■Essential QuestionsEssential Questions:

–What were the principal causes & effects of the counterculture movements of the 1960s & 1970s?

–What does it mean to be a “hippie?”

–What is the “establishment?”

A Generation in ConflictA Generation in Conflict:1965-1974

A Decade of Protest: 1965-1974■The decade from 1965 to 1974

was marked by protest due to:–Escalation of the Vietnam War–Attack on middle-class values–Increased college enrollment

■The initial liberal protests began on college campuses but soon inspired other, national protests:

Native-Americans Women HippiesMexican-AmericansAfrican-Americans

Protests against Vietnam linked other social criticism—The “war abroad,”

intensified a “war at home”

The Sixties generation was the best educated in American history

The Student Revolt■The student protest movement

began at UC-Berkeley in 1964 with the Free SpeechFree Speech movement–Students protested the

“corporate face” & “1950s rules” of UC-Berkeley

–Students rioted when denied a political voice on campus

■This inspired the formation of Students for a Democratic SocietyStudents for a Democratic Society to end racism, poverty, & violence

Refused to allow Free Speech movement to collect money for off-campus causes

Mario Savio & the Free Speech riots

The Berkeley protests & University of Michigan-based SDS inspired riots on

campuses across the USA

Brown University ended required

courses & grades

Many colleges ended “in loco parentis” rules

The Cultural Revolution■The student protests coincided

with youth counter-culture in 1965 ■Beginning in San Francisco &

spreading throughout the US, the “hippie” culture emphasized:–Sexual expression–Clothing–Drugs–Music

Increase in premarital sex & use of the “pill”

“Summer of Love” in 1967

Use of psychoactive & hallucinogenic drugs

“Everyone must get stoned,” Bob Dylan

Harvard professor Timothy Leary: “Let’s all try LSD!! Tune in, turn on, & drop out!”

Folk music

British invasion & electric rock

Acid rock

Music was an important element to 1960s counter-culture

Folk singers like Joan Baez & Bob Dylan

(until Dylan discovered the electric

guitar)

“Electric rock” like The Beatles

“Acid rock” like the Grateful Dead

Drugs

Sex

Rock ‘n’ Roll

Is this the nation’s youth??

Mostly children from upper-middle

class families

No work ethic?

Social Protests of the 1960s & 1970s

"Black Power"■In the late 1960s, civil rights from

political to economiceconomic equality

–Leadership shifted from MLK’s nonviolent protest to militancy

–Civil rights began to reflect the overt embrace of black culture & pride: dashikis, afros, “dap,” rejection of “slave names,” & the “black is beautiful” motto

More than 50% of northern blacks lived in poverty

“I’m black & I’m proud!”

—James Brown

"Black Power"■SNCC leader Stokely CarmichaelStokely Carmichael:

–Told blacks to seize power where they outnumber whites

–Called for black-controlled unions, co-ops, & political parties

■The Black PanthersBlack Panthers dedicating themselves to defending blacks from police brutality & serving their communities

“Political power comes through the barrel of a gun” —Huey Newton

“Brown Power”■Mexican-Americans began to

advocate for their rights: –“La Raza” called for cultural

awareness, voter registration, education & poverty reforms

–CCéésar Chsar Cháávezvez organized the NatNat’’l Farm Workers' Assocl Farm Workers' Assoc to demand better pay for pickers

–“Chicanos” called for & won bilingual education programs

“Pink Power”■Women's Liberation movement

demanded increased rights & an end to sexism in America:–Friedan’s Feminine Mystique

criticized housewife life–NatNat’’l Org of Womenl Org of Women called for

equal pay, child care, rape laws, & anti-abortion laws

–Equal Rights Amendment Equal Rights Amendment was revived to end sexism

…were still seen as “homemakers”

In the 1960s, women were still employed in stereotypical jobs…

…& unmarried adults outnumbered married

adults for the first time

But…in most families, both parents worked

out of the home

Growth of female-run small businesses helped overcome corporate “glass ceiling”

In 1973, the Supreme Court upheld abortion rights in Roe v WadeIn the late 1960s,

the “pill” became widely available

State Voting on the ERAThe ERA by fell 3 states shy of the ¾ needed for ratification

“Rainbow Power”■The Gay Liberation movement

started in 1969 after the Stonewall Riot in New York City–The Gay Liberation Front

demanded end to discrimination & rallied gays to “come out”

–The American Psychiatry Assoc ended its classification of homosexuality as a disease

–½ of all states changed their sodomy & employment laws

“Red Power”■The American Indian movement

sought to service its communities & regain lost lands:–“Indians of All Tribes” took

Alcatraz Island in 1969 & called attention to the movement

–“Trail of Broken Tears” in 1972 & “Long March” in 1978 helped lead to the return of lands across the country to tribes

Resulted in marches on the Bureau of Indian Affairs in D.C. & Wounded Knee in S.D.

A 5-month protest from California to D.C. to protest past U.S. treaty violations

“Yellow Power”■The Asian-American movement

began with the formation of the Asian American Political Alliance:–Protested U.S. involvement in

Vietnam & use of term “gooks”–Called for & received Asian-

American studies in colleges, health services in Asian communities, & reparations for interned Japanese-Americans

Civil Liberties■Civil liberties were protected for

people accused of crimes:–Gideon v Wainwright (1963)Gideon v Wainwright (1963)—all

citizens, no matter the crime, have the right to an attorney

–Escobedo v Illinois (1964)Escobedo v Illinois (1964)—citizens have the right to remain silent during interrogations

–Miranda v Arizona (1966)Miranda v Arizona (1966)—suspects must be told of their right against self-incrimination

Conclusions■The counterculture & “power

protests” used similar methods:

–Active & often-militant protest for civil & economic rights

–Cultural pride & awareness

■These protests would continue but would faced confrontation by the conservative politics of the 1970s & 1980s

“Black is Beautiful,” “Gay is Good,” & “Sisterhood is Powerful”