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roland TofCiSvili

eTnikuri procesebi Sida qarTlSi

eTnikuri viTarebis mokle mimoxilva saqrTveloSi.

saqarTvelo monoeTnikuri qveyana arasodes yofila. eTnikurad

qveyana gansakuTrebiT aWrelda ruseTis koloniad gadaqcevis Semdeg

(1801 weli). sxvadasxva eTnosTa saqarTvelos teritoriaze dasa-

xleba carizmis mizanmimarTul politikas warmoadgenda. ruseTis

imperiisaTvis arafers warmoadgenda xalxTa sakuTari miwa-wylidan

ayra da sxvaTa teritoriaze gadasaxleba. amave dros, mefis ruseTi

adgilobriv mosaxleobas erTi adgilidan meoreze dasaxlebis nebas

ar aZlevda da yvelafers akeTebda imisaTvis, rom maT daetovebi-

naT winaparTa sacxovrisi (am SemTxvevaSi afxazTa da qarTvel mu-

slimTa TurqeTSi gadasaxlebis magaliTic ikmarebs). saqarTveloSi

qarTvelTa procentuli raodenoba ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi

mudmivad iklebda. XIX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis saqarTvelos mTeli

mosaxleobis 90%-s Tu qarTvelebi warmoadgendnen, 1939 wlisaTvis

maTi procentuli raodenoba 61-mde davida. XIX saukuneSi carizmma

saqarTveloSi eTnikuri somxebi da berZnebi gadmoasaxla osmaleTis

imperiidan, agreTve rusebi, germanelebi... ufro adre saqarTveloSi

mkvidrobdnen somxebi (ZiriTadad qalaqebSi. somxebSi ori fena ga-

moiyofoda: a) migrirebulebi da b) qarTveli monofizitebi, romle-

bic aseve somxebad iwodebodnen. orive fenisaTvis dedaenas qarTuli

warmoadgenda. maTi wignisa da dokumentebis ena qarTuli iyo); ebrae-

lebi (es ukanasknelni Tavs `qarTvel ebraelebs” uwodebdnen. qarTvel” uwodebdnen. qarTvel uwodebdnen. qarTvel

ebraelTa adgilobrivi mosaxleobisagan ganmasxvavebeli mxolod re-

ligia iyo); TaTrebi (ase iwodebodnen Tanamedrove azerbaijanelebis

winaprebi. borCaloeli TaTrebi saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Rirseuli

moqalaqeebi iyvnen. mtrebis SemoWris dros qarTvel mefeTa mowo-

debaze erT-erTi pirvelni ebmebodnen brZolaSi. gansakuTrebiT Tavi

gamoiCines maT erekle mefis dros. cnobilia qveynisaTvis Tavdadebu-

li mebrZolis saxelic; es iyo xudia borCaloeli _ faqtobrivad,

saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri); afxazebi da osebi.

sanam Cvens Temas _ saqarTveloSi osTa migraciisa da qarTul-

osur urTierTobebs vrclad SevexebiT, unda aRvniSnoT, rom qar-

Tul-afxazuri da qarTul-osuri urTierTobebi ruseTis imperiis

mizanmimarTul qmedebamde mxolod da mxolod keTilmezobluri iyo,

ra Tqma unda, mxedvelobaSi Tu ar miviRebT CrdiloeT kavkasiidan

gadmosaxlebis winadroindel TareSebs. saerTod, saqarTvelos xangr-

Zlivma istoriam ar icis arc erTi SemTxveva ara mxolod eTnikuri

konfliqtisa, aramed raime eTnikuri dapiripirebisa qarTvelebsa da

saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva eTnosebs Soris. erT-erTi xalxuri leq-

sis mixedviT ki, qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris araviTari gansxvaveba

ar iyo da TaTrebi da qarTvelebi erTmaneTis Zmebi iyvnen. saqar-

TveloSi eTnosTa Soris dapirispireba mxolod ruseTis imperiis

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mizanmimarTuli politikis Sedegad gaCnda da man Tavi mxolod XX

saukuneSi iCina. xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTul-afxazuri da

qarTul-osuri urTierTobebi rom keTilmezobluri iyo, es kargad

Cans im saqorwino urTierTobebidan, romelic am xalxebs Soris ar-

sebobda. integracia gansakuTrebiT Sors iyo wasuli aRniSnul eT-

nosTa sakontaqto zolSi.

axla dawvrilebiT saqarTveloSi osTa migraciis Sesaxeb. unda

aRvniSnoT, rom bolo ori-sami aTeuli wlis manZilze mizanmimarTu-

lad xdeboda saqarTveloSi osTa gadmosaxlebis istoriis damaxinjeba,

rac Tavidanve igrZnoboda, rom imperiis garkveuli Zalebis mier iyo

provocirebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, garkveul sibraluls iwvevda im

osi `boevikebis” moqmedeba, romlebic qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg ibrZod-” moqmedeba, romlebic qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg ibrZod- moqmedeba, romlebic qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg ibrZod-

nen, romlebsac bavSvobidan agonebdnen, rom `samxreT oseTis” teri-” teri- teri-

toria osTa gansaxlebis uZvelesi arealia da rom Turme yvelaferSi

damnaSave qarTveli feodalebi iyvnen (sabWoTa periodSi mxolod

klasobrivi mtris lanZRva SeiZleboda), romlebic osebs batonebad

moevlinen; Semdeg ki salanZRavad qarTveli social-demokratebi (`men-

Sevikebi”) iqcnen, romlebic saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritorias”) iqcnen, romlebic saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritorias) iqcnen, romlebic saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritorias

bolSevikTa mier waqezebuli ajanyebuli osebisagan icavdnen.

sanam uSualod SevexebiT osTa saqarTveloSi migraciis namdvil

TariRs, aucieblad unda aRiniSnos ori ram:

1. bolo wlebSi osi istorikosebis mier dasaxelda sxvadasxva

TariRi saqarTveloSi osTa gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb. erTTa `mtkice-

biT,” es moxda xuTi aTasi wlis win (nafi jusoiTi), xolo ufro” es moxda xuTi aTasi wlis win (nafi jusoiTi), xolo ufro es moxda xuTi aTasi wlis win (nafi jusoiTi), xolo ufro

zomierni migraciis periodad XIII_XIV saukuneebs asaxelebdnen. mesa-

me kategoriisani ki aRniSnul or Zalian daSorebul TariRs Soris

sxvadasxva qronologiur periods gvTavazobdnen. bolo wlebSi miTo-

logemebis SeqmniT gansakuTrebiT gamoiCina Tavi sabWoTa istorikosma

mark blievma, romlisTvisac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saistorio wyaro

arc arsebobs, an, Tu arsebobs, im interpretaciiT, rogorc mas es

warmoudgenia. mark blievis mixedviT, Turme adre Sua saukuneebis

qarTlis (iberiis) samefo sxva araferi iyo, Tu ara qarTul-osuri

konfederacia. ufro Sorsac ki midis zogierTi mezRapre da sabWoTa

periodis ̀ samxreT oseTis” teritorias sarmatias uwodebs. nebismieri” teritorias sarmatias uwodebs. nebismieri teritorias sarmatias uwodebs. nebismieri

istorikosisaTvis kavkasionis qedis samxreTisaTvis ̀ sarmatiis” wodeba,” wodeba, wodeba,

albaT, gamaognebeli iqneba.

2. yvela dameTanxmeba, rom eTnikuri konfliqtebis mosagvareblad

istorias mniSvneloba ar unda hqondes _ xalxi, romelic cxovrobs

garkveuli eTnosis teritoriaze, qveynis sruluflebiani wevri unda

iyos (asec iyvnen osebi saqarTveloSi cxovrebis periodSi). postsa-

bWoTa sivrceSi warmoqmnili qarTul-osuri dapirispireba rom si-

namdvileSi klasikuri eTnikuri konfliqti ar yofila da rom is

provocirebuli da marTuli iyo imperiuli Zalebis mier, es kargad

warmoaCina swored istoriuli Tematikis zedmetma Semotanam, rac

daagvirgvina jer _ 2004 wels ruseTis dumis gancxadebam da bolos

_ maRali saxelmwifo Tamamdebobis pirebis gancxadebebma. am gancxa-

debebis Sinaarsi ki aseTia: ruseTma CrdiloeTi da samxreT oseTi

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erTad SeierTa 1774 wels, e. i. `samxreT oseTi” saqarTvelos Sema-” saqarTvelos Sema- saqarTvelos Sema-

dgeneli nawili ar yofila. mizani cxadia: imperiul Zalebs surT

saqarTvelos teritoriebis mitaceba daakanonon _ am SemTxvevaSi

osebi mxolod iaraRad arian gamoyenebulni, arc eTnikuri osisa da

arc eTnikuri qarTvelis bedi imperias ar aRelvebs.

aRniSnul problemas qvemoT mokled kvlav davubrundebiT. axla

realur istorias SemogTavazebT. is ki aseTia:

istorikosTa Soris eWvs ar iwvevs, rom osebi iranulenovani ala-

nebis uSualo STamomavlebi arian, Tumca osTa saboloo formireba

kavkasiis mTebSi moxda adgilobriv kavkasielebTan Serevis Sedegad.

aseTi kontaqtebi alanebs ufro adre sxva eTnosebTanac hqondaT, ma-

galiTad, Turquli da monRoluri modgmis xalxebTan. iranulenovani

alanebis eTnogenezi Sua aziis teritoriaze moxda. am TvalsazrisiT,

niSandoblivia, rom pirvelad isini Zveli welTaRricxvis II saukunis

Cinur wyaroebSi arian moxseniebulni (alemani, 2003). am wyaroTa

Tvalsawieri ki kaspiis zRvis aRmosavleT monakveTs ar scildeboda.

klasikur avtorTa TvalsawierSi ki alanebi axali welTaRricxvis

I saukuneSi Cndebian, mas Semdeg, rac evraziis sivrcis evropul

monakveTSi daiwyes momTabareoba da gamocalkevdnen azieli alanebi-

sagan. osTa winapari alanebis Sesaxeb monacemebi, rac ki msoflios

sxvadasxvaenovan saistorio wyaroebSi arsebobs, Tavmoyrilia katalo-

nieli avtoris _ augusti alemanis wignSi da masSi dainteresebuli

mkiTxveli naxavs, rom saqarTvelos siaxloves mTeli adre Sua sauku-

neebis ganmavlobaSi alanebi (osebi) ar mkvidrobdnen. maTi samomTaba-

ro areali evraziis sivrce iyo (wyaroebi ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisagan

aziel da evropel alanebs). volgisa da azovis zRvis monakveTSi

momTabare alanebi IV saukunis 70-ian wlebSi hunebma gaanadgures,

gadarCenilTa nawili hunebs dasavleTSi gahyva, xolo nawilma ki

CrdiloeT kavkasiis velebSi Camoinacvla, sadac binadar cxovrebaze

gadavidnen, Seqmnes saxelmwifo da am droidan alanebTan (osebTan)

qarTul saxelmwifos intensiuri urTierToba hqonda. es urTierToba

metwilad keTilmezobluri iyo, xdeboda dinastiuri qorwinebebi da,

rac mTavaria, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos meTaurebi alan-osebs xSirad

qiraobdnen, rodesac qveynis gareSe mterTa Tavdasxmebs igeriebdnen.

alan-osebis istoriaSi meore, samwuxaro, etapi iwyeba XIII sauku-

nidan. monRolTa Semosevebis Semdeg, xangrZlivi winaaRmdegobis miu-

xedavad, damarcxebulma alan-osebma dakarges ara marto saxelmwifoe-

brioba, aramed gansaxlebis arealic. XIII_XIV saukuneebSi stepebSi

mcxovrebi alan-osebi mTielebad iqcnen. Tumca, samarTlianoba moi-

Txovs, iTqvas, rom alanebis nawili mTielebad ufro adrec _ adre

Sua saukuneebis Semdegac iqca. hunTa Semosevebis Semdeg isini ara

mxolod CrdiloeT kavkasiis baris mkvidrebi gaxdnen, aramed dasaxl-

dnen kavkasiis mTianeTis dasavleT nawilSi _ Tanamedrove yaraCaisa

da balyareTis teritoriazec. gviani Sua saukuneebis digoreli osebi

swored Zveli Semosaxlebuli alanebis STamomavlebi arian (CrdiloeT

kavkasiis mTebSi mcxovrebi osebi saerTod oTx sazogadoebad, Temad

cxovrobdnen. zemoT dasaxelebuli digoris garda, eseni iyo agreTve

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alagiri, qurTauli da Tagauri). XIII_XIV saukuneebidan alan-osebi

swored aRniSnul sam xeobaSi _ alagirSi, qurTaulsa da TagaurSi

_ saxldebian. es teritoria geografebis mier centralur kavkasia-

daa saxeldebuli. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, niSandoblivia is, rom

Tanamedrove osur enaSi swored or dialeqts gamoyofen, esenia:

digoruli, romelic ufro arqaulia da ironuli.

osebs XX saukunemde erTiani endoeTnonimi arc hqoniaT. aRmo-

savleT oseTis sam xeobaSi mcxovrebi osebi TavianT Tavs `irons””

uwodebdnen, xolo dasavleTiT, digoris xeobaSi mcxovrebni _ `digo-

rons”. digorelebi pirvelad VII saukunis `somxur geografiaSi” arian”. digorelebi pirvelad VII saukunis `somxur geografiaSi” arian. digorelebi pirvelad VII saukunis ̀ somxur geografiaSi” arian” arian arian

moxseniebulni, xolo ironelebi XVII saukunemde arsad ixseniebian.

eTnologi n. volkova wers, rom osTa aRmosavleT jgufebis TviTsa-

xelwodeba _ `ironi” saistorio wyaroebSi iSviaTad moixsenieba. is” saistorio wyaroebSi iSviaTad moixsenieba. is saistorio wyaroebSi iSviaTad moixsenieba. is

iqve dasZens, rom es garemoeba gaugebaria, riT unda aixsnaso, rac,

Cveni azriT, sruliad axsnadia, Tu alanur-osuri tomebis gansaxlebis

arealebsa da migraciis mimarTulebas adre Sua saukuneebidan gvian

Sua saukuneebamde dawvrilebiT davakvirdebiT. XIII-XIV saukuneebamde,

anu monRolTa Semosevebamde, osebi (ufro marTali viqnebiT, Tu vi-

tyviT _ maTi winapari alanebi) aRmosavleT oseTis zemoT dasaxele-

bul sam xeobaSi (alagiri, qurTauli, Tagauri) ar cxovrobdnen. maT

saxelmwifo CrdiloeT kavkasiis barSi hqondaT Seqmnili. rac Seexeba

CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTas, isini aq digoriaSi da mis dasavleTiT dRe-

vandeli balyareTisa da yaraCais teritoriaze adre Sua saukuneebi-

dan, VI-VII saukuneebidan cxovrobdnen. ai, es aris ZiriTadi mizezi,

Tu ratom ixseniebian adreul wyaroebSi digorelebi da ratom ar

ixseniebian ironelebi. sxvaTa Soris, balyarelebSi SemorCenilia ga-

dmocema, rom digoreli da balyareli feodalebis _ badeliatebis

da basiatebis winaprebi CrdiloeTidan, md. yumis Suawelze mdebare

adgil majaridan gadmosaxldnen.

miuxedavad amisa, es imas ar niSnavs, rom mezobeli xalxebi osuri

eTnosis am or nawils sxvadasxva xalxebad aRiqvamdnen. erTiani TviT-

saxelwodebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, CrdiloeT kavkasiis centralur

nawilSi mcxovreb am iranulenovan xalxs erTiani TviTSegneba mainc

hqonda. rac Seexeba eTnonims: `osi”, is qarTvelTagan gavrcelda. am”, is qarTvelTagan gavrcelda. am, is qarTvelTagan gavrcelda. am

egzoeTnonimiT osebs, qarTvelTa garda, faqtobrivad, aravin icnob-

da.

dRes osi mecnierebi calke gamoyofen `Tualebs”, anu TualTa-”, anu TualTa-, anu TualTa-

Si mcxovreb osebs. TualTa ki sxva araferia, Tu ara saqarTvelos

istoriul-eTnografiuli kuTxe dvaleTi, sadac qarTveli mTielebi

(dvalebi) cxovrobdnen. isini eqvs Temad cxovrobdnen da gansaxle-

bulni iyvnen JRelis, zramagis, naras, zrogos, zaxas, kasris xeobebSi.

XX saukunis meore naxevarSi dvaleTs osma mecnierebma `centraluri

oseTi” uwodes.” uwodes. uwodes.

XIII-XIV saukuneebSi, rogorc aRvniSneT, xdeba alan-osebis bina-

drobis adgilis kidev erTxel Secvla. CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTebSi

Sesuli alan-osebi adgilobriv kavkasiur tomebs Seerivnen. eseni

iyvnen qarTuli wyaroebis `kavkasianni” da inguSTa winapari tomebi.” da inguSTa winapari tomebi. da inguSTa winapari tomebi.

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osebis adrindeli sacxovrisi CrdiloeT kavkasiis barSi yabardoeleb-

ma daikaves da mTidan barSi gamosasvlel adgilebSi Seqmnes mtkice

simagreebi, raTa mTebSi Serekili osebi CrdiloeT kavkasiis barSi

sacxovreblad aRar gasuliyvnen. maT migracias baridan mTaSi to-

ponimebis gadatanac ki mohyva. XIII-XIV saukuneebidan moyolebuli,

sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebamde, osebs raime saxelmwifoebrivi

warmonaqmni ar hqoniaT; ar hyoliaT saerTo mmarTveli. iseve, rogorc

kavkasiis sxva eTnosTa umetesoba, osebic aq xeobebSi erTmaneTisagan

gancalkevebiT, teritoriuli Temebis saxiT cxovrobdnen.

samxreTisaken osTa migracias qvemoT davubrundebiT. amjerad ki

maT ruseTTan urTierTobas da CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiswineTsa da

barSi migraciis sakiTxs unda SevexoT. rusul samecniero litera-

turaSi aRniSnulia, rom rusul-osuri urTierTobebi XVIII saukunis

Sua xanebidan ganmtkicda. osebis didi nawili ruseTze iyo orienti-

rebuli da araerTxel mimarTavdnen ruseTis xelisuflebas, mieRoT

isini qveSe-vrdomebad. pirvelad aRmosavleT oseTis uxucesebs aseTi

TxovniT 1770 wlis dasawyisSi yizlaris komendantisaTvis miumar-

TavT. Tavis mxriv, ruseTi oseTis SeerTebiT dainteresebuli iyo,

radgan osur xeobebs samxreT kavkasiasTan dasakavSirebeli mniSvnelo-

vani strategiuli mdgomareoba ekavaT. oseTis ruseTTan SeerTebis

procesi quCuk-kainarjis zavis dadebis Semdeg daiwyo. cnobilia, rom

aRniSnuli zaviT ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sevida yabardo. samSvidobo

xelSekrulebaSi oseTi saerTod naxsenebi ar iyo. es bunebrivicaa,

aseTi qveyana, saxelmwifoebrivi erTeuli im dros ar arsebobda.

ruseTis saxelmwifo moRvaweebi ki piriqiT acxadeben. ar arsebobs

arc erTi sabuTi, dokumenti, romelSic naxsenebi iqneboda raime

funqciis matarebeli osuri saxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmni. miT ume-

tes, ar arsebobs ori oseTis erTianobis damadasturebeli sabuTi.

saerTod ar arsebobda iseTi cnebebi, rogoricaa: `CrdiloeTi oseTi””

da `samxreTi oseTi”. XVIII saukunis bolosTvisac da Semdegac ori”. XVIII saukunis bolosTvisac da Semdegac ori. XVIII saukunis bolosTvisac da Semdegac ori

oseTis, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulis arseboba da, miT umetes,

erTiani oseTis da Tanac saxelmwifos arseboba, sruli nonsensia.

