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Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Essentials of Essentials of Sociology Sociology
9 th Edition
Chapter 6: Deviance Chapter 6: Deviance
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
n What is Deviance?
n The Symbolic
Interactionist
Perspective
n The Functionalist
Perspective
n The Conflict
Perspective
n Types of Crime
n The U.S. Prison System
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Chapter Overview Chapter Overview
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
“It is not the act itself, but the reaction to the act, that
make something deviant.”
Howard Becker, 1966
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What is What is Deviance? Deviance?
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Deviance is a violation of
societal norms
What is deviant to some is not
deviant to others
“Deviance” is a
nonjudgmental term
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What is What is Deviance? Deviance?
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stigma –Erving Goffman A person can have a stigma and be considered deviant A stigma is a blemish on ones identity A stigma is a violation of norms of appearance and ability A person can have a stigma by being a member of an involuntary group
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Stigma Stigma Stigma Stigma
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Norms Make Social Life Possible by Making
Behavior Predictable
Informal and Formal Norms (crimes)
Norms Bring About Social Order
Societies have formal and informal means to
enforce norms and this is referred to as Social Control
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Norms and Norms and Social Life Social Life
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Sociobiology Look for Answers Inside Individuals Genetic Predispositions
Psychologists Focus on Conditions Within Individuals Personality Disorders
Sociology Sociologists look for Answers Outside Individuals
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Explanations of Explanations of Deviance Deviance
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Created by Edwin Sutherland We learn to deviate by those we associate with in our lives This includes family, friends, and neighbors 50 % of people in prison also have a father, mother, brother, or sister that have also committed a crime Prison or freedom?
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Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Differential Association Theory Differential Association Theory
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Created by Travis Hirschi We all want to commit deviant acts but we don’t because of inner and outer controls The stronger the controls, the less likely deviance is to occur Inner controls: Conscience, Morals, Religious Beliefs Outer controls: Attachments, Commitments, Involvements in society
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Symbolic Interactionist Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Control Theory Perspective: Control Theory
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Created by Howard Becker Labels propel us into deviance or can divert us away from it Techniques of Neutralization: 5 ways people reject labels Denial of Responsibility, Denial of Injury, Denial of a Victim, Condemnation of the Condemners, Appeal to Higher Loyalties
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Symbolic Interactionist Symbolic Interactionist Perspective: Labeling Theory Perspective: Labeling Theory
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
According to Durkheim, deviance is
functional because:
1)It affirms moral boundaries
2)Promotes Social Unity
3)Promotes Social Change
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Functionalist Functionalist Perspective Perspective
Can Deviance Be Functional?
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Robert Merton created the Strain Theory
We are all socialized to want certain cultural
goals but we don’t all have the means to
attain those goals
People develop strain and a sense of anomie
(normlessness)
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Functionalist Functionalist Perspective Perspective
Strain Theory
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Conformity – This is the most common response to strain and is a nondeviant response
Innovator – Wants to achieve cultural goals but uses illegitimate methods
Ritualism – Has given up on attaining cultural goals but still clings to conventional means of conduct
Retreatism – Rejects cultural goals and means to attain those goals
Rebellionism – Rejects cultural goals and tries to replace them with own goals
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Functionalist Perspective: Functionalist Perspective: Responses to Strain Responses to Strain
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t14
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The law is used as a means to oppress the masses Those who have the wealth and power often bypass the law and others must pay full penalties Every once in a while someone from the upper social classes is “showcased” so as to appear fair
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Conflict Perspective Conflict Perspective
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
White Collar Crime Crime that is committed by those who have wealth and power Corporate crime is a type of white collar crime
Street Crime Often committed by those of the lower social classes as a way to survive Includes property crime
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Two Types of Crime Two Types of Crime
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The U.S. has the highest amount of prisoners in the world Many prisons face overcrowding The recidivism rate is high; 2/3 of those who commit violent crimes are rearrested The majority of prisoners are male, have a high school education, and are from the lower to middle social classes What should be the purpose of prisons?
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The U.S. Prison System The U.S. Prison System
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Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t19
Figure 6.1 Some States Are Safer: Violent Crime in the United States Note: Violent crimes are murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. As this figure illustrates, violent crime varies widely among the states. The chance of becoming a victim of these crimes is seven times higher in South Carolina, the most dangerous state, than in Maine, the safest state. Washington, D.C., not a state, is in a class by itself. Its rate of 1,508 is thirteen times higher than Maine’s rate. Source: By the author. Based on Statistical Abstract of the United States 2009:Table 297.
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t20
Deviance and Social Control Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. t21
Figure 6.3 Recidivism of U.S. Prisoners Note: The individuals were not necessarily rearrested for the same crime for which they had originally been imprisoned. Source: By the author. Based on Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics 2003:Table 6.50.