooperativa de Trabajo,Ltda. (PROCOP), $35,041, forcontinued marketing, technicalassistance, and training servicesto small enterprises; and toestablish a sales outlet in Bue-nos Aires. (AR-201)

Equipo Solidarios del Sur(ESUR), $24,913, to expand aprogram providing skills train-ing and health education to

28

poor women in a shantytownon the outskirts of BuenosAires. (AR-207)

Centro de Apoyo al DesarrolloLocal (CEADEL), $14,400, toassist a new neighborhood asso-ciation in Rosario to design thestatutes for a mutual aid societyto administer a community cen-ter for day care, training, nutri-tion, and infant-feedingprograms. (AR-222)

Centro de Estudios de laEmpresa (CEDE), $76,300, toexpand a fund for providingsmall loans and grants so that

25

8E

COUNTRY REPORTS

rural and urban low-incomegroups can receive training inleadership, organizational, andmanagement skills, and in smallenterprise development.(AR-235)

COFIRENE Banco de InversiOn,S.A., $15,000, to establish atravel fund for training andlearning exchanges among IAFgrantees in Argentina. (AR-236)

ParaguayNew Grants

Agencia de Servicio TecnicoIntegral (ASTI), $71,793 over 18months, to lay the groundwork

for a savings and productioncooperative by increasing agri-cultural yields, training healthpromoters, and opening con-sumer stores on the outskirts ofAsuncion. (PY-121)

Comunidad Chamacoco dePotrerito (Potrerito), $3,686 forone year, so that 36 ChamacocoIndian families in the Chacoregion can clear land, plant fruittrees, and construct reservoirs.(PY-123)

Asociaci6n de Agricultores deAlto Parana (ASAGRAPA),$57,500 over two years, for 255Paraguayan and Brazilian-

MAP',`

immigrant small farmers in east-ern Paraguay to boost theiryields and market nontraditionalcash crops such as corn, matetea, peanuts, and cheese.(PY-124)

Asociacion Regional de Guairay Caazapa (REGIONAL),$61,031 over two years, to buildmills for processing mate tea andyucca flour; to capitalize a pro-duction and marketing fund for400 small farmers; and to obtaintechnical assistance. (PY-125)

Pre-Cooperativa Jopoi (JOPOI),$42,000 for two years, to carryout a project of organizational

,,t4614.

tit

A member of GIAC (left) and neighborhood women discuss how they can improve health and sanitation in the Quilmes section ofBuenos Aires, Argentina.

26

rh

consolidation, training, andcredit administration; and toexplore joint marketing of tradi-tional and nontraditional cashcrops. (PY-126)

Centro de Promocion Campe-sino de Cordillera (CPCC),$73,248 for one year, to launchthe first phase of a four-yearprogram to boost small farmers'incomes through crop diversifi-cation and new marketing strat-egies for honey, citrus fruits,tree seedlings, and agroindus-trial products. (PY-127)

Centro Paraguayo de Coopera-tivistas (CPC), $327,756 overtwo years, to consolidate threesmall farmer organizations andpromote 30 new agriculturalgroups in extremely impover-ished regions near Villarrica;and to design production andmarketing strategies for 15 foodcrops and five agroindustrialitems. (PY-128)

Coordinadora de AgricultoresAsociados (CODAA), $21,000over two years, to administeroperating capital and purchasenew equipment for a small saw-mill and an animal-feed mill;and for equipment to build safeand efficient earthen stoves forcooking. (PY-129)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Pastoral Social, DiOcesis de SanJuan Bautista de las Misiones(PASTORAL SOCIAL), $10,000,for continued technical assis-tance and credit to help floodvictims resume agricultural andartisanal activities. (PY-099)

Centro Paraguayo de EstudiosSociolOgicos (CPES), $68,550, tocontinue a resettlement programfor hot8ing flood victims cur-rently living in dispersed com-munities along the ParaguayRiver. (PY-109)

FundaciOn Paraguaya de Coo-peraciOn y Desarrollo (FPCD),$57,402, to help destitute fami-lies start microenterprises tocombat the rise in the numberof street children. (PY-111)

UruguayNew Grants

Manos del Uruguay, $211,940for one year, to train 400 newermember-artisans for full partici-pation in this highly acclaimed

30

weaving enterprise; and fortechnical assistance to stream-line administration and boostoutput. (UR-130)

Cooperativa de ProducciOn delTermo (COTER), $29,000 forone year, so that a glass-production cooperative can pur-chase an adjacent building andopen a health and dental clinic,consumer store, and recreationalcenter for its 250 members.(UR-132).

IMAGENES, $71,000 over threeyears, so that an award-winninggroup of media specialists canpurchase video-editing equip-ment; and to establish a loanfund, administered through adevelopment bank, allowingnonprofit groups to obtain videoservices. (UR-133)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

AsociaciOn Uruguaya de Artesa-nos (AUDA), $31,392, to com-plete training courses and torenovate a workshop facility inMontevideo for 365 artisanmembers. (UR-106)

Foro Juvenil, $29,755, to refineand disseminate a methodologyfor training unemployed youthto establish and operatemicroenterprises. (UR-113)

27

COUNTRY REPORTS

Office for Bolivia and Chile

BoliviaNew Grants

Centro Educativo TecnicoHumanistico Agropecuario(CETHA), $49,590 over twoyears. See box on page 29.(BO -248)

Centro de Estudios Para elDesarrollo Laboral y Agrario(CEDLA), $24,600 for ninemonths, to research the organi-zational history of seasonalworkers on cotton and sugarcane estates in the departmentsof Santa Cruz and Tarija, anddisseminate the results throughworkshops and two books.(BO -249)

Cooperativa Agricola Artesanal"Exhaltacion," Ltda., $31,175over two years, to conducttraining courses and developdairy facilities to benefit some50 small farm families nearOruro. (BO -254)

Centro a e Servicios Multiplesde Tecnologia Apropiada(SEMTA), $107,950 for threeyears, to design and dissemi-nate appropriate technologiessuch as solar greenhouses, well-driven pumps, and ventilatedsilos to benefit 3,000 small farm-ers from 60 communities innorthwestern Bolivia. (P0-256)

Centro de Estudios Sociales(CENDES), $50,900 over sixmonths, to identify educationaland cultural resources in thenongovernmental sector to sup-port and improve the formalschool system; and to surveycurricula and facilities in ruralteachers' colleges to proposeimprovements. (BO -257)

Asociacion Familiar Campesinade Querarani (ASFACA),$14,400 over three years, for atractor to cultivate additionalhectares of potatoes, (Ninon,broad beans, wheat, and vege-tables by 40 families in thedepartment of Oruro. (BO -258)

Centro de Estudios Juridicos eInvestigaciOn Social (CEPS),$83,300 over two years, for com-prehensive training of 240 rep-resentatives from neighborhoodyouth organizations and fieldworkers from 12 private devel-opment agencies in Santa Cruzto improve leadership and ana-lytical skills. (BO -259)

Obras Sociales de Caminos deAcceso Rural (OSCAR), $54,000for one year, to recruit studentsand volunteers for an innovativeprogram to build feeder roadsand provide health care andtraining for 1,750 colonist fami-lies in the Alto Beni region.(BO -260)

28 31

Ayuda para el Campesino delOriente Boliviano (APCOB),$10,698 over six months, for aneducational video about theefforts of the Ayoreode Indiansto manage their own develop-ment since they emerged fromforest life in the 1950s. (BO -263)

Centro de Mujeres Rurales(CEMUR), $100,800 over twoyears, to train leaders and mem-bers of 35 federated women'scenters in the Norte de SantaCruz lowlands in mathematics,health care, agronomy, andother skills. (B0-264)

Fundacion para el DesarrolloIntegral de Bolivia(FUNDESIB), $52,486 over threeyears, to test an adult educationand training model using tutorsfor 240 campesinos in the Chacoregion. (BO -265)

Centro de Estudios de la Reali-dad Econcimica y Social(CERES), $25,000 for sixmonths, to publish 21 booksand pamphlets on mining, agri-culture, ethnicity, and othertopics, and distribute them topractitioners and participantsin development programs.(BO -266)

Creative Solutions to Bolivia'sEducation Crisis

IIIolivia's school system has faced an ever-deepening crisis in recent years. Teach-

ers' salaries have plummeted, state resourceshave-dwindled, and prolonged teachers'strikes have closed schools for lengthyperiods. At the same time, high schooleducations have become an unaf-fordable luxury for a growingnumber of peasants. The IAFhas responded by helpingorganizations explore edu-cational alternativesthrough a number ofexperimental, innovativeprojects.

One such project wasconceived by the Centrode EducaciOn Huma-nistica Agropecuaria(CETHA). Thanks toCETHA, campesinoadults in the Yungasregion of Bolivia nowhave the opportunity

so' -

to take high schoolcourses, work towarda degree; and acquire important skills.

CETHA works in one of the most breath-taking and rugged settings in Bolivia. Wellknown for its controversial coca-leaf fields, theYungas region is a high mountain valley to theeast of the altiplano and the capital city of LaPaz. Narrow roads, engineering marvels inthemselves, cling to dangerous precipices over-looking deeply cut riverbeds, reducing naveltime to a tortuous crawl.

Organized by the Franciscans in 1977,CETHA offers an innovative approach toaddressing the area's adult educational prob-lems. The curriculum and methodology of thisprogram, which is currently managed by agroup of lay teachers with Franciscan advisors,is the most up-to-date in rural Bolivia. Thedelivery system is also unique: Teachers reachadults by scheduling classes to coincide with

Bolivia is the sizeof California andTexas combined,

with a populationof 6.8 million.

At CETHA'sheadquarters inCarmen Pampa,Bolivia, acampesinoacquires newskills through aninnovative adulteducationprogram.

the revolving market days in half a dozen vil-lages. Each day a team of four teachers pilesinto a jeep and sets out from CETHA's head-quarters in Carmen Pampa for a different smalltown on one of the nearby mountains. Taking

cont. on p. 30

29

COUNTRY REPORTS

cont. from p. 29

Creative Solutions

advantage of the swarm: of buyers and sellerswho gather in town on market day from thesurrounding communities, the teachers offerclasses for several hours in a local facility.

The weekly sessions are based on a tutorialsystem in which teachers examine take-homeassignments and provide students with individ-ual help. Students pace themselves, advancingat their own rate. Diagnostic tests are adminis-tered periodically. Some 600 students areexpected to participate in the program duringthe next two years.

With this grant of $49,590 from the Inter-American Foundation, the Centro will expandits activities to offer, at its headquarters in Car-men Pampa, a two-week course in agriculture,animal husbandry, weaving, tailoring, tradi-tional medicine, and leadership. Teachers willwork with similar educational programs inBolivia through seminars, conferences, and net-working events in order to promote additionaleducational opportunities for rural communitiesduring this period of crisis, and beyond.(B0-248)

Kevin Healy

Cooperativa Agropecuaria Co-mercializacion Santa Marta,$66,089 over three years, for asmall-farmer cooperative in thetropical lowlands to open a ricemill and a marketing service forapproximately 1,000 colonistfamilies. (B0-268)

Cooperativa Agropecuaria"Tropical," Ltda., $46,811 forthree years, to organize a self-managed enterprise using eco-logically sound methods forcacao and lumber production.(B0-269)

Accion Internacional por laSalud-Bolivia (AIS-Bolivia),$12,550 for one year, to open asmall documentation center,and produce two journals andfive bulletins on communityhealth and medicinal care fordistribution to health workersthroughout Bolivia. (B0-2721

Universidad Catolica Boliviana,$99,750 over 16 months, to rein-troduce the pre-Columbian tech-nology of raised-field agriculturein communities near Lake Titi-caca to test the system's ability

30

to raise crop yields and resistfrost, as well as its sustainabil-ity. (B0-273)

Centro de Esiudios de la Rea li-dad Economica y Social(CERES), $9,900 for six months,to complete a study of La Coo-perativa Minera Kami, the larg-est cooperatively managed tinmine in Bolivia, and to publishand distribute the results.(BO -274)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Radio San Gabriel, $16,500, tocomplete a training programfor women promoters in acommunity health program inthe highlands near Lake Titi-caca. (B0-072)

Acci6n Rural Agricola deDesarrollo Organizado(ARADO), $125,252, for credit,technical assistance, training,and expanded infrastructure toimprove the sheep herds of 250small farmers in two Andeanprovinces. (B0-194)

Taller de InvestigaciOn y For-macion Academica y Popular(TR...AP), $37,560, for grants innonacademic research on com-

3 3

munity development topics, andto disseminate findings throughseminars, audiovisuals, andpamphlets. (B0-209)

Union Nacional de PequeriosGanaderos (UNAPEGA),$33,650, to consolidate a net-work of seven veterinary andagricultural supply stores serv-ing 1,450 small farmers; and totrain leaders of affiliated mem-ber organizations. (B0-214)

AVE, $38,650, to produce anddisseminate slide shows onpublic health, agriculture, nutri-tion, and women's participationin development, and presentthem to community groupsthroughout CochabambaDepartment. (B0-218)

Accion Cultural Loyola(ACLO), $11,800, to strengthenan indigenous organization of100 rural women weavers in theimpoverished northern prov-inces of Chuquisaca Depart-ment. (B0-222)

El Taller de Musica Arawi,$19,379, to continue a trainingprogram in Andean music for

000

representatives from culturalcenters and music groups in thelow-income barrios of La Paz.(BO -225)

Centro de Comunicacion yDesarrollo Andino (CENDA),$26,850, to continue an inte-grated rural development pro-gram in health, reforestation,soil conservation, and commu-nity research. (BO -229)

Sub-Cultural de CooperativasAgropecuarias Villa Paraiso(SUCAP), $25,400, to continuea rural development programto improve transportation, mar-keting techniques, and agro-processing. (BO -231)

Centro Boliviano de Investiga-chin y Accion Educativa(CEBIAE), $40,000, to expand asmall development assistance

a

a. a...7' `,6

t LIf 2 :703

ti

-

This Chilean seaweed gatherer learned marine resource management from EstudiosAgrarios Ancud, on the island of Chiloe.

fund for providing micro-grantsof under $5,000 per year toemerging organizations of therural and urban poor. (BO -240)

Colonia Pirai, $10,035, toexpand kitchen and dining facil-ities in a vocational high schoolthat provides training in agron-omy and metalworks for aban-doned street children andpeasant colonists in Santa CruzDepartment. (BO -251)

ChileNew Grants

Taller Imagenes, $45,217 forone year, to produce a docu-mentary on Chile's Aymaracommunity from the perspectiveof Aymara women, and distrib-ute the film for training and cul-tural programs by Aymara anddevelopment organizations inChile and Bolivia. (CH-407)

Centro de Educacion y Desa-rrollo de la Educacion (CIDE),$104,026 over 42 months, toworn with a local developmentinstitution to train 160 ruralyouths in vocations such asorchard and vineyard care sothat at least four youth 3roupscan establish enterprises.(CH-412)

Instituto Carlos Casanueva(ICC), $28,266 over three years,to establish a training and sup-port center for 100 leaders ofcommunity groups involved insoup kitchens, self-help hous-ing, and small enterprises inSantiago's low-income neighbor-hoods. (CH-415)

31

COUNTRY REPORTS

Vicaria Zona Centro, $66,684 fortwo years, to train some 600poor women, jobless youth, andleaders of local mutual-aidgroups in administration, man-agement, marketing, and jobskills. (CH-417)

Centro de Capacitaci6n y Expe-rimentacion en TecnologiaApropiada (TEKHNE), $60,028over two years, for training inappropriate technology toapproximately 270 leaders ofneighborhood mutual-aidgroups and microenterprises inthe Santiago metropolitan area.(CH-430)

Cooperativa Campesina Interco-munal Peumo, Ltda.(COOPEUMO), $77,378 forthree years, so that a coopefa-tive of 400 small farmers in afertile valley of central Chile canhelp members and neighborsavoid health and ecologicaldamage from pesticides byproper selection and handling ofchemicals. (CH-438)

st'

Agencia para el Desarrollo Mi-llapel (AGEDES), $94,400 forthree years, to enable a commu-nity of 80 families in the arid,eroded IV Region make betteruse of scarce water, firewood,and other resources. (CH-443)

SUR Profesionales Consultores,Ltda., $58,355 over four years,to coordinate efforts with theBishopric of San Felipe, localagricultural businessmen, andfarm worker representatives inthe fruit-growing AconcaguaValley to establish a servicecenter for migrant laborers.(CH-444)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Vicaria de la Solidaridad,$42,950, to collect and analyzedata about its 12-year experienceassisting mutual-help organiza-tions in Santiago, which by 1987had grown to include some2,700 groups with 77,000 partici-pants; and to disseminate theresults. (CH-324)

Universidad Catolica de Chile,Facultad de Ciencias Sociales,

$21,600, to edit andpublish three books onseasonal farm workers

in Chile. (CH-364)

Technical assistanceassistance from ARADO helped this altiplano farmer from Los Andes,Bolivia, modernize his sheep-raising techniques.