Tu oseTis saxelmwifo arsebobda ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi Sesvlis

surviliT, astraxanis gubernators 1774 wels ratom maincdamainc

osTa `Cenilebi” (xalxis arCeulebi) da ara saxelmwifos meTauri an” (xalxis arCeulebi) da ara saxelmwifos meTauri an (xalxis arCeulebi) da ara saxelmwifos meTauri an

misi elCi ar ewvia? quCuk-kainarjis sazavo xelSekrulebaSi mxolod

yabardozea saubari da ara e. w. oseTze. maSin osebi mxolod yabar-

doze formalur damokidebulebaSi imyofebodnen. sabWoTa periodis

saistorio gamokvlevebSic xom xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli, rom CrdiloeT

oseTis oTxi xeobidan (sazogadoebidan) mxolod sami Sevida forma-

lurad ruseTis daqvemdebarebaSi (CrdiloeT kavkasiis... 1988: 422_

449; blievi, 1990: 44_45). rusul istoriografiaSi 1774 weli mainc

osTa rusebTan SeerTebis wladaa miCneuli. 1774 wlis oqtomberSi

osi xalxis surviliT cixe-simagre mozdokSi daiwyo molaparakebebi

astraxanis gubernatorsa da ockacian osur delegacias Soris. mola-

parakebebis procesSi Semdegi sakiTxebi ganixiles: osebis centraluri

kavkasiis mTiswina velebSi Casaxleba; osebiT dasaxlebuli teritorie-

bis ruseTis imperiasTan SeerTeba; mezobeli feodalebis Tavdasxmebi-

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sagan dasacavad samxedro simagreebisa da forpostebis Seqmna. yvela

am sakiTxze orive mxarem SeTanxmebas miaRwia. erT rames unda gaesvas

xazi, rom am molaparakebebSi mahmadianur dasavleT osebs (digorel

osebs) monawileoba ar miuRiaT da 1774 wels, Sesabamisad, isini arc

ruseTis qveSevrdomebi gamxdaran. rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi (dva-

leTsa da Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi mcxovrebi osebs, qarTl-kaxeTis

samefos aneqsiis Semdeg isini ruseTis xelisuflebas didxans uwevd-

nen winaaRmdegobas. magaliTad, isini ruseTis xelisuflebas 1830-ian

wlebSic ajanyebian. rusi kolonizatorebis winaaRmdeg gansakuTrebiT

gamouCeniaT Tavi sofel rokSi mcxovreb Tomaevebs _ kaloevi, 1999,

268). osebis ZiriTadi mizani CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiswina velebSi

samosaxlo adgilebis mopoveba iyo. amis Semdeg ki iwyeba osTa in-

tensiuri migraciuli procesi CrdiloeTisaken, rac gansakuTrebiT

intensiuri XIX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan gaxda. migraciis am mimar-

Tulebam osebis samxreTisaken, anu saqarTvelos teritoriaze migra-

cia faqtobrivad SeaCera, Tu ar CavTvliT dvaleTSi mcxovreb osebs,

radgan maTi gansaxlebis areali geografiulad ufro saqarTvelosTan

iyo dakavSirebuli, vidre CrdiloeT kavkasiasTan.

CrdiloeTiT gadasaxlebis dawyebamde XVII saukunis bolos osTa

gansaxlebis mijnebi iyo digoris, alagiris, qurTaTis da Taguris

xeobis gasasvlelebi, riTac isini yabardoelebs esazRvrebodnen. XVIII

saukunis 70-80-ian wlebSi digorelTa ramdenime dasaxleba mTiswineT-

Si gaCnda. maT Soris, karajaevo, yobani, vaStili, va-seligo da tuma

md. uruxze, kubaTi _ md. dur-duris xeobaSi. axali dasaxlebebi

karajaevebma, kubataevebma da tuganovebma Seqmnes, romlebic am miweb-

ze Tavis qveSevrdomebTan erTad dasaxldnen. ufro adre, XVIII

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi osebma eTnikuri sazRvari aRmosavleTiTac

gaifarToves. aq, md. Tergis marcxena napirze, XVIII saukunis 20-ian

wlebSi dasaxldnen larsSi, CmiSi, balTaSi (samive es sofeli da-

rialis xeobaSi mdebareobs). rusuli wyaroebis cnobebiT, XVI-XVII

saukuneebSi larsis midamoebSi, md. Tergis marcxena mxareze inguSu-

ri mosaxleoba mkvidrobda. aRniSnul soflebSi dasaxlebuli osebi

alagiris xeobidan iyvnen migrirebulni (volkova 1974: 125_126).

klaprotis monacemebiT, larsSi, CmiSi da balTaSi mosaxle osebi

inguSebs miwis sargeblobisaTvis gamosaRebs uxdidnen. imave avtoris

cnobiT, slonates gvaris osebs aq SemdegSi Taguris xeobidan sxva-

dasxva gvarebi damatebiaT. gaZlierebul osebs inguSebisaTvis xarkis

gadaxda SeuwyvetiaT, Tumca 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi mcireyabardoel

Tavadebs _ mudarovebs kvlav uxdidnen gadasaxads. araerTi sabuTiT

dadgenilia, rom Tanamedrove oseTis dedaqalaqi _ vladikavkazi 1774

wlisaTvis, rodesac aq rusebma es cixe-simagre aaSenes, inguSur

sofels warmoadgenda da mas zauregi erqva, romelSic zaurovebis

gvaris inguSebi cxovrobdnen. XIX saukune osTa mTiani xeobebidan

barSi intensiuri da jgufuri gadasaxlebis periodia. XIX saukunis

20-ian wlebSi osuri dasaxlebebi vladikavkazis dablobze Seiqmna. aq

axladwarmoqmnil osur soflebSi ZiriTadad ironeli osebi efuZne-

bodnen (berozovi 1980).

axla osebis saqarTveloSi migraciis Sesaxeb. yovelgvar argumen-

���

tebsa da faqtebsaa moklebuli da mxolod zogierTi avtoris axire-

bas emyareba Tezisebi osebis saqarTveloSi Zveli droidanve mkvidro-

bis Sesaxeb. arc erTi saistorio wyaroTi, sabuTiT ar dasturdeba

osebis saqarTveloSi migracia da aq sabinadrod gadmosvla arc Zveli

welTaRricxvis sxvadasxva monakveTSi da arc ax. w.-is IV saukuneSi

hunebis Semosevas alan-osebis saqarTveloSi dasaxlkareba ar mohyo-

lia. rogorc zemoT iTqva, am dros osebma donispira da azovispira

velebidan SedarebiT samxreTiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiswina velebSi

wamoiwies.

ar dasaxlebulan osebi saqarTveloSi arc VII da arc XIII sauku-

neebSi, rogorc es zogierT avtors warmoudgenia. XIII saukuneSi

osebma mxolod CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTian xeobebSi daiwyes Sesvla,

rac karga xans gagrZelda da dasrulda es migraciuli procesi XV

saukunis dasawyisSi. XIII saukunis meore naxevarSi mxolod osebis

erTma jgufma scada Sida qarTlSi dasaxleba, romelic darubandis

gziT iyo Semosuli. maTi samxedro razmi ilxanTa monRoluri saxel-

mwifos brZanebiT moqmedebda. 1292 wels umefobis periodSi `iwyes

ovsTa oxrebad, xocvad da rbevad da tyvevnad qarTlisa da qalaqi

gori wartyuenes da Tvisad daiWires ovsTa” (JamTaaRmwereli, qc,” (JamTaaRmwereli, qc, (JamTaaRmwereli, qc,

II, 296). osebma isargebles saqarTvelos dasustebiT da monRol-

Ta mxardaWeriT cdilobdnen Sida qarTlSi samosaxlo adgilebis

mopovebas. osebis monRolTa es faqtobrivad `sapolicio razmebi”,”,,

garkveuli xnis Semdeg, mefe giorgi V brwyinvalis mier ganadgu-

rebul da gaZevebul iqnen saqarTvelodan (`ganasxna da aRfxurna”).”).).

brZolaSi centraluri xelisuflebis mxareze ibrZoda mTis mosax-

leobac: qsnis saerisTavos laSqari girSel erisTavis meTaurobiT da

`mTiulni aragvisani”. osTa am razmebis ganadgurebisa da gaZevebis”. osTa am razmebis ganadgurebisa da gaZevebis. osTa am razmebis ganadgurebisa da gaZevebis

Semdeg, saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mesveurebma karga xniT mtkiced

Caketes oseTis xeobebidan saqarTveloSi Semosasvleli orive kari

(dariali, kasris-kari) da garkveuli xniT SeaCeres osTa saqarTvelo-

Si migracia. samarTlianoba moiTxovs, aRiniSnos, rom osebs ufro

adrec hqondaT mcdeloba saqarTveloSi damkvidrebisa. maSinac isini

ucxo Zalas eyrdnobodnen; magaliTad, IX saukunis Sua xanebSi arabma

mxedarTmTavarma buRa Turqma darialis gadmosasvleliT 100 komli

osi Semoiyvana da qvemo qarTlSi, anu samxreT saqarTveloSi, Sida

qarTlidan sakmaod daSorebiT, qalaq dmanisSi daasaxla. wyaroebiT

ar Cans, SemdgomSi ra bedi ewia eTnikuri osebis am 100 ojaxs. sa-

varaudod, isini an maleve asimilirdnen qarTvelTagan, an gavidnen

saqarTvelodan. XIII saukunis Sua xanebSi, monRolTa xanis brZanebiT,

mefe daviT VII-m miiRo monRolTa mokavSire osTa samxedro razmebi

da sacxovreblad dmanisi da Jinvani misca. arc am samxedro razmebis

Semdgomi bedia cnobili. yovel SemTxvevaSi, araviTari osuri eTniku-

ri anklavi qarTuli wyaroebiT am qalaqebSi ar Cans.

kavkasiis mTavari qedis CrdiloeTiT mdebare istoriuli saqar-

Tvelos provinciaSi _ dvaleTSi osebis Semosaxleba XV saukunis

bolodan iwyeba. es procesi aq ZiriTadad ganxorcielda XVI sauku-

neSi, XVII saukuneSi ki dvaleTSi dasrulda adgilobriv qarTvelTa

eTnografiuli jgufis (teritoriuli erTeulis) _ dvalebis asimi-

���

lacia osebis mier. magram, rogorc b. kaloevis mier Cawerili eTno-

grafiuli masalebiT irkveva, dvaleTis zogierT xeobaSi, magaliTad,

zaxaSi orenovneba didxans iyo SemorCenili (kaloevi, 1999). zaxe-

lebis umetesobam qarTuli ena kargad icoda. dasaxelebuli avtori

amas saqarTvelosTan xangrZlivi eTnokulturuli kavSirebiT xsnis,

agreTve, zaxis eklesiebSi qarTuli sasuliero pirebis moRvaweobiTa

da maT mier qarTul enaze qadagebiT. es masala pirdapir miuTiTebs

ara or sxvadasxva eTnoss Soris arsebul eTnokulturul kontaqteb-

ze, aramed imaze, rom dvalebi qarTveli mTielebi iyvnen da mosulma

iranulenovanma erTobam maTi asimilacia moaxdina. zaxaSi qarTuli

eklesiebis arseboba, qarTveli mRvdlebis moRvaweoba da qarTul

enaze qadagebac imis damadasturebelia, rom dvaleTi qarTuli mxare

iyo Tavisi qristianuli religiiT. imave b. kaloevs Tavis naSromebSi

imis damadasturebeli masalac moaqvs, rom XVIII saukunis bolosac

dvaleTis mkvidrni, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos jarSi iseve

ibrZodnen, rogorc sxva mxareebis warmomadgenlebi. osebis dvaleTSi

dasaxlebamde, osebis mowolis, TareSis, laSqrobebis gamo, dvalebis

mniSvnelovani nawili saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi (Sida qarTli,

qvemo qarTli, imereTi, raWa) gansaxlda. adgilze darCenili dvalebi,

osTa eTnikur-enobriv garemoSi am ukanasknelTa aq jgufuri Semosax-

lebisa da swrafi gamravlebis Sedegad asimilirebul iqnen. qarTveli

mTieli dvalebi iyvnen warmoSobiT: xadurebi, CifCiurebi, bigulebi,

Tvaurebi, CoCourebi (igive CoCiSvilebi), beRelurebi, gudiaurebi,

bagaurebi, gergaulebi, Tabaurebi, xerxeuliZeebi, qesaurebi, faru-

xaulebi; agreTve: biganebi (biganiSvilebi), xabarelebi, xeTerelebi,

xaCiZeebi (adrindeli xaCiure-bi).… rac Seexeba nar-mamisonis qvabulSi

(anu dvaleTSi) mosaxle yvelaze did osur gvars xeTagurs (xeTagu-

rebs), maTi winapari aq yabardodan iyo mosuli da, bunebrivia, qar-

Tul enobriv-eTnikur garemoSi gvarsaxelic -ur sufiqsiT gaiformes.

Semdeg osur eTnikur garemoSi es gvaric gaosda.

istoriuli saqarTvelos teritoriaze _ dvaleTSi osebma ZaliT

rom gaikafes gza, maT aq dasaxlebas, Tavdasxmebi rom uZRoda win,

kargad Cans folkloruli monacemebiTac. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs xalxu-

ri leqsi `maRla mTas modga ucxo frinveli”, romelic swored”, romelic swored, romelic swored

dvaleTis mezobel, saqarTvelos erT-erT istoriul-eTnografiul

mxareSi _ raWaSia Seqmnili. amitomac am leqsis, rogorc saistorio

wyaros, mniSvneloba, Zalze didia. pirvel rigSi, unda aRvniSnoT,

rom xalxuri leqsiT kargad Cans, rom saqarTvelos erT-erTi isto-

riuli provincia _ dvaleTi, oseTSi arasdros ar Sedioda da dva-

leTSi osebma dasaxleba brZoliT SeZles:

`maRla mTas modga

ucxo frinveli,

TeTri frTosani.

JReles Camodga

didi laSqari,

didi laSqari _ osi da dvali.

omi Seiqna ciskrisa Jamsa,

ciskrisa Jamsa, gamTeniasa:

���

qneva xmlisa, Zgera Subisa.

xmali orpiri sisxlSi curavda,

Subis nalewi zecas cvioda,

mesame dResa Camocvioda.

vaJkacT yviriliT miwa iZroda,

sisxlisa Rvarsa kacni moqonda.

jafar gaiqca, viT rom kakabi,

osi misdevda, viT rom arwivi.

jafar, ver waxval

Sina mSvidobiT,

cols ver miutan

laSqruls anbavsa,

laSqruls anbavsa,

wiTel kabasa,

sityva gaTavda, jafar waiqca,

jafar waiqca sveti oqrosi.

omi gaTavda, omi gaTavda,

ager modian mowifulebi.

jafar moayve:

Tavi godriTa,

tani lastiTa,

wvrili welebi _

xelkalaTiTa” (Zveli..., 1911-1913: 115).” (Zveli..., 1911-1913: 115). (Zveli..., 1911-1913: 115).

am xalxuri leqsis 15-ze meti varianti arsebobs, ufro srulyo-

filic. SesaZlebelia am leqsis Tavdapirveli variantis aRdgena. mec-

nierTa miTiTebiT, Tavisi agebulebiT es leqsi sakmaod Zvelia (qurdi-

ani, 1997: 176-178). daskvnis saxiT vityviT, rom xalxur leqsSi asax-

ulia dvaleTSi SemoWrili osebis brZola adgilobriv dvalebTan.

samosaxlo teritoriebs dvaleTSi osebi brZoliT moipoveben.

osebi dvalebTan brZolaSi imarjveben. mravali dvali daiRupa.

gadarCenilebi ki mama-papaTa sacxovrisidan gaiqcnen (da dasaxldnen

Sida qarTlSi, qvemo qarTlSi, raWaSi, zemo imereTSi). dvalTa erT-

erTi lideri jafari, damarcxda ra uTanasworo brZolaSi, gaiqca,

`viT kakabi”. gaqceuli jafari, romelic dvalebs asaxierebs, osebma

akuwes. rac Seexeba imas, rom es brZola namdvilad moxda, kargad

Cans xalxuri leqsidan. leqsSi naxsenebi orive toponimi (`maRla mTa””

da `JRele”, sadac brZola moxda) dvaleTSia. `maRla mTa” es igive”, sadac brZola moxda) dvaleTSia. `maRla mTa” es igive, sadac brZola moxda) dvaleTSia. `maRla mTa” es igive” es igive es igive

`maRla dvaleTia”. aseTi geografiuli erTeuli naxsenebi aqvs ioane”. aseTi geografiuli erTeuli naxsenebi aqvs ioane. aseTi geografiuli erTeuli naxsenebi aqvs ioane

bagrations (bagrationi, 1986, 79). `JRele” ki dvaleTis eqvsi xeobi-” ki dvaleTis eqvsi xeobi- ki dvaleTis eqvsi xeobi-

dan erT-erTi xeobaa, romelic geografiulad mTian raWasTan axlosaa

(mTiani raWidan dvaleTis JReles xeobaSia gadasasvleli). leqsis

ramdenime variantSi naxsenebia toponimi `qalaqa~. `qalaqac~ dvaleTis

erT-erTi dasaxlebuli punqti iyo. leqsSi naxsenebi `ucxo frinveli

TeTri frTosani”, ra Tqma unda, saomrad mosuli osebi iyvnen, rom-”, ra Tqma unda, saomrad mosuli osebi iyvnen, rom-, ra Tqma unda, saomrad mosuli osebi iyvnen, rom-

lebic didi laSqriT daupirispirdnen adgilobriv dvalebs. xalxuri

leqsidan aSkaraa, rom erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori erTmaneTisaTvis

ucxo xalxi: brZoliT mosuli osebi da adgilobrivi, qarTvelTa

teritoriul-lokaluri jgufi _ dvalebi. am leqsiT safuZveli

���

ecleba osi avtorebis `mtkicebas”, rom dvalebi osebi iyvnen. leqsSi”, rom dvalebi osebi iyvnen. leqsSi, rom dvalebi osebi iyvnen. leqsSi

asaxuli brZolis Semdeg moxda swored mosaxleobis eTnikuri Secvla

saqarTvelos mTianeTis erT-erT uZveles provinciaSi _ dvaleTSi.

osuri gadmocemebic adastureben, rom osuri eTnosi dvaleTSi

brZoliT aris mosuli. adgilobriv mosaxleobas isini ebrZodnen,

amarcxebdnen da ise ikavebdnen maT sacxovrebel adgilebs. aseTi gad-

mocemebis saSualebiT, SeiZleba davadginoT dvaleTis adgilobrivi

da mosuli osuri gvarebi. dvaleTSi fexis mokidebis Semdeg osebma

Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi gadmoinacvles.

nar-mamisonis qvabulSi (anu istoriul dvaleTSi) XVIII saukuni-

sTvis gansaxlebuli osuri gvarebi ZiriTadad alagiris xeobidan iyv-

nen gadmosaxlebulni. amis damadasturebeli eTnografiuli monacemebi

moyvanili aqvs rus eTnologs _ natalia volkovas: «�ру��� б��ее�ру��� б��ее б��ееб��ее �асс��ы� � да�н�� �� �ре�ен� д��жен�е� а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще���� � да�н�� �� �ре�ен� д��жен�е� а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще����� да�н�� �� �ре�ен� д��жен�е� а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще���� да�н�� �� �ре�ен� д��жен�е� а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще����да�н�� �� �ре�ен� д��жен�е� а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще���� �� �ре�ен� д��жен�е� а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще������ �ре�ен� д��жен�е� а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще���� �ре�ен� д��жен�е� а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще�����ре�ен� д��жен�е� а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще���� д��жен�е� а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще����д��жен�е� а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще���� а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще����а�а��рце� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще���� за �реде�ы с��е�� уще����за �реде�ы с��е�� уще���� �реде�ы с��е�� уще�����реде�ы с��е�� уще���� с��е�� уще����с��е�� уще���� уще����уще���� с�едуе� с���а���� ��д����� �х ��се�ен�е � �ен�ра��н�� ( с���а���� ��д����� �х ��се�ен�е � �ен�ра��н�� (с���а���� ��д����� �х ��се�ен�е � �ен�ра��н�� (�� ��д����� �х ��се�ен�е � �ен�ра��н�� (��д����� �х ��се�ен�е � �ен�ра��н�� (�� �х ��се�ен�е � �ен�ра��н�� (�х ��се�ен�е � �ен�ра��н�� ( ��се�ен�е � �ен�ра��н�� (��се�ен�е � �ен�ра��н�� ( � �ен�ра��н�� (� �ен�ра��н�� ( �ен�ра��н�� (�ен�ра��н�� ( (bolo dros osebi am terminiT dvaleTs moxsenieben; is b. kaloevma daamkvidra _ r. T.� �� Южн�� Осе���. �ар�дна�� �рад�ц��� �ы��д�� �н���х ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш�� Осе���. �ар�дна�� �рад�ц��� �ы��д�� �н���х ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш��Осе���. �ар�дна�� �рад�ц��� �ы��д�� �н���х ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш��. �ар�дна�� �рад�ц��� �ы��д�� �н���х ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш���ар�дна�� �рад�ц��� �ы��д�� �н���х ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш�� �рад�ц��� �ы��д�� �н���х ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш���рад�ц��� �ы��д�� �н���х ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш�� �ы��д�� �н���х ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш���ы��д�� �н���х ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш�� �н���х ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш���н���х ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш�� ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш��ж��е�� �ерх���е� Б���ш�� �ерх���е� Б���ш���ерх���е� Б���ш�� Б���ш��Б���ш�� ��ах�ы � �рд�на �з а�а��рс��х се�ен�� �а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.�� � �рд�на �з а�а��рс��х се�ен�� �а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.��� �рд�на �з а�а��рс��х се�ен�� �а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.�� �рд�на �з а�а��рс��х се�ен�� �а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.���рд�на �з а�а��рс��х се�ен�� �а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.�� �з а�а��рс��х се�ен�� �а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.���з а�а��рс��х се�ен�� �а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.�� а�а��рс��х се�ен�� �а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.��а�а��рс��х се�ен�� �а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.�� се�ен�� �а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.��се�ен�� �а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.�� �а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.���а�а��� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.���� �а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.���а����� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.���� �уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.���уар�� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.���� Урсд�н�� �е� � др.��Урсд�н�� �е� � др.���� �е� � др.���е� � др.�� � др.��� др.�� др.��др.��.���� (volkova ������ ����. «��р��р��ан�е насе�ен��� �б�ас�� �уа��а (osebi dva- dva-dva-

