error analysis for ipho contestants

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  • 7/30/2019 Error Analysis for IPhO Contestants

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    = (7.297 352 537 0.000000005) 103

    1 = 1.1 0.5 kg/m3 2 = 1.5 0.4 kg/m3

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    x = 02

    a b b b/|a|

    0

    2 ek(xx0)2 k x0 = 2

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    fa b

    fa = s b = t

    f = f(a, b) = a/ba a b b

    ff(a a,b b)

    f ff

    f = max {f f, f f } .f

    s = 10 1 cm t =5 0.2 s

    q =ac

    bsin(a) ln d,

    a = 0.8 0.1 b = 2 0.3 c = 0.4 0.01d = 10 2

    q = a

    b

    q

    |q| =a

    |a| +b

    |b| .

    a/|a| 1q = a/b

    1

    1 x 1 x

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    x

    1

    q =a1 a2 aNb1 b2 bM

    q = x + y q = x + yx y

    q =

    (x)2 + (y)2.

    q

    q=

    a1a1

    2+ +

    aNaN

    2

    q = a1 ak/(ak+1 aN)

    q q qq =

    (q )2 + (q )2

    L = 7.50 cm0.10 cm

    0.05 cmL =

    (0.10 cm)2 + (0.05 cm)2 = 0.12 cm

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    m

    h t

    e =mgh

    V It,

    V Im h V I

    t

    U = RI

    t1/2t

    N(t) = N0 exp(t) = N0 exp ln 2

    t1/2t

    ,

    N0 t = 0 = ln 2/t1/2

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    tA(t) 103

    A(t) = |N(t)| = N0 exp(t).

    f(x) = A

    exp(

    Bt)

    ln A(t) = ln

    N0et

    = ln(N0) te

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    t = 0

    x x1, x2, . . . , xN

    =

    Ni=1(x xi)2

    N.

    N 1 NN 1 N

    N N 1 N

    x =N

    .

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    x Nxi xi1/x2i

    x =

    Ni=1 xi/x

    2iN

    i=1 1/x2i

    x =1N

    i=1 1/x2i

    .

    x x1 = 5 x2 = 8x3 = 10 x4 = 7 x5 = 6 x7 = 6 x8 = 22 x = 9 x10 = 7 x11 = 4x12 = 5

    x q = q(x , y , z , . . . )

    xq

    y zq(x) q(x)

    q(x + x) = q(x) + q(x)x.

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    q(x) x x q

    q = q(x + x) q(x) = q(x)x.

    xx x

    x2

    x

    y z . . .

    q =

    q

    xx

    2+

    q

    yy

    2+

    q

    zz

    2

    q = q(x,y,z)

    = 30 2 = 450 30 nm

    d sin = k d k

    q = x1 xN

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    q = x2

    q

    q= 2

    x

    |x| .

    q = x x

    q

    q=

    x

    x

    2+

    x

    x

    2=

    2x

    |x| .

    q = x(ln x 1)x x = 1.00 0.07 q

    1%a 0.01 a

    0.9 % + 1

    10.00 V 0.009 10.00 V+0.01 V

    (0.09 + 0.01) V = 0.1 V

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    U = 2.0 V 0.15 A1%+2

    2% + 1

    1.2345 0.322456 1.2 0.4

    0.0001