32

35

Vicaria Zona Norte, $88,500, tosupport 36 community groupscarrying out recreation activitiesin northern Santiago; to trainadolescents and young adults;and to analyze the Vicaria's 10-year experience of working withmutual-aid groups, and dissemi-nate the results. (CH-384)

Sociedad de Tejenderas dePutaendo, $26,170, to increaseworking capital, and for trainingin finance, management,design, and marketing for 60rural women artisans. (CH-387)

AGRARIA, Ltda., $24,800, toprovide technical assistance to10 more communities with 180farmers, and to study the feasi-bility of small farmers from theLinares region growing fruitsand vegetables for export:(CH-392)

Programa de Economia del Tra-bajo (PET), $153,980, for techni-cal assistance and training inmanagement, accounting, mar-keting, and finance to approxi-mately 1,000 urban communitygroups involved in productiveenterprises, housing associa-tions, and food production anddistribution efforts. (CH-394)

Centro de InvestigaciOn y Pla-nificacion del Medio Ambiente(CIPMA), $20,500, to continuetechnical assistance, training,and linkage to credit and mar-keting institutions for communi-ties in the La Florida section ofSantiago; and to evaluate strate-gies for working with low-income urban communities.(CH-395)

Office for Brazil

New Grants

Rede Mulher, $192,474 overthree years, to strengthen exist-ing local women's organiza-tions, provide leadershiptraining, and address problemsaffecting 8,000 lower-incomewomen from the centerwest andthe southeast of Brazil. (BR-647)

Associacao Crista de Base(ACB), $133,364 over two years,to provide technical assistance,leadership training, and farmequipment to over 450 smallfarmers in Ceara State. (BR-666)

Federacao de AssociacOes deMoradores de Bairros e Favelasde Fortaleza (FBFF), $74,145over 18 months, to carry out anadult literacy and leadershiptraining program for 600 repre-sentatives of 20 slum dwellers'associations in Fortaleza.(BR-667)

Associagao de Artesanato "Cioda Terra," $46,650 over oneyear, for production and mar-keting assistance to increase theoutput of patchwork handicraftsby a group of 70 women arti-sans in Recife. (BR-668)

Centro das Mulheres do Cab((CMC), $59,339 for two years,to train 10 local health pro-moters, and provide preventivehealth education and services tothe impoverished community of

In Sao Paulo, Brazil, Bede Mulher's coordinating team discusses strategies forcombating problems affecting low-income women.

Jucaral in the sugar cane-growing region of Pernambuco.(BR-669)

Centro de Apoio a AtividadesEconomicas Informais (CAT),$167,480 over two years, to pro-vide loans and technical andpromotional assistance to 816small-scale artisans and streetvendors in Porto Alegre.(BR-670)

Instituto Estudos MonteiroLobato (IEML), $102,489 over 18months, to provide an associa-tion of 150 artisans in the Valedo Paraiba region of Sao PauloState with working capital andtrcnnical assistance to improvequality control and marketing.(BR-671)

Instituto de Estudos Secio-Economicos (INESC), $71,562over 18 months, to consolidateand expand its civic educationprogram by channeling informa-tion and distributing publica-tions on the Brazilian NationalCongress through a network ofover 350 base and intermediaryorganizations. (BR-672)

Centro Brasileiro de Analise ePlanejamento (CEBRAP),$65,746 for one year, to conduct

a study, develop a data bank,and produce a video on theimpact of large-scale develop-ment projects in northeastBrazil. (BR-674)

Associacao de Estudos, Orienta-cao e Assistencia Rural(ASSESOAR), $79,460 over twoyears, to carry out an alternativetechnology program that willprovide technical and organiza-tional assistance to nearly 400small farmers in southwest Pa-rana State. (BR-675)

Associacao Brasileira Interdisci-plinar de AIDS (ABIA),$105,839 over two years. Seebox on page 34. (BR-676)

Centro de Defesa dos DireitosHumanos "Joao Pedro Teixeira"(CDDH/PB), $119,424 for threeyears, to provide technical andorganizational assistance togroups of small-scale producersin the interior of Paraiba State.(BR-681)

Casa da Mulher do Nordeste(CASA), $78,040 over two years,to consolidate its institutionalstructure and expand its techni-cal and promotional services tosome 500 impoverished ruralwomen in Pernambuco State.(BR-682)

33

COUNTRY REPORTS

Protecting the Poor Against AIDS

he problem of AIDS is not limited tothe developed world: It is a growing

threat in Latin America as well. In Brazil, theepidemic has spread rapidly, and the countrynow ranks among those nations with the high-est number of reported cases.

In 1986, a group of concerned doctors, publichealth specialists, and social scientists foundedthe Associagao Brasileira Interdisciplinar deAIDS (ABIA), a nongovernmental organizationbased in Rio de Janeiro, to stem the spread ofAIDS in Brazil. Headed by sociologist Herbertde Souza, himself a hemophiliac and an AIDScarrier, the group has joined governmental andother independent efforts to disseminate morereliable information on the disease and itsprevention.

The present number of AIDS cases in Brazil isover 4,600and the figure is doubling every 10months. While this poses a serious health prob-lem for the nation as a whole, it probablyunderestimates the threat because of the highrate of unreported cases (estimated by the Min-istry of Health to be about 50 percent) and thespread of the disease to the country's large

impoverished population. Research carried outby ABIA has shown that AIDS is transcendingsocial, cultural, and economic boundaries, andhas become an increasing problem among thepoor, a problem worsened by already substan-dard living conditions and inadequate publichealth services.

ABIA recently organized a national educationcampaign, funded in part by a grant of $105,839from the IAF, that targets low-income women,construction workers, adolescents, and otherpotential risk groups. After consulting withemployers, community associations, and wom-en's groups, ABIA produced and disseminatedflyers, posters, and booklets dealing with AIDSand the poor, as well as videos and slide shows'illustrating the information contained in thebooklets. These audiovisuals have been shownwidely at factories, schools, and health posts.The health department in Toronto, Canada, hasalso recently adapted these materials for use inits own campaign against AIDS in the city'sPortuguese-speaking immigrant communities.

ABIA plays an important networking rolethrough its contacts with national and interna-

Institute de Mao Cultural(MAC), $98,640 for two years,to train 300 public health work-ers; offer legal assistance/educa-tion to 10 slum communities;and evaluate IDAC's role as agrassroots support organizationin Rio de Janeiro. (BR-684)

Institute de Estudos da ReligiaoUSER), $194,822 over two years,to produce and disseminatevideos on successful communitydevelopment projects and onbroader issues related to the

34

poor in Rio de Janeiro andthroughout Brazil. (BR-688)

Associacao dos Pescadores doChore, (APC), $24,873 over 18months, to provide 31 fresh-water fishermen in rural CearaState with working capital,equipment, and technical assis-tance in the areas of productionand marketing. (BR-689)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Escola Pau lista de Medicina(EPM), $107,000, to consolidateand expand community medi-

cine internships and neighbor-hood outreach activities on theoutskirts of Sao Paulo. (BR-5321

Fundacao Educacional PadreLandell de Moura (FEPLAM),$112,509, to consolidate andexpand its community outreachprogram that provides educa-tional and promotional servicesto 22 rural women's groups inRio Grande do Sul State.(BR-595)

Centro de Estudos e Apoio asEscolas das Comunidades(CEAEC), $51,718, to expand

r

Brazil covers 'wadyhaN of SouthAmerica with apopulation of141.4 million.

Marcos de Souza works on ABIA's names project, whichcommemorates Brazilians who have died of AIDS.

tional organizations, as well as through partici-pation in international conferences and forums.However, the organization's greatest impactmay well be in the area of public advocacy. Forexample, the Brazilian Congress recentlyenacted emergency legislation to regulate pri-vately owned blood banks, since the spread ofAIDS through transfusions of untested bloodhas been one of the leading causes of contami-nation in the country. ABIA is credited for play-

ing a decisive role insparking this measmi

through its effective publicawareness campaign.

Supporting far-reaching activitiessuch as these fits well into the

Foundation's strategy for Brazil.With limited funds to work with in

a country that covers nearly half the land massof South America, priority is given to innova-tive projects that have strong potential for repli-cation and are likely to have either a regional ornational impact. Health projects, as in the caseof ABIA, tend to emphasize prevention andeducation, thus reaching a wider audience andmaximizing resources.

AIDS has been called the most serious publichealth threat of the twentieth century. ABIAhad the foresight to address the problem crea-tively at its onset, in the process generatingimportant lessons about the role nongovern-mental organizations can play in carrying outlarge-scale public health education programs.(BR-676)

John Garrison

cultural and educational activi-ties in nine lower-income com-munity schools in Olinda.(BR-624)

Instituto Paranaense de Desen-volvimento Economico e Social(IPARDES), $23,928, to conducta comparative study of the stategovernment's community devel-opment programs in ParanaState. (BR-635)

Centro Josue de Castro (CJC),$84,957, to complete itsresearch-action project on liter-

acy training for impoverishedfishermen and their families inPernambuco State. (BR-640)

Fundacao de Apoio a Pesquisae a Extensao (FUNAPE),$28,400, to consolidate andexpand its program of providinginfrastructure and technicalassistance to microenterprises inGuarabira, Paraiba State.(BR-642)

Associacao Comunitaria de SaoBernardo do Campo (ACC),$62,500, to complete construc-tion of an industrial kitchen andto obtain needed technical assis-tance. (BR-649)

:18

Fundagao Rural Desenvolvi-mento Social, $44,838, toexpand its rural extension pro-gram of technical and organiza-tional assistance to a greaternumber of small farmer organi-zations in rural Ceara. (BR-650)

Centro de Defesa dos DireitosHumanos "Joao Pedro Teixeira(CDDH/PB), $12,000, to consoli-date its community health pro-gram, and provide workingcapital and technical assistanceto artisans in Boqueirtio, ParaibaState. (BR-662)

35

COUNTRY REPORTS

Office of the Caribbean

Dominican RepublicNew Grants

Asociacion para Inversion yEmpleo (ASPIRE), $82,685 overthree years, for credit andtechnical assistance to smallbusiness ventures in Villa Alta-gracia, 40 kilometers northwestof Santo Domingo, an area eco-nomically weakened by the clos-ing of a large sugar refinery.(DR-183)

Centro de Organizaciones deInteres Social (CEDOIS),$67,000 for one year, to estab-lish and administer a develop-ment fund to provide smallgrants and loans to emergingorganizations of the rural andurban poor. (DR-184)

Cooperativa de Servicios Multi-ples "Amor y Paz," $24,335 forone year, to purchase inventory,hire and train personnel, andestablish a centralized ware-house to support five new smallconsumer stores. (DR-197)

Mujeres Necesitadas de ColoniaMixta, $20,315 for one year, toconstruct 118 cement-blocklatrines to improve public sani-tation in the community.(DR-198)

36

Mujeres en Desarrollo Domini-cana, Inc. (MUDE), $256,790over three years, for training,technical assistance, and creditto support the developmentactivities of 135 groups, with amembership of 3,195 women, inthe central provinces of thecountry. (DR-199)

Plan Cordillera, $82,300 overthree years, for training andtechnical assistance, and toopen four nurseries so that 43rural groups representing 700small farmers in the centralhighlands can diversify cropsand reforest barren mountainslopes. (DR-200)

Asociacien de Ganaderos de laSierra (AGALASI), $42,345 overtwo yearn, to build a trainingcenter and to revitalize decliningagricultural production in thenorthern highlands region byproviding training and technicalassistance to small-scale cattle-men and farmers. (DR-201)

Grupo Pro-Educacien Integraldel Campesino, Inc.(GRUPEIC), $20,300 for oneyear, to publish a monthlynewspaper containing articleswritten by and for campesinogroups in the southwest of thecountry; and for four trainingseminars in newspaper report-ing and photography. (DR-203)

3 9

Centro Dominicano de Organi-zaciones de Inter& Social(CEDOIS), $16,500 for one year,for a conference on internationalcooperative assistance to socialdevelopment agencies to helpformulate programmatic strate-gies for effective utilization ofresources. (DR-207)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Asociacien de Caficultores"Juncalito," Inc., $22,130, tocapitalize a production creditprogram for 307 members ofthis coffee growers' association.(DR-085)

Asociacien para el Desarrollode San Jose de Ocoa (SJO),$47,200, to expand the numberof rural women's groups receiv-ing assistance for gardening andsmall livestock projects to gen-erate income and improve fam-ily diets. (DR-104)

Asociacion de Grupos Solida-rios Dominicanos (AGSD),$11,610, to buy parts and toolsto construct 60 triciclos; and torenovate a storage facility andprovide training and technicalassistance to consolidate a newmicroenterprise for manufactur-ing three-wheeled deliverycarts. (DR-139)

Daffickers Organize to ImproveMarketing for Si: Vincent

n Jamaica they are called "higglers," inDominica "hucksters," and in St. Vincent

they are known as "traffickers." For years thesesmall-scale agricultural traders, traditionallywomen, have maintained an informal commer-cial network among the Caribbean islands.

These intrepid entrepreneurs earn their livingby buying local vegetables, fruits,-and root-crops from small farmers and selling the pro-duce to customers in surrounding islands. Tak-ing advantage of opportunities in neighboringcountries that sometimes have stronger economies, lower food. production, or produce dif-ferent crops because of small variations inclimate, they keep money circulating within theregion, andmake nutri-tious, localfoods avail-

St. Vincent isabout twice the

sin of thsDistrict of

Columbia, with apopulation of

110,000.

-""

TSBA members in St. Vincent load bananas for export to nearby islands. Their newly formed traffickers'organization drawson the efforts Of another IAF grantee, the Dominican Hucksters Association, to improve regional trade.

able to poorer consumers. Butin recent years,the forces of modernization have compelled thepreviotnly independent traders to adapt to amore complex and competitive industry.

