tamar berekasvili -...

saqarTvelos semiotikis sazogadoeba

semiotikis kvlevis centri

semiotika

samecniero Jurnali

VII

SEMIOTICS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Tbilisi

Tbilisi 2010

UDC 81′22 saredaqcio sabWo

mTavari redaqtori

cira barbaqaZe

guCa kvaracxelia

zurab kiknaZe

mixeil qurdiani

merab RaRaniZe

emzar jgerenaia

nodar ladaria

manana kvaWantiraZe

zaza SaTiriSvili

daviT andriaZe

zaal kikviZe

mamuka biWaSvili

ramaz xalvaSi

redaqtorebi

Tamar berekaSvili

Tamar lomiZe

gia joxaZe

Editorial Board Editor-in-Chief Tsira Barbakadze Gucha Kvaratskhelia Zurab Kiknadze Mikheil Kurdiani Merab Ghaghanidze Emzar Jgerenaia Nodar Ladaria Manana Kvachantiradze Zaza Shatirishvili Davit Andriadze Zaal Kikvidze Mamuka Bichashvili Ramaz Khalvashi Editors Tamar Berekashvili Tamar Lomidze Gia Jokhadze

© semiotikis kvlevis centri 2010 ISSN 1512-2409

dagvikavSirdiT: E-mail: [email protected]

Sinaarsi

enisa da literaturis semiotika

cira barbaqaZe

SeSlilobis semiotika da Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebi 7

qeTevan bezaraSvili

urbanistuli xilvebi XX saukunis saqarTveloSi 22

konstantine bregaZe

grigol robaqiZis romani `Cakluli suli~, rogorc totalitaruli

(sabWoTa) saxelmwifos miTosur-demonuri arsisa da modernistuli

epoqis hermenevtika 33

ilia gasviani

kompoziciisa da versifikaciis problema giiom apolineris

alkoholebSi 51

nino daraselia

metyvelebiTi orgemagobis zogierTi semantikuri da

pragmatikuli maxasiaTebeli politikur diskursSi 61

anuki imnaiSvili

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis postsabWoTa Taobis qarTuli prozis

postmodernistuli tendenciebi 73

nodar ladaria

laTinuri da italiuri enebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi dante

aligieris traqtatebSi 95

Tamar LlomiZe

lingvistika da poetika 103

salome omiaZe

erTi genderuli stereotipis Sesaxeb poeziis enaSi 109

Tamar taliaSvili

teqstis gagebis strategiebi 119

ramaz xalvaSi

`lurja cxenebis~ interteqsti 129

kulturis semiotika daviT bostanaSvili

mniSvnelobis tvirTi 141

elizbar elizbaraSvili

nicSes wakiTxvis paradigmaTa konfliqti dasavlur azrovnebaSi 155

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

miTosuri simulaciebi (`mTliani RmerTi” da misi destruqcia) 171

irakli mWedliSvili 185

renesansuli `adamianuri ganzomileba~, proeqcia da modernuli proeqti

gia joxaZe

sxeulis Tavgadasavali: qarTuli versia (cremli da tirili) 198

koba WumburiZe

idumali ieroglifi `a n x~ 212

SoTa xinCagaSvili

Tmis semiotika (mcire dakvirveba) 224

semiotika da sxva

Tamar berekaSvili

muza – miTi Tu sinamdvile 229

SoTa iaTaSvili

scilasa da qaribdas Soris 236

xaTuna maisaSvili

hiperteqstualuri TamaSi anu Cven veZebT propis adamianebs 246

gia murRulia

ca da miwa erT kacSi 251

cira kilanava

enobrivi eqsperimentebi qarTul maskulturaSi 263

nana trapaiZe

zRvarTan yofnis poetika 269

paata Samugia

mtris xatis semiotika 278

CONTENTS

Semiotics of Language and Literature

Tsira Barbakazde Semiotics of Madness and Contemporary Literary Procedures (Post-colonial Georgian Poetry) 283

Konstantine Bregadze Grigol Robakidze and His Novel “Die gemordete Seele” as the Hermeneutics of the Mythic-Demonic Nature of a Totalitarian (Soviet) State and of Modernist Epoch 283

Anuki Imnaishvili Post-modernist Tendencies of Georgian Prose of Post-soviet Generation of 90s of XX Century 285

Tamar Lomidze Lingustics and Poetics (The Issue of Interpetation of Some Poetic Terms) 286

Salome Omiadze One Gender Stereotype in the Language of Poetry (Ana Kalandadze, Mukhran Machavariani) 287

Ramaz Khalvashi Intertext of “Blue-Grey Horses” 287

Irakli Mchedlishvili The Renaissance “Human Dimension”, Projection and the Project of Modernism 288

Gia Jokhadze The Body History – Georgian Version 288

Semiotics of Culture

David Bostanashvili Signification Load 289 Ilia Gasviani The Problem of the Composition and of the Versification in Guillaume Apollinaire’s Alcohols 290 Koba Chumburidze Mention and Origin of Svanetian Ritual Element “ANG” 291

e n i s a d a l i t e r a t u r i s

s e m i o t i k a

a

cira barbaqaZe

SeSlilobis semiotika da

Tanamedrove

literaturuli procesebi

(postkoloniuri qarTuli poezia)

kulturulma paradigmam _ `SeSliloba

da Semoqmedeba~ _ 21-e saukuneSi intensiu-

rad Semoabija. `modernizmSi da avangardSi

Semovida SeSlilobis semiotizaciis proce-

si, roca fsiqopaTologia xelovnebis samsa-

xurSi Cadga. me-20 saukunis xelovnebaSi

uzarmazari roli iTamaSes Sizofreniulma

samyaroebma. paranoidulma sistemebma bevrad

gansazRvres evropuli faSizmisa da sabWoTa

totalitarizmis sociokulturuli sisteme-

bi~ (kurganovi 2005:14).

Sesabamisad, mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi

paranoiduli diskursi kvlevis sagnad iqca.

zogadad, normis rRveva SemoqmedebisaTvis

da SemoqmedTaTvis normaa, magram am SemTxve-

vaSi, saubaria `WkuismiRmur” enaze, srul

`bodvaze~ SemoqmedebaSi, romelic niSandob-

livi gaxda Tanamedrove mxatvruli litera-

turisaTvis. Tu mxatvrul teqsts ganvixi-

lavT agreTve, rogorc eris cnobierebis

mdgomareobas, maSin fsiqoanalizis moSveli-

ebiT SesaZloa garkveuli daskvnebis gamota-

nac. am SemTxvevaSi ki, Cveni amocanaa pos-

tkoloniuri qarTuli literaturuli pro-

cesebis analizi (da ara Sefaseba) am mimar-

TulebiT da gamovlena im semiotikuri niS-

nebisa, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia mxatvr-

ul Semoqmedebis am nakadisaTvis. pirobiTad

filologiis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, ilias saxelmwifo

universitetis humanitarul

mecnierebaTa da kulturis

kvlevebis fakultetis aso-

cirebuli profesori.

monografiebi: qarTuli mWev-

rmetyvelebis lingvopragma-

tika (2003), qarTuli saka-

nonmdeblo stili (1996), po-

eziis semiotika (2009).

interesTa sfero: semiotika,

ritorika, stilistika, poe-

tika, kritika.

cira barbaqaZe

8

amgvar Semoqmedebas vuwodebT `alternatiul poezias~.

bunebrivia, Sors varT im azrisgan, rom mxatvruli litera-

turaSi `bodva~ marTlac bodvas niSnavdes da sxvas arafers. Nne-

tari avgustine dialogSi `maswavleblis Sesaxeb~ sainteresod ga-

nixilavs niSnebs, sagnebsa da sityvebs: `saganTa Secnoba ufro mniS-

vnelovania, vidre niSnebi,~ _ wers igi da agrZelebs, rom `sit-

yvebs aqvT naklebi mniSvneloba, vidre imas, risTvisac isini gamoi-

yenebian... saxeze gvaqvs oTxi ram: saxeli, sagani, saxelis Secnoba

da sagnis Secnoba...~ niSnis semiotikis gaSifvra _ es aris gza

Secnobisaken.

`SeSliloba~ mxatvrul teqstSi metaforuli xasiaTisaa,

tropia an figura, gamoxatvis plania da ara Sinaarsis plani. si-

namdvileSi SeSlilobis poetika niSania, romelic unda gaiSifros...

garkveuli ideis `SefuTvaa~, romlis axsniT vxsniT mTavar Sina-

arss.

yovelgvari zRvris moSla poetur teqstebSi da erTgvari

bodva `sxva” samyarosTan ziarebaa, romelsac Cveulebrivi fsiqika

ver gamoavlens. poetis `SeSlilobis paradigmaSi~ yofna ar niS-

navs, rom marTla SeSlilia, mas SeuZlia am paradigmidan gamosvla

da dabruneba Cveulebriv mdgomareobaSi (Tumca iseTebic arseboben,

romlebic ver gamodian am mdgomareobidan), radgan SeSliloba fsi-

qikis Secvlili mdgomareobaa da ara gonebis sisuste. karl ias-

persi wers am mdgomareobis Sesaxeb `zogad fsiqopaTologiaSi~:

`imisaTvis, rom sworad gavigoT bodviTi idea, aucilebelia, gavTa-

visufldeT im warmodgenisagan, TiTqos is efuZneba gonebis sisus-

tes. am ukanasknelTan nebismieri damokidebuleba atarebs forma-

lur xasiaTs...~ (iaspersi 1997:133).

Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebis erTi tendencia:

alternatiuli poezia

postkoloniurma realobam qarTul literaturul proceseb-

Si gaaaqtiura e. w. alternatiuli poezia, romelic sxvadasxva

dros sxvadasxva kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli movlenaa (maga-

liTad, `nonsensis~ literatura inglisSi (eduard liri (1812-

1888), luis keroli (1832-1898); me-20 saukuneSi ki absurdis Te-

mas poeziaSi agrZeleben `rok-poeziis~ warmomadgenlebi, romlis

TvalsaCino nimuSia konceptualuri albomi jgufisa “Pink Floyd": "The Dark Side of the Moon" (1973); bitnikebis poezia, simbolistebi,

dadaistebi, avangardizmi da sxva).

SeSlilobis semiotika da Tanamedrove literaturuli procesebi

9

Tanamedrove qarTuli alternatiuli poeziis tendenciebis

Sesaxeb saintereso mosazrebas gamoTqvams daTo CixlaZe:

`saintereso iqneba aRvniSnoT erTi aseve saintereso maxasia-

Tebeli. Tanamedrove avangarduli poeziisTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi,

Tanamedrove qalaquri lirikisaTvis dRes gansakuTrebiT axlobeli

aRmoCnda ara dadaisturi, formalisturi Tu postmodernistuli

ganwyobebi, aramed swored avangardis pirvelwyaro – lotreamoni,

rembo da bodleri. cxadia, aq ara gvaqvs pretenzia erTxazovan gan-

viTarebaze Tanamedrove poeziis. mxolod, Tu guSindeli bitnikuri

poezia dResac iwereba, is mxolod specializebul araprogresul

gamocemebSi qveyndeba. poeziis wamyvani Jurnalebi pirdapir acxade-

ben, rom ar ganixilaven bitnikur stilSi Seqmnil poezias. aseve

devalvacia ganicada ufro adrindelma avangardistulma tradicieb-

ma, vTqvaT, siurrealizmma, dadaizmma da futurizmma da dRevandel

aqtualobaSi es terminebi aRarc cirkulirebs, garda ironiuli an

rame specifikuri diskursis datvirTvisa. rac am mimarTulebebis

STamomavlad mogvevlina, es aris niu iorkis jgufis “lengvij”-is

wamowyebebi ori aTeuli wlis win, rac dResac grZeldeba da Tav-

moyrilia bafalos niu iorkis Statis universitetSi. meore mxriv,

sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda e.w. maRali modernizmis amerikuli

tradicia, sadac dResac misaRebia rogorc luis zukovskis da de-

niz levertovis gavlenebi, aseve e. e. kamingsis lirikuli avangar-

dizmi.

rac Seexeba urbanistul da arasauniversiteto garemos – aq

ukve didi xania dominireba daiwyo bodleris da adreuli moder-

nizmis, impresionizmis, spiritualizmis da simbolizmis elementeb-

ma. urbanistuli poezia ukve ganuSorebel sinonimad iqca ara pos-

tmodernizmis, aramed dekadensis... isev, gonebis adgils ikavebs in-

tuicia, vizioneroba, xilva, meditacias apokalipsuri da simbolis-

turi emociebi cvlis. win gamodis konfliqtis, egzaltaciis, gamo-

fitvis, emociuri ukiduresobis intonaciebi...~

qarTul realobaSi 90-iani wlebidan arsebobda alternatiu-

li poeturi dajgufebebi: 90-ianelebis: `reaqtiuli klubi~, `qro-

nofagebi~, `beberi poetebis ordeni~, `demonebi~ da bolo drois:

`vardisferi avtobusi~ da `samkauli~ (dReisTvis yvela dajgufeba

daSlilia).

TiToeul dajgufebas Tavisi manifesti hqonda, magaliTad,

`vardisferi avtobusis~ poetebi manifestSi weren: `poezia – tran-slaciis saSualebaa. warmodgenis RvTaebebs vuxmob, vTxov, rom

xilvebi gaaTavisuflos, gaTendes am wuTSi, aqve davrCeT da Tan

wavideT. gamovideT da Tan SevideT. avjanydeT da Tan SevrigdeT. es

ar xerxdeba. saWiroa ganadgurdes urTierTobebi nacvalsaxelebis

cira barbaqaZe

10

zedapirulobiT, Semdeg daiwyos adamianTa daaxloebis procesi, ro-

melic arasodes dasruldeba. `Seni mezobeli dafaruli arsia Seni,

damdgari wylebi mis lands aireklavs, romelSic Tuki kargad da-

ukvirdebi, sakuTar Tavs da saxes dainaxav~...

grZeldeba Cveneba Cveni locvebis, mis garSemo rkalurad gan-

lagebuli skamebi iwyeben dacarielebas, getoebisken, sawolebSi.

magram miwisZvra _ es xom gardauvalia! kulturuli sivrcis Ser-

yeva, gamovrbivarT saxlebidan, gvciva, vanTebT cecxls da... am

dros gamoCndeba vardisferi avtobusi, ganaTebuli, Tbili. iReba

kari da Cven viwyebT mogzaurobas, viwyebT erTmaneTis, vardisferi

avtobusis quCas. win, erTmaneTisken! win, vardisferi planetisken!

da bolos dainaxavT vardisfer naTebas...~

rogoria alternatiuli poeziis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi?

niSnis desemantizacia, axali semiozisi, romelsac iwvevs am `(an-

ti)esTetikis~ warmomadgenelTa mimarTeba samyarosTan da sakuTar

TavTan: bunti, epataJi, tradiciebis da tradiciuli saleqso for-

mebisa da poetikis uaryofa... anti... antileqsi, antikultura...

folklori da `SeSlili teqstebi~

folklorSi alternatiuli poeziis niSnebi SeiZleba davZeb-

noT, ZiriTadad, SelocvebSi, abrakadabrebSi, bavSvTa gaTvlebSi. Zi-

riTadi niSani, rac folkloris am Janrs alternatiul poeziasTan

akavSirebs, aris uazro sityvebi, winadadebebi, mTeli teqsti..., rac,

Selocvebis SemTxvevaSi, aZlierebs adamianze magiur zegavlenas.

`Seulocam SeSinebulisas, galaxulisas,

avi qarisas, avi angelozisas, uJmurisas.

gaskda Savi klde, Tan gamoyva Savi cxeni,

Sav cxenze ijda Savi kaci,

edga unagiri Savi, hqonda lagami Savi,

xelT eWira Savi maTraxi.

modis, moyoyoCaobs, mototoCaobs...~ da ase Semdeg.

abrakadabrebi, anu gaugebari, uazro sityva-gamoTqmebi Seloc-

vebis enis stilis markirebuli enobrivi movlenaa. SelocvebSi enis

magiuri funqcia `moiTxovs~ sityvis, azris gabundovanebas, aracxa-

dobis situaciis Seqmnas, rac erTgvarad ajadoebs adresats da

STagonebas uZlierebs. STagonebuli adamianis marTva ki Zalian ad-

vilia. SelocvebSi gaugebari SeiZleba iyos sityva. SeiZleba sit-


11

yvas hqondes mniSvneloba, magram gamonaTqvami iyos uazro. Aabraka-

dabrebi xasiaTdeba erTgvari aliteraciulobiT, qmnis garkveul

ritms da formalurad awesrigebs teqsts, amis gamo isini simbo-

listuri poeziis Canasaxadac ki SeiZleba CaiTvalos (barbaqaZe

2003:216).

àSinao, maSinao, gulo, ram SegaSinao?~;

èrevazi, kerevazi, miqel-gabriel-mTavarangelozi~;

àkikisa, makikisa, locva vici Sakikisa~;

`piti, piti, pistanama, astanga da aTagana~; da sxva.

alternatiuli poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva niSnebic

SeiZleba davZebnoT Selocvebis enaSi, es aris _ xilva, meditacia,

egzaltacia...

Selocvebis teqstis modaloba Txovna-survilia, Zaxilis da

brZanebiTi winadadebebiT gamoxatuli, magram Taviseburi invarianti,

amave dros Seesabameba azrs: dae, ase iyos! ramdenadac Selocvebis

ena erTgvarad `WkuismiRmuria~ (rogorc alternatiuli poezia),

swored es aniWebs mas gansakuTrebul modalobas, romelic TiTqos

STagonebis mdgomareobas ganekuTvneba: `gulo, modi sagulesa, dab-

rZandi, Sensa adgilsa!~

uCveulo Sedarebebi da metaforebi kidev erTi saerTo niSania

alternatiuli poeziisa:

`rogorc rkinas Tavis moWrili

Tavis tarad argia,

ise, RmerTo, Cemi locva,

am baRanas argia!~

`qori Sajda qandarasa,

Seni guli _ alagasa!~

`gzai _ nagzeulsa,

wyali _ nawyeursa,

wisqvili _ sawisqvilesa,

qori _ saqondarasa,

guli _ sagulesa!~

`Sakiki moSakikobda orSabaTsa dilasa,

ise Wamda rkinasa, rogorc xari _ Tivasa~;

`Txis mucelSi Tikani iZra da dadga,

cxvris mucelSi kravi iZra da dadga,

cira barbaqaZe

12

qalis mucelSi bavSvi iZra da dadga,

isemc damdgarxar,

rogorc oqros langarze oqros cxvari dadges!~

`_ sad mixval, wiTelo xuceso?

_ zRvis saxnavad da qviSis saTesadao~;

`culi tyeSi wava, xes moWris,

Tavis moWrili xe tarad eyrebao~;

Tanamedrove alternatiul poeziaSi yvelaze metad `Selocve-

bis” ritmi da mistika xmiandeba poet giorgi kekeliZis poeziaSi:

Zlispiri saiqiosa da saaqaoze

Selocva. vermoswrebuli sizmris sakiTxavi

gamodi, sulo, tanidan,

gamodi, sulo, tanidan –

gaaSiSvle Signidan tani

(mere tans rcxvenia siSiSvlis,

sircxvilisgan iwureba

nel-nela

da

qreba)

gamodi, sulo, tanidan,

qaris motexili frTa buCqebSi tokavs,

koWli ZaRli sagalobels izepirebs –

Seni wasvlis niSania.

me var aqimi kacisa.

mglis qoniT movsulvar,

wiTeli Txis bewviT movsulvar,

bocveris Tvalis wyliT movsulvar

da marTals getyvi:

miwa iwvis sizmrebisgan,

romlebic saflavSi Caitanes,

cocxlad damarxuli sizmrebisgan,

im RamiT rom unda enaxaT,

sanam mkvdrebi mokvdebodnen,

sizmrebi miwaSi daibadnen

da miwa iwvis.

me var aqimi sulisa,

me var avi da marTali,

marTalsve getyviT:

sizmaria eSmaki da angelozi,

puri da marili,

Rvino da Rimili,

cremli da sareceli,

sizmaria jojoxeTi da samoTxe,


13

sizmaria da maradJams imas naxulob,

rac sikvdilamde Caisaxa

da

miwaSi iSva.

semiozisi poetur teqstebSi anu: `leqsikoni _ wigni, sadac

am yvelafers sxvanairad mixsnian~

alternatiuli poeziisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia niSnis (leqsi-

kur, gramatikul, frazeologiur doneze) desemantizacia, tradici-

uli, saleqsikono gagebis gauqmeba da axali Sinaarsis Seqmna, mag-

ram imisaTvis, rom e. w. `axali anbani~ gasagebi gaxdes mkiTxvelis-

Tvis, avtorebi xSirad xsnian sityvaTa axal, metaforul mniSvne-

lobebs, riTac iqmneba axali poeturi ena, gansxvavebuli tradiciu-

lisagan. zog SemTxvevaSi ki, avtori_poetebi manifests qmnian, an

Tavadve iZlevian `gasaRebs~ sakuTari poeturi teqstebis gasagebad,

romelic SeiZleba amdeni axsnis Semdeg mainc gaugebari darCes, mag-

ram `gaugebroba~ xom amgvar teqstTa semiotikuri maxasiaTebelia.

iqmneba teqstebi (leqsebi), romlebsac pirobiTad SeiZleba

vuwodoT `axali leqsikonebi~, magaliTad, iorikis (igive daTo yan-

CaSvilis) aseTi teqsti:

`Sen – Cems telefonSi pirvel nomrad Seyvanili.

deda – is, vinc meSinia, rom ar damiberdes.

gza – is, rac mTeli cxovreba TiTqos fexqveS maqvs, da mainc veZeb.

yava – dilis sinonimia.

siyvaruli – matarebeli, romelzec magviandeba da unda mivuswro.

samsaxuri – qviSis saaTi, romlis Camoclasac yoveldRe iwyeb.

megobari – adamiani, romelic meubneba, rom marto ara var.

dedamiwa – burTi, romelzec yvela TamaSobs.

sarke – visac vuyureb yoveldiliT da arasdros velaparakebi.

mama – is, vinc Cenze didi iqneba yovelTvis.

saxli – adgili, sadac roca var, gaqceva minda da roca ar var, dabruneba.

xalxi – vinc yovelTvis erTad mogrovili warmomigidgenia da sinamdvileSi

cal-calke cxovroben.

guli – is adgili, romelic bavSvobidan mawuxebs.

moTmineba – roca uzrdeli bavSvi nervebs miSlis, mSobeli ki iqve dgas da

Tavs vikaveb.

Tovlis papa – ukvdavi Tovlis kaci, romelic bavSvobaSi RmerTi megona.

peplebis saWeri – is, rac arc erT Cems megobars ar hqonda arasdros.

mze – rasac pirvelad xataven bavSvebi.

Tovlis gunda – erTaderTi raRac, romelsac gesvrian da ar gwyins.

cxovreba – is, rasac yvela Cemi uiRblo nabiji SemiZlia davabralo.

vitrina – adgili, saidanac iseTi raRaceebi Cans, romlis sayidladac fuli

arasdros myofnis.

monatreba – rodesac vewevi da sigarets cali mxare ewveba.

cira barbaqaZe

14

saswauli – is, rac arasdros xdeba.

RmerTi – is, vinc Tu vTxov, yvelafers mapatiebs.

leqsikoni –wigni, sadac am yvelafers sxvanairad mixsnian~.

sainteresoa teqstis dasasruli: `leqsikoni _ wigni, sadac am yvela-fers sxvanairad mixsnian~. magaliTad, iciT, ras niSnavs, `Tovs~? Ggiorgi kekeliZisaTvis am sit-

yvis ganmarteba aseTia:

agvistos Zlispiri na–gu–s

Tovs – niSnavs Ramec… Rames TeTrad aTenebs

da Rrublis ferfli Tambaqos ferfls dafaravs karTan,

niSnavs totebcrudayvavebul antenebs,

saxlebs – Tvali rom gaeyinaT da Ria darCaT.

niSnavs – me Tovli miviwyebul oTaxs magonebs,

iq, sadac stvenis geSinia da Tan gindeba,

Tovs – niSnavs aqlemebad qceul vagonebs

da rom cerebze aiwia nel-nela mTebi.

Tovs – niSnavs vinme usaTuod yrud Caaxvelebs

da nabijs eqod Zveli ujris gaxsnis xma axlavs,

rom kedlebs suni waskdaT mzisTvis gadanaxuli

da gaamxelen mowyenisgan CaTvlemil saxlTan.

Tovs – niSnavs axla mZinavs

da sizmrebs ver vxedav –

ise Tovs.

Mme-s dakargva

`me _ Sen var!~

novalisi

“я _ это другой!” lakani “Я – такого слова нет!” Пригов

yvelaze ufro TvalSisacemi niSani alternatiul poeziaSi, es

aris avtoris me-s dakargva. identifikacia imdenad rTuldeba, rom

avtori ara erT romelime saganTan, mcenaresTan an cxovelTan igiv-

deba, aramed yvelaferTan da yvelasTan, nebismier sityvasTan da mis


15

mniSvnelobasTan, romelsac igi warmoTqvams. Aam niSniT saintere-

sod gveCveneba paata Samugias leqsi _ lingvistikis wre:

gamudmebiT asea:

vxdebi is sityva, romelic me momemarTeba,

da yvela sityva, romelic me momemarTeba,

da maxsenebs sivrcis simyares,

cdilobs, momces Tavisi saxe,

Tavisi garsi da survilTa myife logika,

ai, vTqvaT, “rame”,

an iseTi martivi rame:

rogoricaa “prezidenti”

an “jeims bondi”

warmoTqmas verc ki davasruleb, vxdebi me TviTon

da brifingebis paralelurad

vigerieb sabWoTa agentebs.

da me _ poeti,

me _ meZavi,

me _ patriarqi,

me _ teroristi,

liberali,

avtomrboleli,

me _ cirkis muSa,

geniosi da RvTismSobeli,

vzivar da vufrTxi mniSvnelobebs, romlebic ukve

meqcnen sxeulis damatebiT organoebad

da Zilis win ukve imdeni var,

yvelafers azri ekargeba,

Tvlas _ miTumetes,

da mofrinaven Tbili qveynidan

gauqmebuli sityvebi da frTebs aceceben

da yvela Cemgans Sewuxebul saxiT nomraven.

aRmricxaven, msinjaven da markas makraven.

da maqceven saimijo produqtad da

brendad da feisad

da porno-starad

da spilbergad da farajanovad

da lud “hainekenad”

da modis ukanasknel wivil-kivilad

da “vindous vistad” da galaktionad

da vzivar qarSi

da vkerav sizmrebs gadamfreni sityvebisgan,

romlebic albaT samudamod mimatoveben.

paata Samugias `meebi~ paralelurad an erTdroulad Tanaar-

seboben, ganfenilebi arian drosa da sivrceSi... mes rTul da mra-

vaferovan samyaros ioriki ki (daTo yanCaSvili) metaforulad

cira barbaqaZe

16

warmogvidgens `matrioSkebis~ saxiT, rac garkveul ierarqias gu-

lisxmobs da mimarTulia garedan _ SigniT...

matrioSkebis samyaro

CemSi Sen,

SenSi bavSvi,

bavSvSi martivi samyaro.

martiv samyaroSi

uSnod daxatuli saxlebi,

saxlebSi adamianebi,

adamianebSi

grZnobebi da SegrZnebebi,

SegrZnebebSi da grZnobebSi

sxva adamianebi.

sxva adamianebSi erTmaneTi da

bavSvebi.

bavSvebSi didebi,

didebSi moxucebi,

moxucebSi mkvdrebi,

mkvdrebSi

moxucebi,

moxucebSi didebi,

didebSi bavSvebi.

bavSvebSi martivi samyaro

da uSnod daxatuli saxlebi.

me da Sen rTul samyaroSi,

rTuli SegrZnebebiT.

bavSvic rTul samyaroSi,

romelic jer emartiveba,

romelic mec memartiveboda, Senc,

didebsac,

moxucebsac,

mkvdrebsac,

sanam gadiddeboddnen,

daberdebodnen,

mokvdebodnen.

matrioSkebi -

erTmaneTSi Calagebuli

matrioSkebi.

usasrulod,

gauTaveblad

Calagebuli.

rac ufro male gaxsni

miT ufro meti iqneba.

rac ufro nela,

miT ufro meti dagrCeba gasaxsneli.


17

ukanasknels ver moeswrebi.

verc ise gadiddebi,

rom pirveli matrioSka iyo

da verc ise dapataravdebi,

rom ukanaskneli.

sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva zomis iqnebi

da sxva zomebis gemovnebas ver aiTviseb.

modi CavlagdeT erTmaneTSi.

Zalian avirieT

da veRar vxvdebi axla ra zomis var.

garSemo uSnod daxatuli saxlebi

da rTuli samyaroa.

diana anfimiadis dakargva _ identifikacia miTologiur-misti-

kuria Semdeg leqsSi:

piris niSnebi

erTxel viyavi mamaSeni,

SemeZlo mxarze najaxiviT Seni gadeba,

ZirSi mosxepil Sens momdevno da-Zmas vbadebdi,

erTxel viyavi dedaSeni,

supSi Cems TiTebs purTan erTad

uxvad gifSvnidi

da saxlobanas saTamaSod omSi giSvebdi.

erTxel viyavi Seni coli,

loginSi siTbos

nakvercxaliviT vaRvivebdi, vudarajebdi,

italiuri makaronis makrames vqsovdi,

purze karaqis,

rogorc xelze xelis gadasmas,

gizogavdi da ise gaCvevdi.

erTxel viyavi sinaTlis xe

Seni fanjridan,

krefdi Ramurebs – umwifari SiSis nayofebs,

erTxel viyavi macivari

da mxolod SenTvis

sayinuleSi mifeTqavda marwyvis nayini,

erTxel viyavi Seni kaba

da sul SemTxveviT

Sens qmarTan erTad karadaSi Semomiswari,

sityvis morgeba kabis nacvlad

maSin iswavle.

erTxel viyavi Seni lurji xaverdis farda

mrcxvenoda, SenTvis gamemxila cudi amindi,

erTxel viyavi Seni qmari

da cvilis frTebi,

cira barbaqaZe

18

roca naTuras vamagrebdi, maSin damidna.

erTxel viyavi sawoli da roca geZina

fexebi ZirSi gadamaWres

zewari afrad gamomabes,

baliSi wyalSi daaxrCves da

gamdinare wyals damayoles,

maSin iswavle sizmris suni, sizmris Sexeba:

(Sublze – globusis aziaze

Zmriani tilos dafareba,

civ mdinareSi gagrileba

sabnidan fexis gaparebiT......)

erTxel viyavi xelTaTmani

da Sen magivrad

basri yinulis klavesinze sizmrebs varCevdi,

erTxel viyavi ubralod kibe,

ubralod kibe sxvis karamde, Sen verc mamCnevdi,

erTxel viyavi Weri

Seni sawolis zemoT,

mzeriT amxade, mecxre camde gamafarTove,

erT dRes, orivem gavigoneT frTxili kakuni –

dasWedes kubos saxuravi

da migvatoves....

Tovlis papas rom saCuqrebi Cvengan mihqonda,

maSin viyavi Sen da mfiqrobdi.

erTxel.

dameTanxmebiT, amgvari `dakargva-identifikaciebi~ sruliad

gansxvavebulia tariel Wanturias (zogadad, am Taobis) am ganwyo-

bisgan:

`dRisiT _ Tmogvis mecixovne,

RamiT _ fanaskerteli var!

xval rom qva var sagoravi,

zeg_armazis kedeli var!

visma sisxlmac, wveTwveTobiT

is mwvervali aaTava:

lomi cotne,

lomi daviT

da bokveri paata var!

me viyavi!

me viqnebi,

me maradis vmeordebi.~

semiozisi poeziaSi. semiozisis idea gamoxatavs niSansa da ga-

resamyaros Soris damokidebulebas; es aris niSnis interpretaciis

dinamiuri procesi. semiozisi gansakuTrebiT saintereso movlenaa

poetur metyvelebaSi, radgan poezia enis SemoqmedebiTi bunebis ga-

movlenis erTgvari scenaa, sadac sxvadasxva ganzomilebis niSnebi


19

mudmiv moZraobaSi arian. poetur teqstSi harmonias qmnis ritmis,

riTmis, emociis, bgerweris, tropebis... foierverki. swored maTi

harmoniuli SexamebiT gamoixateba azri, romelic `cocxalia~ da

ase uSualod moqmedebs mkiTxvelze. Aamgvari niSnebis Seqmnaze wer-

da maleviCi: `niSnis Seqmna saidumloa, niSani ki _ saidumlos rea-

luri saxe~.

SemoqmedebiTi metyveleba mudmivad gvTavazobs axal, moulod-

nel saxeebs... poezia yvelaze ufro Rrmad aRwevs enis arsSi, roca

SegviZlia gavimeoroT haidegeris cnobili Tqma: ara ena CvenSi, ara-

med Cven _ enaSi! xolo roca ena gamodis scenaze da is iwyebs

`laparaks~, am dros cocxldeba postmodernistuli metafora `av-

tori mokvda~, poeti xdeba RvTaebrivi azris gamtari, mediumi... es

aris namdvili dialogi adamianur da RvTaebriv cnobierebas Soris.

swored amitom xdeba saWiro, rom aixsnas adamianis mier Seqmnili...

sxva SemTxvevaSi yvelaferi cxadi iqneboda, anu avtors yovelTvis

gacnobierebuli eqneboda mxatvruli saxeebi da Sesabamisad, aRar

iqneboda saWiro kvleva. vasil friaufi amgvari komunikaciis Sesa-

xeb wers: `vin azrovnebs komunikaciis procesSi? Kkidev erTi para-

doqsuli pasuxi: azrovnebs viRac sxva... ara is, vinc `demonstri-

rebuli urTierTobis farul TamaSSia~.

es `WkuismiRmuri~ ena ver egueba Stampebs da mudmivad ngre-

va-Senebis procesSia... rac imas niSnavs, rom sityvebs, ra Tqma un-

da, aqvT ZiriTadi, saleqsikono mniSvnelobebi (amis gareSe saerTod

SeuZlebeli iqneboda konotaciuri mniSvnelobebis gaCena). swored

am movlenis Sesaxeb werda barti: ar arsebobs `wminda~ denotaciu-

ri enebi, iseve, rogorc `mxolod~ konotaciuri. Nnebismieri ena

warmoadgens `gamoTqmulisa~ da `nagulisxmevis~ kombinacias, deno-

taciur da konotaciur doneebs...… aseTia semiotikuri sistemis

dinamikuri realoba, _ dasZens barti, _ TumcaRa, klasikuri (sta-

tikuri) struqturalizmi ver flobs am realobis gasaRebs (barti

1989:23-24). niSnebi mxatvrul metyvelebaSi Cveulebrivi metyvele-

bis kanonebisagan gansxvavebiT sruliad sxva ganzomilebis kanonebSi

arseboben. sabolood, mniSvnelovania ara Tavad niSani, aramed is

gancda, romelic niSnis meSveobiT miiRweva, anu Secnobis procesi.

`saganTa Secnoba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre maTi aRmniSvneli niS-

nebi~(wminda avgustine 1999:330).

poeziaSi niSania mTeli leqsi... sxva danarCeni: sintagmebi,

frazebi, tropebi... unda ganvixiloT mxolod mTeli leqsis azrTan

mimarTebiT; amisaTvis ki aucilebelia jer sworad gavSifroT leq-

sis idea, azri. Aamitom aris saxifaTo leqsis axsna... aq moqmedebs

subieqtur interpretaciaTa mTeli jaWvi. Aamgvari damokidebulebaa

gamoxatuli muxran maWavarianis Semdeg leqsSi:

cira barbaqaZe

20

`sxvas rom ar esmis Seni leqsi,

Sen rogorc gesmis! _

sisulelea, _

amis gamo ukeTu borgav:

sisulelea, _

vinaidan,

aramcTu leqsi,

sityvac ki erTi

erTnairad ar esmis or kacs.~

sinamdvileSi ki, poetur teqstSi yvelaferi maTematikurad

zustia... leqsi mikrokosmosia, romelic kosmoss, garkveul wes-

rigs imeorebs. im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca leqsi erTgvari qaosis ga-

momxatvelia, aseT SemTxvevaSi is aris `mowesrigebuli qaosi~, anu

qaossac Tavisi kanonebi aqvs da swored am wesrigSi moiazreba

uwesrigoba. yvela SemTxvevaSi poezia mowesrigebuli metyvelebaa,

sakvlevia, ra Tqma unda, is, rom arsebobs sruliad gansxvavebuli

wesrigis sistemebi. Cven ar SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom verlibri tra-

diciul leqsTan mimarTebiT mouwesrigebeli metyvelebaa. ufro

zusti iqneba Tqma: rom arsebobs gansxvavebuli wesrigis sistemebi,

romlebsac Tavisi kanonebi aqvT. erTi leqsis gansxvavebuli aRqme-

bic imaze metyvelebs, rom poeturi teqsti mravalganzomilebiania

da mkiTxveli aRiqvams ara gansxvavebulad, aramed sxvadasxva ganzo-

milebas.

semiozisi alternatiul poeziaSi. ras niSnavs poeziaSi niSnis

`ganuleba~? vTqvaT, leqsikuri semantikis SemTxvevaSi, roca sityva

ar aRniSnavs imas, rasac _ leqsikonebSi. Lleqsemis desemantizaciis

dros iwyeba metaforizaciis procesi, radgan ar arsebobs bunebaSi

niSani, romelic arafers aRniSnavs. levi strosi Tavis cnobil

`velur gonebaSi~ gveubneba: rom wvrilmani nivTi, xelosnis an moy-

varulis mier gamogonili sagani, TavisTavad, Zieba da sagnisTvis

azris boZebaa... marTalia, es msjeloba sagnebs Seexeba, magram abso-

luturad vrceldeba sityvebzec... poetic qmnis da igonebs da axal

azrs sZens sityvebs. sainteresoa rolan bartis erTi statia `sa-

ganTa semantika~, aq rasac barti sagnebze ambobs, rogorc niSnebze,

SegviZlia gavavrceloT sityvebzec, rogorc niSnebze: `sagani emsa-

xureba adamians, raTa gavlena moaxdinos samyaroze, gardaqmnas igi,

iyos aqtiuri, igi aris mediatori qmedebasa da adamians Soris. Se-

iZleboda aqve aRgveniSna, rom ar arsebobs, ase vTqvaT, sagani araf-

risTvis... paradoqsi, risi miniSnebac msurs, isaa, rom sagnebs, saer-

To jamSi, yovelTvis aqvT funqcia, utilitaruloba da gamoyenebi-

Toba. Cven gvjera, rom maT aqvT wmindad instrumentuli daniSnu-


21

leba, maSin, roca sinamdvileSi sxva datvirTvac aqvT, sxva ramesac

warmoadgenen: azrs atareben~.

miTumetes, poeziaSi ar arsebobs zedmeti sityvebi, sityvebi

arafrisTvis, maSinac ki, roca es sityvebi kargaven mniSvnelobas.

aseT SemTxvevaSi ar iarsebebda avangardistuli poezia. Aavangar-

distebma moaxdines mxatvruli niSnis transformacia, rac gamoixa-

teboda tradiciuli kodebis rRvevasa da axlis SeqmnaSi. Aavangar-

dma ara marto Secvala mxatvruli niSnis agebis wesebi, aramed Ta-

vad niSnis gagebac, misi statusi. `aRniSnuli” eZebs Tavis “aRsa-

niSns” (grigari 2007:9). Mmxatvruli niSnis amgvari radikaluri

transformacia msoflmxedvelobis Rrma cvlilebis Sedegi iyo.

maSasadame, poeziis labirinTebSi Sesvlisas Cven sruliad gan-

sxvavebul gzebze vxvdebiT da vmogzaurobT da zogjer amgvari

mogzaurobis xibli swored labirinTebSi semiotikuri dakargvaa.

literatura

iaspersi 1997: Ясперс К. Общая психопатология/Пер. с нем.- М.

barbaqaZe 2003: cira barbaqaZe, qarTuli mWevrmetyvelebis pragma-

tika, Tbilisi;

grigari 2007: Моймир Грыгар, Знакотворчество. Семиотика авангарда, Cанкт_Петербург.

buqsi 2005: Нора Букс: Семиотика безумия: Сборник статей, Париж- Москва.

levi-strosi 1994: Леви-Стросс К. Первобытное мышление, М.

barti 1989: Ролан Барт, Избранные работы, Семиотика, Поэтика, Москва.

barti 2003: Ролан Барт, Семантика вещи. \\ Барт Р. Система моды, Статьи по семиотике культуры. - М.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

urbanistuli xilvebi XX

saukunis saqarTveloSi

(andro buaCiZis leqsebis krebuli

`gareubani~)

samyaro, rogorc dangreuli saxli; qa-

laqi, rogorc gardauvali ganaCeni; ucxoo-

ba, rogorc bunebrivi mdgomareoba _ ai, ase-

Tia XX s-is bolos `daSlili kacis~ cno-

bierebaSi aRbeWdili sinamdvile.

es wigni _ andro buaCiZis leqsebis

krebuli1 aRbeWdilia amotrialebuli sulis

xedviT, WuWyian gubeSi Tavdayira mdgari

samyarosi:

`me vxedav imas, rasac sxvebi malaven,

rogor daZrwis Zu mgeli tyeSi,

mTvare rogor unaTebs biliks~.

`sagnebi samyaros SigniTaa damwyvdeu-

li~, sivrce _ Caketili, usixarulo, umzeo,

sadac `adamiani daeZebs adgils~ da ver ag-

nebs mas, sadac `qveyana _ cis qveS gaSlili

sefaa~ da kaci _ `gamalebuli sakuTari

dardis daraji~, `uazrobaSi gadalajebu-

li~. TeTri cxenebi aRar mihqrian zeciT,

samudamo mxareSi, rogorc ase nacnobi lur-

ja cxenebi (galaktionis), `TeTr cxenebs

gza abneviaT, wyvdiadi nTqavs~, `tyeSi gafan-

tul cxenebis remebs / SiSi Zravs danis: si-

faTis, eldis~.

saaqao `cxovreba sabediswero danebiT

cekvaa~, `Tovli aivseba wiTeli sisxlebiT~,

sispetake _ codviT.

1 andro buaCiZe, “gareubani”, Tbilisi, 1992. winam-

debare essec am poeturi krebulis gamocemisas da-

iwera.


doqtori, ilias saxelmwi-

fo universitetis humanita-

rul mecnierebaTa da kul-

turis kvlevebis fakulte-

tis asocirebuli profeso-

ri. xelnawerTa erovnuli

centris ufrosi mecnieri

TanamSromeli.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

grigol RvTismetyvelis po-

eziis qarTuli versia, 1990.

miqael fselosis ritori-

kuli traqtatebis Targma-

nebi, 1996. ritorikisa da

Targmanis Teoria da praqti-

ka; grigol RvTismetyvelis

TxzulebaTaYqarTuli Tar-

gmanebis mixedviT, Tbilisi,

“mecniereba”, 2004. (Tanaav-

torebTan) S. Gregorii Nazia-nzeni opera. Versio Iberica, I-V, in Corpus Christianorum, Turnhout, Leuven, Brepols

publishers, 1998-2007. interesTa sfero:

kodikologia, wyaroTmcod-

neoba, bizantiuri da qarTu-

li literatura, qarTuli

samonastro da kulturis

kerebis mwignobruli urTi-

erTobebi qristianul aRmo-

savleTSi (aToni, antioqia,

gelaTi), himnografiis pro-

blemebi, antikuri da Sua sa-

ukuneebis ritorikis Teo-

ria, Targmanis Teoria.

urbanistuli xilvebi XX saukunis saqarTveloSi

23

`bolomde gaavsebs staqnebi stomaqebs,

stomaqebs staqnebi, staqnebs _ stomaqebi

da RviniT mosvrili TeTri gorakebi ...........

da sasaflaoze sul TeTri misdRemSi

cxenebi nislebSi ……. . . . .…. . . . . . . . . . .~

ocneba da sinamdvile rom didi xania gaTiSulia (rom aRara-

feri vTqvaT zecisa da miwis, rwmenisa da adamianis ocnebis gaTi-

Sulobaze), ra xania gvamcno klasikurma poeziam, magram gaTiSulia

adamiansa da ocnebas, poetsa da ocnebas Soris kavSiric. kaci gul-

grili gaxda misdamic. `mbJutavi elnaTurebi _ ocnebebiT nervebaS-

lilni~ da adamiani _ `darCnen sxvadasxva mxares TavCakidulni~:

`Tqven TqvenTvis da me kidev CemTvis?~

es wigni savsea uSiSari surviliT, ixilos is, rac ar unda

ixilos da rasac sxvebi malaven, ver usworeben Tvals:

`unda vnaxo Cems fanjrebSi Casuli mze~.

yvelaferi ki imiT iwyeba, rom `qveynierebas atyvia bzari,

radgan viRacas gautyda rwmena~. rwmena gautyda ara mxolod viRa-

cas _ erTeuls, calkeul adamians an poets, aramed mTel samyaros

da am urwmunoebisagan qveynierebas daCenili bzari Cvens Tvalwin

izrdeba da ufskrulis pirdafCenil xaxad gadaqceviT imuqreba.

darRveulia ara marto martivi da sada, gulubryvilo idilia,

aramed darRveulia gulisguli da arsis arsi _ pirvelqmnili har-

monia da wonasworoba, dakninebulia sulieri zeciuri saxe adamia-

nisa, mkvdaria RvTiuri sawyisi _ adamianis namdvili buneba da ar-

si. adamiani ki esRa darCenila _ `xorci da Zvali, miwis brtyel

zurgze moTavsebuli~, miwaze `SiSveli nekniT~ (misi gansxeulebu-

li arsiT) Sexebuli, qvemoT daSvebuli, zecadakarguli, sul- da

Zalagamoclili, SiSiT, avis molodiniT savse da mocaxcaxe, am

soflis `tusaRi, uCino, undo da usaxo~:

`me davkarge Cemive Tavi, RmerTo,

ra meSveleba, elnaTuris qveS alanZuli

davtove Cemi Tavi . . .

bnel oTaxSi mosiarule . . . ~

da meramdened ismis gadauWreli kiTxva:

`ra eSveleba uZveles naRvels,

adamianis gamo gaCenils?~

ai, erTi uZvelesi da maradiuli, RvTiuri wesiT dadgenili

pasuxi am kiTxvaze:

`rom ibadeba adamiani, TviTonve moaqvs Tavisi codva,

rom ibadeba adamiani, TviTonve moaqvs Tavis naRveli~.

magram gana marto pirvelcodvis an pirovnuli codvebis ga-

moa areuli gza-kvali? aki RmerTma Tavad dasaxa gza maTgan xsnisa

qeTevan bezaraSvili

24

Zis gankacebiTYda jvarcmiT?! mainc rogor da saidan iSva `XX sa-

ukunis daSlili kaci~?

zeciuri samoTxidan, pirvelqmnili harmoniidan gandevnili

adamiani (anu RvTisgan dacilebis gamo Tavis sulSi am harmonias

moklebuli adamiani), romelic Tavs ityuebda, samyaros gvirgvini

da mis centrSi myofi varo, Tavisi gonebis, inteleqtis yovlisSem-

ZleobaSi, adamiani samyaros gareubanSi aRmoCnda gadasrolili.

samyaros es gareubani hgavs qalaqis gareubans, romelic TiT-

qos qalaqs, kulturas, civilizacias artyia gars, magram mainc mis-

gan dacilebulia, misi usaxuri anareklia ruxi, uformo saxlebiT

Tu saxlebis msgavsi uSno qvis masebiT, SiSiT savse masivebiT, dis-

harmoniiT, uwesrigobiT, mdabali yofierebiT, yovliswamlekavi gul-

grilobiT da uxeSobiT, uazro, umizno fusfusiT, cru saqmianobiT:

`ver gaeqcevi risxvian qalaqs~;

àq qalaqs sibnelis fskerze Zinavs~;

`qalaqis xedi _ Semzaravi dumiliT savse~;

`qalaqSi colma mohkla qmari, / qalaqis romeliRac ubanSi.

movidnen qmris amxanagebi da mravalsarTulian sadarbazoSi

aliaqoTi gamohfines droSasaviT . . . . . . . . . . . `

`ver gaeqcevi risxvian qalaqs~,

sadac `mravali agdia qalaqgareT,

TiTqos iq daabruneso, saidanac iSva . . . `

sadac àdamianma adamiani gadaagdo manqanidan da Sin wavida...~


sadac `maRal minebSi gadatyda saso~,

sadac `sibneleSi viRaca askdeba nervebs

da Rames velur yviriliT arRvevs~,

sadac `viRaca daeZebs nugeSs . . .~


sadac `carielia saxli, wvima, naRveli~,

sadac àTovs saxlebs, ojaxebs~, damzralia adamianis suli,

sadac saxuravebqveSDdalewilia gaTiTokacebul adamianTa sve-bedi

da `sadRac bunkerSi kata tiris~ . . .


sadac restornebSi aqeT-iqiT iyreba bilwi sityvebi,

sadac ~ikvanZeba usindiso intrigebi~,

sadac `feSenebelur~ atmosferoSi SeiZleba moxdes mkvleloba,

rogorc Zalian Zveli pirvelyofili aqti~.

maSasadame, batonobs instinqtebi da momakvdavi mzis sxiveb-

Si swrafad berdeba da kvdeba suli, xolo ùbiwo dila icqireba

restornis fardebSi~ da SeumCneveli xdeba adamianTaTvis,

sadac `maklerebi hgvanan qristes jvarze gamkvrelebs~,

sadac `tualetis sarkesTan sasapneSi devs saponi,


25

rogorc sasowarkveTilebis pawia nagleji~,


sadac `mec davdivar am qalaqSi rogorc tusaRi,

vpataravdebi me uCino, undo, usaxo~.

qalaqi aRaraa kulturis kera da civilizaciis (Tavdapirve-

li mniSvnelobiT) gamomxatveli imgvari ubraloebiT, rogorc

freskebisa da xatebis fonze iyo simbolurad taZrebiTa da Senobe-

biT gamosaxuli. igi risxviania, Tavad igia ukve gareubani _ kul-

turas, RvTaebriv sinaTles moklebuli.

gareubania sofelic, isic aRaraa didi soflis sarke da xa-

ti, isic gaucxoebulia, sadac qorwilic saxedakargulia da qele-

xic, sixarulic usulguloa da mwuxarebac. qorwilSi iqneba `cek-

vebi danebiT, cofebi kacuri, Cxubebi da daWra RviZlebis, iqneba

smebi da iqneba rwyevebi ...~ mkvdars damarxaven gulgrilad, iqneba

qelexi royio mTvralebiT, mTis kortoxze ki darCeba bneli bor-

cvi, sadac `mTvarian jvrebze wevs siCume aranairi~. . .

ara savse da metyveli dumili, aramed carieli da `aranairi~.