leTs `TualTais” uwodeben _ r. T.TualTais” uwodeben _ r. T.” uwodeben _ r. T. uwodeben _ r. T.uwodeben _ r. T. _ r. T.r. T.. T.T..��� �а� уже ���е�а��с��� �р��сх�д��� � �сн��н�� за с�е� �ересе����ш�хс�� а�а��рце�. В Зру�с��� уще��е (igive zro- zro-zro-

gos xeoba _ r. T. xeoba _ r. T.xeoba _ r. T. _ r. T.r. T.. T.T..� ��се����с� �ред�� ��зае��х�� ��з�е�ых�� Б�ра���ых�� � За��нс��� уще��е (zaxas xeoba _ r. T.) _ r. T.)r. T.). T.)T.).) �� �а��е�ых�� � Г�бе �� �у��е�ых �з ��зура. Из �уа��а д���е��н�е �ре��� ше� а����ны� �р�цесс рассе�ен��� �уа�це� � ра��н В�енн��Груз�нс��� д�р��� (��б�, Уха�е��� Урс��уа��а�� ���уда не����рые фа����� (на�р��ер�� �бае�ы� ���с�едс��� �ереш�� � ��б��� � �рус��с��е уще��е�� �де ��е��с�� �ересе�енцы �з �ара (dvaleTis eqvsi xeobidan erT-erTi naras eqvsi xeobidan erT-erTi naraseqvsi xeobidan erT-erTi naras xeobidan erT-erTi narasxeobidan erT-erTi naras erT-erTi naraserT-erTi naras-erTi naraserTi naras narasnaras

xeobaa _ r. T. _ r. T.r. T.. T.T..��� а �а�же � �жа�с��е � �ударс��е уще������ (volkova ������ ����. igive avtori Tagaureli osebis masobriv migraciazec miuTiTebs Ter- avtori Tagaureli osebis masobriv migraciazec miuTiTebs Ter-avtori Tagaureli osebis masobriv migraciazec miuTiTebs Ter- Tagaureli osebis masobriv migraciazec miuTiTebs Ter-Tagaureli osebis masobriv migraciazec miuTiTebs Ter- osebis masobriv migraciazec miuTiTebs Ter-osebis masobriv migraciazec miuTiTebs Ter- masobriv migraciazec miuTiTebs Ter-masobriv migraciazec miuTiTebs Ter- migraciazec miuTiTebs Ter-migraciazec miuTiTebs Ter- miuTiTebs Ter-miuTiTebs Ter- Ter-Ter-

gis xeobis saTavesa (Truso) da saqarTvelos samxedro gzis raionSi. xeobis saTavesa (Truso) da saqarTvelos samxedro gzis raionSi.xeobis saTavesa (Truso) da saqarTvelos samxedro gzis raionSi. saTavesa (Truso) da saqarTvelos samxedro gzis raionSi.saTavesa (Truso) da saqarTvelos samxedro gzis raionSi. (Truso) da saqarTvelos samxedro gzis raionSi.Truso) da saqarTvelos samxedro gzis raionSi.) da saqarTvelos samxedro gzis raionSi.da saqarTvelos samxedro gzis raionSi. saqarTvelos samxedro gzis raionSi.saqarTvelos samxedro gzis raionSi. samxedro gzis raionSi.samxedro gzis raionSi. gzis raionSi.gzis raionSi. raionSi.raionSi..

mkvlevarT SeniSnuli aqvT, rom oseTis xeobebidan alagiris xeoba SeniSnuli aqvT, rom oseTis xeobebidan alagiris xeobaSeniSnuli aqvT, rom oseTis xeobebidan alagiris xeoba aqvT, rom oseTis xeobebidan alagiris xeobaaqvT, rom oseTis xeobebidan alagiris xeoba, rom oseTis xeobebidan alagiris xeobarom oseTis xeobebidan alagiris xeoba oseTis xeobebidan alagiris xeobaoseTis xeobebidan alagiris xeoba xeobebidan alagiris xeobaxeobebidan alagiris xeoba alagiris xeobaalagiris xeoba xeobaxeoba

yvelaze nakleb nayofieri iyo, rac alagirelTa intensiuri migraciis nakleb nayofieri iyo, rac alagirelTa intensiuri migraciisnakleb nayofieri iyo, rac alagirelTa intensiuri migraciis nayofieri iyo, rac alagirelTa intensiuri migraciisnayofieri iyo, rac alagirelTa intensiuri migraciis iyo, rac alagirelTa intensiuri migraciisiyo, rac alagirelTa intensiuri migraciis, rac alagirelTa intensiuri migraciisrac alagirelTa intensiuri migraciis alagirelTa intensiuri migraciisalagirelTa intensiuri migraciis intensiuri migraciisintensiuri migraciis migraciismigraciis

ZiriTadi mizezi iyo. ver gaeqca dvaleTeli osebis kavkasiur safuZ- mizezi iyo. ver gaeqca dvaleTeli osebis kavkasiur safuZ-mizezi iyo. ver gaeqca dvaleTeli osebis kavkasiur safuZ- iyo. ver gaeqca dvaleTeli osebis kavkasiur safuZ-iyo. ver gaeqca dvaleTeli osebis kavkasiur safuZ-. ver gaeqca dvaleTeli osebis kavkasiur safuZ-ver gaeqca dvaleTeli osebis kavkasiur safuZ- gaeqca dvaleTeli osebis kavkasiur safuZ-gaeqca dvaleTeli osebis kavkasiur safuZ- dvaleTeli osebis kavkasiur safuZ-dvaleTeli osebis kavkasiur safuZ- osebis kavkasiur safuZ-osebis kavkasiur safuZ- kavkasiur safuZ-kavkasiur safuZ- safuZ-safuZ-

velze warmoqmnis utyuar masalas b. kaloevi, romelic aRniSnavs, rom warmoqmnis utyuar masalas b. kaloevi, romelic aRniSnavs, romwarmoqmnis utyuar masalas b. kaloevi, romelic aRniSnavs, rom utyuar masalas b. kaloevi, romelic aRniSnavs, romutyuar masalas b. kaloevi, romelic aRniSnavs, rom masalas b. kaloevi, romelic aRniSnavs, rommasalas b. kaloevi, romelic aRniSnavs, rom b. kaloevi, romelic aRniSnavs, romb. kaloevi, romelic aRniSnavs, rom. kaloevi, romelic aRniSnavs, romkaloevi, romelic aRniSnavs, rom, romelic aRniSnavs, romromelic aRniSnavs, rom aRniSnavs, romaRniSnavs, rom, romrom

isini Camoyalibdnen alanebis mier adgilobrivi kavkasiuri tomebis _ Camoyalibdnen alanebis mier adgilobrivi kavkasiuri tomebis _Camoyalibdnen alanebis mier adgilobrivi kavkasiuri tomebis _ alanebis mier adgilobrivi kavkasiuri tomebis _alanebis mier adgilobrivi kavkasiuri tomebis _ mier adgilobrivi kavkasiuri tomebis _mier adgilobrivi kavkasiuri tomebis _ adgilobrivi kavkasiuri tomebis _adgilobrivi kavkasiuri tomebis _ kavkasiuri tomebis _kavkasiuri tomebis _ tomebis _tomebis _ _

dvalebis asimilaciis gziTo, Tumca dvalebis eTnikuri qarTvelobis asimilaciis gziTo, Tumca dvalebis eTnikuri qarTvelobisasimilaciis gziTo, Tumca dvalebis eTnikuri qarTvelobis gziTo, Tumca dvalebis eTnikuri qarTvelobisgziTo, Tumca dvalebis eTnikuri qarTvelobis, Tumca dvalebis eTnikuri qarTvelobisTumca dvalebis eTnikuri qarTvelobis dvalebis eTnikuri qarTvelobisdvalebis eTnikuri qarTvelobis eTnikuri qarTvelobiseTnikuri qarTvelobis qarTvelobisqarTvelobis

aRiareba uWirs (kaloevi 1999,5). uWirs (kaloevi 1999,5).uWirs (kaloevi 1999,5). (kaloevi 1999,5).kaloevi 1999,5). 1999,5).

saerTod, osebis Sida qarTlSi migracia ZiriTadad dvaleTis

gziT xorcieldeboda. dvaleTSi mosaxleobis eTnikur cvlilebas am

provinciis saqarTvelodan Camocileba ar mohyolia. saqarTvelos sa-

xelmwifoebriobis mTel manZilze da ruseTis koloniad gadaqcevis

Semdegac dvaleTi saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili iyo. kavkasiis

mefisnacvlis _ a. bariatinskis 1858 wlis 3 aprilis brZanebiT

dvaleTi, anu rogorc maSin uwodebdnen, naras ubani, Tanamedrove

nomenklaturiT fiagdonisa da ardonis saTaveebi (Sedioda Tbilisis

guberniis goris mazraSi), romlis farTobic 3. 581 kv. km.-s Seadgen-

da, CrdiloeT kavkasiis Tergis olqis ̀ oseTis samxedro olqs” Seuer-” Seuer- Seuer-

Tda (ivanenko, 1873: 450-451). 1858 wliT daTariRebul erT dokumen-

���

tSi dvaleTis zaxas xeobaSi mcxovrebi abaevebi aRniSnaven, rom maTi

winaprebi erTgulad emsaxurebodnen qarTvel mefeebs, icavdnen maT

urjulo lekebisa da sparselebisagan. b. kaloevis mier moxmobili es

sabuTi pirdapir miuTiTebs imaze, rom dvaleTi, miuxedavad aq mosa-

xleobis eTnikuri cvlisa, mudmivad saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili

iyo. qarTuli wyaroebiT, dvaleTi yovelTvis saqarTvelos ganuyofi-

li nawili iyo. vaxuSti bagrationic aRniSnavda, rom dvaleTi mefe

farnavazis droidan (IV_III saukuneebis mijna) Semodioda saqarTvelos

SemadgenlobaSi (qc, 1973: 633). iseve rogorc saqarTvelos mTianeTis

sxva mxareebic, dvaleTic uSualod samefo karis daqvemdebarebaSi iyo,

aq feodaluri erTeuli _ saTavado ar Seqmnila (aseve iyo mezobel

mTis mxareebSi: fSavSi, xevsureTSi, TuSeTSi...). mTielebs, saerTod,

SedarebiT Tavisufleba hqondaT boZebuli, maTi movaleoba ZiriTadad

sazRvrebis dacva iyo. saqarTvelos erTiani samefos daSlis Semdeg,

XV saukunis meore naxevridan, dvaleTi qarTlis samefos ganuyofeli

nawili iyo. mxares mefeTa mier daniSnuli moxeleebi _ mouravebi

ganagebdnen. cnobil pirovnebaTagan dvaleTis mouravi XVII saukunis

dasawyisSi iyo giorgi saakaZe. iseve rogorc saqarTvelos mTianeTis

sxva mxareebis mkvidrni, dvaleTSi mcxovrebi osebic zogjer daumorCi-

leblobas acxadebdnen. aseTi mcdeloba hqondaT dvaleTSi mcxovreb

eTnikur osebs XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi. mefe vaxtang VI-s specia-

luri eqspediciis mowyoba dasWirda da dvaleTSi mcxovrebma osebma

kvlav qarTlis mefis uzenaesoba aRiares.

dvaleTi ara mxolod saxelmwifoebriv-politikurad, aramed sa-

meurneo-ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiTac saqarTvelosTan iyo dakavSire-

buli. b. kaloevi dvaleTis zaxas xeobis (Temis) Sesaxeb wers, rom maT

moweuli mosavali mxolod sami-oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi hyofnidaT da

oseTis samxedro gzis gaxsnamde da administraciulad Tergis olqSi

Sesvlamde (XIX saukunis 60-iani wlebi), sursaTs iZendnen qarTul

qalaqebSi: cxinvalSi, onSi, gorSi, quTaisSi da sxva; aq isini ZiriTa-

dad mecxoveleobis produqtebs miwaTmoqmedebis produqtebsa da xe-

losnur nawarmze cvlidnen. Sida qarTlidan gatanil produqtebs So-

ris, eTnografiuli monacemebiT, Rvinosac asaxeleben (kaloevi, 1999:

270_271, 276). dvaleTSi mcxovrebi osebi saerTod arasdros ar

unaTesavdebodnen CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovreb osebs, rac, pirvel

yovlisa, imiT aixsneba, rom dvaleTi CrdiloeTTan Zneladmisadgomi

gadasasvlelebiT iyo dakavSirebuli, im dros, rodesac didi liaxvisa

da rionis xeobasTan maT TerTmeti gadasasvleli akavSirebdaT da

isini zamTarSic ki advilad gadasavleli iyo.

dRevandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze osTa pirveli dasaxle-

bebi Cndeba Trusosa (md. Tergis saTave) da maRran-dvaleTSi (md.

didi liaxvis xeobis saTave). osebis aq dasaxleba CrdiloeT kavka-

siis mTiani xeobebidan XVII saukunis pirvel naxevarSi moxda. XVII

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi osebs jer kidev ar hqondaT dakavebuli

Sida qarTlis mTianeTis mniSvnelovani nawili. isini aq mxolod didi

liaxvis xeobis saTaveSi (maRran-dvaleTSi, romelic cxra `mTuri so-

flis” erTobliobas warmoadgenda) iyvnen migrirebuli. mTeli rigi” erTobliobas warmoadgenda) iyvnen migrirebuli. mTeli rigi erTobliobas warmoadgenda) iyvnen migrirebuli. mTeli rigi

saistorio monacemebiT, XVII s-is pirvel naxevarSi Sida qarTlis

���

mTianeTi (didi da patara liaxvebis xeobebi) nasoflarebiT iyo mofe-

nili. adgilobrivi qarTuli mosaxleoba aqedan ayrila da barSi iyo

sacxovreblad gadasula. vaxuSti bagrationi xazgasmiT werda, rom

dvaleTsa da Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi osebi qarTvelTa nasaxlarebze

iyvnen dasaxlebulni: `xolo raodenni osni davswereT am adgilTa

Sina, pirvelad saxlebulan qarTvelni glexni. SemdgomTa mepatroneTa

maTgan gardmosaxlebulan osni, da qarTvelni barTa Sina Camosulan,

vinaiTgan mterTagan barsa Sina kacni Semcirebulan”.”..

Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi, kerZod, mdinareebis _ didi liaxvisa da

patara liaxvis zemo welSi, osTa migracia xdeba XVII saukunis meo-

re naxevridan. saqarTveloSi namyofi rusi elCis _ m. i. tatiSCevis

(1604_1615) CanaweriT, CerqezeTsa da saqarTvelos Soris mxolod 200-

suliani osuri dasaxleba arsebobda. didi liaxvis xeobis sofel zemo

javaSi XVII saukunis Sua xanebSi osuri mosaxleoba rom jer kidev

ar mkvidrobda, Cans erTi dokumentidan. sabuTSi weria, rom `amowyda

zemo java da daukacurda osTagan, RmerTi iyos mowame asre amowyda,

rom kacis naSenebi aRara iyora” (dokumentebi, 1940: 364). sabuTSi” (dokumentebi, 1940: 364). sabuTSi (dokumentebi, 1940: 364). sabuTSi

laparakia, rom zemo javaSi adgilobrivi mosaxleoba osTa Tavdasxmebi-

sa da mekobreobis Sedegad amowyda. gaukacrielebul zemo javas erTi

feodalisagan meore feodali yidulobs. amave dokumentSi amowyvetil

qarTul gvarebzecaa saubari. miuxedavad amisa, osma istorikosebma is

damaxinjebulad Targmnes, rom Turme zemo javaSi osuri mosaxleoba

amowyda: «Вы�ер�а Верхн���� �жа�а � не с�а�� �а� �се��н���Вы�ер�а Верхн���� �жа�а � не с�а�� �а� �се��н��� Верхн���� �жа�а � не с�а�� �а� �се��н���Верхн���� �жа�а � не с�а�� �а� �се��н��� �жа�а � не с�а�� �а� �се��н����жа�а � не с�а�� �а� �се��н��� � не с�а�� �а� �се��н���� не с�а�� �а� �се��н��� не с�а�� �а� �се��н���не с�а�� �а� �се��н��� с�а�� �а� �се��н���с�а�� �а� �се��н��� �а� �се��н����а� �се��н��� �се��н����се��н������. sinamdvile-Si Targmani aseTi unda yofiliyo: «Вы�ер�а Верхн���� �жа�а � ��ус��шенаВы�ер�а Верхн���� �жа�а � ��ус��шена Верхн���� �жа�а � ��ус��шенаВерхн���� �жа�а � ��ус��шена �жа�а � ��ус��шена�жа�а � ��ус��шена � ��ус��шена� ��ус��шена ��ус��шена��ус��шена (бу��а��н��� �без��дена� �се��на��� �а� �ы�ер�а�� ��� н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс���бу��а��н��� �без��дена� �се��на��� �а� �ы�ер�а�� ��� н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс����� �без��дена� �се��на��� �а� �ы�ер�а�� ��� н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс����без��дена� �се��на��� �а� �ы�ер�а�� ��� н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс���� �се��на��� �а� �ы�ер�а�� ��� н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс����се��на��� �а� �ы�ер�а�� ��� н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс���� �а� �ы�ер�а�� ��� н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс����а� �ы�ер�а�� ��� н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс��� �ы�ер�а�� ��� н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс����ы�ер�а�� ��� н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс����� ��� н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс������ н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс��� н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс���н��а��х �р�зна��� ��дс��� �р�зна��� ��дс����р�зна��� ��дс��� ��дс�����дс��� ж�зн� �а� не бы����. �а� не бы����.�а� не бы����. не бы����.не бы����. бы����.бы����.��. am dokumentis mixedviT, zemo javis mkvidrni iyvnen: ZiganiZeebi, efeniaSvilebi, gurjiSvilebi. 1�34_1��8 wlebis sabuTiT

mefe rostomi Tavis moxeleebs ubrZanebs, rom araferi daeSavebinaT

oseTidan ayrili da javis zemoT dasaxlebuli osebisaTvis da Tu

vinme kvlav Camosaxldeboda oseTidan, arc misTvis SeeSalaT xeli

(pal 1991: 352. saqarTvelos centraluri saistorio arqivi, fondi

1448, dokumenti #10326). ufro adrindeli, XVI saukunis meore na-

xevris sabuTiT javis mkvidrni yofilan garayaniZeebi. aqve isic unda

aRvniSnoT, rom qarTveli mefeebi da Tavadebi zogjer TviT iwvevdnen

osebs dasasaxleblad qarTvelTa nasaxlar-nasoflarebSi. amis damada-

sturebeli araerTi dokumenti arsebobs. osebi saqarTveloSi XVII

saukunis Sua xanebidan rom arian migrirebulni, amas maTi gadmoceme-

bic adasturebs _ yvela gvars aqvs gadmocema CrdiloeT kavkasiidan

saqarTveloSi 10_12 Taobis win gadmosaxlebis Sesaxeb (vaneevi, 1936).

osebis saqorwino asaks Tu gaviTvaliwinebT, erT saukuneSi mxolod

oTxi Taoba ibadeboda. realurad es gadmocemebi wyaroebsa da doku-

mentebTan srul TanxvedraSia: migracia XVII saukuneebis Sua xanebidan

ganxorcielda. Tumca osma mecnierebma gamosavali aqac moZebnes _ es

migrantebi bolo, meore talRis migrantebad monaTles da `uwindeli

osebis” cneba Semoitanes, romlebic Turme ufro adre iyvnen saqarTve-” cneba Semoitanes, romlebic Turme ufro adre iyvnen saqarTve- cneba Semoitanes, romlebic Turme ufro adre iyvnen saqarTve-

loSi gadmosaxlebulni da qarTvelebma isini gaaqarTveles. saamisod

asamde qarTuli gvarsaxelis matarebelni Zirad osebad miiCnies, anu

maTeburi termini rom vixmaroT, `uwindel osebad”.”..

���

osebi TandaTan moiweven samxreTisaken da XVIII saukunis 30-iani

wlebisaTvis iTviseben didi liaxvisa da patara liaxvis xeobaTa mTian

zols mTlianad. aq, aRniSnul periodSi, zogierT mTian sofelSi

osebi Tanacxovrobdnen adgilze darCenil qarTul mosaxleobasTan

erTad (giuldenStedti, 1961: 277_279).

XVIII saukunis mTel manZilze osebi Sida qarTlis mTiswineTSi,

faqtobrivad, arsad ar iyvnen gansaxlebuli. osTa mier Sida qarTlis

mTiswineTis soflebSi (ufro xSirad, nasoflarebSi) Casaxleba iwyeba

XVIII saukunis bolosa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi.

XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi osebi saxldebian jejoris xeobis saTave-

Si (kudaro) da qsnis xeobis saTaveSi (Jamuri). JamurSi osTa migra-

cia xdeba, rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani xeobebidan, ise didi

liaxvis xeobis mTiani zolidan. sxvaTa Soris, cnobili osi mecnieri

vasil abaevic aRniSnavda, rom qsnis xeobaSi osebi sul orasi wlis

dasaxlebuli ariano (abaevi, 1949: 50). kudaroSi isini ZiriTadad

migrirebulni arian dvaleTidan. Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi osebi jer

saxldebian didi liaxvis xeobaSi, Semdeg patara liaxvis xeobaSi,

qsnis saTaveSi (JamurSi). XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi mcire raodenobiT

osuri mosaxleoba Cndeba mejudas xeobis saTavesa da isrolisxevSi.

mejudas xeobis saTaveSi isi-ni patara liaxvis xeobis saTavidan gad-

modian. zemoT rusi eTnologis n. volkovas monografiidan citatebi

moviyvaneT. kvlav mas unda davesesxoT: «�н�����с�енные �с��р��ес��е�н�����с�енные �с��р��ес��е �редан��� �се��нс���� нар�да ��д��ержда�� данные ��с��енных �с���н���� � ���рац���х �се��н на �жные с���ны хреб�а. �а��ы�� с��бщае�ые э���� �редан������� ���азы�а���� ��� хр�н������ес��е ра��� ��д�бных �ересе�ен���� д��� не����рых ра��н�� �редс�а�����ш�х�� ��д����� ���ру� ���ну ���рац���� �х�а�ы�а�� �_� �����ен��. Б���ш�нс��� ныне ж��ущ�х � �ударс��� уще��е �се��нс��х фа������� �а� с��де�е��с��у�� ���е�ые �а�ер�а�ы�� _ ������� �ересе�енце� �з ��а��рс���� уще���� (се�ен��� �е��� Бад � др.� � �уа��ы (се�ен��� ��б�� �ар�� а �а�же За���нс��е � �а��с�нс��е уще������� ����ры�� бы�� �браз��аны се�ен����� �е� (�а��е�ы����� Гу��ан�а (Гу�ар��ы����� ��ыр�асы� (Га��е�ы����� ��бе� (�жадж�е�ы����� �а���зас (�ан�е�ы�� � �ар�ы��е�ы���. Че��ер��е �����ен�е �у�ае�ых�� �б�сн��а�ш�хс�� нес������ �ыше �� �ж�дж�ре � �ес�н�с�� Часа�а�� (р��д�� с с��ре�енны� ��а�с���� �браз��а�� се�. �ъ�з��а. Пред�� э��� фа������� �� �редан���� уше� �з �а��с�на �з�за ��су�с����� �ах��ных зе�е���� (volkova 1974: 134�. XVIII saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis osebi rom mxolod Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi, uvenaxo-uxilo adgilebSi mkvidrobdnen, kargad

Cans vaxuSti bagrationis saqarTvelos atlasidan. osTa dasaxlebebi

mas 8-iT aqvs aRniSnuli.

XVIII saukunis bolosaTvis samxreTiT osTa gansaxlebis uki- saukunis bolosaTvis samxreTiT osTa gansaxlebis uki-

duresi punqtebi iyo (dasavleTidan aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT):

kudaro (mdinare jejoris saTave raWaSi) _ gufTa (md. didi liaxvis

xeoba) _ awerisxevis xeobis zemoT (patara liaxvis xeobaSi) _ me-

judis xeobis saTaveSi ori sofeli _ Jamuri (qsnis xeobis saTave)

_ Ruda (md. TeTri aragvis xeobis saTave mTiuleTSi) _ Truso (md.

Tergis saTave). XVIII saukunis bolosaTvis osebi saerTod ar iyvnen

lexuras xeobaSi, mejudas xeobaSi (misi saTavis gamoklebiT), qs-

��0

nis xeobis mTianeTis did nawilSi, froneebis xeobaSi. sxvanairad

rom vTqvaT, rogorc vaxuSti bagrationis dros, ise XVIII saukunis

dasasruls, osebi saqarTvelos calkeuli xeobebis mxolod `uvenaxo-

uxilo” zonaSi anu `mTis adgilebSi” cxovrobdnen.” zonaSi anu `mTis adgilebSi” cxovrobdnen. zonaSi anu `mTis adgilebSi” cxovrobdnen.” cxovrobdnen. cxovrobdnen.

XVIII saukunis dasasrulsa da XIX saukunis dasawyisSi osebi ika-

veben patara liaxvis xeobis mTiswineTis mniSvnelovan monakveTs. am pe-

riodidan da gansakuTrebiT XIX saukunis pirvel aTeul wels xdeba

osTa gaJonviTi, anu individualuri ganTesva Sida qarTlis mTianeTi-

dan Sida qarTlis mTiswineTisa da baris soflebSi. am droisaTvis

osTa aseTi gansaxleba gansakuTrebiT ganxorcielda patara liaxvis

xeobis mTiani monakveTidan (XIX saukuneSi osTa mTidan mTiswineTsa

da barSi gadanacvlebis faqtebi aRnusxulia 1818, 1830, 1840, 1860,

1873, 1886 wlis mosaxleobis kameraluri aRweris davTrebsa da sao-

jaxo siebSi, romlebic daculia saqarTvelos centraluri saxelmwifo

saistorio arqivis 254 fondSi).

XVIII saukunis dasasrulidan faqtobrivad Sewyda osTa migracia

CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani xeobebidan saqarTvelos mimarTulebiT,

radgan ruseTis oficialurma xelisuflebam maT dasaxlebis saSualeba

misca CrdiloeT kavkasiis baris raionebSi. gansakuTrebul gamonakliss

warmoadgenda mxolod dvaleTis osuri mosaxleoba, romelsac dRe-

vandeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze migracia ar SeuwyvetiaT TiTqmis

mTeli XIX saukunis manZilze. saerTod, osebis saqarTvelos terito-

riaze gansaxleba umetesad dvaleTis gziT xorcieldeboda. CrdiloeT

kavkasiis mTiani xeobebidan dvaleTSi Semosaxlebulebi garkveuli

xniT aq damkvidrebis Semdeg Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi gadmodiodnen

sacxovreblad. Tumca araerTi faqtia dadasturebuli osTa gadmo-

saxlebisa uSualod CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTianeTidan, gansakuTrebiT

migraciis adreul, sawyis etapze.

sinamdviles ar Seesabameba zogierTi avtoris mtkiceba XVII_XVIII

saukuneebSi Sida qarTlis mTiswineTsa da barSi osTa gansaxlebis

Sesaxeb. XIX saukunis dasawyisidan iwyeba osTa migracia froneebis

xeobaSi, mejudas xeobaSi, lexuras xeobaSi da qsnis xeobis mTianeTis

sxva dasaxlebul punqtebSi. froneebis xeobaSi osebis mier qarTvelTa

nasoflarebSi dafuZneba xdeba ZiriTadad didi liaxvis xeobidan,

Tumca TvalSisacemia, rom pirveli osi migrantebi froneebis xeobis

qarTvelTa nasoflarebSi dvaleTidan wamosuli osebi iyvnen. patara

da didi liaxvis xeobebidan gadmodis mosaxleoba mejudas xeobaSi.

lexuras xeobaSi osebis migracia ZiriTadad qsnis xeobidan (Jamuri,

WurTa) xdeboda. miuxedavad amisa, XIX saukunis pirvel sam aTeul

wels lexuras, mejudasa da froneebis xeobebSi osTa dasaxlkarebas

intensiuri xasiaTi ar hqonia. intensiurad am xeobebis moSeneba

ZiriTadad moxda XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, vidre

1880-ian wlebamde.

XIX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Cndeba TiTo-orola osuri ojaxi Sida

qarTlis gaRmamxarSi, sadac maTi migracia ZiriTadad XIX saukunis

meore naxevarSi ganxorcielda. XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi dasax-

ldnen osebi dRevandeli borjomis raionSi (gujareTis xeoba).

kaxeTsa da qvemo qarTlSi osebi Sida qarTlis mTianeTidan XX

���

saukunis dasawyisSi gadasaxldnen. XX saukunis bolo sabWoTa aR-

weriT, osebis raodenoba saqarTveloSi 164 aTasi kaci iyo. am raode-

nobidan `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis” teritoriaze mxolod” teritoriaze mxolod teritoriaze mxolod

65 aTasi eTnikuri osi cxovrobda. TiTqmis 100 aTasi ki danarCeni

saqarTvelos teritoriaze mkvidrobda, zogan kompaqturad, zogan

qarTul mosaxleobaSi Sereulni. 1886 wels eTnikuri osebi 72 000-

s iTvlidnen. XVIII saukunos dasasruls dRevandeli saqarTvelos

teritoriaze 2. 130 komli (15. 000 suli) osi cxovrobda. zogi-

erTi osi avtori ki XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi saqarTveloSi

osTa raodenobas xan 6 000 da xan 7 000 komliT gansazRvravs, rac

ararealuria da wyaroTa monacemebs ar iTvaliswinebs. sinamdvileSi,

rogorc zemoT mivuTiTeT, am eTnosis raodenoba 2 130 komli iyo.

saerTod, mTeli XIX_XX saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi osebis procen-

tuli raodenoba saqarTveloSi 3-dan 4-mde meryeobda.

osebis saqarTveloSi Semosvla da dasaxleba mTlad mSvidobiani ar

iyo. CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTian xeobebSi momwyvdeulma osebma zogjer

ZaliT gamoikafes gza. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis migraciis adreul

etapze rogorc dvaleTSi, ise Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi. saistorio

sabuTebiT, gadmocemebiTa da folkloruli masalebiTac aSkaraa, rom

adgilobrivi mTieli qarTveli glexebi osTa TavdasxmebiT Sewuxeb-

ulni, tovebdnen mama-papaTa sacxovrebel adgilebs da barSi saxlde-

bodnen. barSi ki maTTvis am TvalsazrisiT xelsayreli mdgomareoba

iyo. mterTa xSiri Tavdasxmebisagan Sida qarTlis mTiswina da baris

regionebi demografiul katastrofamde iyo misuli.

dvaleTsa da Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi osTa migracias erTgvarad

xeli Seuwyo agreTve, imdroindeli saqarTvelos social-politikurma

viTarebam. mterTa xSiri Tavdasxmebisagan daSlili da daqucmacebuli

saqarTvelo veRar axorcielebda kontrols CrdiloeT kavkasiidan

Semosasvlel Camket karebze _ kasris karsa da darialze. sxvaTa

Soris, kasris-kari dvaleTis CrdiloeTiT mdebareobda, saidanac os-

eTSi iyo gasasvleli. mis Sesaxeb vaxuSti bagrationi werda: `da ars

aq kari kldisagan da qviTkiriT qmnuli, didkamarovani, mdinaresa

zeda, mefeTagan qmnuli, raTa ara vidodnen Tvinier maTsa ovsni~

(vaxuSti 1973: 644_645).

momdevno periodisaTvis (XVIII saukune) imdenad daeca qveynis eko-

nomikuri ganviTareba da imdenad katastrofuli Seiqmna demografiu-

li situacia Sida qarTlSi, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mesveurebi

(mefe, Tavadebi) Tavad uwyobdnen xels da xSirad iwvevdnen osebs

saqarTveloSi dasasaxleblad. magaliTad, ioane bagrationis mixedviT,

sofel diRomSi Tu diRmis siaxloves osebs ucxovriaT. diRomTan

osebis droebiT mkvidrobis damadasturebelia XIX saukunis dasawy-

isis sofel diRmis mosaxleobis kameraluri aRwerebi, romlebSic

arc erTi komli osi da osurZiriani gvari araa miTiTebuli, agreTve

1799 wlis erTi sabuTi, romelic gacemulia mefe giorgi XII-is mier

Tagaureli osebisadmi. sabuTis mixedviT irkveva, rom Tagaurel osebs

gamouTqvamT survili saqarTveloSi gadmosaxlebisa. amisaTvis mefes

oseTSi gaugzavnia aznauri ninia gabaSvili. gadmosaxlebis msurvel

���

osebs mefe uTvlis, rom Tqven iqnebiT Cveni saxaso glexebio da sxvas

aravis eqneba TqvenTan saqmeo. pirvel xanebSi Tqven unda moxvideT

diRomSi da gaCerdeT aq, Semdeg ki SegirCevT karg adgils, romelic

mogewonebaT. sanam xvna-Tesvas moekidebiT, Cven mogexmarebiT sursaT-

sanovagis momaragebaSi (xelnawerTa institutis sabuTi, # 1617).

diRomTan osebis droebiTi mkvidroba eTnografiuli masalebiTac

dasturdeba. XVIII_XIX saukuneebis mijnaze aq 32_33 koml oss

ucxovria. imis gamo, rom osebi qurdobdnen (diRmel glexebs Wapani

da Rvedic ar dautoves), diRmel glexebs osebi saxreebiTa da kete-

biT gauyriaT. maT osebi bebriscixemde miucilebiaT.

XVIII saukunis meore naxevarSi Sida qarTlis mTianeTisa da XIX

saukunis pirvel naxevarSi mTiswineTis araerT sofelSi osTa erT

Taobaze mets ar mouxda cxovreba. mTisa da mTiswineTis ama Tu

im sofelSi mcire xniT mkvidrobis Semdeg osebi ufro samxreTiT

eSvebodnen. es gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemia XIX saukunis mosaxleo-

bis aRweris masalebze Tvalis gadevnebiT. XIX saukunis dasawyisSi

mTiswineTis soflebSi dasaxlebulni, amave saukunis Sua xanebidan

intensiurad gadadian sacxovreblad baris soflebSi. ase rom, XVIII

saukunis bolodan da XIX saukunis mTel manZilze saqarTvelos

maRalmTianeTis soflebidan dablobis mimarTulebiT osTa TandaTano-

biTi, intensiuri win wamoweva aSkaraa, rasac udavod miesadageba

qarTul istoriografiaSi xmarebuli termini `Camowola”. imdenad”. imdenad. imdenad

didi moZraoba axasiaTebdaT osebs, rom XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi

baris soflebSi dasaxlebulni, barisave sxva soflebSi gadadiodnen

sacxovreblad. 1886 wlis saojaxo siebiT, mdinareebis didi da patara

liaxvis xeobebis 76-ze meti mTis soflidan XIX saukunis 60_70-ian

wlebSi 1 340 komlze meti osi ayrila da baris sxvadasxva sofelSi

damkvidrebula.

osebi rom didi xnis Camosaxlebulni ar iyvnen Sida qarTlis

mTianeTSi, amis damadasturebelia maTi socialuri mdgomareobac. XIX

saukunis mosaxleobis aRweris davTrebSi didi liaxvis xeobaSi mosaxle

osebis sakmaod didi nawili xiznebadaa Cawerili. xizani ki, rogorc

qarTuli saistorio wyaroebiTa da saTanado gamokvlevebiT cnobi-

lia, sakuTari samkvidreblidan ayrili da sxvagan TavSefarebuli

glexia. xizani feodalur saqarTveloSi glexis garkveuli kategoria

iyo, romelic yma-glexisagan gansxvavebiT piradad Tavisufali iyo da

misi damokidebuleba feodal-memamuleze am ukanasknelis miwa-wyliT

sargeblobiT ganisazRvreboda. xizani wyaroebSi yovelTvis dapirisp-

irebulia mkvidr mosaxleobasTan, radgan is mosuli glexi iyo.

dvaleTi da Sida qarTlis CrdiloeTi nawili rom osTa sacxovr-

isi ar iyo da rom aq qarTvelebi mkvidrobdnen, es aSkarad dastur-

deba iseTi monacemebiT, rogoricaa oikonimebi (soflis saxelebi).

aq daTariRebuli arc erTi toponimi osuri araa. soflebi qarTul

gamWvirvale saxelwodebebs atarebdnen, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs rogorc

toponomTa Zirebi, ise maTi mawarmoebeli sufiqsebi. mxolod mTis

sofelTa ramdenime saxelwodebis CamoTvliT davkmayofildebiT: sacx-

enisi, edemqalaqi, beloTi, awerisxevi, inauri CabaruxeTi, wifori,

Sambiani, isrolisxevi, qoloTi, qviTkiri, moxisi, bieTi, andoreTi,

���

gufTa, patara java, zemo java, sxlebi... dvaleTi rom eTnikurad qa-

rTuli iyo, kargad Cans XV saukunis dasawyisis minaweriT Rudis

(Rundis) saxarebaze. saxareba `TaTrobis” dros dakargula. is xo-” dros dakargula. is xo- dros dakargula. is xo-

raulis ivanes upovia. Semdeg ki saxareba gasayidad dvaleTSi farux-

aulis gvaris kacs dedamisisTvis gaugzavnia. minaweriT dasturdeba,

rom dvaleTi qarTuli mxare iyo qarTuli saRvTismetyvelo eniT,

sadac moTxovnileba iyo qarTul saxarebaze, sadac qarTul saxare-

bas myidveli hyavda. minaweri mniSvnelovania im TvalsazrisiTac, rom

masSi moxseniebuli anTroponimi _ faruxauli qarTuli gvarsaxelia.

gvarsaxeli nawarmoebia aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis gvarebisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli ur (-ul) sufiqsiT.

sabWoTa periodis `samxreT oseTi” rom ZvelTaganve saqarTvelos” rom ZvelTaganve saqarTvelos rom ZvelTaganve saqarTvelos

ganuyofeli nawili iyo da rom aq gvianobamde mxolod qarTvelebi

mkvidrobdnen, amis damadasturebelia ramdenime aTeuli qarTuli

qristianuli arqiteqturuli Zegli, romlebic V_XVIII saukuneebiT

TariRdeba (mefisaSvili, cincaZe, 1975) da mravali epigrafikuli

Zegli, romlebic mxolod da mxolod qarTul enazea Sesrulebuli

da romlebic saqarTvelos istoriis ama Tu im viTarebas asaxaven

(oTxmezuri, 1994). Sida qarTlis osebiT dasaxlebuli teritoria

mofenilia cixeebiTa da koSkebiT. iqneb vinmem daasabuTos, rom

qsnis xeobis saTaveSi, Jamuris TemSi arsebuli cixe _ `bercixe””

qarTvelebis agebuli ar aris? aqve gavrcelebulia mxolod Sida qa-

rTlis mTianeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli nalis formis e. w. `zurgiani

koSkebi”, romlebsac ukana, mTisaken miqceuli mxare momrgvalebuli”, romlebsac ukana, mTisaken miqceuli mxare momrgvalebuli, romlebsac ukana, mTisaken miqceuli mxare momrgvalebuli

aqvT. msgavsi tipis koSkebi osTa samSobloSi _ CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi

arsad dadasturebuli araa, isini mxolod saqarTvelos xuroTmoZ-

RvrebisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli (specialistebis mier dadgenilia, rom

Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi osebis Semonaqmedia mxolod XVIII saukunis

zogi oTxkuTxa gegmis mqone sagvareulo koSki didi liaxvis xeobis

saTaveSi _ gvasalia, 1997: 68). sabWoTa periodis samxreT oseTis

teritoriaze arsebuli materialuri kulturis Zeglebze Sesrule-

bul warwerebSi moxseniebuli qtitorebi _ tbelebi, yanCavelebi,

favnelebi, korinTelebi, maCablebi, amirejibebi, falavandiSvilebi, er-

isTavebi _ qarTvelebi arian. warwerebSi moxseniebulni arian saqa-

rTvelos samefo ojaxis warmomadgenlebic, maT Soris, daviT IV aR-

maSeneblis (1089_1125) qaliSvili Tamari, giorgi XII-is (1798_1880)

rZali qeTevan wereTeli, agreTve samefo administraciis warmomadgen-

lebi, episkoposebi (niqozeli, mroveli...) da eklesiis sxva msaxurebi.

qtitorebTan erTad moxseniebulni arian xuroTmoZRvrebi (TaflaiZe,

bavreli, giorgiZe, kurdRelaSvili...). yvela warwera qarTul enazea

Sesrulebuli da naxsenebi anTroponimebi mxolod da mxolod maT

eTnikur qarTvelobaze miuTiTebs (lorTqifaniZe, oTxmezuri, 2007:

127_137). SemorCenilia aseulobiT Sua saukuneebis saistorio sabu-

Ti, romlebic Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT nawils, anu sabWoTa peri-

odis `samxreT oseTis~ teritorias exeba. am dokumentebSi mxolod

eTnikuri qarTvelebi arian dasaxelebuli, rogorc maRali social-

uri wris, ise dabali fenis warmomadgenlebi. aq, am teritoriaze _

largvisis monasterSia dawerili XIV_XV saukuneebis mijnis erT-

���

erTi mniSvnelovani qarTuli saistorio Zegli, qsnis erisTavTa sagva-

reulo matiane _ `Zegli erisTavTa~ (avtorebi mama-Svili avgaroz da

grigol bandaisZeebi).

eklesiurad dvaleTica da Sida qarTlic organizaciulad mTli-

anad niqozis saepiskoposoSi Sedioda. vaxuSti bagrationis sityvebiT

rom vTqvaT, `sarwmunoebiT arian Zvelad qristianeni...” vaxuStis” vaxuStis vaxuStis

dros dvaleTSi dasaxlebuli osebi mxolod iyvnen `saxeliT oden

qristianeni... ara uvisT mRudeli, da unaTlisReboni arian, Tvinier

romelni qarTlsa da raWas moinaTvlian”. vaxuSti imasac wers, rom”. vaxuSti imasac wers, rom. vaxuSti imasac wers, rom

dvalebi `aw ubnoben osursa sakuTrad”, e. i. maTi enobrivi trans-”, e. i. maTi enobrivi trans-, e. i. maTi enobrivi trans-

formacia dasrulebuli iyo, Tumca TviTmxilveli-istorikosi imasac

aRniSnavs, rom dvaleTSi mcxovrebi zogierTi osi, romelic qarTlsa

da raWas daiareba, qarTuladac laparakobso. dvaleTSi cota ar

iyo qristianuli kulturis Zeglebi, Tumca aq mTisaTvis damaxasi-

aTebeli qristianobamdeli salocavebic iyo, romlebic osur enaSi

qarTuli terminiT `Zuar” (�jvari) aRiniSneboda (`jvar”-iT aRiniSne-” (�jvari) aRiniSneboda (`jvar”-iT aRiniSne- (�jvari) aRiniSneboda (`jvar”-iT aRiniSne-”-iT aRiniSne--iT aRiniSne-

boda qristianobamdeli salocavebi, agreTve aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

mTianeTis sxvadasxva istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi). es qristiano-

bamdeli salocavebi dvaleTSi dasaxlebul os mosaxleobas adgilo-

brivi mTieli dvalebisagan hqondaT SeTvisebuli. magaliTad, ̀ aTinagis

Zuari” SeiZleba davasaxeloT. aTengenoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos” SeiZleba davasaxeloT. aTengenoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos SeiZleba davasaxeloT. aTengenoba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos

istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebSi gavrcelebuli dResaswauli iyo,

gansakuTrebiT xevsureTsa da TuSeTSi.

osebi udamwerlobo xalxi iyo. dRes maTi damwerloba Seqmnilia

rusuli grafikis safuZvelze. Tumca pirveli osuri anbani qarTuli

grafikis safuZvelze iyo Seqmnili. misi avtori qarTuli kulturis

safuZvelze aRzrdili ioane iaRluziZe (gabaraTi) (1775-1830) iyo.

