essential question what are the structures of the respiratory system? 2.05 remember the structures...
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2.05 Remember the structures of the
respiratory system
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Essential question
What are the structures of the respiratory system?
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 2
What does the Respiratory System do?
Obtains oxygen for use by the millions of body cells and eliminates carbon
dioxide and water that is produced in cellular respiration.
Oxygen and nutrients stored in the cells combine to produce heat and
energy. Oxygen must be in constant supply for
the body to survive2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory
system 3
Structures
Nasal Cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea
Bronchi and Bronchioles Alveoli Lungs Pleura
Mediastinum
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Structures of the respiratory system
Upper Respiratory System
› Nose› Sinuses› Pharynx› Epiglottis› Larynx
Lower Respiratory System
› Trachea› Lungs
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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Starts with the Nose
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Air enters respiratory
system through two oval
openings in the nose called nostrils or
anterior nares. Then enters the
nasal cavity.
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Nasal Cavity
• Space behind the nose• Olfactory region• Respiratory region
• Divided into right and left chambers by the nasal septum
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Turbinates – three nasal conchae bones protruding into nasal cavity. Increase surface area causing turbulence in the flowing air; causes air to move in multiple directions before exiting nasal cavity.
Cilia – nose hairs. Entrap and prevent entry of large dirt particles.
Air is moistened by mucus and warmed by blood while in nasal cavity.
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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Sinuses - Cavities in the skull.
› Ducts connect sinuses to the nasal cavity
› Cavities of the skull filled with air in and around the nasal region.
› Lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air
› Provide resonance to the voice
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Frontal sinuses – above eyes
Ethmoid sinuses – between eyes
Sphenoid sinuses – over nose
Maxillary sinuses – over cheeks
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Air leaves nasal cavity and goes into the Pharynx also known as the throat
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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Pharynx › Throat
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx
› About 5” long
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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Epiglottis
At rest is upright and allows air to pass through the larynx and then the lungs.
A flap or lid that closes over the opening to the larynx when food is swallowed
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Structures of the Upper Respiratory System
Larynx or voice box Triangular chamber below
pharynx Within the larynx are vocal
cords, the glottis Walls composed of
fibrocartilagious plates Also called the Adam’s Apple Air is expelled, passes vocal
cords, causes vibration, creates sound. Action of lips and tongue on sound produce speech.
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Lower Respiratory
System
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Trachea or windpipe› Approximately 4 ½” long› Extends from larynx, passes in
front of esophagus, and continues to form the two bronchi.
› The walls are composed of alternate bands of membrane and C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.
› Lined with mucous membrane and ciliated epithelium
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System › At the lower end of trachea it
divides into right and left bronchus.
› As they enter the lungs, the bronchus subdivide into bronchial tubes and into bronchioles.
› At the end of the bronchioles are alveolar ducts and clusters of alveoli.
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
› Bronchi Ciliated mucous
membrane and hyaline cartilage
› Bronchial tubes Cartilaginous plates
› Bronchioles Thinner walls of smooth
muscle Lined with ciliated
epithelium
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Alveoli› Composed of a single
layer of epithelial tissue› Contain surfactant
(stabilize alveoli preventing collapse)
› Each alveolus is surrounded by capillaries
› Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide exchange occurs
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity Apex (upper part, beneath collar bone) Base ( broad lower part)
Fit snugly over diaphragm.Lung tissue is porous and spongy.
Right lung Larger and shorter than the left lungDisplaced by the liver 3 lobes ( divided by fissures /clefts)
Left lungSmaller than the right sideDisplaced by the heart 2 lobes
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Pleura
› Thin, moist slippery membrane that covers lungs
› Each lung enclosed in double-walled sac› Space is pleural cavity – filled with pleural
fluid› Two pleural membranes: Pulmonary or
visceral, covers the lungs and dips between the lobes. Parietal Pleura covers the thoracic cavity and upper surface of the diaphragm.