`moxuc col-qmars dabal taxtTan

udgas doqi tuCmotexili

da ficris suniT savse saxlSi

Jonavs naRveli...~

sadRaa RvTis madlieri da misi madliT savse antikuri idi-

lia moxuci wyvilis _ filemonisa da bavkidasi (romelTa uZve-

lesi mniSvneloba, magaliTad, rogorc SedarebiT uaxlesi istoria,

aRwerilia publius ovidius nazonis metamorfozebSi); sadRaa bib-

liur xangadasul col-qmarTa _ zaqariasa da elisabedis (luka 1,

7-41) da misTanaTa RvTiuri rwmena, saso da siyvaruli (romliTac

SesaZlebeli xdeba SeuZlebeli), CvenTvisac imedis momcemi.

da mainc, sayvarelia ficris suniT da naRveliT gaJRenTili

saxli, roca `sawuTro warbs ar itokebs~, roca bunebac ki dis-

harmoniis gamomxatvelia, roca `xeebic ki giJebiviT dganan~, roca

mTvare ki ar `dagvnaTis Tavzed~, rogorc aramiwieri mSveniereba _

`nazad moare~, Suqmibinduli, `jereT umanko~, anu Seuryvneli su-

lieri samyaros mkvidri (Sdr. mTvaris xateba nikoloz baraTaS-

vilTan _ `SemoRameba mTawmindazed~ an galaktionTan _ `mTawmindis

mTvare~), aramed `naZvebs awveba~, anda `caze waxrili sisxlian me-

sers anaTebs~, anda kidev sisxlian warmarTul sarituale tablaze

iRvreba da igliseba. winaswarmetyvelebasaviT gaismis sityvebi:

`SeumCneveli iqneba mTvare,

ar SeiZleba vinmes dasWirdes~.1

1 “SeumCneveli mTvarisaTvis” Sdr. agreTve erT-erTi Zveli antikuri mniSvneloba:

“Caesvena mTovare da mTiebi / dadga SuaRame; / Jami miedineba / me ki martod mZi-

navs” (safo _ lirika, ZvelberZnulidan Targmna nana toniam, Tb., 1977).

qeTevan bezaraSvili

26

`Rame saSinelia~ da ra xania, Sorsaa romantikosTa mTvaria-

ni sxivebisagan, SuqTa mkrTali mZivebisagan, gamouTqmeli saidum-

losagan. adamiani ki, `natanji mTvariT, qariT da wvimiT, saSvels

daeZebs~.

erTi sityviT, saaqao isea dakninebuli, rom Semoqmeds mSve-

nieri qmnilebis _ WeSmariti mSvenierebis xatebis, simartivesa da

ubraloebaSi gacxadebuli RvTaebrivi sisavsis da sidiadis nac-

vlad, zeciuris mxolod ususuri da usaxo anareklia, ara misti-

ur SuqSi danaxuli, aramed fergacrecili da saxedakarguli wvimi-

ani quCis gubeSi:

`gube qanaobs da vcaxcaxeb saaqaoSi~;

`cxovreba rogorc monaCmaxi da mogonili,

Mmiutivtivebs Tvalwin daSlil noes kidobans~.

sadRaa galaktioniseuli mistikuri Wvreta, `sxvagvarad

ametyvelebuli~ bavSvuri ucodveli TvaliT xedva raRac gasaoca-

risa, zeciuri soflis RvTaebrivi bindisa miwieri soflis ubralo

suraTiT (iseTiT, rogorc warmodgenilia galaktionis `Warxal-

Si~1).

raRa rCeba RvTiuri rwmenidan uRmerTo sasowarkveTilebis

garda da ase ikidebs fexs rwmenis gareubanic:

`rogorc ar unda gaiyos sivrce,

cxovrebis garda versad SevxvdebiT~.

damdablebulia TiTqos saRvToc da eklesiuric: `bnelia xa-

tebi~ mis win mlocvelTaTvis, mRvdeli ki `munjad anTebs sanTels

Zveli freskebis gasanaTeblad~ da rwmenis gadasarCenad.

adamians adamiani eucxoeba, civa da yviriliT arRvevs Rame-

ebs, cxoveliviT sZinavs da biwierebaSi mkvidrad Cafluls ki aRar

xiblavs, aramed akrTobs mTvaris didi sisrule da mSveniereba, an

kidev mis wminda naTels urwmuno xelebiT sinjavs. adamianis tvin-

Si _ materiis am viTomdac umaRles qmnilebaSi, mxolod instin-

qtebiT mcxovreb `uzenaes instanciaSi~ wydeba `nacrisferi samya-

ros bedi~ da ibadeba yvelaze momakvdinebeli codva:

`minda mavTuls Sevaxo xeli~.

amgvar yofaSi yvela cal-calke cdilobs `Seungrios sawuT-

ros Zgide~, gaaRwios daxSuli sivrcidan, tiriliT, wuxiliT

`fardasaviT gadaswios haeri~ (`radganac mTeli cxovreba klaven /

da ase ebrZvis kaens kaeni~).

1 galaktionis “Warxalis” simbolika gaanalizebulia naSromebSi: T. doiaSvi-

li, leqsis evfonia, Tb., 1981, gv. 113-115; da Semdgom: q. bezaraSvili, T. lo-

miZe, struqtura da semantika: galaktionis erTi leqsis analizi, “semioti-

ka”, 4, 2008, gv. 42-48.


27

uflisgan `qaris sacemad da sawvimrad gamoqsovil~ da `Ti-

xis doqiviT amoyvanil~ sxeulSi mrume wyvdiadi ebrZvis gvamSi Cab-

runebul da awrialebul naTlis xveuls usurvilobisa da sicivis

garemocvaSi.

Caketilia erTmaneTTan misasvleli gzebi, ver ucvnia guls

guli da rwmendakarguli adamiani aRmoCndeba ara marto samyaros

gareubanSi, aramed siyvarulis gareubanSi gadasrolili, romelmac

arc ki icis misi (siyvarulis) gulisgulis gemo, anda didixania

daviwynia igi, raTa misiT mainc miiRos arsobis puri (Sdr. paruir

sevaki: `ra kargi aris, siyvarulis gareubanSi rom ar icxovre,

mxolod centri rom ici misi~).1

es aris wigni ucxoobaze, romelic `qveyanaze aTasgvaria

siyvaruliviT~. cremlebic ucxoa, sakuTari saxlic, quCa, xeebi, ca-

rielia saxlis fanjrebi. adamiani eZebs Zvel megobars da miqris

sul sxva mxares _ `ara pirdapir, saxlebisaken, aramed dasavleTi-

saken, wyvdiadisaken~. ucxoa am soflisaTvis da yvela soflisTvi-

sac gardacvlili megobrebis Semcivnuli sulebi. erT-erTs ki (ix.

Tamaz baZaRuas XX s.-is leqsis mixedviT) `ucxoobac SeuSvenia~

da soflis gareT daunTia cecxli. magram `jer adrea misi mobru-

neba~, kacni ar arian mzad amisaTvis _ misi siwmindisa da simar-

Tlis, misi sinaTlis miRebisa da wminda xedviT WvretisaTvis. ver-

sad hpovebs Tavisi `maradqaluri Rirsebis da simorcxvis samagie-

ros~ `keTilad aRnagi~ da saTno uqmro gociriZis qali, gardacva-

lebis Semdeg TiTqos vakuumis damtovebeli, magram poetis mier

nagrZnobi da gaxsenebuli.

am wignSi urbanistuli msoflgancda _ mTeli samyaros Tu

siyvarulis gareubani ufro gamZafrebulia, vidre oTar WilaZis

poeziaSi da TiTqos ufro morgebulia, vidre Sinaganad uaryofili.

ucxooba Camomdgara qalsa da kacs Soris _ maradiulad

rom eltvian erTmaneTs da mainc amouxsnelni rCebian erTmaneTis-

Tvis, ucxoobamorgebulni, erTmaneTis nacvlad xeebs ewyvilebian da

ecekvebian, xeebs _ bunebis siwmindeebs, radgan amave siwmindes ver

xedaven da ver amCneven erTmaneTSi. yoveldRiuri gulgrilobiT,

wvrilmaniTa da kompleqsebiT daRlilni, erTxel mainc gaaTavisuf-

leben TavianT namdvil arss: `terfebi davkariT miwaze glexurad~.

`kvdomamde vecekve ferdobze aryis xes

da mere qalebi naRveliT aivsnen,

mindorSi misroles Ronier majebiT

da Tan SeukurTxes aryis xes gamCeni~.

1 paruir sevaki, “iqmenin naTeli”, somxuridan qarTulad Targmna givi Sahna-

zarma, Tb., 1979.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

28

foni ki eklesiaa, siwmindeSeumCneveli:

èklesiasTan sivrce rom Sededda,

gamovefineT da vicekveT xeebTan~.

sakraluri, wminda adgilic ki aRaraa ukve qristianobis ak-

vnis, uflis saydris, wminda ojaxis adgilsamyofeli, rogorc maga-

liTad, niko samadaSvilis poeziaSi, sadac bavSvobis anu siwmindis

wiaRTanaa dakavSirebuli taZari _ erTaderTi gadarCenili nawili

samyarosi:

`qristem bavSvoba aq gaatara

da RvTismSobeli ugvida ezos~.

sagulisxmoa, rom am saocari simyudrovisa da simSvidis SegrZnebis

gverdiT, niko samadaSvilis poeziaSic Cndeba erTgvari gangaSis

gancda warmarTuli warsulis gamo (Sdr. sergei bulgakoviseuli

erTiani gansxvavebuli siyvaruli qristianuli taZrisa, saxlisa,

dedisa, maradiuli wminda dedisa, miwieri da sulieri samSoblosi,

RmerTis).1

eklesia amave dros xom gamoxatulebaa pirvelqmnili harmo-

niis, zecisa da miwis, RmerTisa da adamianis, colisa da qmris _

qalisa da kacis RvTiuri kavSiris. pavle mociqulis mixedviT, qma-

ri Tavia colisa, rogorc ufali/qriste (siZe) eklesiisa

(sZlis/sasZlosi. ix. I korin. 7, 1-40; 11, 7-16). es kavSiri gacnobi-

erebul, nebelobiT, sasurvel morCilebas gulisxmobs da ara mo-

nur brma morCilebas, romlisac ase eSiniaT da romelsac gaurbi-

an swored gaucxoebuli adamianebi. es kavSiri RvTiuri morCilebis

gamomxatvelia, romelsac morwmune WeSmariti RvTaebrivi sulieri

Tavisuflebisaken mihyavs da ara sulieri monobisaken. igi gulis-

xmobs adamianis nebis RvTisaken warmarTvas, RvTis nebisadmi damor-

Cilebas. magram darRveulia da daviwyebuli es harmoniuli RvTiu-

ri kavSiric da adamiani, misi urwmunoebidan da usiyvarulobidan

gamomdinare, aqac gareubanSia _ eklesiis, eklesiurobis, RvTisagan

dadgenili wesis (wesrigis) gareubanSi; eklesiaSi ki ara dgas, ara-

med èklesiasTan~ _ mis gareT aris darCenili. nuTu ukve garda-

vidnen ùkanaskneli qristianebic~ _ `rjuldawyvetili qarTvel-

ni?~ magram iqneb am pirveli namdvili sulieri sawyisebis, sulieri

samSoblos mogonebis da WeSmariti Tavisuflebis momcemeli harmo-

niuli kavSiris Taviseburad aRdgenis gaucnobierebeli da dafaru-

li survilia miwieri Jamisa da vnebis gaRviZebaSi _ warmosaxul

idealur wyvilebTan, xeebTan cekvaSi gamoxatuli?

1 ix. S.N. Bulgakov, Mo% rodina; Religi% qelovekobo[i% v russkoy revolhcii; Religi% i politika (1871-1944), “Novjy mir”, 10, 1989.


29

da ra sanetaro da odnav mainc mbJutavi naTlis momtani un-

da iyos am gaucxoebaSi gaxsnili, spetak, pirvelqmnili simartivi-

Ta da locvebiT kazmul sulTan Sexeba:

`me ki vwevar da vnatrob Sens sxeuls

da suls TevziviT amobrunebuls~. . .

`Sens suls wynar mijnebs Tavadve urCev,

locvebiT kazme, giWirs Seleva.

midi, SeurTe eg suli Rrublebs,

gahyevi Ramis saSinelebas.~

amgvari suli yovlismcodnea Tavisi Sinagani siwrfelidan

gamomdinare. amgvari suli cnobs Tavis `suliT . . . tols~ (bara-

TaSvilis msgavsad), `icis~ igi (SoTa rusTavelis gagebiT):

`Sen CemSi im wertilidan Semoixede,

saidanac aravis ar Semouxedavs~.

amgvari suli xedavs `suliT tolis~ gasaWirs da cdilobs

uwamlos mas:

`Sen SeniSne CemSi uzarmazari Camtvreuli xidi,

liandagidan amovardnili matarebeli da naRmis natexi,

Seni sindisis CarCoSi Cemi gatexili suraTi SevniSne,

tanjviT aRsavse mTvrali saxe, nervebad qceuli~.

amgvar moalerse suls sayvareli adamiani isev bavSvis naxatis

msgavsi hgonia da cota ukeTesic (`me vgavdi bavSvis daxatul ada-

mians, gverdze waxrils~). bavSvis naxati ki yvelaze marTalia da

wrfeli. amgvari suli ver amCnevs, Tu ar amCnevs `suliT... tolis~

gatexil suraTs _ tanjviT aRsavse mTvral saxes, nervebad qce-

uls.

`suliT tolisaTvis~ siyvaruli aRaraa ukve sixaruli

(vTqvaT, XIX s.-is SesaniSnavi rusi poetis, aTanase fetis, grZno-

bebismagvari: $ priwel k tebe s privetom...~; `movedi SenTan gax-snili guliT...~), aramed `siyvarulis gaxsenebaa~ mxolod:

`ra unda miTxra Sens sunTqvaze ufro mTavari,

ras momiyvebi netav iseTs,

rasac Seni martooba ver momiyveba,

an riTi unda mtanjo ise,

rogorc damtanjavs Senive tanjva~ . . .

sworis tanjviT tanjvaa da mainc:

`Cven ucxoni varT erTmaneTisTvis.

Seni gaSlili mgloviare Tmebis simuqe

niSnavs Cems sikvdils

da xeebis mudmiv sicocxles~.

iqneb, am `ucxoobaSi~ gandoba ufro mets niSnavs, vidre misi

arcodna da misiT mogvrili siciviT zroba? es xom ukve siTboa da

qeTevan bezaraSvili

30

mSobliuri gancdisken mobrunebaa uZRebi Svilisa. iseve mSobliu-

ria igi, rogorc sadarbazoSi mbJutav patruqTan sibneleSi

`mTrTolvare mamis xeli~, rogorc `mkvdari da ubadruki sinaTlis

darcxvena~...

`da gaanaTebs cariel wyvdiads

mbJutav patruqiT marjvena mamis~...

da `radgan ar iyo gamgone dedis,

imitom Sexvda aseTi xvedri~.

is ki `wigniT da RviniT, fiqriT da naRveliT~ Tavisi gziT

midioda maradiuli samSoblosaken, sinaTlisaken:

`Sen ki dalocav yornisfer xeebs,

radganac gecxo cxovrebis madli,

radgan gzis Suqze iTbobdi xelebs

da miapobdi Rameebs sanTliT~.

`me var amqveynad rogorc sxivi qvafenilze sinaTlis wre-

Si~.

am gausaZlis, rwmenadakargul yofaSi `viRac mainc anTebs

Cvens arsebobas~ _ viRac mudam Cvengan dakarguli da SeumCneveli

(RmerTi, satrfo Tu ubralo ucnobi adamiani).

`sinaTleSi ki sWvioda cremli

viRac ubralo adamianis~.

da gana ase Znelia, adamiani iyos `TovliviT ubralo~? (Sdr.

boris pasternaki: `I [it>, ne zasor%%s> vpred>./Vse +to _ ne bol>wa% xitrost>~. `ase ubralod icxovro qveynad/biwis gareSe

_ ar aris Zneli~).

igi xom `naTlis svetiviT~ aris Cawerili `talRovan droSi~:

`mosaxvevebSi erTmaneTiT ganaTebuli adamianebi dadian

Dda anaTeben erTmaneTis zurgebs, xelebs, saxeebs~,

cocxloben erTmaneTis faruli imediT... am imedis wynar, mSvid na-

Tels danaxva da Secnoba swyuria.

kaci RmerTisa da sulieri adamianis ZiebasTan erTad daeZebs

Tavis bavSvobas, radgan samive (RmerTi, sulieri kaci, bavSvoba) er-

Tad iyris Tavs, rogorc yvelaze srulyofili gamoxatuleba pir-

velqmnili harmoniisa, siwmindisa da sulis samoTxisa _ roca kaci

hgavs bavSvis mier daxatul adamians, rogoric Seqmna igi ufalma

da rogorsac xedavs mas mama, megobari da `suliT toli~.

`Cemi Tavi iq davtove,

imitom vbrundebi sizmrebSi

da vuvli irgvliv

imas, rac marTalia. me var

da rasac veravin ver xedavs

da rac aravin ar icis~.


31

es wigni am rTuli Sinasamyaros gaxsnaa yofiTobis mrume,

mZime fonze da misi saSualebiT da ar eSinia RvTaebriv, WeSmarit

sixaruls moklebuli dangreuli sulis bnel siRrmeebSi Caxedvis

(Sdr. fiodor tiutCevi: `Ne plot>, a dux rastlils% v nawi dni .../ Pridi na pomo\> moemu neverih...~). rogorc a. tarkovskis filmSi `andria rubliovi~ mxatvris

Tvalwin da Cven Tvalwin Caivlis mTeli epoqis rusuli istoria da

yofa Tavisi xasiaTiT, sixaruliTa Tu mwuxarebiT, siwmindiTa da bi-

wiT, rwmeniTa Tu urwmunoebiT, ufro ki simZimeebiT, WuWyiTa da

simdabliT, ise, rom erTi sityvac, erTi kadric ki ar gvxvdeba mTe-

li filmis manZilze Semoqmedis (xelovanis) RvTiuri, zeciuri,

amaRlebuli samyaros da STagonebis gamomxatveli, ise, rogorc am

filmSi ganzraxaa amotrialebuli samyaro da misi fskeriTaa warmo-

Cenili, raTa Semdgom (filmis bolos) zeca gvanaxos _ rubliovis

mier cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebiTa da RvTiuri STagonebis safuZ-

velze Seqmnili xatebi da freskebi, asevea am wignSic. aq ki aris

cxovrebis, samyaros, am da im soflis, siyvarulis, rwmenis, sasoebis

gareubani, yofiTi kadrebi sulieri gaucxoebisa, roca aRar igrZno-

ba da aRarc ki axsovT erToba qristeSi, `cxovrebis madlcxebuli~

poetis mier warmodgenilia masSi (cxovrebaSi) damarxuli margali-

tis gansacxovleblad, raTa igi freskebiviT gamobrwyindes Cvenda

sanugeSod saaqaoSi (radgan gvinda virwmunoT, rom Cven urwmuno

droSic poeti, rac unda uWirdes, jer isev aris cisa da miwis,

RmerTisa da adamianis damakavSirebeli da Suamavali).

yofierebidan sulierebisaken mimaval kacTa am gzaze da mru-

me yofiTobaSic ki Cumi sxiviT gaciskrovnebul adamianebze ase Tu

gvamcnobs kidev erTi sruliad axali da ucnobi poeti kvlav XX

da aw XXI saukunisa:

`Takix _ vas lele%l Rublev v pqelinom svoem veke. Kak vosk, kak slovo `lhbov>~ Paxnut ego qeloveki~. `Tavs gevlebodaT amgvarT rubliovi

Taflovan Tavis saukuneSi.

cviliviT, sityva `siyvaruliviT~

surnels afrqveven misi kacebi~ (iuri loSCici).1

iseve, rogorc iuri loSCici, da, SesaZlebelia, ufro mZaf-

radac, andro buaCiZe gvaiZulebs davfiqrdeT, Tu vin aris igi _

1 Hriy Lo\iq, Stolica poley: Stixotvoreni%, Moskva, 1990. rusulidan

ქარTული leqsebisaTvis: q. bezaraSvili, rusi poetebi (a. feti, f. tiutCevi,

i. loSCici), Targmanebi. `kavkasioni~, oqtomberi, 19, 1994, gv. 7; boris pas-

ternaki, leqsebis Targmani, gaz. `kalmasoba~, #7 (81), 2004, gv. 16.

qeTevan bezaraSvili

32

poeti, sakuTari gulis mxilavi da sxvaTa gulTamxilavic? da vin

varT Cven, misi mkiTxvelni? es wigni gvixsnis imas, rasac ver vxe-

davT, ver vamCnevT da ar viciT.

dabolos, am danawevrebul samyaroSi, mxolod tkiviliani

poeturi sityviT rom mTliandeba, mainc SenarCunebulia (ra Tqma

unda, transformirebuli saxiT) is msoflgancda, bibliidan rom

iRebs saTaves. samyaros gareubanSi gadasrolili poetis urbanis-

tul xilvebSi RvTaebrivi, WeSmariti sixarulis imgvari monatreba

ikiTxeba, axla mxolod sulis bnel siRrmeSi rom SeiZleba aRmoa-

Cino. swored amitomaa andro buaCiZis `gareubanSi~ daxatuli eg-

zistencialuri samyaro erTdroulad saSiSic da axlobelic, dan-

greulic da aRdgenilic, fragmentulic da mTlianic.

konstantine bregaZe

grigol robaqiZis romani `Cakluli suli~ rogorc

totalitaruli (sabWoTa) saxelmwifos miTosur-demonuri arsisa da modernistuli epoqis

hermenevtika

S e s a v a l i `Cakluli sulis~ meore gamocemis winasityvaobaSi

(1937) grigol robaqiZe werda:

`es wigni, romelsac tyuilad ar hqvia `Cakluli

suli~, aris cda saxeobriv aCvenos atmosferulad

zemoqmedi bolSevizmis miwisqveSa damangreveli Za-

la. igi 1932 wlis bolos daiwera. rac Semdgom

periodSi moxda, adasturebs im Tvalsazriss, ro-

melic am wigns udevs safuZvlad~ [citatis Tar-

gmani statiis avtors ekuTvnis _ k. b.] (robaqiZe

1937: 5).

marTlac, romanSi, romelic 1932

wels daiwera da 1933 wels germaniaSi ga-

moica, zedmiwevniT, detaluradaa nawinas-

warmetyvelebi is bolSevisturi saxelmwi-

fo terori da represiebi, romelTac sabWo-

Ta imperiaSi 30-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi

Tavis ukidures formebs miaRwies. magram aq

ufro metad mniSvnelovania ara romanis es

winaswarmetyveluri Zala, ara konkretuli

empiriul-istoriuli procesebis mxatvruli

asaxvisa da gadmocemis Zala, aramed im meta-

fizikuri Zirebis wvdoma, ramac safuZveli

Seuqmna bolSevisturi tipis totalitaru-

li saxelmwifos warmoqmnas. winasityvaobaSi

robaqiZe, upirveles yovlisa, swored amas

gulisxmobda, rodesac igi Tavisi wignis


kandidati, doqtori, iv. ja-

vaxiSvilis Tbilisis sa-

xelmwifo universitetis

humanitaruli fakultetis

asistent-profesori (qvemi-

marTuleba germanuli li-

teratura). S. rusTavelis

qarTuli literaturis in-

stitutis komparativisti-

kisa da literaturis Teo-

riis ganyofilebis mecni-

eri-TanamSromeli.

goeTesa da novalisis saer-

TaSoriso sazogadoebebis

wevri.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

novalisis saxismetyvelebis

ZiriTadi aspeqtebi, 2001.

novalisis enis filosofia,

2003. literaturisa da

enis filosofiuri narkve-

vebi (novalisi, goeTe, v. f.

humboldti...), 2009.

Targmanebi: novalisi: „Ramis

himnebi~ (2007); novalisi:

„sumbulisa da vardkokoris

zRapari~ (2008).

interesTa sfero: germanu-

li romantizmi, hermenevti-

ka, enis filosofia.

konstantine bregaZe

34

TvalTaxedvaze mianiSnebda (`im Tvalsazriss, romelic am wigns

udevs safuZvlad~): anu, aq robaqiZe pirvel rigSi xazs usvams ro-

manis swored ontologiur-filosofiur pirvelsazriss.

romanSi ikveTeba Semdegi diskursebi: 1. bolSevizmis miTosur-demonuri (metafizikuri) arsis

`gaxsna~ da wvdoma.

2. Tanamedrove teqnikuri civilizaciis kritika (nicSeanuri

nakadi).

3. miTosuri nakadi.

romanis es diskursebi imTaviTve CarTulia hermenevtikul

wreSi, ramdenadac isini erT dialeqtikur mTlianobas qmnian da

urTierTgamomdinareoben. es ki, meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT, im-

pliciturad gulisxmobs romanis Taursazrisisa da teqstis gage-

ba-ganmartebas hermenevtikuli wrisa da alegoriuli interpreta-

ciis meTodTa gaTvaliswinebiT.

Tavis literaturul werilebsa da filosofiur esseebSi ro-

baqiZe mudam xazs usvams fenomenis `metafizikuri axnis~ aucileb-

lobas, anu fenomenis miTosuri, e. i. sawyisiseuli Zirebis wvdomas,

rodesac Sinagani Wvretisa da mxatvruli qmnis procesSi fizikuri

gadadis metafizikurSi da piuruku; Sesabamisad, istoriuli gada-

dis miTosurSi, empiriuli _ transcendenturSi, droiTi _ zedro-

iTSi da piriqiT. es midgoma robaqiZes gadaaqvs sakuTar mxatvrul

teqstebSi. misi romanebi, novelebi, drama-misteriebi yofierebis

fenomenTa metafizikuri axsnaa esTetikis sferoSi. amitomac, roba-

qiZis mxatvruli teqstebi, rogorc metafizikuri axsnebi, Tavad

moiTxoven metafizikur axsnebs. `Cakluli sulis~ swored amgvari

interpretaciis cdaa Cemi statiac.∗

I. bolSevizmisa da stalinis fenomenis miTosur-metafizikuri

arsis hermenevtika romanSi

esseSi `stalini rogorc arimanuli Zala~ (`Stalin als ahri-manische Macht~), rogorc es saTauridanac Cans, robaqiZe stalinis

pirovnebas, stalinis fenomens zoroastruli miTologiisa da reli-

giis borotebis RmerT arimanTan aigivebs. sakuTriv saxelwodeba

∗ robaqiZis am romanis interpretaciis pirveli cdaa n. kakabaZis statia `gri-

gol robaqiZis romani Cakluli suli~, romelSic avtorma marTebulad miu-

TiTa romanis teqstSi intencirebul nicSeanur kritikul diskursze (kakaba-

Ze 1988: 10).

grigol robaqiZis romani Cakluli suli~ rogorc saxelmwifos miTosur-demonuri...

35

arimani nawarmoebia zoroastruli Teologiis terminidan Angra Mainyu, rac damangrevel suls niSnavs (leqsikoni... 1983: 72).

amdenad, mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT, romanSi stalinis persona-

Ji (Sesabamisad, bolSevizmi) simbolurad ganasaxierebs am demonur-

destruqciul Zalas. xolo Tuki stalinis fenomens (Sesabamisad,

bolSevizms) ontologur-miTosuri TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT, ma-

Sin romanSi igi warmoadgens am arimanuli damangreveli metafizi-

kur-miTosuri sawyisebis empiriul gamovlinebas konkretul isto-

riul droSi totalitaruli saxelmwifos formiT.

es arimanul-bolSevikuri Zala mis mier dafuZnebul totali-

tarul saxelmwifoSi da am saxelmwifos saSualebiT, upirveles-

yovlisa, upirispirdeba da angrevs RvTaebriv yofierebiseul wes-

rigs _ robaqiZis mixedviT, `sakralur wyobas~ _ risi Sedegicaa

yofierebidan RmerTis gandevna, RmerTis sikvdili, rac pirvel rig-

Si, vlindeba adamianis cnobierebidan RmerTis ideis gaqrobasa da

adamianis sulSi RvTaebrivi eTosis mospobaSi.

Sesabamisad, arimanul-bolSevikuri Zala upirispirdeba adamia-

nis RvTis xatobis, RvTis Zeobis ideas. es ki totalitarul siv-

rceSi xorcieldeba erTi mxriv, ideologiuri da represiuli wne-

xis saSualebiT, xolo meore mxriv, raciosa da teqnikuri progre-

sis gafetiSebiT, rac adamianSi angrevs RvTismoSiSobis sulsa da

RvTaebriv-mistikurisadmi mowiwebis eToss da amavdroulad, aviTa-

rebs RvTisgmobis isterias. Sesabamisad, yofierebaSi racios gaba-

toneba adamianSi angrevs Sesaqmis, rogorc umaRlesi saRvTo rea-

lobis aRqmisa da sakuTari Tavis Sesaqmis gvirgvinad, anu RvTaeb-

rivis nawilad TviTgancdis (Selbstgefühl) unars. aqedan gamomdinare, racios mier gaukuRmarTebuli adamianuri cnobiereba xilul qveya-

nas aRiqvams mxolod materiad, mxolod saganTsamyarod (Dingwelt), geologiur faqtad. Sesabamisad, totalitarul saxelmwifoSi ada-

miani aRiqmeba ara rogorc RvTis xati∗, e. i. ara rogorc RvTaeb-

rivi warmoSobis, RvTaebrivTan wilnayari arsi, aramed igi deter-

mindeba, rogorc erTi rigiTi statistikuri biologiuri erTeuli,

xolo xalxi ganixileba ara RvTis sxeulad (dostoevski), ara

`RvTaebrivi bunebis zepirovnul cocxal arsad~ (robaqiZe), aramed

_ masad. totalitaruli saxelmwifos damaarsebeli da mmarTveli

ki Caanacvlebs RmerTad, RmerTis ideas da Tavis Tavs fsevdo-

RmerTs afuZnebs. amgvarad, totalitarul yofaSi imTaviTve dar-

Rveuli da daSlilia sakraluri wyoba.

∗ `Caklul sulSi~ robaqiZis mier adamianis gulis daglejili RmerTis xor-

cadqceul nawilTan Sedareba metaforulad swored adamianis RvTis xatoba-

ze, anu adamianis inteleqtis RvTaebriv arsze mianiSnebs.

konstantine bregaZe

36

aq unda aRiniSnos, rom robaqiZe zogadad xelmwifebis ideisa

da saxelmwifos mmarTvelis arsis lingvo-ontologiur hermenevti-

kas gadmoscems sityva xelmwifis etimologiis safuZvelze. robaqi-

Zis mixedviT, qarTuli ena (Sesabamisad, qarTveli eri) qveynis

mmarTvels da qveynis marTvas ukavSirebs mwife xels (xel-mwife),

anu madlian, kurTxeul, baraqian xels. Sesabamisad, qveynis mmar-

Tvels unda hqondes mwife xeli, anu madliani xeli. misgac kur-

Txeva, madli unda gamodiodes, rac TavisTavad unda iyos sakralu-

ri wyobis dadginebis SesaZleblobis winapiroba (robaqiZis krebu-

li... 1996: 71-72).

amgvarad, robaqiZis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos mmarTvelisagan, mi-

si mwife xelidan unda momdinareobdes makonstruirebeli, Semoqme-

di, Taurmdgeni, pirvelsawyisiseuli impulsebi, anu, man umaRlesi

saRvTo eTikis safuZvelze unda daamyaros RvTaebrivi wesrigi, sak-

raluri wyoba adamianuri yofis yvela sferoSi, rac, upirveles -

yovlisa, gulisxmobs adamianis cnobierebis warmarTvas RvTis xa-

tobis ideisaken∗.

magram totalitaruli saxelmwifos mmarTveli, Tavisi arsi-

dan gamomdinare, ki ar qmnis, aramed piriqiT, angrevs, Slis sakra-

lur wyobas, rac, upirveles yovlisa, gamoixateba adamianis RvTis-

xatobis ideis destruirebaSi. SemTxveviTi araa, rom bevrgan roma-

nis teqstSi stalini Sedarebulia preistoriul xvlikTan, anu

bibliur gvelTan, riTac stalinis arimanul-damangrevel miTosur-

metafizikur arszea miniSnebuli: anu, romanSi stalini, rogorc

bibliuri gveli, mxatvrul-simboluri saxea TaurSiSis, sulieri

sikvdilis, araras (das Nichts), egzistencialuri gamouvalobisa da

upirovnobis.

am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa bibliuri gvelis saxismetyve-

lebis robaqiZiseuli interpretacia, romelic man gadmosca esseSi

‘~TaurSiSi da miTosi~:

`adamianis me-m maSinaTve SeigrZno Tavis dacemaSi (igulisxmeba

pirvelcodva _ k. b.) sakuTar metafizikur zRvarTan Sexla. saxe-

obriv gveli Tavad aris es zRvari, sazareli civi talRa, rome-

lic RvTaebrivsa da araRvTaebrivs Soris enas elviseburad asria-

lebs. misi xilvisas adamiani saSinlad SeigrZnobs sakuTar dacemasa

da umweobas, rom SesaZloa araraSi (das Nichts) ganqardes. gveli

WeSmaritad pirvelSiSis gansxeulebaa~ [citatis Targmani satatiis

avtors ekiTvnis _ k. b.] (robaqiZe 1935: 35).

∗ swored aseTi mwife, anu Semoqmedi xelis plastikuri saxismetyvelebaa mi-

qelanjelos cnobili freska `adamis Seqmna~.


37

sakraluri wyoba aseve gulisxmobs mamis miTosuri xatis

xsovnas Svilis cnobierebaSi. robaqiZis mixedviT, swored aq vlin-

deba goeTes pirvelfenomenis idea yvelaze cxadad, rogorc metafi-

zikuri kavSiri RvTiT dadgenil qmnilebebs Soris: anu, mamisa da

Svilis es genetikuri mistikur-sakraluri kavSiri, es Taviseburi

miTosuri mexsiereba sakuTriv `me~-s sulieri unaria, hqondes

xsovna metafizikuri pirvelsawyisebisa da dakarguli paradizuli

egzistenciisa. robaqiZis Tanaxmad, swored mamis miTosuri xatis

xsovna aniWebs `me~-s sulieri Wvretis unars, raTa man sakuTari

Tavi Seicnos da Tanaganicados metafizikuri RvTaebrivi sawyisebis

ganuyofel nawilad.

upirveles yovlisa, swored am miTosur-metafizikuri da fsi-

qologiuri perspeqtividan xsnis robaqiZe `Caklul sulSi~ stali-

nis fenomens, stalinis pirovnebas, romelic Tavisi arsiT, miTo-

sur-fsiqologiurad, mamis mkvleli, mamis uarmyofeli, anu sakra-

luri wyobis damangrevelia. aq avtori cdilobs goeTes pirvelfe-

nomenisa da froidis fsiqoanalitikuri midgomis (oidiposis kom-

pleqsi) miTosuri gaazrebis safuZvelze axsnas stalinis fenomeni,

rac, Cemi azriT, savsebiT `mxvedri~ aRmoCnda:

`vin iyo es anonimi (e. i. stalini _ k. b.)? mamamisi mewaRe

iyo, loTi, boRmiani da sastiki, dedamisi _ mkeravi, wynari, morCi-

li da gulmowyale qali. roca daTvreboda, mama scemda dedas.

scemda erTaderT patara vaJsac. maT qoxSi mefobda siRatake, co-

fianis dorbli da cremli. imis gafiqrebazec ki, rom sacaa mama

dabrundeba, biWs tanSi szaravda. TviT samyaros SeqmnaSic ki mxo-

lod sibilwes xedavda, mama ki urCxulad eCveneboda. ojaxuri kav-

Siris aseTi rRveva bavSvs guls umZimebda. aRmosavleTma icis, ra

aris mama _ kosmiurad gamanayofierebeli Tesli. Tu bayayis Canasa-

xovan ujreds Suaze gavWriT, ori bayayi warmoiSoba. ori nawili-

dan TiToeuli gadaiqceva ara naxevar, aramed naxevari zomis mTli-

an bayayad. biologia aq Seudareblad adasturebs mamobis aRmosav-

lur instinqts. erTi Canasaxovani ujredidan ori ibadeba, magram

ra moelis Tavdapirvels, SeqmnisaTvis gamzadebuls? is ar ganxor-

cielebula, fizikurad aRar arsebobs _ magram metafizikurad si-

cocxles agrZelebs or patara bayaySi. TiToeuli maTgani Tavis

TavSi atarebs mas, daubadebels. aq cxovrobs gvarovnuli maxsov-

roba mamisa. sadac es maxsovroba mokvdeba, iq sicocxle Cavardeba

safrTxeSi. stalinis saxlSi es maxsovroba dairRva. vaJma dawyev-

la mama, Tesli. gamwarebulma TviT Seqmna SeiZula. misTvis aRar

arsebobda siyvaruli, aRarc sixaruli. mamis mimarT samudamod Ca-

budebulma siZulvilma sicocxle mouwamla~ [aq da qvemoT citate-

konstantine bregaZe

38

bi `Cakluli sulidan~ momyavs al. kartozias Targmanis mixedviT

_ k. b.] (robaqiZe 1997: 515).∗

xolo aseTi mamisuarmyofeli, Tavisi metafizikuri arsidan

gamomdinare, `bunebrivad~ uaryofs mamuls, gaucxoebulia misi da

sakuTari erisadmi, mowyvetilia maT da igi, amavdroulad, yalibde-

ba mamulis uarmyofelad da mamulis moZuled (aqedan stalinis

cnobili uaryofa saqarTvelosi _ mam-ulis da siZulvili qarTve-

li erisadmi _ mamuli-Svilebisadmi). aqedan gamomdinare, aseTi uma-

mo mmarTvelis aRqmaSi xalxi aris masa, upirovno koleqtivi da

ara `RvTis sxeuli~, riTac kvlav irRveva sakraluri wyoba:

`Zvel samyaros (e. i. sawyisiseul metafizikur safuZvlebs _

k. b.) ukve daemSvidoba. misTvis aRar arsebobda arc sisxlis erTo-

ba, arc xalxi, arc sulieri kavSiri, arc rwmena. xalxi masam Sec-

vala, suli _ klasma. aq Tavis stiqiaSi iyo~ (robaqiZe 1997: 519).1

bunebrivia, rom stalinis an msgavsi tipis mmarTvelis mier

dafuZnebuli saxelmwifo, Tavisi arsiT, mxolod totalitaruli

Tu iqneba, sadac daSlilia sakraluri wyoba, rac pirvel rigSi,

gamoxatulia adamianis RvTisxatobis ideis destruirebaSi. Sesaba-

misad, TviTgadarCenis instinqtiT Sepyrobili totalitaruli sa-

xelmwifos moqalaqe eTikuri TvalsazrisiT, avlens umdables amo-

ralur Tvisebebs _ bezReba, angareba, TvalTvali, gamcemloba, Ra-

lati, kvla. Tvadayira dgeba universaluri saRvTo morali. xolo

ontologiuri TvalsazrisiT totalitaruli saxelmwifos moqala-

qe egzistencialuri gamouvalobis, egzistencialuri SiSis, araras

(das Nichts) ucilobeli msxverplia.

romanis mTavari protagonisti Tamaz enguri, rogorc poeti,

yvelaze mZafrad SeigrZnobs swored am egzistencialur sicarie-

les, araras, ganicdis egzistencialuri pirvelSiSiT Sepyrobilo-

bas, rac, ra Tqma unda, totalitarul sivrceSi egzistenciiT gan-

pirobebuli dacemuli sulieri mdgomareoba, dakarguli RvTisxa-

tobaa:

`Tamazsac nel-nela CasTvlima, Tumca Zili ar modioda. im

sifrifana sazRvars miaRwia Zil-RviZils Soris, roca grZnobebi

daWimulia ukidures sinatifemde. [...] SeZrwunda. sicocxlis kideze

igrZno Tavi, sakuTari Tavisa aRar sjeroda. misi arseba xandaxan

∗ Sdr. mamismkvlelobis motivi da mamismkvlelobis miTo-fsiqologiuri aspeq-

tebi k. gamsaxurdias romanSi `mTvaris motaceba~ _ arzayani v. kac zvambaia. 1


39

mkveTrad exeboda im zRvars, sadac arara da RmerTi erTad arian.

amjerad ise Canda, TiTqos mxolod saSinels Seexo, àraras~ _

sunTqva gauCerda _ pirdaRebul sicarieles, romelic gaqrobas

uqadis da àradyofs~. Tamazi Zlier SeSinda. TiTqos sikvdils Se-

exoo, Zil-RviZilidan gamoerkva, civ oflSi curavda. undoda elo-

ca, magram locva mxolod maSin SeiZleba, roca suli ivseba, ro-

gorc TavTavi Cumi mwifobis madlian Jams. Tamazma igrZno: wamic da

gonebas dakargavs araras winaSe~ (robaqiZe 1997: 529).

ontologiuri TvalsazrisiT, sabWoTa moqalaqis, da zogadad,

totalitaruli saxelmwifos moqalaqis, tragedia romanSi axsni-

lia swored sakraluri wyobis rRveviT, xolo fsiqologiuri

TvalsazrisiT _ petres kompleqsiT, ramdenadac sabWoTa moqalaqe

Taviseburi samgzisuarmyofelia (petres kompleqsi), romelmac rep-

resiuli da ideologiuri wnexisa da, rac mTavaria, raciosa, da

aqedan gamomdinare, teqnikuri progresis gafetiSebis gamo uaryo

sakuTari Tavis RvTis xatad aRqma da dakarga RvTisZeobis TviTgan-

cdis spiritualuri unari∗. Sesabamisad, mis cnobierebaSi daikarga

metafizikuri pirvelsawyisebis xsovna _ ìdumali pentagrama Tav-

dayira idga~ (ix. Tavi XI, àkaSas qronika~):

èlsadgurebs aSenebdnen, sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebi Semoh-

yavdaT, Waobebs aSrobdnen, stiqiebs imorCilebdnen, sarwyav siste-

mebs qmnidnen da sazeimod xsnidnen. xalxi ikribeboda, internacio-

nals mReroda, radio molocvebs gadmoscemda moskovidan, xarkovi-

dan, baqodan, tfilisidan. iyo damorCilebuli mdinarisa da muSis

marjvenis dResaswauli _ magram ar iyo is umaRlesi wami, romel-

sac erT dros ganicdida egvipteli: roca mzis pirvel sxivebTan

erTad mimaval miminos Wvretda _ mzis egviptur simbolos _, is

netari wami, roca mzis TesliT avsebuli SeyvarebuliviT uaxlov-

deboda miwas.

axali gzebi gahyavdaT moSorebul raionebSi, sadac jer kidev

Zveli tomebi saxlobdnen. xSirad gzis gasaWrelad mTa unda ae-

feTqebinaT da masTan erTad ankara wyaroc moespoT, wmidaTawmida

ram tomis warmodgenaSi. SiSiT umzerda mTeli tomi wyaros ganad-

gurebas: dabneuli da moqufruli Rrmad grZnobda Tavis arsebaSi

sikvdils. ganxibluli axla kvalareul nadirs hgavda, gondakargu-

li idga sicarielis pirispir~ (robaqiZe 1997: 509-510).

∗ aseTive uarmyofeli aRmoCnda Tamaz enguri, vinc samgzis uaryo RvTisxato-

bis idea da sakraluri wyoba: ix. kinoscenaris ganxilvis (Tavi I), operaSi

sityviT gamosvlisa (Tavi X) da megobris (levanis) gacemis (Tavi XVII) epi-

zodebi.

konstantine bregaZe

40

amgvarad, romanis antitotalitaruli da antibolSevisturi

diskursidan gamomdinare, bolSevizmi, bolSevisturi tipis tota-

litaruli saxelmwifo racios gafetiSebisa da RmerTis yofiere-

bidan gandevnis ukiduresi gamoxatulebaa, rasac, Tavis mxriv, gza

gauxsna dasavleTSi gabatonebulma teqnikur progresSi, nihilizmsa

da pozitivizmSi gamovlenilma raciom.

II. romanis nicSeanuri diskursi _ dasavleTis teqnikuri civili-

zaciis kritika

rogorc aRiniSna, romanis erT-erTi diskursia dasavleTis

(evro-amerikuli) teqnikuri civilizaciis kritika. es nicSeanuri

kritikuli suli mTels romanSi implicituradaa mocemuli, Tumca

akumulirebuli saxiT _ romanis me-IX TavSi `roca atomi iSleba~.