1820 wlidan is Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi moswavle os bavS-

vebs qarTul da osur enebs aswavlida. swored am periodSi Seqmna

man osuri anbani. rusul asoebze dafuZnebuli osuri anbani pirve-

lad osuri enis mcodne rusma mecnierma andria Segrenma Seadgina.

1922 wels saqarTveloSi bolSevikma xelisuflebma samxreT oseTis

avtonomiuri olqi Camoayalibes da pirvelad saqarTveloSi osebs ad-

ministraciuli erTeuli Seuqmnes. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi

yofili Sida qarTlis feodaluri erTeulebis teritoriebze Camoy-

alibda, ise, rom qarTveli xalxisagan amis neba ar miuRiaT. avtono-

miuri olqis centrad ki Sida qarTlis mTiswineTis zolSi mdebare

patara qalaqi cxinvali gamoacxades. SemorCenilia XIX saukunis ru-

seTis xelisuflebis mier Catarebuli mosaxleobis aRweris davTrebi.

XIX saukunis yvela aRweriT cxinvalSi arc erTi eTnikuri osi ar

cxovroda. amjerad mxolod 1818, 1830, 1860, 1873 da 1886 wlebis

saarqivo masalebis miTiTebiT davkmayofildebiT. mxolod 1830 wlis

cxinvalis aRweraSia erTi ojaxi eTnikuri osi (xuTi suli) miTiTe-

buli, romlebic aq mTidan 1828 wels mosulan da maleve aqedanac

ayrilan (ixileT: saqarTvelos saxelmwifo saistorio arqivi. fondi

254, anaweri 1, saqme # 1244, gv. 170_191. sxadasxva aRwerebic amave

fondSia, magaliTad, 254_1_1243, 254_1_541, 254_1_252). samecnie-

���

ro literaturaSi cxinvalis eTnikuri Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb xSirad

uTiTeben 1886 wlis saojaxo siebs, romlis statistikuri monacemebi

ruseTis xelisufalTa mier dabeWdilicaa (krebuli... 1893). am dros

cxinvalSi namdvilad arc erTi osi rom ar mkvidrobda, dainterese-

bul mkiTxvels SeuZlia saqarTvelos centraluri arqivis 254 fon-

dis me-3 anaweris #1717 saqme ixilos. qalaqi, iseve rogorc Sua

saukuneebSi, kvlav dasaxlebuli iyo qarTvelebiT, qarTulenovani

somxebiTa da qarTveli ebraelebiT (XIX saukunis I mesamedis avtoris

_ aixvaldis mixedviT, `osebi cxinvalis iqiTa mxares, mTebSi cxov-

robdnen. adre isini cxinvals gauTaveblad Zarcvavdnen da xocavd-

nen. axla ki qarTvelebs, cxinvalis mosaxleobas Tavs anaTvline-

ben”). pirvelad mxolod 1922 wlis monacemebiTaa qalaq cxinvalSi

dafiqsirebuli osuri mosaxleoba _ 613 suli, 1926 wels aq ukve

1152 suli osi cxovrobda (qalaqis mosaxleoba mTlianad 1926 wels

5 352 suls Seadgenda). es mateba, ra Tqma unda, meqanikuri matebis

xarjze xdeboda. cxinvalSi osurma mosaxleobam qarTul mosaxleobas

mxolod maSin gadaaWarba, rodesac aqauri qarTveli ebraelebi sab-

WoTa periodis bolo wlebSi israelSi wavidnen da maTi saxlebi ki

javis raionidan Camosaxlebulma osebma daikaves.

oriode sityviT unda aRvniSnoT termin `samxreT oseTis” Sesaxeb.” Sesaxeb. Sesaxeb.

arc erTi qarTuli saistorio wyaro, sabuTi da dokumenti aseT ter-

mins ar icnobs. XVIII saukuneSi, rodesac saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

moRvaweebi qveynis teritoriul erTeulebs (istoriul-eTnografiul

mxareebs, feodalur erTeulebs) CamoTvlidnen, arasdros `oseTs””

(miT umetes, ̀ samxreT oseTs”) ar axsenebdnen. verc axsenebdnen, radgan”) ar axsenebdnen. verc axsenebdnen, radgan) ar axsenebdnen. verc axsenebdnen, radgan

aseTi erTeuli bunebaSi ar arsebobda. mxolod moixseniebdnen ter-

miniT _ `Cveni osebi”. im dros eTnikuri osebi saqarTvelos Sida”. im dros eTnikuri osebi saqarTvelos Sida. im dros eTnikuri osebi saqarTvelos Sida

qarTlis istoriul-eTnografiuli istoriul-geografiuli mxaris

mTiani, CrdiloeTi monakveTis mkvidrni iyvnen. sabWoTa periodis

`samxreT oseTis” teritoriaze sxvadasxva qarTuli feodaluri er-” teritoriaze sxvadasxva qarTuli feodaluri er- teritoriaze sxvadasxva qarTuli feodaluri er-

Teulebi (samaCablo, qsnis saerisTavo, saamilaxvro, Tavad daviTiS-

vil-bagrationebis, TaqTaqiSvilebis, xerxeuliZeebis SedarebiT patara

feodaluri erTeulebi) arsebobda. termini `samxreT oseTi” mxolod” mxolod mxolod

ruseTis imperiis CinovnikTa mieraa Seqmnili XIX saukuneSi (am

saukunis presaSi es termini mxolod samjer aris moxseniebuli). XIX

saukuneSi ruseTis imperias kavkasiis areaerTi ruka aqvs Sedgenili

da verc erT maTganze `samxreT oseTs” ver amovikiTxavT.” ver amovikiTxavT. ver amovikiTxavT. maTze mx-

olod CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi oseTia datanili yovelgvari gansaz-

Rvrebis _ `CrdiloeTis” gareSe. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyva-

noT natalia volkovas mier ruseTis oficialuri pirebis mier

Sedgenili XVIII saukunis meore naxevris mcire yabardos, oseTis,

inguSeTisa da CeCneTis nawilis ruka, romelzedac oseTi aweria

mxolod CrdiloeT kavkasiis Sesabamis teritorias. kavkasionis

mTavar wyalgamyof qeds ki aweria: «����������� ��������� ������������ ��������� �volkova 1974). �sxvaTa Soris, amave rukaze dRevandeli CrdiloeT oseTis de-daqalaqi vladikavkazi, romelsac maSin `zauri~ erqva, inguSeTis te-

ritoriazea aRniSnuli). amdenad, miTologemis, siyalbis da, SeiZleba

iTqvas, cinizmis didi gamoxatulebaa, rodesac ruseTis saxelmwifos

���

erT-erTi meTauri acxadebs, rom `mxolod XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi

iqna gadawyvetileba samxreT oseTis Tbilisis guberniisaTvis gadace-

mis Sesaxeb”. Turme ruseTis sabWoTa imperatorma, rogorc eTnikur-”. Turme ruseTis sabWoTa imperatorma, rogorc eTnikur-. Turme ruseTis sabWoTa imperatorma, rogorc eTnikur-

ma qarTvelma, i. stalinma gadawyvita sabolood `samxreT oseTis””

saqarTvelosaTvis gadacema. iqneb vinmem migviTiTos raime saarqivo

dokumenti, romliTac sabWoTa periodis `samxreT oseTi” Tbilisis” Tbilisis Tbilisis

guberniis SemadgenlobaSi ar Sedioda, 1801 wlidan moyolebuli,

vidre 1917 wlamde da Semdegac saqarTvelos pirveli respublikisa

(1918_1921) da sabWoTa periodSic? sinamdvileSi mxolod 1843 wels

carizmma saqarTvelos teritoriaze gaxsna oseTis okrugi, romelic

sam ubnad (javis, patara liaxvis da naris) iyofoda. ̀ oseTis okrugis””

javisa da patara liaxvis sapolicio ubnebi 1922 wels Seqmnili samx-

reT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriis mxolod erT mesameds

Seadgenda (gvasalia, 1997: 58). samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis

farglebSi bolSevikma xelisuflebma Seiyvanes agreTve saqarTvelos

istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis _ raWisa (kudaro) da zemo ime-

reTis nawilic.

rogorc cnobilia, 1783 wels aRmosavleT saqarTvelos (qarTl-

kaxeTsa) da ruseTs Soris daido e. w. georgievskis traqtati. tra-

qtatis dadebis drosac da 1801 welsac ruseTis mier xelSekrule-

bis darRvevisa da saqarTvelos aneqsiis drosac rogorc dvaleTi,

ise Sida qarTlis CrdiloeTi nawili mTlianad (sabWoTa periodis

`samxreT oseTi”) saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili iyo. aRniSnul”) saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili iyo. aRniSnul) saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawili iyo. aRniSnul

teritorias aravin oseTad ar moixseniebda. qarTul wyaroebs Tavi

rom davaneboT, amas yvela rusuli wyaroc adasturebs. magaliTad,

traqtatis dadebidan Zalian male _ 1784 wels ruseTidan movline-

bulma s. burnaSovma Seadgina qarTul samefo-samTavroTa generaluri

ruka saqarTvelos mimdebare mosazRvre regionebiT. am rukaze `oseTi””

aweria iq, sadac sinamdvileSi iyo _ CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi, xolo

sabWoTa periodis `samxreT oseTs” `qarTli” aweria.” `qarTli” aweria. `qarTli” aweria.” aweria. aweria.

saqarTvelom 1918_1921 wlebSi ruseTisagan koloniuri uReli

droebiT gadaigdo da saxelmwifoebrioba aRidgina. am periodSi

damoukidebel saqarTveloSi daiwyo bolSevikuri ruseTisagan inspi-

rirebuli osuri separatistuli moZraoba. amis sanacvlod saqarT-

veloSi komunisturi diqtaturis damyarebisa da saqarTvelos isev

ruseTis imperiasTan mierTebis Semdeg, komunisturma xelisuflebam

osebs saqarTvelos ZiriTadi provinciis _ Sida qarTlis CrdiloeT

teritoriaze avtonomiuri olqis administraciuli erTeuli Seuqmna,

romelsac CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mosaxle osTa teritoriuli erTeu-

lisagan gasamijnavad `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi” ewoda. am” ewoda. am ewoda. am

avtonomiuri olqis centrad gamoacxades qalaqi cxinvali, romel-

Sic, rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, im droisaTvis arc erTi eTnikuri

osi ar cxovrobda. amave dros, samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis

farglebSi moaqcies kompaqturad dasaxlebuli qarTuli soflebic.

am garemoebam, sxvaTa Soris, Tavis droze qarTuli soflebis pro-

testi gamoiwvia da am protestis ZiriTadi mizezi enobrivi faqto-

ri iyo. magaliTad, sofel nedlaTis mcxovrebni werdnen, rom `Cven

nedlaTis mcxovrebni miwerili viyaviT oqonas. dRes oqona samxreT

���

oseTs daeqvemdebara da Cvenc mZime pirobebSi CavcvivdiT, sxvaTa So-

ris imitomac, rom warmoeba rusulad da osuradaa, raic CvenTvis

gaugebaria”. sofel Zarwemis mkvidri qarTvelebi werdnen: `risTvis”. sofel Zarwemis mkvidri qarTvelebi werdnen: `risTvis. sofel Zarwemis mkvidri qarTvelebi werdnen: `risTvis

unda viyoT moqceuli oseTis farglebSi erovnebaTa TviTgamorkvevis

aRsasruleblad. miTumetes, rom maTi ena CvenTvis sruliad gaugeba-

ria da ucxo. mxolod rac Seexeba erovnebaTa umravlesobas, mTeli es

CrdiloeTi mxare raionisa (igulisxmeba cxinvalis raioni _ r. T.),

mcire gamonaklisiT, dasaxlebulia qarTul enazed mosaubre, memkvid-

re qarTvelebiT” (boWoriZe, 1996).” (boWoriZe, 1996). (boWoriZe, 1996).

XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi mosuli osebi qarTuli saxelmwifos sru-

luflebiani moqalaqeebi xdebodnen da maTma didma umravlesobam

icoda saqrTvelos saxelmwifo ena _ qarTuli ena, orenovanni iyvnen.

osebs amisken realuri viTareba ubiZgebda. mTianeTSi dasaxlebul

osebs aucileblad sWirdebodaT saqarTvelos barTan urTierToba,

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs istoriulad arsebuli sameurneo-ekonomikuri kav-

Sirebi. barTan kavSirebis aucileblobis gamo, isini iCendnen qarTu-

li enis Seswavlisadmi did swrafvas. imave dros SexvdebodiT araerT

qarTvels, romlebic osebis sakontaqto zolSi cxovrobdnen da osur

enazec laparakobdnen. qarTvelTa da osTa gansaxlebis sakontaqto

zolSi eTnografiuli monacemebiT dadasturebulia osi bavSvebis

qarTul soflebSi (ojaxebSi) mibarebis SemTxvevebi, qarTuli enis Ses-

wavlis mizniT, rac ZiriTadad xorcieldeboda naTelmironobis, dana-

Tesavebis saSualebiT (sxvaTa Soris, es uZvelesi kavkasiuri Cveule-

baa). saqarTvelos teritoriaze dasaxlebuli osebisagan saqarTvelos

samefo xelisufleba ZiriTadad iTxovda, rom migrantebs qristianoba

mieRoT. osebic garkveul dainteresebas iCendnen qristianobis mimarT.

qristianobis miReba aseve gzas uxsnida osebs qarTuli enis Sesas-

wavlad, radgan saRvTismetyvelo ena qarTuli iyo. mTaSi mcxovrebi

gaqristianebuli osebi barSi mcxovreb naTlia qarTvelebTan xSirad

agzavnidnen TavianT Svilebs qarTuli enis Sesaswavlad. istoriuli

da eTnologiuri monacemebiT aseve Zalian xSiri iyo, gansakuTrebiT

sakontaqto zolSi, qarTul-osuri qorwinebebi, rac aseve erT-erTi

xelSemwyobi faqtori iyo ori eTnosis daaxloebisa da urTierTis

enis SeswavlisaTvis.

osebis saqarTvelos mTianeTSi dasaxlebas mohyva adgilze damxv-

dur qarTvelTa mcire nawilis mier osuri enis SeTviseba da osTa

mier maTi eTnikur-enobrivi asimilacia. dRemde qsnis xeobis Senakad

WurTis xevze sofel doreTkarSi mcxovrebi qarTveli iluriZeebi

(40-mde ojaxi) orenovanni arian. orenovneba ki ZiriTadad Sereulma

saqorwino urTierTobebma warmoqmna. XVIII saukunis bolos WurTis

xevidan barSi gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebis nasoflarebSi osebi da-

saxldnen. iluriZeebi faqtobrivad osur eTnikur-enobriv garemocvaSi

aRmoCnden. marTalia, maT qvemoT, baris mimarTulebiT qarTvelebi

cxovrobdnen, magram aqedan doreTkarSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs colad

TiTqmis aravin ar miyveboda, radgan baridan mTaSi qali iSviaTad

Txovdeboda. isini iZulebuli Seiqnen maT zemoT mTaSi mcxovrebi

osis qalebi SeerToT colad. osis qalebma TavianT vaJebs isev osis

���

qalebi SerTes colad. XIX saukunis Sua xanebidan aseTma saqor-

wino urTierTobebma da osur enobriv-eTnikur garemoSi cxovrebam

iluriZeebi orenovanni gaxada. Tumca, xazgasmiT unda iTqvas, rom

doreTkarSi mcxovreb qarTvelebs eTnikuri cnobiereba ar SecvliaT.

qsnis xeobaSi analogiuri situacia sxvaganac dasturdeba. magaliTad,

sofel naxidSi, mTxrobelis sityviT, `bevri fsuturi gaosda da fsu-

turebi TviTon ufro osurad laparakoben”.”..

1987 wels am striqonebis avtorma fexiT Semoiara mejudas xeobis

osuri soflebi. xeobis ukiduresi zemo welis ori mcire osuri

soflis garda, osebi aq XIX saukunis 30-80-ian wlebSi dasaxldnen.

mejudas xeobis baris ukanaskneli didi qarTuli sofelia mejvrisxevi.

mejvrisxevs uSualod esazRvreba sof. Rromi, romelic osebiTaa dasa-

xlebuli. Rromi avtonomiuri olqis sazRvrebSi Sedioda. 1886 wli-

saTvis RromSi jer kidev qarTvelebi saxlobdnen, romelTa mejvrisxe-

vSi gadmosaxlebis Semdeg aq osebi dasaxldnen. mejvrisxevSi araerTi

Sereuli qarTul-osuri ojaxi mkvidrobs. zemoT xeobaSi ZiriTadad

osebi cxovroben, Tu ar CavTvliT sofel isrolisxevs, sadac ramdeni-

me qarTuli ojaxi kvlav SemorCenilia. araerT eTnikur osTan gvqonda

Sexvedra. xeobaSi TiTqmis erTTviani mivlinebis dros mxolod erTi

xnieri qali Segvxvda, romelmac qarTuli ena ar icoda, danarCene-

bi yvelani mSvenivrad laparakobdnen qarTulad. sayuradReboa, rom

xeobis arc erT skolaSi, iseve rogorc samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri

olqis skolebSi, konstituciiT aRiarebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo

ena _ qarTuli ena ar iswavleboda. aq arsebobda e.w. osur-rusuli

skolebi, romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom dawyebiT klasebSi

(1_4 klasi) sagnebi osur enaze iswavleboda, xolo oTxi klasis

zemoT yvela sagani rusul enaze plus osuri enisa da literatu-

ris Seswavla. miuxedavad amisa, xeobaSi mcxovrebma osebma ara marto

qarTuli ena icodnen, aramed qarTuli wera-kiTxvac. qarTul anbans

isini damoukideblad swavlobdnen, radgan, rogorc TviTon xsnidnen,

sameurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirebi ZiriTadad hqondaT ara avtonomiuri

olqis mosaxleobasTan, aramed xeobis baris nawilis qarTul mosa-

xleobasTan. aseTive viTareba davafiqsireT lexuras xeobis osur

mosaxleobaSi. saerTod, es Cveulebrivi suraTi iyo TiTqmis mTeli

avtonomiuri olqis osuri mosaxleobisaTvis, garda javis raionisa.

javis raioni moicavda didi liaxvis xeobis mTian nawils. osuri

eTnosiT kompaqturad dasaxlebul am raionis mosaxleobas Sedare-

biT naklebi kontaqtebi hqonda qarTul mosaxleobasTan. sabWoTa

periodSi maTTvis e.w. osur-rusuli skolebis gaxsnam da qarTuli

enis ugulebelyofam aq mcxovrebi osebis qarTuli enobriv-eTnikur

samyarosagan gaucxoeba gamoiwvia, rac erTgvari mizezi gaxda sabWoTa

imperiis daSlis Semdeg olqis teritoriaze osuri separatistuli

moZraobis warmoqmnisa.

rogorc aRvniSneT, mejudas xeobis ukidures mTian monakveTSi

kvlav SemorCenilia Zveli qarTuli mosaxleoba, Tumca sabWoTa pe-

riodSi maTma raodenobam ukiduresad iklo. adgilze darCenili

qarTvelebi osur eTnikur-enobriv garemoSi mSvenivrad laparakobdnen

osurad. aqvT xSiri saqorwino urTierTobani osur mosaxleobasTan.