Their work has always been difficult. Danger-ous voyages by sea threaten their produce andsometimes their lives. Working on the docksand streets of foreign cities, trying to protectthemselves and their goods, these traders havelong valued self-reliance. However, modernbureaucratic requirements, such as visas, pas-ports, agricultural certificates, and shippinghills-of-lading, have combined with increasingcompetition from supermarkets to force them toconsider working together in a formal organiza-tion that would minimize the contemporarybottlenecks of the trade.

St. Vincent, like many Eastern Caribbeancountries, has traditionally depended on agri-culture for employment. Bananas are the mainexport crop, but small farmers considerable

cont. on p. 38

-.11T _ Ix

40 37

a COUNTRY REPORTS

cont. from p. 37

Raffickers Organize

income growing traditional crops for consump-tion within the region. It is the traffickers whoprovide the vital link between these small-scaleproducers and potentialmarkets on nearbyislands.

In 1984, the Foundation began to work withthe agricultural traders in Dominica, who hadrecently formed the Dominica Hucksterb Associ-ation. That group's success has provided inspi-ration and guidance for the traffickers in St.Vincent, who (with technical assistance fromanother IAF grantee, Caribbean Advisory andProfessional Services) have developed a plan toimprove their own operations.

The Vincentians call their new organizationthe Traffickers Small Business Association(TSBA). With assistance from the governmentof St. Vincent and the St. Vincent Chamber of

Industry and Commerce, and a grant of $77,439from the IAF, the 275-member TSBA is,settingup a modern, dockside facility to package pro-duce, store materials, hold meetings, and offertraining courses. In addition, the TSBA hasestablished a revolving credit fund to helpmembers purchase improved packing materialsto prevent damage during transit so that pro-duce can be sold for higher prices.

Combined with the Dominica HuckstersAssociation, the Traffickers Small BusinessAssociation represents a substantial body ofeconomic power operating at the grassroots.This network has the potential to bring aboutsignificant changes in agricultural marketing inthe region, benefiting not only the tradersthemselves but also the thousands of smallfarmers who depend on them. (SV-021)

Julie Sutphen Wechsler

FederaciOn Campesina PadreJose Salvador Fernandez,$18,000, to construct a solar-drying patio for its rice mill; andto purchase a threshing machineto improve members' rice har-vesting. (DR-167)

GrenadaNew Grants

National Development Founda-tion of Grenada, Ltd. (NDFG),$79,000 for one year, to estab-lish a National Furniture Com-pany to employ 19 people whowill be part owners with theNDFG, which will strengthen itsmarketing services for thewoodworking sector of its port-folio and funnel its share ofprofits into other credit andtechnical assistance projects.(GR-023)

38

GuyanaNew Grants

St. Francis Mission Forest Pro-ducers Cooperative Society,Ltd., $20,850 over two years, fora portable bandsaw mill andaccessories to launch a smallforest industry project and gen-erate income to support otherdevelopment activities in a low-land village of 600 Amerindians.(GY-012)

HaitiNew Grants

Cooperative Artisanale deSurprendre, Mare-Rouge(COASMAR), $27,220 over 30months, to enable this multi-purpose coor,erative of 1,018peasants tJ consolidate its agri-cultural credit, production, stor-age, and marketing activities,and sponsor educational semi-nars. (HA-119)

4.1

Association des Technicians deCroix Fer (ATC), $19,515 over16 months, to support thisgroup of seven agronomists andcommunity development work-ers who will provide develop-ment education, promotion, andagricultural services to 540 smallfarmers in and around CroixFer, near the Dominican border.(HA-122)

Association des Groupementsde Viala Zone Baudin (AGVB),$45,663 over two years, to helpthe 300 small farmers in thisassociation of 20 communitygroups construct a silo for corn,beans, and sorghum; for train-ing in food storage techniques,administration, and bookkeep-ing; and for a grain storage andmarketing program. (HA-124)

Komite Developmen de LeglizAEM de Momben Krochi(KODEV), $84,927 over three

p

Father Gerard Pantin (right), executiveexplain auto repair at a training center

director of SERVOL, listens to studentsin Port of Spain, Trinidad.

years, for agricultural trainingby six community action work-ers to nearly 2,000 small farmersorganized into 217 groups; andfor credit to buy tools, fertilizer,oxen, and carts. (HA-127)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Eye Care Haiti (ECH), $24,060,for a study to measure the effec-tiveness of linking methodolo-gies for group formation andcredit among mothers of mal-nourished children with a pro-gram of preventive healtheducation. (HA-086)

Institut Diocesain d'Educationdes Adultes (IDEA), $19,990, tocover additional administrativeoverhead, and to expand atraining center for communitydevelopment workers. (HA-100)

JamaicaNew Grants

Archdiocese of Kingston,Human Development andSocial justice Commission,

$36,300 over three years, to hirea manager for three income-generating projects producingchicken and fish for the MountCarmel cooperative in AnnattoBay; and to help support thecooperative and its 54 members.(JA-086)

Institute For Hunger Affairs,Limited (IHA), $16,000 for oneyear, to provide skills trainingfor 25 unemployed youth andcontinue a program for improv-ing adult literacy, health, andnutrition in four economicallydepressed communities in WestKingston. (JA-087)

Jamaica Agricultural SocietyLand Titling Company(JASLTC), $132,050 for oneyear, to provide legal assistanceso that approximately 500 mem-bers of the society can securetitles to their farmland and qual-ify for commercial loans; and topublish a journal that will meetlegal requirements for advertise-ments to settle land titles andprovide up-to-date agriculturalinformation to the 100,000 mem-bers of the society. (JA-088)

42

Mel Nathan Institute (MNI),$76,500 over two years, toincrease organizational incomethrough the production of furni-ture and crafts; and to launch anationwide fund-raising drive tosupport its work with the urbanpoor in the community of Han-nah Town in Kingston. (JA-089)

St. VincentNew Grants

Traffickers Small BusinessAssociation (TSBA), $77,439,over one year. See box onpage 37. (SV-021)

Caribbean RegionalNew Grants

Service Volunteered for all(SERVOL), $295,500 over threeyears, to help 54 communitieswith approximately 18,000 ado-lescents and preschoolers estab-lish nonformal educationalcenters in Trinidad and theEastern Caribbean; and to refinea methodology for managingthe Trinidadian centers that willtransfer overall responsibility tothe Government of Trinidad andTobago, while local communi-ties maintain ownership of thebuildings and provide day-to-day management of the schools.(CA-083)

Caribbean Advisory and Profes-sional Services, Ltd (CAPS),$108,130 over two years, tolaunch a mobile delivery systemfor providing technical assis-tance in microenterprise devel-opment, job training for youth,small-scale industrial develop-ment, marketing, agrobusiness,and other areas. (CA-084)

39

COUNTRY REPORTS

Office for Central America

BelizeNew Grants

Patchakan Farmers CooperativeSociety, $24,000 for two years,to clear 60 acres of jungle toplant rice and beans; to pur-chase hulling equipment andsilos to process and store crops;and to increase the society'smembership and train Mayanfarmers throughout the region.(BE-063)

Buena Vista Grain & DairyCooperative Society, $33,000over two years, to improve 100acres of pasture with fencing,irrigation, and corrals; and topurchase 40 cattle to breedsteers for market and to pro-duce milk for family consump-tion. (BE-064)

Port Loyola Home BuildersCooperative Society, $42,000over three years, to capitalize arevolving fund so that 45women heads-of-householdwho have obtained lots in apoor section of Belize City canbegin purchasing materials andconstructing two-bedroomhomes. (BE-079)

Toledo Maya Cultural Council,$9,000 for two years, to hire twooutreach workers to increasecommunication among, and cre-ate an agenda of self-help devel-opment possibilities within, 27

40

Mopan and Kekchi Mayan vil-lages in the Toledo District.(BE-081)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

National Development Founda-tion of Belize (NDF/B),$180,000, to increase revolvingcredit funds earmarked forstrengthening small businessessupporting tourism; and formaking crop loans to individualfarmers, including 80 refugeefarmers to purchase supplies togrow kidney beans and partici-pate in a government-assistedproduction and marketing pro-gram. See box on page 41.(BE-053)

Costa RicaNew Grants

Federacion Regional de Coope-rativas de Pesca, R.L.(ORCOOPES), $76,700 over twoyears, for expanded financialmanagement and technicalassistance programs; and for arefrigerated truck to market thecatches of nine fishing coopera-tives along the Gulf of Nicoyaand the Pacific coast of Guana-caste Department. (CR-230)

Asociacion de Productores Agri-colas y de Comercializacion(APACO), $38,000 over twoyears, to buy a truck, expand aworking capital fund, andobtain technical assistance for

43

an association of 40 small farm-ers in the coffee-growing regionof Leon Cortes. (CR-235)

Cooperativa de Pescadores deTarco les, R.L.(COOPETARCOLES), $31,000for two years, to obtain twoice-making machines and fiveportable cold storage units topreserve catches; and to in-crease working capital for theexpanded sale of nets, bait, ice,and other supplies to members.(CR-236)

Asociacion de ProductoresIndustriales y Artesanales deGolfito (APIAGOL), $30,484over 18 months, to providecredit, training, and technicalassistance to 260 microenter-prises and 100 solidarity groupmembers. (CR-237)

Asociacion de Agricultores LosLagos (Los Lagos), $29,200 overtwo years, for a revolving creditfund to help small farmers grownontraditional cash crops, suchas pineapple and passion fruit.(CR-238)

Asociacion de Conservacion yPromociiin de las Artes y Tradi-ciones Populares (ACPATP),$57,566 over two years, toestablish a training, production,and marketing program forpeasant women and Indianartisans in 14 rural communi-ties. (CR-239)

Credit for. Refugee Farmersin Belize

:estled among the troubled countries OfCentratAmerica, peaceful Belize is a

haven -for refugees. Indeed, with only a smallpopulation of its own, -Belize now has more ref-ugees percapita than any nation in the world.When the-flood of immigration began a decadeago, the thntedNations High COmnission on'RefugeeS, (UNKR) set up-camps on landdonated by-the Beliieanigovernment, and theValley of-Peace was born. But after a few years,the government saw-that thisepidemic-problem-requiredmOrecOmpieltenSiVe andlong -term. solutions, and itsought progresSive ways ofhkorporating the immigrants-into Belizean society.

The-government took,,overfrom the-UNHCR, offeringservices to new-migrant &Mi-lks: With-guidance from theDepartment of Cooperatives,residents organized theNal-

-ley of Peke AgriculturalTransport and Services Coop-erative. Most-of the approxi-mately 100 families thatjoined the co-op were Salva-dorian refugeeshard Work-ing rural people who spokenb English=and did notUndeistandhow- thingsworked in this Anglo-,Caribbean-,society.

At the same time, the Beli-zean governinent was strug-glint to strengthen its.ecOnomy by betterusingtltfcbuntry's vasUagricultural resources. In1987, following years of Importing costly foodstaples, the government. sought to increasedomestic production of beans'i.J-substitute forimpOrts and,.hopefully, to generate a surplus tobolster foreign exchange. In a-bold move, gov-ernment officials offered crop-loans and:a,mar-keting guarantee to the new Valley of Peace

cooperative if it would grow red kidney beans.It seemed an ideal arrangement.

Then, at the last minute,; A was discoveredthat agricultural developmeAt funds the govern-ment had bOrrowed-from irifzniational agenciescould not be used to help the co-op. The termsof lending imposed- restrictions-that poor farm-ers, and particularly immigrantlefugees, simplycould notmeet. There was no money. And

cont. on p; 42

Belize, witha populationof 166.000.is slightlylarger thanMassachusetts.

.

c, 44

Sakadorait refugeesin Belie packagetheir newcooperative's firstharvest ofkidney beans.

41

COUNTRY REPORTS

cont. from p. 41

Credit for Refugee Farmers

planting season was only weeks away.The Minister of Trade, Commerce, and

Industry sent an-urgent message to the IAFrepresentative, who happened to be in-country.Within a few hours, they had gathered theregistrar of cooperatives, the director of theNational Development Foundation .(NDF), lead-ers of the farmers' cooperative, and the headsof two rural development organizationS work-ing in the Valley of Peace.

The NDF, an IAF grantee, extends loans topoor entrepreneurs. Although its focus-is pri-marily urban, it agreed to serve as the creditmechanism-to charmellunds to the fannerswithin two weeks. The cooperative agreed toguarantee the repayment of loans made to anyof its members. The Belize Agency for RuralDevelopment, another IAF grantee, agreed toprovide technical assistance to the farmers asthey produced a new crop. Agronomists fromthe Christian Reformed World Relief Committeewould help them. The government agreed tosell the beans at a profitable price. All the co-opneeded was $40,000-7immediately.

The Foundation representative conferred withhis supervisor and the funds were promised

within a week. The NDF made $500 loans to 80families so they could buy seeds and supplies.They added their own meager savings, and thebeans were planted. As with most projects,there were traumatic moments. Torrential rainsdamaged the crop and marketing did not go assmoothly as some would have liked. Neverthe-less, these determined farmers produced 1,200hundred-pound*sacks of beans for market, two-thirds of which were exported. No onedefaulted on a loan, and most of the familiesare now receiving second-round credit assis-tance from the NDF." From the modest profits ofthe red kidney bean project, the co-op pur-chased a new truck and is,helping its membersdiversify into other market crops. And, impor-tantly, the Foundation's grant to the NDF con-tinues to-revolve and finance the marketventures of poor, struggling farmers in Belize.

The problems with a consortium involvinggovernment agencies, an international donor,private development organizations, and peasantfarmers cannot be underestimated. But, this-was worth the effort. A spirit of cooperationand the ability to move quickly made it possi-ble. (BE-053)

Jan Van Orman

Asociacion Agroindustrial deConservas Chanta (Chant6),$11,000 for two years, to build,equip, and operate a chili pep-per processing plant that willalso market production througha private regional distributor.(CR-240)

AsociaciOn CREDIMUJER,$45,255 over 27 months, toexpand educational, training,and technical assistance forurban low-income womenreceiving loans from a microen-terprise credit fund. (CR-241)

Asociacion de Pequetios Pro-ductores de Talamanca(APPTA), $27,295 over two

42

years, for a centralized agricul-tural supply store to serve morethan 2,000 small farmers in Tala-manca, an isolated zone on theCaribbean coast above Panama.(CR-243)

Cooperativa AutogestionariaAgricola Trojas, R.L.(COOPETROJAS), $18,625 overtwo years, to capitalize a rotat-ing fund to pay for fertilizers,pesticides, and labor costs onthe cooperative's coffee farm;and to market production.(CR-244)

Supplemental Grantsover 510,000

Fundacion Integral Campesina(FINCA), $174,352, for technicalassistance and training tostrengthen 40 rural credit andmarketing committees repre-senting 1,000 small farmers andartisans in the Southern Pacificzone. (CR-224)

Asociaci6n de Mujeres deAcosta (AMA), $50,900, to buya large building to expand amarmalade business, and housea tortilla franchise, a smallAMA-owned grain mill, and agarment-making enterprise.(CR-231)

GuatemalaNew Grants

Consejo Comunal de Chicorral,$16,500 for one year, to capital-ize a loan fund for growing cornand beans, benefiting 98 of thecommunity's poorest families.(GT-168)

Movimiento Campesino Inde-pendiente (MCI), $92,700 overone year, for credit and educa-tional and training activities toimprove yields from traditionalcrops and diversify production,benefiting approximately 350small farmers. (GT-170)

Asociacion de Mujeres Indi-genas Zuni lenses, $58,400 overtwo years, for a training centerto teach weaving, sewing, andshoemaking; to provide thetechnical assistance and equip-ment needed to enable traineesto organize and administersmall enterprises; and todevelop and implement a mar-keting strategy for the group'sproduction, benefiting 90 Indianwomen and their families.(GT-174)

Centro de RecuperaciOn Nutri-tional, $18,400 over two years,to train 25 young indigenouswomen in Chisec health andsocial promoters, indirectly ben-efiting approximately 10,000 ofthe area's K'ekchi Indian popu-lation. (GT-175)

Cooperativa Agricola Integral"Santa Maria," R.L., $43,700over two years, for credit, train-ing, and technical assistance sothat approximately 200 IxilIndian families can increasehoney production. (GT-176)

Asociacion de Desarrollo Edu-cativo Social y Economic°(ADESE), $145,000 for twoyears, to organize and imple-ment programs in five villagesin the municipality of Chichicas-tenango that will provide pota-ble water, boost agriculturalyields, generate income forartisans, build classrooms, andprovide basic community ser-vices for approximately 1,000families. (GT-177)

Institute Indigena de Varones"Santiago," $67,300 for oneyear, to test a new educationalmodel that combines training incraft production and agronomywith basic pedagogical andresearch skills to prepare 220rural teachers. (GT-178)

Cooperativa Integral dePescadores "VistalMar," R.L., $35,800over one year, for anoutfitted boat and avehicle; and for train-ing and technicalassistance toincrease catchesfor marketing inGuatemala City,benefiting 86families ofartisanalfishermen.(GT-179)

Sindicato de Trabajadores Agri-colas Independientes de PachayLas Lomas, $49,300 over twoyears, for credit to grow seedpotatoes; and for training andtechnical assistance to increaseyields, diversify crops, and mar-ket weavings to benefit some190 indigenous families.(GT-180)

Centro de IntegraciOn Familiar(CIF), $60,260 for three years, tostart a school for industrial sew-ing and an advanced programfor custom-tailoring, benefitingapproximately 450 women.(GT-181)

Centro de Estudios de la Scien-cia Naturista Hunab-Ku,$12,900 for one year, to

co-sponsor a six-daycongress on natural medi-

cine in Guatemala City,including authorities

from Europe, theUnited States, and14 Latin American

countries.(GT-182)

I

4e'

A Guatemalan girl from the Centenaria Casa de la Cultura de Zacapa skillfully rollstobacco for cigars.