SemTxveviTi araa, rom romanSi robaqiZe dasavlur teqnikur civi-

lizaciasa da rusul bolSevizms erT mTlianobad moiazrebs, ram-

denadac am or kulturul sivrceSi RmerTi yofierebidaa gandevni-

li, xolo RmerTis idea _ adamianis cnobierebidan. Sesabamisad,

aqac da iqac darRveulia sakraluri wyoba. iseve, rogorc sabWoTa

imperiaSi, teqnicistur dasavleTSic, gabatonebuli racios gamo

adamiani ontologiuri TvalsazrisiT egzistencialuri pirvelSiSi,

usaxelo araras tyvea:

`iciT, ra?~ kvlav wamoiwyo ivanovma, `yvelaferi rac sabWo-

eTSi xdeba, xdeba yvelgan. nu gikvirT. miwisqveSa dinebebi aiReT,

isini yvelgan erTnairia: CvenTan, evropaSi, amerikaSi. CvenTan Rmer-

Tis winaaRmdeg ibrZvian, misi mokvla surT. amerikasa da evropaSi

raRa xdeba? iq ar klaven RmerTs, iq igi TavisiT kvdeba. [...] Cven-

Tan mxolod erTi SeZaxili ismis: `unda davewioT da gavuswroT

amerikas!~ daiwyo Sejibri manqanis kultSi. am SejibrSi arc evro-

pas da amerikas surT CamorCena. iq Weqa-quxulis datyvevebiT Svi-

didan rvamilionamde voltis mopovebas axerxeben atomis dasaSle-

lad _ albaT teqnikis gulisaTvis... iq raciom daipyro socialuri

yofa. CvenTan dagegmva ise Sors wavida, lamisaa kerZo cxovrebac

gamoTvlas daeqvemdebaros. [...] Tu erTi sityviT SevajamebT am pro-

cess, es iqneba: RmerTis gandevna samyarodan. es moqmedeba renesan-

sSi iRebs saTaves, dRes mis nayofs vimkiT. axali adamiani ibadeba,

uRmerTo. misTvis ar arsebobs saidumlo. araviTari ridi, araviTa-

ri mowiweba, araviTari mistika, SiSveli yofiereba, nivTieri: arsad

metafizikuri, fesvebSic ki ara. es aris Cveni axali Taoba. Seada-

reT igi amerikuls _ mxolod `minus~ niSani dausviT win garegnu-

li mxaris mosawesrigeblad _ da veraviTar gansxvavebas ver hpo-


41

vebT maT Soris, oriveni erTi wiaRidan modian. RmerTis amoZirkva

yofierebidan _ es aris kulturis axali mijna. [...] iqac da aqac

igive xdeba, gansxvaveba isaa, rom ruseTis miwaze davardnili Tes-

li ukidures formebs iZens~ (robaqiZe 1997: 492-493).

amgvarad, romanis aRniSnul TavSi robaqiZe gansazRvravs da-

savleTis sulieri krizisis mizezebs, rac, misi azriT, gamowveu-

lia racios gafetiSebiT, da aqedan gamomdinare, sakraluri wyobis

daSliT. romanis teqstis nicSeanuri diskursis mixedviT, evro-ame-

rikuli racio, iseve, rogorc _ bolSevikuri, mTel Sesaqmes gani-

xilavs materiad, geologiur faqtad. dasvleTSi yofa miTosmokle-

bulia, anu aqac daviwyebulia mamis miTosuri xatis, anu metafizi-

kuri pirvelsawyisebis xsovna. Sesabamisad, zedmetad subieqtivire-

bul dasavlur `me~-Si gamqralia RvTisxatobis metafizikuri gan-

cda Tu TviTgancda (Selbstgefühl), dasavlel adamians aRar SerCa

sulieri Zala, fizikurSi Wvritos metafizikuri, xilulSi _ uxi-

lavi da piriqiT, vinaidan masSi gamqralia RmerTis, rogorc `mud-

mivi wvis~, gancdis sulieri unari (Tumca, am TvalsazrisiT, dasav-

leTSi ori didi gamonaklisia _ goeTe da novalisi). xolo Rmer-

Tis idea teqnikurma progresma Caanacvla. teqnikuri progresi

TviTmiznad iqca, ramac adamianis egzistencias sazrisi daukarga da

misi arseboba absurdad gadaaqcia. amitomac, dasavleTSi metafizi-

kur zRavarze myofi `me~ a priori eqvemdebareba egzistencialur

pirvelSiSs, araras. dasavleTSi umamobas, e. i. miTosmoklebulobas

adamiani teqnikuri progresis absurdulobamde mihyavs, xolo ru-

seTSi _ bolSevikuri tipis totalitaruli saxelmwifomde.

amgvarad, `Cakluli sulis~ nicSeanuri kritikuli diskursi-

dan gamomdinare, romelic dasavluri teqnikuri progresis feti-

Sizmisa da miTosmoklebuli usulo dasavluri civilizaciiskenaa

mimarTuli, ukiduresad subieqtivirebul evro-amerikul `me~-s on-

tologiurad uWirs metafizikur zRvarze gasvla, vinaidan mas da-

karguli aqvs metafizikur-miTosuri pirvelsawyisebis xsovna. swo-

red amaSi Wvretda nicSe dasavleTis tragedias. msgavsad aris es

problema robaqiZis romanSic ganWvretili: suli ara mxolod to-

talitarul saxelmwifoSia Cakluli, e. i. sakraluri wyoba ara

mxolod sabWoTa imperiaSia dangreuli, aramed _ aratotalitarul

dasavleTSic. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sakraluri wyobis ngrevis mize-

zia bolSevizmi, meoregan _ ukiduresad ganviTarebuli teqnikuri

progresi. xolo am ori mocemulobis saerTo mizezia ukiduresad

gafetiSebuli da yofaSi usazRvrod integrirebuli racio da mis

mier Sobili nihilizmisa da pozitivizmis suli.

konstantine bregaZe

42

III. romanis miTosuri diskursi

`Cakluli sulis~ kompozicia miTosur paradigmebzea agebuli.

romanis Sinagani logosi, Taursazrisi swored romanis teqstis mi-

Tosuri paradigmebiT konstruirebaSi, anu miTosur saxismetyvele-

baSia mocemuli. am TvalsazrisiT aRsaniSnavia, rom robaqiZesTan

miTosuri paradigmebis gamoyenebas wmindad metaforuli datvirTva

ar gaaCnia. anu, isini ar unda ganvixiloT rogorc romanis teq-

stis tropul-esTetikuri samkauli. aq mocemuli miTo-poeturi

konceptebi ubralo metaforuli niSnebi ki ar aris, aramed, upir-

veles yovlisa, maTi mxatvruli funqciaa empiriul sinamdvileze

ufro aRmatebul metafizikur sinamdvileze miniSneba, rac Tavis

mxriv, ganapirobebs romanis siuJetisa da personaJebis simbolur-

alegoriul mxatvrul semiotikur niSnebad aRqmas. robaqiZis Se-

moqmedebiTi meTodidan gamomdinare, romanis teqstis fiqcionaluri

dro-sivrcidan es miTosuri paradigmebi unda integrirdnen Tavad

mkiTxvelis mier realurad aRqmad empiriul drosa da sivrceSi,

ris safuZvelzec mkiTxvelma es miTosuri poeturi konceptebi un-

da aRiqvas da Tanaganicados, rogorc yofierebis ganuyofeli da

realurad arsebuli nawili, rogorc realuri, cocxali mocemu-

lobebi. Cemi azriT, swored ase unda gavigoT `Caklul sulSi~ (da

robaqiZis sxva romanebSi) mocemuli miTosuri paradigmebis mxat-

vruli funqcia. robaqiZis am SemoqmedebiTi meTodis esTetikur-on-

tologiuri mizania mkiTxvelis cnobierebis yofierebis metafizi-

kuri safuZvlebisaken warmarTva da mkiTxvelisaTvis empiriul-fi-

zikur sinamdvileze aRmatebuli transcendentur-metafizikuri si-

namdvilis Tanagancdevineba.

amdenad, saxismetyvelebiTi TvalsazrisiT, romanSi miTosuri

paradigmebi gamoyenebulia ara rogorc tradiciuli tropul-meta-

foruli semiotikuri niSnebi, aramed isini Taviseburi ontoteq-

stualuri cocxali mocemulobebia, ris safuZvelzec robaqiZis

romanis teqsti fuZndeba, rogorc _ `cocxali~, `live~-uri onto-teqsti.

sainteresoa, rom `Caklul sulSi~ miniSnebulia swored saku-

Tari SemoqmedebiTi meTodis am Taviseburebaze, kerZod, im epizod-

Si, rodesac avtori Tamaz enguris leqsebze msjelobs:

`sityva elementaruli iyo, pirvelyofili, hqonda feri, sur-

neli, xma metalis. yvelaferSi pirvelqmnilis sunTqva. metafora

ar iyo lamazi Sedareba, is sagnebis sxivmosil asarkvas amcnobda

(xazi Cemia _ k. b.). yoveli suraTi uZvelesi istoriiT iyo gare-

mosili, TiTqos gilgameSis dakarguli nawilebi epovnaT. aq iyo qa-

lis siyvaruli _ cocxali da Tanac miTiuri qalisa, rogorc isi-


43

das siyvaruli. oRond uSualo sinmadviliT (xazi Cemia _ k. b.)

(robaqiZe 1997: 431).

aqedan gamomdinare, mag., romanis meore Tavi _ `marad qaluri~

_ mTlianad unda ganvixiloT, rogorc uSualo sinamdviliT, miTo-

realisturad (r. karmani) asaxuli bibliur-paradizuli yofis poe-

tur-mxatvruli aluzia. `Cakluli sulis~ sxva adgilebisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, Cemi azriT, romanis swored am TavSia yvelaze srulyo-

filad realizebuli robaqiZis SemoqmedebiTi meTodi yofierebis

metafizikuri Zirebis uSualo sinamdvilis principiT gadmocemis

Sesaxeb (ix. zemoT):

`kaklis xis didi foTlebi mZimed ekida mzis mcxunvare sxi-

vebSi. foToli ar irxeoda, drodadro Camovardeboda erTi _ uxma-

urod, nela. xe mraval aseul weliwads iTvlida. misi tani, sami

kaci Zlivs rom Semoawvdenda mklavebs, magari, daxeTqili qerqiT

iyo dafaruli. xe mZlavrad idga Tavisi farTo, baraqiani CrdiliT.

kaklis ZirSi xaliCa gaeSalaT: zed zantad gaSxlarTuliyo

qali. Tavi mwvane baliSze edo. mis gverdiT, meore xaliCaze, Tama-

zi wamowoliliyo. qalis sxeuli, savse da mwife, axladmowyveti-

li yurZnis mtevaniviT ido xaliCaze. ZuZuebi mzis siuxviT evsebo-

da, velur nestoebs siSoreTa geSi arxevda.

irgvliv siCume sufevda, TiTqos yvela elementi Tavis TavSi

Caketiliyos Sinagan mwifobas dayuradebuli. qalic Tavis TavSi Ca-

Ziruliyo da mcenaresaviT Tvlemda. ocnebebSi Cakarguli sakuTar

sxeuls veRarc ki grZnobda. baliSze misi Tmebi ekida. Zlivs asxva-

vebda mzis sxivebisagan, foTlebSi rom atanda: mzisferi Tma hqon-

da. Tvalebi cis silurjes ucqerdnen _ am silurjis dafantuli

wveTebi. qalis yurTasmenas TiTqo unapiro SoreTidan wyaros Cux-

Cuxi swvdeboda _ TviTonac ukvdavebis wyaro iyo. miwasTan erTad

isic mzes eZleoda, Semqmnel Zalas uerTdeboda. zRvis talRebSi

msunTqav meduzasaviT yvinTavda kosmiur dinebebSi. misTvis evas Sem-

deg dro ar gasula: is jer kidev Zveli eva iyo _ pirvelqmnili~

(robaqiZe 1997: 425-426).

romanSi mocemuli miTosuri paradigmebidan aRsaniSnavia, erTi

mxriv, Sumerul-babilonuri miTosidan, xolo meore mxriv, bibliu-

ri miTosidan aRebuli miTosuri paradigmebi, romlebic erTmaneTs

avseben da erT mTlianobas qmnian.∗ es miTosuri paradigmebi romanis

∗ romanis teqstSi Suamdinarul da bibliur miTosur paradigmebTan dakavSi-

rebiT dawvr. ix. m. janjibuxaSvilis statia: `maradqaluri (grigol robaqi-

Zis Cakluli sulis’ mixedviT)~ (janjibuxaSvili 2003: 133-139)

konstantine bregaZe

44

teqstSi eqvemdebarebian robaqiZiseul individualur mxatvrul re-

cefcias, ris safuZvelzec iqmneba Tavad romanis miTo-poeturi

TviTmyofadi saxismetyveleba.∗

am TvalsazrisiT, sakmarisia, yuradReba mivaqcioT romanis

mTavari gmiris saxels _ Tamazi. aq aSkaraa, rom saxelis es qar-

Tuli forma robaqiZis mier gamoyvanilia Sumerul-babilonuri ve-

getaciis RmerTis saxelidan dumuzi, Tamuzi, rac etimologiurad

niSnavs RmrTaebriv Zes (göttlicher Sohn) (leqsikoni... 1983: 146). Sesabamisad, romanSi Tamazis metafizikuri arsi gansazRvru-

lia RvTisZeobiT, anu, Tamazis gmiri gulisxmobs RvTisxatobis

ideas. am SemTxvevaSi, Tamazi gvevlineba Tavisebur xeldasxmulad

(SemTxveviTi araa is, rom igi poetia), romelic flobs Tavisebur

ezoTerul saidumlo codnas yofierebis metafizikur pirvelsawyi-

sebze da aris SemoqmedebiTi, makonstruirebeli impulsis matarebe-

li arsi. Sesabamisad, man unda Seinaxos da gadaarCinos es saidum-

lo sakacobrio codna arimanul-bolSevikur totalitarul sinam-

dvileSi.

romanSi Tamazis satrfos, natas metafizikuri arsi ki ukavSirde-

ba Sumerul-babilonur cis qalRmerTs inana-iSTars, romelic aris

siyvarulis, nayofierebis qalRmerTi, anu saganTa didi deda,

Magna Mater, anu, yofierebis dambadebeli arsi, yofierebis pirvel-

sawyisi (leqsikoni... 1983: 235). Sesabamisad, Tamazisa da natas ur-

TierTtrfobas safuZvlad udevs iSTar-Tamuzis urTierTtrfobis

miTosuri sqema, romlis mixedviTac iSTaris siyvarulma qvesknelis

wiaRidan unda daixnas Tamuzi. am miTosuri sqemis mixedviT, natac

mzad aris gpu-el berzinTan daTmos sakuTari qaluri Rirseba,

mzad aris Tavi daimdablos, raTa Tamazi daixsnas gpu-s sapyrobi-

lidan, anu qvesknelidan, rac romanSi simbolurad ganasaxierebs eg-

zitencialur sicarieles, araras (ix. Tavi XIV, `iSTaris vnebani~):

anu, saRvTo siyvaruli (nata) aniWebs adamians (Tamazs) spiritua-

lur unars, metafizikurad daZlios egzistencialuri pirvelSiSi.

garda amisa, nata aris maradqaluris, pirvelqalis (evas),

saganTa dambadebeli principis mxatvruli simbolo, igi alegoriu-

lad ganasaxierebs samoTxiseul egzitencias. amitomac, SemTxveviTi

araa, rom romanis meore Tavs hqvia `maradqaluri~, sadac `gaxsni-

li~ da axsnilia natas es metafizikuri sawyisebi. SemTxveviTi araa

isic, rom swored nata ixsenebs da warmoTqvams qalRmerT isidas

(neiTis) qandakebaze gakeTebul warweras da ara Tamazi: `me var is,

∗ Tumca, aqve unda SevniSno, rom mxatvruli metyvelebisa da saxismetyvele-

bis xarisxiT `Cakluli suli~ bevrad Camouvardeba robaqiZis sxva romanebs,

mag. `gvelis perangs~, romelic robaqiZis mxatvruli Semoqmedebis umaRles

gamoxatulebad mimaCnia.


45

rac aris, rac iyo da rac iqneba. aravis auxdia Cemi saburveli. na-

yofi, romelic me vSvi, mze iyo~. Sesabamisad, natasadmi Tamazis

ltolva da siyvaruli alegoriulad ganasaxierebs dakarguli pa-

radizuli yofis kvlavmopovebisaken swrafvas, zedroul da zesiv-

rcul saRvTo yofaSi gadasvlisadmi ltolvas:

`Tamazs uyvarda es qali, rogorc SeuZlia uyvardes kacs,

romelic mziuria, oRond marsisgan marTuli. es qali mxolod vne-

ba rodi iyo misi kacobis, is iyo misi yofnis gamarTleba. is qal-

RmerTi iyo misTvis _ es ar iyo metafora _ yoveli wami misi siy-

varulisa sakulto msxverpli iyo~ (robaqiZe 1997: 429-430).

amgvarad, Tamazis ltolva da siyvaruli natasadmi (natas,

rogorc personaJis, metafizikuri arsis gaTvaliswinebiT, ix. ze-

moT) alegoriulad ganasaxierebs subieqtis swrafvas zedrouli da

zesivrculi saRmrTo ganzomilebisaken. magram bolSevikur realo-

baSi, sadac yvelaferi destruirebulia, ingreva maTi siyvarulic.

anu, siyvaruli aq ukve aRar asrulebs egzistencialuri sayrdenis,

ontologiuri xsnisa da sakraluri wyobis upirvelesi safuZvlis

spiritualur funqcias empiriul yofaSi, sakraluri wyobisa, ro-

melic totalitarul sivrceSi a priori uaryofili da destruire-

bulia. TamazisaTvis siyvaruli ukve aRar aris egzistencialuri

SiSisa da araras daZlevis sulieri Zala, riTac, Cemi azriT, roma-

nis teqstSi zogadad Tanamedrove adamianisa da Tanamedroveobis

(modernizmis) egzsitencialur gamouvalobasa da ontologiur di-

lemazea miniSnebuli.

amitomac, mimaCnia, rom marTalia, romanis bolo Tavis saTa-

uria `axali gza~ (`Der Weg zur vita nuova~), rac TiTqosda unda mi-aniSnebdes Teoziss (ganRmrToba), kaTarzissa da egzistencialuri

SiSis daZlevasa, da aqedan gamomdinare, anTropologiuri Tvalsaz-

risiT, protagonistis sulieri srulyofis SesaZleblobaze, magram

romanis teqstis finali mainc dualisturia. aq saboloo jamSi

mocemuli mainc ar aris WeSmariti axali gzis, anu axali onto-

logiuri perspeqtivis dasawyisi. kerZod, mivaqcioT yuradReba: er-

Ti mxriv, marTalia, Tamazi daadgeba mwirobis, anu RmerTis Ziebis

gzas (`Tamazi mTebisken daiZra...~, Sdr. mTa, rogorc Semecnebis sim-

bolo), rac romantikosebiseuli protagonistis SemecnebiT gzas

mogvagonebs (Sdr. novalisis roman `hainrix fon ofterdingenSi~

mocemuli mwiris epizodi da iqve mocemuli mTis simbolika:

`Rrmad Cafiqrebuli mwiri mTisken mimaval biliks miuyveboda~ _

novalisi 1981: 368), magram, meore mxriv, Tamazi Sordeba natas:

`nata kankalebda, Tamazis Tvalebs veRar cnobda, raRac ucxo sa-

burveli gadahfareboda. nata SiSma Seipyro da kacs tanze miekra.

Tamazma gverdze gaixeda, ar ganZreula, TiTqos surda natas sxeu-

konstantine bregaZe

46

li masSi gadmosuliyo, TviTon Soreulsa da idumalSi CaiZira.

ramdenime wuTis Semdeg gamoemSvidoba~ (robaqiZe 1997: 572).

amgvarad, natasgan ganSorebiT Tamazi wydeba siyvaruls,

RvTaebriv impulsebs, Sesabamisad, egzistencialur sayrdenasa da

orientirs, rac egzistencialuri da ontologiuri TvalsazrisiT

niSnavs araraseul finalobaSi gadasvlas, ramdenadac romanSi nata

warmoadgens maradiuli paradizuli yofierebis mxatvrul saxes,

xolo misi siyvaruli subieqtis WeSmariti yofierebisaken swraf-

vis alegoriuli gansaxierebaa (ix. zemoT). am sawyisebisagan moSo-

reba ki a priori gulisxmobs egzistencialuri gamouvalobis gauki-

duresobas. aseTi onto-egzistencialuri perspeqtiva yovelgvar

vita nuova-s gamoricxavs. amitomac, SemTxveviTi araa, rom Tamazs, rogorc modernist adamians, ki ar uweria egzistencialuri gar-

Rveva, aramed es momavali axali tipis anTroposis prerogativaa,

razec simbolurad mianiSnebs natas fexmZimoba. robaqiZem safuZvel-

Sive uaryo modernisti adamianis egzistencialuri xsna, es per-

speqtiva Tavisebur utopiur ganzomilebad aqcia da axali arsis

anTroposis ontologiur amocanad dasaxa.

amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom robaqiZe, rogorc WeSmariti

modernisti avtori, sakuTar modernistul mxatvrul teqsts ti-

pologiurad swored mxolod modernistuli teqstebisaTvis dama-

xasiaTebel dualistur stilSi asrulebs, sadac adamianis egzis-

tenciis finalobis problemis sruli uperspeqtivoba da ontolo-

giuri bundovanebaa gamovlenili. es intencia `Cakluli sulis~

teqstis finalur nawilSi sruli SemoqmedebiTi kanonzomierebiTa

da adekvaturobiT vlindeba.

d a s k v n a

robaqiZis romani `Cakluli suli~ mimaCnia Tavisebur univer-

salur sakvanZo teqstad, romlis safuZvelzec SesaZlebelia ama

Tu im totalitaruli saxelmwifos ontologiuri arsis hermenev-

tika, ramdenadac robaqiZis mxatvruli warmosaxvis Zalisa da

mxatvruli ritorikis, filosofiuri Wvretisa da Semecnebis sa-

fuZvelze romanSi srulyofiladaa warmoCenili ara mxolod bol-

Sevisturi tipis sabWoTa imperiis demonur-apokalipsuri arsi, ara-

med, zogadad, totalitaruli saxelmwifosi. 4

romanis teqstSi mocemulia Semdegi binaruli opozicia: erTi

mxriv, pirvelsawyisiseuli paradizuli yofiereba (maradisoba,

usasruloba), meore mxriv _ demonur-apokalifsuri totalitaru-

li sinamdvile (sasruloba warmavloba). aq sabWoTa imperiis tota-

litaruli sivrce vlindeba subieqtis ukiduresi egzistencialuri


47

uperspeqtivobis mxatvrul saxed. Sesabamisad, romanis teqstSi is-

toriul fonze (saxelmwifo terori 30-iani wlebis sabWoTa impe-

riaSi) ganWvretilia zogadad adamianis egzistenciis ontologiuri

problema. aq ki erTmaneTs ejaWveba kulturologiuri, anTropo-

logiuri da egzistencialuri problematika. am WrilSi avtoris

mier warmoCenilia Tanamedrove adamianisa da modernizmis epoqis

egzistencialuri dualizmisa da ontologiuri dilemis problema-

tika, sadac ukugdebuli da uaryofilia zogadganmanaTlebluri

diskursis mier (renesansi, XVIII s. ganmanaTlebloba, hegelianizmi,

marqsizmi) propagirebuli e. w. progresi, romelic saboloo jamSi

modernizmSi (da davamatebdi, postmodernizmSi) gamovlinda mxo-

lod da mxolod rogorc samecniero-teqnikur progresad (ganmanaT-

lebluri teqnokratizmi). aman sabolood gamoiwvia yofierebasa da

subieqtis cnobierebaSi RmerTis ideis TiTqmis saboloo destrui-

reba, xolo anTropologiuri TvalsazrisiT, axali tipis adamiane-

bis _ Homo Faber-ebisa da Homo Technikus-ebis _ e. i. teqnikis mwarmoebeli da momxmarebeli adamianebis gaCena. Tumca, modernis-

tuli mwerloba metnaklebad mainc cdilobda RmerTis ideis ga-

darCenas _ mag., h. hese da h. broxi dasavleTSi, xolo gr. robaqi-

Ze da k. gamsaxurdia _ CvenSi.

amgavard, ori ganzomileba _ empiriuli saganT samyaro

(Dingwelt) da miTosuri realoba _ modernisti adamianis cnobiere-

basa da egzistenciaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba rogorc Teza da

antiTeza, xolo sinTezis SesaZleblobas am dualizmSi robaqiZe

`Caklul sulSi~ imTaviTve gamoricxavs, TiToeuli maTganis Sinaga-

ni arsidan gamomdinare, riTac romanis teqstis diskursSi intenci-

rebulia idea Tanamedrove adamianis ontologiuri uperspeqtivobis

Sesaxeb, risi mxatvruli warmoCenis cdaa romani `Cakluli suli~.

aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi intencia ganviTarebulia k. gamsaxur-

dias `mTvaris motacebaSi~, oRond aq Tanamedrove adamianis sruli

uperspeqtivoba bevrad ufro mZafrad da maRal mxatvrul donezea

warmoCenili gamsaxurdias mxatvruli ritorikisa da saxismetyve-

lebis ufro maRali xarisxidan gamomdinare, vidre es robaqiZis

`Caklul sulSia~. robaqiZis romanis teqstis ritorika da stili

ufro metad publicisturia, vidre mxatvrul-saxismetyvelebiTi,

razec marTebulad mianiSna n. kakabaZem (kakabaZe 1988: 11)

rac Seexeba romanis poetikas, `Caklul sulSi~ _ iseve ro-

gorc robaqiZis sxva romanebSi _ asaxul-gadmocemul empiriul sa-

ganTmimarTebebs a priori MmiTosuri paradigmebi da miTosuri saxis-metyveleba udevs safuZvlad. romanSi asaxul empiriul yofas sa-

kuTari metafizikuri pirvelsawyisebi aqvs. magram robaqiZis am ro-

manis (da romanebis, zogadad) poetikis es niSanTviseba mxolod

romanis teqstis farglebSi ki ar rCeba, wmindad tropuli dat-

konstantine bregaZe

48

virTva ki ara aqvs, aramed, rogorc zemoTac iTqva, igi poeturi

aluziaa Tavad yofierebis miTosur-metafizikur Zirebze. xolo am

miTosurobidan gamomdinare, romanis teqsti fuZndeba yofierebis

ganuyofel nawilad, fuZndeba Tavisebur `cocxal~, `live~-ur `sak-ralur~ teqstad. Sesabamisad, aseTi teqsti ukve wmindad mxatvru-

li fiqcia, yofierebisagan izolirebuli hermetuli `wminda~ mxat-

vruli teqsti ki aRar aris, rogorc, vTqvaT, postmodernistuli

`wminda~ teqsti, aramed _ yofierebiseuli WeSmariti realoba. ami-

tomac, robaqiZis `Cakluli sulis~ poetikis specifikidan, miTosu-

ri diskursisa da Sinagani logosidan (Taursazrisidan) gamomdina-

re, romani fuZndeba, rogorc Janris axali tipi, kerZod, rogorc

_ ontologiuri romani.

SeniSvnebi

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom sakuTari xalxisadmi elitis warmomadgenelTa

(da maT Soris, qveynis mmarTvelTa) WeSmariti damokidebulebis Se-

saxeb robaqiZe msjelobs qarTul emigrantul Jurn. `bedi qarTli-

sasaTvis~ micemul interviuSi: `xalxi _ es evropaSic araa ukanas-

kneli siRrmiT garkveuli. xalxi araa ama Tu im dros statisti-

kiT aRricxuli grova calkeulTa _ igi cocxali arsia zepirov-

nuli bunebisa. arsad ar cxaddeba es ise mkafiod, rogorc enaSi.

[...] yoveli calkeuli _ iyves igi moazre Tu mwerali Tu politi-

kosi _ gansakuTrebul kvanZSi aris am arsTan moqceuli. gawydeba

es kvanZi _ maSin uTeslo, unayofo iqmneba yoveli aqti: azrovneba-

Si Tu mwerlobaSi Tu politikaSi. am kvanZis gawyvetiT iwyeba Si-

nagani gadagvareba-gadaSeneba xalxisa, iyves ukanaskneli ricxviT

Tu gind asi millioni~ (robaqiZe: 1994: 231, 241).

2 romanSi mocemuli es nicSeanuri kritikuli suli Semdgom roba-

qiZis mier intencirebulia filosofiur-ontologiuri esseebSic:

`sicocxlis gancda dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTSi~ (`Das Lebensge-fühl im Westen und Osten~) da `stalini, rogorc arimanuli Zala~

(`Stalin als ahrimanische Macht~): `saxarebebSi qristes Ze RvTisa da Ze kacisa ewodeba. RvTisZeoba Tanamedrove adamianSi TiTqmis Cam-

kvdaria. logosis nacvlad masSi racio myofobs. homo sapiensi ho-

mo teqnikusad iqca. Tanamedrove adamianSi mxolod Ze kacisa coc-

xlobs da misi RvTaebrivi niWi, rom iyos imaze ufro meti, vidre

adamianad yofnaa, dakargulia. [...] dedamiwa misTvis aRaraa dambad-

ebeli didi deda _ Magna Mater, aramed mxolod geologiuri faq-

ti~ [citatis Targmani statiis avtors ekuTvnis _ k. b.] (robaqiZe

1935: 82-83).


49

3 aRsaniSnavia, rom teqnikuri progresis fetiSizmi, da aqedan ga-

momdinare, dasavluri yofis absurduloba jer kidev goeTem iwi-

naswarmetyvela `faustis~ meore nawilSi, ix. homunkulusis _ xe-

lovnuri adamianis _ Seqmnisa da faustis dabrmavebis epizodebi.

xolo sakuTari poeturi naTelxilvis ZaliT Seqspirma, albaT, wi-

naswar igrZno racios mier uzomod subieqtivirebuli dasavluri

`me~-s yofierebiseuli tragedia, ris simbolodac SegviZlia hamle-

tis figura moviazroT. egzistencialuri SiSiT Sepyrobili umamo

hamleti wmindad dasavluri fenomenia. hamletis umamoba unda gavi-

azroT, rogorc umiToba, anu, rogorc metafizikuri pirvelsawyi-

sebisagan gaucxoeba da distancireba (`droTa kavSiri dairRva~).

Sesabamisad, hamletiseuli mamis Zieba miTosur-metafizikurad, al-

baT, unda gaviazroT pirvelmamis, dakarguli pirvelsawyisis Ziebad.

SesaZloa, SemTxveviTi araa isic, rom dasavlur kulturul siv-

rceSi hamletis figuris gamoCena qronologiurad mzardi teqniku-

ri eris dawyebas ukavSirdeba. holderlinis, nicSes, kafkas, Traq-

lis tragedia hamletiseuli tragediaa, romelTac Sinaganad ver

daZlies da gadalaxes ontologiuri dualizmi _ idealisa da ar-

sebulis, transcendenturisa da empiriulis, metafizikurisa da fi-

zikuris dapirispireba.

4 romanis winasityvaobaSi robaqiZe werda: `gamoxmaureba, romelic

Txzulebas germaniasa da sxvagan xvda wilad, Zalian mZlavri iyo:

mTeli rigi mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebisa daiwera romanis Sesaxeb.

Tumca, yvelaze metad SemZra sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenidan gamo-

suli, CemTvis sruliad ucnobi adamianebis mosazrebebma romanis

Sesaxeb, romelTaTvisac es wigni gansakuTrebul cxovrebiseul ga-

mocdilebad iqca~ [citatis Targmani statiis avtors ekuTvnis _

k. b.] (robaqiZe 1937: 5).

literatura kakabaZe 1988: n. kakabaZe, grigol robaqiZis romani `Cakluli su-

li~ (gv. 10-11); literaturuli saqarTvelo, 25. XI 1988.

leqsikoni... 1983: miTologiuri leqsikoni, Semdg. ak. gelovani, ga-

momc. `sabW. saqarTvelo~, Tbilisi, 1983.

novalisi 1981: Novalis, Werke in einem Band, hrsg. von H-J. Mähl, Carl Hanser Verlag, München, 1981.

robaqiZe 1935: Gr. Robakidse, Dämon und Mythos. Eine magische Bildfolge, Eugen Diederichs Verlag, Jena, 1935.

konstantine bregaZe

50

robaqiZe 1937: Gr. Robakidse, Die gemordete Seele. Roman, Eugen Diederichs Verlag, 2. Aufl., Jena, 1937.

robaqiZe 1994: gr. robaqiZe, Txzulebani; seria: Serisxulni t. 2,

Tbilisi, 1994.

robaqiZe 1997: gr. robaqiZe, Cakluli suli (germanulidan Targmna

al. kartoziam); qarTuli proza t. 30, gamomc. „saqarTvelo`,

Tbilisi, 1997.

robaqiZis krebuli... 1996: grigol robaqiZis krebuli. CemTvis si-

marTle yvelaferia, Tbilisi, 1996.

janjibuxaSvili 2003: m. janjibuxaSvili, maradqaluri (grigol

robaqiZis ‘`Cakluli sulis~ mixedviT) (gv. 133-139); krebul-

Si: TeTr siamayes aqandakeb Seni didebiT. krebuli eZRvneba

grigol robaqiZes, Tbilisi, 2003.

ilia gasviani

kompoziciisa da versifikaciis

problema giiom apolineris

alkoholebSi

sakmaod gavrcelebuli azris mixedviT,

apolineri leqsebs erTi amosunTqviT werda.

unda iTqvas, rom TviTonac am azris dam-

kvidrebas Seuwyo xeli. magaliTad, igi ac-

xadebda, rom leqsi wakiTxuli andre sal-

monis qorwilSi (Poème lu au mariage d’ And-ré Salmon) omnibusSi dawera, rodesac meria-Si midioda saqorwino ceremonialze dasas-

wrebad, Tanac am dros misi megobari rene

dalizi ganuwyvetliv esaubreboda. magram am

leqsis xelnaweri isea gadaxazuli da savse

SesworebebiT, rom amgvar mtkicebas abaTi-

lebs.

amis miuxedavad, apolineri ubadlo im-

provizatoria, rac aSkarad Cans megobrebis-

Tvis miweril, xSirad galeqsil werilebSi.

is leqsebi, romelic Tavidanve publi-

kaciisTvisaa gankuTvnili, apolineris poe-

tur laboratoriaSi xangrZlivi momwifebis

process gadis. ara marto leqsis Casaxva-

dabadebis procesia xSirad xangrZlivi, ara-

med iSviaTad qveyndeba maSinve. poema uiR-

blo Seyvarebulis simRera (La Chanson du Mal-Aimé) iSva londonSi apolineris or-

jer _ 1903 wlis noembersa da 1904 wlis

maisSi _ Casvlis Sedegad. Tumca poemam sa-

boloo saxe 1906 wels miiRo da mxolod

1909 wels gamoqveynda. ufro metic, apoli-

nerma masSi mTeli rigi cvlilebebi Seitana,

sanam poemas alkoholebSi CarTavda. aseve,

vandemieris (Vendémiaire) pirveli monaxazi

1909 wliT TariRdeba, magram leqsma sabo-

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelo-

bis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis humanita-

rul mecnierebaTa fakulte-

tis (mimarTuleba: romanis-

tika) mowveuli pedagogi.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: «ar-

tur rembos cxovrebis gza:

19 weli jojoxeTSi»; «ele-

gia da kubizmi giiom apoli-

neris «alkoholebSi» («al-

koholebis» struqturuli

analizisa da simboluri ga-

azrebis mcdeloba)» da sxv.

amJamad muSaobs sadoqtoro

disertaciaze («giiom apo-

lineris «alkoholebi» me-

20 saukunis dasawyisis avan-

garduli tendenciebis kon-

teqstSi»).

interesTa sfero: litera-

turis istoria da Teoria,

komparativistika; franguli

literatura; italiuri li-

teratura; me-19 da me-20 sa-

ukuneebis franguli poezia;

me-20 saukunis dasawyisis

italiuri, qarTuli da ru-

suli poezia; me-20 saukunis

avangarduli mimdinareobebi

(kubizmi, futurizmi, dada-

izmi, siurrealizmi) ferwe-

rasa da poeziaSi; franguli

«axali romani»; Targmanis

Teoria da praqtika.

ilia gasviani

52

loo saxe miiRo da gamoqveynda mxolod 1912 wels. zustad araa

cnobili, Tu romeli wliT TariRdeba leqsis micvalebulTa saxli

(La maison des morts) pirveli varianti. igi poets 1902 wlis ga-

zafxulze miunxenSi yofnam STaagona. micvalebulTa saxli pirve-

lad 1907 wels gamoqveynda prozauli `fantaziis~ saxiT, Semdeg

ukve leqsis saxiT daibeWda 1909 wels.

garkveuli raodenoba mokle leqsebisa, iseve, rogorc leqsebi

TaRliTi (Le larron), gandegili (L’ ermite), merlini da dedaberi

(Merlin et la vieille femme), erTi amosunTqviT unda iyos dawerili.

saerTod ki, unda iTqvas, rom apolineris poetur laborato-

riaSi yvelaze xSirad leqsi ibadeba xangrZlivi alqimiis Sedegad.

am alqimiis ZiriTadi operaciebia: Semokleba, daWra, kolaJis Seq-

mna.

xSiria SemTxveva, rodesac dasabeWdad gankuTvnili leqsis

pirvel versias (da, miT umetes, pirvel monaxazs) apolineri mTe-

li rigi pasaJebis amoRebiT amoklebs. zonis (Zone) dasasruli

(`Sen dainaxe emigrantebi unugeSoTa mTeli armia~-dan (apolineri

1984: 141) xelnawerSi arsebuli oTxmocdaToTxmeti taepidan al-

koholebSi ocdaTxuTmet taepamdea dayvanili.

im taepebsa Tu strofebs, romlebic gamouqveynebel an daum-

Tavrebel leqsebSi Sedis, apolineri axali leqsisTvis iyenebs. ma-

galiTad, ciklis santes cixeSi (À la Santé) mesame leqsis Savi va-

riantidan gaCnda mirabos xidis (Le Pont Mirabeau) yvelasaTvis

cnobili refreni.

zogierTi gamouqveynebeli leqsi apolinerma nawilebad daCexa

am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. leqsidan gazafxuli (Le Printemps) (romelic apolineris sxva poetur krebulSia Setani-

li) daibada niSnobis (Les fiançailles) pirveli sami strofi.

daWris teqnikas aSkarad igive Sedegi moaqvs, rac kolaJis ma-

tisiseul Tu kubistur teqnikas. apolineri swored am meTodiT

sargeblobs, rodesac mTel strofebs xelaxla iyenebs sxva leqse-

bisTvis. alkoholebSi amis mravali magaliTi gvaqvs. frinvelebis

epizodi zonaSi (`Jamis gugaSi brolia qriste~-dan (apolineri

1984: 134) `orbic feniqsic Cinuri piic caSi asulan maTi frTebia

/ aq rom iSleba dRes TavSeyrilni foladis frinvels / uwyvilde-

bian~-amde (apolineri 1984: 136)) pirvel xelnawer teqstSi ar fi-

gurirebs da aSkarad Semdegaa damatebuli.

igive meTodia gamoyenebuli verlibriT daweril leqsSi

mgzavri (Le voyageur): aq Camatebulia aleqsandriuli leqsiT dawe-

rili oTxi strofi da sami Semdegi taepi:

«Deux matelots qui ne s’ étaient jamais quittés

kompoziciisa da versifikaciis problema giiom apolineris alkoholebSi

53

Deux matelots qui ne s’ étaient jamais parlé Le plus jeune en mourant tomba sur le côté»

(apolineri 1981: 53).

`[o Tanamgzavrno gaxsovT Tu ara]

anda im ori mezRvauris mudam mdumarTa

amxanagoba erTmaneTs rom ver Sordebodnen

mere umcrosma sikvdils brZola rom gaumarTa~


uiRblo Seyvarebulis simRera kolaJis gamoyenebis zRvruli

SemTxvevis magaliTia, radganac poemis mTeli kompozicia kolaJTa

TamaSzea agebuli. poemaSi Semavali sami kolaJi pirdapir qvesaTau-

rebiTaa gamotanili: dilis simRera..., zaporoJieli kazakebis pasu-

xi... da Svidi xmali. masSi sxva kolaJTa mikvlevac SeiZleba. ase-

Tia, magaliTad, finaluri oTxi strofi, romelic ivnisis parizs

gvixatavs.

SeiZleba isec moxdes, rom leqsis pirveli varianti, misi Sem-

dgomi gadamuSavebis procesSi, or calkeul leqsad daiyos. leqse-

bi moxetiale akrobatebi (Saltimbanques) da bindi (Crépuscule) Ta-vidan erTi leqsi iyo, romelic apolinerma Semdgom orad gayo.

yvelaferi ise xdeba, TiTqos apolineris nawerebi erT mTlian

marags qmnides, romelic poets SeuZlia Tavisi nebisamebr gamoiye-

nos. Tuki alkoholebi erTiani nawarmoebia da ara leqsebis ubra-

lo gaerTianeba, es metwilad im kulturuli niadagis arsebobis

gamoa, romelzec ubadlo warmosaxvis poeti axal gamocdilebas

iZens da Semdgomi poeturi eqsperimentisTvis eZebs masalas.

apolineris leqsi gamoqveynebis Semdegac ganicdis cvlilebebs.

alkoholebamde apolineris `poetur fabrikaSi~ amgvarad araerTi

leqsi gadamuSavda. leqsi sasaxle (Palais) pirvelad 1905 wlis

noemberSi daibeWda, saTauriT rozmondis sasaxleSi (Dans le palais de Rosemonde). alkoholebamde man mTliani reorganizacia ganicada

da rvidan TerTmet strofamde gaizarda, Tanac apolinerma leqsSi

strofebi gadaaadgila da mas mTlianad ucvala saxe. ufro metic,

mexuTe strofSi tradiciuli aleqsandriuli leqsiT dawerili

oTxi taepis ritmi moulodnelad wydeba mesame striqonis gaxle-

CiT.

sxvadasxva cvlilebis Sedegad Semosuli am saxis uCveulo

elementebi alkoholebSi mravlad moiZieba. zarebis (Les cloches) bolo taepi pirvandel versiaSi rvamarcvliani iyo, iseve, rogorc

leqsis danarCeni TxuTmeti taepi, magram «Et même, j’ en mourrai peut-être» (rvamarcvliani taepi) alkoholebSi iqca «J’ en mourrai peut-être»-ad. xuT marcvlamde dayvanili aRniSnuli taepi leqsis

ilia gasviani

54

prosodiul wyobas mTlianad wyvets da Tavisi simokliT mis paTe-

tikur siZlieres uwyobs xels.

«[…] Souriront quand je passerai Je ne saurai plus où me mettre Tu seras loin Je pleurerai J’ en mourrai peut-être» (apolineri 1981: 98).

mirabos xidi pirvelad Jurnal `le suare de paris~ 1912

wlis Tebervlis nomerSi daibeWda. pirveli strofi maSin aTmar-

cvliani leqsiT dawerili sami taepisgan Sedgeboda da aseTi for-

ma hqonda:

«Sous le Pont Mirabeau coule la Seine Et nos amours, faut-il qu’ il m’ en souvienne? La joie venait toujours après la peine.» (dekodeni 1997: 52).

sul male aRniSnulma strofma saxe icvala da alkoholebSi

aseTi forma miiRo:

«Sous le pont Mirabeau coule la Seine Et nos amours Faut-il qu’ il m’ en souvienne La joie venait toujours après la peine» (apolineri 1981: 15).

`mirabos xidqveS dis zvirTi senis

da siyvaruli Cveni

me mainc maxsovs rom mwuxarebis

Semdeg yovelTvis sixarulis dgebodnen dReni


makratlisa da webos poetika: leqsis daWra, danawevreba, rasac

mosdevs nawilebis Sekowiweba, kvlav SeerTeba struqturis misaRe-

bad anu leqsis `fabrikaciisTvis~ _ ai, apolineris magiuri meTodi

da teqnika.

XX saukunis I aTwleuli _ giiom apolineris literaturuli

karieris dasawyisi _ axali epoqis dasabami gaxda frangul da, sa-

erTod, evropul kulturaSi. ferweraSi impresionizmis Semdeg fo-

vizmi da kubizmi viTardeba. poezia, romelmac simbolizmis STambeW-

dav poetur mwvervalebs miaRwia, kvlav miubrundeba `dawyevlil~


55

poetebs da cdilobs maTi ironiisa da rTuli semantikis Sexamebas

ferweris bolo aRmoCenebTan. salonebs, romlebic XIX saukunis

dasasrulis parizis literaturul-kulturuli centrebis fun-

qcias asrulebda, cvlis redaqciebi. safrangeTSi iqmneba sruliad

axali kulturuli klimati. esaa esTetikuri poziciebis ngrevisa

da didi cvlilebebis epoqa. iwyeba xana axali miTebisa: siCqare, me-

qanika, simultanizmi. koloniuri avantiurebisa da samecniero eq-

spediciebis kvaldakval, safrangeTi kvlav aRmoaCens egzotikis

xibls (pol klodeli iaponiiTaa moxibluli, viqtor segaleni _

CineTiT, blez sandrari _ ruseTiT), rac Zalian mniSvnelovani po-

eturi da prozauli produqciis Seqmnas uwyobs xels. cxovrebis

ritmi radikalurad icvleba. teqnikis iseTi siaxleebi, rogorebi-

caa aviacia da avtomobili, da maTTan erTad, siCqaris aRmoCena,

garkveulwilad ganaaxlebs samyaros aRqmas. es siaxleebi, iseve,

rogorc urbanizacia da industrializacia, STagonebis wyarod iq-

ceva poetebisa da mxatvrebisTvis. adamianis cxovreba fragmentebis,

kolaJebis saxiT gadadis leqsSi, rameTu Tavad SegrZnebaa fragmen-

tuli. leqsi imsxvreva da im sityvebis jaWvad iqceva, romelTa

Sorisac, erTi SexedviT, SeiZleba ver davinaxoT uSualo kavSiri.

wyvetilobis es esTetika kargad miesadageba urbanul cxovrebas,

industriuli qalaqis sinaTleebis, quCebis, sanaxaobebis xibls.

alkoholebis Casaxvis periodi (1898-1913 wlebi) _ es aris

garkveulwilad leqsis krizisis periodic, rodesac gamodis ara-

erTi Teoriuli Tu polemikuri xasiaTis naSromi. poetebi gamale-

bul ZiebaSi arian. ismis kiTxvebi parnasuli prosodiis wesTa mar-

Tebulobasa da axali epoqis Sesatyvisi poeziis esTetikaze, ver-

libris bunebasa da nayofierebaze da, saerTod, poeziis SesaZlo

reformebze.

axalgazrda kritikosi adolf boSo 1897 wels wers, rom WeS-

mariti poeti sistemas ar unda daemorCilos. boSo ambobs, rom

`poeti, yoveli nawarmoebis Seqmnisas, TiTqmis yoveldRiurad igo-

nebs specialur teqnikas da es xdeba mxatvruli gamosaxvis ucnob

saSualebaTa sakuTar moTxovnilebebTan morgebiT~ (dekodeni 1997:

69). poeti aris `ritmebisa da bgerebis Semqmneli da uzenaesi

mbrZanebeli~ (dekodeni 1997: 69). igi qmnis axal-axal riTmebs da

Sors unda iyos e. w. poeturi enis CarCoebSi Caketvisgan. man leq-

sikis yvela resursi unda gamoiyenos.

adolf boSo uaRresad saintereso, lamis winaswarmetyvelur

mosazrebebs gamoTqvams. swored am mimarTulebiT warimarTeba axali

Taobis poetebis, pirvel rigSi ki _ apolineris SemoqmedebiTi eq-

sperimentebi. 1915 wlis 30 oqtombers apolineri swers Jan-iv

blans, riTac erTgvarad exmianeba boSos mosazrebebs:

`rac Seexeba alkoholebis Tavisufal poezias, vityvi, rom

ilia gasviani

56

WeSmariti lirizmi dResdReobiT ar SeiZleba arsebobdes poetis

sruli Tavisuflebis gareSe. maSinac ki, rodesac tradiciuli

leqsiT wers, am TamaSisken poets sakuTari Tavisufleba ubiZgebs.

am Tavisuflebis gareSe poezia ver iarsebebs. Tuki ar vaRiarebT am

arsebiT WeSmaritebas, Cveni cnobiereba CaixSoba im pirobiTobis

CarCoebSi, romelsac arsebobis mizezi ar gaaCnia; is ver SeZlebs

Semdgom ganviTarebas~ (apolineri 1951: 39).

ar unda gagvikvirdes, rodesac apolineri amtkicebs, rom mas

ar gaaCnia erTi gansazRvruli `poeturi sistema~, rom, piriqiT,

mas `bevri~ poeturi sistema aqvs. saleqso striqonebis, riTmaTa

sistemebisa da strofebis mravalgvaroba alkoholebSi marTlac

gasaocaria.

alkoholebSi yvelaze xSirad aleqsandriuli leqsi gvxvdeba,

romelic ocdaoTx leqsSia gamoyenebuli (leqsSi mTlianad an leq-

sis mniSvnelovan nawyvetebSi, epizodurad ki sxva leqsebSic). rva-

marcvliani leqsi, romelic apolineris sayvarel leqsadaa miCneu-

li, igive ganawilebiT oc leqsSia gamoyenebuli. bevrad ufro iS-

viaTia Svidmarcvliani, eqvsmarcvliani da oTxmarcvliani leqsebi.

rac Seexeba verlibrs, is sxvadasxva formiT mxolod TerTmet

leqsSi gvxvdeba.

amas davamatoT is, rom alkoholebSi samidan ori leqsi, mTlia-

nad an nawilobriv, Sedgeba mkacrad organizebuli strofebisgan,

romelTa Sorisac Warbobs aleqsandriuli leqsiT dawerili katre-

ni, rvamarcvliani leqsiT dawerili katreni da rvamarcvliani xuT-

taepedi. aqedan gamomdinare, gvrCeba iseTi STabeWdileba, TiTqos

apolineri mainc erTguli rCeba franguli prosodiis tradiciebisa.

magram ar unda daviviwyoT wesidan gadaxveva, rasac apolineri

uamravjer mimarTavs alkoholebSi, TiTqos imisaTvis, raTa kon-

trastis meSveobiT xazi gausvas wina taepebis Sesabamisobas tradi-

ciul prosodiasTan. amgvar gadaxvevebs Cven araerT leqsSi vxe-

davT. amis magaliTebia bolo taepi leqsisa zarebi, romelic mou-

lodnelad wyvets TxuTmeti rvamarcvliani taepis nakads; ucunebis

(Les colchiques) da sasaxlis aleqsandriuli leqsiT dawerili tae-

pebi, romelic or, eqvs-eqvs marcvlian naxevartaepadaa gayofili...

sxva msgavsi magaliTebis moZebna alkoholebSi ar gagviWirdeba.

leqsis klotilda (Clotilde) katrenebis boloSi malulad CarTu-

lia erTi rvamarcvliani taepi, maSin rodesac am bolo katrenis

pirveli sami taepi Svidmarcvliani leqsiTaa dawerili:

«Les déités des eaux vives Laissent couler leurs cheveux Passe il faut que tu poursuives Cette belle ombre que tu veux» (apolineri 1981: 47).