���

erT-erT aseT ojaxSi stumrobis saSualeba gvqonda. ojaxi gengiure-

bis qarTuli gvaris matarebelia. ojaxis ufrosi, 60 wlis mamakaci

eTnikurad qarTvelad Tvlida Tavs, laparakobda SesaniSnavi qarTuli

eniT. mas deda da meuRlec osi hyavs. magram mis xuT Svils ukve

gaorebuli cnobiereba hqonda. pirveli, rac TvalSisacemi gaxldaT

is, rom xuTive mozrdili Svili osuri aqcentiT metyvelebda.

amasTanave, isini msjelobdnen imaze, qarTvelebs miekuTvnebodnen Tu

osebs. qaliSvilebi ufro osur eTnikur samyaros akuTvnebdnen Tavs.

arc vaJebs hqondaT miswrafeba qarTulisadmi. ojaxis erT-erT vaJs

gadawyvetili hqonda ruseTSi saswavleblad wasvla. rodesac davin-

teresdi, Tu ratom unda wasuliyo ase Sors, ruseTSi, man aRniSna,

rom Tbilisi ar uyvars. Tbilisisadmi misi aseTi damokidebuleba

ki gamowveuli iyo qarTuli enis arasrulyofili codniTa da saer-

Tod qarTuli wera-kiTxvis ucodinrobiT. rogorc gairkva, gengiu-

rebs Svilebi miubarebiaT saswavleblad q. cxinvalis e.w. osur-rusul

skolaSi, ramac sabolood gamoiwvia maTi qarTuli eTnosidan osur

eTnosisadmi mikuTvneba.

gengiurebis magaliTi mxolod erTi gamonaklisi rodi iyo avto-

nomiuri olqis mTian nawilSi.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos danarCen teritoriaze gansaxlebul osebs,

isini yvelgan mSobliur osur enasTan erTad Tavisuflad laparakob-

dnen da laparakoben qarTul enaze. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac osuri

eTnosis warmomadgenlebs Tavi gaazrebuli aqvT qarTvelad.

manam, sanam saqarTveloSi mcxovreb osTa Tanamedrove enobrivi

viTarebis Sesaxeb sabolood visaubrebT, mcire eqskursis saxiT XIX

saukunes unda davubrundeT. am dros qarTuli presa did yuradRebas

iCenda osuri enisadmi. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia

mweral s. mgalobliSvilis statiebi. osebs ar hqondaT swavla-gana-

Tlebisadmi miswrafeba. qarTuli sazogadoebrioba ki cdilobda osur

soflebSi gaexsnaT skolebi. isini mSoblebs arwmunebdnen, rom Svi-

lebisaTvis ganaTleba miecaT. ruseTis xelisufleba osebis soflebSi

rus maswavleblebs agzavnida. osis bavSvebma ki rusuli ar icodnen.

isini mxolod osurad da qarTulad laparakobdnen. s. mgalobliSvi-

li aRniSnavda, rom `aq unda iyvnen maswavleblad an osebi, an qar-

Tvelebi. Tu ar dauSliT, rusebi gaagzavnon mTasiqiTa osebSi, sadac

laparakoben osurs da rusul enaze”. qarTveli publicistebi werdnen”. qarTveli publicistebi werdnen. qarTveli publicistebi werdnen

imaze, rom CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mosaxle osebi garusebis gzas adgnen

da amasTanave erovnuli saxis dakargvis saSiSroebis winaSe iyvnen.

saqarTveloSi ki SeSfoTebas gamoTqvamdnen, osebs vuSveloT, ena da

erovneba SevunarCunoTo. n. TadeoziSvili 1884 wlis gazeT `droe-

bis~ erT-erT nomerSi werda, rom `mTasaqeTa osebSi didi gavlena

aqvT qarTvelebs. osi mamakacebi yvela laparakobs qarTulad, xolo

is nawili osebisa, romlebic dasaxlebulni arian qarTuli sofle-

bis” siaxloves, qalebic da bavSvebic laparakoben qarTulad. araTu” siaxloves, qalebic da bavSvebic laparakoben qarTulad. araTu siaxloves, qalebic da bavSvebic laparakoben qarTulad. araTu

laparakoben, aramed wera-kiTxvac ician. mTisiqiT osebi ramdenadac

rusobas misdeven, imdenad qarTvelobas misdeven mTisaqeTa osebi. maT

Tavi moaqvT imiT, rom qarTuli wera-kiTxva ician, axlo soflebis

��0

mcxovrebni erTmaneTs aZleven colad qalebs. ase rom, Sereuli ojaxe-

bi Cveulebrivi saxea maTi cxovrebisa”. s. mgalobliSvili werda, rom”. s. mgalobliSvili werda, rom. s. mgalobliSvili werda, rom

qarTvelebs saTanado RonisZiebebi unda gaetarebinaT, rom osebs ar

daekargaT ena da erovnuli saxe. amisaTvis is osTaTvis skolebis ga-

xsnas moiTxovda. sxva avtori (grigol liaxveli, igive saZagliSvili)

imave gazeTSi yvelas mouwodebda osebisa da maTi enis gadasarCe-

nad. aucileblobad miaCnda osTaTvis sakuTari anbanis Seqmna.

osuri enisadmi did interess iCenda gazeTi `cnobis furcelic”.”..

1903 wlis erT-erT nomerSi aRniSnulia, rom kudaroSi mcxovrebma

TiTqmis yvela osma icoda qarTuli, qarTvelTa eTnografiul (te-

ritoriul) jgufebTan _ raWvelebsa da imerlebTan mezoblobisa

da axlo urTierTobis gamo. igive gazeTi 1901 wels werda: `aris

ganzraxva saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebis skolaSi osuri saxelmZRva-

neloTi swavlebisa. amisaTvis miumarTavT mcodne pirebisaTvis, war-

moadginon saxelmZRvaneloebi, rom yvela osur saswavlebelSi axlo

momavalSi SemoiRon osuri enis swavleba”.”..

aRniSnuli damokidebuleba qarTveli ganaTlebuli adamianebisa

da saqarTvelos xelisuflebisa osuri enis mimarT XX saukuneSic

grZeldeboda. avtonomiuri olqis teritoriasa da mis farglebs ga-

reTac yovelgvari piroba hqondaT osebs Seqmnili osuri enisa da

kulturis gansaviTareblad. ukanaskneli aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi pre-

saSi Tu samecniero literaturaSi xSirad adareben saqarTveloSi

Semaval samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqisa da ruseTis federaciaSi

Semaval CrdiloeT oseTis avtonomiuri respublikis enobriv-eTnikur

situaciebs. CrdiloeT oseTSi yvelaferi rusul enaze iyo gadasuli,

rusul enaze xdeboda saqmis warmoeba, swavla-ganaTleba. raRa Sors

wavideT. 1972 wels am striqonebis avtori monawileobda sabWoTa

kavSiris student-eTnografTa konferenciaSi q. leningradSi. aq iyv-

nen CrdilooseTeli studentebic, romlebic gaocebas ver faravdnen

imis gamo, rom Cven qarTvelebi, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

studentebi, erTmaneTTan qarTulad vlaparakobdiT da qarTulad

vwerdiT.

qalaq cxinvalSi iyo da aris pedagogiuri instituti, saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis q. cxinvalis samecniero-kvleviTi instituti,

sadac gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceoda osuri enisa da literatu-

ris Seswavlas. aq sxva mniSvnelovan gamokvlevebTan erTad, momzadda

`osuri enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni”. cxinvalSi funqcionirebda da”. cxinvalSi funqcionirebda da. cxinvalSi funqcionirebda da

funqcionirebs saxelmwifo osuri Teatri. gamodioda da gamodis

gazeTebi da Jurnalebi osur enaze. osur enaze xdeboda da xdeba

radiogadacemebis mowyoba. saqarTveloSi 1990-1991 saswavlo wels

97 osuri skola iyo, aqedan 90 samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis

teritoriaze. xolo Svidi osuri skola olqis farglebs gareT iyo,

kerZod, lagodexSi, qarelSi, borjomSi. 1980-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

saqarTvelos xelisuflebam daiwyo osuri skolebis gaxsna saqarTve-

los im raionebSi, sadac kompaqturi osuri mosaxleoba iyo.

sayuradReboa, rom 1989 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebiT

samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi mosaxle 65 aTasi osidan 64.257

osur enas Tvlida mSobliur enad. osur enas ar Tvlida dedaenad

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mxolod 820 eTnikurad osi (e.i. 1,3%). olqis teritoriaze mcxovreb

qarTvelebs ki ar hqondaT saSualeba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela

sferoSi saqarTvelos saxelmwifo enis _ qarTuli enis Tavisuflad

gamoyenebisa. sabWoTa periodis manZilze osebi aqtiurad cdilobd-

nen SeecvalaT ZirZveli qarTuli toponimebi osuri naTargmni da

kalkirebuli toponimebiT. sinamdvileSi araerTi uZvelesi qarTuli

toponimi osebma xelovnurad daamaxinjes da saxeli Seucvales. gan-

sakuTrebiT aqtiurobdnen bolSeviki da teroristi osebis gvarsaxe-

lebis mikuTvnebiT.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos 97 skolaSi mimdinareobda

osur enaze swavleba, maSin, rodesac ruseTis federaciaSi Semaval

CrdiloeT oseTSi, saidanac arian migrirebuli osebi saqarTvelo-

Si, arc erTi osuri skola ar iyo. osebi mxolod rusul skoleb-

Si swavlobdnen. CrdiloeT oseTis yofili prezidenti a. galazovi

amis Sesaxeb gazeTSi `pravda” (1983, 11/XI) werda: `me gulwrfelad” (1983, 11/XI) werda: `me gulwrfelad (1983, 11/XI) werda: `me gulwrfelad

mecodeba Cemi erovnebis axalgazrda adamianebi... roca isini sakuTar

saxlSi Tavs uxerxulad grZnobdnen osuri kulturis elementaruli

ucodinrobis gamo. magaliTad, erovnul axalgazrdobas warTmeuli

aqvs sakuTari mSobliuri ena. gasul wlamde CrdiloeT oseTSi ar

iyo arc erTi skola osuri enis swavlebiT”. saqarTveloSi Semaval”. saqarTveloSi Semaval. saqarTveloSi Semaval

samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis pasuxismgebeli muSakebi ki xels

uwyobdnen rusuli enis poziciebis gaZlierebas qarTuli enis xarj-

ze. XX saukunis 20-iani wlebis enobrivi viTareba aRwera samxreT

oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze istorikosma g. boWoriZem.

is werda:‘`qarTuli ena idevneba qarTul soflebSi: miwer-mowera

da sxva jer rusulad warmoebda, xolo axla osurad, qarTuli ki

gandevnilia”. `1929 wlidan sasamarTloebSi saqmis warmoeba, Cvene-”. `1929 wlidan sasamarTloebSi saqmis warmoeba, Cvene-. `1929 wlidan sasamarTloebSi saqmis warmoeba, Cvene-

bis micema da procesi osurad SemoiRes, xolo amaze adre _ 1928

wels, axalgorSi, Tedeevis dros, TviT gancxadebac ki osurad, an

yovel SemTxvevaSi, rusulad unda yofiliyo dawerili. Zlier iSviaTi

SemTxveva unda daeSvaT, rom qarTuli gancxadeba mieRoT”. `skolebs”. `skolebs. `skolebs

uxsnian osebs, qarTvelebs ki iSviaTad. 1921-1924 wlebSi qarTvel

maswavleblebs eqvsi-Svidi Tvis jamagirebi ar misces, ris gamoc bevri

maswavlebeli iZulebuli gaxda Tavi gaenebebina skolisaTvis da wasu-

liyo. amis Semdeg skolac iketeboda. mosaxleoba Txoulobda skolas,

eubnebodnen: `Tu gnebavT osur skolaSi atareT Svilebi, Tu arada

TqvenTvis skolas ver gavxsniTo”. `osuri ena savaldebulo sagania”. `osuri ena savaldebulo sagania. `osuri ena savaldebulo sagania

qarTul skolebSi (SvidwledebSi), xolo qarTul enas osur skolebSi

adgili ara aqvs”. `zogierTi osi Txoulobda, rom maTi SvilebisaTvis”. `zogierTi osi Txoulobda, rom maTi SvilebisaTvis. `zogierTi osi Txoulobda, rom maTi SvilebisaTvis

eswavlebinaT qarTuli ena, rogorc gamosayenebeli sagani, magram ama-

ze mtkice uari uTxres~.

dabolos, oriode sityviT unda aRiniSnos isic, rom XX saukune-

Si qarTvelma mecnierebma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes osuri enis

Seswavlis saqmeSi. sakmarisia akad. g. axvledianis mecnieruli gamo-

kvlevvebi davasaxeloT. g. axvledianis redaqtorobiT gamoica osuri

enis akademiuri gramatikis ortomeuli.

amrigad, osTa saqarTveloSi migraciisa da dasaxlebis Semdeg, maT

enobriv viTarebaSi SeiZleba sami periodis gamoyofa. pirveli perio-

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di esaa osTa saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis pirobebSi cxovreba.

osebi aRiqvamdnen ra Tavs saqarTvelos saxelmwifos moqalaqeebad,

iseve rogorc sxva eTnosis warmomadgenlebi, pativs scemdnen saqar-

Tvelos saxelmwifo enas. osebis umetesoba flobda qarTul enas.

osebTan Tanacxovrebis sakontaqto zolSi bevri qarTvelic Tavisu-

flad laparakobda osurad. yovelive amas ganapirobebda qarTvel

xalxTan osebis sameurneo-ekonomikuri da naTesauri kavSirebi.

XIX saukunidan saqarTvelos ruseTis koloniad gadaqcevis Semdeg

osTa enobrivi viTareba saqarTveloSi erTgvar cvlilebebs iwyebs,

rac ganpirobebuli iyo ruseTis xelisuflebis aqtiuri CareviT. ru-

seTi yvela koloniaSi ZaliT avrcelebda rusul enas da sxvadasxva

eTnosebs erTmaneTs upirispirebda. ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobda

qarTuli enis nacvlad osebisaTvis meore enad rusulis Canacvlebas.

XIX saukune da gansakuTrebiT misi meore naxevari bevri osisaTvis

rusul enaze gadasvlis dawyebis periodi iyo. am periodisaTvis qar-

Tveli sazogado moRvaweebi dauRalavad iRvwodnen, rom osebs Seenar-

CunebinaT mSobliuri osuri ena da eTnikuri TavisTavadoba. Tumca

XIX saukuneSic bevri osi flobda qarTul enas, rac praqtikuli

saWiroebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.

mesame periodi esaa sabWoTa periodi, rodesac bolSevikurma xe-

lisuflebam sabolood moaxerxa osebis qarTvelebisagan gaucxoveba.

rusul enaze totaluri swavlebis pirobebSi osuri eTnosis warmo-

madgenlebis mniSvnelovani nawili aRar flobda qarTul enas. Tumca

am periodSi aSkarad gamoikveTeba aseTi tendenciac: osebis erTi

nawili, gansakuTrebiT ganaTlebuli adamianebi, floben qarTul enas,

kiTxuloben qarTul enaze, magram Segnebulad ar saubroben.

mTaSi osebi ZiriTadad gvarebis mixedviT iyvnen dasaxlebulni.

erT sofelSi erTi gvari mkvidrobda, anda erTi gvari ramdenime so-

felSi iyo gansaxlebuli. mTis soflebs quCebi ar hqonda. mis viwro

SesaxvevebSi mxolod fexiT mosiarules anda mxedars Tu SeeZlo ga-

vla. oseTis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis centrs, Cveulebriv, soflis

moedani warmoadgenda, romelsac osebi `nixass” uwodebdnen. aq ga-” uwodebdnen. aq ga- uwodebdnen. aq ga-

nixilavdnen mniSvnelovan saTemo sakiTxebs. barSi osebis tradiciuli

saqmianobaa miwaTmoqmedeba (xorbali, simindi, qeri, fetvi...). mTebSi

miwaTmoqmedebasTan erTad ganviTarebuli iyo mesaqonleoba (cxvari,

Txa, msxvilfexa rqosani saqoneli). cxvris rZisagan akeTebdnen yvels.

Zlier dawinaurebuli iyo meTxeoba. mTebSi saxvneli miwebi da saTi-

bebi cakleuli komlebis sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, romelsac memkvi-

dreobiT gadascemdnen. mxolod saZovrebi da tye iyo soflis saerTo

sargeblobaSi. osebis baruli da mTuri saxvneli erTmaneTisagan gan-

sxvavdeboda. dablobSi xis saxvnels `guTon”-s uwodebdnen, rac imaze”-s uwodebdnen, rac imaze-s uwodebdnen, rac imaze

miuTiTebs, rom maT es saxvneli qarTvelebisagan hqondaT SeTvisebu-

li. aseve qarTuli enidan iyo Sesuli samkali iaraRi `lamgam” (nam-” (nam- (nam-

gali), romelsac didi radiusi da mWreli dakbiluli piri hqonda.

qarTuli namgali, garda CrdiloeT oseTisa, CrdiloeT kavkasiis sxva

xalxebSic iyo gavrcelebuli.

barSi gadasaxlebamde oseTSi mecxvareobas didi masStabebi ar

hqonda, radgan sazamTro saZovrebis ararseboba amis saSulebas ar

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iZleoda. vaxuSti bagrationis sityvebiT: “cxovari udumo-kudiani da

momcro, Zroxa, cxeni, Txa, aramed ara mravlad, garna friad gemoianni

sxuaTa adgilebTagan umetes da vinaTgan aquT saZovarni da saTibni

mcired, amisaTvis ver inaxaven cxovarTa, TÂnier k (20), m (40) da

r˜(100) kide, egreTve cxenTa da ZroxaTa i- (10), k (20) da m (40)

da ufrosi arRara”. mTidan barSi gadasaxlebuli osebi mecxvareobas

ver iviwyebdnen, piriqiT, aq maT misi ganviTarebis saSualeba miecaT.

rac Seexeba Txebs, isini, Cveulebriv, cxvris faraSi hyavdaT Sereuli.

mxolod alagirisa da digoris ramdenime sofelSi meTxeoba mecxva-

reobaze dawinaurebuli iyo. osTa sameurneo saqmianobaSi mniSvnelo-

van rols TamaSobda msxvilfexa rqosani saqoneli. saqoneli iZleoda

rZes, xorcs, iyo gamwevi Zala, hqonda sasaqonlo mniSvneloba. osi

xalxis sameurneo saqmianobaSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda mecxeneobas,

rac maTTvis tradiciulic iyo, radgan osTa winaprebi, rogorc cno-

bilia, momTabareebi iyvnen. osuri folkloruli monacemebiT aSkaraa,

rom alanebi SesaniSnavi mxedrebi iyvnen, romlebsac cxenTa didi jo-

gebi hyavdaT. XIX saukunis meore naxevramde mTebSi cxeni erTaderTi

satransporto saSualebac iyo.

rogorc CrdiloeT kavkasiis yvela xalxSi, osebSic iaraRis araer-

Ti saxeoba iyo gavrcelebuli: maxvili, mSvildi, isari, fari, jaWvis

perangi, Cafxuti. klaprotis cnobiT, Trusoeli osebi kvlav magari

tyavisa da xisagan gakeTebul ovaluri formis farebs iyenebdnen,

romlebsac zed rkinis gvergvebi hqonda mimagrebuli.

saqonlisa da cxvris rZisagan yvelis damzadeba osebis ZvelTaZve-

li saqmianobaa. magram fantaziis nayofia zogierTi osi mecnieris

akviatebuli azri, TiTqos dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobam

yvelis originaluri saxeobis _ sulugunis damzadebis kultura

osebisagan SeiTvisa, es maSin, rodesac osebma saerTod ar icodnen

misi damzadeba.

mniSvnelovani sakiTxi. e.w. samxreT oseTSi jer kidev XIX saukunis

pirvel naxevarSi ZiriTadad erTi gvariT dasaxlebuli soflebi ar-

sebobda. xSirad mezoblad mdebare ramdenime sofelSic erTi gvaris

xalxi mkvidrobda. mTidan dablobSi Camosaxlebuli osebi veRar axe-

rxebdnen naTesauri principiT dasaxlebas. gadmocemiT, Sida qarTlis

mTianeTSi dasaxlebuli osebi xSirad ebrZodnen erTmaneTs da es

brZola ZiriTadad calkeul soflebs Soris mimdinareobda. es dapi-

rispireba arc Tu iSviaTad, erT-erTi gvaris gawyvetiT anda sxvagan

gaqceviT mTavrdeboda. am brZolis Sedegad miaCnia m. kosvens mravali

nasoflaris arseboba. sinamdvileSi es nasoflarebi, nangrevebi adrin-

deli qarTveli mosaxleobis sakuTreba iyo.