› Pleural fluid: fluid in pleural cavity to prevent friction between the pleural membranes.
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Mediastinum› A septum or cavity between
two principal portions of an organ. Contains the heart and its
large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus, lymph nodes, and connective tissue
› Also called the interpleural space
› Separates the lungs› Contains the thoracic viscera
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Structures of the Lower Respiratory System
Diaphragm from the muscular system!
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Let’s review the structures of the respiratory system …
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2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system
Essential question
What are the structures of the respiratory system?
2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 27
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Essential questions
What are the functions of the respiratory system? What are some disorders of the respiratory
system? How are disorders of the respiratory system
treated? What is the importance of the respiratory system
as it relates to immunity? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to
the respiratory system?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system 29
Functions of the Respiratory System
Upper Respiratory System› Nose› Sinuses› Pharynx› Epiglottis› Larynx
Lower Respiratory System› Trachea› Lungs
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Discuss the Functions of the Upper Respiratory System Structures
Nose Sinuses Pharynx Epiglottis Larynx Trachea
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Discuss the Functions of the Lower Respiratory System Structures
Trachea› Bronchi › Bronchial tubes › Bronchioles› Alveoli
Lungs› Pleura› Mediastinum
› Diaphragm
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Breathing
Discuss the process of breathing. External respiration
Internal respiration
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Inhalation
Exhalation
RESPIRATION External Respiration
› Known as breathing or ventilation
› Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs, body, and outside environment.
› Consists of 1 inspiration and 1 expiration
Internal Respiration› Exchange of CO2 and
O2 between cells and lymph.
› Also oxidative process of energy in the cells.
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Cellular Respiration or Oxidation
Involves the use of oxygen to release energy stored in nutrient molecules such as glucose.
This reaction occurs in cells.
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Breathing1 inspiration + 1 expiration = 1 respiration
How many times does a normal adult breath per minute?
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Breathing
Average rate is 14-20 breaths per minutes Rate increases with exercises (muscular activity), increased body temperature, and
certain diseases. Changes with age
Emotions can change rate through the hypothalamus and pons
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Inspiration/ Inhalation
Two groups of intercostal muscles: external and internal.
During Inspiration external lift ribs upward and outward; increases volume of thoracic
cavity. Diaphragm contracts
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Exhalation/ Expiration
Is a passive process All intercostal muscles and diaphragm relax
Space in thoracic cavity decreases
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Lungs are extremely elastic. Able to change capacity as the size of the
thoracic cavity is altered.This ability is known as COMPLIANCE.
Lose this ability when lung tissue becomes diseased and/ or fibrotic.
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Respiratory Movements
Compare respiratory movements.
Coughing
Hiccups
Sneezing
Yawning
Why do they occur?
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Respiratory Movements
Coughing
› A deep breath is taken followed by a forceful exhalation from the mouth to clear the lower respiratory tract.
Hiccoughs (hiccups)
› Caused by a spasm of the diaphragm and a spasmodic closure of the glottis. Believed to be the result of an irritation to the diaphragm or the phrenic nerve.
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Respiratory Movements
Sneezing
› Occurs like a cough except air is forced through the nose to clear the upper respiratory tract
Yawning
› Deep, prolonged breath that fills the lungs; believed to be caused by the need to increase the oxygen in the blood.
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Control of breathing
Neural Factors› Explain the role of the
Medulla Oblongata
› What does the Phrenic Nerve do?
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Medulla Oblongata
Neural Factor Where respiratory center is located Subdivided into 2 centers: regulate
inspiration, regulate expiration
One group of nerves: Phrenic Nerves Leads the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
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Control of breathing
Chemical Factors› What are the chemical
factors involved in breathing?
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Chemical factors
Dependent upon level of carbon dioxide in blood
Chemoreceptors are found in the carotid arteries and the aorta. These receptors are
sensitive to levels of oxygen in blood
Respiratory center can be affect4ed by drugs.