57

maris (Marie) rvamarcvliani leqsiT daweril xuTtaepedebSi

CarTulia erTi atipiuri, aleqsandriuli leqsiT dawerili taepi:

«Les masques sont silencieux Et la musique est si lointaine Qu’ elle semble venir des cieux Oui je veux vous aimer mais vous aimer à peine Et mon mal est délicieux» (apolineri 1981: 55).

tradiciul saleqso formaSi uCveulobis, siaxlis SemotaniT,

apolineri amsxvrevs mas. nel-nela igi uars ityvis tradiciul,

riTmian leqsze. es eqsperimentebi niadags umzadebs kaligramebis

did leqsebs.

niSnobis ciklis erTsa da imave fragmentSi gvxvdeba gadasvla

prozauli Txrobidan («À la fin les mensonges ne me font plus peur» (apolineri 1981: 120) _ taepi, romelic aleqsandriuli leqsis

statuss mxolod Tormet marcvals unda umadlodes) didi moqni-

lobiT gamorCeul aleqsandriul leqsze («Les rues sont mouillées de la pluie de naguère»), sadac bolo bgerebi sityvebisa «rues», «mouillées», «pluie» TiTqos ubralod agrZelebs winamaval mar-

cvals, rac erTgvarad meryevs xdis Tormetmarcvliani leqsis

ritms.

rom movisminoT, rogor kiTxulobs apolineri mirabos xids,

maris an mgzavrs, mivxvdebiT, Tu ramdenad avtonomiuria misTvis

TiToeuli taepi, iqneba es sintaqsuri, semantikuri Tu ubralod

bgeriTi avtonomiuroba. apolineri, rasakvirvelia, anJambemansac

iyenebs. zogjer anJambemani mxolod saleqso striqonebis simokli-

Taa gamowveuli da sityvaTa gramatikul erTianobas uwevs anga-

riSs. magaliTad, asea leqsSi bindi:

«Un charlatan crépusculaire Vante les tours que l’ on va faire […] Sur les tréteaux l’ arlequin blême Salue d’ abord les spectateurs […]» (apolineri 1981: 37).

sxvagan anJambemani riTmis rRveva-gaqrobis dasawyisia, rogorc

amas uiRblo Seyvarebulis simReris dasawyisSi vxedavT:

«Un voyou qui ressemblait à Mon amour vint à ma rencontre

ilia gasviani

58

Et le regard qu’ il me jeta Me fit baisser les yeux de honte» (apolineri 1981: 17).

zogjer mTeli strofi anJambemanTa TamaSzea agebuli. ufro me-

tic, rozmondis (Rosemonde) TiToeuli xuTtaepedi (leqsSi sul

sami xuTtaepedia) Sedgeba erTi anJambemanebiani winadadebisagan. am

anJambemanebs taepebi saleqso tipografiul ganlagebamde dahyavT:

«Longtemps au pied du perron de La maison où entra la dame Que j’ avais suivie pendant deux Bonnes heures à Amsterdam Mes doigts jetèrent des baisers» (apolineri 1981: 88).

apolinerTan opozicia igrZnoba aseve verlibris xmarebisas. ma-

galiTad, leqsSi ani (Annie), igi iyenebs mokle taeps:

«Sur la côte du Texas Entre Mobile et Galveston il y a Un grand jardin tout plein de roses Il contient aussi une villa Qui est une grande rose Une femme se promène souvent Dans le jardin toute seule Et quand je passe sur la route bordée de tilleuls Nous nous regardons» (apolineri 1981: 38).

`texasis sanapiroze

mobilsa da galvestons Soris

aris vardebiT savse baRi

iq erTi vilaa

didi vardis msgavsi

baRSi xSirad

erTi qali seirnobs marto

da roca me Cavivli gzaze cacxvebs Soris

Cven erTmaneTs vuyurebT~


apolineri am tipis taeps xSirad naratiul funqcias akisrebs,

rogorc esaa leqsebSi ani da rainuli Semodgoma (Rhénane d’ automne).


59

ukve sruliad gansxvavebulia saleqso striqonis is tipi, ro-

melsac vxvdebiT 1901-1902 wlebis leqsSi sinagoga (La synagogue). Semdeg am tipis taepi Cndeba apolineris 1908 wlis (koconi, niS-

noba) da 1909 wlis leqsebSi (korteJi, leqsi wakiTxuli andre

salmonis qorwilSi), bolos ki zonaSi. saqme gvaqvs grZel taep-

Tan, romelic marcvalTa raodenobiT xSirad aleqsandriuli leq-

sis zomasac ki aRemateba. leqsika da sintaqsuri struqtura ume-

tes SemTxvevaSi prozauli xasiaTisaa, xolo TviT saleqso stri-

qonis sigrZe gramatikuli an semantikuri gamonaTqvamis sigrZes

utoldeba:

«Te voici à Amsterdam avec une jeune fille que tu trouves belle et qui est laide» (apolineri 1981: 12).

`Sen amsterdamSi axalgazrda qalTan dadixar is aris

uSno da eZaxi turfa elenes~


«Tu n’ oses plus regarder tes mains et à tous moments je voudrais sangloter» (apolineri 1981: 12).

`o Sen ver bedav Sens xelebze rom daixedo da gaqvs

Tvalebi cremlebiT savse~


«Le vieux Rhin soulève sa face ruisselante et se détourne pour sourire» (apolineri 1981: 96).

aqve unda iTqvas isic, rom leqsSi sinagoga frazisa da misi

mniSvnelobis urTierTgadajaWva taepidan taepSi xdeba iseTi anJam-

bemaniT, rogoricaa, magaliTad, «Ottomar et Abraham aiment tous deux / Lia». unda aRiniSnos, rom es apolinerisTvis erT-erTi pirveli

gamocdaa im poeturi iaraRisa Tu formisa, romlis modelic man

SesaZloa Jiul laforgis (1860-1887) gviandeli poeziidan aiRo.

es is formaa, romelic SemdgomSi, apolinerTan da blez sandrar-

Tan (1887-1961) erTad, modernuli poeziis upirvelesi gamomsaxve-

lobiTi forma gaxdeba 1913-1925 wlebSi.

unda iTqvas, rom apolineris riTmaSic garkveulwilad imave

SeuzRudaobasa da Tavisuflebas vxedavT.

apolineri metwilad iyenebs jvaredin riTmas (ABAB), rome-lic alkoholebis ormocdaaTidan cxramet leqsSi gvxvdeba. wyvil-

ilia gasviani

60

wyvilad monacvle riTmebi (AABB) mxolod rva leqsSia gamoyene-

buli, xolo riTmaTa modeli ABBA kidev ufro iSviaTad gvxvde-

ba. zogjer erTsa da imave leqsSi riTmaTa erTi modeli meoresTa-

naa Sereuli. magaliTad, sasaxlis meore strofi dawerilia ABBA

modeliT, maSin rodesac danarCeni katrenebi ABAB models mihyve-

ba. TviT sinagogis verlibriT daweril strofebSic ki riTmaTa

ori sistemaa gamoyenebuli. riTmaTa erT mocemul sistemaSi SeiZ-

leba SevxvdeT vaJuri da qaluri riTmebis monacvleobas, mxolobi-

Ti ricxvis saxelis gariTmvas mravlobiTi ricxvis saxelTan, tra-

diciuli franguli prosodiis mier akrZaluli riTmis (magaliTad,

sityva, romelic Semdgom taepSi imave, kvlav gamoyenebul sityvas

eriTmeba, an erTmarcvliani windebulis riTmad gamoyeneba) xmare-

bas, asonansebs, aliteraciebsa Tu ubralo sonorul msgavsebaT,

rac apolineriseuli kompoziciisa da versifikaciis, misi poeturi

xelovnebis ganuyofel nawilad iqceva.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom apolineri aranair sazRvrebs ar cnobs;

is yvela SesaZlo poetur teqnikas erTdroulad iyenebs, yvela

teqnikas harmoniulad aerTianebs. apolineri mimarTavs dausrule-

bel variaciebs or ukidures zRvars Soris. es ori ukiduresi

zRvari gaxlavT mkacri wesi da totaluri Tavisufleba.

literatura

apolineri 1951: Guillaume Apollinaire, Lettres à sa marraine, Paris, Gallimard, 1951.

apolineri 1981: Guillaume Apollinaire, Alcools, suivi de Le Bestiaire illustré par Raoul Dufy et de Vitam impendere amori, Paris, Gallimard, collection Poésie, 1981.

apolineri 1984: frangi poetebi, frangulidan Targmna givi gege-

Wkorma, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `merani~, 1984.

apolineri 2001: giiom apolineri, leqsebi, frangulidan Targmna

ilia gasvianma, Tbilisi, Jurnali `saunje~, 3-4, 2001.

dekodeni 1997: Michel Décaudin commente Alcools de Guillaume Apollinaire, Paris, Éditions Gallimard, Foliothèque (23), 1997.

nino daraselia

metyvelebiTi orgemageobis

zogierTi semantikuri da P

pragmatikuli maxasiaTebeli

politikur diskursSi

statiaSi inglisuri, qarTuli da ru-

suli politikuri diskursis masalaze gan-

xilulia ormagi standartis principze da-

fuZnebuli adamianis verbaluri qcevis er-

TerTi saintereso saxeoba, romelic ingli-

surenovan lingvistur literaturaSi ter-

min ‘doublespeak’-iT (sityvasityviT ,ormagi

metyveleba’) aRiniSneba. aRniSnuli termini

qarTulad gadmovitane, rogorc `metyvele-

biTi orgemageoba~. rogorc cnobilia, sit-

yva orgemagoba d.guramiSvilis Seqmnilia da

igi, Cemi TvalsazrisiT, mkafiod asaxavs

adamianis aRqmisTvis maxasiaTebel dualis-

tur princips, ganixilavs ra samyaros an-

tinomiaTa erTobliobis, dapirispirebis an

identurobis TvalsazrisiT. Tavad termini

‘doublespeak” 1971 wels daamkvidra aSS-s in-

glisuri enis maswavlebelTa erovnulma ko-

mitetma. igi cnobili satirikosisa da pub-

licistis, jorj oruelis nawarmoebidan

‘1984’ aRebul cnebaTa ‘doublethink’ (ormagi azrovneba) da ‘newspeak’ (axali metyveleba)

naerTia. metyvelebiTi orgemageoba aris ver-

baluri qcevis tipi, romelic borotebas

sikeTis niRbiT faravs, uaryofiTs dadebi-

Tad warmoaCens, usiamovnos-mimzidvelad,

arahumanurs-humanurad da a.S. anu, aRniSnul

SemTxvevaSi arqetipuli binaruli struqtu-

ris uaryofiTi semantikis matarebeli wevri

Caenacvleba dadebiTi semantikis mqones. met-

yvelebiTi orgemageoba saSualebas aZlevs


doqtori.





tis inglisuri filologi-

is mimarTulebis asocirebu-

li profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

`siCume - zogadi maxasiaTeb-

lebi, ganmapirobebeli faq-

torebi’~, `gza enisaken~, saq.

mecn. akad. arn. Ciqobavas

enaTmecnierebis institu-

ti,1998. `metyvelebis nawi-

lebi rogorc aramkafio sim-

ravleni~, `saenaTmecniero

Ziebani~ # 28, saq.

mecn.akad.arn.Ciqobavas sax.

enaTmecnierebis instituti,

2002. `On the Nature of Interjections from the

Standpoint of Communicative

Competence”, Bulletin of the

Georgian Academy of Sciences, vol.170, #3. 2004

November-December. `So-

risdebuli rogorc samet-

yvelo aqti~, `saenaTmecnie-

ro Ziebani~ # 26, 2007. interesTa sfero:

kognituri lingvistika, se-

mantika, pragmatika.

nino daraselia

62

mTqmels, Tavidan aicilos pasuxismgebloba. specialur literatu-

raSi arsebobs metyvelebiTi orgemageobis sxvadasxva klasifikacia.

Catarebuli kvlevis safuZvelze gamovyavi metyvelebiTi orgemageo-

bis Semdegi kognitiuri tipebi:

1. mimarTeba cudi – arakargi; aRniSnuli mimarTeba lingvis-

turad realizdeba Jargonis, evfemizmebis, biurokratizmebis meSve-

obiT; orgemageobis aRniSnul qvetips axasiaTebs orazrovneba, bun-

dovaneba.

2. mimarTeba Savi – TeTri; aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi ar arsebobs

Sesatyvisoba realur obieqtsa Tu xdomilebasa da maT lingvistur

nominacias Soris, rasac, bunebrivia, mivyavarT lingvisturi saSua-

lebebis inflaciamde.

3. mimarTeba tyuili – marTali; aRniSnuli mimarTeba ganvixi-

le r.gesisa da T.seiteris motyuebis strategiebis TvalsazrisiT,

kerZod: a) informaciis damaxinjeba; b) gamotoveba (informaciis

garkveuli nawilis gamiznuli dafarva); g)falsifikacia; d) odeno-

bis strategia (informaciis odenobis gamiznuli Secvla); e) Tvi-

sobrivi strategia (informaciis arsis Secvla); v) relevanturo-

bis strategia (informaciis Rirebulebis daknineba); z) mkafiobis

strategia (aramkafio, bundovani informaciis miwodeba).

sakvlev masalad gamoyenebul iqna istoriul dokumentebSi,

masobrivi informaciis saSualebebsa da politikosTa gamosvlebSi

asaxuli qarTul-rusuli urTierTobani georgievskis traqtatidan

2008 wlis agvistos omis CaTvliT.

naSromSi kognitiuri TvalsazrisiT aris ganxiluli metyve-

lebiTi orgemageobis iseTi nimuSebi: rogoricaa: proteqtorati,

sovetizacia, xalxis mteri, antisabWoTa elementi, teroristi, se-

paratizmi, araproporciuli Zala da sxv. gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-

ba eTmoba metyvelebiTi orgemageobis unars moaxdinos politikos-

Ta qcevis verbalur doneze legitimacia; anu politikoss, rome-

lic Tavis oponents terorists uwodebs, miaCnia, rom saxeldeba

mas uflebas aZlevs, fizikurad gaanadguros mowinaaRmde, saxelde-

ba aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi sasikvdilo ganaCenis tolfasia.

statiaSi metyvelebiTi orgemageobis pragmatikuli maxasiaTeb-

lebi gaanalizebulia saxisa da Tavazianobis Teoriebis Tvalsazri-

siT. metyvelebiTi orgemageobis teqnika SeiZleba ganvixiloT saxis

SenarCunebis mniSvnelovani strategiad. dakvirvebam cxadyo, rom mi-

marTeba cudi _ arakargi deferenciuli Tavazianobis strategiis

nimuSia, maSin rodesac mimarTebebi cudi – kargi da tyuili – mar-

Tali Sidajgufur situaciaSi solidarobis strategiis maCvenebe-

lia, garejgufur situaciebSi ki _ saxis rRvevis saSiSroebis Sem-

qmneli aqti.

metyvelebiTi orgegmagobis zogierTi semantikuri da pragmatikuli maxasiaTebeli...

63

Nino Daraselia Some Semantic and Pragmatic Peculiarities of Doublespeak in Political

Discourse

It is common knowledge that politics and the political infuse all aspects of our lives, our attitudes as well as our behaviour (Negrine 1991:3), they infiltrate our mind and character. Hence it is quite natural and essential to consider political discourse in close relationship with political cognition. As Teun van Dijk maintains:

The study of political cognition largely deals with the mental representations people share as political actors. Our knowledge and opinions about politicians, parties or presidents are largely acquired, changed and confirmed by various forms of text and talk during our socialization, formal education, media usage and conversation. (van Dijk 2008:203).

Different genres of political discourse as well as various means and techniques they employ for transmitting values and beliefs shape our mental maps of the world. As a result, to paraphrase C.Wright Mills, we live in the second –hand world. The quality of our lives is determined by meanings we have received from others. Everyone lives in the world of such meanings ( Said 1981:42).

Inseparability and dialectics of discourse and cognition, language and thought is vividly shown in the notion of doublespeak. As is known, the term doublespeak blending two Orwellian concepts newspeak and doublethink signifies an evasive type of verbal behaviour. Its aim is to divert attention from or conceal the truth, making the bad seem good, the aggressive – noble, the inhumane - humane etc. (McArthur 1996:296) The constituents of the given portmanteau word are of particular interest as they demonstrate the efficiency and significance of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. As is known, in George Orwell’s dystopian novel ‘1984’ Newspeak is the method of controlling thought through language; it is the new totalitarian language which replaces Oldspeak i.e. Standard English and aims to narrow the range of thought and eliminate an individual’s ability to think critically. As a result, such positively-connotated terms as ‘freedom’, ‘peace’ ‘knowledge’, ‘love’ are re-conceptualized and defined via their conceptual opposites and finally are replaced by them. Consequently, according to Orwell, doublethink (the underlying cognitive structure of ‘Newspeak’) is the mental activity of simultaneously knowing and not knowing, denoting an ability to be conscious of the truth while telling lies, so that one could hold two contradictory views at once and manipulate language to meet the exigencies of the moment (Orwell), Thus the principle : ’If thought corrupts language, language can also corrupt thought’(Orwell 1946) is at work. I quite agree with Douglas Kellner’s viewpoint that doublespeak with its smoothed contradictions and unified opposites is, to some extent, similar to Marcuze’s ‘one-dimensional language’. (Kellner 1984).

nino daraselia

64

The study of scholarly literature (Lutz 1989, McArthur 1996, Orwell 1946, 1990, Postman 1976) and the analysis of English, Georgian and Russian empirical data have proved that doublespeak is mostly characteristic of public and political discourses and such an agency of socialization as mass media. It is a powerful tool of information warfare as well. The study has been carried out on the material of the Georgia – Russia relationship reflected in historical documents, news coverage and political speeches. As Teun van Dijk puts it, one of the difficulties when investigating political discourse is that a researcher cannot remain neutral, one must take a position. I have tried my best to remain neutral and be objective, however, objectivity is a relative notion.

According to W. Lutz’s definition: ’When a euphamism is used to deceive, it becomes doublespeak.’(Lutz 1989). However, the results of my research have revealed a different configuration.. The semantic and cognitive analyses of the data have shown that the underlying cognitive structure of doublespeak is of binary character; I have singled out three types of doublespeak:

1. bad is replaced by ungood; linguistically it is expressed by means of jargon, bureaucratese, euphemism, hedging etc. The given type frequently leads to linguistic ambiguity.

2. relation black – white (‘loyal willingness to say that black is white when party discipline demands’ ,Orwell, ,1984’), bad is presented as good, i.e.: there is no correspondence between a piece of reality and its linguistic nomination. Hence the gap naturally results in inflated language.

3. relation false –true. Deception is quite typical of doublespeaking; in fact it is closely associated with it. To characterize the third type of relation I have used R, Gass and J. Seiter’s classification of deception strategies. As is known, R. Gass and J.Seiter have singled out 7 deception strategies (1999): distortion (saying sth. that can mean two or more things), omission (intentionally concealing information), falsification (giving false information), quantity (altering the amount of information that should be given), quality (altering the essence of information), relevance (changing the importance of information), and clarity (not giving clear information). From the enumerated, the strategies of distortion, falsification and that of quantity are most frequently used in doublespeak narratives.

According to my observations, though the term ‘doublespeak’ was coined in the 1950s, the art of doublespeaking as a way of making facticity, rather than describing it, has had an age-long history. The Georgian –Russian relationship is a perfect example of the above-said.

Factfile 1. The relationship between Georgia and Russia starts in 1783 with ‘The Treaty of Georgievsk’. It was a bilateral treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and the east Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti on July 24, 1783. The treaty established Georgia as a protectorate of Russia,


65

which guaranteed Georgia’s territorial integrity and the continuation of its reigning Bagrationi dynasty, in return for prerogatives in the conduct of Georgian foreign affairs.

However, the results of the treaty proved disappointing for Georgians; gradually, both East and West parts of Georgia were annexed, the Bagrationi dynasty deposed, its representatives were exiled, the autocephalous status of the Georgian Orthodox Church was abolished, the Georgian Church was subjected to the synodical rule of the Russian Church and the Georgian liturgy suppressed and replaced with the Russian one. Thus all the terms of the treaty were violated.

In the given context the notion of protectorate is of particular interest. As is known, etymologically the given word originates from the Latin protectus, pp. of protegere – to protect, pro-before, in front, tegere – to cover;

To protect is a word of positive semantics, meaning to shield from injury, danger, or loss; guard; defend.

In international law, protectorate is a country or region that is protected diplomatically and militarily against third parties by a larger state or entity. In exchange for this the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the nature of the relationship between the two countries. Whatever the terms, a protectorate retains sufficient measure of its sovereignty and remains a state under international law. Two types of protection are differentiated:

a. amicable protection whose terms are often very favourable for the protectorate. The political interest of the protector is often moral ( it may be a matter of image, prestige, ideology, internal popularity, dynastic, historical or ethno-cultural ties etc.) or countering a rival or enemy power, preventing it from obtaining or maintaining control of areas of strategic importance.

b. colonial protection implies less generous conditions for a

protectorate. The protectorate is often reduced to a de facto condition similar to a colony.

Though the treaty of Georgievsk seems to be a sample of amicable

protection, actually it served as a prelude to the annexation of Georgia. In the given context the notion of protectorate is inflated since there is a gap between the declared terms of the treaty and the real intentions of the Russian Empire. Moreover, the analysis of the history of various protectorates has proved that in almost all the cases the relationship of protectorate was a disguised form of annexation. Thus the term protectorate can be considered a sample of doublespeak as it implies the relation black –white or bad –good. The doublespeak nature of the term protectorate is clearly revealed in the evaluations Russian historians give to the Georgievsk treaty of Protection and its consequences; they nominate it as ‘the act of brotherhood of the Russian and Georgian peoples that justified annexation to

nino daraselia

66

protect Georgia both from its historical enemies and its decadent reigning dynasty.’ One of the implicatures of the given evaluation is the image of a great, noble nation, the defender of the weak. Thus annexation was done for the sake of protection, that is annexation is protection.

Factfile 2. Georgia gained its independence in 1918, but lost it in 1921 when Russia, this time the Soviet Russia, annexed it for the second time; the act of annexation was masked by the term sovietisation (советизация) i.e: Georgia became one of the Soviet Socialist Republics and was again part of the modified Russian Empire. The semantic analysis of the political term in question has proved that sovietization is interpreted in two contrasting ways.

Sovietization originates from the Russian word совет (sovet meaning council). Soviet was a primary unit in the political organization of the USSR. The first soviets formed by workers, soldiers and peasants served as revolutionary committees in the 1905 and later in the 1917 revolutions. According to the revolutionary leaders they symbolized ‘the hegemony of common, working people’. In the Soviet Union the soviets became the basic political units, forming a hierarchy from rural councils to the Supreme Soviet (Верховный Совет).

Sovietization is a culture-specific term, closely associated with Russia’s history and culture, as well as Russian imperial mentality. Soviet and most post-soviet Russian historians, politicians and politologists interpret sovietization as a positive phenomenon, for them it meant the spread and expansion of ‘noble ideals and high moral principles of socialism and communism’. The metaphor of the noble, caring Big Brother, the Great Russian Nation (Великий Русский народ) protecting smaller, helpless nations and helping them to survive is of dominant importance in the given conceptual system. The holders of the given representations do not want to admit that sovietization was built on violence, terror, repressions. For them Soviet Union symbolized ‘brotherhood and friendship of the soviet peoples.’ Similarity between the evaluation of the Soviet Union and that of the relation of the protectorate between Georgia and Russia is apparent. Moreover, in 1983 the Soviet authorities (both in Russia and Georgia) celebrated bicentennial of the Treaty of Georgievsk. Thus within the framework of the Russian culture (with very few exceptions) sovietization is a doublespeak term based upon the principle black-white, i.e.: it reveals incongruity between the historical reality and its nomination. However, it should be admitted that the soviet propaganda has had its results; in the post soviet countries there are many people who still sincerely believe in the ‘ideals and principles of the Soviet Union’, hence ‘homo sovieticus’ is not a fiction but a bitter reality.

By contrast, according to the definitions given in different monolingual dictionaries of English, sovietization is a negatively-connotated political term; to sovietize means: a. to force into conformity with soviet cultural patterns or governmental policies; b. to bring under Soviet control.


67

The given definitions imply forceful transformation of the political system of a country into the undesirable one.

The case of sovietization proves J.Derrida’s viewpoint that the meanings of individual signs are produced by the differance between that sign and other signs, hence words are not self-sufficiently meaningful, but only meaningful as part of a larger structure that makes meaning possible. This viewpoint is very much true of doublespeak, which is largely context-dependent, context- variable phenomenon.

Since the Soviet Union was a totalitarian state, doublespeak was an accepted norm of verbal behaviour at different levels of its society and in every sphere of man’s activity.. Doublespeak served as an essential means for constructing the identity of the ‘other’ Let us consider some samples of soviet doublespeak:

1. an enemy of the people (враг народа) - this is the name given to the opponents of the soviet regime ( or those who were considered to be opponents – noblemen, clergymen, bankers, merchants, intellectuals etc.) or just critically-minded people up to the 1950s. The name was like a stigma passed down to the children of ‘the enemies.’ In the given case the critical term opponent is replaced by its extreme synonym enemy, i.e.: the word with positive semantics is replaced by the word with negative semantics. The choice of the word enemy, and generally of the whole phrase, had far-reaching aims; firstly, it instantiates the dichotomous vision of ‘us’ and ‘them’- ‘people’ as the domain of ‘us’ is opposed to the domain of ‘them’, ‘others’- ‘enemies’, secondly, the phrase arouses negative propositions ‘enemies are dangerous for the rest of the people,’ ‘enemies must be destroyed’ hence the given verbal behaviour legitimized and ‘justified’ deportations and mass killings of thousands of people.

2. the term anti-soviet elements (антисоветские элементы) replaced the term an enemy of the people from the 1950s. It referred to dissidents and human rights defenders. At first sight the term in question sounds more euphemistic. However, closer inspection of the nomination in question proves that the first impression is illusive. The word elements is of particular significance; its definition is as follows: a particular group of people especially people who are regarded with disapproval within a larger whole.(Longman Dictionary of Language and Culture). As R Fowler maintains today ‘group’ is a central ideological concept in the domain of ‘them’ and it has implications of being alien and threatening for the rest (Fowler 1991).As for the term anti-soviet, according to the soviet politologists, antisovietism was synonymous to anticommunism,; the latter being an idealogical and political basis of the psychological warfare imperialism waged against communism for the purpose of undermining public consciousness (Волкогонов:1983). The definition of anti-sovietism as well as the

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term anti-soviet elements are perfect samples of the soviet political jargon. The cognitive structure of doublespeak in this case is good-ungood.

Since the 1990s, when the remnants of the Soviet Union were transformed into Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), the term terrorist has been used to designate opponents of the newly modified Soviet Empire. These are mostly freedom-fighters, representatives of those nations and countries that were annexed and joined to the Russian Empire 200 hundred years ago (Chechens, the Ingush) The name-givers –the Russian authorities believe the term terrorist gives them the right to carry out anti-terrorist operations against their opponents. The name-giving in this case serves as a verdict, a sentence to death. Thus the construction of the identity of the ‘other’ against whom the Russian imperial machine intends to wage war is one of the powerful measures in legitimizing war. The discussed three examples of name-giving speech acts can be considered performatives/indirect declarations as in each case the verbal behaviour brings about and results in specific non-verbal activities.

Doublespeak has been an important political weapon in the information warfare Russia has waged against Georgia since the August 2008 war between Georgia and Russia.

In the given case the Russian political discourse which embraces presidential speeches, speeches made by officials of different rank, mass media coverage is built on the principle of doublespeak, mostly of false-true type. The main message is as follows:

Russia accuses Georgia of: a. waging a war against South Ossetia. (,Где-то в районе часа ночи мне позвонил министр обороны Сердюков и сказал что по их информации Грузия объявила войну Южной Осетии, Кавказский квадрат)

b. aggression against South Ossetia.(Мы бы не хотели что-бы Грузия, которая выступила в качестве агрессора, продолжала бы вооружаться, /Mедведев расценил действия Грузии в отно-шении Южной Осетии как акт агрессии, Кавказский квадрат)

c. genocide of Ossetians (Д. Медведев подчеркнул, что: «...варварс-кие акции грузинской стороны привели к гибели свыше 2000 человек мирного населения, большая часть которого – российс-кие граждане, убийству и ранениям российских миротворцев, исхода из региона свыше 30 тысяч беженцев, фактическому уничтожению столицы Цхинвали.» (Новости Российские) (ac-cording to the Russian sources 2000 were killed, however, accor-ding to the investigations of different international organizations 162 people were killed, mostly military and paramilitary men. Recently, this information has been confirmed by the so-called president of the so-called South Ossetian republic).


69

As a result, Russia could not stand the injustice and came to the aid of the South Ossetian people. Russia was obliged to recognize the independence of South Ossetia.

In order to decipher the discourse in question some factual information should be considered:

Factfile 3. According to the scholarly literature (historical, geographical, archeological, and linguistic works) Ossetians are a nomadic people of Iranian origin whose original homeland was Middle Asia and later the steppes of the Northern Caucasus. In the 17th century because of the Mongols they started migrating to Georgia and found refuge there. Nowadays Ossetians live throughout the whole territory of Georgia; there is a high percentage of mixed families.

South Ossetia is a non-existent geographical notion. South Ossetian Autonomous Region was artificially created in 1922 after the sovietization of Georgia. One of the ancient towns of Georgia Tskhinvali (the toponym originates from rcxila the Georgian name for hornbeam) with no Ossetian population was named as its capital. It has been followed by the demographic expansion as well as the falsification not only of Georgian history but the history of the world. It should be stressed that right on the other side of the Greater Caucasus (4050 – 5 600) North Ossetian Autonomous Region was formed on the originally Ingush territory within Russian Federation. The implications of the precisely chosen region names are as follows: Ossetia is divided into two, some day it will be united. Hence the names of the regions South Ossetia and North Ossetia create ambiguity and they can be considered samples of doublespeak since they are built on the false-true principle. In general, the formation of autonomous regions on the territory of Georgia, as well as, on the territories of other soviet republics was the reflection of the ‘divide and rule policy’ of the Russian Empire. At the same time they served as an obstacle on the path towards the independence: every time any of the soviet republics showed its striving to be independent, ethnic conflicts were provoked in the artificially created formations. And the main provoker of the conflict played the role of a mediator and peacekeeper. The same happened in the Georgian regions of Abkhazia and the so-called South Ossetia in the 1990s. Moreover, to protect the citizens of the regions in question Russia started the passportization of the given regions, hence according to the Russian sources, the war was the only way, the only possibility to defend Russian citizens. (Россия не допустит гибели своих соотчественников в Южной Осетии, Кавказский квадрат.)

Considering the above-given geopolitical and historical information it can be concluded that the discussed pieces of Russian political discourse are built on the following principles of doublespeak:

1.black-white: a. the victim of the war, Georgia is presented as the aggressor.

b. the invader and the occupant( Russia) is called the liberator, the defender of the weak. In the Russian political discourse on the subject

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70

the metaphor of moral strength is traceable: the Georgia-Russia war is regarded as a war of good against the forces of evil, which must be fought ruthlessly. (Российской Федерации пришлось принять жесткие ответные меры, в результате которых были сохранены сотни тысячи жизней и был восстановлен мир на Кавказе который находился под угрозой, Кавказский квадрат). It is noteworthy that in his speech on September 13, 2008, D. Medvedev, compared the Georgian military actions during the war to 9/11 terrorist attack.

2. false-true: the deception strategy of quantity was used to accuse Georgia of the genocide, the number of casualties was exaggerated. Moreover, the ethnic cleansing of the Georgian population in the 1990s and 2008 was concealed ( the deception strategy of omission).

In the Georgian political narratives on the subject both direct and doublespeak type evaluations of the conflict in question are encountered. In my opinion, the inconsistency of the Georgian political discourse is caused by some dubiously interpreted terms, the term separatism being one of them. The Georgian officials often refer to Abkhazian and Tskhinvali regions as separatist. As is known, separatism is usually applied to describe the attitudes or motivations of those seeking independence or separation of their land or region from the country that governs them. The use of the term is incongruous with the historical, linguistic, cultural and geopolitical facts that prove that Georgians have always been the indigenous population of the given regions, hence the use of the term separatist regions in Georgian political discourse means the admittance of the right of Abkhazians and Ossetians to seek independence of their land and secede from Georgia. In this particular context the term separatism can be considered a doublespeak term of the category false –true, viz. it fits its subcategory - the deception strategy of clarity. But in the given case the use of doublespeak, or rather its misuse harms the speaker’s interests.

The analysis have shown that evaluations of American as well as British politicians on the subject of the Georgia-Russia war are characterized by directness as well as the use of a doublespeak technique, mostly of bad -ungood type; e.g.; President Bush called the actions of Russia in Georgia an unacceptable conduct in the 21st century. Likewise, David Miliband says the way in which Russia is conducting foreign affairs is unacceptable. .. it is simply not the way that international relations can be run in the 21st century. In the given examples the terms invasion, intervention are replaced by the sample of political bureaucrateze - unacceptable conduct. Western politicians often characterize Russia’s response to Georgia’s military actions as disproportionate. contextually implying the violence against the civilians and the size of the damage. As is known, proportionality as a law of war concept is much debatable , hence the rule of proportionality is subject to frequent misinterpretations. In J.Keiler’s viewpoint ‘disproportion can be seen as the edge of an effort to delegitamize actions by western nations against weaker countries or non-state actors.’


71

The pragmatics of doublespeak has been studied from the standpoints of face and politeness theories. Doublespeak technique can be regarded as a face-saving strategy conditioned by the desire of the speaker to be ratified, approved of, liked or admired. The instances of doublespeak of bad-ungood type can be viewed as samples of deference politeness strategy which emphasizes distance (+D) between the participants, i.e.: the speaker out of respect for the hearer’s negative face advances his imposition with care, trying to give the hearer ‘a way out’ in case the hearer regards the imposition as too great. As for the doublespeak types black-white and false- true, when used in in-group situations they can be regarded as samples of the solidarity politeness strategy which emphasizes the existence of the common grounds in the participants’ relations with little distance (-D) and a slight power (-P) difference between them. However, when used in out-group situations, instances of bad-good and false –true doublespeak types can be regarded as face-threatening acts.

In conclusion it can be said that the study of the phenomenon of doublespeak as one of the devices of political discourse has proved once again that political discourse ( as K. Cowan puts it) is a form of power arrived at through consent. It both constructs and is constructed by the powerful and its construction invariably has a profound impact on the direction of domestic and foreign policy.

References:

Brown, P., Levinson, S., Politeness: Universals in language usage,

Cambridge, CUP, 1989. Cap, P., Legitimization in Political Discourse, A Cross-Disciplinary

Perspective on the Modern US War Rhetoric, Cambridge Scholars Press, 2006.

Cap, P., Where Lexicon Meets Cognition: Can Crisis Construction and Legitimization of Policies be Studied through Lemma Patterns? in: ‘Advances in Discourse Approaches’, ed. M.Dynel, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009.

Chilton, P., Orwellian Language and the Media, London, Pluto Press, 1988. Cowan, K., What is Wrong with War on Terror?, International relations,

online ms.) 2009. Derrida, J., Margins of Philosophy, Chicago University Press, 1984. Fowler, R., Language in the News, Discourse and Ideology in the Press,

Routledge, London and New York, 1991. Gass, R., Seiter, J., Persuasion: Social Influence and Compliance Gaining,

Allyn and Bacon, 2007. Goffman, E., On face-work: An analysis of ritual elements in social

interaction, in Laver, J. and Hutcheson (eds.) Face-to-face communication, Hardmondsworth : Penguin, 1955.

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Hartley, J., Understanding News, Studies in Culture and Communication, London :Methuen, 1982.

Keiler, J., The End of Proportionality, (online ms), 2009. Kellner, D., From 1984 to One-Dimensional Man: Critical Reflections on

Orwell and Marcuse. http://www.uta.edu/huma/illuminations/kell13a.htm.

Lakoff, G., Metaphors, Morality and Politics, or Why Conservatives Have Left Liberals in the Dust, (online ms), 1995.

Lutz, W., Doublespeak, NY, Harper and Row Publishers, 1989. Mihas, E., Non-Literal Language in Political Discourse, LSO Working

Papers Linguistics 5: Proceedings of WIGL, 2005. Negrine, R., Politics and the Mass Media in Britain, Routledge, London and

New York, 1991. Said, E., Covering Islam, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981. Postman, N., Crazy Talk, Stupid Talk, Delta Books, 1976. Scollon, R., Scollon, S.Wong, Intercultural Communication, Oxford:

Blackwell, 1995. Searle, J., R., Indirect Speech Acts, In ‘Syntax and Semantics ‘, vol. 3,

Cole, P., Morgan, J.L. (eds) Academic Press, NY, 1975. Orwell, G., Selected Essays, Penguin Books, 1946. Orwell, G., ‘1984’ , Penguin Books, London, 1990. van Dijk, T. A., Political Discourse and Political Cognition, online ms. Волкогонов, Д. А., Психологическая война, Военное Издательство, Москва, 1983.

Топчишвили, Р., Об Осетинской мифологеме истории, Тбилиси, ‘Эна да Култура’, 2005.

anuki imnaiSvili

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis

postsabWoTa Taobis qarTuli

prozis postmodernistuli

tendenciebi

miuxedavad imisa, rom postmodernistu-

li esTetikis Sesaxeb qarTulma kulturul-

ma cnobierebam gvian Seityo, mainc gvgonia,

mas saqarTveloSi momzadebuli niadagi dax-

vda. `postmodernistuli esTetika is univer-

saluri meTodi Tu reaqciaa, riTac saerTod

kulturam SeiZleba upasuxos rogorc evro-

pul, ise Cveni sazogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTe-

bel krizisebs.~ (muzaSvili, 2001: 3). XX

saukunis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi ki, sa-

qarTveloSi krizisebma apogeas miaRwia.

saqarTveloSi pirvel postmoderniste-

bad saxeldebian: daviT CixlaZe, daviT bar-

baqaZe, zurab qarumiZe, karlo kaWarava...

Tumca, qarTveli kritikosebi: levan bregaZe,

bela wifuria, nugzar muzaSvili am kuTxiT

mimoixilaven araTu mxolod XX saukunis

bolo aTwleulis mwerlobas, aramed ufro

adrindeli Taobis avtorTa Semoqmedebas,

anu literatorebi amtkiceben, rom postmo-

dernizmi gvxvdeba oTar CxeiZis, guram doCa-

naSvilis, naira gelaSvilis, givi margvelaS-

vilis, jemal qarCxaZis da revaz inaniSvi-

lis prozaSi. zogierT am avtorTa 90-ian

wlebSi Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi marTlac Se-

imCneva postmodernistuli aqcentebi, magram

levan bregaZe varaudobs, rom es tendencie-

bi, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebis li-

teraturaTagan yvelaze adre qarTul mwer-

lobaSi, XX saukunis 60-ianelTa Taobis

SemoqmedebaSi dafiqsirda. am mosazrebaze

dasturis micema, Rrma da safuZvliani





tis doqtoranti.

ZiriTadi Sromebi: XX sau-

kunis 90-iani wlebis qarTu-

li prozis tendenciebi

(postsabWoTa Taoba) - sa-

doqtoro naSromi; ”Jurna-

li XX saukune” - kritika

#1, 2005

interesTa sfero: mxatvru-

li proza, literaturuli

procesebi.

anuki imnaiSvili

74

kvlevis gareSe, saZnelo saqmea, radgan erTia, roca literaturaSi

Cndeba raime mimarTulebis niSnebi – zedapiruli, gauazrebeli,

konceptualuri safuZvlis gareSe da sxvaa, roca es niSnebi ten-

denciis saxes iZens da mimarTulebad yalibdeba. vfiqrobT, mosazre-

bis safuZvlianoba eWvqveS dgeba, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom paro-

dia, citireba, interteqstualoba yovelTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli

literaturisTvis, rogorc SemoqmedebiTi procesisTvis. Tumca,

levan bregaZesve ekuTvnis Semdegi SeniSvna: ~dasavlur litmcodne-

obaSi igi (postmodernizmi, a.i.) samociani wlebidan iwyebs damkvid-

rebas, CvenSi ki – oTxmociani wlebis bolodan, `perestroikis~ pe-

riodSi.~ (`kritika~, 2005w. #1, 29). es mosazreba ki ukve safuZ-

vliania; 1989 wlis 9 aprilidan fexs idgams postsabWoTa saqar-

Tvelo, romelic postmodernistuli nakvTebiT daibada.

qarTuli postmodernizmis dasawyisTan dakavSirebiT azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba bunebrivia. rac Seexeba 90-iani wlebis literatu-

ras, aq ukve aSkaraa da cxadia postmodernistuli tendenciebi. xo-

lo am tendenciebis Semomtan-damamkvidreblad axlgazrdebi, 90-ia-

nelebi gvevlinebian. amrigad, mimovixilavT mxolod erT aTwle-

uls, 90-ian wlebs da postsabWoTa Taobis moRvaweobis dasawyisis

prozis mixedviT gamovavlenT postmodernistul tendenciebs.

qarTuli postmodernistuli mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi tenden-

ciebis gamoxatvis TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa: zurab qarumiZis, da-

To barbaqaZis, SoTa iaTaSvilis, aka morCilaZis, beso xvedeliZis,

laSa buRaZis, zaza burWulaZis, zaza TvaraZis proza. rogorc

aRiniSna, postmodernistuli tendenciebi, ara marto axali, aramed

wina Taobis warmomadgenelTa 90-ian wlebSi Seqmnil nawarmoebebSi

(guram doCanaSvilis, laSa imedaSvilis, oTar CxeiZis da sxvaTa

SemoqmedebaSi) aisaxa, magram am SemTxvevaSi Cven postsabWoTa Tao-

bis proza gvainteresebs, amdenad, ufrosi Taobis postmodernistu-

li eqsperimentebze aRar SevCerdebiT.

qarTuli mwerlobis tradiciebisTvis metad uCveulo aRmoC-

nda zurab qarumiZis teqstebi. misi literaturuli opusebi qarTu-

li postmodernizmis dasawyiss moaswavebs. zurab qarumiZe gaxlavT

qarTuli postmodernizmis medroSe, romelic postmodernizmis mTa-

vari niSniT _ `ormagi kodirebiT~ movida Cvens literaturul siv-

rceSi. igi aris prozaikosic da Teoretikosic, man orive gzis ga-

moyenebiT Semoitana axali mimdinareoba CvenSi.

zurab qarumiZis literaturuli debiuti 1991 wels Sedga,

roca gazeTSi `literatura da sxva~ misi ori nawarmoebi gamoqvey-

nda: `Blow-up~ da `xareba rom daemTxva aRdgomas, 1991~. 1998

wels gamoica avtoris literaturuli krebuli `OPERA~, sadac

zemoTxsenebul opusebTan erTad, 90-ian wlebSi dawerili teqste-

bic Sevida. unda aRiniSnos, rom zurab qarumiZis nawarmoebebis Sem-

XX saukunis 90-iani wlebis postsabWoTa Taobis qarTuli prozis postmodernistuli tendenciebi

75

TxvevaSi gansakuTrebiT Wirs moTxrobis an novelis xseneba, radga-

nac TavianTi struqturiT isini aSkarad scdebian tradiciuli epo-

sis Janrebs. xolo krebulSi mxolod `Blow-up~-s aweria novela.

sxvebTan SedarebiT, is, SeiZleba, marTla novelaa, magram ufro Te-

oriul traqtats waagavs novelis, moTxrobis, romanis daweris Se-

saxeb. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es aris avtoris refleqsia

teqstis daweris Sesaxeb TviTon teqstSive, rac, Tavis mxriv, pos-

tmodernizmis erT-erTi upirvelesi niSania anu interteqstualoba.

novelis mTavari gmiri, mwerali ka (romelic avtoris prototipia

da sakuTari gvaris wina inicialebidan gamomdinare SeTxzul met-

saxels - q[k]a – mogvagonebs an uneblied gvaxsenebs franc kafkas

`procesis~ personaJs) ayalibebs Teorias, Tu rogor da ris Sesa-

xeb unda weros Semoqmedma kacma iseT periodSi, roca yvelafers

cvlileba etyoba da mkiTxvelSi iRviZebs mogonebebi 1990 wlebis

Tbilisze. kas mier Camoyalibebuli Teoriebi literaturuli na-

warmoebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb, aSkarad hgavs postmodernistuli mwer-

lobis Teoriul-metakritikul eqsperimentebs: Txzulebis daweris

`meTodi, romelsac ka unda dayrdnoboda, iTvaliswinebda axali

ritorikis warmomadgenelTa mier SemuSavebul wminda ariTmetikul

operaciebsa da fundametur aqsiomebs~ (qarumiZe, 1998: 52). ka fiq-

robda, rom unda moemarjvebina niRabi, rogorc uzustesi xelsaw-

yo. Tavis droze, rogorc daviT zurabiSvilma aRniSna, miuxedavad

novelis aratradiciulobisa, igi mainc moTxrobaa, romlis ganviTa-

rebac dinamikuria da ar aris Tavis TavSi Caketili.. siuJeti, ro-

gorc aseTi, ar arsebobs, magram reminiscencia-aluziaTa simravle

ar tovebs simZimis STabeWdilebas. novela `Blow-up~ marTlac yve-

laze STambeWdavia zurab qarumiZis krebulSi. am novelaze gazeT

àlternativaSi~ gamoqveynebul gamoxmaurebaSi vkiTxulobT, rom

`novela sakuTari (zurab qarumiZis, a.i.) Semoqmedebis siZneleebis

gacnobierebis da daZlevis gzebis Ziebis gacveTil Temazea Zalze

Segirdulad dawerili~. (axaS veroSi, 1999: 6, axaS veroSi (anu

ebraulad – Zlieri adamiani) filosofos badri SarvaZis fsevdo-

nimi gaxlavT). arada, dRevandeli gadasaxedidan Zalze kargad Cans,

rom es novela (da saerTod, zurab qarumiZis Semoqmedeba) postmo-

dernistuli tendenciebis pirveli àfeTqebebia~ qarTul mwerloba-

Si. novela `Blow-up~ 1990 welsaa dawerili.

