eriksons 8 stages of development
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Erik Erikson’s Psycho-SocialTheory of Development
Introduction to the 8 stages:
• 1. Erikson’s “Psychological” term – Psycho = mind, brain, personality– Social =external relationships and environment
2. Influenced by Sigmund Freud.
-incorporated cultural and social aspects.
3. His ideas were developed overtime, aided by his own journey through the “psychological crisis” stages model
4. Simple and well designed
5. Powerful model, very accessible and relevant to modern life.
-useful for teaching
-parenting
-self-awareness
-managing and coaching
-dealing with conflict
-understanding self and others.
6. Various terms used to describe Erikson’s model:
- Erikson’s bio-psycho-social theory
- Erikson’s human development cycle
or life cycle
7. The epigenetic principle.
8. Each stages involves a psychosocial crisis of two opposing emotional crisis.
9. Healthy ratio or balance
10. Maladaptation and malignancies
11. The crisis stages are not sharply defined steps.
12. Erikson was keen to point out that the transition between stages is overlapping.
13. Erikson also emphasized the significance of “mutuality” and “generativity”
In his theory.
THE EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Stage 1 Infancy (birth to 18 months)
Psychosocial Crisis: Trust Vs. Mistrust
Relationships: Mother
Issues: feeding and being comforted, teething, sleeping
Basic Virtue: Hope and Drive
Maladaptation: Sensory maladjustment
Malignancy: withdrawal
Stage 2. Early Childhood (toddler)
18 months to 3 years
Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame and
Doubt
Relationships: Parents
Issues: bodily functions, toilet training, muscular control, walking
Basic Virtue: Willpower and Self-Control
Maladaptation: Impulsivity
Malignancy: Compulsion
Stage 3. Preschool (3 to 6 years)
Psychosocial Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt
Relationships: family
Issues: exploration and discovery, adventure and play
Basic Virtue: Purpose and Direction
Maladaptation: Ruthlessness
Malignancy: Inhibition
Stage 4. School Age (6 to 11 years)
Psychosocial Crisis: Industry vs. Inferiority
Relationships: school, teachers, friends, neighborhood
Issues: achievement and accomplishment
Basic Virtue: Competence and Method
Maladaptation: Narrow Virtuosity Malignancy: Inertia
Stage 5.Adolescence (12 to 18 years)
Psychosocial Crisis:
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Relationships: peers, groups, influences
Issues: resolving identity and
direction, becoming a grown-up
Basic Virtue: Fidelity and Devotion
Maladaptation: Fanaticism
Malignancy: Repudiation
Stage 6. Young Adulthood (19 to 40 years)
Psychosocial Crisis:
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Relationships: lovers, friends, work
connections
Issues: intimate relationships,
work and social life
Basic Virtue: Love and Affiliation
Maladaptation: Promiscuity
Malignancy: Exclusivity
Stage 7. Middle Adulthood (41 to 65years)
Psychosocial Crisis:
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Relationships: children, community
Issues: 'giving back', helping,
contributing
Basic Virtue: Care and Production
Maladaptation: Overextension
Malignancy: Rejectivity
Stage 8. Maturity (66 to death)
Psychosocial Crisis: Ego Integrity vs. Despair
Relationships: society, the world
Issues: meaning and purpose, life achievements
Basic Virtue: Wisdom and Renunciation
Maladaptation: Presumption
Malignancy: Disdain