mTian oseTSi jer kidev XIX saukunis dasawyisamde micvalebulebs

akldamebSi, xSirad miwiszeda akldamebSi krZalavdnen. dakrZalvis es

forma gavrcelebuli iyo agreTve inguSeTSi, CaCneTSi, yaraCaisa da

balyareTSi. miwiszeda akldamebi mxolod mTisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTe-

beli. barsa da mTiswineTSi aseTi akldamebi dadasturebuli araa.

mTis bunebriv-geografiul pirobebSi akldamaSi Setanili micvalebu-

li mumificirebas ganicdida. yvela aseT akldamas aqvs ori an sami

saZromi, romlis saSualebiTac Sig micvalebuli SehqondaT. TiToeul

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akldamaSi mowyobili iyo xis an qvis taxtebi, romlebzedac micva-

lebulebs asvenebdnen. akldamebi osebSi ZiriTadad sagvareulo iyo.

akldamebSi dakrZalvis wesi ewinaaRmdegeba qristianul normebs da,

TavisTavad cxadia, qristianuli eklesia mas ebrZoda kidec. akldamebi

kavkasiuri warmoSobisaa. sxvaTa Soris, osuri gadmocemebi miwiszeda

akldamebis mSeneblobas miawers sxva xalxs, romelic maT mosvlamde

aq cxovrobda. osuri gadmocemebiT, bevri miwiszeda akldamis mSene-

blebi inguSebi iyvnen. inguSebs aSenebinebdnen ara mxolod akldamebs,

aramed sabrZolo koSkebsac. sagulisxmoa, rom mTian oseTSi, osuri

gadmocemebiT, zogierTi miwiszeda akldama ekuTvnodaT noRaelebs,

romlebsac odesRac osebTan erTad aq ucxovriaT. araerTi micva-

lebulis noRaeloba maTi anTropologiuri tipiT, CacmulobiT da

akldamaSi arsebuli WurWliTac dasturdeba. qurTaTis, Taguris,

da digoris xeobebSi osebTan erTad noRaelebis mkvidrobis Sesaxeb

gadmocemebi XX saukunis 20-ian wlebSi daufiqsirebiaT. baridan no-

Raelebi osebTan erTad migrirebulan XIV-XV saukuneebis mijnaze.

mTaSi Semosaxlebulma osebma (noRaelebTan erTad) adgilobrivi akl-

damuri kultura SeiTvises. osuri miwiszeda dasakrZalavi nagenobebi

_ akldamebi tipur inguSur koSkebs mogvagonebs Tavisi piramidul-

safexurebrivi gadaxurviT. akldamebi ucnobi iyo dvaleTis regioni-

saTvis (kaloevi, 1999), rac pirdapir miuTiTebs imaze, rom dvaleTi

eTnikur-kulturulad osuri ar iyo.

mTian oseTSi koSkuri arqiteqturis SesaniSnavi nimuSebi iyo.

osebs hqondaT rogorc sadarajo, ise sabrZolo da sacxovrebeli

koSkebi. sabrZolo koSkebi oseTSi Zalian maRali ar iyo da maTi

oTxkuTxovani kedlebi, Cveulebriv, swori gadaxurvisa iyo. osebi

arc erT koSks osebis aSenebulad ar Tvlidnen. gadmocemiT, mTian

oseTSi koSkebi adrindeli mosaxleobis agebuli iyo. b. kaloevs aseT

adrindel mosaxleobad alanebi miaCnia, rac, ra Tqma unda, veraviTar

kritikas ver uZlebs. koSkebis amSenebelni adgilobrivi kavkasielebi

iyvnen, romelTa nasaxlarebzec alan-osebi dafuZndnen. osebis Ziri-

Tadi nawili qvis saxlebSi cxovrobda. TiTqmis yvela osur sofelSi

warmarTuli salocavi arsebobda, romelsac isini ̀ Zuars” uwodebdnen.” uwodebdnen. uwodebdnen.

bunebrivia, salocavis aRmniSvneli es osuri sityva qarTulidan iyo

Sesuli, rodesac aq qarTvelebi qristianobas avrcelebdnen.

ara mxolod erTi sasoflo Temis, aramed mTeli xeobis mosaxleo-

bam icoda daxmareba rogorc qorwilis, ise dakrZalvis dros. osTa

ramdenime axlod mdebare sofeli teritoriul-samezoblo gaerTiane-

bebs warmoadgenda. isini erTmaneTTan ficiT iyvnen dakavSirebulni.

fics salocavTan gvaris uxucesebi sdebdnen. ficis gansamtkiceblad

xis joxze amonaWdevebs akeTebdnen, rasac saerTo salocavSi inaxavdnen.

sasoflo Temis wevrebs miwaze hqondaT rogorc kerZo, ise koleqtiu-

ri sakuTreba: saxvneli da saTibi kerZo iyo, saZovari da tye ki _

saerTo.

osTa sakvebi TiTqmis iseTivea, rogorc sxva CrdiloeTkavkasieli

mTielebisa. icodnen Rvezelis gamocxoba xorcis SigTavsiT, Rvezeli

yvelis SigTavsiT (`xabizjini”). osebSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli”). osebSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli). osebSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli

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ludi (`bagani”), romelsac mTaSi qerisagan amzadebdnen, barSi ki _”), romelsac mTaSi qerisagan amzadebdnen, barSi ki _), romelsac mTaSi qerisagan amzadebdnen, barSi ki _

xorblisa da simindisagan. narTebis eposis mixedviT, ludi gamoigona

am eposis erT-erTma gmirma, satanam. mas, Cveulebriv, didi saojaxo da

sazogadoebrivi dResaswaulebis dros uzarmazari spilenZis ludis

saxarS qvabSi amzadebdnen. adre osebs umzadebiaT maTrobela sasme-

lic `rongi~. rongs Taflisagan amzadebdnen.

osuri sazogadoeba ramdenime socialur jgufad iyofoda. osebi

gvarebad cxovrobdnen. osuri gvarebis umetesobas safuZvlad mamaka-

cis saxeli udevs. TiToeuli gvari (`miggag”) ramdenime patronimiis”) ramdenime patronimiis) ramdenime patronimiis

(`fidi-firt”) erTobliobas warmoadgenda. os mecnierTa varaudiT,”) erTobliobas warmoadgenda. os mecnierTa varaudiT,) erTobliobas warmoadgenda. os mecnierTa varaudiT,

osuri gvarebis warmoqmnis dro XVI saukunea. saqarTveloSi osu-

ri gvarebi pirveli migrantebis saxelebidan momdinareoben. araerTi

osuri gvaris Ziri momdinareobs mezobeli xalxebidan (inguSebi, bal-

yarelebi, qarTvelebi). osebSi meore rigis gvarebicaa dadasturebu-

li, romlebSic oTxi-xuTi da meti gvaria gaerTianebuli. es gvarebi

saerTo Soreuli winaprebisagan momdinareoben. dRemde am sanaTesao

jgufebis SigniT mkacrad icaven egzogamias. egzogamiis damrRvevi mka-

crad isjeboda, misi adgili sazogadoebaSi faqtobrivad aRar iyo.

egzogamia imdenad mkacri iyo, rom sxvadasxva gvaris matarebelnic,

romelTac hqondaT gadmocema saerTo warmomavlobis, erTi winapridan

momdinareobis Sesaxeb, erTmaneTze ar qorwindebodnen. magaliTad, ar

qorwindebodnen erTmaneTze saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi Semdegi osuri

gvarebis _ kokoevebis da gasievebis, sanakoevebisa da gagloevebis war-

momadgenlebi. qorwineba ikrZaleboda xelovnurad danaTesavebulebs

Sorisac (magaliTad, SeZmavebul gvarebs Soris). qorwineba ikrZale-

boda ara mxlod erTi ubnis, aramed erTi soflis farglebSic, rac

Tavdapirvelad imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom dasaxlebuli punqtebi

didi xnis ganmavlobaSi erTi gvaris xalxiT iyo dasaxlebuli. Semdeg

es tradiciad iqca. osur gadmocemebSi gvaqvs magaliTebi sisxlis

amRvrevTa mkacrad dasjisa. yoveli osur gvars Tavisi sasaflao da

salocavi (`Zuar~) hqonda. osTa Soris gabatonebuli iyo monogamia.

orcolianoba Zalian iSviaTobas warmoadgenda da is mxolod pirveli

colis uSvilobis SemTxvevaSi iyo daSvebuli. magram, aseT SemTxveva-

Si, Tanxmoba ara marto pirvel cols, aramed mis naTesaobasac unda

miecaT. samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom qorwinebis dros

aucilebeli iyo sapatarZlos Tanxmoba. amave dros, Tanxmoba unda

miecaT dedas, Zmebs da bolos, dedis Zmas.

osebSi SemorCenili iyo bevri Zveli instituti, romelTa Soris

mesisxleoba SeiZleba davasaxeloT, masSi ara mxolod axlo, aramed

Soreuli naTesavebic iyvnen CarTuli. mesisxleobas warmoSobda Rir-

sebis Selaxva, qalis motaceba, dava miwis irgvliv da a.S. Serigeba

mTavrdeboda damnaSave mxaris mier didi raodenobiT saqonlisa da

Zvirfaseulobis (iaraRi, ludis saxarSi qvabi) gadaxdiT da trapezis

mowyobiT. m. kosvenis aRniSvniT, Zvel dros meuRleebs saerTo sarece-

li daufaravad mxolod weliwadis or Tves: noembersa da dekemberSi

hqondaT. danarCen dros meuRleebi farulad xvdebodnen erTmaneTs.

gabatonebuli iyo umZraxoba. mamas arasdros ar ahyavda Svili xelSi.

���

mama Svils saxeliT ar mimarTavda.

osebs stumarTmoyvareobis, yonaRobis (Zmobilobis), daZmobilebis,

urTierTdaxmarebis iseTive wes-Cveulebebi hqondaT, rogorc kavkasiis

sxva xalxebs. didi ojaxebi sabWoTa wyobilebis pirvel wlebSic ki

iyo SemorCenili. saqorwino asaki kacebisaTvis 17-18 wlidan iwyeboda,

qalebisaTvis _ 14-16 wlidan. daqorwinebis aucilebeli piroba iyo

yalimis (urvadis) gadaxda, rac xSirad qalis motacebasac iwvevda.

qorwili, Cveulebriv, Semodgomaze, sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis

damTavrebis Semdeg imarTeboda. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi osebi xSirad

qorwindebodnen qarTvelebze, oRond migrirebuli osisaTvis mTavari

piroba qristianobis miReba iyo. soflis marTva yrilobis _ `nixa-

sis” xelSi iyo. `nixasi” im adgilis saxelic iyo, sadac es yrilobebi” xelSi iyo. `nixasi” im adgilis saxelic iyo, sadac es yrilobebi xelSi iyo. `nixasi” im adgilis saxelic iyo, sadac es yrilobebi” im adgilis saxelic iyo, sadac es yrilobebi im adgilis saxelic iyo, sadac es yrilobebi

imarTeboda. nixasi Temis yvela srulwlovani mamakacisagan Sedgeboda.

magram yvelaze mniSvnelovan rols uxucesebi TamaSobdnen.

sikvdilis Sesaxeb yvela naTesavs atyobinebdnen. dakrZalva meore

dRes xdeboda. icodnen qelexi. micvalebulebs swiravdnen cxens, mis

saxelze awyobdnen doRs, isrodnen mizanSi. icodnen qvrivisaTvis naw-

navis moWra da saflavze dakideba.

dRes osebi ZiriTadad qristianebi arian; gvxvdebian mahmadianebic.

mahmadianoba gansakuTrebiT digorel osebSi iyo gavrcelebuli. os

xalxSi qristianoba VI_VII saukuneebSi jer bizantiidan, Semdeg ki

saqarTvelodan Sevida, Tumca am sarwmunoebam aq fexi myarad ver

moikida da gvian Sua saukuneebSi mTis xeobebSi mcxovrebni winaqri-

stianuli rwmena-warmodgenebis mimdevrebi iyvnen. saqarTvelos xeli-

sufleba cdilobda migrirebuli osebisaTvis qristianoba mieRebine-

bina. islami dasavleT oseTSi yabardodan XVII_XVIII saukuneebSi

gavrcelda. osebs hyavdaT qristianizebuli RvTaebebi: uac-giorgi,

uastirji (wminda giorgi); uacila _ wminda ilia; uacnikola _

wminda nikolozi; uactotur _ wminda Tevdore da sxv. oseTSi iyo

saerToosuri salocavebic (`Zuarebi”), saxeobo, sasoflo da sagvaro”), saxeobo, sasoflo da sagvaro), saxeobo, sasoflo da sagvaro

kultebi. magaliTad, alagirelTa salocavi iyo `rekomi~. am salo-

cavSi arsebul zarze qarTuli nusxaxucuriT Sesrulebuli warwe-

raa. locvebSi xSirad axseneben `miqalgabritas” da `Taranje-lozs”,” da `Taranje-lozs”, da `Taranje-lozs”,”,,

rac sxva araferia, Tu ara miqel-gabrieli da mTavarangelozi. rac

Seexeba qurTaTisa da Tagauris xeobebs, aq saerTo saxevo kultebi

ar yofila, mxolod sasoflo salocavebi iyo. magaliTad, aseTi iyo

`Zigvisi Zuar” wm. giorgis saxelze. osebma, iseve rogorc qarTvelma” wm. giorgis saxelze. osebma, iseve rogorc qarTvelma wm. giorgis saxelze. osebma, iseve rogorc qarTvelma

mTielebma, icodnen salocavisadmi miwis Sewirva (uSvilo mSoblebs

Svili Tu SeeZinebodaT, memkvidris aryolis SemTxvevaSi, soflidan

gadasaxlebisas).

mdidaria osuri folklori. narTul eposze mxolod imas aRvni-

SnavT, rom v. mileri mas CrdiloeT kavkasiis stepebSi warmoqmnilad

miiCnevda, rac, misi azriT, imiT mtkicdeboda, rom eposSi mravaljer

moixsenieba didi mdinareebi, zRvebi, stepebi da a.S. narTebi Tevzs

did mdinareebsa da zRvaSi iWerdnen. es masala pirdapir miuTiTebs

imaze, rom Tavdapirvelad osebi mTielebi ki ara, stepebis mkvidrebi

iyvnen. narTul eposSi alanebis mTebSi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb araviTari

���

monacemi araa. narTebi ZiriTadad iremze nadirobdnen. oseTSi gavr-

celebuli gareuli cxovelebi ki eposSi saerTod ar arian naxsenebi.

Sinauri cxovelidan ki narTebs Zalian uyvardaT da afasebdnen yvela

momTabarisaTvis ganuyofel cxens. osTa winaprebi rom stepebis mkvi-

drni iyvnen, amas maTi samiwaTmoqmedo kalendaric mowmobs, radgan,

mecnierTa daskvniT, is barSia formirebuli da ara mTaSi. sakmarisia

agreTve istoriuli simRerebis dasaxelebac. erT-erTi aseTi simRera

Temur-lengis digoris xeobaSi laSqrobas asaxavs. osTa kulturul

cxovrebaSi didi mniSvneloba hqonda XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi

nacionaluri literaturis Casaxvas, romlis fuZemdebelia kosta xe-

Tagurovi (1859-1906).

dasasruls unda aRvniSnoT, rom oseTis istoriisa da mTeli rigi

sxva sakiTxebis Seswavla ZiriTadad qarTuli wyaroebiT xdeba. osebs

araerTi striqoni aqvs daTmobili vaxuSti bagrationis naSromSic. is

maT Sesaxeb wers: `xolo kacni da qalni arian Suenierni, haerovan-

ni, Sav-Tualwarbani, Sav-Tmosani, TeTr-yirmizni, tanovanni, werwetni,

garna umetes qalni werwetni, mkvrcxlad ficxelni, TvsTa queyanaTa

Sina mcired mWamelni, rameTu kma iyofen Tvnier wyalsa da pursa

da Sratsa, sxuaTa adgilTa da stumrobaTa Sina gauZRomelni, ver

SemmarTebelni brZolasa Sina, rameTu eSinisT laSkarTagan friad.

aramed RamiT SemmarTebelni da Semparavni laSkarTa Sina da gamom-

svlelni... queyanaTa TÂsTa laRni da amayni, sxuaTa queyanaTa Sina

mdabalni, gonierad moubarni... mesisxleni... tyÂs myidvelni, garna ara

TvsTa hyidian”.”..

rogorc irkveva, osebis saukunovani ocneba yofila ori oseTis

gaerTianeba.

naSromi cnobili osi mecnieris _ vasil abaevis sityvebiT unda

davamTavroT, romelic 1992 wels `nezavisimaia gazeta”-Si daibeWda”-Si daibeWda-Si daibeWda

(22 ianvari): “kavkasionis mTavari qedi _ bunebrivi sazRvaria saqar-

Tvelosa da oseTs Soris da yoveli cda am sazRvrebis moSlisa

gamoiwvevs Tavis mxriv qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris permanentuli kon-

fliqtis mdgomareobas... pirvel yovlisa saWiroa damTavrdes saubrebi

saqarTvelosagan samxreT oseTis Camoglejaze. saqarTvelos arc erTi

mTavroba amaze arasdros ar daTanxmdeba da iqneba marTali, radgan

es aRniSnavs saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis darRvevas. visac

surs mSvidoba samxreTel osebsa da qarTvelebs Soris, samudamod

unda ukuagdos samxreT oseTis CrdiloeT oseTTan SeerTebis idea.

visac surs mSvidoba saqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris, agreTve unda

dasTmos es idea. aseTia realoba”. samwuxarod, os mecniers aravin ar”. samwuxarod, os mecniers aravin ar. samwuxarod, os mecniers aravin ar

mousmina. osi xalxi SecdomaSi gayalbebulma istoriam da ruseTis

umaRlesi xelisuflebis veragulma gegmebma Seiyvana. rogori iqneba

momavali, amas istorikosi ukve veRar iwinaswarmetyvelebs. erTi kia,

prognozi aseT pirobebSi arc Tu saimedoa.

���

damowmebuli literatura

1. abaevi 1949 _ В. �бае��. Осе��нс��� ��зы� � ф������р. �. ����.

2. alemani 2003 2003 _ �. ��е�ан�. ��аны � дре�н�х � средне�е���ых �с���н��ах.—�. ����.

3. bagrationi 198� _ i. bagrationi. qarTl-kaxeTis aR-

wera, T. enuqiZisa da g. bedoSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1986.

4. berozovi 1980 _ Б. Бер�з��. Пересе�ен�е �се��н с ��р на. Бер�з��. Пересе�ен�е �се��н с ��р наБер�з��. Пересе�ен�е �се��н с ��р на. Пересе�ен�е �се��н с ��р наПересе�ен�е �се��н с ��р на �се��н с ��р на�се��н с ��р на с ��р нас ��р на ��р на��р на нана ���с��с�� ����� ��. Ордж�н���дзе. ����. ����� ��. Ордж�н���дзе. ����.��. Ордж�н���дзе. ����.. Ордж�н���дзе. ����.Ордж�н���дзе. ����.. ���0.

�. blievi, turgievi 1990 _ �. Б��е��� �. �ур��е�. Ис��р���. Б��е��� �. �ур��е�. Ис��р���Б��е��� �. �ур��е�. Ис��р����� �. �ур��е�. Ис��р����. �ур��е�. Ис��р���. �ур��е�. Ис��р����ур��е�. Ис��р���. Ис��р���Ис��р��� �е�ерн�� Осе����� �ас�� �. Ор�дзе. ����.

�. boWoriZe 199� _ samxreT oseTi giorgi boWoriZis

TvaliT. _ `osTa sakiTxi”, gori-Tbilisi, 1996.”, gori-Tbilisi, 1996., gori-Tbilisi, 1996.

7. gamyreliZe 199� _ b. gamyreliZe. osTa gansaxlebisb. gamyreliZe. osTa gansaxlebis. gamyreliZe. osTa gansaxlebisgamyreliZe. osTa gansaxlebis

sakiTxisaTvis saqarTveloSi. _ `osTa sakiTxi”, gori_Tbilisi,”, gori_Tbilisi,, gori_Tbilisi,

1996.

8. gamrekeli 19�1 _ В. Га�ре�е��. ��а�ы � ��а�е���� � ���� ��.. Га�ре�е��. ��а�ы � ��а�е���� � ���� ��.Га�ре�е��. ��а�ы � ��а�е���� � ���� ��.. ��а�ы � ��а�е���� � ���� ��.��а�ы � ��а�е���� � ���� ��. н. э. �б. ����.

9. gaCeCilaZe 198� _ m. gaCeCilaZe. samaCablos osTa

yofa-cxovreba, zne-Cveuleba, kultura (1857_1905 ww. qar-

Tuli presis masalebis mixedviT), Tb. 1986.

10. gvasalia 1991 _ �ж. Г�аса��а. Ис��р��ес�а�� �е��раф����ж. Г�аса��а. Ис��р��ес�а�� �е��раф���. Г�аса��а. Ис��р��ес�а�� �е��раф���Г�аса��а. Ис��р��ес�а�� �е��раф���. Ис��р��ес�а�� �е��раф���Ис��р��ес�а�� �е��раф��� В�с���н�� Груз�� �� Ш�да �ар����� �б.�� ����.