`xareba rom daemTxva aRdgomas. 1991~ _ iosif brodskisadmi

miZRvnil am teqsts frCxilebSi miTiTebuli aqvs – Elegia baroc-

ca, rac italiurad, ìCxibi formis elegias~ niSnavs. es elegia

1996 wels daibeWda erT-erT amerikul literaturul JurnalSi,

romelsac amerikel literatorTa yuradReba miupyria; `postmoder-

nizmis mamad~ Seracxuli Teoretikosis ihab hasanis mowonebac da-

umsaxurebia. asociaciurad da siRrmiseuli aluziebiT datvirTu-

anuki imnaiSvili

76

li es teqsti ar misdevs qarTuli mwerlobis aranair tradicias,

igi absoluturad axalia Cveni literaturisTvis. misi `iCxiboba~

marTlac barokoul, daxlarTul-daxuWuWebul, ornamentirebul

stils hgavs. Tavad avtoric ar malavs barokouli stilisadmi

Tayvaniscemas: `barokouli naweria, barux spinozas madlma. didi

iCxibi ramea es baroko, nakec-nakec, xveul-xveul daxlarTuli. me-

re da ra, rom miyvars es xana, da is xalxic miyvars, Cveni drois,

vinc barokos SiboleTs gemo gaugo, Tavisaze moTargmna da aTamaSa

(elioti ginda, odeni, Tu brodski). barokos ambavs `cicinaTelas~

xmaze ver ityvi, alag-alag azri Tu ar dakece, Tu ar Caaxvie, bun-

dovanebis zRvramde Tu ar ganavrce da imis iqiTac Tu ar Casdie,

raRa baroko gamova.~ [1999: 7, axaS veroSis recenziaze pasuxi

lusien Jenerosagan. es ki, Tavad zurab qarumiZis fsevdonimi gax-

lavT]. es ganacxadi ki dasturia reminiscenciisa da literaturis

kvlavwarmoebisa.

`xareba rom daemTxva aRdgomas. 1991~ erTi mTliani monolo-

gia, ufro sworad, saubari sakuTar TavTan. teqsti prozac aris,

poeziac. aluziebiT ganzrax daSifruloba aZnelebs nawarmoebis ga-

gebasac da aRqmasac. axaS veroSi wers, rom `baton zurabis teq-

stebSi mTavarze umTavresi swored es aluziebia. gamodis, rom

CvenTvis (mkiTxvelisTvis _ a.i.) SemosaRebuli teqstebi ki ara,

teqstebi-miniSnebebia, aluziuri teqstebia, TviT avtori mimniSnebe-

li, anu aluzionisti. samarTliani iqneboda Semdegi kiTxvis dasma:

ki magram, amdeni ra aqvs misaniSni Cvens avtors, da miniSnebebis

garda Tu aqvs raime saTqmeli? [ar aqvs da] gvtovebs is miniSnebe-

bis amara, Tumca drodadro Segvibralebs da miTiTebebiT wagvexma-

reba, rogor mogwonT aseTi TamaSi? ras izam, postmoderni mosula

tiflisSi~ (1999: 6). pirvel or SekiTxvaze, mkiTxvelma Tavad un-

da gasces pasuxi. xolo kiTxvaze – ratom aukrZala avtorma saku-

Tar Tavs pirdapiri saubari? pasuxi martivia: aseTia TamaSis wesi.

aluzia-miniSnebebiT gamocanobana TavisTavad TamaSia, magram zurab

qarumiZe Tavis teqstebSi ar gvTavazobs iseT TamaSis wesebs, ro-

gorsac, sxva qarTveli avtorebi, magaliTad, aka morCilaZe. cxadia,

es imas sulac ar niSnavs, rom zurab qarumiZe ver flobs postmo-

dernistuli TamaSis Teorias, ubralod, misi TamaSis wesebi gan-

sxvavebulia – ufro met ganswavlulobas da `iCxibobas~ moiTxovs.

zurab qarumiZis yvelaze metad gaxmaurebuli nawarmoebia `gi-

Ji mequde~. ra aris es? _ ver malaven gakvirvebas literatori da-

viT zurabiSvili da masTan erTad _ sxvebic. `giJi mequde~ _ es

Janrobrivi gaurkvevloba _ arc romania, arc piesa, arc moTxroba

an vrceli moTxroba, arc prozad dawerili leqsi da arc liriku-

li proza. Tqven warmoidgineT, igi arc eseisturi naSromia da arc

filosofiuri traqtati. Txzulebas, romelic mTlianad luis ke-


77

rolis cnobili personaJis cnobierebis nakadia, saTauris qveS,

frCxilebSi miTiTebuli aqvs, rom esaa mcire messa da Tanac _ de-

teqtiuri Janrisaa. giJi mequde moazrovne, Sepyrobili braleulia,

mas dro mouklavs erT-erTi koncertis dros, romelic, misive

aRiarebiT, mamrobiTi sqesisa yofila. sasjelmac ar daayovna: amie-

ridan giJi mequdis cxovrebaSi mudam eqvsi saaTia, Sesabamisad, mas

mudam Cais sma uwevs; igi CaisaTvis gawyobil sufrasTan zis da

wirvas aRasrulebs. TviTon avtori nawarmoebis Sesaxeb wers: giJi

mequde ~Sepyrobilia ZiriTadi cnebebiT, romlebic mas gaqrobis

safrTxis winaSe ayeneben, rogorc ukiduresni. eseni xuTni arian:

ufalo, dideba, mrwamsi, wmidao, tarigi uflisa. xolo saxeli am

xuTisa aris saxeli vardis, anu sityva, romlis madliTac WeSmari-

tad gamoiTqmis imisi buneba, rac TavisiT aRmocendeba. amitomac

aris, rom winamdebare sagalobo cikli deteqtiviviT ikiTxeba~

[`giJi mequde~, avtoris Sesavali sityva]. es mcire messa, igive sa-

galobo cikli, cnobili italiuri romanis, `vardis saxeliT~, gav-

lenas ganicdis. postmodernisti umberto ekos romani Rrmad inte-

leqtualur nawarmoebad iqna aRqmuli, amitomac qarTveli zurab

qarumiZe gavlenas ver ascdeboda. magram italielis nawarmoebi po-

pularulia mkiTxvelTa farTo masebSi, xolo `giJi mequde~ – teq-

sti, romelic gadatvirTulia filosofiur-musikaluri reminiscen-

cia-aluziebiT, yvela tipis mkiTxvelisTvis ar aris gankuTvnili.

daviT zurabiSvili dasZens, rom `zurab qarumiZis erT-erTi Ziri-

Tadi nakli swored mkiTxvelis gauTvaliswineblobaa, roca avtori

TiTqos sakuTar Tavs esaubreba mxolod misTvis gasageb enaze~

(zurabiSvili, 1994: 24). Tuki avtors ar aRelvebs, gaigeben Tu

ara mis nawerebs, Tuki igi ugulebelyofs mkiTxvels, gamodis, rom

igi ukomunikacio teqstebs qmnis. Tumca, zurab qarumiZis teqstebs

ver davarqmevT ukomunikacio teqstebs (komunikaciis nakleb SesaZ-

leblobas qmnis, Janris dasaxelebis miuxedavad, daTo barbaqaZe _

romani àqilevsis meore qusli~), radganac misi krebuli ÒPERA~

Cveulebrivad ikiTxeba, Tumca kargad momzadebul mkiTxvels Txou-

lobs.

daviT zurabiSvili zurab qarumiZis `giJi mequdis~ recenziaSi

aRniSnavs, rom es teqsti literaturuli gurmanebisTvisaa gankuT-

vnili. Cveni azriT, ara mxolod `giJi mequde~, mTlianad zurab qa-

rumiZis Semoqmedeba, ara imdenad literaturis, ramdenadac postmo-

dernistuli teqstebis moyvarulTaTvisaa gankuTvnili. recenzenti

amtkicebs, rom zurab qarumiZis Semoqmedeba modernistulia da ara

postmodernistuli. es aris àra tradiciis parodireba, aramed

tradiciis destruqcia misi parodirebis gziT~ (zurabiSvili 1994:

33). destruqcia parodirebis gziT sworedac rom postmodernis-

tulia da ara modernistuli... Tavad zurab qarumiZe ambobs, rom

anuki imnaiSvili

78

`postmodernistuli xelovnebis umTavresi principi _ parodireba

_ destruqciis saxesxvaobaa~ (qarumiZe, 2009: 5), xolo destruq-

ciuloba _ postmodernizmis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli. gar-

da amisa, recenzentma isic SeniSna, rom teqstebis kiTxvisas Tval-

Sisacemia avtoris erudicia _ `marTlac vin aRar `trialebs~ teq-

stSi: joisi, haidegeri, iungi, froidi, hese, platoni, nicSe, Son-

bergi, veberi, brodski, elioti, mandelStami, nikolaus kuzaneli,

alfred hiCkoki da muxran maWavariani...~ (zurabiSvili: 1994: 28).

vfiqrobT, muxran maWavariani imitom moxvda am teqstSi, rom erov-

nuli tradiciis destruqciis novatorad warmoadginon da es ori

momenti – destruqcia (erovnul-ideologiuri da kulturuli; anu

destruqcia postmodernistul konteqstSi waikiTxon, rogorc

erovnuli problematika da poezia) da postmodernizmi, rogorc

literaturuli mimdinareoba – xelovnebad Seajeron. cnobili sa-

xelebis, Janrebis, droTa koqteili postmodernizmis sayvareli

xerxia, aseve _ cnobili teqstebisa da personaJebis interpreta-

cia-parodirebac da cnobili saxelebiT koketobac... ase rom, zurab

qarumiZis Semoqmedeba postmodernistuli prozaa.

postmodernistuli ileTebiT anu warsulis cnobili siuJe-

tebisa da personaJebis parodireba-interpretaciebiTaa Sesrulebu-

li aka morCilaZis proza. igic aluziebis `momxmarebeli~ mwera-

lia. anda, rogorc masze iTqva: `aka morCilaZe fantazmebis mwera-

lia~ (zedania, 2004: 3-4).

zurab qarumiZis teqstebi Tu Znelad sakiTxav traqtatebs

hgavs, yvelasTvis araa gankuTvnili da avtorsac ugulebelyofili

hyavs mkiTxveli (es, rogorc aRiniSna, sxvaTa Sefasebaa da ara _

piradi), aka morCilaZis Semoqmedeba wminda mxatvruli prozaa,

tradiciuli Janrobrivi mravalferovnebiT – novela, moTxroba,

romani; deteqtiuri, saTavgadasavlo Tu ubralod, `sanTlis Suqze

wasakiTxi~ nawarmoebebi.

mwerloba azriani TamaSiao, _ uTqvamT. swored, aseTi azriani

TamaSi SesTavaza Tavis droze gio axvledianma qarTvel mkiTxvels;

mTeli misi Semoqmedeba, fsevdonimiT (aka morCilaZe) dawyebuli,

erTi didi da sasiamovno `gamonagoni~ aRmoCnda – axali litera-

tura XX saukunis 90-iani wlebisTvis. zurab qarumiZis msgavsad,

aka morCilaZec postmodernizmis umTavresi principis _ `ormagi

kodirebis~ saukeTeso magaliTad iqca – Tvad mwerlis pirovneba,

masSi gaerTianebulia avtori, mTxzveli, mokalme aka morCilaZe da

istorikosi, leqtori, sportis mimomxilveli-Jurnalisti gio ax-

vlediani.

TamaSi, TavisTavad, kargia, magram SeTavazebuli wesebis daZ-

leva moTamaSes unda SeeZlos. mwerloba mxolod `Sou~ (anda ekvi-

libristika) ar aris, mas mkiTxvelis garkveuli mzaobac esaWiroe-


79

ba. postmodernistuli esTetikisTvis qarTveli mkiTxveli mzad ar

iyo, is ki ara, Tavad avtoric naklebad interesdeboda am mimdina-

reobis konceptualuri safuZvlebiT. maSin, rodesac romanma `ga-

dafrena madaTovze da ukan~ _ mzis Suqi ixila da kritikosebi

uaxlesi literaturuli tendenciebis Sesaxeb alaparakdnen, aka

morCilaZem Cveuli iumoriT erT-erT interviuSi ganacxada, rom

Tavisi romani retro-realizmis nimuSia (morCilaZe, 2001: 11), anu

avtorma am gancxadebiT Tavad postmodernizmis parodireba moaxdi-

na. ufro zustad, es iyo postmodernistuli ironia TviT postmo-

dernizmze.

faqti erTia, qarTvelma mkiTxvelma aka morCilaZis postmo-

dernistuli (iseve, rogorc misi qalaquri proza – `mogzauroba

yarabaRSi~, `faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebi~) proza kargad miiRo. av-

torma es moaxerxa iumoriTa da teqstSi avtoris, personaJisa da

mkiTxvelis TanaarsebobiT; mkiTxveli uSualo monawilea da ara _

uaryofili.

lali avalianma rogorc SeniSna, aka morCilaZis proza `li-

teraturul-mxatvrul-kinematografiuli `Saradebis~ amocnobis

moyvarulTaTvis, _ pirdapir sulze miswrebaa~ (avaliani, 2005:

139). lali avalianis msgavsad, sxva literatorebic Tavs ikavebde-

nen Tanamedrove mwerlis Semoqmedebis raime, gansazRvrul CarCoeb-

Si moqcevisagan, konkretuli saxelis darqmevisagan, ufro ki pos-

tmodernizmis qarTul literaturaSi Semosvla-damkvidrebis aRia-

rebisagan.

aka morCilaZis `gamonagonebi~, mistifikaciebi, aluziebi, fan-

tasmagoriebi erTi mTliani da `brWyviala~ samyaroa, romlis uSua-

lo Tanamonawilea (SeiZleba iTqvas, Tanaavtoric) mkiTxvelic.

`asjer dawyevlili qalaqis gaugebrobaTa mokle istoria~

(gamocemulia 1999wels) aka morCilaZis 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi

daweril novelaTa krebulia, romelSic Sesulia cxra patara amba-

vi. novelebs rac aerTianebT, is aris, rom ambebi, ZiriTadad, erT

qalaqSi – avtoris mier gamogonil (an `moparul~) veliscixeSi _

viTardeba da swored es veliscixea dawyevlili qalaqi.

wigns Sesavlis magier avtoris mierve wamZRvarebuli `sagange-

bo ganmarteba~ daerTvis (am `xerxs~ dRemde warmatebiT iyenebs,

anu sakuTar teqstebs `ganmartebebsac~ urTavs xolme), sadac aka

morCilaZe 90-iani wlebis socialuri viTarebis JamTaaRmwreladac

gvevlineba da axali (uaxlesi, Tanamedrove) literaturis dasawyi-

sis mauwyebladac – anu, imas gvTavazobs, rasac qarTul kultu-

rul sivrceSi jer kidev ar erqva saxeli _ postmodernizmi (Tun-

dac, postliteratura). sxvisi siuJetebisa da personaJebis, mTli-

anad teqstis `gamoyenebas~, gadakeTebas, amieridan aRar erqva pla-

giatoba; es iyo citacia, rimeiki, remiqsi, reminiscencia, `gadawe-

anuki imnaiSvili

80

ra~, aranJireba, gadaTamaSeba, interteqstualoba anu yvelaferi is,

rac literaturis axalma versiam moitana.

ìyo omi, sibnele, kvla, Wama-sma da Sindisferi droSebi da

Sindisferi pijakebi. mogexsenebaT, ra droc iyo: is unda gagxare-

boda, Seni damnaxavi kaci haerSi rom isroda da ara Sens jigarSi.

kargi araferi iyo im droSi da me ratom unda damewera kargi ra-

Raceebi? an saidan unda mometana sikeTe, duqnidan? usaxelo da sa-

xelian moRalateTa dro iyo. magram maSin xom samoqalaqo omi iyo?

mTavari is gaxlavT, rom uRirsi yofiliyavi~ (morCilaZe, 1999:

7). `sagangebo ganmarteba~ àvtoris niRbis~ saukeTeso magaliTia:

Tavad avtori gviyveba novelebis daweris istorias da mkiTxvels

imas atyobinebs, Tu ram gadaawyvetina im droSi ambebis SeTxzva. es

aris avtoris refleqsia teqstsa da misi Seqmnis procesze. mTava-

ri am `sagangebo ganmartebaSi~ swored avtoris gulwrfelobis ni-

Rabia, gulaxdili aRiareba didi da gamoCenili mwerlebisagan siu-

Jetebis `moparva-sesxebaze~. `mosawoni ar unda iyos, kaci rom sa-

yovelTaod cnobil siuJetebs isesxebs da Seecdeba imaTgan gamoad-

nos raRac damcinavi da arcTu keTilSobiluri fiqrebi. [...] osta-

tobas me imaT (did da gamoCenil mwerlebs, a.i.) ver movparavdi da

siuJetebi mainc momepara. [...] simarTle vTqva, ufro ganwyobile-

bebs, intonaciebs, nacnob, gacveTil Tu gaucveTav frazebs [viparav-

di] da xelaxla vwerdi. raRac parodiuli qurdobac ki gamodioda,

radgan me Tu mkiTxavT, dRevandel viTarebaSi siuJetis moparva sa-

eriozul saqmed ver CaiTvleba, radgan karga xania yvelaferi mopa-

rulia. moparva rom gadavwyvite, ase pirwminda Zarcva sircxvilia-

meTqi. amitom gadavwyvite, yvelaferi momepara paTosis da ganwyobis

garda (mgoni, eseni erTidaigivea). mokled, ase gamovida, rom rac

ki ram cudi gavifiqre, yvelaferi im Zvel, didebul siuJetebSi

Sevitane da rac mTavaria, ese yoveli dacinviT movimoqmede. saer-

Tod, sicili, gamorCeviT ki mware, didad uwyobs xels adamianis

gadarCenas (xandaxan daRupvasac – a. i.). ai, ase gamaxsenda grigol

robaqiZis èngadi~ da moTxrobas davarqvi `mingadi~. gamaxsenda ar-

Cibald mekeSi da movigone arbentrod maktaviSi. gamaxsenda borxe-

sis `mkvdrebis dialogi~ da raRac amas mimsgavsebuli gamoviyvane.

gamaxsenda g. rCeuliSvilis ùsaxelo ufliscixeli~ da ùsasru-

lo veliscixeli~ davwere, sadac usaxelo moRalates davaRupine

alyaSi moqceulni. [...] yovelive amaT Rirseba gamovacale da xsene-

buli uRirsi ambebic gamovamzeure...~ (morCilaZe, 1999: 6-7). ra-

tom uRirsi ambebi? uRirsoba epoqis cvalebadobam moitana, faseu-

lobebisa da Rirsebis daknineba-daSliT aRtkinebulma suliskveTe-

bam, saidanac iSva dacinvisa da ironiis esTetika – postmodernis-

tuli parodireba, rac, Tavis mxriv, aris klasikuri mwerlobis,

stereotipebis, miTologiuri saxeebis xelaxali wakiTxva-interpre-


81

tacia maTi parodiuli gaTamaSebis, maTi daSlis, morRvevis meSveo-

biT.

postmodernistuli TviTironia da parodia SeimCneva romanSi

`gadafrena madaTovze da ukan~ (1998w.). `asjer dawyevlili qala-

qis gaugebrobaTa mokle istoriis~ msgavsad, am romansac aqvs av-

toriseuli TandarTuli komentarebi (danarTi), rac avtoris niR-

bis parodias warmoadgens. aka morCilaZis pirveli postmodernis-

tuli romani metateqstia, romelic Zvels imeorebs, nacnobi Teme-

bis aranJirebasa da parodirebas axdens, montaJis teqnikis gamoye-

nebiT qmnis kolaJebs, aplikaciebs, agrovebs da Tavs uyris codnas,

TamaSiT arTobs da axalisebs mkiTxvels. romani Tavisi formiTac

da SinaarsiTac dualizms avlens, igi erTdroulad aris: novato-

rulic da tradiciulic, komikuric da tragikulic, Zvelic da

axalic, Rrmac da zedapirulic – mokled, metyvelebs ormag kodi-

rebaze. ai, am Tvisebebis gamo CaiTvala XX saukunis miwuruls

`gadafrena madaTovze da ukan~ bolo drois yvelaze ucnaur qar-

Tul mxatvrul nawarmoebad, da swored `madaTovis~ (araoficialu-

rad, am romans `pirvel madaTovsac~ uwodeben) Semdeg gaZlierda

gansakuTrebulad aka morCilaZis prozisadmi interesi. manamde ki,

qarTuli literaturuli kritika jiutad dumda da am dumilis

mizezi, SesaZloa, siaxlisadmi tradiciuli frTxili damokidebu-

lebac iyo.

lali avaliani Tvlis, rom `madaTovis~ popularoba misma

skabrezulobam ganapiroba. skabrezad anu Txzulebis uxamsobad ro-

manis erT-erTi mTavari personaJi xafo-mxatvari unda miviCnioT;

ufro sworad, qarTuli literaturisTvis aqamde ucnaur, ucnob

da miuRebel Temebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, rac mRebavi xafos

cxovrebis wesze, mis aratradiciul orientaciaze _ saerTod, ma-

maTmavlobaze _ saubarSi gamoixata. sodom-gomoris codvis Camden

adamianTa seqsualuri ritualebisa da Tbilisis abanoebis orgiebis

amsaxveli calkeuli suraTebi marTlac rom Sokis momgvreli iqne-

boda `tradiciuli~ qarTuli sazogadoebisTvis. magram es siTamame

da uxamsoba, im siaxleebTan erTad, rac `madaTovs~ axasiaTebs,

Zalze saintereso da misaRebi aRmoCnda tradiciuli cnobierebi-

saTvis. vfiqrobT, aq ukanaskneli roli arc kargi literaturis

qarTul tradicias uTamaSia, miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom

qarTuli modernizmis periodisTvisac ar yofila ucxo `miuRebe-

li~ da aratradiciuli Temebi Tu aRwerebi (mag: `elene darianis

dRiurebi~, k. gamsaxurdias, gr. robaqiZis da m. javaxiSvilis ero-

tikuli pasaJebi da a.S.).

XIX saukunis miwurulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis mxat-

vruli prozis stilisa da publicistika-eseistikis TaviseburebaTa

nazavia `gadafrena madaTovze da ukan~, imave periodSi sakmaod gav-

anuki imnaiSvili

82

rcelebuli socioleqtiT _ JargoniT dawerili, romelsac sauke-

Tesod flobs avtori. gasuli saukuneebis stilTa, maneraTa da sa-

laparako enis garda, romanSi personaJebis prototipebic nacnobia.

baiardi da yorRanovi erTdroulad artur konan doilis persona-

Jebsac mogvagoneben da saqarTvelos istoriul pirebsac. msgavsi

reminscencia-gamocanebiT savsea romani, riTac avtori mkiTxvels

TamaSSi iTrevs.

aka morCilaZe Tavis romanebSi _ ara mxolod, `madaTovSi~,

aramed `mogzauroba yarabaRSi~ da `faliaSvilis quCis ZaRlebis~

SemTxvevaSic _ ormag finals gvTavazobs, TiTqos Cveni (mkiTxve-

lis) gemovneba-fantaziis amara tovebs wignis dasasruls. amiT ki-

dev erTxel dasturdeba aka morCilaZis damokidebuleba mkiTxveli-

sadmi – igi mas Tanaavtorobas Tavazobs.

aka morCilaZe Tavisi teqstebiT kritikossac mravalferovani

interpretaciis saSualebas aZlevs. Tavisi ironiiT avtori war-

suls ki ar dascinis, aramed mas kidev erTxel igonebs da sakuTar

interpretaciebs aZlevs, rac xSirad mkiTxvelis Tviseba ufroa,

vidre mwerlisa. amiT Tavad avtoric Zveli teqstebis gemovnebian

da guliTad mkiTxvelad mosCans.

mkiTxvelis interpretacias `baZavs~ aka morCilaZis calkeuli

moTxrobebi: `fridoniani~ – `wigni~ da àmbavi vefxvisa da moymi-

sa~; `kapula orSauraSvilis memuarebi~; àpokrifebi~ – `holmsis

saSaqre~ da `mogzauroba kaxeTSi 1855w.~. es moTxrobebi mTeli

qarTuli literaturis – Zveli (XII-XVIII saukuneebis) da axali

(XIX saukunis) periodebis _ remiqsuli variantia. aka morCilaZes

uZiro jadosnuri zardaxSasaviT udevs saqarTvelos istoria da

literatura da iqidan irCevs sakuTari SemoqmedebisaTvis fragmen-

tebs, siuJetebs, personaJebs, xasiaTis niuansebs. zemoT CamoTvlil

moTxrobebSi vis da ras aRar amoicnobs mkiTxveli. `fridoniani~

`vefxistyaosnis~ _ fragmentaciiT _ postmodernistuli mxatvru-

li xerxiT Sesrulebuli teqstia; `kapula orSauraSvilis memua-

rebi~ varsqen pitiaxSidan moyolebuli, uamravi cnobili pirovnebis

Tu personaJis parodiiTaa daxunZluli. `holmsis saSaqre~ da

`mogzauroba kaxeTSi 1855w.~ dRevandelobasac exmianeba, kerZod:

ilikos (ilia WavWavaZes) da poliglot mwyemss (aleqsandre yaz-

begs) evropuli orientacia aerTianebT, xolo maTTan dapirispire-

buli ruseTume mamebi saqarTveloSi myof Serlok holmss tyved

aiyvanen (`holmsis saSaqre~). moTxrobaSi `mogzauroba kaxeTSi

1855w.~ Tanamedrove qarTvelebis gamofxizleba luarsab TaTqariZis

meSveobiT xdeba, romelic Svilisa da sayvareli colis tragiku-

lad daRupvis Semdeg omSi wasasvlelad emzadeba. aq warmodgenili

moTxrobebisaTvis niSandoblivia erTi saerTo Tviseba. rogorc gaga

lomiZe SeniSnavs Tavis recenziaSi, esaa è.w. `brikolaJis~ teqnika,


83

anu winamorbedi kulturis artefaqtebis namsxvrevTa xelaxali

organizeba sruliad axali formis farglebSi. mag., `kapula orSa-

uraSvilis memuarebSi~ erTmaneTis gverdiT, erTsa da imave drosa

da sivrceSi vxvdebiT stalinsa da dozia mewisqviles (òTaraanT

qvrivis~ sosia mewisqviles) Tu varsqens da Tamar mefes... `Zveli

ambebis~ xelaxla gadmocemas Tu `kvlavwarmoebas~, albaT, garkveu-

li saerTo aqvs im movlenis SedegTan, rasac `frankfurtis sko-

lis~ warmomadgenlebi xelovnebis masobrivi tiraJirebis xanas

uwodebdnen~ (lomiZe, 2004: 10).

swored rom Zveli ambebis `kvlavwarmoebaa~ `gadafrena mada-

Tovze da ukan~. aka morCilaZem amgvari `kvlavwarmoebiTa~ da `gax-

senebebiT~, kerZod ki, madaTovis kunZuliT, miTi ki ar gaacocxla,

aramed axali realoba, axali miTi Seqmna.

radganac postmodernizmisTvis literatura, upirveles yov-

lisa, TamaSia, Tavis mxriv, TamaSi ki, samyaros Semecnebis, ganmar-

tebisa da Targmanebis saSualebaa, swored am meTodiT moaxdina aka

morCilaZem Zveli Tbilisis parodiuli `wakiTxva~.

aRsaniSnavia, aka morCilaZis kidev erTi moTxroba, `cecxlis-

mfrqveveli~ (1998w.), romliTac avtorma `Tofian kacebze~ - fira-

lebze miTis gacocxleba SesZlo. `cecxlismfrqveveli, anu monaT-

xrobi 1923 wlis Sesaxeb. pirSavi komisris saSa obolaZisa da Cau-

qi gogia Rlontis Widilis gaxseneba – daviwyebuli, an SeumCneve-

li wignebidan, Zveli drois gazeTebidan da qaRaldebidan amokrefi-

li, dalagebuli da erT dauviwyar ambad moTxrobili aka morCila-

Zis mier~ – es aris moTxrobis sruli saTauri, romelic mokle

istoriacaa teqstis Sinaarssa da warmoSobaze. aseve, saTaurSivea

gamJRavnebuli istoriuli teqstis arsi da mniSvneloba. gurul

firalTa legendad qceuli ambebi, miTi da realoba erTmaneTTan

profesiuli gemovnebiTa da zomierebiTaa Sexamebuli.

mokled, aka morCilaZem `Zveli ambebis~ axleburad `wakiT-

xviT~ da `kvlavwarmoebiT~ Seqmna axali literaturuli miTebi,

uaxlesi qarTuli literaturis `moTamaSe~ saxe. Cveni tradiciuli

mwerlobisTvis TamaSi ucxo xili iyo, magram aka morCilaZem àm

xilis friad momgebiani importi SemogvTavza~.

`kvlavwarmoebisa~ da àxleburad wakiTxvisTvis~ laSa buRaZe

bibliur Temebs iyenebs, magram misi pirvandeli moTxrobebi, romle-

bic Sesulia krebulSi `yuTi~, damwyebi mwerlis eqsperimentebs wa-

agavs da asec aris. laSa buRaZis debiuti, vfiqrobT, warumatebeli

eqsperimenti iyo, Tavisi zedmetad xelovnuri enobrivi Tu azrob-

rivi struqturis gamo. amasve ver vityviT, avtoris 1999 welSi

Seqmnil moTxrobebze, kerZod, `qarTul zRaparze~, romelic ara

marto erTi kacis, aramed yvela WeSmariti qarTvelis survili da

ocnebaa. am moTxrobis mixedviT, ilia WavWavaZes ar moklaven. es

anuki imnaiSvili

84

moTxroba (zogadad, laSa buRaZis sxva teqstebic) `Zveli ambebis~,

warsulis Tavidan da àxleburad wakiTxvaa~.

laSa buRaZem qarTul literaturul sivrceSi Seqmna istori-ografiuli metaproza. es Janri dasavlur postmodernistul li-

teraturaSi Camoyalibda da am terminis avtori kanadeli kritiko-

si Linda hatCeli gaxlavT – `mwerlebi axdenen bundovani Tu sada-

vo istoriuli epizodebis, ìstoriis TeTri laqebis~ Tavisebur

rekonstruqcias, Sesabamisi istoriuli personaJebis da konteqstis

parodirebiTa da karnavalizaciiT~ (qarumiZe, 2009: 9). laSa buRa-

Zis `qarTuli zRapari~, romelic ilia WavWavaZis arSemdgar mkvle-

lobazea da `saukunis mkvleloba~ (da Semdgomdroindeli sxva teq-

stebic _ `pirveli rusi~ da a.S.), romelic akaki wereTlis sasa-

marTlo proceszea – ivane maCablis saeWvo gauCinarebis gamo, qar-

Tuli istoriografiuli metaprozis nimuSebia.

aluziuroba laSa buRaZis prozasac axasiaTebs, magram misi

erTxelve Camoyalibebuli stili, romlis zegavlenasac qveSac

dRemde ganicdis, parodiaa. samwuxarod, rogorc daviT zurabiSvi-

li ambobs, `CvenSi parodiis cneba, rogorc wesi, dacinvis, masxrad

agdebis, anu `gaRadavebis~ mniSvnelobiT aRiqmeba~ (zurabiSvili,

1994: 4). postmodernistuli parodia da ironia aravis dacinvas

ar isaxavs miznad; es gaxlavT, `makoreqtirebeli ironia~ cxovre-

bis yovelgvari gamovlinebis mimarT. postmodernistul parodias-

Tan dakavSirebiT maxsendeba Tomas manis naTqvami _ `Sinaarsisagan

gamoTavisuflebuli formebiT TamaSi~. TumcaRa, postmoderniztu-

li parodiis namdvili arsi, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, klasikis wa-

kiTxva-interpretaciaa.

mTlad parodias ver davarqmevT beso xvedeliZis prozas. mas

ufro gaSarJebaSi aqvs xeli gawafuli – èrTi dakonkili ambavi~

cnobili zRapris `konkias~ SarJia; xolo `CURRICULUM VITAE~ (1999w.) qarTveli Zalovanebisa Tu xelisuflebis gaSarJebaa,

oRond amas mwerali aRwevs qristes ierusalimSi Semosvlis epizo-

dis parodirebiT. qristesTan am tipis aluziebi mkrexelobad unda

CaiTvalos _ `Tbili wylebis qalaqSi gela TeTr virze ukuRma am-

xedrebuli Semovida. marjvena xelSi fesvebianad moTxrili kanafis

mwvane rto eWira da erTgul cxovels drogamoSvebiT gavaze ut-

ylaSunebda. qalaqis SemosasvlelSi gela SavniRbosnebs ar SeuCere-

biaT – virs Sublze PRESS hqonda amoxotrili~ (xvedeliZe, 2000:

51). moTxroba `wminda qarTuli virusi~ musikismcodneobis termi-

nologiiT unda daxasiaTdes; teqsti Zveli aRTqmis remiqsia, xolo

misi ritmi reivis ritms mogagonebT – anu Seusveneblad, erTi amo-

sunTqviT ikiTxeba. aluziebiTa da fantasmagoriebiTaa savse `misisi-

pi misuriT~. am teqstis Janri Znelad gasarkvevia; prozis struq-

turisTvis metad poeturia (arc lirikuli prozaa) da piriqiT,


85

leqsis tradiciuli struqturisTvis (Tundac verlibrisTvis)

zedmetad prozaulia. beso xvedeliZis es moTxroba mwerluri eq-

sperimentia, SeiZleba iTqvas, naiuvuri prozis nimuSia, rac niSnavs

araprofesionali avtoris Txzulebas, romelSic gulwrfelad, Se-

ulamazeblad da stilisturad dauxvewavi formiT gadmocemulia

mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis saintereso faqtebi da Sexedulebani

samyarosa Tu cxovrebaze. aseve eqsperimentulia poeturi da poezi-

is tkbil safarSi gaxveuli moTxroba `mindvris yvavilebi~. aq av-

torma scada, kinematografisTvis damaxasiaTebeli maneriT gaemarTa

prozauli teqsti. dialogebsa da Txrobas Soris `CamontaJebuli~

epizodebi (suraTebi) mxatvruli filmisa da klipisaTvis damaxasi-

aTebel da mxatvrul-gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs da figurebs mogva-

goneben, es am `figuraTa~ `Targmanebaa~ Txrobis enaze: `mis Tva-

lebSi zangi moTxilamure aceminebs~, `gogos TvalebSi orsuli qa-

lebi Sokolads Wamen~...

demoralizebuli samyaros fragmentulad asaxva beso xvedeli-

Zis prozis Zireuli ZarRvia, rasac iumoris safarvelqveS axer-

xebs, magram es iumoric xandaxan naRvliani da, Tqven warmoidgineT,

RvarZlianic kia, isev da isev demoralizebuli epoqidan gamomdina-

re.

postmodernistuli prozis xerxebiTaa gamarTuli SoTa iaTaS-

vilis moTxrobebic. aqac vxvdebiT eqsperimentebs. magaliTad, 1991

wels dawerili `metamorfoza~ (iaTaSvili, 2005: 54), erTi Sexed-

viT, egzistencialuri xasiaTis moTxrobaa, franc kafkas `metamor-

fozas~ uSualo gavleniT Seqmnili, magram realurad, sityvaTa Ta-

maSze agebuli carieli teqstia – sityvebis da mniSvnelobebis ev-

foniuri gadaTamaSebis eqsperimenti. `guldasmiTwamkiTxvelni teq-

stis~ (1995w.) damaintrigebeli xasiaTis teqstia. ramdenimefur-

cliani, sakmaod mozrdili teqsti punqtuaciis gareSea dawerili,

rac futurizmTan (Post) daaxloebad SeiZleba migveCnia, rom ara

teqstis amokiTxvis ucnauri procedura, romelic diferencialu-

ri gantolebis amoxsnas gvagonebs da avtorisgan aSkara (da arc

Tu originalur!) gamowvevad aRiqmeba. moTxrobis gaanalizebisas

TvalSisacemia teqstis azrobriv Sinaarssa da formalur gadawyve-

tas Soris arsebuli Seusabamoba da amasTanave, avtoris eSmakuri

mcdeloba – formis uCveulobiT daintrigebul mkiTxvels nawarmo-

ebSi eZia da epovna is siRrme, romelic realurad ar arsebobs.

moTxrobebi `gedi da simRera~ (1998w.) da `yvavilTa yvavili

da inJineri~ (1998w.) adamsa da evaze odesRac moyolili ambebis

gagrZelebas hgavs. ufro sworad, yvelafer amas modernizebul-pa-

rodirebuli saxe aqvs, dRevandelobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli agresi-

ulobiT gadmocemuli. am moTxrobaTa mixedviT, qalsa da mamakacs

anuki imnaiSvili

86

Soris agresiuloba gamowveulia samoTxis dakargvisa da codvian

dedamiwaze dasaxlebis gamo.

`yvavilTa yvavili da inJineri~ sxvdasxvanairi da saintereso

niSnebiT, kvazi-simboloebiT aris datvirTuli: yvavilTa yvavili

anu vardi qalia. (silamazis garda, simbolos logikurobas gansaz-

Rvravs is faqtic, rom vardis mravalnairi simboluri gageba swo-

red qalsa da qalurobas ukavSirdeba), xolo inJineri kacia (aq

ukve martiv logikas unda vendoT). Senebis, qmedebis, Seqmnis niWiT

dajildoebuli inJineri rezo kacis upiratesobaze msjelobs:

~tyuilad ggoniaT, rom Tqveni aTasi furceli Cems aTas bloks

sjobia. Tqven mxolod da mxolod matlis saxli brZandebiT, me ki

adamianebis saxls vageb~ (iaTaSvili 2005: 42). flos florumi anu

yvavilTa yvavili ramdenjerme Seecada inJinris cdunebas. vardi-na-

nam inJiner rezos vaSli SesTavaza, am ukanasknelma ki uari Tqva.

`vaSli ar miyvars~, – ganacxada rezom, vaSli ukve (XXI saukune-

Si) cnobadi da cnobili nayofia da amitomac, ar uyvars vaSli

(codva) rezos (adam-ians). magram meTerTmete sarTulze SeTavaze-

bulma vaSlma merve sarTulze gamoiRo nayofi. marTalia, is mxo-

lod nanam igema, magram kocnaze rezomac kocniT upasuxa. miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom xorcielma vnebam gaimarjva, moTxrobis finalis mi-

xedviT, nana fizikurad uswordeba rezos – klavs. es imaze metyve-

lebs, rom qalma ver SesZlo kacis sulierad cduneba. es moTxro-

bebi Taviseburi interpretaciaa bibliuri siuJetebisa miuxedavad

imisa, rom SoTa iaTaSvilis 90-iani wlebis prozauli teqstebi

qarTuli postmodernizmis nimuSebia.

zaza TvaraZis aluziebsac da asociaciur stils mkiTxveli

SecdomaSi Sehyavs. misi Semoqmedeba egzistencializmisTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli niSan-TvisebebiTaa aRWurvili (rusi filosofosi valeri

savCuki ambobda, egzistenciuri problematikis siuJetebi da moti-

vebi raRaciT axlos arian postmodernizmTan. saerTod, egzistenci-

alizmSi ikveTeboda xolme `dacemis~ niSnebi. (savCuki, 2006). amas

gafiqrebinebs `minis ukan~ (1990w.[TvaraZe, 1999: 26]) da `buzi

fanjris minaze~ (1993w.), sadac, franc kafkas gavlenis garda,

alegoriulobac sagrZnobia; `minis ukan~ momwyvdeul mwerTan av-

torma gaaigiva Cveni sazogadoebis yofa da umweoba, romelSic aR-

movCndiT XX saukunis bolos. xolo fsevdo-qalaqis `licezonen-

burgis~ (1997w.) warmosaxviTi situaciebi 90-iani wlebis mdgoma-

reobis pirdapiri asaxvaa. zaza TvaraZis prozisTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li kvazi-simbolizmi egzistencializmis niSnebsac atarebs da mo-

dernizmisac, yvelaferi es ki sabolood, sxvadasxva mimarTulebaTa

miqsad, anu `postmodernizmis~ CarCoebSi unda ganvixiloT.

Zalze sayuradReboa zaza TvaraZis romani `sityevbi~, rome-

lic 1994 wels Jurnal `ciskarSi~ daibeWda da calke wignad ki,


87

gvian, 2008 wels gamoica, avtoris gardacvalebamde cota xniT ad-

re. romani `sityvebi~ Tamamad SeiZleba CaiTvalos pirvel mer-

cxlad qarTul postmodernistul mxatvrul literaturaSi, Tu

manamde zurab qarumiZis teqstebSi amovikiTxeT am mimdinareobis

Teoriul-praqtikuli gaazreba, zaza TvaraZem aka morCilaZeze adre

gvaziara iseT saTamaSo moedans, sadac sityvebis zusti lavirebiT

SegiZlia `mTeli qarTuli (da araqarTulic) literaturis coc-

xlad warmosaxva~ (TvaraZe, 2007: 74) _ interteqstualizacias. is

sivrce, sadac avtori sityvebiT TamaSobs, SeiZleba `citirebul

literaturad~ iqnas miCneuli, ramdenime gverdze sxvaTa citatebis

uxvad gaxsenebisa Tu moyvanis gamo. romanSi aris teqstSive axali

teqstis Seqmnis procesi, rac aseve sityvaTa TamaSiT xdeba. roma-

niseuli sityvebis zardaxSa qarTuli enisa (ioane zosimes `damar-

xul ars enai qarTuli~-s) da aforizmis _ `gvelsa xvreliT amo-

iyvans, ena tkbilad moubari~ – Taviseburi interpretaciacaa. pos-

tmodernizmi komunikaciis sivrcea da aq TamaSoben niSnebi, romle-

bic sanam simulakris iers SeiZenen, informaciiT itvirTebian. zaza

TvaraZis romanic komunikatoruli niSnebis sivrce-velia, sadac

sityvebi (komunikatorebi) aramxolod verbaluri mniSvnelobisani

arian, aramed vizualur mxaresac iZenen da xandaxan damoukidebel

personaJebadac gardaiqmnebian xolme.

Tanamedrove qarTul mwerlobaSi fsevdonimiT kidev erTi av-

tori gamoCnda 90-ian wlebSi – gregor zamza zaza burWulaZis

yvelaze cnobili fsevdonimia. man 1999 wels zaza sumoZis fsev-

donimiT gamosca moTxrobebis krebuli. (Cvenc SegviZlia parodire-

bas mivmarToT da vTqvaT, rom es avtori sammagi kodirebis nimuSad

mogvevlina qarTul mwerlobaSi).

qarTuli postmodernistuli mwerloba arc roman-metateq-

stis gareSe darCenila zaza burWulaZis `ori kanfeti anu zviadim

gascaxurda~-s wyalobiT. ambis Txrobas xandaxan enacvleba Txroba

ambis Txrobis Sesaxeb. eseisturi nakadi mTliani abzacebiTa Tu

TiTo-orola winadadebiT Semodis teqstSi: `TviTonve wunobda sa-

kuTar Semoqmedebas. Tumca es sulac ar niSnavda imas, sxvasac dae-

wunebina igi...~ (zamza, 1998: 11) da a.S. romanis pirvelive gverdi-

dan TvalSisacemia maqsimaluri detalizacia. yvelaferi aRiwereba:

nivTebi, personaJebi, moqmedebebi, moqmedebis adgilebi, rac, Tavis

mxriv, saintereso mxatvrul saxeebs qmnis. peizaJebis da portre-

tebis xatviT gataceba postmodernizmisTvis axlobeli xerxi ar

aris, Tumca arc ucxoa. zaza burWulaZe mxatvruli mxareebis xat-

viT erToba kidec, da am detalizaciiT cdilobs mkiTxveli Tavis

samyaros `daaxloos~.

zaza burWulaZis moTxrobaSi `mesame kanfeti~ (1999w.) fsev-

do-sofelia aRwerili, rac saqarTvelos uaxlesi Tu warsuli is-

anuki imnaiSvili

88

toriis fragmentebiTaa gajerebuli. moTxrobis epigrafia v.i. leni-

nis citata `forma arsebiTia, arsi formirebiTia~, rac avtoris

TviTironiasTan erTad, postmodernizmis mimarT ironiul damokide-

bulebas avlens. Semdegi teqsti ùkanfeto~ `fifqia da Svidi ju-

jas~ kitCia, xolo moTxrobaSi ganviTarebuli moqmedebebiT teqsti

emsgavseba luis kerolis siuJetebs. momdevno moTxroba `konfeti~

ukve molodinis horizontis gafarToebas iwvevs. mesamejer Tu me-

oTxejer saTaurSive naxsenebi kanfeti mkiTxvelSi aRadgens adre

aRqmuli avtorisave teqstebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli molo-

dinis da TamaSis wesTa horizonts.

`dekoratiuli mwerlobis moWarbeba TvalSisacemia~ (sumoZe,

1999: 87) _ es fraza avtoris prototips ekuTvnis moTxrobaSi

`konfeti~. am SemTxvevaSic TviTironiasTan gvaqvs saqme. Tanamedro-

ve esTetikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli TvisebebiT: kitCiT, aluziebiT,

reminiscencia-interpretaciebiT, skabrezis aqcentirebiT, mokled,

xelovnuri dekoraciebiT, postmodernistuli aqsesuarebiT, zaza

burWulaZe axali tipis narativebs qmnis. zurab qarumiZe samarTli-

anad SeniSnavs, roca zaza burWulaZis adreul Semoqmedebas moder-

nistul ànti-prozas~ amsgavsebs, xolo sakuTriv postmodernis-

tul yaidaze mwerali mogvianebiT gadavida ukve namdvili saxeliT

da gvariT, fsevdonimebis gareSe. mwerlis epataJuri buneba (riTac

cnobilia zaza burWulaZe) SemoqmedebiTi gzis gviandel etapze ga-

moikveTa. mogvianebiT SemogvTavaza man `SemoqmedebiTi klimaqsis na-

yofi, mkiTxvelis Tavsatexad, mkiTxvelisaTvis safiqrelad, mkiT-

xvelTan erTad samoqmedod, mkiTxvelisken mimarTuli didi kiTxvis

niSnis amosacnobad Seqmnili wignebi~ (paiWaZe, 2006: 125). Tumca,

es ukve aq gansjis sakiTxi araa, radganc Cven mimovixilavT mxo-

lod erTi aTwleulis SemoqmedebiT palitras.

XX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi skabrezisa da epataJis gaugonar

magaliTad iqca daTo barbaqaZis `trfoba wamebulTa~ (1993w.), rac

bolomde miuRebeli darCa qarTveli mwerlobisTvisac da mkiTxve-

lisTvisac. lev tolstoi ambobda, adamianma is ki ar unda icodes,

ra daweros, aramed, ra ar unda daweroso. lali avaliani tol-

stois am naTqvams imeorebs da ambobs: ès brZnuli Segoneba rom

gaeTvaliswinebina erT niWier da ganaTlebul avtors, saerTod ar

unda daewera `trfoba wamebulTa~. es ukanaskneli Txzuleba zed-

miwevniT zustad gadmoscems yvelaze bnel mxares – nihilizms, ci-

nizmsa da mkrexelobas – qarTvelTaTvis sakraluri religiuri da

hagiografiuli teqstebis, vTqvaT pirdapir, amazrzeni parodire-

biT~ (l. avaliani, 2007, gv.80). es teqsti Tavis droze didi po-

lemikis sagnad iqca, romelSic CarTuli iyo mweralTa kavSiris da

gazeT `literaturuli saqarTvelos~ saxeliT Tamaz wivwivaZe,


89

`kavkasiuri saxli~ (naira gelaSvili, SoTa iaTaSvili) da Tavad

avtori – gazeT àxali 7 dRis~ furclebidan.

Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis amgvarad parodireba da `gadawe-

ra~-decitacia verc siaxlis aucileblobaSi gvarwmunebs da verc

teqstis mxatvrul RirsebebSi. `trfoba wamebulTa~ qarTuli hagi-

ografiuli stilistikis skabrezul-parodiuli destruqcia iyo,

ramac mxolod gaRizianeba da aRSfoTeba gamoiwvia.

`trfoba wamebulTa~ pirvelad prezentirda `daTo barbaqaZis

Jurnalis~ (zepiri videoJurnalis) me-6 nomerSi (1993 wlis 27

noembers, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sxdomaTa darbazSi).