46 43

COUNTRY REPORTS

Centenaria Casa de la Culturade Zacapa, $52,450 over twoyears, for credit, technical assis-tance, and training so that 90women from the Maguey, Te-rrero, and Trementina commu-nities can upgrade their cigarproduction and marketing.(GT-183)

Cooperativa Agricola Integral"Chichan," R.L., $31,150 overone year, for credit to growgarlic and build a warehouse toimprove marketing; and tostreamline co-op administration,benefiting 26 Mam Indian fami-lies. (GT-184)

AsociaciOn CooperaciOn para elDesarrollo Rural de Occidente(CDRO), $150,100 over twoyears, for a working capitalfund allowing 20 artisan groupsto buy materials and equipment;and to open two outlets toimprove quality control and cre-ate new markets for approxi-mately 400 artisan families.(GT-185)

Consejo Comunal Chuanoj,$28,000 for one year, to repairand upgrade the local watersystem to improve public healthand raise the crop yields of thecommunity's 2,260 inhabitants.(GT-186)

Asociacien Fe y Alegria, $63,250over three years, to overhaul itstraining center in Chiantla byinstalling a water-capture irriga-tion system, repairing animalpens, buying breeding stock,

44

and obtaining technical assis-tance to boost crop yields.(GT-187)

Fundacion para la Educacion yDesarrollo'Integral(FUNDACEDI), $93,000 overone year, for credit and :rainingso that three communities in ElIslote, Taxisco, can grow, proc-ess, and market loofa, a cucur-bitaceous plant used as asponge when dry; and to helplocal women start four microen-terprises for simple value-adding processes, benefitingapproximately 75 fam;lies.(GT-188)

Cooperativa Agricola IntegralLas Canoitas, $51,200 for oneyear, to start a revolving fundfor growing broccoli, carrots,and cabbage and marketing pro-duce in nearby Guatemala City,benefiting 26 small farm fami-lies. (GT189)

Cooperativa de Producci6nArtesanal "Santa Clara," R.L.,$22,175 over two years, to revi-talize its basket weaving andmarketing operations, and tostart a chicken-raising project toraise supplementary income forthe area's 225 artisans. (GT-190)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Centro de Autoformaci6n paraPromotores Sociales (CAPS),$46,475, to align staff salarieswith the prevailing scale inGuatemala. (GT-138)

Asociaci6n Pro-Mejoramientode Desarrollo IntegralTz'olojche', $19,000, for a truckand office equipment to marketthe production of a clothing fac-tory, and to streamline project

47

administration, benefiting 500Chicaxul, Chiaj, and Chilopezfamilies. (GT-149)

AsociaciOn Pro-Desarrollo Ixchi-guanense, $44,750, for trainingin shoemaking, tailoring, weav-ing, masonry, and carpentry tostart family enterprises; and topromote crop diversification andbasic preventive medicine in acommunity of 950 Mam Indianfamilies. (GT-165)

Asesoria Centroamericana deDesarrollo (ACAD), $38,100, toprovide some 50 Guatemalangrassroots organizations withtechnical assistance and to helpthem locate funding sources.(GT-172)

Institute Indigena de Varones"Santiago," $23,050, to continueto experiment with a new modeldesigned to more adequatelyprepare 220 Indians as ruralteachett. (GT-178)

HondurasNew Grants

Fabrica de Muebles "ElEsfuerzo," $22,000 for one year,to retool a carpentry shop formass production so that 20woodworkers can double theiroutput and manufacture newfurniture items. (HO -142)

Grupo Femenino 23 de Mayo,$7,000 for one year, so that acooperative of 15 women cangrow vegetables and buy bulk

feed to expand its pig produc-tion; and for training in man-agement and animal husbandry.(HO -144)

Centro San Juan Bosco, $72,000over two years, to enable thiscenter for displaced youth togear up new production activi-ties, providing on-the-job train-ing while generating income tosupport a parent-child educationprogram. (HO -146)

Regional de Campesinos,$27,000 over two years, for tech-nical assistance to help 15 farm-ers' groups plan and manageagricultural production projects;and for a revolving fund thatwill make its first loans to fourgroups of coffee growers.(HO -149)

Centro de Estudios y Promociondel Desarrollo (CEPROD),$120,000 over two years, forfinancial, technical, administra-tive, and marketing assistanceso that 22 groups of peasantwomen can plan and managecommunity development andproduction projects. (HO -153)

Asociacion Proyectos delPueblo (APP), $88,000 for twoyears, to train the staff of 40cooperative groups in projectmanagement, establish 20 newworker-owned productionenterprises, expand the produc-tive capacity of five successfulbusinesses, and help 80 thrivingcommunity businesses markettheir output. (HO -154)

Institute de InvestigacionesSocio-Economicas (ILSE),$56,000 for one year, to assist

grassroots organizations in plan-ning, implementing, and evalu-ating projects; and todisseminate project results whileproviding guidance and admin-istrative support to the IAF inHonduras. (HO -157)

Asociacion de CooperativasProductoras de Chile(ACOPROCHILE), $15,000 forone year, to diversify agricul-tural production by planting 45acres of chile peppers; to estab-lish a revolving credit fund; andfor training and technical assis-tance. (HO -158)

Grupo Amigos del Bosque ydel Campo (ABC), 4;22,000 forone year, to design and publish10 workbooks and a series ofposters on conserving the localecology; and to introduce thissubject into 32 local primary andsecondary schools. (HO -161)

Federacion de DesarrolloComunitario de Honduras(FEDECOH), $108,000 over twoyears, to train leaders of 12 vil-lage councils in Intibuca; toassist 18 new developmentgroups in Lempira plan andimplement community self-helpprojects; and to form a networkof grassroots community organi-zations to guide future regionaldevelopment programs.(HO -164)

el 8,

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Institute para el DesarrolloHondureiio (IDH), $111,400, forcredit and management assis-tance so that 22 small groups ofindependent producers can poolresources to cut costs and reachnew markets. (HO -099)

Asesores para el Desarrollo(ASEPADE), $62,573, to consoli-date operations in three regionaloffices that manage a revolvingcredit fund channeling $500,000to 800 microentrepreneurs.(HO -102)

Federacion Hondurefia deCooperativas Agroforestales(FEHCAFOR), $35,000, to pro-vide opportunities for increasedcontact among 20 cooperativesimplementing an agriculturalexperimentation and diversifica-tion project. (HO -116)

Agua para el Pueblo (APP),$99,000, to assist six rural vil-lages install potable water sys-tems and diversify theiragricultural production; and toexpand APP's successful SantaBarbara project into neighboringsettlements. (HO -120)

EducaciOn Comunitaria para laSalud (EDUCSA), $72,000, toconvene a national congress ofnatural and alternative medi-cine, inviting representatives of50 Honduran and internationalorganizations; and to help 10Lenca Indian villages start com-munity health care programs.(HO -123)

45

COUNTRY REPORTS

NicaraguaNew Grants

Cooperativa "Francisco JarquinMartinez," $27,500 for one year,to construct a sty and a feedshed for 350 pigs; and to dig awell, in order to double mem-bers' annual family income, pro-vide pork for local markets, anddirectly benefit 360 people.(NC-132)

Cooperativa "La Lucha,"$42,800 for one year, to dig awell and install electricity and awater pump to irrigate thecooperative's rice, corn, andbean fields; and to providepotable water for three neigh-boring communities, directlybenefiting 49 member familiesand 5,000 other area residents.(NC-134)

Cooperativa "Hermanos OsorioAguilar," $46,600 for one year,to install a water system to irri-gate 50 acres of rice, corn, andbeans; and to provide drinkingwater to 35 co-op families and3,000 other people. (NC-135)

Instituto Centroamericano deAdministraciOn de Empresas(INCAE), $154,000 for one year,to provide 21 leaders of privatedevelopment organizations witha year of intensive training inadvanced management.(NC-136)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Cooperativa "Francisco JarquinMartinez," $39,400, to completethe construction of a pig sty, awell, and buy equipment.(NC-132)

46

Cooperativa "La Lucha,"$75,900, to finish digging a welland installing electricity; and tocover the increased cost of buy-ing a water,pump and irrigationequipment. (NC-134)

Cooperativa "Hermanos OsorioAguilar," $37,600, to finishinstalling a water system.(NC-135)

PanamaNew Grants

Misioneras de Maria Inmacu-lada y Santa Catalina de Sena(Misioneras Madre Laura),$33,820 over two years, todefray the operating costs of atraining center for 120 indige-nous and peasant communitiesin the Bayano District; and forcommunity social-seivice andincome-generating projects.(PN-128)

Asociacien de Usualios del Sis-tema de Riego Lajas (Lajas),$189,000 over three years, forcredit so that 216 small farmerscan plant 310 hectares of riceand improve an irrigation sys-tem; and so that Lajas, togetherwith five other organizations,can open an agricultural supplystore. (PN-129)

Instituto de Investigachfon yEducaciOn para el Desarrollo(INEDESA), $126,810 over twoyears, for training, credit, andtechnical assistance so that smalllivestock producers in 81 ruralcommunities in the Code regionof central Panama can improvetheir herds and form a regionalmarketing system, benefiting asmany as 40,000 people. (PN-130)

Consultoria y Proyectos, S.A.(CyP), $80,900 for one year, toestablish an in-country support

49

(ICS) system whereby CyP willhelp the IAF identify promisingprojects, monitor implementa-tion, and evaluate and dissemi-nate the results. (PN-134)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Fundacion Pro Iguana Verde,$126,046, to expand a programin central Panama to raise nutri-tional levels and encouragesound ecological practices bybreeding iguanas and preserv-ing their natural habitats.(PN-097)

Instituto de InvestigaciOn yEducaciOn para el Desarrollo( INEDESA), $173,865, to con-tinue to administer a fund forproviding small grants of start-up capital to new organizationsof the rural and urban poor,and production and investmentloans to rural cooperatives andproducer associations. (PN-110)

AsociaciOn de Empleados Kuna(AEK), $150,000, to strengthenits program of natural resourcemanagement, environmentaleducation, and cultural preser-vation among the Kuna Indians,including maintenance of theKuna Yala nature park and theconstruction of a visitors' centerat Nugusandf. (PN-111)

Centro de Promotores Sociales,$52,125, to continue to train 216local leaders in the technical,analytical, and organizationalskills needed to plan and man-age effective community devel-opment activities. (PN-112)

Office for Colombia and Venezuela

ColombiaNew Grants

Cooperativa San Francisco,Ltda., $30,650 over two years,to open and stock a small phar-macy and veterinary supplystore, and to set up a healthcare service and education pro-gram for the co-op's 300 familiesin a semi-rural area north ofBogota. (CO -368)

Cooperativa Integral MariaOccidente, $124,670 over twoyears, to improve facilities forbreeding, harvesting, and mar;kering fish in order to providejobs and add a rich proteinsource to the diets of 10,000cooperative members and com-munity residents in an area stillrebuilding after the 1983 earth-quake in Popayan. (CO -373)

Fundacion para la Investigationy Desarrollo de Sucre (FIDES),$79,900 over two years, toexpand its revolving credit fundand provide technical assistanceto low-income rural and urbangroups engaged in farming,swine and poultry production,furniture-making, and othersmall enterprises. (CO -376)

Centro Juridic° Comunitario,$72,000 for two years, to assistself-help organizations in some15 peripheral barrios of Bogotain implementing legal education

Children in Cartago, Colombia, help out at the Ladrillera San Jose, which produceslow-cost building materials for self-help housing.

and community developmentprojects for 5,000 urban settlers.(CO -381)

Junta de Accion Comunal deJuntas de Yurumangui, $21,050over two years, to purchasesimple equipment to improvegold-panning techniques; tomanage forest resources; and toencourage small family farmingto improve local diets. (CO -383)

Asociacion de Cooperativas deEducation de Santander,$12,000, to host the FourthNational Congress of Coopera-tive Schools so that governmentofficials and 400 representativesof Colombia's cooperativeschool movement can discusscommon problems and shareinsights. (CO -386)

Empresa Comunitaria de Teje-dores en Telares Manua les,$38,440 for one year, to improve

50

production facilities and pur-chase wool and sisal so that aweaving enterprise can increaseproduction of ponchos, blan-kets, and cloth for domestic andinternational markets and pro-vide added income for 150 peo-ple. (CO -387)

Fundacion Natura, $116,300over three years. See box onpage 49. (C0-338)

Fun on Mujer y Futuro,$44,60u, for the first two yearsof a project to provide educa-tional and legal assistance toseveral hundred women domes-ti employees, most of themheads of households, in andaround the provincial capital ofBucaramanga. (CO -397)

47

F

2

COUNTRY REPORTS

Federacion de Cooperativaspara el Desarrollo Integral,Ltda. (ACOCREDITO), $15,800for one year, to develop andtest a comprehensive trainingprogram in accounting andauditing for 19 affiliated cooper-atives in the department ofAntioquia. (CO -400)

Asociacion Regional de Taba-caleros y Pequenos,PreductoresAgricolasde Santander y Bo-yaca (AGROTABACO), $60,500over three years, to support adiversification program forreplacing tobacco as a cash cropby introducing goat-raising andsemi-commercial, family vegeta-ble gardens to benefit approxi-mately 1,500 people. (CO -401)