11. gvasalia 1997 _ j. gvasalia. Sida qarTli da osuri

sakiTxi, Tb., 1997

12. giuldenStedti 19�1 _ guldenStedtis mogzauroba

saqarTveloSi, t. 1, g. gelaSvilis gamocema, Tb., 1961.

13. dokumentebi 1940 _ dokumentebi saqarTvelos so-

cialuri istoriidan, wigni I, n. berZeniSvilis gamocema, Tb.,

1940.

14. vaneevi 193� _ З. Ванее�. � ���р�су � �ре�ен� засе�ен���. Ванее�. � ���р�су � �ре�ен� засе�ен���Ванее�. � ���р�су � �ре�ен� засе�ен���. � ���р�су � �ре�ен� засе�ен���� ���р�су � �ре�ен� засе�ен��� ���р�су � �ре�ен� засе�ен������р�су � �ре�ен� засе�ен��� � �ре�ен� засе�ен���� �ре�ен� засе�ен��� �ре�ен� засе�ен����ре�ен� засе�ен��� засе�ен���засе�ен��� Ю���Осе���. �� Из�ес���� Ю���Осе��нс���� нау�н���сс�ед��а�е��с�����Осе���. �� Из�ес���� Ю���Осе��нс���� нау�н���сс�ед��а�е��с����Осе���. �� Из�ес���� Ю���Осе��нс���� нау�н���сс�ед��а�е��с����. �� Из�ес���� Ю���Осе��нс���� нау�н���сс�ед��а�е��с����Из�ес���� Ю���Осе��нс���� нау�н���сс�ед��а�е��с���� Ю���Осе��нс���� нау�н���сс�ед��а�е��с����Ю���Осе��нс���� нау�н���сс�ед��а�е��с�����Осе��нс���� нау�н���сс�ед��а�е��с����Осе��нс���� нау�н���сс�ед��а�е��с���� нау�н���сс�ед��а�е��с����нау�н���сс�ед��а�е��с������сс�ед��а�е��с�����сс�ед��а�е��с���� �н��а�� �ы�. �. ���р��� ����.��а�� �ы�. �. ���р��� ����.�а�� �ы�. �. ���р��� ����.

���

1�. vaxuSti 1973 _ vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa

saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba. t. IV. 1973.

1�. volkova 1974 _ �. В�����а. Э�н��ес��� с�с�а� насе�ен��� �е�ерн��� �а��аза � �� �� на�а�е �� �е�а�� �. ����.

17. TofCiSvili 1989 _ �. ��р��ш����. П�се�е�ные с��с�� ��ф��сс��� �уберн�� ���� �. �а� э�н��раф��ес��� �с���н��. �� �Э. №�. ����. 

18. TofCiSvili 1997 _ r. TofCiSvili, saqarTveloSi

osTa Camosaxlebisa da Sida qarTlis eTnoistoriis sakiTxebi.

Tb., 1997.

19. TofCiSvili 200� _ �. �����ш����. Груз�н���се��нс��е э�н��с��р�ес��е ��ер��. �у�а�с��� ����.

20. ivanenko 1873 _ З. И�анен��. Гражданс��е у�ра��ен�е За�а��аз�е�. �ф.�� ����.

21. kaloevi 1999 _ Б. �а��е�. Осе��нс��е �с��р����э�н��раф��ес��е э��ды. �. ����.

22. krebuli 1893 �� ���д с�а��с���ес��х данных � насе�ен�� За�а��азс���� �ра��� �б. ����.

23. lazaraSvili 19�� �� Г. �азараш����. О �ре�ен� �ересе�ен��� �се��н � Груз��. �� �Э. №�. ����.

24. lorTqifaniZe, oTxmezuri 2007 _ �. ��рд���ан�дзе�� Г. О�х�езур�. Осе��ны � Груз��. �� �а��аз � Г��ба��зац���. ��� � (���� ����.

2�. lorTqifaniZe, musxeliSvili 2008 _ �. ��рд���ан�дзе�� �. �усхе��ш����. О��ры��е ��с��� �ре��ер���н�с�ру �� В. Пу��ну. �� �на�еб��� №��� ����.

2�. mefisaSvili, cincaZe 197� _ �. �е��саш������ В. ��нцадзе. �рх��е��ура на��рн�� �ас�� �с��р��ес��� �р���нц�� Груз�� �� Ш�да �ар����� �б.�� ����.

27. oTxmezuri 1994 _ Г. О�х�езур�. Э���раф��а се�ерн�� �ас�� Ш�да �ар���. �� Осе��нс��� ���р�с�� �б.�� ����.

28. qurdiani 1997 _ m. qurdiani. saerTo-qarTveluri

epikuri (naratiuli) leqsis erTi metruli sqemis Sesaxeb. __

kr. `giorgi rogavas”, Tb., 1997.. `giorgi rogavas”, Tb., 1997.giorgi rogavas”, Tb., 1997. rogavas”, Tb., 1997.rogavas”, Tb., 1997.”, Tb., 1997., Tb., 1997.Tb., 1997.., 1997.

29. CrdiloeT kavkasiis 1988 _ Ис��р��� нар�д�� �е�ерн���

��0

�а��аза с дре�не�ш�х �ре�ен д� ��нца �� �е�а. �.�� ����..

30. Zveli... 1911 _ `Zveli saqarTvelo”, II, tf., 1911_”, II, tf., 1911_, II, tf., 1911_

1913.

31. javaxiSvili 1919 _ iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos

sazRvrebi istoriulad da Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT ganxi-

luli, tf., 1919

���

bimurza dadeSqeliani-afrasiZe

Sida qarTlis erTi nawilis (cxinvalis mxaris)

politikur-samarTlebrivi statusis Sesaxeb

XIX saukunidan ruseTis xelisufleba kavkasieli xalxebis geno-

cidiT, eTnowmendiT, deportaciiT, demografiuli eqspansiiT axor-

cielebda mTeli kavkasiis da, pirvel rigSi, Savi zRvis sanapir-

os `aTvisebas”. mefis ruseTis xelisuflebis da aseve dekabris-

tebis `proeqtiT” (pesteli, 1991) principulad iyo dasmuli sakiTxi

kavkasieli“`SfoTiani” xalxebis (qarTvelebi, CeCnebi, daRestnelebi,

adiReebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi, afsuebi/afxazebi...) Sua ruseTSi

gadasaxlebisa. kavkasiaSi unda daetovebinaT ruseTis morCili, `uS-

foTveli” erebi Camosaxlebul rusebTan erTad. es procesi grZel-

deboda mTeli sabWoTa imperiis arsebobis manZilze da grZeldeba

dResac qarTvelTa, CeCenTa, inguSTa da a. S. genocidiTa da eTnikuri

wmendiT.

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis istoriis ganmavlobaSi mis legi-

timur xelisuflebas (farnavazianTa dinastias, bagrationTa dinastias,

saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas da saqarTvelos respublikis

xelisuflebas) qveynis SuagulSi _ Sida qarTlSi (cxinvalis mxareSi)

arasodes uRiarebia raime saxis avtonomiuri erTeulis arseboba.

1921 wlis Teberval-martsa da 1991-1993 wlebSi ruseTis impe-

riis samxedro Zalebis (VIII, IX, XI armiebi, amierkavkasiis samxedro

olqis jarebi da specsamsaxurebi, Savi zRvis samxedro-sazRvao flo-

ti, rostovis specdaniSnulebis razmi, ZerJinskis saxelobis divizia,

345-e sahaero-sadesanto polki) da adgilobrivi renegatebis mier

damoukidebeli saqarTvelos okupaciis Sedegad Seiqmna antikonsti-

tuciuri e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi da Semdgom e. w.

samxreT oseTis respublika.

1918-1921 wlebsa da 1990-1991 wlebSi saqarTvelos legitimurma

xelisuflebam saqarTvelos konstituciebsa da saerTaSoriso samar-

Talze dayrdnobiT aRkveTa Sida qarTlis teritoriis saqarTvelos-

gan CamoSorebis mcdelobebi.

1989-1991 wlebSi ruseTis (kremlis) propagandis Sedegad ucxoeT-

Si vrceldeboda cru, yalbi informaciebi qarTvelTagan eTnikur

umciresobaTa TiTqosda Cagvrisa da Seviwroebis Sesaxeb. ase, magali-

Tad, qarTveli patriotis mindiaSvilis jgufis wevrebis osebis mier

cocxlad dawvis foto-video masala erTma qarTvelma “opozicionerma

osebis cocxlad dawvis faqtad gaasaRa sazRvargareT. amasTanave,

praRaSi disidentTa saerTaSoriso konferenciaze saqarTvelos e. w.

erovnuli kongresis wevrebma qarTveli eri osebis genocidis mcdelo-

basa da eTnikuri umciresobebis diskriminaciaSi daadanaSaules.

garda amisa, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb eTnikur umciresobaTa dacvis

sababiT ruseTis xelisuflebam 1989-1991 wlebSi Seqmna samxedro-

politikuri organizaciebi: `aidgilara”, `adamon-nixasi”, `krunqi”,

���

`soiuzi”, `kazakTa kavSiri”, `slavuri saxli”, `mTiel xalxTa kavSiri”,

`maStoci” da sxva.

1921-1922 wlebsa da 1991-1993 wlebSi suverenuli saqarTvelos

respublikis mimarT ganxorcielebuli agresiis Sedegad dairRva ra

gaeros wesdeba, gaeros 1965 wlisa da 1974 wlis deklaraciebi, eu-

Tos konferenciebi, saerTaSoriso samarTlis elementaruli normebi,

ganxorcielda afxazeTisa da Sida qarTlis okupacia.

1922 wlis 20 aprils ruseTis saokupacio reJimis mier Seiqmna

samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi. mis Seqmnas mkveTrad ewinaaRmde-

geboda am teritoriaze mcxovrebi 20000 qarTveli da 1100 eTnikuri

osi (am mxareSi mcxovreb osTa umravlesoba).

1988-1990 wlebSi sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi iZulebiT mo-

qceulma saqarTvelos komunisturma reJimma faqtobrivad dakarga

kontroli e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqze da masze sabWoTa

saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia TiTqmis ar vrceldeboda.

1990 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos komunisturma xelisuflebam

(ruseTis saokupacio administraciam), sabWoTa ruseTis mier 1921

wels saqarTvelos okupaciis aRiarebiT, TviTlikvidacia gamoacxada.

Sedegad, 70 wlis ganmavlobaSi miRebuli yvela samarTlebrivi aqti,

maT Soris, avtonomiebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb arsebuli dadgenilebebic,

iuridiuli Zalis armqoned iqca (dadgenileba, 20. 08. 1990).

1990 wlis 28 oqtombridan, saqarTveloSi demokratiulad arCeuli

legitimuri erovnuli xelisuflebis mosvlis pirvelive dReebidan,

ruseTis imperiis xelisufleba osi separatistebisa da Tavisi samx-

edro-saokupacio Zalebis gamoyenebiT cdilobs, qarTuli saxelmwifos

mSeneblobis procesis SeCerebas. 1990 wlis 9 dekembers ruseTis

xelisuflebis miTiTebiT da xelmZRvanelobiT osma separatistebma

Caatares e. w. samxreT oseTis sabWoTa respublikis umaRlesi sabWos

arCevnebi, riTac saqarTvelos respublikis teritoriul mTlianobas

didi safrTxe Seeqmna.

1990 wlis 11 dekembers saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sab-

Wos mier miRebul 363-e kanonSi `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis

gauqmebis Sesaxeb” (kanoni, 12. 12. 1990) aRniSnulia, rom “samxreT

oseTis avtonomiur olqSi separatistuli Zalebi cdiloben, e. w.

”samxreT oseTis sabWoTa respublikis” SeqmniT moaxdinon saxelmwifo

xelisuflebis uzurpacia, xelyon saqarTvelos istoriuli, ganuy-

ofeli nawili, rac aSkarad ewinaaRmdegeba ara marto saqarTvelos

respublikis konstitucias, aramed TviT ssrk-s konstituciasa da

saerTaSoriso samarTlis elementarul normebs...”. saqarTvelos re-

spublikis konstituciis 104-e muxlis me-3 da me-11 punqtebis Ses-

abamisad saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo adgens:

1. gauqmdes samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi.

2. ...

3. Zaladakargulad CaiTvalos sruliad saqarTvelos centraluri

aRmasrulebeli komitetisa da saqarTvelos saxalxo komisarTa sab-

Wos 1922 wlis 20 aprilis 2 dekreti `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri

olqis mowyobis Sesaxeb” da saqarTvelos ssr 1980 wlis 12 noembris

kanoni `samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis Sesaxeb”;

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4. `...cnobil iqnas baTilad da iuridiuli Zalis armqoned e.w.

samxreT oseTis sabWoTa respublikis “umaRlesi sabWos 1990 wlis 9

dekembris arCevnebi da misi Sedegebi...”.

1991 wlis 23 marts daba yazbegSi saqarTvelos respublikisa da

rsfsr-s saxelmwifoTa meTaurebs _ zviad gamsaxurdiasa da boris

elcins ̀ Soris xelmoweril dokumentSi dafiqsirda termini: ̀ yofili

samxreT oseTis avtomomiuri olqi”. amave dros, yofili samxreT os-

eTis avtonomiuri olqis, rogorc saqarTvelos ganuyofeli nawilis,

sakiTxis gadawyveta ruseTma saqarTvelos saSinao saqmed cno da

daTanxmda am zonidan ssrk-s samxedro SenaerTebis gayvanas (`saqarT-

velos respublika”, 24. 03. 1991).

1991 wlis maisSi ssr-s umaRlesi sabWos, ruseTis federaciuli

respublikis umaRlesi sabWosa da saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi

sabWos warmomadgenlebis mier, osuri mxaris rogorc meTvalyuris

TandaswrebiT, parafirebul iqna xelSekruleba, romlis safuZvelze

cxinvalis regionis problemis gadawyveta saqarTvelos respublikis

prerogativad gamocxadda. aRniSnulis safuZvelze ssrk-s umaRlesi

sabWos prezidiumma analogiuri Sinaarsis dadgenileba miiRo.

1991 wlis 31 martis sayovelTao saxalxo referendumSi saqarT-

velos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas cxinvalis raionSi

xma misca 99,68%-ma amomrCevelma, axalgoris raionSi ki _ 99,44%-

ma. saqarTvelos respublikis mTel teritoriaze mcxovrebi eTnikuri

osebis didma umravlesobam 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers, 1991 wlis 31

marts, 1991 wlis 26 maiss (samivejer) xma misca `saqarTvelos da-

moukideblobas, teritoriul mTlianobas, “mrgvali magida _ Tavi-

sufali saqarTvelos” programas, zviad gamsaxurdias saxelmwifoebriv

politikas (“xma erisa”, 1995: 94-98, 470-475).

1991 wlis 31 martis referendumis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, 1991

wlis 9 aprilis saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis

aRdgenis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciidan da

saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos re-

spublikis uzenaesma sabWom 1991 wlis 15 seqtembers miiRo 657-e

dadgenileba _ saqarTvelos respublikaSi sabWoTa kavSiris Sei-

araRebuli Zalebis Sesaxeb, _ romelSic naTqvamia: 1. saqarTvelos

teritoriaze ganlagebuli ssrk-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebi gamocxaddes

saokupacio samxedro Zalad; 2. saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobam

daiwyos molaparakeba ssrk-s SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gayvanis Taobaze;

3. saqarTvelos respublikis teritoriidan ssrk-s SeiaraRebuli Za-

lebis srul gayvanamde ssrk-s winaSe daisvas sakiTxi afxazeTis assr

da yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriebidan sab-

WoTa armiis nawilebis dauyovnebliv gayvanis Sesaxeb, radgan maTi

yofna da moqmedeba xels uSlis mdgomareobis stabilizacias am re-

gionSi” (dadgenileba, 16. 09. 1991).

saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciis, 1991 wlis 31 martis

referendumis Sedegebis, 1991 wlis 9 aprilis saxelmwifoebrivi da-

moukideblobis aRdgenis aqtis, gaeros wesdebis, euTos 1986 wlis

venis Semajamebeli dokumentis, saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi

sabWos 15 seqtembrisa da 1992 wlis 13 martis dadgenilebis ignori-

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rebiT, 1992 wlis 24 ivniss dagomisSi SevardnaZis saokupacio reJimma

xeli moawera xelSekrulebas ruseTTan, romlis ZaliTac ruseTis

samxedro Zalebs ufleba miecaT, “mSvidobismyofelTa” statusiT

ganTavsebuliyvnen cxinvalis regionSi. ramdenadac, saqarTvelos teri-

toriaze myof ruseTis imperiis samxedro SenaerTebs jer kidev 1991

wels saqarTvelos kanonieri xelisuflebis mier miniWebuli hqonda

saokupacio jaris statusi, dagomisis xelSekrulebiT aRebuli “val-

debuleba warmoadgens saxelmwifo danaSauls saqarTvelos winaSe;

garda amisa, is iuridiuli Zalis armqonea, ramdenadac mas xeli

moawera ukanono reJimma; Sdr.: am dros arsebobs da devnilobaSi

funqcionirebs ruseTis mier saqarTvelodan devnili kanonieri xe-

lisufleba (saqarTvelos prezidenti, sakanonmdeblo organo saqarT-

velos respublikis uzenaesi sabWo, saqarTvelos mTavroba da adgi-

lobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi)1.

paralelurad, SevardnaZis saokupacio reJimi xels uwyobs e. w.

samxreT oseTis saparlamento arCevnebs da borjomis, cxinvalis, mos-

kovis, vladikavkazis Sexvedrebze afiqsirebs samxreT oseTis saxelmwi-

foebriv warmonaqmns Sida qarTlSi. amave dros, ruseTis xelisufle-

basa da os separatistebTan erTad cdilobs, saqarTvelos kanonier

xelisuflebas daabralos ruseTis mier cxinvalis mxareSi provoci-

rebuli konfliqti.

SevardnaZis reJimma aseve ukanonod mianiWa saokupacio jars mSvi-

dobismyoflis” roli afxazeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi2.

dRes putin-medvevdvis reJimi cxinvalis mxareSi qarTvelTa geno-

cidis Semdeg cdilobs, es faqtobrivi mdgomareoba iuridiulad

gaaformos da “ori oseTis” respublikis dafiqsirebiT Seqmnas samar-

Tlebriv-politikuri safuZvlebi ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi

erTi oseTis CamoyalibebisTvis.

2008 wlis 7 agvistodan ruseTma sakuTari da saqarTvelos kon-

stituciebis (saqarTvelos konstitucia, 1995) garda daarRvia saer-

TaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi3, kerZod:

1. saxelmwifo-teritoriuli mTlianobisa;

2. saxelmwifoTa suverenobisa da Tanasworobis;

3. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi Zalis gamouyeneblobisa;

4. sazRvris urRvevobisa;

5. sxva saxelmwifos saSinao saqmeebSi Caurevlobisa;

6. adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa pativiscemisa;

�  paradoqsia, magram faqtia: ruseT-saqarTvelos Soris dagomisis “xelSekrulebas saqarTvelos mxridan xeli moawera ruseTis moqalaqe eduard SevardnaZem.

�  Sdr.: ufro adre, saqarTvelos gasabWoebisTanave, ruseTis bolSevikurma imperiam sergo orjonikiZis saokupacio administraciis xelSewyobiT, saqarTvelos kanonieri

xelisuflebis gverdis avliT Seqmna e. w. samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi.

�  gaeros wesdeba; adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, 1990;

���

7. xalxTa Tanasworoba da TviTgamorkvevisa;

8. davebis mSvidobiani mowesrigebisa;

9. saerTaSoriso samarTliT gansazRvrul valdebulebaTa da

xelSekrulebaTa Sesrulebisa da a. S. ruseTma amJamad qsnis xeoba _

axalgoris raionic miitaca, rac Zaladobis da cinizmis gamovline-

baa.

Sida qarTlis ruseTTan mierTebas arc samarTlebrivi da arc

politikuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia.

���

damowmebuli literatura:

1. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti;

Tb., 1991.

2. xelSekruleba qarTul-osuri konfliqtis daregulirebis Ses-

axeb; Tb., 1992.

3. saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos dadgenileba; gazeTi `komu-

nisti”, 1990 w. 20 agvisto.

4. saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri

olqis gauqmebis Sesaxeb; gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika” 1990

w. 12 dekemberi.

5. gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika” 1991 w. 24 marti.

6. saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sabWos 657-e dadgenileba;

gazeTi `saqarTvelos respublika”, 1991 w. 16 seqtemberi.

7. saqarTvelos respublikis referendumis Sedegebi; gazeTi `saqa-

rTvelos respublika”, 1991 w. 8 aprili.

8. saqarTvelos respublikis konstitucia; Tb., 1991.

9. saqarTvelos konstitucia; Tb., 1995.

10. adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia. Tb. 1990 w.

11. adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis dasacavad; Tb. 1991 w.

12. pesteli p.i. russkaia pravda, sankt-peterburgi, 1906 w.

13. xma erisa; red. g. saluaSvili; Tb. 1995.