Tavad avtori teqsts essed moixseniebs, amavdroulad _ warmate-

bul eqsperimentadac da Tan urTavs gamoyenebuli literaturis

vrcel sias, rac parodirebul TamaSs mogvagonebs. TamaSis wesi

aseTia, avtoris mier miTiTebul literaturas Tu gaecnoba mkiT-

xveli, maSin `trfoba wamebulTas~ xelovnebis esTetikur aRqmasac

moaxerxebs. Tumca, Tavad avtori sakuTar teqstsa da gamoyenebuli

literaturis CamonaTvalze ambobs: `plagiatori ar gaxlavarT da

patiosnad mivuTiTe Cems mier teqstze muSaobisas gamoyenebuli

enobrivi masala. nawarmoebSi mivmarTav qarTuli samwerlo metyve-

lebis sxvadasxva istoriul monakveTs, aq adgili aqvs sxvadasxva

kulturuli epoqisa da sametyvelo paradigmis zomier eklektikas;

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba gamoyenebuli teqstebis Sinaar-

sTa kombinirebiT `trfoba wamebulTas~ siuJetur `gamarTvas~ da

sakonteqsto mravalmniSvnelovnebis mxatvrul motivirebas. aseve,

vsargeblobdi esTetikuri aRqmis im TeoriebiT, romlebic germanel

mecniers maqs benzes da frang mecniers abraam mols ekuTvniT. es

literaturac mivuTiTe. mivuTiTe zurab WumburiZis wignic `ra

gqvia Sen?~, saidanac amovkribe saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli saxe-

lebi...~ (barbaqaZe, 2000: 90). sxvaTa xeliT sakuTari cnobierebisa

da tradiciebis daSla-ngrevas gvagonebs avtoris mier frangi da

germaneli mecnierebis gvar-saxelebiT Tavmowoneba, romelTa meSveo-

biTac `mouxerxebia~ avtors qarTuli hagiografiis, mTeli qarTu-

li sulierebis deda-boZis moryeva _ `Tavidan wakiTxva~ Tu èsTe-

tikuri mxaris aRqma~.

daviT barbaqaZis romani àqilevsis meore qusli~ TerTmeti

novelisgan Sedgeba: `wasakiTxi Sinaarsi~, ìribi Targi~, `wasvla~,

`mosaniSni samuSaoebi~, `ganazrebani ionasi: sami dRe da sami Rame

Tevzis stomaqSi rom imyofeboda~, `sul sxva SemTxvevis istoria~,

`mosacdeli~, `mocemuli romanis Sesaxeb~, `sadalaqoSi~, `cudi re-

portaJi~, `mocekvave~. Tavad romanSi vxvdebiT teqstSive teqstis

Seqmnis refleqsias, mTeli VIII Tavi – mocemuli romanis Sesaxeb

zogierTi araarsebiTi aspeqtis xazgasma – avtoris ganmartebaa.

roca avtori aRniSnul novelebs werda, sulac ar fiqrobda, rom

anuki imnaiSvili

90

weris procesi romanis Seqmnis surviliT gagrZeldeboda, anu Zli-

er survils SeuZlia formis bedis gadawyveta. xolo romanis mTa-

var personaJebad is ganwyobilebebi gvevlineba, romlebic erTmaneTs

sityvebis meSveobiT Sexvdnen da Seikribnen winadadebebad, xolo

realuri adamianebi meorexarisxovani personaJebi arian. teqstis

enas rac Seexeba, es `damoukidebeli enaa~, romlis codnac `konkre-

tuli esTetikuri-ideologiuri gamocdilebiT daxunZlul konkre-

tul~ subieqt-mkiTxvels moeTxoveba: `Cemi romani Cemi is enaa, ro-

melic Tavis enaze metyvelebs. xolo raki am enis Cumi survilia –

sakuTari mdinareba moiazros mxatvruli enebis amouwuravi tradi-

ciis warsulsa da momavalSi, saxezea miTiTebul tradiciasTan mi-

marTebis Cemmieri gamocdileba, erTdroulad erT-erTi da erTa-

derTi, romelic TviTmanifestaciis aqtiT ukve Tanxmobas acxadebs,

rom daeqvemdebaros wakiTxvis nebismier SesaZleblobas, kari gau-

Ros nebismier gamocdilebas, nebismier interpretacias~ (barbaqaZe,

2000: 157-158). àqilevsis meore quslis~ VIII Tavi saTamaSo (mag-

ram ara gasarTobi, aramed `tvinWyletvordia~) nawilia, sadac

`mTavari saTqmeli-arsi~ mkiTxvelma unda eZebos gverdebisa da ab-

zacebis numeraciis mixedviT (aseTi `saTamaSo~, oRond gasarTobi,

aka morCilaZem SemogvTavaza `fridonianis~ saxiT). avtori avantiu-

rasac gvaTavazobs: `Cemi romani Tavadvea personaJi, romlis ganvi-

Tareba, Tavidan Tavamde mimdinareobs mkiTxvelis janmrTelobasa Tu

avadmyofobaSi, romani ki Tvals adevnebs Tavis am `ganviTarebas~

pirvelidan bolo, Semajamebel Tavamde (romelia pirveli da rome-

lia bolo, Semajamebeli Tavi?)~ (barbaqaZe, 2000: 158).

aqilevsis meore qusli~, avtoris ganmartebebis miuxedavad,

ukomunikacio metateqstia, sadac interteqstualobis magaliTebsac

SevxvdebiT da SizoanalizisTvis damaxasiaTebel elementebsac. ro-

mani ormagi kodirebis nimuSicaa, dawyebuli avtoriseuli miZRvniT

(mTliani teqsti SizofreniiT daavadebul adamianebs eZRvnebaT, xo-

lo calkeul novelebs `sakuTari patronebi~ hyavT. ase magaliTad,

ìribi Tavi~ – Wola lomTaTiZes, `sul sxva SemTxvevis istoria~

– badri guguSvils, `cudi reportaJi~ – kaxa metrevels da mis

megobrebs eZRvneba) da miTo-religiuri Tu realuri (yofiTi)

cxovrebiseuli calkeuli suraTebis kolaJiT.

aucilebloba moiTxovs, aqilevsis meore qusli ganvmartoT,

rac postmodernistuli kvazi-simbolos saxea. aqilevsis meore

qusli, istoriuli quslisgan gansxvavebiT, ufro daculi asoa

nawrTob sxeulSi da radganac igi daclilia adamianurobisgan, ada-

mianuri gancdebisa da sevdisgan, amitomac gadarCa da daviT barba-

qaZem amitomac airCia sakuTari teqstebis simbolod da mTeli na-

warmoebis garsis `damcvelad~. Tu im ìstoriuli~ qusliT Sedio-

da aqilevsis tanSi (teqstSi – deridas mixedviT, yvelaferi teq-


91

stia) istoria, dro, socialobebis Ria enciklopedia, daviT barba-

qaZis ganzraxva iyo istoriis, dro-sivrcis, sivrce-enis, Ria encik-

lopediebis dacva meore qusliT.

daviT barbaqaZis àqilevsis meore qusli~, postmodernizmis

`klasikuri gagebiT~, antiromania, xolo avtoris ganmarteba amis

Sesaxeb ironiulia da ara mxolod Rimilismomgvreli: ès arc an-

tiromania, arc – araromani. esaa romani mxolod imitom, rom av-

torma ase gadawyvita. Rimilismomgvreli motivaciaa? mxolod imi-

tom, rom araa sasacilo. me rom uricxvi Tanamedrove romani dame-

razma Cemi tkbili survilis da mondomebis gasamarTleblad, ai, es

ki marTla sasacilo iqneboda, xom meTanxmebiT?~ (barbaqaZe, 2000:

160). Wirs daTanxmeba! Tu maincdamainc, avtors SeiZleba daeTanxmo

imaSi, rom àqilevsis meore qusli~ mxatvruli Canafiqri iyo.

wminda postmodernistul nawarmoebTa avtorebs (zurab qa-

rumiZe, zaza burWulaZe, daviT barbaqaZe) aerTianebT `siuJetis sa-

kiTxi~. postmodernizmi siuJetis arsebobas uaryofs. zurab qaru-

miZe Tavis novelaSi `BLOW-UP~-Si ambobs: `siuJetma Tavisi Tavi -karga xania amowura. mas aRarc arqiteqtonikuri funqcia gaaCnia da

aRarc sxva ram realistur-mimeturi datvirTva. axlandeli avto-

rebi siuJets Tu mimarTaven – isev da isev siuJeturobis parodi-

rebis mizniT; mxatvrul qsovils ki xelovnebis sxva dargebidan na-

sesxebi formebis meSveobiT amrTeleben~ (qarumiZe, 1998: 14). ar

vTvliT, rom aka morCilaZe siuJeturobas parodirebis mizniT mi-

marTavdes, magram misi mravalferovani fragmentaciuli ena sasia-

movnod sakiTxav siuJetebs qmnis.

vfiqrobT, udavod unda aRiniSnos is, rom 1996 wels qar-

Tul sabavSvo literaturaSic gamoCnda postmodernistuli zRapa-

ri – `qarTul prozaSi erTi karga postmodernistulad gawyobili

romani daTo zurabiSvilsac ekuTvnis – `mogzauroba sizmareTSi~ –

jadosnuri zRapris, Tanamedrove dasavleTSi esoden popularuli

`fentezisa~ da politikuri satiris interteqstualuri nazavi~

(qarumiZe, 2009: 10).

daTo zurabiSvilis `mogzauroba sizmareTSi anu giorgisa da

Anastasias araCveulebrivi Tavgadasavali~ 1996 wels dajildovda

gamomcemloba D~diogenes~ sabavSvo nawarmoebebis konkursis pirve-

li premiiT. `mogzauroba sizmareTSi~ sabavSvo literaturas gane-

kuTvneba, zRapris JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli pasaJebiT gawyobili

saTavgadasavlo teqstia. Tumca, zurab qarumiZes imaSi namdvilad

veTanxmebi, rom postmodernistulad kargad gawyobili da saxali-

so sakiTxavi wignia, oRond, didebisTvis _ postmodernistuli pa-

rodiebiT, reminiscenciebiT, interteqstebiT _ calkeul personaJ-

Ta saxelebiT: grinlandia, drakonieri, alTa balTazari, gabriel

garsia vargas xorxe miguel adolfo dasilva nepomuCino galiardi

anuki imnaiSvili

92

de nasimento umcrosi... ucxouri Tu qarTuli miTebis, legendebis,

zRaprebis rimeikebiT, `kvlavwarmoebebiT~: `saknis kedelze mklavis

simsxo jaWvebiT axovani, qeraTmiani vaJkaci iyo mibmuli. iqve, max-

loblad, rkinis muzaradi, uzarmazari far-xmali da grZeltariani

Subi uwesrigod mieyaraT kuTxeSi~ (zurabiSvili, 2003: 99)... Se-

gonebebiTa da qveynis gadarCenisaTvis movlenili Wabukis Tavdax-

snis ideiT datvirTuli teqsti, romelic qarTuli Tanamedrove

politikuri TamaSebisa da politikuri cxovrebis gaSarJebacaa,

mxolod mozardTaTvis da zrdasruli mkiTxvelisTvisaa misaxved-

ric da rogorc ukve aRiniSna _ saxalisoc.

mokled, am mxrivac (postmodernistuli zRapriT) qarTuli

literaturuli sinamdvile ar CamorCa Tanamedrove dasavlur pro-

cesebs.

***

1990 wlidan qarTul mwerlobaSi axali tipis literatura

iqmneboda. am tipis niSnebi adreul wlebSic SeiZleba dafiqsirebu-

liyo (mag., ironia, groteski, citireba, interteqstualoba, aluzi-

ebi, reminiscenciebi da a.S.), magram yvelafer amas mwerlobac da

kritikac axali gamomsaxvelobiTi formebis Ziebad aformebda da

SemoqmedebiTi individualobis gamovlenis aucilebel da rigiT

movlenad aRiqvamda. manamde yvelafer amas saxeli ar erqva, radgan

maT arc sistemuri saxe hqondaT da arc _ gansakuTrebuli mxat-

vrul-azrobrivi funqcia. esec rom ar iyos, `TxuTmetsaukunovan

mTlianobaSi~ literaturis masobrivi tiraJirebis xanis dadgoma

Zneli gasaTvaliswinebeli iyo. Tanamedrove epoqis gamoZaxilma Cve-

ni uryevi tradiciulobac `daCagra~.

Tavis droze daisva kiTxva: CvenSi postmodernizmi damkvidrda

Tu, ubralod, qarTvelma mwerlebma vali moixades msoflio kul-

turuli esTetikis winaSe, werdnen ra am maneriT?! qarTvel mwe-

ralTa garkveulma nawilma, SeiZleba, marTla movaleobis moxdis

mizniT mimarTa postmodernistul tendenciebs, magram misi xelov-

nuroba imdenad TvalSisacemia (rac aRvniSneT kidec), rom mkiTxve-

li aSkarad grZnobs naprals WeSmarit mwerlobasa da yalbs So-

ris.

postmodernizmi arc evropuli gavleniT ganzrax `gadmonergi-

li~ literaturuli mimdinareobaa da arc qarTul niadagze buneb-

rivad, logikurad aRmocenebuli skola. am esTetikis Semodineba

globalizaciam da sazRvrebis moSlam ganapiroba. qarTveli sazoga-

doebisTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda yvelanairi tipisa da formis li-

teratura, mravalferovani wasakiTxi masala, ramac TavisTavad ze-

gavlena iqonia Cvens mwerlobaze da Tavad mwerlebzec. postmoder-


93

nizmi CvenSi, albaT, mainc calkeuli tendenciebis saxiT gamovlin-

da, vidre – konkretuli literaturuli skolis saxiT.

sabednierod, gamoCndnen (damkvidrdnen kidec) is avtorebi,

romlebmac qarTuli postmodernistuli literatura SemogvTava-

zes, yovelgvari `sesxis~ gareSe. kargi ukve gamoCnda (damkvidrda,

Seisisxlxorca tradiciulma `TxuTmetsaukunovanma mTlianobam~),

ramac Sesaferisi literaturismcodneobac Tan Semoiyola. misi gan-

Cxreka-aTvisebac iwyo qarTulma moazrovne gonma, risi meSveobiTac

SesaZlebelia mTlianad gadaviazroT (kvlav wavikiTxoT) Cveni mem-

kvidreoba – warsuli, awmyo... Tamamad ganvWvritoT momavalic.

literatura

avaliani 2005: avaliani lali, `giJi drois qarTuli mwerloba~,

Tbilisi, 2005.

avaliani 2005: avaliani lali, `Wabua amirejibidan aka morCilaZem-

de~, Tbilisi, 2005.

avaliani 2007: avaliani lali, ìnterteqstualizaciisaTvis~

(fragmentebi), `kritika~ #2, 2007.

axaS veroSi 1999: axaS veroSi, `J’opereta Tu miauzikli? recen-

zia zurab qarumiZismoTxrobebis krebulze ÒPERA~, Tb.

1998w. arSin baqsur sulacSauris ga(moSe)mcemloba~, gaze-

Ti àlternativa~ #4., 1999.

barbaqaZe 2000: barbaqaZe daTo, `kiTxvebi da socialuri garemo~,

Tbilisi, `merwyuli~, 2000.

barbaqaZe 2000: barbaqaZe daTo, àqilevsis meore qusli~, romani,

Tbilisi, `merwyuli~, 2000.

zamza 1998: gregor zamza, òri kanfeti anu zviadim gascaxurda~,

romani, Tbilisi, 1998.

zedania 1999: zedania giga, àka morCilaZis fantazmuri proza~,

gazeTi `wignebi~ #11, 2004.

zurabiSvili 1994: zurabiSvili daviT, `jeimz bondis reabilita-

cia anu polemikuri SeniSvnebi TviTreklamis elementebiT~,

almanaxi àxali droeba~ #1, 1994.

zurabiSvili 1994: zurabiSvili daviT, èrTi da igives maradiuli

Semobruneba (ramdenime sityva zurab qarumiZis literatu-

rul opusis gamo)~, almanaxi àxali droeba~ #1, 1994.

zurabiSvili 2003: zurabiSvili daTo, `mogzauroba sizmareTSi anu

giorgisa daAnastasias araCveulebrivi Tavgadasavali~, Tbi-

lisi, `diogene~, 2003.

TvaraZe 1999: TvaraZe zaza, `moxetiale~, moTxrobebi, Tbilisi,

`merani~, 1999.

anuki imnaiSvili

94

TavraZe 2007: TvaraZe zaza, `sityvebi~, Tbilisi, `bakur sulakau-

ris gamomcemloba~, 2007.

iaTaSvili 2005: iaTaSvili SoTa, `fotomamebi~, moTxrobebi, Tbi-

lisi, `bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba~, 2005w.

lomiZe 2004: lomiZe gaga, `literaturis apokrifuli ruka~, ga-

zeTi `wignebi~ #6, 2004w.

morCilaZe 1998: aka morCilaZe, `gadafrena madaTovze da ukan~,

romani, Tbilisi, `bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba~, 1998w.

morCilaZe 1999: aka morCilaZe, àsjer dawyevlili qalaqis gau-

gebrobaTa mokle istoria~, moTxrobebi, Tbilisi, `saari~,

1999w.

morCilaZe 2001: imnaiSvili ana, `Sexvedra aka morCilaZesTan~. gaz.

`kalmasoba~ #1, 2001w.

morCilaZe 2003: aka morCilaZe, `wigni~, moTxrobebi, Tbilisi, `ba-

kur sulakauris gamomcemloba~, 2003w

muzaSvili 2001: muzaSvili nugzar, `postmodernistuli biografi-

ebi~, gazeTi `Cveni mwerloba~ #48, 2001w.

nemsaZe 2008: nemsaZe ada, `Txa da gigos~ postmodernuli versia~,

`kritika~ #3, 2008.

paiWaZe 2006: paiWaZe Tamar, `kaleidoskopi – aRqma Tu realoba?!~,

`literaturuli Ziebani~ XXVII, 2006

savCuki 2006: Михаил Эпштейн и Валерий Савчук, «Речи на помин-ках постмодерна», газета интеллектуалъного сообществa Белоруси, www. Betintellectuals. com. 20. 11. 2006.

sumoZe 1999: zaza sumoZe, (zaza burWulaZis erT-erTi fsevdoni-

mi), moTxrobebi, Tbilisi, 1999w.

qarumiZe 1998: qarumiZe zurab, ÒPERA~, moTxrobebi, Tbilisi,

`bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba~, 1998w.

qarumiZe 1994: qarumiZe zurab, `giJi mequde~, mcire mesa, almanaxi

àxali droeba~ #1, 1994w.

qarumiZe 2009: z. qarumiZe `postsabWoTa saqarTvelo da postmo-

dernizmi~, `cxeli Sokoladi - literatura~ #25, #26,

2009.

xvedeliZe 2000: xvedeliZe beso, `gafrindinela~, moTxrobebi,

Tbilisi, `merani~, 2000w.

haizinga 2004: haizinga iohan, `HOMO LUDENS~ – kaci moTamaSe, (germanulidan Targmna gia nodiam), Tbilisi, 2004w.

nodar ladaria

laTinuri da italiuri enebis

urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi

dante aligieris traqtatebSi

dante aligieris daumTavrebel Teori-

ul traqtatSi `xalxuri mWevrmetyvelebi-

saTvis~ (De vulgari eloquentia _ VE) aris er-Ti sagulisxmo adgili, romelic laTinuri

da e. w. `xalxuri~ enis urTierTdamokide-

bulebas Seexeba. traqtatis pirvelive wig-

nSi aligieri ambobs: `am oridan ufro ke-

TilSobili xalxuria: radganac pirveladve

gamoyenebul iqna kacTa modgmis mier; radga-

nac mas mTeli qveyana iyenebs, Tumc ki for-

maTa da sityvaTa simravledaa daqucmacebu-

li; radganac bunebrivia CvenTvis, maSin ro-

ca meore ufro xelovnuria~.1

meore daumTavrebel traqtatSi, rome-

lic `nadimis~ (Convivio) saxelwodebiTaa

cnobili, dante imave kiTxvaze sruliad sa-

winaaRmdego pasuxs iZleva. avtori Tavidan-

ve acxadebs, rom traqtatis mTavari mizani

misi poeturi nawarmoebebis, kanconebis ko-

mentirebaa, romelic aucilebelia, radganac

es kanconebi laTinurad ki ara, xalxur ena-

zea SeTxzuli. laTinurad rom yofiliyo

SeTxzuli, maT ganmartebas amdeni Zalisxme-

va ar dasWirdeboda, radganac es ena `pirve-

ladve daqvemdebarebuli ki ar yofila, ara-

med uzenaesi Tavisi keTilSobilebis, Rirse-

bisa da mSvenierebis mier; keTilSobilebis

1 Harum quoque duarum nobilior est vulgaris: tum quia prima fuit humano generi usitata; tum quia totus orbis ipsa perfruitur, licet in diversas prolationes et vocabula sit divisa; tum quia naturalis est nobis, cum illa potius artificialis existat. (DVE, I; 1, 4).

aRmosavlur saeklesio mecni-

erebaTa doqtori, ilia WavWa-

vaZis universitetis humani-

tarul mecnierebaTa da kul-

turis kvlevebis fakultetis

profesori.

ZiriTadi Sromebi:

Davide IV ,,Cantico Penitenzi-ale”. Saggio di Analisi storico-liturgica, Edizioni PIO, Roma 1996. Concetto di santità nella spiritualità georgiana, ,,Biblio-teca sanctorum”, Città Nuova, Roma 1997. dante aligieris

elitebi. erTi Tvalsazrisi

,,RvTaebrivi komediis” Sinaga-

ni motivaciis Sesaxeb, ,,ena da

kultura”

# 4, Tbilisi 2005.

interesTa sfero: evropuli

Sua saukuneebis kultura,

XIII-XV saukuneebis italiu-

ri literatura.

nodar ladaria

96

mier, radganac laTinuri maradiulia da uxrwneli, xalxuri ki

cvalebadia da xrwnadi~.1

ra Tqma unda, mravaljer scades am winaaRmdegobis axsna.2 es

mcdelobebi SeiZleba or ZiriTad jgufad daiyos: 1) dantes Tval-

sazrisebma droTa ganmavlobaSi evolucia ganicada da manac uaryo

winandeli `Secdomebi~; 2) dante erTsa da imave kiTxvas sxvadasxva

kuTxiT pasuxobs.

pirveli gadawyvetis gansaxilvelad droebiT `daviviwyoT~,

rom xsenebuli winaaRmdegobis axsna davisaxeT miznad, da ubralod

gavecnoT ori teqstis daTariRebis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi ukve ga-

moTqmul mosazrebebs. orive daumTavrebeli traqtati dantes sik-

vdilis Semdeg aRmoCnda mis qaRaldebSi. es garemoeba, iseve, ro-

gorc traqtatebis daumTavrebloba, afiqrebinebs filologebs, rom

orive teqsti TiTqmis erTdroulad iwereboda, xolo maTze muSao-

bis Sewyvetis mizezi ufro didi Canafiqris — `komediaze~ muSao-

bis dasawyisi iyo.3 miuxedavad amgvari Tvalsazrisis mimzidvelobi-

sa, orive teqstSi napovni met-naklebad pirdapiri miniSnebebisa da

TiToeuli traqtatis zogadi Taviseburebebis4 safuZvelze SeiZle-

ba davaskvnaT, rom VEodnav win uswrebs `nadims~: pirvelis daweris

dro 1303 wlis Semodgomidan 1304 wlis zamTris dasasrulamde

unda vigulisxmoT,5 xolo meore teqstze muSaoba, sxva mizezebTan

erTad misi ufro didi moculobis gamoc, 1306-1308 wlebSi unda

gagrZelebuliyo.6 amao iqneba, msjeloba gavmarToT imis Taobaze,

ramdenad SeiZleboda ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ase radikalurad Sec-

vliliyo avtoris azri esoden fundamentur sakiTxze. jerjero-

biT, am kiTxvaze nebismier pasuxs warmatebis erTnairi Sansebi aqvs

da mxolod mkvlevris pirad miznebsa da misi stilis damajereb-

lobazea damokidebuli. meore mxriv, traqtatebis amgvar droiT

dalagebas SeuZlia, ufro meti gviTxras, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT

1 ... primamente, non era subietto ma sovrano, e per nobilità e per vertù e per bellezza. Per nobilità, perché lo latino è perpetuo e non corruttibile, e lo volgare è non stabile e corruttibile. (Convivio I; 5, 4). 2 mxolod ramdenime magaliTs davasaxelebT: Nardi B, Dante e la cultura medioevale, Bari 1949; p. 160; Pagani I., La teoria linguistica di Dante (`De vulgari eloquentia~: Discussioni, scelte, proposte), Napoli, pp. 142 – 154; Эстулина С. Б., «Данте и проблемы защиты volgare в Италии XIV века, Вестник ЛГУ. История, язык, литература. Вып. 2., стр. 124 – 131. Шишмарев В. Ф., «Избранные статьи. История итальянской литературы и итальянского языка», Л. 1972, стр. 89 – 90. 3 Petrocchi G. Vita di Dante, Laterza, Bari 1983, p. 106. 4 igulisxmeba, rom `nadimis~ dasawerad biblioTekaSi muSaoba iyo aucilebeli,

maSin roca `xalxuri mWevrmetyveleba~ cocxali empiriuli masalis, piradi

enobrivi gamocdilebis inteleqtualuri damuSavebis Sedegadaa Seqmnili. 5 Petrocchi G. Op. cit., p. 108. 6 Inglese G. Nota introduttiva, in Dante Alignieri, L’eloquenza in volgare, Rizzoli, Milano 1998, p. 29.

laTinuri da italiuri enebis urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi dante aligieris traqtatebSi

97

Cvens mier ukve aRniSnul movlenas: dantem orive nawarmoebi daum-

Tavrebeli datova, radgan mTeli misi energia `komediaze~ muSaobam

waiRo. Tuki teqstebSi arsebul `winaaRmdegobas~ avtoris Tval-

sazrisTa evoluciad ganvixilavT, gamodis, rom dantem mas Semdeg

daiwyo xalxur enaze arsebul literaturul qmnilebaTa Soris

udiadesis Txzva, rac darwmunda, rom laTinuri ena ufro keTil-

Sobilia. amgvari debuleba gvaiZulebs, sakmarisi safuZvlis gareSe

uarvyoT, erTi mxriv, dantes, rogorc pirovnebis, Tanmimdevrulo-

ba,1 da meore mxriv, _ is sruliad calsaxa damokidebuleba itali-

uri xalxuri enisadmi, romelic `komediis~ mTeli teqstidan ga-

momdinareobs.

unda vaRiaroT, rom problemis gadawyvetis pirveli gza ub-

ralod banaluria.

gacilebiT ufro seriozul ganxilvas imsaxurebs meore gza,

romlis farglebSic dantes mier sakiTxis ori sxvadasxva kuTxidan

gadawyvetas varaudoben. xalxuri enis keTilSobileba VE-Si misi

sayovelTao gavrcelebiTa da bunebrivi warmoSobiTaa dasabuTebu-

li, rac, TavisTavad, sruliad cxadia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im Se-

niSvnas, rom dante aq ara sakuTriv italiis teritoriaze gavrce-

lebul xalxur enas gulisxmobs, aramed _ sazogadod mSobliur

enas.2 rac Seexeba laTinur enas, misi keTilSobilebis safuZvlad

ucvlelobaa dasaxelebuli. am ukanasknel debulebaSi SeiZleba Sev-

niSnoT erTgvari winaaRmdegoba rogorc gacilebiT ufro adre dam-

kvidrebul TvalsazrisTan, aseve avtoris SesaZlebel empiriul ga-

mocdilebasTan.

Tvalsazrisi laTinuri enis cvalebadobis Sesaxeb yvelaze

mkafiod gamoTqva qristianma moRvawem, ieronimem: `TviT laTinuri

ena yoveldRiurad icvleba sivrcesa da droSi~.3 ver vityviT, rom

dantes droisaTvis ieronimes es Tvalsazrisi daviwyebuli iyo. la-

Tinuri enis wiaRSi sxvadasxva mizeziT momxdari cvlilebebi sakma-

od gacnobierebuli faqti iyo. magaliTad, franCesko de sanktiss

mohyavs XIII saukunis sicilieli mematianis rikordano malespinis

(Ricordano Malespini) mowmoba, rom imperatorma fridrix II-m icoda

1 Tumca, aRvniSnavT, rom `Tanmimdevruloba~ an `koherentuloba~ sulac ar

aris realuri avtoris savaldebulo atributi: es ufro konvenciaa, rome-

lic SesaZlebels xdis teqstis interpretacias literaturuli tradiciis

ganviTarebis farglebSi. 2 DVE-s teqstze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom dante msoflioSi

gavrcelebul enebs erTi sawyisi enis drosa da sivrceSi ganviTarebul vari-

aciebad miiCnevda, xolo laTinurs _ pirvandel enasTan dasaaxloeblad xe-

lovnurad Seqmnil enad. 3 `Ipsa latinitas et regionibus quotidie mutetur et tempores~ — S. Hieronymus, Commentaria in Epistolam ad Galatas, II. 3.

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`Cveni laTinuri da Cveni xalxuri ena~.1 aq sityva `Cveni~ ar niS-

navs Svabi imperatoris mimarT nacionaluri xasiaTis dapirispire-

bas, rac XVI saukunemde warmoudgeneli iyo. am SemTxvevaSi sityva

`Cvenis~ orjer gamoyeneba unda aRniSnavdes erTgan laTinuri enis

ukve sakmaod Zlier teritoriul variaciebs (germanelTa laTinuri

gansxvavdeboda sicilielTa laTinurisagan leqsikiTa da gamoT-

qmiT), meoregan ki _ siciliuri xalxuri enis garda sxva xalxur

enaTa arsebobis aRiarebas. laTinuri enis cvalebadobaSi advilad

darwmundeboda misi yoveli mcodne, visac ki odesme umogzauria

XIV saukunis italiis gzebze, sadac mravlad dadiodnen evropis

sxvadasxva qveynidan Camosuli samRvdelo da saero pirebi. miT ume-

tes, ar gauWirdeboda am gansxvavebebis SemCneva dante aligieris,

romelic smeniT arCevda boloniis ori sxvadasxva quCisaTvis dama-

xasiaTebel dialeqtur Taviseburebebs.

aqve mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, moviyvanoT erTi metad mniSvne-

lovani mowmoba XII saukunis ingliseli swavlulis, ioane garlen-

delis (Jan de garlandi), romlis literaturuli TeoriiT xel-

mZRvanelobda dante aligieri, rodesac Tavis nawarmoebs `komedia~

daarqva.2 ioanem XIII saukunis gariJraJze TiTqmis humanisturi bu-

nebis problema dasva, rodesac yuradReba miaqcia im faqts, rom

gramatikosebi iZulebulni iyvnen aerCiaT erT-erTi _ saRvTo weri-

lis barbarosulsa da warmarT avtorTa klasikur laTinurs So-

ris.3

rogorc vxedavT, laTinuri enis daxasiaTeba, romelic `nadi-

mis~ dasawyisSia mocemuli, mkveTrad upirispirdeba gavrcelebul

da aRiarebul Tvalsazrisebs. gacilebiT ufro obieqturia laTi-

nuri da xalxuri enebis VE-Si moyvanili urTierTmimarTeba. aq naT-

qvamia, rom xalxurs adamiani bunebrivad iTvisebs dedisagan, xolo

laTinurs, romelsac sxvanairad `gramatika~ ewodeba, swavlobs

skolaSi. msgavsi damokidebulebis saintereso mowmobas gvawvdis

923 wlamde dawerili poema `saqmeni berengariusisa~ (Gesta Beren-garii): aq mefe berengarius I-is kurTxevis (915) aRwerisas naTqva-mia, rom saeklesio gundi galobda patrio ore (mamobriv kiloze,

anu laTinurad), xolo xalxis aRfrTovanebuli brbo iZaxda nati-

va voce (mSobliur, anu xalxur xmaze). dantes mier gamoTqmuli

is azric, rom dedis an gamzrdelisagan miRebuli codna gacilebiT

ufro srulyofili da bunebrivia, vidre Semdgomi `ZaldatanebiTi~

1 `Nostra lingua latina e nostro volgare~ — v. F. De Sanctis, Storia della letteratura italiana, a cura di Cesare Milanese, Roma 1991, p. 5. 2 Sdr. Giovanni di Garlandia, Poetria... de arte prosaica metrica et rithmica, a cura di G. Mari, Berlino 1902, DVE, II, 4, 6; Epistole, XIII, 28-32. 3 M. D. Chenu, La théologie du douzième siècle, Librairie Vrin, Paris 1976, p. 103.


99

ganaTleba, ar iyo ucxo da miuRebeli Sua saukuneebis ganaTlebu-

li sazogadoebisaTvis.1

ukve SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom DVE-Si laTinurisa da xal-

xuri enebis urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb gamoTqmuli debuleba adek-

vaturia TviT dantes Sinagani rwmenisa, xolo `nadimSi~ mocemuli

Tvalsazrisi ara marto am rwmenas ar eTanxmeba, aramed ganaTle-

bul wreebSi sayovelTaod miRebul Tvalsazrissac ewinaaRmdegeba.

migvaCnia, rom amgvari ucnauri mdgomareoba gamowveulia imiT, rom

dantes Teoriuli traqtatebi mkiTxvelTa ori erTmaneTisagan Za-

lian gansxvavebuli auditoriisaTvisaa gankuTvnili. V, cxadia, gu-

lisxmobs ganaTlebul mkiTxvels, razec ara mxolod enis arCevani

metyvelebs, aramed _ argumentaciis simSrale da simkvrive. momza-

debuli, klasikur idealebze aRzrdili adamianebi, ra Tqma unda,

unda davarwmunoT, rom xalxur enas umdidresi potenciali aqvs

da misi ganviTareba aucilebelia. `nadimSi~ ki aSkarad naTqvamia,

rom avtori mimarTavs imaT, vinc laTinuri ar icis, magram adamia-

nis bunebrivi Tvisebis wyalobiT, mainc miiswrafis codnisaken, ro-

gorc amas aristotele gvaswavlis.2 kerZod, `nadimSi~ naTqvamia:

`me, Tumc ar vuzivar netar trapezs, aramed mdabiorTa saZovridan

gamoqceuli vimyofebi imaT ferxTiT, romelnic usxedan da maTgan

dacvenils vagroveb da vicnob imaT ubadruk cxovrebasac, vinc ukan

movitove, imis gamo, rom Cems mier Segrovili namcecebis sitkbos

vgrZnob, RaribTaTvis Semovinaxe zogi ram, rac ukve karga xania,

vuCvene maT da amiT kidev ufro wadierni vyav isini. amitomac

msurs axla, sazogado nadimi gavumarTo maT da mivarTva, rac vuC-

vene~.3 bunebrivia, rom amgvar codnas mowyurebul `mdabiorebs~

(XIV saukunis dasawyisis italiaSi ki maT ricxvSi sakmaod maRali

socialuri statusis mqone adamianebic erivnen) aucileblad unda

vuqoT laTinuri ena, romlis gareSec jer kidev warmoudgenelia

WeSmariti codnis miReba.

Tu DVE-Si xalxuri enis TvisebaTa propaganda ganaTlebulTa

qedmaRlobis dasaZlevad aris gamiznuli, `nadimSi~, amis sapirispi-

rod, laTinuris enobrivi prestiJulobis argumenti ganaTlebis

1 gavixsenoT, am mxriv, meTodi, romelsac mimarTa montenis mamam, raTa mis

vaJs kargad aeTvisebina laTinuri: man mis gamzrdel qalebs frangulad lapa-

raki aukrZala. 2 Sdr. Convivio, I, 1, 1. 3 `E io adunque, che non seggio a la beata mensa, ma, fuggito de la pastura del vulgo, a’ piedi di coloro che seggiono ricolgo di quello che da loro cade, e conosco la misera vita di quelli che dietro m’ho lasciati, per la dolcezza ch’io sento in quello che a poco a poco ricolgo, misericordievolmente mosso, non me dimenticando, per li miseri alcuna cosa ho riservata, la quale a li occhi loro, già è più tempo, ho dimostrata; e in ciò li ho fatti maggiormente vogliosi. Per che ora volendo loro apparecchiare, intendo fare un generale convivio di ciò ch’i’ ho loro mostrato.~ — Convivio, I, 1, 10-11.

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propagandas uwyobs xels. swored laTinuris armcodneTa ganaTle-

bisaken mowodebas Seswira dantem `nadimSi~ WeSmaritebis moTxovne-

bi. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom amisaTvis mas sakmao safuZveli da

Rirseuli miznebic hqonda.

rac Seexeba safuZvels, upirveles yovlisa, igi avtorobis

koncefciaSi unda veZeboT.

avtori (auctor) Suasaukuneobriv SegnebaSi aris avtoritetis (auctoritas) konkretuli aRmsrulebeli da matarebeli. avtorite-

tis cneba ki mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli imdroindel socialur

cnobierebasTan. yvelaze mokled da mkafiod es cnobiereba gamoixa-

ta romis papis, gelasis werilSi imperator anastasiosisadmi, ro-

melic 494 wliT TariRdeba: ès qveyana arsebiTad ori sawyisiT

imarTeba: pontifikTa wmida avtoritetiTa (auctoritas) da samefo Za-lauflebiT (potestas)~.1 Cveulebriv, es azri mohyavT Sua saukuneeb-

Si saeklesio sawyisis upiratesobis dasadastureblad. Cven gvain-

teresebs is garemoeba, rom upiratesoba gamoxatulia swored av-

toritetis cnebiT, romelsac, iseve rogorc Zalauflebas, moyva-

nil nawyvetSi terminis Zala aqvs. avtoriteti, rogorc qvemoT

vnaxavT, SemoqmedebiTi sawyisia, xolo Zalaufleba, ubralod, SeZ-

lebas niSnavs. avtori (auctor) ki, mraval sxva mniSvnelobasTan er-

Tad, avtoritetis mflobelobasa da gamtareblobasac gulisxmobs.

ukve XII saukuneSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli azri am terminis

polisemantikurobis Sesaxeb. mraval mowmobaTagan mxolod imas mo-

viyvanT, romelic honorius otunels ekuTvnis: àvtori mraval-

mniSvnelovania [...] aris avtori qalaqisa, anu damaarsebeli, ro-

gorc romulusi romisaTvis; aris avtori sisaZaglisa, anu mTavari

an winamZRoli, rogorc iuda qristes sikvdilisaTvis; aris agreT-

ve avtori wignisa, anu Semdgeneli, rogorc daviTi fsalmunTaTvis,

an platoni ‘timaiosisaTvis’. maSasadame ‘avtori’ (Semoqmedi) aris

‘qmedeba’ zmnidan momdinare sazogado arsebiTi saxeli~.2 amave XII

saukunis ganswavluli toskaneli beri uguCone pizeli (Uguccione da Pisa), romlis Tvalsazrisebs, iseve rogorc ioane garlendeli-

sas, dante iTvaliswinebda Tavisi `komediis~ SeTxzvisas, kidev uf-

ro sagulisxmo cnobas gvawvdis: igi ambobs, rom laTinuri sityva

auctor momdinareobs berZnuli sityvidan αυϕθεϖντη�, romelic

aRniSnavs pirovnebas, visi ara marto ndoba, aramed morCilebac

1 Sdr. M. Pizzica, La `Monarchia~ di Dante nel confronto tra regime spirituale e regime temporale, in Dante Alighieri, Monarchia, Rizzoli, Roma 1988, p. 30. 2 Àuctor est aequivocum [...] Est auctor civitatis, idest fundatur ut Romulus Romae; est et auctor sceleris, idest princeps vel signifer, ut Judas Christi mortis; est quoque auctor libri, idest compositor, ut David Psalterii, Plato Thymaei. Est etiam auctor commune nomen, ab augendo dictum~ – Honorius Autuniensis, Expositione in Cantico, prol. PL, 172, 348.


101

gvmarTebs.1 erTi sityviT, avtori is aris vinc ubralod ki ar la-

parakobs, aramed amis kadnierebac aqvs.

garda amisa, dante araerTxel ambobs, rom `nadimis~ mTavari

mizani misi poeturi qmnilebebis, kanconebis komentaria. teqstSi

araerTxel dasturdeba, rom `nadimi~ aris dantes axalgazrduli

romanis `axali cxovrebis~ Semdgomi, ufro maRali nabiji, ese igi,

arsebiTad xelovnebis nawarmoebi. rogorc cnobilia, xelovneba

(τεχνηϖ) stoikosTa gagebiT, marTebul aRqmas aRniSnavs. Sua sau-

kuneebma SeiTvisa xelovnebis (ars) es gageba: xelovneba WeSmarite-

bis maniSnebelia, msgavsad imisa, rogorc sasworis isari mianiSnebs

raRac marTalsa da WeSmaritze.2 bunebrivia, rom yovelive amis Sem-

deg, dante, rogorc avtori da xelovani, ar igrZnobda dabrkole-

bas, raTa argumentaciaSi garkveuli stratagema gamoeyenebina mkiT-

xvelTa laTinuri enis Seswavlis keTili da WeSmariti miznisken

mosawodeblad.

Cveni Tvalsazrisis kidev ufro gasamyareblad unda aRvniS-

noT, rom fsiqologiurad dante yovelTvis darwmunebuli iyo sa-

kuTar Zalebsa da uflebebSi, igi sakuTar Tavs magistrad, moZ-

Rvrad miiCnevda. florenciis cnobili franciskaneli mematiane jo-

vani vilani (Giovanni Villani) dantes Sesaxeb Tavis qronikaSi wers: `misi sibrZnis gamo igi ramdenadme qedmaRali, ampartavani da ficxi

iyo da madlsmoklebuli filosofosis msgavsad cudad esaubreboda

umecarT~.3 `nadimis~ daxvewili da, ase vTqvaT, Tavaziani stili ar

gvafiqrebinebs, rom dante ramenairad mainc qedmaRlurad uyurebs

umecrebsa da mdabiorebs. magram termini `mdabiori~ Sua saukuneeb-

Si ar gamoiyeneboda mxolod Raribebisa da socialuri qvedafenebis

warmomadgenelTa aRsaniSnavad: swavlulTa nawerebis mixedviT, ara-

naklebi `mdabiori~ da `sofleli~ iyo gaunaTlebeli senioric.4

`nadimi~ dantes devnulobis wlebSi iwereboda, rodesac poe-

ti TavSesafars amgvari seniorebis cixe-darbazebSi eZebda, ase rom

mis mkiTxvelTa Soris mravali iseTi SeiZleboda yofiliyo, visze-

1 Sdr. M. D. Chenu, Op. cit., p. 398. am SemTxvevaSi Cven imdenad etimologiis mar-

Tebuloba ki ar gvainteresebs, ramdenadac is sazrisi, romliTac ivseboda

cneba Sesabamis epoqaSi. 2 Sdr.M.-M. Davy, Initiation Médiévale, Edition Albin Michel, Paris 1980, p. 42. 3 `Per lo suo savere fu alquanto presuntuoso e schifo e isdegnoso, e quasi a guisa di filosafo mal grazioso non bene sapeva conversare co’ laici~, _ G. Villani Cronica, ed. A. Racheli, Trieste 1857, IX, p. 136. msgavsad axasiaTeben Tanamedrove wyaroebi, magaliTad, bruneto latinis (dantes maswavlebeli) da gvido kavalkantis

(dantes piradi megobari). termini laico ar niSnavs mxolod `saeros~, aramed

`umecarsac~, iseve rogorc termini chierico ar niSnavs mxolod `samRvdelo

pirs~, aramed `swavlulsac~. 4 Sdr. A. Murray, Reason and Society in the Middle Ages, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1978, pp. 247-249.

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dac avtoris bed-iRbali iqneboda damokidebuli. dantes isini

mtkiced, magram Tavazianad, ese igi cbierad unda daemoZRvra.

SevajamoT miRebuli Sedegi. V, romelic swavlulTa wreebi-

saTvis iyo gankuTvnili, mTlianad mimarTulia imisken, rom am wre-

ebSi gazardos xalxuri enis prestiJi da STaagonos kulturul

elitas, rom `mdabiorTa~ enas mdidari SemoqmedebiTi potenciali

da saTanado keTilSobileba aqvs. `nadimis~ savaraudo mkiTxvelebma

ar ician laTinuri ena _ imdroindeli sibrZnis mTavari matarebe-

li da erTaderTi saSvi kulturul elitaSi saintegraciod. auci-

lebelia, maT gauCndeT azri laTinuris, da Sesabamisad, ganaTlebis

aucileblobis Sesaxeb. amgvarad moxdeba am ori socialuri jgufis

— kulturuli da socialuri elitis _ erTmaneTTan daaxloeba,

rac dante aligieris Segnebuli da uzenaesi mizania.

amrigad, VE-Si mocemuli azri xalxuri enis Sesaxeb mecnie-

ruli daskvnaa, romelic miRebulia Teoriul mosazrebaTa da empi-

riul monacemTa akuratuli SepirispirebiT. `nadimSi~ arsebuli az-

ri laTinuri enis umetesi keTilSobilebis Sesaxeb ki ar aris po-

zitiuri debuleba _ es xelovanisaTvis Cveuli naratiuli stra-

tagemaa.

Tamar LlomiZe

lingvistika da poetika

(zogierTi poetikuri terminis

interpretaciisTvis)

literaturaTmcodneobaSi, rogorc wesi,

iSviaTad ganixileba iseTi saintereso da

mniSvnelovani problema, rogoricaa saleqso

enis semantika. samwuxaroa, rom i. tinianovis

gamokvleva `saleqso enis problema~, praqti-

kulad, rCeba am sakiTxisadmi miZRvnil erTa-

derT naSromad, romelSic ganxilulia sit-

yvis semantikaze saleqso faqtorebis zemoqme-

debis efeqti.

sazogadod, rusuli formaluri skolis

warmomadgenelTa Soris i. tinianovs sagangebo

adgili ganekuTvneba. Tavisi mravalferovani

novatoruli mecnieruli naSromebiTa da

mxatvruli TxzulebebiT, is erT-erTi yvela-

ze saintereso moRvawea XX saukunis filo-

logiaSi. tinianovis wignSi `saleqso enis

problema~ („Проблема стихотворного языка“, 1924) Camoyalibebulia saleqso enis pirveli

(Teoriuli poetikis istoriaSi) semantikuri

Teoria.

maSin, rodesac rus formalistTa naSro-

mebi, rogorc wesi, uSualod emyareboda

lingvisturi semiotikis sosiuriseul Teori-

as (Tumca formalistebma, am Teoriis gaTva-

liswinebiT, aages TavianTi originaluri kon-cefciebi), tinianovis `saleqso enis problema-

Si~ sosiuris ideebis zegavlena uSualod ar

iCens Tavs. leqsiTi teqsti aq ar ganixileba

rogorc niSani, araa moxseniebuli semiotiku-

ri opoziciuri mimarTebebi: sinqronia _ diaq-

ronia, ena _ metyveleba, sintagmatika _ para-

digmatika an sxva semiotikuri cnebebi. dais-


doqtori, ilias saxelmwi-

fo universitetis humanita-



tis asocirebuli profeso-

ri;

ZiriTadi naSromebi: `qarTu-

li riTmis istoriidan~,

`feris mxatvruli gaazre-

bis Taviseburebebi n. bara-

TaSvilis poeziaSi~, `Teo-

riuli dafuZnebis problema

poetikaSi, `me~-s koncefcia

qarTvel romantikosTa Se-

moqmedebaSi~.

interesTa sfero: semioti-

ka, leqsmcodneoba, litera-

turis istoria da Teoria,

mxatvruli Semoqmedebis

fsiqologia.