Fundacion Servicio Juvenil,$10,000 for one year, so thatpromising young graduates canimprove their language, leader-ship, and management skillsand assume greater responsibil-ity in a program serving some5,0W street children in Bogota.(CO -402)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Fundaci6n Centro de Investiga-ciOnes Economicas (FUCIE),$17,500, to hire additional staffto provide technical assistancein bookkeeping, management,:-.nd administration to traditionalartisan groups and microenter-prises in the department ofNarino. (CO -260)

Centro de Investigacion y Edu-caciOn Popular (CINEP),$89,500, to continue its researchwith urban groups in Bogota onconsumption patterns and the

48

relationship of the traditional"family food basket" to healthand nutritional needs. (CO -272)

Grupo Precooperativo Unifi-cado de Asesorias y FomentoSocioeconomic°, Ltda.(ASFOMENTO), $15,800, tohelp defray the administrativeand operating costs of raisingand distributing breeding stockof cuy, or guinea pigs, to 500very low-income families in therural areas of Cauca Depart-ment. (CO -298)

Corporacion Diocesana Pro-Comunidad Cristiana, $45,000,to purchase a brick-makingmachine for a small enterpriseprogram that produces low-costbuilding materials for low-income housing projects in Car-ta (CO -326)

Fundacion para la CapacitacionOrganizativa de Las Comuni-dades (FUNCOC), $42,600, toprovide technical assistance,education, and training in lead-ership, accounting, and small-enterprise management to anetwork of 12 urban and ruralcommunity organizations in thedepartment of Bolivar; and tofoster new groups. (CO -328)

Cooperativa Hotelera de BocaGrande, $18,845, to completeconstruction of rustic hotel facil-ities intended to rebuild thelocal tourist trade set back by atidal wave in 1983. (CO -331)

AsociaciOn Cultural de Fusaga-suga, $76,600, to continue itswork in health care, day care,adult literacy, civic education,and programs for teenagers in11 barrios of Fusagasuga, southof Bogota. (CO -334)

51

FundaciOn para la EducaciOnSuperior (FES), $51,000, to sup-plement $25,000 provided byFES for capitalizing a joint fundto support small-scale projectsproposed by community organi-zations. (CO -349)

VenezuelaNew Grants

Cooperativa Mixta Jusepin,$10,000 over two years, forexpanded consumer servicesand to train its 100 members incooperativism, accounting, management, and human relations.(VZ-063)

Grupo Cultural El Carmen,$15,000 over 18 months, toexpand a training program forproducing and selling handi-crafts; stock a library for adultliteracy and remedial educationprograms; and revitalize the cul-tural tradition of this areabetween the Andes and LakeMaracaibo. (VZ-064)

Fundacion Televisora CulturalBoconesa (Telebocon6), $86,000for two years, to train troubledbarrio youth in broadcast televi-sion, expand educational andcultural programming, and startan outreach program for com-munity self-help organizationsbenefiting 400 youth and 10,000-25,000 residents in the state ofTrujillo. (VZ-065)

Cooperativa Mixta Isla deCoche, $42,000 over two years,for equipment to improve themarketing of catches, raising theincomes of approximately 1,500fishermen and their families onthe island of Coche. (VZ-067)

Helping Development Mesh--Not Clash with. Conservation

windling watersupplies hive

forted-development insti-tutions in the departMentof El Quindio to raise theirsightsraise them above6,000 feetwell beyondthe scope of anyoneagency.

Diminished water flowin'the Quindio River,which gives its namtothis small coffee-growing department inColombia's central cordil-lerarconcernS not only the,,municipal authorities:charged with meetingurban demand through theyear 2020, but also thethousands of small coffee

,grOwers who are the back-bone of the area's -econ-omy, and the nation'sconservation groups, whosee the dwindling waterflow as a result of seriousdamage to theenvironment,

The central cordillera is the most severelydeforested and eroded of Colombia's mountainranges. Clear-cutting of forests for pasture land,overgrazing, and herding have destroyed thetopsoil on the rugged hillsides that fornythecentral watershed, defined by the boundaries ofthe department of El QUindio. This watershedsupplies the domestic and industrial needs oftwo major citiesArmenia and Calarcaon thevalley floor, as well as irrigation for the coffeecrop grown by small farmers in the temperatezone between 1,000 and 2,900 feet.

Until recently, little heed wapaid to theupper reaches of the cordillera,.-where onlypeasant homesteaders and cattle ranchersattempted to make a living. But as both munici-

Coffer- growers plantseedlings to help conservea vital watershed in thedepartment of El Quindio,Colombia.

Colombia istlw size ofTexas andNew Mexicocombined,withpopulation of291 million.

pal agencies and business leaders struggle tomeet their clients' needs for water over the nexttwo decades, attention has been focused on theregion above 6,000 feet, were remaining cloudforests and stands of native trees capture vitalprecipitation. The future of the watersheddepends on halting erosion, deforestation, andpollution, and restoring tree cover and vegeta-tion to the steep hillsides. This undertakingrequires collaboration between the public andprivate sectors, and a deft combination of tech-nical skills and cultural sensitivity.

cont. on p. 50

49

52

COUNTRY REPORTS

cont. from p. 49

Helping Development Mesh

The catalyst for a pilot program was providedby FundaciOn Natura, founded in 1984 byColombian businessmen and civic leaders toconserve and manage Colombia's naturalresources. An associate of the The Nature Con-servancy, a U.S. conservation organization,FundaciOn Natura supports biological diversity,but also recognizes the need to protect the live-lihoods of those who depend on forests andwildlands. Based on the successful role Naturaplayed in a joint public-private venture inwatershed rehabilitation in the neighboringdepartment of Valle, the regional developmentauthorities of Quindio contacted' the organiza-tion to assist their budding effort to reverse thedeterioration of Quinuio's watershed. -As aresult.an autonomous watershed commissionwas formed to channel the resources and thetechnical skills of the department's RegionalDevelopment Corporation and the private Cof-fee Growers' Federation, and the environmentaland resource management expertise of Natura'sstaff.

The success of this project depends on theacceptance of the rehabilitation plan by local

campesinos, who have settled the upperreaches of the watershed. Any recommendedchanges in agricultural practices must con-sciously take into account the immediate needsof the homesteaders, as well as their long-terminterests. The IAF's grant of $116,300 to Funda-cion Natura supports the community outreachand education efforts crucial to the program.Natura will also work with local agencies andgrassroots organizations to encourage innova-tions, such as intercropping and agroforestry,that maintain production without destroyingfragile topsoil.

While the damage is already considerable, itis not beyond'remedy. The Quindio experimentis a bellwether case for Colombia, one facili-tated by excellent baseline data, the self-contained nature of the Quindio watershed, theexpertise of FundaciOn Natura, and the innova-tive synthesis of public and private sectorinvestment. It is one of a growing number ofprojects supported by the IAF that helps localdevelopment mesh, rather than clash, with theconservation of natural resources. (CO-388)

Marion Ritchey Vance

FederaciOn de Centros Cultur-ales del Estado de NuevaEsparta (FEDECENE), $29,400for two years, to build a com-munity center-museum to selltraditional crafts and display theheritage and history of theisland of Margarita, enlisting thesupport of approximately 6,000Margaritenos, particularlyyouth. (VZ-068)

Fundacion Artesanal(FUNDARTESANAL), $17,400over 18 months, for a smallplant to process and sell yuccaproducts such as casalle, a tradi-tional staple food, and starch, aby-product, generating incometo support programs for some

50

6,000 landless peasants andIndians in the eastern state ofMonagas. (VZ-069)

Centro al Servicio de la ActionPopular, $150,800 over threeyears, to provide training, tech-nical assistance, and credit to1,500 microentrepreneurs,including cabinetmakers, seam-stresses, shoemakers, repair-men, and mechanics. (VZ-070)

Svvplemental Grantsover $10,000

AsociaciOn de Desarrollo Inte-gral (ADI), $74,000, for supportand coordination of grassrootsdevelopment organizations andurban microenterprises in thesprawling barrio of Catia, out-side Caracas. (VZ-044)

Promotion Socio-Cultural Chu-ruata, $138,500, for communitydevelopment programs, artisanworkshops and enterprises, andtraining for young leadersgrounded in Venezuela's richcultural traditions. (VZ-047)

Asociacion Civil PromotionSocial Los Andes(PROANDES), $64,300, to sup-port the agricultwal production,diversification, and marketingprogram of a regional campe-sino organization in the highAndean area. Mucuchies.(VZ-049)

Office for Mexico and El Salvador

MexicoNew Grants

Centro de Capacitacion MusicalMixe, $3,948 for one month, st

Mixe Indian students frora musical school in Oaxaca cantra.sel to the United States andmeet with commun;ty bandsand choirs in four cities.(ME-287)

Union Regional de Ejidos yCmunidades de la HuastecaHidalguense (URECHH),$43,710 over two years, toestablish a credit union servingat least 2,500 farming familiesand to provide borrowers withtechnical assistance and train-ing. (ME-289)

,,to de Comunicacian yEduCacion Popular, A.C.,$69,64C over two years, to pro-vide legal services and trainingin land tenure, housing, rentalproperty, and urban services tomembers of 55 low-incomeneighborhood organizations inMexico City. (ME-290)

Empresa Rural Copreros deGuerrero, S.A. de C.V. (Ccpre-ros), $22,600 for one year, toestablish a marketing fund serv-ing at least 100 coconut grow-ers. (ME-291)

Sociedad de Solidaridad SocialEjercito "Libertador del Sur"("Libertador"), $83,780 over two

years, to strengthen the market-ing of corn, sesame seeds,honey, cattle, handicrafts, andfruit produced by some 1,700""'

(NAP_10"%

Instituto de Estudios para elDesarrollo Rural Maya (Insti-tuto $36,500 for oneyear, to document and dissemi-nate through publications andworkshops the experiences oftwo peasant organizations inmanaging regional food distri-bution syst.mis in the state ofGuerrero. (ME-297)

Asociacian Agricola Local deProductores de Pimienta, PIA-tano, Citricos y Café de los

=1:

Coconut growers in Tenexpa, Mexico,will market their crop with the help ofan 1AF grant.

54

Municipios de Atzalan y Tlapa-coyan, $82,620 over two .years,to launch a marketing programfor 150 members by building awarehouse to store coffee,allspice, and other crops; pro-vide technical assistance andtraining in production and mar-keting; and establish a nurseryfor coffee, allspice, orange, andcinnamon trees. (ME-298)

Union Nacional de Organiza-ciones Regionales CampesinasAutonomas (UNORCA), $59,210over two years, for an office inMexico City to provide technicalservices in agronomy and mar-keting to 30 regional federationsand to devise effective strategiesfor national issues such as priceguarantees and rural invest-ment. (ME-300)

Coalicion de Ejidos y Comuni-dades Caficultoras de la CostaGrande de Guerrero (Coati-chin), $53,500 over two years.See box on page 53. (ME-301)

Union de Comunidades Indi-genas de la Zona Norte delIstmo (UCIZONI), $85,125 overtwo years, to create a loan fundfor productive projects in atleast 30 Indian communities; tocomplete a study of the eco-nomic conditions and opportun-ities on the Isthmus of Oaxaca;and to sponsor workshops on

51

COUNTRY REPORTS

topics such as pest control andtraditional and nontraditionalproduction techniques. (ME-302)

Alianza de OrganizacionesCampesinas Autonomas deGuerrero (Alianza), $140,400 forone year., for a fund to marketcoffee, sesame seeds, sorrel,honey, corn, and beans; to opena liaison office in Mexico City;and for training and technicalassistance to strengthen organi-zations serving nearly 12,500campesino families. (ME-303)

AsociaciOn de Microempresa--rios Mexicanos, A.C.(IVIIMEXA), $156,765 over twoyears, to expand a loan fund;provide technical assistance andtraining in production andadministration; and establish asales outlet for at least 157microenterprises. (ME-304)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Asesoria Dinamica de Microem-presas (ADMIC), $31,500, for ascholarship program to trainMexicans and other Latin Amer-icans in small enterprise devel-opment. (ME-227)

Grupo de Estudios Regionalesdel Estado de Oaxaca (GER),$10,225, to disseminate datathrough publications and tohold workshops with midwivesand public health officials onindigenous systems of maternal-child health care on the Isthmusof Oaxaca. (ME-249)

Sna Jtz'ibajom (SNA),"$22,730,to produce four bilingual texts;give puppet theater and tapedradio performances in Tzeltaland Tzolzil; and open a smallcrafts shop in San Cristobal delas Casas, Chiapas. (ME-262)

52

Servicios de Education deAdultos, A.C. (SEDAC),$50,200, to expand a credit fun_ dfor 55 communities, half ofthem Otomf Indians in Valle delMezquital; to offset inflationduring construction of a campe-sino center; and for visits toother campesino centers in Peruand Ecuador. (ME-273)

Bufete de Asesoria Juridica delos Movimientos Sociales Ge-neral Guadalupe, A.C. (Bufete),$11,500, to offset inflation costswhile training urban and ruralleaders in basic legal conceptsand procedures. (ME-279)

ANADEGES del Sur Pacifico(ANADEGES-SP), $60,000, toexpand a rotating loan fund for50 rural organizations in thestates of Oaxaca and Chiapas.(ME-285)

El SalvadorNew Grants

Centro Salvadoretio de Tecnolo-gia Apropiada (CESTA),$195,980 over three years, tobuy 2,700 unassembled bicyclesand train six workers to assem-ble them for sale to low-incomestudents and urban factoryworkers using preferential creditterms. (ES-060)

Patronato Pro-Patrimonio Cul-tural, $144,744 over three years,to train 400 volunteers and hirefour promoters to collect, pre-serve, and disseminate exam-ples of urban culture inNahuizalco and Caluco; and to

assemble a traveling exhibitionfor displays to reach 67,500indigenous people in 45 ruralareas. (ES-061)

Asociacion Cooperativa deAhorro y Credito ComunalAgricola de Paraiso de Osoriode R.L. (ACOPADEO), $124,360over three years, to manage arotating fund so That 50 to 60members can buy dairy cows toimprove family diets and gener-ate income to provide workingcapital for underwriting otherlines of credit to 458 members.(ES-062)

Asociacion Cooperativa deAhorro y Credito y ProductionPesquera Fe y Esperanza deR.L., $117,668 over three years,to hire 75 local workers to cleanLake Olomega of floating lilies;to restock the lake with tilapiafingerlings; buy 43 rowboatsand build a storage facility formembers' catches; and to pro-vide training for preserving thelake. (ES-063)

Asociacion de Mujeres Campe-sinas Salvadorehas (AMCS),$78,490 over three years, totrain 2,675 rural women in liter-acy, preventive health care,women's rights, and microen-terprise administration. (ES-064)

Asociacion de Regantes Ace-quia Las Monjas, $196,027 overthree years, to overhaul a 200 -year -old indigenous canal andtrain members to maintain andoperate an irrigation system toincrease production cycles anddiversify crops, benefiting 1,000indigenous pr Jple. (ES-065)

An Alternative Model for RegionalFood Distribution in Mexico

ural Mexico is being rapidly trans-formed by the country's economic cri-

sis. The Mexican government can no longeraffordlo provide the many subsidies and ser-vices that it once did, and its new austerityplan calls for the divestation of many publicenterprises and the elimination of price controlson a variety of crops.