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Lung capacity and volume
Tidal volume
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
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Lung capacity and volume Vital lung capacity
Residual volume
Functional residual capacity
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Lung capacity and volume
Total lung capacity› Tidal volume› Inspiratory reserve› Expiratory reserve› Residual air
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Sample
Lung capacity and volume
Spirometer – measures the volume and flow of air during inspiration and expiration.
Tidal Volume – amount of air that moves in and out of lungs with each breath. ( normal is 500 ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) – amount of air you can force a person to take in over and above the tidal volume. ( 2,100 – 3,000 ml)2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 51
Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) – amount of air you can force a person to exhale over and above tidal volume. (1,000 ml)
Vital lung capacity – amount of air involved with tidal volume, IRV, and ERV. (4,500 ml)
Residual volume – amount of air that cannot be voluntarily expelled in the lungs. Allows for continuous exchange of gases between breaths. (1,500 ml)
Functional residual capacity – sum of ERV plus the residual volume. (2,500 ml)
Total lung capacity – includes tidal volume, IRV, ERV, and residual air. (6,000 ml)2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 52
Types of breathing
Apnea Dyspnea Eupnea Hyperpnea Orthopnea Tachypnea Hyperventilation
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Respiratory disord
ers
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Infectious Causes of Respiratory
Diseases
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Respiratory disorders
COMMON COLD › What is it? What causes it?› Hand-washing – best
preventative measure
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• Usually caused by a virus.
• Responsible for greatest loss of production hours
• Spreads quickly• Lowers body resistance,
making it subject to other infections
• Direct cause = virus• Indirect causes =
fatigue and lack of proper nutrition.
Pharyngitis
Red, inflamed throat Caused by viruses or bacteria Also occurs from irritants such as smoking
and too much speaking
Characterized by painful swallowing and extreme dryness of the throat
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Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx or voice box.
Often secondary to other resp. infections.
Often recognized by hoarseness of voice
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Sinusitis Infection of the
mucous membranes which line the sinus cavities.
Symptoms: pain and nasal discharge.
Can be one or multiple sinus cavities.
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Bronchitis
60
Can be acute or chronic Inflammation of the mucous membranes
of the trachea and bronchial tubes; causes excessive production of mucous.
Often follows infections of the Upper respiratory system.
Acute: caused by inflammation from the nasopharynx or inhalation of irritating vapors. This condition characterized by cough, fever, substernal pain and rales ( raspy sound in lungs).
Chronic: occurs in middle or old age. Cigarette smoke most common cause. Symptoms include severe and persistent cough and large amounts of discolored sputum. Cough must last 3 months and have occurred for 2 consecutive years to be considered chronic. The patient MUST stop smoking.
Influenza “the Flu" Viral infection
characterized by inflammation of the mucous membranes of the respiratory system.
Accompanied by fever, muscular pain, extreme exhaustion, and mucopurulent discharge.
Complications: neuritis. Pneumonia, otitis media, pleurisy.
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Pneumonia
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Pneumonia
Infection of the lung Can be caused by virus or bacteria Alveoli become filled with thick fluid
called exudate. Exudate contains pus and RBC’s Symptoms: fever, chills, chest pain,
and dyspnea Treatment: oxygen and antibiotics
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Tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis “TB”
Infectious disease of the lung caused by the tubercle bacillus – Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Lungs are the most affect by TB. Also affects kidneys, bones, and lymphs.
Symptoms: cough, night sweats, low grade fever in the afternoon, and weight loss.
Diagnostic test: Mantoux test; positive followed by a x-ray and sputum sample.2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 65
Diptheria
Very infectious disease Caused by Corynebacterium diptheriae
bacterium Part of childhood immunizations
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Pertussis (Whooping Cough)
Characterized by severe coughing attacks that end in whooping sound and dyspnea.
About 4,000 cases per year Attacks about 50 million children
worldwide yearly What Whooping Cough Sounds Like.