Tamar lomiZe 104

mis kiTxva, emyareba Tu ara es naSromi romelime lingvistur (an,

SesaZloa, poetikur) Teorias da Tu iTvaliswinebs, romels? am

sakiTxis gasarkvevad zogadad mimovixilavT im ZiriTad terminebs,

romlebic gamoyenebulia `saleqso enis problemaSi~.

tinianovis naSromi Sedgeba ori nawilisgan: 1. `ritmi, ro-

gorc leqsis konstruqtiuli faqtori,~ da 2. ~saleqso enis saz-

risi (смысл)~. wignis pirvel nawilSi Semotanilia iseTi cnebebi, rogore-

bicaa saleqso rigis erTianoba da simWidrove (единство и тесно-

та стихового ряда). termini saleqso rigis erTianoba araa ganmar-

tebuli semantikuri TvalsazrisiT. avtoris TqmiT, aq nagulisxme-

via saleqso rigis (am SemTxvevaSi _ taepis) metruli erTianoba,

anu warmodgena misi, rogorc metruli erTeulis Sesaxeb (siste-

mur leqsSi da ara verlibrSi). kavSiri `da~, romelic aerTianebs

erTianobis cnebas simWidrovis cnebasTan, migvaniSnebs, rom isini

urTierTdakavSirebulad unda ganvixiloT, e.i. pirveli maTgani, er-

Tgvarad, ganapirobebs meores. marTlac, tinianovi aRniSnavs, rom

leqsis `es orive niSani mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan: simWidro-

vis cneba ukve gulisxmobs erTianobis cnebis arsebobas; magram er-

Tianobac damokidebulia sametyvelo masalis rigebis simWidrove-

ze... raodenobrivad Zalze farTo erTianoba an kargavs Tavis saz-

Rvrebs, an TviT iSleba erTianobebad, e.i. orive SemTxvevaSi aRar

aris erTianoba~ (tinianovi 1924:39). rac Seexeba simWidroves, misi

safuZveli swored rom saleqso rigis (aq, ZiriTadad, igulisxmeba

taepi) erTianobaa, romelic iwvevs sityvaTa Tvisebriv urTier-

Tzemoqmedebas da, Sedegad, maTi semantikis deformacias. maSasadame,

simWidrove ar unda gavigoT, rogorc saleqso rigis (taepis,

strofis) sigrZis gansazRvruloba (sapirispiro Tvalsazrisi ix.

silmani 1977), aramed rogorc sityvis semantikis Secvla, rasac

ganapirobebs leqsiTi metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri

faqtorebi.

eWvgareSea, rom leqsiT enaSi sityvaTa semantikuri deforma-

ciis analizi xorcieldeba gaucnaurebis (остранение) im cnebis

analogiiT, romelic literaturaTmcodneobaSi Semoitana v. Sklov-

skim. gaucnaureba, rogorc mxatvruli xerxi, gulisxmobs sityve-

bis an sagnebis avtomatizebuli, Cveuli aRqmis rRvevas, anu mis

deformacias. magram tinianovi yovelTvis saubrobs mxolod de-

formaciis Sesaxeb da arc erTxel ar axsenebs sityvas `gaucnaure-

ba~. metic, mas Semoaqvs sakuTari termini _ saleqso rigis erTia-

noba da simWidrove gaucnaurebis (aq: sityvis semantikis deforma-

ciis) ganmapirobebeli, leqsiTi enisTvis damaxasiaTebeli konkretu-

li faqtorebis aRsaniSnavad. amis mizezad, albaT, unda miviCnioT

is, rom Sklovskis TeoriaSi gaucnaureba xelovnebis zogad (da


105

ara konkretul, leqsiTi metyvelebisTvis damaxasiaTebel) princi-padaa aRiarebuli da, garda amisa, igi ZiriTadad, prozauli nawar-

moebebis mimarT ganixileba.

aqve tinianovi msjelobs leqsiTi metyvelebis suqcesiurobis

(Tanmimdevrulobis) da prozauli metyvelebis simultanurobis

(erTdroulobis) Sesaxeb, magram ar ganmartavs am terminebis saku-

Tar gagebas. erTi SexedviT, gaugebaria, ratom axasiaTebs mecnieri

metyvelebis zemodasaxelebuli tipebis mimarTebas drosTan sxva-

dasxvagvarad _ rogorc prozauli, aseve leqsiTi metyveleba, gar-

kveuli gagebiT, Tanmimdevrulia, anu suqcesiuria. maSin ratom sa-

ubrobs tinianovi prozauli metyvelebis simultanurobis Sesaxeb?

SesaZlebelia tinianovis Tvalsazrisis Semdegnairi interpre-

tacia: ueWvelia, is gulisxmobda metyvelebis ori tipis Tvisebriv

gansxvavebas. marTlac, miuxedavad imisa, rom prozauli metyvelebac

da leqsiTic ganfenilia droSi, pirveli maTganis Tviseba isaa, rom

masSi sityvieri gamoxatuleba uSualod, ganuyoflad araa dakavSi-

rebuli azrTan, anu am SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia azris gamoxatva

sxvadasxvagvari leqsikuri saSualebebiT. prozauli formiT gamoT-

qmuli frazis mniSvnelobis aRqmisas fraza erTgvarad `ikumSeba~

da scildeba Tavis enobriv substrats. rac Seexeba leqsiT metyve-

lebas, aq azri gacilebiT ufro mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli Tavis

sityvier gamoxatulebasTan da misi `SekumSva~ SeuZlebelia. ro-

desac vixsenebT leqss, vixsenebT ara azrs, romelic masSia gamoxa-

tuli, aramed _ sityvebs, romlebiTac is gadmoicema. Sesabamisad,

saleqso rigSi (taepSi, strofSi) gamonaTqvami aucileblad suqce-

siuria _ droSia ganfenili, prozauli gamonaTqvami ki iolad gar-

daiqmneba `wertilovan~, simultanur azrad.

im kiTxvasTan dakavSirebiT, romelic winamdebare statiis da-

sawyisSi davsviT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa wignis meore nawili.

aq detaluradaa ganxiluli saleqso rigSi moqceuli sityvis de-

formaciis tipebi. tinianovi wers: `yoveli sityva sagangebo elfe-

riT aRiWurveba im enobrivi garemos zegavleniT, romelSic is ga-

moiyeneba~ (tinianovi 1924 : 57).

amgvarad, aq aqcentirebulia cneba garemosi, romelic zemoqme-

debs sityvis semantikaze (SevniSnavT, rom erTianobisa da simWid-

rovis cneba ar emTxveva garemos cnebas _ esaa specifikuri, mxo-

lod leqsisTvis damaxasiaTebeli faqtorebi, garemos Tvisebrivi

maxasiaTeblebi, da ara _ sakuTriv garemo).

aq unda gavixsenoT, rom tinianovi iyo aqtiuri wevri lite-

raturaTmcodneTa im jgufisa, romlis lozungi gaxldaT `xelov-

neba rogorc xerxi~ da romlis meTodologia ganisazRvreboda meo-

re lozungiT `literaturaTmcodneoba rogorc lingvistika~. for-

malistebze udidesi zegavlena moaxdina lev SCerbas lingvisturma

Tamar lomiZe 106

koncefciam. am ukanasknelSi mniSvnelovani roli ganekuTvneboda

cnebas fonetikuri garemosi, romelic zemoqmedebs bgerebze. fone-

tikuri garemos cneba arsebiTia sosiurTanac: `mecniereba bgeraTa

Sesaxeb WeSmarit Rirebulebas iZens mxolod maSin, _ werda sosiu-

ri, _ rodesac Cven vawydebiT ori an meti elementis urTierTmi-

marTebis faqts,...rodesac erTi elementis variaciebi ganisazRvreba

meoris variaciebiT…... Tu, Tavisi ZiriTadi principebis Ziebisas,

fonologi upiratesobas aniWebs izolirebul bgerebs, es ewinaaR-

mdegeba saR azrs~ (sosiuri 1977:86).

analogiurad, `saleqso enis problemis~ meore Tavis dasawyis-

Si tinianovi SeniSnavs: `sityvas ara aqvs erTi gansazRvruli mniS-

vneloba. is qameleonia, romelSic yovel jerze Tavs iCens ara mar-

ti sxvadasxva elferi, aramed, zogjer, sxvadasxva Seferilobac.

abstraqcia `sityva~ erTgvari rgolia, romelic yovel jerze ax-

leburad Seifereba xolme im leqsikuri wyobis Sesabamisad, ro-

melSic is ganTavsdeba da im funqciaTa mixedviT, romlebic axasia-

Tebs ama Tu im metyvelebiT stiqias~ (tinianovi 1924:48). maSasada-

me, bgeriTi, fonetikuri garemos analogiiT, tinianovs Semoaqvs

cneba semantikuri garemosi, romelic leqsiT metyvelebaSi warmo-

iqmneba. mecnieri miuTiTebs, rom ar arsebobs sityva _ winadadebis-

gan mowyvetiT. izolirebuli sityva, misi TqmiT, sulac ar imyofe-

ba arafrazobriv pirobebSi. is mxolod sxva pirobebSia, winadadeba-

Si ganTavsebul sityvasTan SedarebiT. amitom semantikuri eqsperi-

mentebi, romelTa dros cdis pirebs warudgenen izolirebul sit-

yvebs da amowmeben am ukanasknelTa safuZvelze aRZrul asociaci-

ebs, sxva araferia, Tu ara uvargis masalaze Catarebuli eqsperi-

mentebi. izolirebuli, e.w. saleqsikono sityvis warmoTqmisas Cven

ver miviRebT `sityvas, sazogadod~, aramed miviRebT sityvas axal

pirobebSi, konteqstiT gansazRvrul pirobebTan SedarebiT. tinia-

novis es azri (sityvis Sesaxeb) uSualod emTxveva mis Tanamedro-

ve lingvistTa Tvalsazriss (fonemasTan dakavSirebiT), romlis mi-

xedviT, maqsimalurad damoukidebel poziciaSi myofi bgera fonema

ki araa, aramed misi erT-erTi varianti, Tumca _ ZiriTadi varian-

ti (sagulisxmoa, rom lev SCerba alofonebs _ fonemis variantebs

_ fonemis sxvadasxva elfers uwodebda, iseve, rogorc tinianovi ama Tu im elferis saxelwodebiT moixseniebda sityvis mniSvnelo-

bis saxecvlilebebs).

aq ukve aSkaraa analogia lingvisturi semiotikis Tvalsaz-

risTan, romelic axal masalazea gadatanili. wignis momdevno nawi-

lebSi es analogia kidev ufro mkveTrad vlindeba.

tinianovs Semoaqvs axali, specifikuri terminebi _ mniSvne-

lobis ZiriTadi niSani (основной признак значения), mniSvnelobis

meorexarisxovani niSani (второстепенный признак значения) da mniS-


107

vnelobis meryevi niSnebi (колеблющиеся признаки значения). ganvi-

xiloT isini.

mecnieri aanalizebs sityva земля-s mniSvnelobis cvlilebebs

sxvadasxvagvar leqsikur garemocvaSi:

1.Земля и Марс; земля и небо (tellus).

2.Зарыть в землю какой-либо предмет (humus). 3.Упал на землю (Boden). 4. Родная земля (Land). cxadia, pirvel magaliTSi igulisxmeba planeta dedamiwa, meo-

reSi _ niadagi, mesameSi _ `Zirs~, meoTxeSi _ mamuli.

raSia saqme? _ kiTxulobs tinianovi. _ ra gvaiZulebs, rom

sityva yvela am SemTxvevaSi aRviqvaT, rogorc erTiani, identuri

ram?~. amgvar faqtorad gvevlineba, misi azriT, mniSvnelobis Ziri-

Tadi niSani, romelic yovel mocemul SemTxvevaSi iZens rTul se-

mantikur obertonebs, anu meorexarisxovan niSnebs. Zneli ara imis

SemCneva, rom aq gadmotanilia modeli fonemisa, romelic calkeul

SemTxvevebSi garkveuli variaciebis _ alofonebis saxiT gvevlineba.

imaze, rom cneba mniSvnelobis ZiriTadi niSani fonemis analogiiTaa

SemuSavebuli, mecnieri ar miuTiTebs wignis ZiriTad teqstSi, ara-

med _ gakvriT _ erT-erT SeniSvnaSi, romelic erTvis teqsts.

sityvis ZiriTadi niSani SeiZleba sulac gaqres. amis magali-

Tebad tinianovs mohyavs sityvaTxmarebis iseTi nimuSebi, rogorebi-

caa:

1. Природа и охота (Jurnalis saxelwodeba).

2. У него хоть природа благодарная, да охоты к учению никакой.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi природа aRniSnavs obieqturad arsebul

organulsa da araorganul samyaros, охота ki _ nadirobas; meore

SemTxvevaSi природа aRniSnavs adamianis bunebriv monacemebs, mis ni-

Wierebas, охота ki _ survils.

cxadia, rom meore SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ubralo omonimias-

Tan da ara meorexarisxovan niSnebTan.

Tu paralels gavavlebT fonologiasTan, cnobilia, rom arse-

bobs iseTi fenomeni, rogoricaa erTi fonemis Senacvleba meoriT,

rodesac icvleba sityvis forma (Sdr. вол - волы, sadac fonema o-s enacvleba fonema a, rodesac o umaxvilo poziciaSi gadadis). am-

denad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tinianovi aqac sargeblobs fonologi-

is monacemebiT, raTa, masTan analogiiT, gaaanalizos sityvis seman-

tikis Secvlis nimuSebi.

Semdeg is ganixilavs sityva человек-is sxvadasxvagvari gamo-

yenebis magaliTebs. davakvirdeT zogierT maTgans:

`Человек! Это звучит гордо~. _ am gamoTqmaSi sintaqsuri gan-kerZoeba ganapirobebs imas, rom sityvis kavSirebi sxva sityvebTan

irRveva, irRveva sityvis Cveulebrivi sagnobrivi mimarTebebic, anu

Tamar lomiZe 108

aq человек ar aRniSnavs adamians, rogorc maRalorganizebul coc-

xal arsebas, is aRiWurveba meorexarisxovani niSnebiT da axal Se-

ferilobas iZens. gamoTqmaSi Молодой человек aseve darRveulia

uzualuri denotacia _ sityva молодой-s zegavleniT, Tumca, Tu

SevapirispirebT sintagmebs молодой человек da старый человек, am sityvis ZiriTadi mniSvneloba aRdgeba.

andrei belis kalamburSi Человек _ чело века sityva человек ormag semantikas iZens. erTi mxriv, is inarCunebs ZiriTad niSans,

anu cnebiT mniSvnelobas, meore mxriv ki masSi, maRalfardovani

чело-s da века-s zegavleniT, Cndeba axali leqsikuri Seferiloba,

romelsac mecnieri meryev niSnebs uwodebs, meryevs, radgan isini

aramdgradia da mxolod ama Tu im konkretuli, specifikuri sit-

yvaTSexamebisas vlindeba.

meryevi niSnebi Tavs iCens (da auferulebs ZiriTad niSans)

iseTi faqtoris zegavleniTac, rogoricaa, magaliTad, intonacia.

rodesac briyvs ironiulad `genioss~ vuwodebT, aq, ra Tqma unda,

sityvaSi vlindeba meryevi niSnebi.

`saleqso enis problemaSi~ ganxilulia iseTi sakiTxebic, ro-

goricaa sityvis mniSvnelobis cvlilebebi, rodesac es sityva tae-

pis kidura poziciaSia, sariTmo poziciaSia, anJambemans warmoqmnis

da a.S., rac misi koncefciis dakonkretebis mizans emsaxureba. leq-

siTi enis tinianoviseuli analizi yovelTvis novatoruli da

Rrmaa. misi meTodebis gamoyeneba sxvadasxvagvari poeturi teqste-

bis ganxilvisas saSualebas miscems mkvlevrebs, warmoaCinon am teq-

stebis manamde ucnobi aspeqtebi.

amgvarad, aSkaraa, rom `saleqso enis problema~ gamonaklisi

rodia rus formalistTa gamokvlevebs Soris _ is mTlianad agebu-

lia lingvisturi modelebis mixedviT, rac naSromis nakli ki ara,

Rirsebaa. amgvarma midgomam avtors saSualeba misca, ugulebeleyo

leqsis analizis trivialuri meTodebi da SeemuSavebina axali, sa-

intereso da nayofieri mecnieruli Teoria.

literatura

silmani 1977: Сильман, Т.. Заметки о лирике.Л., 1977 sosiuri 1977: Соссюр, Ф . де . Труды по языкознанию. М., 1977. tinianovi 1924: Тынянов, Ю. Н. Проблема стихотворного языка . М .,

1924.

salome omiaZe

erTi genderuli stereotipis

Sesaxeb poeziis enaSi

(ana kalandaZe, muxran maWavariani)

genderis kategoria lingvistikur disciplinebSi

mamakacuroba (maskulinoba) da qaluro-

ba (feminuroba), erTi mxriv, fsiqikis fi-

logenetikurad ganpirobebuli Taviseburebe-

bia, xolo meore mxriv _ ontogenezSi Camo-

yalibebuli sociokulturuli warmonaqmne-

bi. swored am pirobebma daudo dasabami gen-

deris, rogorc sqesis sociokulturuli

kategoriis, Seqmnas. warmoebulma genderul-

ma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom sqesis Seswavla

rogorc mxolod biologiuri movlenisa,

aRaribebda am cnebiTs kategorias. Tanamed-

rove sociologebi, filosofosebi, fsiqo-

logebi, eTnologebi Seiswavlian gansxvave-

buli sqesis adamianebis qcevaTa Tavisebure-

bebs mocemuli kulturis farglebSi. gende-

ri rTuli kompleqsia, romelSic gadajaWvu-

lia kulturuli, fsiqologiuri da socia-

luri aspeqtebi. es aspeqtebi ki, Tavis

mxriv, ganapirobebs erovnuli enobrivi pi-

rovnebis qcevas, rac genderTan dakavSire-

bul sakiTxebs lingvistebisaTvisac sainte-

resos xdis. genders, rogorc enisa da kul-

turis movlenas, Seiswavlis axlad Seqmni-

li disciplinebi: lingvokulturologia,

genderlingvistika da genderpoetika.

genderTa (qalTa da mamakacTa, rogorc

socialur sqesTa) sametyvelo qceva enaSi

aRbeWdil istoriulad Camoyalibebul ste-

reotipTa bazaze igeba. amdenad, SeiZleba iT-


doqtori, ivane javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis Tbilisis sa-


asocirebuli profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

`SeuZlebeli Sexamebani~ Ta-

namedrove poeziis enaSi;

qarTuli diskursis li-

ngvokulturul Semadge-

nelTa struqtura, semanti-

ka da funqcionireba; qarTu-

li enis ganmartebiTi leqsi-

konis rvatomeuli _ lin-

gvokulturologiur kvle-

vaTa fundamenturi wyaro;

erovnul-kulturuli kon-

ceptebi: `bedi~, `wuTisofe-

li~ Targmanis adekvaturo-

bis Sesaxeb kognitiuri mid-

gomis TvalsazrisiT.

interesTa sfero:

stilistika, ritorika, kog-

nitiuri lingvistika, semi-

otika, lingvokulturo-

logia.

salome omiaZe

110

qvas, rom genderuli stereotipebi SexedulebaTa sistemaa imis Se-

saxeb, Tu rogor unda iqceodes qali da mamakaci. dadgenilia, rom

mamakacebi da qalebi gansxvavdebian rogorc samoqmedo strategiiT,

aseve sametyvelo komunikaciis strategiiTac. jer kidev nicSe aR-

niSnavda, rom mamakacis bednierebis formulaa `me msurs!~, xolo

qalisa _ `mas (mamakacs) surs!~ (maslova 2004:125). aRniSnuli mo-

sazreba, sametyvelo qcevaTa genderul TaviseburebebTan erTad, am

Taviseburebebis kognitiur aspeqtsac gulisxmobs, rasac qalisa da

mamakacis mier samyaros suraTis sxvadasxvagvar aRqmamde mivyavarT.

enaSi imgvari Sesityvebebis arseboba, rogoricaa `qaluri poe-

zia~, `mamakacuri leqsebi~, bunebrivad aCens am `qalurobisa~ da

`mamakacurobis~ Semqmneli enobrivi meqanizmebis gamovlenis sur-

vils. cxadia, am gamonaTqvamebSi mxolod qaluri da mamakacuri Te-

mebi ar igulisxmeba, romelTa Sesaxeb msjeloba tradiciulia li-

teraturaTmcodneobaSi.

genderpoetikuri kvlevisaTvis avirCieT erTmaneTis Tanamedro-

ve poetebis _ ana kalandaZisa da muxran maWavarianis Semoqmedeba.

`am mSvenier mindor-velze ra nairi ferebia?!~

ana kalandaZis am striqonebiT gacxadebulia araerTi socio-

logisa da fsiqologis mecnieruli daskvna _ qalebi ferTa ufro

farTo speqtrs aRiqvamen, vidre _ mamakacebi. Cven aRniSnuli debu-

lebis Semowmeba da zogadad samyaros feriTi Semecnebis aRwera

gvsurs qali-poetisa da mamakaci-poetis metyvelebaze dakvirvebiT.

ana kalandaZeca da muxran maWavarianic xSirad mimarTaven aq-

romatul ferebs.

TeTri

orive poeti `TeTriT~ mosalodnel, Cveul Sesityvebebs qmnis,

maT poeziaSi TeTria Tovli, fanteli, zamTari, wyaro, nisli Rru-

beli, yvavilebi, xomaldi, Tma, wveri da sxv. sailustraciod

wyvil-wyvilad moviyvanT striqonebs orives Semoqmedebidan:

TeTri Tovlis qveS lamaz enZelas

sZinavs uTvalavs... (ana 176).1

dRes,

roca irgvliv

mTebze ukve TeTri Tovlia! (muxrani 348)1.

1 ana kalandaZis yvela citata moyvanilia wignidan `ana~, ana kalandaZe,

leqsebi, Tb., 2004.

erTi genderuli stereotipis Sesaxeb poeziis enaSi

111

TeTri Rrublebi taatiT dian (ana 152).

TeTr Rrublebidan

aRmocenda mTvare yviTeli (muxrani 344).

orivesaTvis TeTria akaciis yvavilic, is SegrZnebaca da is

vizualuri efeqtic, romelic am yvavilTa cveniT iqmneba:

Sors, caTa Sina Tovs akaciis

yvavili Sori,

TeTri yvavili... (ana 53);

akacia TeTrad moTovs... (ana 135).

mxrebze mecema akaciis TeTri fanteli... (muxrani 309).

siTeTre sxvadasxva leqsemiTaa gadmocemuli anasTan, feris

intensivobis aRmniSvnel erTeulTagan gvxvdeba spetaki (Zalian

TeTri):

ros im lodze Camomjdarma yrmaman vinme

Tqva mosilman spetakiTa samosliTa:

_ qriste aRdga! (ana 137).

intensivobis gamosaxatavad orive poeti mimarTavs `qaTqaTas~/

`qaTqaTs~:

sad Tovli wminda

qaTqaTebs TeTrad (ana 101).

kvlavindeburad elvarebs maRla

dedaqalaqis qaTqaTa mTvare (muxrani 216).

gadavlaxavdi dro-Jamis mijnas,

viqaTqaTebdi,

viT alaverdi (muxrani 125) (Sdr.: mas, alaverdis didebul

taZars,

alaznis piras TeTrad anTebuls _ ana 234).

Tu ana monoleqsemad iyenebs poetur ferad aRiarebul rZis-

fers, muxrans aqvs striqonebi, sadac am leqsemis miRebis gza Cans:

grZneul urartus efineba

rZisferi kvamli... (ana 62).

1 muxran maWavarianis yvela citata moyvanilia wignidan muxran maWavariani,

leqsebi, Targmanebi, Tb., 1985.

salome omiaZe

112

Sors saydaria...

TeTri...

TeTri, rogorc rZis wveTi (muxrani 343);

orTaves gvxedavs mTvare keTili _

rZis didi wveTi,

TeTri wertili (muxrani 217).

igive SeiZleba iTqvas Tovlisferze, romelic anasTvis mono-

leqsemuria:

Cemo jruWulav,

RvTaebrivs mTazed,

Tovlisfer, fafuk Rrublebs rom erTvis,

varskvlavi brwyinavs ase saamod? (ana 258).

gzadagza xvdeba

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

ferebi Tovlis…(muxrani 206).

muxrani siTeTres aRweriTad da araerTgvarovnad gamoxatavs

Semdeg striqonebSi:

gareT ferebi daRvrilan kiris.

sivrceSi TeTrad moZraobs mTvare (muxrani 217).

mTvaris siTeTre muxran maWavarianis poetur diskursSi sxva-

dasxvagvaradaa eqsponirebuli. am konteqstTa Soris yuradRebas ip-

yrobs mTvaris epiTetad TeTronis gamoyeneba, romelic TeTri cxe-

nis poeturi nominaciaa da dasaxelebul konteqsts met saxeobrio-

bas aniWebs:

martoden mTvare,

TeTroni mTvare _

misdevs tramvais ucvleli saxiT (muxrani 216).

anasTan TeTri mxolod feri ar aris, is ufro xSirad siw-

mindis, ubiwobis, sikeTis simboloa:

sad kacadqmnili maradisoba

TeTrs usvenia muxlze RvTismSobels (ana 509).

(wyaluka TeTri) Tu esalbunis cremldaSretilTa

TeTr angelosebs? (ana 46).

Sens TeTr taZarSi siwmindes vpoveb... (ana 232).

…

gvxvdeba iseTi poeturi konteqstebi, sadac TeTri erTdrou-

lad realuri fericaa da simboluri mniSvnelobis matarebelic:


113

mas, alaverdis didebul taZars,

alaznis piras TeTrad anTebuls (ana 234).

kvlav moixilavs

qeTevanisa wminda xateba...

mravalmowame gurjTa dedofals

kalTa savse aqvs TeTri vardebiT (ana 234).

gulSi imkvidrebs bedniereba

da sixarulis TeTr sanTlebs anTebs... (ana 296).

asevea muxranTan:

cacxvebidan gamoCans TeTri saydari (muxrani 223).

Sors saydaria...

TeTri... (muxrani 343).

Savi

Savi orive poetTan feris aRmniSvneli leqsikuri erTeulicaa

da koloremac. SaviT, rogorc prezentema-koloremiT, Seqmnil Se-

sityvebebSi sainformacio da zemoqmedebis mqone veqtori feriTi

indikaciiskenaa mimarTuli. amgvari konteqstebiT gadmocemuli in-

formacia metad emociur-Semfasebluria:

me maT movyevi,

Savi cremliT mtiral Savosnebs (ana 98).

da kabis Cacma ara erTxel mogiwevs Savis (muxrani 132).

verc fiqri Savi

qars gaatane! (ana 528).

irgvliv vinc ari, _

fiqrTa SavTa aris amwewi (muxrani 157).

nasaxelari zmna `gaSavebac~ orive poets arapirdapiri mniSvne-

lobiT, yvelafris dasasrulis, glovis aRsaniSnavad gamouyenebia:

romeli mteri gakadrebs,

rasac dro-Jami mogizRavs?

foToli mandragorasi

Savdeba mefis loginze (ana 502).

salome omiaZe

114

axia Cemze gaSavdes

Cemi

saxli da jalabi (muxrani 398).

uaryofiTi konotaciis mqonea Savi anaseul kompozitSi Sav-

sisxliani:

droSa raindis sisxlia,

mklavze rom gadaimsxvria,

xmalze rom gadaimsxvria

SavsisxlianTa Zvlebi ... (ana 80)

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari `Savi~ Semdeg striqonebSi,

isini sxvaTagan imiT gamovarCieT, rom mikrokonteqstSi Sav-TeTris

siaxlove grafikul suraTs qmnis:

swored iqiTken is gaeSura

SavTmiani da

TeTrad mosili (ana 505).

rZis TeTri Cxirebi

wamdauwum gamosxivdebian xolme

da Savi qoTnidan

xamuS-xamuS ismis Cxriali maTi (muxrani 251).

efeqturia agreTve kontrastul ferTa warmodgena abstraq-

tuli saxelis msazRvrelebad:

mdumarebaa TeTri da Savi (muxrani 363).

orive poetTan Savis aRmniSvnelad Segvxvda saTis (giSris)

feri:

gzadagza xvdeba

ferebi saTis... (muxrani 206).

exmaureba saRamo saTis

zarnaSos kvnesas... (ana 127).

Tu davixrCvebi, Rvinom damaxrCos,

vgavde yayaCos saTisxalians... (ana 128).

TeTrisa da Savis gamoyenebis mxriv, rogorc vxedavT, Cvens

saanalizo poetur teqstebSi xelSesaxebi gansxvaveba ar aRmoCnda.

rac Seexeba ruxis, rogorc mesame aqromatuli feris, elferebs,


115

ana kalandaZesa da muxran maWavarianTan TeTri-Savi diapazoni

leqsemaTa nairgvarobiTaa warmodgenili:

mglisfer RrublebSi gminva moismis... (ana 52).

sardafidan amodian dairebi...

vercxlisferad,

... ialeben... (ana 125).

roca cxenebi mogvgvares:

nislisferai _ anaso! (ana 217).

vai rom ufrore xSirad

feri xSirdeba ruxi (muxrani 174).

haeri TiTqos nacrisferia (muxrani 351).

asfalti wylisferia, _

etyoba wuxandeli cvari (muxrani 351) (wylisferi _ odnav

monacrisfro _ qegli 1986:568).

xan ferad Svindi,

xan ferad lega, _

rekavs samreklo _

xmadakarguli (muxrani 106).

Jruna qaTmebi

abuzulan qliavis Ziras (muxrani 242).

winaT,

rodesac Seni zeca iyo yomrali (muxrani 115).

`erTimeores amkveTreben ukiduresad~

sxvadasxva feris (aqromatuli/qromatuli, qromatuli/qroma-

tuli) erT konteqstSi xmarebiT feri poeziaSi ufro SesagrZnobi

xdeba, ufro mkveTrdeba iseve, rogorc samyaroSi:

gaTenda, _

sZlia ganTiadma wyvdiadi urCi;

ganTviTeulda yvelaferi SuqiT uecrad;

irgvliv ferebi;

salome omiaZe

116

TeTri,

mwvane,

wiTeli,

lurji _

erTimeores amkveTreben ukiduresad (muxrani 329).

TeTri yvavili

lurj mindorze dajdeba rokviT... (ana 106).

TeTr Rrublebidan

aRmocenda mTvare yviTeli (muxrani 344).

muq lurj caze mtredisferi nisli curavs... (ana 111).

molurjo qedis mTel sigrZeze

siwiTle gawva, _

dRe axlovdeba... (muxrani 265).

muxran maWavarianis poeziaSi orze meti feriT Seqmnili sura-

Tebic gvxvdeba:

rogor gaburRa Savi belti

mwvane Reroma, _

viT ganefina xodabunze

jejili lurji (muxrani 347).

gzadagza xvdeba

ferebi saTis...

ferebi Tovlis...

ferebi Sindis... (muxrani 206).

visac gazafxuls

veZaxdiT maSin,

Zlier uyvarda

mxatvroba visac,

vinc wamdauwum

Txupnida miwas _

cecxlisfrad,

TeTrad,

wiTlad

da yviTlad... (muxrani 385).

ferTa gamosakveTad ramdenime maTganis erT konteqstSi gamoye-

nebac ar aRmoCnda is maxasiaTebeli, romelic qali poetisa da ma-


117

makaci poetis mier samyaros suraTis xedvis, aRqmisa da am suraTis

reproduqciis gansxvavebulobas dagvanaxvebda.

`miwa ferWrelobs _ Semosili cisartyelaTi...~

qromatuli ferebiT marTlac rom `ferWrelobs~ orive poe-

tis Semoqmedeba, magram _ aramxolod cisartyelas ferebiT. pir-

vel cxrilSi warmovadgenT im ferTa aRmniSvnel leqsemebs, romle-

bic orivesTan Segvxvda, meore cxrilSi ki asaxulia TiToeulis

gansxvavebuli ferTa gama:

ana kalandaZe

muxran maWavariani

A

ana kalandaZe

muxran maWavariani

vardisferi

TeTri

lurji

mwvane

yviTeli

Savi

cisferi

wiTeli

Tovlisferi

rZisferi

`saRamo saTis~;

`yayaCos saTisxa-

lians~

ferebi Tovlis

TeTri, rogorc

rZis wveTi

ferebi saTis

orive cxrilSi

leqsemebi anbanTrigzea dalagebuli. maTi gamoyenebis sixSires rac

A

ana kalandaZe

muxran maWavariani

alisferi

vercxlisferi

zurmuxtisferi

iisferi

lalisferi

laJvardisferi

lilisferi

mglisferi

mtredisferi

nislisferi

oqrosferi

yvavisferi

yornisferi

Zowisferi

wablisferi

agurisferi

zRvisferi

Tixisferi

mewamuli

nacrisferi

Jruni

ruxi

ferad lega

ferad Svindi

ferebi kiris

yomrali

cecxlisferi

wylisferi

salome omiaZe

118

Seexeba, Cveni saanalizo teqstebis mixedviT, anasTan Warbobs _

lurji, TeTri, wiTeli; muxranTan _ mwvane, TeTri, lurji. aRniS-

nulidan gamomdinare, irRveva yofaSi gavrcelebuli azri, rome-

lic, amave dros, socialur mecnierebebSi damkvidrebuli debule-

baa imis Sesaxeb, rom qalebi vardisfers aniWeben upiratesobas.

Cven mier ganxiluli poeturi diskursebidan proporciulad, Tanac

mxolod TiTo-TiTo magaliTis moxmoba SegviZlia vardisfris gamo-

yenebisa:

mefereba mze alersis mTxovars,

vardisferad caman CamomTova... (ana 83).

Zroxis vardisfer curidan

rZis TeTri Cxirebi

wamdauwum gamosxivdebian xolme (muxrani 251).

arc is dadasturda, TiTqos mamakacebi speqtris ZiriTad fe-

rebs ufro `swyaloben~, qalebi ki ferTa specifikur dasaxelebebs

`etanebian~. cxrilTa monacemebis safuZvelze ki sabolood unda

uarvyoT genderul fsiqologiasa da genderul sociologiaSi gav-

rcelebuli erTi stereotipuri mosazreba _ qalebi ferTa ufro

farTo speqtrs aRiqvamen, vidre _ mamakacebi. cxadia, es Semosaz-

Rvrul empiriul masalaze dayrdnobiT miRebuli daskvnaa. Cveni

mcire kvleva, ra Tqma unda, ar kmara analizis Sedegebis gansazoga-

deblad. magram Tundac erTi qali poetisa da erTi mamakaci poetis

mier feris amdenad msgavs aRqmasa da sametyvelo qmedebaSi mis er-

Tnair gamoxatvas mxolod SemTxveviTobas ver mivawerT. es faqti

saanalizo poetur diskursTa (poetebis genderul wyvilTa) gaz-

rdis interessa da aucileblobas hbadebs. TviT poeturi metyvele-

ba imdenad specifikuri diskursia, imdenad gansxvavebuli movlenaa,

rom SesaZloa, aramxolod aRniSnuli, aramed genderul fsiqolo-

giasa da genderul sociologiaSi gavrcelebul sxva debulebaTa

stereotipurobac eWqveS dadges. am varaudis Sesamowmeblad ki

araerTi genderpoetikuri kvlevaa Casatarebeli.

literatura

maslova 2004: В.А. Маслова. Лингвокултурология. Москва. qegli 1986: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeuli.

Tbilisi.

Tamar taliaSvili

teqstis gagebis strategiebi

mxatvruli teqstis gagebis problema

filologiis safuZvels warmoadgens. s.s.

averincevis cnobili ganmartebiT – `filo-

logia gagebis samsaxuria~. mxatvruli teq-

sti moicavs azrTa usasrulo siRrmesa da

interpretaciis amouwurav SesaZleblobebs,

rac misi wakiTxvisa da kvlevis uamrav

xerxs badebs. dRes-dReobiT teqstis wakiT-

xva gansxvavebuli principebiTaa SesaZlebe-

li. magaliTad, struqturalisturi pozici-

ebidan: binaruli opoziciebis gamoyofiTa

da struqturis aRmoCeniT, `formaluri~

mxaris gaanalizebiT da a.S. teqsti SesaZ-

loa daeqvemdebaros dekonstruqcias da wa-

kiTxul iqnas, mxolod rogorc winaaRmde-

gobrivi, `Ria~, dausrulebeli, aRqmul iq-

nas, rogorc mkvdari kulturebis `sasaf-

lao~, romlebic `kvalad~ toveben sakuTar

`aryofnas~. kvlav aqtualuri gaxda sxvadas-

xva hermenevtikuli praqtika: Suasaukuneebis

praqtikidan, nawarmoebis romantikuli subi-

eqturi gancdidan, mkiTxvelis teqstisadmi

kongenialurobis moTxovnidan, avtoris pi-

rovnebis, misi fsiqologiisa da Sinagani

samyaros emociuri da intuiciuri wvdomi-

dan dawyebuli, damTavrebuli g.g. gadameris,

p. rikerisa da sxvaTa hermenevtikis safuZ-

velze aRmocenebul Tanamedrove koncefcie-

bamde. literaturuli nawarmoebebi SesaZ-

loa ganvixiloT mxolod miTologizaciis

TvalsazrisiT, teqsti SesaZloa sruliad

gaqres wakiTxvisas, daikargos teqstTaSori-

si kavSirebis usasrulobaSi. tradiciuli

literaturaTmcodneoba nawarmoebis gagebi-

saTvis istoriul poetikas mimarTavs; na-

ilias saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis asocirebuli pro-

fesori;

ZiriTadi naSromebi: brbos

fsiqologia mixeil java-

xiSvilis adreul moTxro-

bebSi; siyvarulis universa-

luri koncefcia vasil bar-

novis filosofiur moT-

xrobebSi; postmodernizmis

postulatebis aqtualiza-

cia qarTul klasikur li-

teraturaSi.

interesta sfero: litera-

turaTmcodneoba, meTodika,

ganaTlebis fsiqologia.

Tamar taliaSvili

120

warmoebs ikvlevs Janrobrivi tradiciebis aspeqtSi, ama Tu im li-

teraturuli mimarTulebis, epoqis sulieri cxovrebis konteqstSi,

da a. S. es ZiriTad midgomaTa mxolod nawilia. amavdroulad, Tana-

medrove filologiuri azrovnebisTvis refleqsia literaturaze

ar SeiZleba iyos dayvanili erT romelime Teoriamde - piriqiT, is

warmoadgens gansxvavebul skolaTa da mimarTulebaTa uwyvet kamaTs

literaturaTmcodneobis amosaval cnebebsa da safuZvlebze. cnobi-

li frangi mecnieris a.kompanionis azriT, literaturaTmcodneobis

yvelaze sakamaTo sakiTxia avtorisa da teqstis urTierTmimarTeba,

sakamaToa avtoris intenciis gaTvaliswineba azris gansazRvrisas.

`literaturis Teoria gvaZlevs relativizmis gakveTils, da ara

pluralizmisa; sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, gansxvavebuli pasuxebi Se-

saZlebelia, misaRebia, magram SeuTavsebeli, isini ver Tavsdebian

erTian da srulyofil warmodgenaSi literaturaze, urTierTgamo-

ricxaven erTmaneTs, asaxeleben da axasiaTeben ra literaturad er-

Tsa da imaves; maTSi ganixileba ara erTi da imave obieqtis gan-

sxvavebuli mxareebi, aramed gansxvavebuli obieqtebi.~ Zveli an axa-

li, sinqronia an diaqronia, Sinagani an garegani _ yvelaferi es

erTdroulad SeuZlebelia. literaturis kvlevaSi `meti niSnavs

naklebs, amitom gvixdeba arCevanis gakeTeba~, _ wers a. kompanioni.

amgvarad, Cven ar SegviZlia gansxvavebul midgomaTa arc Sefaseba,

arc erTmniSvnelovani arCevanis gakeTeba romelime maTganis sasar-

geblod... am Cixidan gamosavals gvTavazobs v.s. bibleris kulturis

filosofiuri logika. misi azriT, es mravalsaxeoba, safuZvelTa

mudmivi gansja _ Tanamedrove gonebis krizisis maCvenebeli ki ar

aris, aramed misi arsobrivi Tvisebaa. Tanamedrove gonebisaTvis da-

maxasiaTebeli gageba dialoguria, e. i. xorcieldeba rogorc gage-

baTa gansxvavebuli tipebis dialogi. bibleris mixedviT, litera-

turis WeSmariti gageba SeiZleba aigos, rogorc dialogi gansxva-

vebul TeoriaTa da diskursTa Soris: Teoretikosis, kritikosis,

komentatoris. swored dialogi, da ara meqanikuri Sejameba, vinai-

dan gagebis es xerxebi upirispirdebian erTmaneTs sagnis arsze gan-

sxvavebuli warmodgenebis gamo. am dialogSi gagebis gansxvavebuli

tipebi da meTodebi problematurad aqceven erTmaneTs, gamokveTen

sakuTar safuZvlebs. es sakiTxi ganskuTrebiT aqtualuria Tanamed-

rove saskolo literaturul ganaTlebaSi, romlis mizania, saSua-

lo skolis moswavleebSi esTetikuri gemovnebis da masTan dakavSi-

rebuli gansakuTrebuli unaris – teqstis gagebis unaris ganviTa-

reba da aramxolod mxatvruli teqstebis, aramed filosofiuri

literaturis, samecniero statiebisa da sxva teqstebis gaazrebu-

li kiTxvisa da Sefasebis unari. garda amisa, Tuki imasac gaviTva-

liswinebT, rom Cveni mozardebis umetesobas ara aqvs literatu-

ris kiTxvis moTxovnileba da ar esmis, Tu risTvis aris es saWi-


121

ro, skolis amocanaa am motivis formireba. saWiroa imis gaazreba,

rom sagans SeiZleba SevxedoT gansxvavebuli kuTxiT, rom arsebobs

sagnis gagebis gansxvavebuli logika, rac TavisTavad mniSvnelovania

im ideis Camosayalibeblad, romelsac k. s. bibleri uwodebda `dia-

logurs~ da XXI saukunis adamianisaTvis sakvanZod miiCnevda.

am naSromSi Cven gvindoda gansasjelad gamogvetana zogierTi

mosazreba literaturuli ganaTlebis Sesaxeb skolaSi. saubari iq-

neba, upirveles yovlisa, literaturuli nawarmoebis gaazrebuli

swavlebis strategiebze. gamomdinare Teoriuli mocemulobidan,

Cveni azriT, SeiZleba gamoiyos mxatvruli teqstis gaazrebis ori

principulad gansxvavebuli tipi, romelic Seesabameba or pozicias:

davarqvaT maT pirobiTad `mkiTxvelisa~ da `Teoretikosis~ pozici-

ebi.

mkiTxvelisaTvis yoveli nawarmoebi unikaluria da ganumeore-

beli, is ver eteva veraviTar (JanriT, epoqiT) winaswar mocemul

sqemaSi. is aRiqvams teqsts rogorc nawarmoebs, rogorc piradad

misTvis gankuTvnil saTqmels da cdilobs gaigos, ganmartos es

saTqmeli. is `tkbeba harmoniiT~ da iTavisebs azrobriv koliziebs

da imavdroulad qmnis axal teqsts. swored `mkiTxvels~ (da ara

`Teoretikoss~) SeuZlia `Rvaros cremli mogonilze~, ganicados

`SiSi da tanjva~, e. i. SeuZlia Seimecnos da ganicados samyaro,

romelic mwerlis fantaziis nayofia, cocxaliviT aRiqvas mwerlis

mier mogonili personaJi. kargi `mkiTxvelis~ erT-erTi umniSvne-

lovanesi Tvisebaa ganviTarebuli warmosaxva da empaTiis unari.

karg mkiTxvels SeuZlia dainaxos~ dabinduli qliavisferi mTebi,~

yurZeni, romelic `uZveles brZolas waagavs~, an gza, romelsac mi-

uyveba naxevradmZinare Sarl bovari ganTiadisas emasTan pirveli

Sexvedris win, SeuZlia ema bovaris TviTmkvlelobis scenis kiTxvi-

sas SeigrZnos dariSxanis gemo tuCebze.

`Teoretikoss~, upirveles yovlisa, ainteresebs Janris, is-

toriuli epoqisa, an mTlianobaSi, literaturis, poetikis zogadi

kanonebi. individualuri mas ainteresebs rogorc zogadis variacia.

teqstis gageba `TeoretikosisaTvis~ niSnavs, aRmoaCinos, rogor

vlindeba konkretul teqstSi avtorisaTvis, JanrisaTvis, an epoqi-

saTvis damaxasiaTebeli teqstis organizaciis wesebi, azris meqa-

nizmi, msoflmxedveloobrivi motivebi da a. S. teqstis analizs is

udgeba sakuTari xerxebiT, gagebis garkveuli sqemebis gamoyenebiT.

`Teoretikoss~ SeuZlia gaemijnos `mkiTxvelisaTvis~ damaxasiaTe-

bel sakuTar emociebs. arsobrivad ~mkiTxvelisa~ da `Teoretiko-

sis~ poziciebi urTierTgamomricxavia. romanSi Cven vxedavT an uni-

kalur istorias, an cnobili literaturuli motivebis jaWvs.

imavdroulad, es poziciebi Sinaganad miiswrafian erTmaneTisaken.

mkiTxvelis subieqturoba xorcieldeba metaforebis, gamWoli mo-

Tamar taliaSvili

122

tivebis, siuJetebis konfliqtebisa da teqstis sxva elementebis

subieqturi ganmartebiT, magram imisaTvis, rom moswavlem Seimec-

nos, gamoyos es elementebi, unda flobdes Teoriul cnebebs. imi-

saTvis, rom gaiazros teqsti, rogorc piradad misken mimarTuli

avtoris gamonaTqvami, mkiTxvelma unda Seiswavlos nawarmoebis ena,

e.i. daikavos Teoretikosis pozicia. aseve piriqiT, Teoretikosi

xdeba is, vinc cdilobs Teoriulad gaiazros mkiTxvelis intuicia.

`mkiTxveli~ da `Teoretikosi~ ekamaTebian erTmaneTs da saWiroeben

erTmaneTs. Cveni azriT, ufro zusti iqneboda visaubroT ara `Ser-

wymaze~, aramed ganviTarebuli mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi am pozicia-

Ta urTierTSevsebaze. amgvarad, Tu vaRiarebT moswavleebis mier

Teoriul-literaturuli codnis aTvisebis mniSvnelobas,* proble-

muri xdeba, Tu rogor aiTviseben mas. Tanamedrove Teoriuli az-

rovneba agebulia rogorc aRmasvla abstraqtulidan konkretuli-

saken, zogadidan kerZosaken. Sinaarsobrivi ganzogadebis gziT gamo-

iyofa `sawyisi mimarTeba~, romelic gansazRvravs sagans, ayalibebs

`zogad cnebebs~, Semdeg yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi is ivseba kon-

kretuli SinaarsiT. amgvar `zogad cnebad~ mkvidrdeba `Tvalsazri-

si~, romelic saSualebas iZleva, damyardes urTierToba avtorsa

da nawarmoebSi aRweril movlenebs Soris.

Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobaSi kvlevebis mTeli mra-

valferovnebis, universalobis, da udavo aucileblobis miuxedavad,

mxatvrul teqstSi azris warmoqmnisa da misi interpretaciis Ses-

wavlasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi kvlav gadauWreli rCeba. Ta-

nac, teqstebis umravlesoba `mouxelTebelia~ kvlevis meTodikebisa

da koncefciebisaTvis, ar esadageba wakiTxvis arc tradiciul da

arc novatorul xerxebs. arsobrivad, es gasagebicaa, vinaidan mxat-

vruli nawarmoebis buneba amouwuravia da misi dayvana racionalur

formulirebebamde SeuZlebelia. amgvarad, Tanamedrove filologia-

sa da meTodikaSi aqtualuri gaxda kiTxvis axali strategiebis

kvleva. amas safuZvlad udevs poetikis Seswavla azris TviTwar-

moqmnis TvalsazrisiT, romelic yalibdeba mxatvruli nawarmoebis

konteqstSi da gamoiyeneba mkiTxvelis mier teqstis analizisa da

gagebisaTvis. mniSvnelovan faqtorad, romelic ganapirobebs wakiT-

xvis strategiebis Ziebas Tavad teqstSi da gviCvenebs misi gamoye-

nebis efeqturobas, gansakuTrebiT, pedagogiur praqtikaSi, gvevli-

neba Txrobis enigmatizmi, e.i. sxvadasxva `ucnaurobebi~, `Seferxe-

bebi~ semantikur struqturaSi, teqstis azrobrivi qsovilis

`’wyvetebi~ da a.S. fsiqologiaSi cnobilia, rom `gaugebari~ ganapi-

robebs esTetikuri komunikaciis SeCerebas da Tavad mkiTxvelis az-

ris warmoqmnis refleqsiis dawyebas, hermenevtikuli interesis ga-

Cenas. imave funqcias asruleben azris gansxvavebuli stilisturi

figurebi, romlebic mowodebulia, raTa CarTon parasemantikaze


123

(SemTxveviT asociaciebsa da maT refleqsur SerCevaze) gadasvlis

procesi. amgvari figurebi (etimologiuri, wriuli gansazRvrebebi

da a.S.) filosofiuri teqstebis magaliTze aRwerilia o.b. vain-

Steinis mier (vainSteini, 1994) gamokvlevaSi `romantikuli azri

enaSi~. magram figurebi, romlebic asruleben imave funqcias,

gvxvdeba mxatvrul nawarmoebebSic da maTi kvleva aseve metad aq-

tualuria. aseTive kategorias ganekuTvneba konteqstisaTvis gaur-

kveveli Sedarebebi, mkiTxvelisaTvis ucnobi saxelebi da a. S.

