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Escherichia coli

Engelkirk and Duben-Engelkirk (2008) presented that Escherichia coli is a motile gram-negative

bacillus that is commonly isolated from clinical specimens. t is the most common cause of !rinary

"ract nfections and a very common cause of septicaemia and nosocomial infections. #erotypes

$%&'' and $%&'nonmotile are the most fre*uently identified diarrheagenic E. coli serotypes. "heir

presence in meat is a primary cause of meat recalls that make the ne+s. ts virulence factors include

endoto,in pili a cytoto,in and enteroto,ins. ts resistance to antimicrobial varies from strain to strain.

Engelkirk ./. and Duben-Engelkirk . (2008). Laboratory Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases:

Essential of Diagnostic Microbiology. 1altimore and hiladelphia ippincott 3illiam 4 3ilkins a

3olter 5lu+er business.

Aspergillus niger

#hahlaei and ourhossein (20%6) stated that fungal biomass ofAspergillus niger a byproduct of citric

acid and fermentation can be useful bioadsorbent to deto,ify and decolori7e the +aste+ater samples

from environmental point of vie+. n industrial and pharmaceutical applications it can also be used as

an ine,pensive and desirable source for commercial production of some e,pensive and usefu

biopolymers such as chitin chitosan and food supplements such as chitin-glucan and glucosamine.

#hahlaei . and ourhossein 9. (20%6). 1iomass of Aspergillus niger !ses and 9pplications

:9bstract;. ournal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences.

i fel7erm 1rick+eddem van

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Engelkirk and Duben-Engelkirk (2008) discussed that the surface of a mature A. niger colony is

covered +ith a dense aggregate of =et-black conidia causing a characteristic peppered effect. "he

color of 9. niger colonies is caused by pigmented aerial hyphae as opposed to colonies of

dematiaceous fungi +hose color is caused by pigmented vegetative hyphae. "he reverse side of an

A. nigercolony is buff or yello+-gray +hereas the reverse side of a dematiaceous fungus colony is

=et-black. icroscopically dense sporulation is observed on 9. niger +ith conidia often covering the

entire surface of the vesicle. ?onidia arise from a double ro+ of phialides.

Engelkirk ./. and Duben-Engelkirk . (2008). Laboratory Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases:

Essential of Diagnostic Microbiology. 1altimore and hiladelphia ippincott 3illiam 4 3ilkins a

3olter 5lu+er business.

9ccording to >evista beroamericana de icologia Aspergillus nigerproduces ochrato,in 9 and is

easily found in mai7e. t also produces fumonisins that are suspected to cause human and animal

to,icoses and are regarded as carcinogenic. 9 study +as conducted on the three ortugese mai7egro+ing regions to detect the production of both fumonisin 12 (@12) and orchrato,in 9. @rom the

study mai7e and other commodities +ith lo+ +ater activity may be more susceptible to @12

contamination in the presence of 9. niger aggregate species.

>evista beroamericana de icologia. Elsevier Espana #..

/omaa #elim and in7 e,pressed that Aspergillus niger decolori7ee 82A of the the test dye

malachite green (/) during cultivation for 2B hours. "he organism decolori7ed only CA of the / at

higher concentration during the same time period and gro+th +as inhibited at this higher /

concentration. E,posing 9. niger to different types of stress resulted in variable impacts on ability to

decolori7e /. ?a?l2 had the largest positive impact on decolori7ation. ?a?l2 also increased

catalase production in 9. niger +hich strongly supported a direct relationship bet+een stress

response and decolori7ing ability. #pectrophotometric measurement confirmed / decolori7ation

+hile @ourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that biodegradation of / occurred

?ultures treated +ith ?a?l2accumulated fe+er to,ic / by-products that untreated cultures. ?a?l 2induced stress increased the permeability and conductivity of the fungal cell membrane.

/omaa $.. #elim .#. 4 in7 .E. (20%6). 1iochemical and biophysical response to calcium

chloride stress in aspergillus niger and its role in malachite green degradation. ?ell 1iochemistry and

1iphysics C&(6)B%6-26. >etrieved from httpd,.doi.org%0.%00's%20%6-0%2-FBBB-0