- YouTube
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Anthrax
Disease causing organism that can create a potential health hazard.
Bacterium: Bacillus anthracis Inactive spores reside in soil Spores are invisible, odorless, and
tasteless Amount to make a person ill = smaller
than a speck of dust
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Anthrax Three forms
› Cutaneous – enter a cut and cause a local infection
› Intestinal – ingested and can cause diarrhea and vomiting of blood
› Inhalation – Most deadly form. If inhaled spores convert to active bacillus and infect lungs. Initial symptoms resemble a mild cold then
progresses with high fever and pneumonia. Once infection spreads, 90% fatal.
Vaccine is available but limited
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Non Infectious Causes of
Respiratory Diseases
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Rhinitis
Inflammation of the nasal mucous membranes causing swelling and increased secretions.
Two forms: allergic and acute
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Asthma
What is asthma?
Airway becomes obstructed related to an inflammatory response to a stimuli.
Can be an allergen or psychological stress response.
About 5% of Americans have Asthma
Symptoms: dyspnea, difficulty in exhaling, wheezing, and chest tightness.
Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs and inhaled bronchodilator as supplemental therapy.2.05 Remember the structures of the respiratory system 73
Atelectasis Condition in which the lungs
fail to expand normally due to bronchial occlusion.
Common post-op
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Bronchiectasis
Dilation of a bronchus caused by inflammation, accompanied by heavy pus secretion.
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Asbestosis
Disease caused by inhaling asbestos fibers.
Can result in scar tissue inside the lung.
Asbestos was used in construction materials prior to 1975.
Symptoms: Shortness of breath on exertion, cough, chest tightness, and chest pain.
Treatment: supportive of symptoms to remove secretions, medications to thin secretions, and oxygen
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Silicosis
Caused by breathing dust containing silicon dioxide
Lungs become fibrosed
Also called chalicosis, lithosis, miner’s asthma, or miner’s disease
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Nasal polyps
Growth that sometimes occur in the sinus cavity and cause an obstruction of the air pathway.
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Respiratory disorders Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disorder› Emphysema› Chronic Bronchitis› Chronic Lung Dx’s
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Emphysema
› Alveoli become over dilated, lose their elasticity, and cannot rebound.
› Alveoli may eventually rupture.
› Goal of treatment is to alleviate symptoms and minimize need for oxygen
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Pulmonary Embolism
Occurs when a blood clot travel to the lung.
May occur after surgery or bed rest
Symptoms: Sudden sever chest pain and dyspnea
Diagnosis confirmed by lung scan
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SIDS- Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
Also known as crib death Occurs between 2 weeks and 1 year Infant stops breathing during sleep
Unknown cause
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Pneumothorax A collapsed lung occurs when air escapes from
the lung and fills up the space outside of the lung, inside the chest. It may be caused by a gunshot or knife wound to the chest, rib fracture, or certain medical procedures.
In some cases, a collapsed lung occurs without any cause. This is called a spontaneous pneumothorax. A small area in the lung that is filled with air (bleb) can break open, sending air into the space around the lung.
Tall, thin people and smokers are more likely to have a collapsed lung.
The following lung diseases also increase your risk for a collapsed lung:
•Asthma
•COPD
•Cystic fibrosis
•Tuberculosis
•Whooping cough
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A large pneumothorax is treated by inserting a syringe or a tube into the pleural cavity to aspirate air, which helps the collapsed lung to expand.
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Hemothorax
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Relevance of nutrients to the respiratory system The respiratory
system plays a vital role in homeostasis› Discuss the
relevance to your health.
› What is the relevance to the body’s use of nutrients?
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2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system
Essential questions
What are the functions of the respiratory system? What are some disorders of the respiratory
system? How are disorders of the respiratory system
treated? What is the importance of the respiratory system
as it relates to immunity? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to
the respiratory system?
2.06 Understand the functions and disorders of the respiratory system 87