essentials of latent print examination: establishing admissibility - … · 2020-02-17 · analysts...

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EssentialsofLatentPrintExaminationCourseSyllabusV6

Essentials of Latent Print Examination: Establishing Admissibility

Syllabus & Bibliography

Therearetwoprimarydomainsofknowledgethatsupportthevalidityoflatentprintdiscipline:1)sciencedemonstratingthediscriminatingpoweroffrictionridgeimpressionsand2)sciencedemonstratingtrainedanalystsarecapableofprovidingaccurateconclusions.Whilemanyanalystslearnthisinformationaspartoftraining,theyoftenstrugglearticulatingthesecomplexconceptstothetrieroffact.

Thisintensefive-daycoursewillreviewkeyconceptsandresearchunderlyingbothdomainsthatcanbeusedtosupportlatentprintadmissibility.Theinstructorwillfacilitatediscussionsandmentorattendees.Attendees will devise questions and answers covering the concepts and practice testimony. A fewcomparisonexercisesareprovidedtoreinforcetheacademics.Additionally,acourtcaseillustratingreal-worldapplicationofthesetestimonymethodsiswoventhroughouttheweek.Thecontentofthecourseisorganizedintofourblocksthatlogicallybuildononeanothertopromotelearning.Eachblockisreinforcedwithatestimonypractical.

Day10800–0930 CourseOverviewandIntroduction0930–1100 EmpiricalObservations–History,Biometrics,andProfessionalOrganizations1100–1200 Lunch1200–1300 TheoreticalKnowledge(Biology)-DevelopmentalNoise–Establishing

Uniqueness1300–1400 TheoreticalKnowledge(Biology)–Homeostasis–EstablishingPersistency1400–1500 BiologicalDistortionLecture:BreakdownofPersistency1500–1700 GroupWork#1–Scenario:Developalineofquestions&answerstolay

foundationforadmittingfingerprintevidenceusingempiricalknowledge(history,biometrics,andprofessionalorganizations)andtheoreticalknowledge(biologicalconcepts).

Day20800–0900 FeedbackSessionforGroupWork#10900–1000 TestimonyPractical#11000–1100 TwinStudies–embryologicaldevelopmentoftwinsandstudiesmeasuring

thesimilaritiesanddifferencesoftwinfingerprints1100–1200 ModelinginScienceandElementsofaRobustFingerprintModel1200–1300 Lunch1300–1400 HistoricalFingerprintModelsandPatternandMinutiaDistributionStudies1400–1500 ModernStatisticalModels–recentstatisticalmodelsmeasuringthe

discriminatingpoweroffingerprints1500–1700 GroupWork#2–Scenario:Ajudgedoesnotunderstandwhyfingerprint

analystsdonotreportstatisticslikeDNAandmayexcludethefingerprinttestimony.Developalineofquestions&answersregardingfingerprintstatisticalstudiestosupportadmittingfingerprintevidencewithoutaspecificfingerprintstatisticalmodel.

EvolveForensicswww.EvolveForensics.comAlice@EvolveForensics.comMobile702.769.9469

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Day30800–0900 FeedbackSessionforGroupWork#20900–1000 TestimonyPractical#21000–1100 TheoriesofExpertsandExpertPerformance1100–1200 Lunch1200–1300 BasicConceptsinVisionScience1300–1400 VisualExpertiseinFingerprints1400–1500 JourneyfromNovicetoExpert-theskillsanewanalystobtainsduringa

latentprint(ortenprint)trainingprogram.1500–1700 GroupWork#3–Scenario:Ajudgehasindicatedshemaylimitthe

expert’stestimonytosimplydemonstratingthedetailfoundinagreementandwillpermitthejurytodetermineifthedefendantisidentifiedtoalatentprint.Developalineofquestions&answerstoconvinceajudgenottolimittheexpert’stestimony.

Day40800–0900 FeedbackSessionforGroupWork#30900–1000 TestimonyPractical#31000–1100 IntroductiontoErrorRates1100–1200 PCASTandConfidenceIntervals1200–1300 Lunch1300–1400 IntroductiontoHumanFactors1400–1500 QualityManagementSystems1500–1700 GroupWork#4–Scenario:Duringopeningstatements,adefenseattorney

hastoldthejurythatstudieshaveshownthatLPEsmakefalseidentificationsinasmanyas1in306casesoreven1in18cases.Developalineofquestionsandanswerstohandlethesestatementsduringdirecttestimony.Includemethodstoreduceerrorsinanoperationalsetting.

