ethanol
DESCRIPTION
Ethanol. Megan Sparks Bevon Flansburg Steph Hyde Annie Brandjord Cristen McLean. O. H. O. H. H. C. C. H. H. H. H. C. What is Ethanol?. I’m cute!. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ethanol-3D-vdW.png). What Is Ethanol Fuel?. E10: 10% ethanol 90% gasoline. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Megan Sparks
Bevon Flansburg
Steph Hyde
Annie Brandjord
Cristen McLean
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H
HH
H H
C C
H
O
HC
O
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ethanol-3D-vdW.png)
I’m cute!
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E10: 10% ethanol
90% gasoline.
E85: 85% ethanol
15% gasoline.
E85 can be used in flexible fuel vehicles (FFVs).
(http://www.ethanol.org)
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“Ethanol” generally means grain alcohol.
Sources:
corn (primary source in U.S.)
other grains
potatoes
sugarcane (e.g. Brazil)
(http://www.ethanol.org)
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Cellulosic ethanol is made from cellulose (surprise!)
Cellulose provides structure to plants.
Sources: corn stover, sugar cane bagasse, sawdust, paper pulp, and switchgrass.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Cellulose-3D-balls.png)
(Brekke 2005)
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(http://www.ethanol.org)
1) Milling (grind it up!)
2) Liquification (mixed with H2O and heated)
3) Saccharification (starch fermentable sugars)
4) Fermentation (yeast + sugars = ethanol + CO2)
5) Distillation (ethanol is separated from the solids)
6) Dehydration (remove last bit of H2O)
7) Denaturing (made unfit for human consumption)
8) Co-products (distiller’s grain livestock feed
CO2 compressed)
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Bacteria…?
Lonnie Ingram (University of Florida)
E. coli + cellulose ethanol
90 – 95 % efficiency
(Brekke 2005) www.fuga.ru/tok/2003/11/e-coli-small.jpg
1) Treat with heat and acid to break it apart
2) Treat with enzymes to turn the sugars into fermentable glucose
Enzymes now 10-18 cents / gallon in laboratory trials.
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Yields 25 % more energy than is used to grow, harvest and distill it into ethanol.
Energy output:input ratio = 1.6(http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/eth_energy_bal.html)
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Gasoline E85 Ethanol
Octane Number 86 to 94 100
Main Fuel Source Crude Oil Corn, Grains, or agricultural waste
Energy Content / Gallon
109,000 - 125,000 Btu
~ 80,000 Btu
Energy Ratio Compared to Gasoline
70%
Physical State Liquid Liquid
(http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/progs/fuel_compare.cgi)
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Emissions and Air Quality
• Ethanol contains 35% oxygen. Adding oxygen to fuel results in more complete fuel combustion
• Gasoline containing a 10% ethanol blend reduces smog emissions– carbon monoxide 25-30%– particulate matter 50%– volatile organic compounds
7%.
http://www.greenfuels.org/ethanol/envbenefits.htm
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Emissions from Ethanol PlantsMost ethanol plants emit
< 100 tons of pollutants
as compared to
>20,000 tons
produced by an average-sized power plant each year
http://www.ethanol.org/talkingpoints.html
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‘Recycling’ CO2
• -CO2 co-product is compressed and sold to carbonate beverages, manufacture dry ice, and flash freeze meat.
• Miscible CO2 flooding.
http://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/facts/environment/; http://www.ethanol.org/carbondioxide.html
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Feasibility
• Since 1999, an increasing number of FFVs manufactured.
• Increasing economic feasibility.
http://www.eere.energy.gov/afdc/altfuel/ethanol.html
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Benefits: Internal Economic
• USDA estimates 2012 corn demand= 2 billion Bushels
• Plant construction creates 370 local jobs ($60-130M income)
• Plant operation creates 4,000 local jobs ($47-100M income)
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Benefits: More Internal
• Necessary to continue to meet rising EPA standards
• 95% of gas already has 6% ethanol
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Benefits: External Economic
• Self-sufficiency!
• Potential 1/3 reduction of foreign oil dependence
• W/o E10, immediate 3% need increase
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So, Who’s Buying It?• 2003- Global Summit including
representatives from China, India, Thailand, and Brazil
• “In poor countries, production of ethanol and biodiesel can have an extremely positive impact. It assists in dealing with the energy deficit, influencing internal consumption and exports. It can also generate a vast number of jobs.”
- President da Silva, Brazil
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E3 Biofuels (Mead, NE)
• Grow Corn• Produce Ethanol• Feed Cattle• Harvest the
manure• Produce methane• Methane fuels
boilers• Remains-Fertlize
soil
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Domestic Production
• American Made Fuel2006– 105 plants in operation-
1/2 locally owned=5 billion gal/year
48 New or Improved on line=7.9 billion gal/year
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2006-10-01-ethanol_x.htm
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Annual Projections forCellulosic Ethanol
50 billion gallons Waste (Agricultural, Industrial, MSW)
40%-50%
USDA&EEstimate 80 billion gal. potential1/3 transportation energy
By 2050 Switchgrass on 114 million acres
165 billion gal. ethanol=108 billion gal. gasoline
http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/biofuels/contents.asp, www.energy.ca.gov/reportshttp://www.harvestcleanenergy.org
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Natural Resource Defense Council (NRDC)Growing Energy
Improve conversion efficiencies50 to 117 gal. ethanol / 1dry ton of biomass
Produce animal proteins from switchgrass(capable of producing I billion tons of sustainable biomass/year)
http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/biofuels/contents.asp, http://www.harvestcleanenergy.orghttp://www.ethanolrfa.org/resource/cellulose
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Goals and Future Usage
…Yes, they really are out there.
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Implementation of Waste Processing
• Industrial waste/municipal solid waste as definite source of energy.– Dartmouth project (paper
sludge to ethanol).– Masada Oxynol,
Middletown, NY (MSW to ethanol).
• Reduces or eliminates capacity problems at wastewater plants and the need for landfills.
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http://www.zerowasteamerica.org/Landfills.htm
Landfill Use
• 1990: 247 million tons of non-hazardous waste.
• 2001: 409 million tons.
• Use of MSW opens new framework of raw materials, minimizes land charted for feedstock cultivation.
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http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/pump/contents.asp
Current proposals
• Natural Resource Defense Council: – Invest in research, development, general
demonstration ($1.1 billion).– Invest in deployment ($1 billion 2006-2015;
prices to approach diesel/regular gasoline).– Adopt policies to establish infrastructure
and a market (RF standards, FFV req’s)
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Incentives/Laws
• State and federal-level tax/loan benefits to encourage the use of alternative fuels.
• Mandates require purchase of AFVs whenever economically or logistically possible.
www.irs.gov/publications/p378/ar01.html. Table: http://www.nrdc.org/air/energy/rep/chap1.asp