While the government is scaling down orending many of its services, independentregional peasant organizations-are filling thevoid with programs of their own. One suchorganization is the Coalicion de Ejidos y

Comunidades de Caficul-toras de la Costa Grande

Mexico is time timesthe size of Texas,

with a population of81.8 million.

de Guerrero (Coalicion). It was formed in 1978when 15,000 peasant families from 35 ejidos infour municipalities of the state of Guerreroorganized to stabilize and improve coffeeprices, and resolve other local problems. TodayCoalicion provides its members with consumerand transportation services, and production andmarketing assistance. It also manages trainingprograms in communications and organizationaldevelopment. Through Coalicion's efforts, itsmembers have gained access to credit, obtainedimproved prices for their crops, and acquiredagricultural infrastructure, including ware-houses and coffee-processing plants.

Over the past four years the Inter-AmericanFoundation has increased its support so thatregional organizations could test innovativeprograms. These organizations are expected toinfluence regional and/or national policy, anddemonstrate within the region how indepen-

dent groups cansuccessfully provideessential serviceswhile representingtheir members'interests. CoaliciOnwill use its IAFgrant of $53,500 tofund-organizationaltraining, providefinancial assistanceto women's groups,

*---- and to seize a

unique opportunityfor launching a newsystem of regionalfood distribution.

For the first time,the government istransferring fullresponsibility andownership of a gov-ernment service to

y

L!MiANTE t

I

Coalician' meth beis sign-alease with-the Mexican government for a food distributionwarehouse in Atoyac de Alvarezthe first time a regional peasant organization has assumedfull control of a public service.

an independentpeasant organiza-

cont. on p. 54

7 t53

COUNTRY REPORTS

cont. from p. 53

An Alternative Model

tion,,rather than simply allowing co-manage-ment of the program. DICONSA, the govern-ment agency responsible for a nationwide fooddistribution and marketing program calledCONASUPO-(Compaiiia National de Substan-cias Populares), has agreed to hand over controlof the regional program to Coalicifin. Thistransfer represents the culmination of manyyears of work by the members of Coalition.-First, they organized to request that the CONA-SUPO program, which was intended to reachthe poorest areas:of Mexico, be brought toGuerrero. They then insisted that a regionalwarehouse established and that CONASUPObe responsible for delivering goods to all com-munities in the area, including isolated ones.Once the program began, each communityestablished its own store and pricing policies.In many cases communities were able to regu-late prices and protect themselves against pow-erful landowners and middlemen. Finally, oncethe local stores were financially sound, thecommunities repaid DICONSA for their originalstock, and-expanded operations. Now, T /Rh full

ownership of the regional CONASUPO service,CoaliciOn will control the warehouse, vehicles,stores, and stocks of food as well.

Coalition plans to experiment with an inno-vative food program that, if successful, couldeventually replace CONASUPO. The new pro-gram would involve the sale and distribution ofconsumer items through-a system of food bas-kets, rather than,threugh local stores. The bas-kets, filled with a two-week supply of basicstaples, would give consumers guaranteedaccess to needed products, eliminate the stock-ing of nonessential items in local stores, andwould require no infrastructure, equipment, orsalaries at the community level.

Coalicion's food program, organizationaltraining, and women's projects are expected tofurther strengthen the organization. The mem-bers realize that if they are successful, theirexample will serve as an important alternative-model in Mexico, demonstrating that ,a demo-cratic, grassroots organization of peasant menand women can assume responsibility forregional development. (ME-301)

Carol Michaels O'Laughlin

AsociaciOn CooperativaSenzontlac de R.L.(ACOSENZONTLAC), $53,932over three years, to enlarge aconsumer store serving 1,000urban low-income residents ofSensunapan, buy equipmentnecessary to stock meat anddairy products, and increase aloan fund. (ES-066)

AsociaciOn Futuro Balsamo deAyuda Mutua (AFUBAM),$170,370 over five years, toestablish a guarantee fund forfamilies unable to qualify forconventional long-term mort-gages so that 195 low-incomefamilies can rebuild homesdestroyed by the 1986 earth-quake and establish new com-munities. (ES-067)

54

AsociaciOn Cooperativa delGrupo Independiente Pro Reha-bilitacifin Integral (ACOGIPRI),$23,580 over two years, lostreamline administration, con-duct marketing studies, andopen new outlets in order toincrease production and sales,and provide jobs for additionaldisabled workers. (ES-069)

AsociaciOn Cooperativa yDesarrollo Comunal Acodecode R.L. (ACODECO), $26,040over three years, to start a smallbusiness employing 50 people toproduce floor blocks, channelingprofits into scholarships, medi-cal care, and a consumer storeto benefit members as well as250 urban low-income youth.(ES-072)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

AsociaciOn Salvadorefia ProSalud Rural (ASAPROSAR),$44,700, to extend a health-training program in rural com-munities of the Santa Anaregion. (ES-041)

Asociacion Pro-Hogar Perma-nente de Paralisis Cerebral,$35,000, to complete a construc-tion r!an for a production andtraining facility for disabledindividuals, and to purchaseraw materials. (ES-044)

AsociaciOn de Ahorro y Pres-tamo Atlacatl, $103,000, toincrease the development fundit manages in response torequests for small-scale grantsfrom nascent low-income groupsin El Salvador. (ES-058)

Office for Peru and Ecuador

PeruNew Grants

Centro de Estudios, Comunica-chin, y Promotion Social "LaSemilla," $52,400 over twoyears, for university studentsand parents' organizations toprovide nonformal education topreschool and primary schoolchildren in t'-ree pueblos jOvenesof Lima; and-to disseminateproject findings. (PL' -280)

Asociacion para el Desarrolloe IntegraciOn de la Mujer(ADIM), $207,596 for two years,to expand training, technicalassistance, and credit formicroenterprises in metropolitanLima in order to foster and con-solidate 2,000 jobs, up to 80 per-cent of them for women.(PU-289)

Accion Social y Desarrollo(ASDE), $66,300 over two years,to assist the 106 members oftwo alpaca-herding cooperativesto expand their processing andmarketing of wool and meat;and to offer services to morethan 3,000 residents of nearbycommunities. (PU-291)

Comunidad Campesina "JoseIgnacio Tivara Pasapera,"$37,720 for two years, so that acommunity on the dry coastalplain of Piura Department canrefurbish a well to supply fresh

Members of SerVicios Integra les in Puno Department, Peru, receive training fordesigning development projects to boost agricultural yields.

water to approximately 345 fam-ilies and their livestock.(PU-292)

Supplemental Grantsover S10,000

Comision de Coordinacion deTecnologia Andina (CCTA),$59,840, for continued trainingto a consortium of eight ruraldevelopment institutionsengaged in the research andpromotion of technologiesappropriate to the Andean high-lands. (PU-226)

Centro de Apoyo a la Promo-cion Social (CAPS), $24,200, fortechnical assistance and trainingto strengthen two major peasant

federations, two cooperatives,and several peasant communi-ties, all of them IAF grantees inthe southern provinces of Punoand Arequipa. (PU-233)

Instituto Tecnologico AgrarioProterra (PROTERRA),$127,012, for continued technicaland legal assistance to smallfarmers in the Lurin Valley; andto expand an integrated ruraldevelopment program to 12peasant communities higher upthe valley. (PU-236)

Instituto Libertad y Democra-cia, $70,000, to test a pilotproperty-titling insurance pro-gram based on the hipoteca popu-lar, or popular mortgage, and todisseminate the results.(PU-240)

55

COUNTRY REPORTS

Institut° de Salud Hugo Pesce,$47,350, to expand basic medicalcare for mothers and childrenby training community par-amedicals and conducting apublic information campaign inVilla El Salvador, a poor barrioof nearly 300,000 people insouthern Lima. (PU-242)

Centro de Estudios para elDesarrollo Regional (CEDER),$63,700, for continued trainingand technical assistance in ani-mal husbandry and agronomyto strengthen grassroots organi-zations in Arequipa; and toevaluate the program to deter-mine future needs and funding.(PU-244)

Asociacion para el Desarrolloe Integracion de la Mujer(ADIM), $17,000, to upgrade acomputer system for tracking agrowing portfolio cf loans towomen's =microenterprises inLima; and to cosponsor aninternational workshop forwomen development practition-ers on project design and imple-mentation. (PU-248)

Habitat Peril Sig lo )0(I,$190,854, to launch the secondphase of a development pro-gram for urban squatters in Tru-jillo by providing organizationalsupport and leadership trainingto some 50 neighborhood organ-izations. (PU-249)

Peni-Mujer, $64,150, to expandsupport for women artisans inthe Pamplona Alta area of Lima;to help another group consoli-date a knitting enterprise; andto create a marketing team forexporting knitted goods.(PU-252)

56

Comunidad Campesina deCatac, $12,000, for a peasantcommunity to buy a truck tosupport its dairy and cheese-making project. (PU-255)

Fundacion para el DesarrolloNacional (FDNI, $51,500, to fur-ther capitalize a small projectsfund for providing loans andgrants to community-basedincome-generating activities.(PU-259)

EcuadorNew Grants

Confederacion de Nacionali-dades Indigenas del Ecuador,$44,400 for one year, to devise adevelopment policy agenda forindigenous peoples; co debateand disseminate these policiesat a national congress; and toorganize international exchangesamong indigenous techniciansworking in lowland projects inEcuador and Panama. (EC-173)

Asociacion de Cooperativas delCanton Eloy Alfaro, $109,863over three years. See box onpage 57. (EC-179)

Fundacion para el Desarrollo dela Microempresa, $220,920 overtwo years, to strengthen andexpand a project for microenter-prise development in Guayaquil;and to provide credit, technicalassistance, and training to anadditional 550 microentrepre-neurs in the neighborhoods ofMapasingue and Prosperina.(EC-181)

Institute de InvestigacionesSocio-Economicas y Tecnologi-cas, $283,800 over three years,for technical assistance, training,and credit to 600 small manufac-turing enterprises in the high-land city of Ambato; and tostrengthen the organizationalcapacity of the local chamber ofartisans. (EC-185)

Corporacion de EstudiosRegionales Guayaquil (CERG),$48,000 for one year, to studythe technology, management,marketing alternatives, and rawmaterials needs of 250 microen-terprises in Guayaquil andBabahoyo in order to designimproved systems of technicalassistance, training, and credit.(EC-186)

Comuna de Agua Blanca,$23,327 over two years, toestablish a commercial pigenterprise so that a communityof 40 families can reduce theirdependence on nearby forestlands recently declared anational park. (EC-187)

Asociacion de Agricultores deLa Balsa de Miguelillo, $25,362for two years, to capitalize anagricultural production fund,open a consumer and hardwarestore, and build a grain-dryingyard for a community of 53campesino families. (EC-193)

Sistemas de Investigacion yDesarrollo Comunitario,$138,340 for one year, to regu-larly monitor IAF grantees inEcuador, provide them withtraining and technical assis-tance, sponsor networking andinformational exchanges, andhelp evaluate project results.(EC-194)

[i

From Folklore to a Fechrationof Fisher,

eginning in the late 1970s, Ecuadorianethnologist Juan Garcia-began a quest to

rediScover and revive the deep cultural roots ofAfro-Ecuadorians. With the help of a giantfrom the IAF, Garcia and several research assis-tants traveled the rivers and mangrove estuariesof his native Esmeraldas Province collecting oralhistories. By recording and publishing poetry,myths, rituals, and other folklore,!he has pre-

served some of the richA memberof ACCEAin EsnieraldasProvince, Ecuador,fixes his nets for theday's catch.

heritage ofEcuador's

blackpeople.

During his research, Garcia also spoke withsmall groups of local fishermen and townsfolk,and these talks often led to conversations aboutcommunity problems. Over time the discus-sions turned into more formal meetings, andthe groups eventually decided to form coopera-tives. By mid-1987, 10 of these cooperatives hadformed a federation, the Asociacion de Cooperati-vas del Canton Eloy Alfaro (ACCEA), whichhopes to better meet the needs of its memberco-cops by using the twin strengths of nu_ mbersand organization.

Artisanal fishermen make up eight of the tencooperatives that belong to ACCEA. The othertwo were formed by women, many of whomare friends and family of the fishermen. Thesefisherfolk, like many other artisanal fishinggroups throughout Latin America and the Car-ibbean,'have realized that one of the keys toimproving their livelihoods is to market theirown catches.

With a grant of $125,590 from the IAF,ACCEA has set out not only to do its own mar-keting, but to increase fish production, set upconsumer stores and community first-aid kits,and construct ovens in member communities.

In addition, ACCEA is working to strengthenmember co-ops and the federation itself.

Courses are being offered in organizationbuilding, administration, seafood

cont. on p. 58

Ecuador has apopulation of

9.9 million, in anarea the size of

Colorado.

GO57

COUNTRY REPORTS

cont. from p. 57

From Folklore to Federation

marketing, and outboard motor repair. Co-opmembers are also receiving training in account-ing from a Peace Corps volunteer.

Leaders of ACCEA have also participated in avariety of courses on artisanal fishing offered bygovernment agencies and members of the aca-demic and development community. They haveattended events offered by groups such as theEscuela Superior Politecnica del Litora Iland theCentro de Planificacion y Estudios Socialesrandhave conferred with membership organizationssuch as the National Federation of Fishermen'sCoopetatives and other fishermen's organiza-tions in Esmeialdas. ACCEA has also partici-pated in meetings initiated by such groups asAcciOn EcolOgica that bring together localorganizations to address pressing resource and

environmental issues, such as mangrove andtropical forest management.

What began as informal conversations .

between a local folklorist and village residentshas gradually developed into a significant pro-duction and marketing scheme managed by anorganization with broad goals that range fromtraining to promotion, and from maiketing toresource management. And this all happenedin Esmeraldas, a region where countlessimported development plans have failed andlocal organization, if it existed at all, has beenproblematic. The challenge that lies ahead is tomaintain the initial enthusiasm and commit-mentrand to weather the internal squalls andthe larger storms that are brought about bymacroeconomic forces. (EC-179)

Jim Adriance

Fundacion Vicente Rocafuerte,$118,300 for 18 months, so thatsix peasant C01:111110 on theSanta Elena Peninsula candiversify crops and start smallenterprises to foster jobs in fish-,:ng, ceramics, gypsum mining,and other areas to help stemurban migration. (EC-195)

Grupo de Danza, Teatro yMtisica "Angara Chimeo,"$12,550 over two years, so that24 performers can expand a cen-ter for black dance, populartheater, and music in the high-

, land Chota Valley; and for tech-nical assistance and training incultural preservation and projectmanagement. (EC-198)

58

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Instituto Radiofonico Fe y Ale-gria, $41,250, to revise an adulteducation curriculum, and topurchase new publishing andrecording equipment. (EC-105)

Federacion de-Centros Shuar,$15,950, to host its 25th anniver-sary assembly, bringing togetherleaders from 265 Amazoniancommunities and from some ofthe poorest and most remotelowland indigenous federationsin Ecuador. (EC-114)

Mundo Andino, $21,650, totranslate Where There Is No Doc-tor, by David Werner, into Que-chua and Shuar for publicationand distribution through a train-ing program for communityleaders, health workers, teach-ers, and heads of households.(EC-124)

61

Cooperativa de ProduccionArtesana Madres Azuayas,$25,080, to open a wool-dyingplant in the town of Cuenca tosupply approximately 300women artisans with low-costraw materials to operate theirknitting and weaving busi-nesses. (EC-133)

Radio Latacunga, $109,600, toexpand bilingual broadcasts ofeducational and cultural pro-grams for nearly 600 indigenouscommunities in Cotopaxi Prov-ince; and to record new materialusing small taping boothsplaced in eight centrally locatedvillages. (EC-136)

Union de Comunidades Indi-genas de Flores (UCIF), $46,500,to help 22 member communities

a

open community centers andstores, boost pig and poultryproduction, and obtain potablewater; and for training andtechnical assistance. (EC-140)

Federacion de Cabildos de Licto(FEDECAL), $52,400, to buildcentralized offices, and to help28 communities with their con-sumer stores, bakeries, andother development projects.(EC-142)

Comunidad Juridica de Llinllin-Centro Civico, $69,400, to opena cheese factory and six artisanworkshops; and for technicalassistance and training tostreamline management, boostoutput, and diversify crops in acommunity of 1,050 families.(EC-144)

AsociaciOn de OrganizacionesCampesinas Autonomas deChimborazo (AOCACH),$53,800, for continued training,technical assistance, and loan

guarantees to support produc-tion efforis, a veterinary andagricultural supplies, store, andto promote the safe use of pesti-cides and fertilizers. (EC-157)

Confederacion de Nacionali-dades Indigenas de la Ama-zonia Ecuatoriana(CONFENIAE), $18,200, to sup-port a biannual congress of 600representatives for evaluatingprograms, designing regionaldevelopment initiatives, andholding elections. (EC-160)

Comite Campesino ProyectoNazon, $17,600, to expand anagricultural supplies store toserve five new communities;and to cover inflation costs forequipment to artificially insemi-nate dairy cattle. (EC-171)

Fundacion Guayaquil, $12,800,to establish a feedback systemto evaluate the impact of a micro-enterprise development programin Guayaquil. (EC-182)

A young boy takes his turn at-the potter's wheel. The Cacha Chuyug Panadero:workshop in Chimborazo Province, Ecuador, is improving product quality andboosting output to create fobs and raise family incomes.