Day50800–0900 FeedbackSessionforGroupWork#40900-1100 TestimonyPractical#41100–1200 Lunch1200–1300 ReviewofGlennLangenburg’sPhDthesis1300–1400 ReviewofAustinHicklin’sPhDthesis1400–1600 CourseReview1600–1700 Closingremarksandcertificates

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BibliographyIntroduction

• OIG.AReviewoftheFBI’sHandlingoftheBrandonMayfieldCase.2006,ExecutiveSummary&Chapter4

• NRC.StrengtheningForensicScienceintheUnitedStates:APathForward2009,Chapters1,2,3,4,FrictionRidgeAnalysissectionofChapter5

• DOJ.SupportingDocumentationforProposedUniformLanguageforTestimonyandReportsfortheForensicLatentPrintDiscipline.2016

• DOJ.ApprovedUniformLanguageforTestimonyandReportsfortheForensicLatentPrintDiscipline.2018

• PCAST.ForensicScienceinCriminalCourts:EnsuringScientificValidityofFeatureComparisonMethods.2016

• OSACFRS.ResponsetoPCAST.2016• AAAS.ForensicScienceAssessments:AQualityandGapAnalysis:LatentFingerprint

Examination.2017• AAAS.LettertoDOJ.2018• Wilkinson,Dellaet.al.ExpertFingerprintTestimonyPost-PCAST–ACanadianCaseStudy.JFI

86(3)2018• Pozner,LarryandDodd,Roger.Cross-Examination:ScienceandTechniques,3rdEdition.

LexisNexis,NewYork2018PhilosophyofScience

• Curd,Martin&Cover,J.A.PhilosophyofScience:TheCentralIssues.W.W.NortonandCompany,NewYork1998

• Golan,Tal.LawsofMenandLawsofNature:TheHistoryofScientificExpertTestimonyinEnglandandAmerica.HarvardUniversity,Massachusetts2004.

• Mayr,Ernst.ThisisBiology:TheScienceoftheLivingWorld.TheBelknapPressofHarvardUniversity,Massachusetts1997.

EmpiricalObservations

• Barnes,Jeffrey.NationalInstituteofJustice.FrictionRidgeSourcebook.Chapter1–History2011

• Champod,Christopheetal.FingerprintsandOtherRidgeSkinImpressions.CRCPress,NewYork,2016.Chapter2–FrictionRidgeIdentificationProcess

• IAI1973StandardizationCommitteeReport• IAI1979ResolutionVII• IAI2010StandardizationIICommitteeReport• IAI2010Resolution2010-18• IAI2017PositionStatement• Moses,Ken.NationalInstituteofJustice.FrictionRidgeSourcebook.Chapter6–AFIS2011

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TheoreticalKnowledge-Biology

• Ashbaugh,David.Quantitative-QualitativeFrictionRidgeAnalysis,CRCPress,NewYork1999.Chapter3

• Ashbaugh,David.IncipientRidgesandtheClaritySpectrum.JFI42(2)106-114• Babler,William.EmbryonicDevelopmentofEpidermalRidgesandTheirConfigurations.

BirthDefects:OriginalArticleSeries.27(2)95-112,1991• Ball,Phillip.TheSelf-MadeTapestry:PatternFormationinNature.OxfordUniversityPress,

NewYork1999Chapter1–Patterns• Champod,Christopheetal.FingerprintsandOtherRidgeSkinImpressions.CRCPress,New

York,2016.Chapter1–FrictionRidgeSkinandPrints• Kimura,Sumikoet.al.Comparativeinvestigationsofhumanandratdermatoglyphics:

palmar,plantaranddigitalpadsandflexioncreases.AnatomicalScienceInternational77(2002)34-46

• Hallgrimsson&Hall.Variation:ACentralConceptinBiology(Chapter10WithinIndividualVariation:DevelopmentalNoiseVersusDevelopmentalStabilitybyWillmore&Hallgrimssonprovidedinpdf)Elsevier,NewYork,2005

• Kucken,MichaelandChampod,Christophe.Merkelcellsandtheindividualityoffrictionskin.JournalofTheoreticalBiology.317(2013)229-237.

• Kucken,MichaelandNewell,Alan.Fingerprintformation.JournalofTheoreticalBiology.235(2005)71-83.

• Maceo,Alice.NationalInstituteofJustice.FrictionRidgeSourcebook.2011.Chapter2–AnatomyandPhysiologyofAdultFrictionRidgeSkin

• Misimu,YukoandAkiyoshi,Toshio.ScanningElectronMicroscopeStructureoftheFingerprintasRelatedtotheDermalSurface.TheAnatomicalRecord.208(1984)49-55

• Okajima,Michio.DermalandEpidermalStructuresoftheVolarSkin.BirthDefects:OriginalArticleSeries,VolumeXV,Number6(1979)179-198

• Raser,JonathanandO’Shea,Erin.NoiseinGeneExpression:Origins,Consequences,andControl.Science.Vol.39(2005)2010–2013

• Silva,Laraet.al.Longitudinalandretrospectivestudyhasdemonstratedmorphometricvariationsinthefingerprintsofelderlyindividuals.FSI259(2016)41-46

• Singh,Kajal.AlteredFingerprints.Interpol.2008• Stucker,Markus,etal.InterpapillaryLines–TheVariablePartoftheHumanFingerprint.JFS

46(4):857-861,2001• Werthiem,Kasey.NationalInstituteofJustice.FrictionRidgeSourcebook.2011.Chapter3

–EmbryologyandMorphologyModelinginScience

• Ball,Phillip.TheSelf-MadeTapestry:PatternFormationinNature.OxfordUniversityPress,NewYork1999Chapter1–Patterns

• Hallgrimsson&Hall.Variation:ACentralConceptinBiology(Chapters3and4)Elsevier,NewYork,2005

• Stoney,David.MeasurementofFingerprintIndividuality.AdvancesinFingerprintTechnology,CRCPress,NY2001-Chapter9(inpdf)

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TwinStudies

• Holt,SarahandPenrose,L.S.TheGeneticsofDermalRidges1968.Chapters5-7(inpdf)• Jain,Anilet.al.Onthesimilarityofidenticaltwinfingerprints.PatternRecognition.35

(2002)2653-2663• Lin,C.H.etal.FingerprintComparisonI:SimilarityofFingerprints.JournalofForensic

Science27(2):290-304.April1982• Liu,YuandSrihari,Sargur.AComputationalDiscriminabilityAnalysisonTwinFingerprints.

ComputationalForensics.ProceedingsoftheThirdInternationalWorkshop,IWCF2009,Volume5718;43-54

• Pechenkina,Ekaterinaet.al.GeneticandEnvironmentalInfluenceontheAsymmetryofDermatoglyphicTraits.AmericanJournalofPhysicalAnthropology.2000

• Srihari,Sargur.DiscriminabilityofFingerprintsofTwins.JournalofForensicIdentification58(1)2008109-127

• Tao,Xunquianget.al.FingerprintRecognitionwithIdenticalTwinFingerprints.PLoSONE7(4):e35704.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0035704

• Vanderkolk,John.ForensicComparativeScience.Elsevier,Boston2009.Chapter3PatternandMinutiaDistributionStudies

• Champod,ChristopheandMargot,Pierre.ComputerAssistedAnalysisofMinutiaOccurrencesonFingerprints.SymposiumonFingerprintDetectionandIdentification(1995)306-318

• Champod,ChristopheandMargot,Pierre.AnalysisofMinutiaOccurrencesonFingerprints–TheSearchforNon-CombinedMinutia.ProceedingsoftheMeetingoftheInternationalAssociationofForensicSciences(1996)1-4

• Champod,Christopheetal.FingerprintsandOtherRidgeSkinImpressions.CRCPress,NewYork,2016.Chapter2,AppendixA,andAppendixB

• Gutierrez,Esperanza.BiologicalvariabilityoftheminutiaeinthefingerprintsofasampleoftheSpanishpopulation.FSI172(2007)98-105

• Gutierrez-Redomero,Esperanzaet.al.DistributionofminutiaeinthefingerprintsofasampleoftheSpanishpopulation.FSI208(2010)79-90

ModernStatisticalStudies

• Abraham,Joshuaet.al.Modernstatisticalmodelsforforensicfingerprintexaminations:Acriticalreview.FSI232(2013)131-150