62

Latin AmericaRegional Grants

New Grants

Centro de Educacion y Tecnolo-gia (CET), $88,900 over 19months, to conduct four work-shops in Chile, enabling IAFgrantees to upgrade their skillsin organic gardening and otherappropriate technologies, andapply these skills in community-level development projects.(LA-135)

Instituto Centroamericano deAdministracion de Empresas(INCAE), $85,500 over one year,to administer a special travelfund to facilitate learning andnetworking among organiza-tions involved in grassrootsdevelopment in Latin Americaand-the Caribbean. (LA-136)

Supplemental Grantsover $10,000

Inter-American,Legal ServicesAssociation-aLSA), $20,500, toexpand its legal services pro-gram. (LA-098)

Instituto Centroamericano deAdministracion de Empresas(INCAE), $27,500, to covertravel expenses for scholarsattending the Latin AmericanStudies Association (LASA)Conference; and for scholar-ships for directors of NGOsattending a development man-agement workshop sponsoredby INCAE. (LA-124)

59

Fellowship Programs

he Fellowship Programcelebrated its fifteenth

anniversary in FY 1988 andawarded 46 fellowships toscholars, researchers, and devel-opment practitioners from theCaribbean, Latin America, andthe United States. By stressingpractical solutions to obstaclesin grassroots development, theFellowship Program fosteredincreased attention within theacademic community on micro-level development in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean.Practical, problem-solvingapproaches to grassroots devel-opment will continue to beemphasized during FY 1989.

Through its fellowship initia-tives, the Foundation continuedto support research on micro-development approaches thatimprove the condition of poorpeople throughout Latin Amer-ica and the Caribbean. The Fel-lowship Program encouragedexpanded interest in the effortsof the rural and urban poor toimprove their lives, and in theirorganizational and productionstrategies. The study of policiesand programs designed todirectly alleviate poverty wasalso supported.

Priority was given to empiri-cal methods for research oncontemporary grassroots devel-opment problems. Since povertyissues transcend the traditionalacademic division of labor,interdisciplinary approacheswere invited. Emphasis was

60

placed on specializations in themedical, legal, and businessprofessions, as well as in thephysical sciences and othertechnical fields since local devel-opment often emerges throughactivities in such areas as agri-culture, health care, andregional planning.

The Foundation also sup-ported research on appliedmicrodevelopment topics relatedto the Foundation's learningagenda. Five areas were high-lighted: the nature of effectivelocal organizations among thepoor; the nature of effectiveintermediary or grassroots sup-port organizations serving thepoor; systematic appraisals oflocal development activities;programs and projects specifi-cally designed to reach thepoorest populations; and emerg-ing trends that will influencethe future development of poorpeople in the region.

During FY 1988, the Founda-tion awarded 17 fellowships toscholars and professionals fromresearch and development insti-tutions in Latin America and theCaribbean whose work in grass-roots development would bene-fit from graduate-level study atU.S. universities. These Fellows,from 10 countries, have associ-ated themselves with graduateprograms in 11 universities in 8states. Some 60 percent of theFoundation's fellowshipresources ha- - traMonallybeen allocated to-this LainAmerican and Caribbean Fel-lowship Program.

63

Twenty-nine fellowships weregranted to 16 doctoral candi-dates and 13 master's-levelstudents enrolled in U.S. uni-versities to conduct fieldresearch in Latin America or theCaribbean on grassroots devel-opment topics. The Fellows, sixof whom were citizens of LatinAmerican and Caribbean coun-tries, were affiliated with 21U.S. universities in 15 states.Field research has begun in 12countries, including-the low-lands of eastern Bolivia, thepoor neighborhoods of Lima,Peru, and the tropical rain for-ests of southern Costa Rica. Thelargest number of Fellows haveinitiated field research in Mex-ico. Approximately 40 percent ofthe Foundation's fellowshipbudget normally supports theDoctoral and Master's Fellow-ship Programs.

The Foundation's FellowshipAdvisory Committee, estab-lished to counsel the Founda-tion on its fellowship programs,continued to stress the impor-tance of microdevelopmentapproaches to alleviatingpoverty.

IAF Fellowship AdvisoryCommittee

The Hon. Lynda Barness, TheBarness Organization,Warrington, Pennsylvania, andmember of the IAF Board ofDirectors.

The Hon. John C. Duncan,Cyprus Minerals, New York,New York, and member of theIAF Board of Directors.

William Glade, Woodrow WilsonInternational Center for Scholars,Smithsonian Institution,-Washington, D.C.

Richard Morse, Woodrow WilsonInternational Center for Scholars,Smithsonian Institution,Washington, D.C.

Martha Muse, Tinker Foundation,New York, New York.

Alejandro Portes, Johns HopkinsUniversity, Baltimore,Maryland.

Howard J. Wiarda, AmericanEnterprise Institute for PublicPolicy Research, Washington,D.C., and the University ofMassachusetts at Amherst.

Johannes Wilbert, University ofCalifornia a: Los Angeles.

Latin American andCaribbean FellowshipProgram

Fellows, with their homecountries, homeinstitutions, ard U.S.universities (foilowed bydegree programs anddisciplines):

Manuel H. Bastias (Chile):Centro de InvestigaciOn yDesarrollo de la EducaciOn(CIDE); University of NotreDame (Ph.D., Sociology).

Javier Caballero (Mexico):Instituto de Biologia,Universidad Nacional AutOnoma

de Mexico; University ofCalifornia at Berkeley (Ph.D.,Anthropology).

Maria Teresa Cerqueira(Mexico): DirecciOn deEducaciOn para la Salud,Secretaria de Salud; CornellUniversity (Ph.D., Nutrition).

Armando J. Guevara-Gil (Peru):Facultad de Derecho, PontificiaUniversidad CatOlica del Peru;University of Wisconsin atMadison (Ph.D., Anthropology,and simultaneously Fellow,Institute for Legal Studies).

Jorge Hernandez (Mexico):Instituto de InvestigacionesSociolOgicas, UniversidadAida:0mo "Benito Judrez" deOaxaca; University ofConnecticut (Ph.D.,Anthropology).

Enrique R. Jacoby, M.D. (Peru):Instituto de InvestigaciOnNutricional; School of Hygieneand Public Health, JohnsHopkins University (M.P.H.,Public Health).

Didacus P. Jules (St. Lucia):National Research andDevelopment Foundation of St.Lucia; University of Wisconsin atMadison (M.A., Education).

Marjorie Lansdale (Honduras):Escuela Agricola Panamericana(ZAMORANO); CornellUniversity (M.P.S.,International Agriculture andRural Development).

Laura'R. Laski, M.D.(Argentina): AsociaciOnArgentina de ProtecciOn Familiar;

University of California atBerkeley (M.P.H., PublicHealth).

Pedro E. Lewin (Argentina):Grupo de Apoyo al DesarrolloEtnico de Oaxaca (GADE);University of California atBerkeley (Ph.D., Anthropology).

Adelia M. de Lima (Brazil):Departamento de CienciasSociaies, Universidade Federal dePernambuco; University ofFlorida at Gainesville (Ph.D.,Anthropology).

Anibal Orue (Paraguay): CentroParaguayo de Estudios deDesarrollo Economico y Social(CEPADES); University ofSouthern California (M.A.,Communications).

Miguel A. Pinedo-Vasquez(Peru): consultant; YaleUniversity (M.A., ForestScience).

Mercedes Prieto (Chile): Centrode PlanificaciOn y EstudiosSociales (CEPLAES); CityUniversity of New York, (M.A.,Anthropology).

Juan de Dios E. Rosen&(Mexico): Fondo de Fomento yGarantia para el Consumo de losTrabajadores (FONACOT); RiceUniversity (Ph.D., Economics).

Blanca M. Sckell, M.D.(Paraguay): InvestigacionesSociales, EducaciOn yComunicaciones (BASE-ISEC);School of Hygiene and PublicHealth, Johns HopkinsUniversity (M.P.H., PublicHealth).

Samuel W. Scott (Jamaica):International Voluntary Services(IVS); University of Florida atGainesville (M.S., Food andResource Economics).

F4 61

Review CommitteeMembers

Thomas Davies, Jr., San DiegoState University.

Elizabeth Jelin, Universidad deBuenos Aires.

Marc Lindenberg, HarvardUniversity.

Cassio Luiselli, InstitutoInteramericano de Cooperacionpara la Agficultura (IICA).

Charles Reilly, Inter-AmericanFoundation.

Giogio'Solimano, M.D.,Columbia University.

Doctoral FellowshipProgram

Fellows, with their homecountries, U.S. universities,disciplines, and dissertationtitles:

Mauricio R. Bellon-Corrales(Mexico), University ofCalifornia at Davis (Ecology):"The Ecology of VarietyChoice Among Resource-PoorFarmers (Mexico)."

Susan K. Brems (USA), JohnsHopkins University(Development Studies): "AnAnthropological Perspectiveon Fertility Decline andFertility Decision-Making inNortheast Brazil."

Avecita del Carmen Chicchon(Peru), University of Florida atGainesville ( Anthropology):"Resource Use Ainong theChimane Indians andPeasants in the BeniBiosphere Reserve, Bolivia."

Tilman G. Freitag (USA),University of Florida atGainesville (Anthropology): "A

62

Study of the Mechanization ofDominican Fishing and ItsImpact on Quality of Life andLocal Marine ProteinAvailability (DominicanRepublic)."

Laura Gonzalez (Mexico),University of California at SantaBarbara (Anthropology):"Ejidatario Leaders, ResourceMobilization and Local-LevelEconomic Development inRural Mexico, 1936-1988."

Anne M. Hornsby (USA),Harvard University (Sociology):"Organization-Building forUrban Development: A CaseStudy of VoluntaryAssociations in Bogota,Colombia."

Jeannine Koshear (USA),University of California atBerkeley (Geography): "LandTenure, Land Use andSustainability Among theGuaymi in Southern CostaRica."

John R. Lear (USA), University ofCalifornia at Berkeley (History):"Culture, Politics, and theFormation of a Working Class:Mexico City, 1906-1940."

Maria-Elena Mujica (Peru),University of Iowa(Anthropology): "Women inGrassroots Organizations:Comedores Populares in Lima,Peru."

Paul J. Nelson (USA), Universityof Wisconsin at Madison(Development Studies): "LocalNongovernmentalOrganizations and TheirPrograms to Address theProblem of Landlessness inGuatemala."

Kathryn S. Oths (USA), CaseWestern Reserve University(Anthropology): "HealthPromoters in the NorthernPeruvian Andes: Resort,Reality and Remedy."

F5

Janette S. Rawlings (USA),Indiana University(Anthropology): "MarketSystems and NationalDevelopment: The SucreRegion of Bolivia."

Francisco R. Sabatini (Chile),University of California at LosAngeles (Urban Planning):"Alternative BarrioOrganizations and theHousehold: The Case ofSantiago, Chile."

David M. Stoll (USA), StanfordUniversity (Anthropology):"Assesing PostwarReconstruction in the WesternGuatemalan Highlands."

Mark D. Wenner (USA),University of Wisconsin atMadison (AgriculturalEconomics): "MicroeconomicAnalysis of Group-BasedRevolving Credit (CostaRica)."

Edward A. Whitesell (USA),University of California atBerkeley (Geography):"Resource Collection andGrassroots Development inthe Amazon Rainforest ofBrazil."

Review CommitteeMembers

Gabriel Camara, UniversidadNacional AutOnonia de Mexico.

Thomas Carroll, GeorgeWashington University.

Helen Safa, University of Floridaat Gainesville.

Susan Scrimshaw, University ofCalifornia at Los Angeles.

Mitchell Seligson, University ofPittsburgh.

Julie Sutphen-Wechsler, Inter- Development): "Guatemalan Distribution, and the LutaAmerican Foundation. Women Speak: Empowerment Pela Terra in the Brazilian

Lee Tavis, University of Notre in Family Planning Decision- Amazon."Dame. Making." Christine G. Taylor (USA),

Wendy S. McFarren (USA), Orgeon State UniversityCornell University (Regional (Health): "Breast Feeding and

Master's Fellowship Planning): "Economic Bottle Supplementation: A

Program Adjustment and Household Look at Belief Systems ofSurvival Strategies: A Case Jamaican Mothers."

Fellows, with homecountries, U.S. universities,disciplines, and Master's

Study of Migrant BolivianMining Families."

Suzanne B. Mettler (USA),University of Illinois at

Review CommitteeMembers

paper titles: Champaign-Urbana (Political Carmelo Mesa-Lago, UniversityScience): "The Nature and of Pittsburgh.

Caroline Ashley (United Effectiveness of Political Thomas Skidmore, University ofKingdom), School of Advanced Participation Among Rural Wisconsin at MadisonInternational Studies (SAIS), Cooperatives/in Mexico." (participated in Fall competitionJohns Hopkins University Cecilia Orellana-Rojas (Chile), only).(Development Studies): University of New Mexico (Latin Jan Van Orman, Inter-American"Tinkering at the Margin or American Studies): "Mapuche Foundation.Catalyzing Empowerment: Indian Women: RuralWomen's Microenterprise Migration and Employment Note: The Fall competition will beProjects in Yucatan, Mexico." Patterns in Urban Settings discontinued after FY 1988. A

Genevieve A. Douyon (USA), (Chile)." single competition held eachUniversity of Maryland at Victor M. Ortiz (USA), Stanford Spring will award the sameBaltimore (Education): "The University (Anthropology): annual number of Master'sLiteracy Crisis in Haiti: Creole "Collective Labor Conflicts in fellowships.Monolinguals Learning to Mexico's Maquiladoras:Read in French." Towards a Comprehensive

Mary Jo Dudley (USA), Cornell Analysis of Workers'University (City and Regional Responses."