• Aitken,Colinet.al.FundamentalsofProbabilityandStatisticsEvidenceinCriminalProceedings.RoyalStatisticalSociety2010

• Champod,Christopheet.al.FingerprintsandOtherRidgeSkinImpressions.CRCPress,NewYork,2016.Chapter2

• Neumann,Cedricet.al.Quantifyingtheweightofevidencefromaforensicfingerprintcomparison:Anewparadigm.J.R.Statist.Soc.A175(2012)Part2371-415

• Neumann,Cedricet.al.Operationalbenefitsandchallengesoftheuseoffingerprintstatisticalmodels:Afieldstudy.FSI212(2011)32-46

• Neumann,Cedricet.al.Quantifyingtheweightoffingerprintevidencethroughthespatialrelationships,directions,andtypesofminutiaobservedonfingermarks.FSI248(2015)154-171

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• Ramatowski,Roberted.AdvancesinFingerprintTechnology.CRCPress,NewYork2013–Chapter15StatisticsandProbabilitiesasaMeanstoSupportFingerprintExaminations

• Stoney,David.MeasurementofFingerprintIndividuality.AdvancesinFingerprintTechnology,CRCPress,NY2001-Chapter9(inpdf)

• Swofford,Henryet.al.Amethodforthestatisticalinterpretationoffrictionridgeskinimpressionsevidence:Methoddevelopmentandvalidation.FSI287(2018)113-126

Additional(free)ReferencesforProbabilityandStatistics

• ArtofTheProblem.ConditionalProbabilityExplainedVisually(BayesTheoremFormula).YouTubehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zxm4Xxvzohk

• Downey,Allen.LearningtoLoveBayesianStatistics.YouTubehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6d-AbkhBQ8

• KahnAcademy.ProbabilityExplained;IndependentandDependentEvents;ProbabilityandStatistics.YouTubehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uzkc-qNVoOk

• OpenStax.IntroductoryStatistics2016• OpenStaxAppliedProbability2012• Shaneyfeld,Terry.WhatareLikelihoodRatiosandHowareTheyUsed.YouTube

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TzPvCSFZUSQVisionScience

• Huffman,Donald.VisualIntelligence:HowWeCreateWhatWeSee.WWNorton&Company,NewYork1998

• Livingstone,Margaret.VisionandArt:TheBiologyofSeeing.Abrams,NewYork2014.• Palmer,Stephen.VisionScience:PhotonstoPhenomenology.MIT,MS1999–Chapter1,

AppendixA.2• Wandell,Brian.FoundationsofVision.StanfordUniversity1995

VisualExpertiseinFingerprintAnalysts

• Busey,T.andVanderkolk,J.Behavioralandelectrophysicalevidenceforconfiguralprocessinginfingerprintexperts.VisionResearch2005

• Busey,T.andParada,F.Thenatureofexpertiseinfingerprintexaminers.PsychonomicBulletin&Review201017(2):155-160

• Busey,T.et.al.Consistencyandvariabilityamonglatentprintexaminersasrevealedbyeyetrackingmethodologies.JFI2011

• Busey,T.et.al.Theimpactoffatigueonlatentprintexaminationsasrevealedbybehavioralandeyegazetesting.FSI2015

• Tangen,Jasonet.al.Identifyingfingerprintexpertise.AssociationforPsychologicalScience2011.

• Vanderkolk,John.ForensicComparativeScience.Elsevier,Boston2009Chapter2

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HumanFactors

• Langenburg,Glenn.ACriticalAnalysisandStudyoftheACE-VProcess.UniversityofLausannePhDThesis,2012.Chapters1and2

• NIST.LatentPrintExaminationandHumanFactors:ImprovingPracticethroughaSystemsApproach.February2012.

• Neumann,Cedricet.al.ImprovingtheUnderstandingandtheReliabilityoftheConceptofSufficiencyinFrictionRidgeExamination.2013

AnalystPerformance

• Langenburg,Glenn.ACriticalAnalysisandStudyoftheACE-VProcess.UniversityofLausannePhDThesis,2012.

• Hicklin,Austin.ImprovingtheRigoroftheLatentPrintExaminationProcess.UniversityofLausannePhDThesis,2017.

• Pacheco,Igoret.al.MiamiDadeResearchStudyfortheReliabilityoftheACE-VProcess:Accuracy&PrecisioninLatentFingerprintExaminations.NIJ2014

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