.. Annual FellowshipPlanning): "Study of Female Samantha C. Roberts (Great Application DeadlinesDomestic Workers in Britain), University of WisconsinColombia." at Madison (Agricultural Doctoral

Thais R. Forbes (USA), Economics): "Accumulation Program Dec. 5, 1989University of South Florida and the Peasant Household. Latin American(Anthropology): "The Proposal for a Case Study and CaribbeanDevelopment of Biocultural (Ecuador)." Program Jan. 15, 1990Strategies to PromoteMaternal/Child Health in

Neil E. Schlecht (USA),University of Tex7s at Austin

Master'sProgram Mar. 1, 1990

Rural Jamaica." (Joint Program in LatinKimberly A. Krasevac (USA), American Studies and Public For information and

School of Advanced InternationalStudies (SAIS), Johns Hopkins

Affairs): "Colonization andConflict: Migration, Land

applications, please write:

University (Development IAF Fellowship Programs

Studies): "Popular YouthOrganizations in Santiago,Chile, from the Inside."

P.O. Box 9486Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A.22209-0486

Theresa L. Laughlin (USA),University of Pittsburgh(Economic and Social

E6

cr

63

Publications and Videos

Periodic Publications

Grassroots Development. Reportson the experience of IAF grant-ees in the field and analyzesdevelopment issues of concernto the Foundation. Publishedthree times a year in English,Spanish (Desarrollo de Base), andPortuguese (Desenvolvimento deBase).

Inter-American Foundation AnnualReport. Reports on the Founda-tion's activities each year. Pub-lished in English, Spanish, andPortuguese.

Books about GroupsSupported by the Inter-American Foundation

Direct to the Poor, edited bySheldon Annis and PeterHakim. An anthology of articlesexcerpted from Grassroots Devel-opment (Lynne Rienner Publish-ers, Inc., 1988).

Development and Dignity, PatrickBreslin. A study of the Founda-tion's first 15 years from thepoint of view of Latin Americanand Caribbean observers andgrantees (IAF, 1987). Spanishversion: Desarrollo y Dignidad(IAF, summer 1989).

Hopeful Openings, Sally Yudel-man. A study of five LatinAmerican women's organiza-

tions (Kumarian Press, 1987).Spanish version: Ibia Apertura ala Esperanza (IAF, ,I988).

Grassroots Developnlent in LatinAmerica and the Caribbean: OralHistories of Social Change, RobertWasserstrom. Oral histories ofseven IAF-supported organiza-tions (Praeger Publishers, 1985).

Getting Ahead Collectively: Grass-roots Experiences in Latin America,Albert 0. Hirsch:ran. An eye-witness account and compara-tive analysis of 45 IAF-fundedprojects in six Latin Americancountries (Pergamon Press,1984). Spanish version: ElAvance en la Colectividad (Fondode Cultura Economica, 1986).Portuguese version: 0 Progressoem Coletividade (IAF, 1987).

Monographs and SpecialPapers

The Inter-American Foundation andthe Small- and Micro-EnterpriseSector, Robert G. Blayney andDiane B. Bendahmane. Someimportant lessons drawn fromthe Foundation's experience inthe urban informal sector (1988).

Business in Development: A Work-able Partnership, Martin Diskin,Steven E. Sanderson, andWilliam C. Thiesenhusen. Anexamination of the operationsand impact of the Mexican RuralDevelopment Foundation (1987).

Inter-American Foundation Direc-tory of Fellows: 1974-1986. Infor-mation on 402 recipients ofFoundation fellowships for field

64 7

research in Latin America andthe Caribbean, an(' for graduatestudy in the United States(1987).

Urban Informal Sector and Small-Scale Enterprise, BishwapriyaSanyal and Cynthia Ferrin. Anexploration of how the informalsector and "microentrepreneur-ial activity" intersect (1986).

The Inter-American Foundation inthe Dominican Republic: A Decadeof Support for Local DevelopmentOrganizations, Robert W.Mashek and Stephen G. Vetter.A review of the Foundation'sgrant-making in the DominicanRepublic from 1972 to 1982(bilingual edition) (1983). Cur-rently out of print.

What to Think About Cooperatives:A Guide from Bolivia, JudithTendler in collaboration withKevin Healy and Carol MichaelsO'Laughlin. A comparativeanalysis of four networks ofBolivian peasant associationsthat challenges conventionalthinking on coopratives (1983).

In Support of Women: Ten YearsFunding by the Inter-AmericanFoundation, Ann Hartfiel. Anoverview of grants that havebenefited low-income women(1982).

of

Members of the Federaciat de Organizaciones Campesituis de Cicalpa in Ecuador lookover the latest issue of Grassroots Development.

A Review of the Inter-AmericanFoundation's Support for HealthActivities, Sandra L. Huffman.An overview of grants for proj-ects in community health andhealth education. (1981)

Bottom-up Development in Haiti,Robert Maguire. A report onunderdevelopment in Haiti andthe work of one "facilitatororganization" that the Founda-tion has supported (bilingualedition). (1981) Currently out ofprint.

Fitting the Foundation Style: TheCase of Rural Credit, JudithTend ler. A discussion of theFoundation's operating style asit affects support for ruralcredit. (1981)

The Inter-American Foundation inthe Making, Robert W. Mashek.An account of the establishmentof the Foundation and its firstmonths of operations. (1981)

In Partnership with People: AnAlternative Development Strategy,Eugene J. Meehan. Interviews,field visits, project case studies,and discussion:: with staff thatdescribe IAF's approach todevelopment. (1978)

They Know How . . . A synopsisof insights gained from IAFexperience in supporting the

initiatives of Latin Americanand Caribbean organizationsduring the agency's first five-year period. Spanish version:Ellos Saben Como. (1976)

First Steps, Bennett Schiff. Adescription of the first threeyears of the IAF. (1974)

To receive GrassrootsDevelopment and theAnnual Report regularly,write to the public.atiisoffice to ask that your namebe placed on the 1AF mailinglist.,Other 1AF publicationsare available upon request,with the exception of Directto the Poor (contact LynneRienner Publishers), Devel-opment and Dignity (con-tact West-gew Press), andHopeful- )penings (contactKumariar -press).

68

Videos

The Women's Construction Collec-tive of Jamaica (13 minutes). Thestory of 55 unemployed womenselected from the poorer neighbor-hoods of Kingston and trainedin construction trades (1986).Teachers! guide available. Span-ish: La Colectiva femenina deConstruccion de Jamaica.

A Cooperative Without Borders:The First Step (21 minutes).Depicts the struggle of a groupof Mexican migrant workers andtheir hope for the future. Thecooperative works with U.S. cit-rus growers and funding organ-izations to improve ..!conomicconditions in rural Mexico as analternative to migration (1987).Teachers' guide available. Span-ish: Cooperativa Sin Fronteras: ElPrimer Paso.

Alpacas: An Andean Gamble (28minutes). The peasant commu-nity of Aquia, Peru, bets on itsfuture by repopulating its lom-munal highlands with alpacas.Teachers' guide available. Span-ish: Alpacas: El Reto Andino.

If you would like topurchase a copy of a video,please,send a check or moneyorder for $22.95 to West GlenCommunications, Inc., 1430West Broadway, New York;N.Y. 10018. To borrow acopy of the video at the cost ofreturn postage, write to Mod-ern Talking Picture Service,5000 Park Street North, St.Petersburg, FL 33709.

65

Financial and Statistical Information

&VA

Overhead FiscalYear

Grants, Other Programs,and Administration

1971-1988100% 71

4988 1971-198829% 72

1111 Grants and $23.6 288.2,33% 73 other (83%) (85%)

11% 74 Programs

12%, 75 Ad Minis- $4.8 $52.1

17% 76 traticei (17%) (15%)

12% 77 ($ in millions)

15% 78

12% 79

11% '80

13% 81

14% 82

17% 83

18% 84

15% 85

18% 86

17% 87

17% 88

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32

($ in millions)

Funds Available to the Foundation

The United States Congress annually appropriates funds for use bythe Foundation pursuant to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, asamended. These funds make up over 55 percent of the Foundation'sannual budget. The Foundation's other funding source is the SocialProgress Trust Fund of the Inter-American Development Bank. TheFund consists of the repayments of loans originally made by theUnited States Government under the Alliance for Progress to variousLatin American and Caribbean governments and institutions. TheFoundation has access to the Fund pursuant to legislation enacted bythe U.S. Congress in 1973.

66

E 9

Congressional AppropriationsCongressional appropriationsare used for both program andadministrative expenses. Con-gress appropriates moneyannually for a fiscal year thatruns from October 1 throughSeptember 30.FY 1970-1978 $50.0 millionFY 1979 $10.0 millionFY 1980 $12.6 millionFY 1981 $15.8 millionFY 1982 $12.0 millionFY 1983 $14.0 millionFY 1984 $13.0 millionFY 1985 $12.0 millionFY 1986 $11.5 millionFY 1987 $11.8 millionFY 1988 $13.0 millionFY 1989 $16.6 million

Social Progress Trust FundSocial Progress Trust Fundresources are -used for programexpenses. The funds are avail-able in the national currencies of18 countries in which the Foun-dation supports projects; in eachcase the currency is used onlyfor the benefit of the country oforigin. Funds are used tofinance activities in agriculture,education and training, health,housing, land use, small busi-ness, and technical assistance.1974-1976 $31.0 million1977-1979 $48.0 million1980-19821983-19851986-19881989-1991

$48.0 million$48.0 million$48.6 million$44.1 million

Cumulative Grants by Country- 19721988

Amount*(5 in

thousands) Grants

Office for Argentina, Paraguay, andUruguay

Argentina (pop. 31,501)**Paraguay (pop. 3,927)Uruguay (pop. 2,960)

537,275

14,48911,56911,217

326

1489088

Office for Bolivia and Chile 549,602 359

Bolivia (pop. 6,794) 16,678 165Chile (pop. 12,495) 32,924 194

Office for Brazil (pop. 141,379) $17,019 240

Office for the Caribbean 532,699 444

Anguilla (pop. 7) 3 1

Antigua and Barbuda (pop. 79) 402 6Bahamas (pop. 240) 144 7Barbados (pop. 254) 793 9Dominica (pop. 83) 1,991 69Dominican Republic (pop. 6,416) 11,155 113'Grenada (pop. 110) 337 15Guyana (pop. 750) 294 7Haiti (pop. 5,500) 7,247 78Jamaica (pop. 2,330) 2,955 48Montserrat (pop. 12) 3 1

Netherlands Antilles (pop. 184) 126 2St. Kitts and Nevis (pop. 45) 517 6St. Lucia (pop. 130) 209 6St. Vincent (pop. 110) 668 11Suriname (pop. 400) 347 3Trinidad and Tobago (pop. 1,217) 484 9Turks and Caicos (pop. 9) 12 2Caribbean Regional 5,012 51

Office for Central America $44,432 501

&lize (pop. 166) 1,882 52Costa Rica (pop. 2,657) 9,036 144Guatemala (pop. 8,434) 8,765 93Honduras (pop. 4,664) 8,934 80Nicaragua (pop. 3,499) 7,234 50Panama (pop. 2,275) 8,581 82

*Incluces grants and grant supplements**Population in thousands. Sources: The 1988 Caribbean Handbook,

Inter-American Development Bank 1987 Annual Report

Amount*(5 in

thousands) Grants

Office for Colombia and Venezuela

Colombia (pop. 29,610)Venezuela (pop. 18,491)

527,542

23,9033,639

240

20337

Office for Mexico and El Salvador $24,206 235

Mexico (pop. 81,771) 18,101 190El Salvador (pop. 4,915) 6,105 45

Office for Peru and Ecuador 532,175 261

Peru (pop. 20,733) 22,374 160Ecuador (pop. 9,924) 9,801 101

Latin America Regional 5 5,423 104

TOTAL 5270,373 2,710

Women in highland Peru knit and chat with friends whilewailing for a meeting to begin.

7067

Grants by Country-1988

Amount*(S in

thousands)New

Grants

GrantSupple-ments

Office for Argentina,Paraguay, and Uruguay

ArgentinaParaguayUruguay

S2,880

1,680815385

28

1783

21

1164

Office for Bolivia andChile S2,279 25 23

Bolivia 1,241 17 13Chile 1,038 8 10

Office for Brazil S2,167 16 11

Office for the Caribbean S1,808 21 17

Dominica 9 1

Dominican Republic 701 8 6Grenada 79 1

Guyana 21 1

Haiti 249 4 9Jamaica 261 4St. Vincent 81 1

Turks and Caicos 3 1

Caribbean Regional 404 2

Office for CentralAmerica S4,538 51 33

Belize 289 4 2Costa Rica 453 10 5Guatemala 1,427 19 8Honduras 917 10 6Nicaragua 513 4 7Panama 939 4 5

*Includes grants and grant supplements

68

Amount*(S in

thousands)New

Grants

GrantSupple-ments

Office for Colombia andVenezuela.

ColombiaVenezuela

S1,614

985629

9

127

15

114

Office for Mexic') andEl Salvador S2,465 23 11

Mexico 1,099 13 7El Salvador 1,366 10 4

Office for Peru andEcuador S2,294 -13 28

Peru 1,070 4 14Ecuador L224 9 14

Latin America Regional S 222 2 2

TOTAL S20,267 198 161

An instructor demonstrates tailoring techniques to youngstudents at the Centro Educativo Teenico HumanisticoAgropemario in Carnen Pampa, Bolivia.

71

Sn

)ie;_Inter-American Foundation responds.toliiopcisels from nongovernmental

:organizations AmeriCa and the Carib-liean..,FoUndation grants- complement localiTsou** .f0" self-help-programs and- projects

_benefit:arid involve people of low incomesand limited opportunities. Project activities:should he:snitainable beyond-theperiod of thePoundation's-grantand-Offer proinise for dem,,Onitiation,,_eXpansiOn,_ or replication,in other

.Although-the IAF has standard-application,form --for its grants,:thelolloWing inforniationshOuld,beinducledin prOposals:

4,3rganeational Information: A description of'the group iliat-Wiltimplernent the program,induaing.itSliistory and current activities,'structure. -and staff,. sources of financing, and:relationships with-other institutions;

ö-ProjeCt:Baikgrotuid: The background-of the,froposed project, including its origins andobjectiVes;.arid.the-significance ofTthe piob-

0erns_itwoulditelplo solve;

'U'ProjeCt Activities:-A dekription of-projectframe-and'intended

beneficiaries; and-.1 Budget:The:budget for the project, including

the amount requested from the-Foundation aswell as funds available from the organization.itself-and other--sources.-Once-the Foundation receives &proposal, it

*many takes four to six-months to reach a-decision on;theSuitability of the-project for sup-

Once a, project is approved; the IAF entersinto a-formal-agreement with the prospective:grantee that the&ctivitieS to be con-;ducted, andihe financial and, administrativeprocedures -to be followed. The Foundation

WI?

draiiliroptatsshWinifiiiie elite of *jig daiiiities,,Such as the .training of dental assistants-offered at thisclink in Trinidad.

requires financial and narrative reports on proj-ect activities every six mOnths. In most cases, italso requires (and pays for) periodic audits by alocal auditing firm. A Foundation representativeor designee will visit-the- project site severaltimes a year, and frequently arrangeevaluations.

Organizations interested in submitting a pro-posal for Foundation funding are encouraged toobtain an initial reaction to their project by,sending a brief letter of inquiry. The letterShould outline the project's purposes, themeans proposed for achieving them, and theamount of financial-support required. All pro-posals and inquiries should be sent to:

Program OfficeInter-American Foundation1515 Wilson BoulevardRosslyn, Virginia 22209U.S.A.

AV

10

,

.4130*-31

A

_A

.414,011

f,.

!

'eel

,3et, t

A

fr

,