------------------------------------------------------------

saswavlo programebis literaturis TeoriiTa da istoriiT

gadatvirTva kidev erTi problemaa, romlis winaaRmdegac gamodis

,,sapasuxo kriticizmis~skola(l. rozenblati,d. probsti). miiCne-

ven, rom avtoris ganzraxva, biografiuli faqtebi, forma da sxva

literaturuli Sexedulebebi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani iyos, magram

yvelaferi es aris mxolod nawili mkiTxvelis mier Seqmnili mniS-

vnelobebis erTi didi mozaikisa. maTi azriT, maswavlebeli xdeba

mrCeveli, damxmare, rom moswavleebma warmarTon sakuTari azrebi

da Seqmnan sakuTari mniSvnelobebi.

azris warmoqmna yovelTvis mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli teq-

stis warmoqmnasTan. hermenevtikuli refleqsia, im SemTxvevaSic ki,

rodesac mimarTulia mTliani teqstis Semecnebisaken, arasodes

aris yovlismomcveli. is yovelTvis axdens operirebas fragmente-

biT, an detalebiT, ris Sedegadac, qmnis teqsts teqstidan, teqsts

teqstSi da axdens mis interpretirebas. mkiTxveli misdevs Sina-

arss da uRrmavdeba àraavtoriseul~ teqstebs teqstSi, romleb-

sac ara aqvT `CarTuli~ teqstisa da `monaTxrobis~ saerTo niSne-

bi. amgvari `teqstebis~ gamoyofis principi semiotikuria (gaormage-

buli semiotika samyaros SigniT, gamoxatuli sityviT sityvaSi),

ès SesaZloa iyos teqsti sicocxlisSemoqmedi an sivrcobrivi, pi-

rovnebisa an saxelis, Teatralizebuli an zmanebiseuli da a.S.~ es

teqsti (teqstSi) iqmneba àRmqmelis cnobierebis mier wakiTxvisa

da interpretaciis strategiebis Sesabamisad teqstis sivrceSi gan-

fenili fragmentebisagan dominirebadi azrobrivi centris (azrTa

Taviseburi `SekavSirebis wertilis~) irgvliv da iZens sruliad

konkretul maxasiaTeblebs. axali masalis mozidvisas am teqsts

(teqstSi) SeuZlia, `Secvalos parametrebi~ – gafarTovdes, gaR-

rmavdes, nawilobriv gardaisaxos azris warmoqmnis invariantis sa-

fuZvelze), gaamravlos interpretaciebi.~teqstis gaazrebis es me-

Todologia pedagogisgan moiTxovs interpretirebad mxatvrul na-

warmoebSi mimdinare azrisa da teqstis warmoqmnis procesebis ga-

nuyofel mTlianobad ganxilvas, risTvisac igi mimarTavs mxatvru-

li teqstis wakiTxvisa da interpretaciis strategias azris war-

Tamar taliaSvili

124

moqmnis dominantis safuZvelze. Tavad es dominantebi mWidro kav-

SirSia erTmaneTTan, TiTqmis erTi meoreSi gadadis: saxeli – mode-

li – motivi (persona – sivrce _ movlena). vfiqrobT, saxeli _

mxatvruli praqtikis yvelaze arqauli, statiuri da sinTeturi

(miTologiuri) forma – SesaZloa, safuZvlad daedos araerT mom-

devno struqturas. gacilebiT logikuria saxelTa poetikidan (sa-

xelebis wakiTxvidan) gadasvla modelze (mis kavSirze sivrcobriv

warmodgenebTan), da mxolod Semdeg motivze (mis kavSirze movle-

nasTan). samive cneba mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da

SesaZloa ganvixiloT, rogorc `Sekvecili~ motivi. i. m. lotmanis

azriT, motivi SesaZloa ukavSirdebodes xatebis sivrcobriv tips

(lotmani, 1975). gavixsenoT terminebi `nawarmoebis anTroponimuri

sivrce~, `TxrobiTi sivrce~ Tanamedrove literaturaTmcodneobaSi.

r. bartis mosazreba, rom teqsti aris interteqsti da Zve-

li citatebisgan Seqmnili axali mxatvruli qsovilia, SeiZleba mi-

viCnioT erTgvar bazisur postulatad, romlis safuZvelze Sevec-

debiT qarTul literaturaSi moZiebuli, garkveulwilad, myari

qsovilis saxiT Camoyalibebuli mxatvruli saxeebis interpretire-

bas. mimarTebebis Camoyalibebisas, vefuZnebiT teqsts, rogorc epo-

qisagan mowyvetili TviTnebiT struqturas da proecirebas vaxdenT

swored am kuTxiT. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT mdidar mxatvrul-saxe-

obriv fons warmoSobs vaJas poemebis proecireba miTologizebul

siuJetebze.

samyaro, rogorc qaosi, mocavs ormag ganzomilebas_dro-siv-

rcul kontinuums, erTgvar ganfenilobas, sadac kondensirdeba ur-

TierToba gmirebs Soris da am urTierTobaTa ganviTareba droSi.

aluda qeTelaurisa da mucalis, joyolasa da zviadauris Sexvedra

garkveulwilad exmianeba am sakiTxs. sakraluri veli, romelic am

gmirebs Soris sulieri kavSiris Camoyalibebis arealia, warmodge-

nilia magiur wred, romlis wiaRSic adamianis suli SiSvldeba da

aRqma proecirebulia ara garegnul niSnebze, aramed sulier saw-

yisze. Sesabamisad, sivrce warmodgenilia, rogorc miwier ganzomi-

lebaze zeamaRlebuli samyofeli.

Y,,stumar-maspinZelSi~ qistebis sofeli _ ,,salis kldeebis

taxtiTa~, ,,aluda qeTelaurSi~ naxsenebi ,,axlebi~ (,,axlebo, sis-

xli gifuiT~) da ,,baxtrionSi~, XI TavSi Camoyalibebuli ugrZnobi

samyaros Sinagani buneba, romelic ganmartoebulia, rogorc aRsay-

drebuli ,,salis yinulis taxtzeda~ _ erTiani Sris momcveli

fsevdosamyaros erTgvari xatia.

vaJa Tavisi poemebis miTosur wiaRSi qmnis garkveuli, sulie-

ri siwmindisagan gaZarcvuli potencialis sauflos. Tu pirveli

da mesame magaliTi leqsikur fonze (saxelebiT) ayalibebs garkve-

ul paralels, analizs saWiroebs mindias mimarTva Satilelebisad-


125

mi. rogor unda gaviazroT ,,axlebis~ arsi, Tuki maT Soris vxe-

davT uSiSsac. asec rom ar iyos, axalgazrdebi ver gabedavdnen

aludas Seuracxyofas. axlebSi unda moviazroT axali cnobierebis

matarebeli sazogadoeba. sazogadoeba, romelic dafuZnebulia gar-

kveul arealze, romlis cnobierebac mowyvetilia RvTaebriv sib-

rZnes, anu, rogorc avtori aRniSnavs _ ,,axalia~.

samive monakveTi sivrculi maxasiaTebelia im garemosi, sadac

moqmedeba xdeba. miTosuri Sre Zalian mkafioa vaJas poemebSi.

,,aluda qeTelaursa~ da ,,stumar-maspinZelSi~ xorcieli gmirebis

gverdiT saxldebian devebi; ,,gvelismWamelsa~ da ,,baxtrionSi~ _

gveli, rogorc sibrZnis gansxeuleba, udides zemoqmedebas axdens

adamianis cxovrebis wesze.

luxumisa da mindias ziarebas bunebismier sibrZnesTan win uZ-

Rvis miwieri samyaros or ganzomilebad daxleCa. sibrZnis sam-

kvidro mxolod idealuri sulieri wiaRis mqone pirovnebebs ux-

snis kars Tavis saufloSi, sadac yvelas rodi SeuZlia SeRweva.

gmiri aRmoCndeba iseT samyaroSi, romelic nebismieri xorcielisaT-

vis miuwvdomelia. sivrcis amgvari realizacia garkveul kavSirSia

drosTan:

,,eRirsebao luxumsa

laSaris gorze Sadgoma~.

avtori momavalSi warmogvidgens gmiris dabrunebas. momavali

sruliad SeuzRudavi da amoucnobi, ganusazRvreli da Seucnobia.

Tuki warsuli garkveul kvals tovebs cnobierebaSi warmosaxviTi

kadrebisa da SegrZnebebis saxiT, ukve warsulis kuTvnilebaa, moma-

vali sruli abstraqciaa, anu dro, rodesac SeiZleba ganxorciel-

des patieba Cadenili danaSaulis gamo (baxtini). mexsiereba war-

suls ukavSirebs garkveul sivrces, momavali ki am TvalsazrisiT

sruliad ganyenebulia, amitom simulacia am mimarTulebiT ufro

TvalsaCinoa.

dro-sivrcul kontinuumSi unda ganvixiloT sizmarTa samyaro.

aludas sizmari, iseve, rogorc lelasa da kvirias sizmari, er-

Tgvari RvTiTavsilobaa, im TvalsazrisiT, rom gmirebi winaswar

ganWvretisa da siRrmiseuli Secnobis unariT xasiaTdebian. mniSvne-

lovania, ra datvirTvas aZlevs amas Semoqmedi. misi azri ki calsa-

xad ikveTeba poemebSi _ vaJas gmirebisaTvis sizmarSi xorcieldeba

kaTarzisis fundamentireba, Sesabamisad, es aris absoluturi sib-

rZniT, anu RvTaebrivi sibrZniT aRvsebis idealuri forma, romel-

sac SeiZleba eziaros ubralo mokvdavi.

zRapari, miTi TavisTavad asaxavs simulaciur elementebs, uf-

ro mZafradac ki, vidre uSualod teqsti, rogorc gamonagoni. av-

tori sruliad mowyvetilia realobas, magram raki aTvlis wer-

tils mainc is warmoadgens, anu arekvla misi zedapiridan xdeba,

Tamar taliaSvili

126

SeuZlebelia ugulebelvyoT masTan interteqstualuri kavSiris sa-

fuZvelze Camoyalibebuli hiperrealoba, romelic avtoriseul Ri-

rebulebebzea proecirebuli.

Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad SeiZleba miviCnioT preteqstad va-

Jas qmnilebebSi proecirebuli garkveuli mimarTebebi, magram in-

terteqstualur WrilSi ganxilvis SesaZlebloba aSkarad gveZleva.

,,stumar-maspinZlis~ is monakveTi, rodesac aRazas sinanulis

Jams micvalebulTa sulebi mosdeven, Zalian hgavs Zvel berZnul

miTs, rodesac micvalebulTa movlinebas hadesidan win uZRvis

cocxalTa sinanuli. es erTgvari preteqstia.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Crdilo-evropuli eposis erTgvari

invariantebi _ ,,gvelismWameli~ da ,,aluda qeTelauri~.unda aRi-

niSnos, rom mklavis mokveTis mTavari arsi mdgomareobda saiqioSi

mtris uxmlod, anu Sercxvenili piriT gastumrebaSi. Tu ar hqonda

marjvena, xmalsac ver daiWerda. skandinaviuri valhala iyo saiqio,

sadac gmirebi xmalamowvdilni miemarTebodnen.

kidev erTi invarianti - ,,gvelismWamelis~ gmiri - mindia Se-

Wams gvelis xorcs da da sibrZniT aRivseba. ,,simRera nibelun-

gebze~ mogviTxrobs, rom zigmundma (zigfridma) saocari unari Sei-

Zina, roca fafniris (gveleSapis) sisxliT ganibana. sxva versiiT,

man fafniris guli SeWama.

aSkara interteqstualur mimarTebas vxedavT ,,aluda qeTela-

urSi~. mindia sayvedurobs TanamedroveT:

guls aTrevinebT gonebas,

Tavs aWrevinebT culiTa...

guli-d goneba Zmania~.

gavixsenoT ,,vefxistyaosnis~ 857-e strofi:

,,guli, cnoba da goneba erTmaneTzeda hkidian;

ra guli wava, igica wavlen da misken midian;

ugulo kaci ver kacobs, kacTagan ganakidian.~

,,avtoris niRabi~ _ postmodernizmis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

postulati _ gansakuTrebiT faqizi dakvirvebis sagania, radgan mi-

si garCeva avtoris komentarisagan, xSir SemTxvevaSi, garkveul

siZneles ukavSirdeba.

,,stumar-maspinZelSi~ aRazas sikvdilis scenaSi vxvdebiT sain-

tereso striqonebs:

,,Tavs nu iklavo~! aba, Tu

erTma urCios mainca.~

am CarTviT vaJa mkiTxvelis yuradRebis miqcevas, mis gamof-

xizlebas cdilobs da TanagrZnobisken mouwodebs. TiTqos eSinia,

ar aRmoCndes moumzadebeli mkiTxvelis pirispir da masTan komuni-

kaciuri kavSiris aRdgena surs. amasTan, gmirebis aRdgena sikvdi-


127

lis Semdeg aris bazisuri realobis _ ,,aRdgomis~ _ erTgvari da-

maxinjeba-simulakri.

,,avtoris niRabi~ ufro aSkarad iCens Tavs ,,baxtrionis~ XVI

TavSi:

,,_ vis mogilocoT saxeli,

vina xarT saxeliani?~

avtori komentars aRar akeTebs. mimarTavs uSualod gmirebs,

rogorc erT-erTi personaJi.

gansakuTrebiT, sainteresod migvaCnia al. yazbegis ~xevisber

goCaSi~ ZiZias mxatvruli saxis interpretacia, rogorc bodriari-

seuli satyuaras erTgvari gamovlineba.gavixsenoT, cekvis scena,

romelic uswrebs ZiZias gamoCenas nawarmoebSi. aq qali da mamaka-

ci erTgvari ritualuri TamaSis gmirebad gvevlinebian. es wre

droisa da sivrcis viwro arealSi ganasxeulebs sapirispiro sqes-

Ta maradiul urTierTltolvas, magram, imavdroulad, avlens kon-

kretuli sqesisaTvis niSandobliv qvecnobier individualur niS-

nebs. al yazbegi SesaniSnavad aRwers am scenas: ,,ager mirbis

mkrTals arCvsaviT moxevis romelime SavTvala qali. imisi saxe

sruls SiSs gamosTqvams, radganac arwivsaviT mklavebgaSlili kaci

misdevs Tavis msxverpls. nazi qmnileba TandaTan dundeba, kaci ewe-

va, ai wuTic da gulSi Caikravs SeSinebuls, qedansaviT akankale-

bul qals, magram molodini ar umarTldeba. erTbaSad mardad gat-

rialebuli qali xelidan ecleba da meore mxares gamxtari fexs

aTamaSebs. guldawyvetili kaci gascqeris, xedavs Tavis msxverpls

momxiblavis RimiliT da moJuJune TvalebiT, romelnic imas iwve-

ven, ipatiJeben da TiTqos eubnebian: ,,damiWire da me gagrZnobineb

sicocxlis sitkboebas!~

qali gvevlineba daucvel, magram dauZlevel Zalad, romelic

mamakacs imorCilebs Tavisi ususurobiTa da momxiblavobiT.

,,arc erT qals, arasodes daukargavs nebelobis fundamenturi

forma, romelic amave dros cdunebas ejaWveba. sxeuli, siamovneba,

survili, uflebebi - sxva saqmea. magram qali yovelTvis iyo wyvdi-

adis, gaqrobisa da gaelvebis momxibvleli TamaSis warmmarTveli

da aqedan gamomdinare, yovelTvis SeeZlo sakuTari ,,gamgeblebis~

uflebebis daCrdilva.

arasodes vxiblavT ZaliT an Zalismieri niSnebiT. ufro si-

sustiT. cdunebisas mTavari amosavali sisustea, rac swored amgva-

ri TamaSisas iZens Zlevamosilebas~ (bodriari).

cduneba ukvdavia, is iyo, aris da iqneba, rogorc sikvdili,

bediswera da sicocxle. TamaSi arasodes unda wydebodes. ZiZia,

rogorc ,,gaqrobis esTetika~, ikargeba dro-sivrceSi, erwymis usas-

rulobas, raTa meored moevlinos qveyanas. avtori arafers ambobs

Tamar taliaSvili

128

misi aRsasrulis Sesaxeb. is udanaSauloa, rogorc bediswera, mov-

lenebi misgan damoukideblad viTardeba, is satyuaraa.

bodriaris azriT, acduno niSnavs, mokvde, rogorc realoba

da daibado satyuaris saxiT. am SemTxvevaSi subieqti mojadoebul

samyaroSi aRmoCndeba.

ZiZia aRmoCnda mojadoebul samyaroSi, misi arseboba erTgvari

TviTnebobaa, romelic gamoricxavs danarCen samyaros. amitomac Zi-

Zia kontaqtSi ar Sedis mis garSemomyof adamianebTan. is mTlianad

CaZirulia sakuTar arsSi da ixsneba mxolod onisesTan _ kacTan,

romelic mis mier cdundeba.

sainteresoa, rom ZiZia arasodes cruobs. ar cruobs maSin,

rodesac sakurTxevlis winaSe dgas. arc maSin, rodesac gugua cdi-

lobs mis mxilebas.

onise ZiZias macdurs uwodebs, is xedavs safrTxes, magram

Sepyrobilia suliT-xorcamde da amitom sikvdili gardauvalia.

onise sulierad, rogorc kaci _ movaleobis da wesis aRmsrulebe-

li _ kvdeba. is Ralatobs Tavis WeSmaritebas. cduneba kargavs da

amaxinjebs realobas.

,,iyo moxibluli, niSnavs iyo cdunebuli sakuTari WeSmarite-

bisagan. moxiblo - niSnavs acduno mavani misive WeSmaritebiT. es

WeSmariteba amieridan misgan asxletili saidumloa~ (bodriari).

pirveli Sexvedris dros onise ZiZias saxes ver xedavs, magram

rodesac qalis mxurvale xels Seexeba, usiamovno grZnoba Seip-

yrobs, romelsac Tavad ver xsnis. meored, rodesac ZiZia guguasTan

mohyavs, mas jvarulis xma dasaflavebis galobad eCveneba. es SeiZ-

leba or planSi ganvixiloT. pirveli, is rom onise kargavs sayva-

rel qals, meore _ is winaswar Wvrets sakuTar daRupvas.

onise cdilobs, Tavi daicvas cdunebisgan. is tovebs xevs,

TiTqos maxes ugebs bedisweras. cdilobs, myarad irwmunos saku-

Tar WeSmariteba, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi, yvelanair mcdelobas is

mihyavs daRupvisaken.

bodriaris azriT, nebismieri cduneba narcisistulia. misi

idumaleba momakvdinebel yovlis STanTqmulobaSia. amitomac, qale-

bisaTvis, romelTaTvisac ufro axlobelia sarke, sadac ,,eflobian~

sxeuliTa da saxiT, aSkarad bunebrivia cdunebis efeqti. mamakacebs

meti siRrme aqvT, magram ar gaaCniaT saidumlo. amaSia Zalac da

uZlurebac. cduneba subieqtis idealuri miraJiT ar warmoiSoba,

magram arc sikvdilis idealuri miraJia misi dvrita.

ramaz xalvaSi

`lurja cxenebis~ interteqsti

`lurja cxenebi~ 1915 wels daiwera

da pirvelad 1916 wels daistamba Jurnal

„cisfer yanwebSi“ (№1), „mTawmindis mTva-

resTan“ erTad. g. leoniZis cnobiT, es leq-

sebi qarTvel simbolistTa periodul gamo-

cemaSi galaktionis nebarTvis gareSe moxvda.

amasve adasturebs d. benaSvilic (benaSvili

1972:5). magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas,

rom qarTvelma sazogadoebam Jurnalis ga-

mosvlamde icoda „cisferi yanwebis“ gver-

debze am leqsebis dabeWdvis Sesaxeb, advi-

lad davrwmundebiT avtoris protestis

formalur xasiaTSi. miT ufro, rom g. ta-

biZe sabolood swored sazogadoebis gu-

liswyromam da kritikam CamoaSora „cisfer-

yanwelTa“ saliteraturo Jurnalsac da

jgufsac (tabiZe 2004:457).

`lurja cxenebis~ erT-erT saintereso

interpretacias Tavad galaktioni gvTava-

zobs. 1946 wliT daTariRebul mis daum-

Tvrebel CanawerSi vkiTxulobT:

`1. „lurja cxenebi“ novatoruli leq-

sia.

2. mas safuZvlad udevs realuri sa-

fuZveli.

3. Sinaarsi misi realisturia.

4. forma uaRresad musikaluri, manamde

ar arsebuli.

5. igi dawerilia samecniero Temaze.

mecnierebaSi mtkiced dadgenil debulebaze,

rom dedamiwis gareSe arsebobs maradisi,

gasxivosnebuli mxare, sadac araa sicocxle;

6. nislis namqeri – ganaTebuli Camava-

li mziT da napiri im samudamo mxarisa.

7. sityva – elvarebda – aq mocemulia

hiperbolurad.


doqtori, profesori, ba-

Tumis SoTa rusTavelis sa-

xelmwifo universitetis qa-

rTuli filologiis depar-

tamentis xelmZRvaneli.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: „tbel

abuserisZis saxismetyvele-

ba“, „tbel abuserisZis „ga-

lobani mwvalebelTa SeCuene-

bisani“, „sveti-cxovlis sas-

wauli „ninos cxovrebis“ ar-

qetipSi“, „asurel mamaTa ha-

giografiuli cikli (VII-

XVIII ss.)“, „xalxur–karna-

valuri elementebi hagiog-

rafiaSi“, „andria pirvelwo-

debulis qadageba saqarTve-

loSi (Zveli qarTuli lite-

raturuli wyaroebisa da

„axali qarTlis cxovrebis“

mixedviT)“, „sparsuli gav-

lenis SiSi „vefxistyaosan-

Si“, „cxenTa Sejibrebis“ in-

terteqsti qarTul poezia-

Si“...


turaTmcodneoba, teqsto-

logia, semiotika.

ramaz xalvaSi

130

8. ar sCanda Senapiri – saubaria religiaze, romelic adamia-

nebs aparebs, rom sikvdilis, am SemTxvevaSi gardacvalebis Semdeg,

arsebobs kidev sxva cxovreba – e. i. samoTxe.

9. civi mdumareba samudamo mxarisa.

10. miusafari mdumareba, e. i. axsnili, ganmartebuli mdumare-

ba, winaaRmdeg auxsneli, ganumartebeli, naTeli mdumarebisa (sik-

vdili da ara sicocxle).

11. mdumareba da sicive – gayinva – ara sicocxle.

12. simwuxare – samaradiso mxarisa.

13. ucecxloba _ cecxli – saxe sicocxlisa, cecxlis krTo-

ma TvalebSi – usicocxlo Tvalebi.

14. kidev simbolo maradisi mxaris~ (tabiZe 2004:17–18).

galaktionis es komentari SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT mis CanawerTa

cikls ~sakuTari leqsebis Sesaxeb~, romelSic, sxvaTa Soris, daw-

vrilebiT aris ganxiluli ~mTawmindis mTvare~. am leqsis analizi

iwyeba erTgvari sayveduriT literaturaTmcodneebisa da kritiko-

sebis mimarT, romelTac ver SeZles kvlevis swori gziT warmar-

Tva:

~es leqsi (~mTawmindis mTvare~) miuxedavad imisa, rom Zalian

popularulia, sakmarisad Seswavlili ar aris, rogorc erT-erTi

gasaRebTagani Cemi Semoqmedebisa. am leqsSi usaTuod sCans poeti,

romelic Tavis Semoqmedebas ukavSirebs mecxramete saukunis poezi-

is korifeebis Semoqmedebas, acxadebs ra Tavis Tavs nikoloz bara-

TaSvilisa da akaki wereTlis poeziis memkvidreT. aq mTvaris SuqSi

gaxveuli msubuq sizmariviT mosCanan mtkvari da metexi... aq axal-

gazrda poetis axlo sZinavs moxuci poetis lands, akaki wereTlis

lands; baraTaSvilsac xom aq uyvarda oblad siaruli; ilia WavWa-

vaZesac, dimitri yifiansac da aq poeti ambobs: ~de, mec movkvde

simRerebSi tbis sevdian gedad~ (lirikis koncepcia), oRond vsTqva

Tu Ramem sulSi rogor Caixeda. (kavSiri bunebasa da adamianis

suls Soris), Tu sizmarma viT Seisxa cidan camde frTebi (Zala

aRmafrenis, poeziis, ronantizmis), da gaSala ocnebaTa lurji

ialqnebi (romantizmi lurjis, cisferi ocnebis). ialqnebi zRvaze,

sulic aRzrdilia am zRvaze, cxovrebis zRvaze, ~sicocxlis zRva-

ze, romelzedac lurji ialqnebis gza midis, TviT sikvdilis gzac

ki araferia masTan SedarebiT, am sicocxlesTan SedarebiT da TviT

sikvdilis gzac ki vardisferia da ara saSineli (swored igive han-

ri renies TqmiT, ~moulodneli gancvifreba vardisferisa da Savi

feris Sexvedrisagan~), rom am gzaze (swored vardisfer gzaze)

mgosanTa siTamame, gabeduli xma aris sinamdvileze ufro meti si-

namdvile – hiperboluri, zRapruli, ~rom mefe var da poeti da

simReriT vkvdebi~ (tabiZe 1975: 150–151).


131

mkvlevrebi (burWulaZe 1980:173-178; kenWoSvili 1999:131; kve-

selava 1977:62) sxvadasxva teqstebTan da personaJebTan avleben

`lurja cxenebis~ mxatvrul da literaturul paralelebs: pla-

tonis dialogi `fedoni~, antikuri miTologia (pegasi), dantes ge-

rioni („jojoxeTis“ XVII T.), baironis `kaeni~, goeTes `fausti~,

baraTaSvilis „merani“, aleqsandre blokis `Tormetni~, andrei be-

lis `qriste aRsdga~, konstantine balmontis `sami cxeni~, valeri

briusovis `cxeni mwvane~ da sxva. TviT es faqti „lurja cxenebis“

polifoniur xasiaTze miuTiTebs.

gamoTqmulia mosazreba, rom ~lurja cxenebis~ semantikas gan-

sazRvravs ara imdenad Txroba, ramdenadac ritmi. amasTan dakavSi-

rebiT s. sigua wers: ~gavixsenoT galaktionis ~lurja cxenebi~

(1915 w.), romelsac yvela kiTxulobs, romelic yvelas uyvars,

Tumca aravin icis – ratom da risTvis, an – ras gvauwyeben am mis-

tiuri leqsis SeSlili striqonebi~ (sigua 2002:208).

sapirispiro azria gatarebuli galaktionis komentarSi, rome-

lic gvauwyebs, rom ~lurja cxenebs~ safuZvlad udevs realuri

safuZveli... Sinaarsi misi realisturia~.

gavyveT avtoriseul interpretacias: ~lurja cxenebi~ ~dawe-

rilia samecniero Temaze. mecnierebaSi mtkiced dadgenil debuleba-

ze, rom dedamiwis gareSe arsebobs maradisi, gasxivosnebuli mxare,

sadac araa sicocxle~. galaktionis am komentariT safuZveli ec-

leba leqsis erT-erTi mTavari mxatvruli saxis ~samudamo mxaris~

ganmartebas bibliur-qristianul ~sulTa samyofelad~, Zvelber-

Znul hadesad, qarTul SaveTad Tu kolxur oSureTad (sasuleTi).

„samudamo mxare“ sikvdilis saufloa, sadac ar Cans `Senapiri~, e.

i. danapirebi, aRTqmuli samoTxe, anu, rogorc Tavad avtori gan-

martavs, `ar sCanda Senapiri – saubaria religiaze, romelic adami-

anebs aparebs, rom sikvdilis, am SemTxvevaSi gardacvalebis Semdeg,

arsebobs kidev sxva cxovreba – e. i. samoTxe~.

religiur-miTologiuri gaazrebis nacvlad, „samudamo mxare“

avtoriseul recefciaSi astronomiul warmodgenebs ukavSirdeba,

romlebic „lurja cxenebis“ esTetikur samyaroSi bibliur-qristi-

anuli angelologiis adgils ikavebs. mTeli samyaro erT did sama-

res emsgavseba, riTac xorcSesxmulia RmerTis sikvdilis nicSeanu-

ri idea: `RmerTi mokvda da masTan erTad – misi maginebelnic“

(nicSe 1993:16).

usasrulo da usicocxlo samyaroSi adamianis Tvali mxolod

erT napirs xedavs, romelic galaktions sasikvdilod gamzadebul,

Camaval mzes agonebs. „samudamo mxare“ usicocxloa, iq arc nuge-

Sia da arc TanagrZnoba. misi Semzaravi mdumareba civi da miusafa-

ria, ris warmodgenac usasoobisa da mwuxarebis gancdas warmoSobs:

„rogorc nislis namqeri, Camaval mziT naferi,

ramaz xalvaSi

132

elvarebda napiri samudamo mxareSi!

ar Canda Senapiri, ver vnaxe veraferi,

civ da miusafari mdumarebis gareSe.

mdumarebis gareSe da sicivis TareSSi

samudamo mxareSi mxolod simwuxarea!

leqsis lirikuli gmiri „samudamo mxares“ sikvdilis gziT

uerTdeba. mis daSretil TvalebSi ar krTis sicocxlis cecxli da

arc mis „suls uxaria“, radgan ver ipova „Senapiri“ saukuno Sveba:

`cecxli ar krTis TvalebSi, wevxar civ samareSi,

wevxar civ samareSi da arc suls uxaria“.

sikvdili mefobs miwazec. misi tradiciuli simbolo (ConCxi)

leqsSi mravlobiTi xdeba. „ConCxiani tyeebis“ metaforiT avtori

migvaniSnebs, rom TiToeuli adamiani sxeuliT daatarebs momavali

sikvdilis xatebas. adamianTa „SeSlili saxeebi“ aryofnis winaSe

eqsistenciur SiSs gamoxataven:

„SeSlili saxeebis ConCxiani tyeebiT

usuldgmulo dReebi rbian, miiCqarian!“

am metaforis eskizs vxvdebiT galaktionis leqsSi `uxilavs~

(1912 w.), romelic rusi marinistis ivane aivazovskis naxatiTaa

STagonebuli:

`mze dasavliT iRvelfeba, Ramis bindi xlarTavs Cadrebs,

lurj cis fskerze sxivi kvdeba, salams aZlevs ConCxebs da

mkvdrebs~.

„ConCxiani tyeebis“ mwyobri metaforis Camoyalibebaze zegav-

lena mouxdenia rusi simbolistis valeri briusovis „sam kumirs“

(1913 w.), romelic ritmiT da simbolikiT sxva mxrivac enaTesaveba

„lurja cxenebs“:

В этом мутном городе туманов, В этой тусклой безрассветной мгле, Где строенья, станом великанов, Разместились тесно по земле... Исступленно скачет Всадник Медный; Непоспешно едет конь другой; И сурово, с мощностью наследной, Третий конник стынет над толпой, - Три кумира в городе туманов, Три владыки в безрассветной мгле, Где строенья, станом великанов, Разместились тесно по земле. briusovis es leqsi istoriul motivebzea agebuli. „sami ku-

miris“ scena peterburgia, cxenze amxedrebuli imperatorebis (pet-

re pirvelis, nikoloz pirvelisa da aleqsandre mesamis) qandakebe-

biT. misgan gansxvavebiT, „lurja cxenebis“ dinamiuri da ganzogade-


133

buli saxe-simboloebi scildeba viwro istoriul-geografiul

qronotoposs.

`lurja cxenebis“ mTavari saxe-simbolo saTaurSivea mocemu-

li. sityva „lurja“, romelic qarTul folklorsa da literatu-

raSi ramdenadme gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT cocxlobda, meored

iSva galaktionis poeziaSi. modernistulma garemom da ~lurja

cxenebis~ parateqstma es sityva (Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT – mo-

lurjo ruxi feris cxeni) imTaviTve epiTetad gadaaqcia da seman-

tikiT lurjsa da cisfers gauTanabra. es orive feri ki, rogorc

a. xinTibiZe wers, galaktions romantikuli poeziis arsenalidan

aqvs aRebuli (xinTibiZe 1992:126).

rusul TargmanebSi „lurjas“ Sesatyvisi cisferia: Синие кони (Sdr.: d. reifildiseuli Targmanis Blue-Grey horses). ferwe-ruli asociaciebic swored am niSniTaa nakarnaxevi. magaliTad, r.

siraZis azriT, „lurja cxenebi“ exmianeba vasili kandinskisa da

franc markis mier 1911 wels miunxenSi daarsebuli almanaxis -

„lurji mxedris“ saerTo mimarTulebas (siraZe 2002:78-83). i. ken-

WoSvili ki miiCnevs, rom ~lurja cxenebis~ ferweruli analogia

modernis stilis (arnuvos) warmomadgenlis, uolter kreinis (1845-

1915) suraTi ~neptunis cxenebia~, romelSic ~zRvis talRebidan

dabadebuli lurja cxenebi napirisaken moqrian~ (kenWoSvili

1999:92).

Tavad galaktioni „lurja cxenebis“ interteqstis Sesaxeb sa-

ubrisas qarTul poetur tradiciaze miuTiTebda:

„ori merania: merani avTandilis da merani baraTaSvilis, isini

sxvadasxvagvarni arian, saWiro iyo maTi SeerTeba. da es me mova-

xerxe. Cemi merani SeTavsebaa am ori sxvadasxvaobis: rusTavelis

riTmis dacva (galaktionis TqmiT, n. baraTaSvilma, iseve rogorc

gr. orbelianma, anton kaTalikosis `poetikis~ zegavleniT, uari

Tqva rusTavelis `Seudarebel musikalur~ riTmaze – r. x.), bara-

TaSvilis ritmis gamoyeneba, azris gaRrmaveba, _ ai, „lurja cxene-

bi“ (tabiZe 1975:141–142).

„meranisagan“ gansxvavebiT, „lurja cxenebSi“ Tavidanve „waS-

lilia“ gansxvaveba winaparTa saflavebsa da ucxo samares Soris,

„bedis samZRvris“ erTjeradi gadalaxva Secvlilia lurja cxene-

bis usasrulo da ganmeorebadi trialiT, unikaluri merani _ mrav-

lobiTi cxenebiT (SaTiriSvili 2004:181). baraTaSvilis „Tavganwi-

ruli mxedris“ arqetipi tarielis saSvelad mimavali avTandilia,

galaktionis lirikuli gmiri ki sikvdilis saufloSia gadasuli –

„civ samareSi“ wevs, sicocxlisaken iltvis da ukvdavebas eswraf-

is. amis mauwyebelia lurja cxenebis daucxromeli rbola. ase, rom

„lurja cxenebi“ swored im wertilidan iwyeba, sadac „Tavganwi-

ruli mxedari“ amTavrebs Tavis gzas. amgvaria galaktionis tesera

ramaz xalvaSi

134

n. baraTaSvilis `meranTan~:

`sizmarian CvenebiT - Cemi lurja cxenebiT

CemTan moesvenebiT! yvelani aq arian!~

„lurja cxenebis“ `yvelani~, `mTawmindis mTvaris~ `aCrdilTa~

msgavsad, gardacvlil poetebs gulisxmobs. asea gamoxatuli ga-

laktionis Semoqmedebis kavSiri warsulis poetur tradiciasTan.

lurja cxenebi etlebiT (Sdr.: `aq mkvdrebi dahqrian zRapruli

raSebiT da bedis etlebiT~, `domino~, 1916) moasveneben poetTa aC-

rdilebs. dgeba apofradesis Jami da micvalebulebi sizmarian Cvene-

bad ecxadebian leqsis lirikul gmirs.

„Ramis“, „saflavebisa“ da „sizmris“ invariantuli motivebi

gvibiZgeben, rom „yvelaSi“, upirvelesad, qarTveli poetebi vigu-

lisxmoT, maT Soris akaki da vaJa, romlebic `lurja cxenebis~ da-

weris dros ukve gardacvlilni arian (akaki gardaicvala 1915

wlis 26 ianvars, vaJa – 27 ivliss):

„mgosnebo, SeRamda da Zvirfas saflavebs,

panTeons miveciT Zvirfasi sameba:

ilias cremlebi, akakis xanjali

da vaJas gardasul dReebze wameba...

SeRamda. me waval iq, sadac sizmrebi

wignebSi daroben momxiblvel TvalebiT“ („dro“, 1915).

niSandoblivia, rom amave leqsis („dros“) erT-erT variantSi

avtori ixsenebs n. baraTaSvilis „merans“:

„meraniT gafrena dRes arvis SeSvenis“.

sxvagan galaktioni baraTaSvilis merans `zarmac cxens~ uwo-

debs (sigua 2002:309), galaktionis cxenebi ki „Cqari grgvinva–

grialiT hqrian“. `lurja cxenebis“ Sinagan logikas amgvarad mivya-

varT leqsTa da cxenTa Sejibrebis cnobil motivamde, romelsac

jer kidev antikuri xanis mwerlebTan vxvdebiT. galaktioni am Se-

jibrebaSi Tavisi „lurja cxenebiT“ erTveba, romelic misi poeziis

emblema da poeturi „kodia“.

„vefxistyaosnis“ („viTa cxensa Sara grZeli...“) Semdeg „cxen-

Ta Sejibrebis“ motivi Tavs iCens qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebis

yvela axal etapze (xalvaSi 2002:140–149). mamuka baraTaSvilis

„jimSedianSi“ poetTa marulas rusTaveli meTaurobs:

„SoTa zis unes, mxedari igi keTilad wvrTilebsa,

ebaZnen, dasxdnen mravalni TvisTvissa daxednilebsa“;

amave Temas Cveuli TviTironiiT exmianeba daviT guramiSvili:

„mec mreven meranT jogSigan, Tu SevsZel gajagjageba“;

swored am konteqstSia gansaxilveli galaktionis „lurja

cxenebi“:

`Cqari grgvinva-grialiT hqrian lurja cxenebi!~

„cxenTa Sejibrebis“ motivs galaktioni „efemeraSi“ ajamebs,


135

sadac pirdapir migvaniSnebs, rom lurja cxenebis saxe–simboloSi

igi Tavis leqsebs gulisxmobs:

„o, ramdeni dacxreba Suriani Tvalebi,

rom marad imarjveben idumali SvenebiT

leqsTa Sejibrebaze mxolod integralebi,

cxenTa Sejibrebaze isev lurja cxenebi!“.

galaktioni am sityvebiT mxatvrulad afiqsirebs `lurja cxe-

nebis~ (da, saerTod, Tavisi Semoqmedebis) warmatebas, triumful

svlas qarTul poeziaSi da Tavis Tanamedrove poetTa damokidebu-

lebas am leqsisadmi (saerTod, Tavisi Semoqmedebisadmi). `vwuxvar

erTaderTi var~, _ swored am poetebis gasagonad ambobda galakti-

oni, radgan araerTi maTgani cdilobda, misTvis metoqeoba gaewia:

paolo iaSvilma am mizniT `wiTeli xari~ airCia `gamwev Zalad~,

tician tabiZem – `cxeni angelosiT~, alio mircxulavam – `elvis

raSebi~, xolo terenti granelma ramdenime leqsi dawera `lurja

cxenebis~ metriTa da riTmiT, zog maTganSi riTmebis ganlagebac

analogiuria (marsiani 2004:90).

„lurja cxenebis“ meoTxe strofSi sikvdiliT moniWebuli

Sveba n. baraTaSvilis poetur xatebas amoativtivebs. sikvdiliT

sruldeba „lurja cxenebis“ lirikuli gmiris amqveyniuri tanjva

– „vneba-wameba“, gardacvalebiT mTavrdeba misi cremliani cxovreba

da niSandoblivia, rom swored aq iCens Tavs baraTaSvilis poezias-

Tan dialogi (kenWoSvili 1999:158), Tanac negatiur (ar menaneba /

ar inameba / gaqra vneba-wameba) konteqstSi:

„iCqarian wamebi, me ki ar menaneba:

cremliT ar inameba samudamo baliSi;

gaqra vneba-wameba, rogorc Ramis zmaneba,

viT sulis xmovaneba locvis simxurvaleSi“.

Sdr.: „aq lbils mdeloze sanugeSod viname cremliT“ (`fiq-

rni mtkvris piras~)

`ginaxavT suli, jereT umanko, mxurvale locviT miqancebu-

li~ (`SemoRameba mTawmindazed~)

`lurja cxenebis~ teqstualur qsovils ar/ver fonetikuri

jgufi faravs. negatiuri bgerwera leqsSi maproducirebeli tro-

pis rols akisrebs sityva `araras~ (SaTiriSvili 2004:97–98), ne-

gatiuri bgerwerisa da apofatikuri gansazRvrebebis fonze mTeli

Tavisi sidiadiT warmoCndeba galaktioni, rogorc poeti da Semoq-

medi.

lurja cxenebis rbola „cecxlis xetialTan“ da „bedis tri-

alTanaa“ Sedarebuli. „civ da miusafari“ sikvdilis saufloSi

cxenebi cecxlis stiqiasaviT Cndebian da „bedis samZRvaris“ Cake-

tili wre irRveva:

„viT cecxlis xetiali, rogorc bedis triali,

ramaz xalvaSi

136

Cqari grgvinva-grialiT hqrian lurja cxenebi!“

aq ar SeiZleba, ar gavixsenoT galaktionis leqsebi „Semoqme-

deba“ (1909 w.) da „wuTi“ (1910 w.), romlebSic avtori Semoqmede-

biTi aqtis dros bedis damorCilebaze saubrobs:

~moxdeba xolme, ca mizidavs ganusazRvreli,

varskvlavTa Soris, sxivTa tbaSi ara myavs toli.

vbrZaneb: tyis SqerSi gaCumdeba niavi neli.

vityvi da TrTolad gadiqceva verxvis foToli.

mze CemTvis brwyinavs da mefe var yovlismoqmedi...

Cems xelSi aris maSin Cemi mZvinvare bedi~ (~Semoqmedeba~);

„maviwydeba am dros RmerTi, wuTs vumoneb gulis Zgeras,

radgan RmerTi CemSivea da meve vqmni bedisweras“ („wuTi“).

„lurja cxenebisa“ da adrindeli leqsebis mxatvrul Sina-

arss amjeradac `efemera~ agrZelebs. masSi galaktioni RmerTs ise-

Tive `did saidumlos~ uwodebs, rogoric TviTonaa:

`win! im usazRvrobaSi mwuxarebas aitan.

Cemebr did saidumlos me iq mivesalmebi~.

„lurja cxenebis“ mexuTe strofSi avtori ubrundeba samari-

sa da sikvdilis motivebs, raTa ufro TvalSisacemi gaxdes kon-

trasti, erTi mxriv, Semoqmedebis, poeziis ukvdav bunebasa da, meo-

re mxriv, xsovnis da saRvTo saSveblis ararsebobas Soris. isev

amotivtivdeba `mesaflavis~ (1912 w.) nacnobi motivebi: adamianTa

Soris qreba xsovna: saflavze `yvavilni ar arian~ (`Sdr., `mesaf-

lave~: `raRad undaT, rad sWiriaT Tqvens saflavebs vard-yvavili?

/ an ras gargebT mokvdav kacTa samudamo cremlTa frqveva?~); sik-

vdilis Semdgomi, aRTqmuli netareba – ~Sveba-sizmari~ ki ar arse-

bobs:

`yvavilni ar arian, arc Sveba-sizmaria!

axla ki samarea Seni gansasvenebi!~.

leqsis meeqvse strofSi avtors Semoaqvs apokalifsuri saxe–

simboloebi, rasac TvalSisacems xdis `ioanes gamocxadebis~ perif-

razi:

`vixile ca gaxsnili, da TeTri cxeni da misi mxedari iwode-

ba erTgulad da WeSmaritad, da simarTliT ganikiTxavs da ibrZvis.

misi Tvalebi cecxlis alsa hgavda (Sdr.: `cecxli ar krTis Tva-

lebSi~), mas Tavze mravali jiRa edga da zed ewera saxeli, rome-

lic mis metma aravin icis~ (gamocx. 19.11-12).

Sdr.: `romeli scnobs Sens saxes, an vin ityvis, Sens saxels?

vin gaigebs Sens Zaxils, Zaxils vin daijerebs~

variantebSia:

„vin gaigebs Sens saxels, saxels vin daijerebs~.

galaktionis apokalifsur xilvebs Tanamedrove istoriuli

qartexilebi ubamda mxars. pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisTanave


137

wers igi leqs ~gubes~ (1914 w.), sadac acxadebs:

~apokalifsis gadaimsxvra kldeebze cxeni...

gamoiRviZeT! Surisgeba aryevs niobas -

gadairRveva napirebi... da gadalekavs

Zvels, exla mainc daRupvis Rirss kacobriobas...~

amave Tematikas agrZelebs 1915 wels dawerili usaTauro

leqsi (`***geZebdi yvelgan~) da niSandoblivia, rom am leqsSic,

gansakuTrebiT, mis variantebSi, SeiniSneba ìoanes gamocxadebis~

reminiscenciebi:

`sanatrelia mZime taxtebi, raa imisTvis cecxlis gaCena,

lurja ocnebis sami mxedari vinc qaosebSi SemoaWena~.

bolo ori taepi avtografebSi sami variantiT gvxvdeba:

~amomaval mzis sami mxedari~*;

~apokalifsis mZafri mxedari vinc qaosebSi SemoaWena~;

~vin gaacofa lurja cxenebi vin qaosebze gadaaWena~.

bolo kiTxvasxvaobebi TvalnaTliv gvidastureben, rom lurja

cxenebis saxe-simbolo warmomavlobiT „ioanes gamocxadebis“ inter-

teqsts ukavSirdeba. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom galaktion-

Tan apokalifsuri saxeebi da simboloebi RmerTs ki ar miesadageba,

aramed „lurja cxenebis“ lirikul gmirs, romelic „Camavali mziT

nafer“ poeziis samyaros moevlina, rogorc àpokalifsis mZafri

mxedari“ da „axali RmerTi“ (Sdr.: „exla yvelafers... yvelafers

vqmni axali RmerTi“).

demiTologizebuli apokalifsuri simboloebia mocemuli

`lurja cxenebis~ meeqvse strofis bolo taepebSic:

`veravin ganugeSebs saocrebis ubeSi,

sZinavT bnel xveulebSi gamoucnob qimerebs!~.

qimerebis Sinaarsi naTelia. am sityvas galaktioni sesxulobs

zogadsimbolisturi sakvanZo sityvebis salarodan. rogorc i. ken-

WoSvili aRniSnavs, àxal poeziaSi~ qimeras gansakuTrebuli mniS-

vneloba hqonda mopovebuli. amis dasturia nervalis `qimerebi~,

poloneli modernistebis Jurnali `qimera~, misi qarTuli analogi

– Jurnali `faskunji~ da qarTuli poeziisa da xelovnebis urTi-

erT¬daaxloebis Taviseburi gamovlineba - `qimerioni~ (kenWoSvili

1999:158).

magram ras unda aRniSnavdes `saocrebis ube~? mkvlevarTa na-

wili am metaforas `saocnebo ubesTan~ aigivebs, rac, Cveni azriT,

dauSvebelia, radgan warmoudgenelia amgvar ubeSi adamiani unugeSo-

bas grZnobdes.

sityva `saocrebas~ galaktioni arqauli mniSvnelobiT iyenebs,

ris gaTvaliswinebac saSualebas gvaZlevs, CavwvdeT `saocrebis

ubis~ metaforul gaazrebas. saqme is aris, rom `saswauli~ da `sa-

ocreba~ Zvel qarTul enasa da saeklesio literaturaSi or, er-

ramaz xalvaSi

138

TmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebul movlenas aRniSnavda. „saswauli“

momdinareobda RvTisgan, xolo „saocreba“ (// „saucreba“) ukavSir-

deboda eSmaks:

„kurTxeul ars ufali RmerTi israჱlisaჲ, romelman yvis

saswauli mxoloman“ (fsal. 71.18).

„ჴeliTa mociqulTaჲTa iqmneboda saswaulebi da niSebi“ (saqme

5.12).

„eseviTarTa saswaulTa iqmoda qriste ჴeliTa netarisa gri-

golisiTa“ (`gr. xanZTelis cx.-ba~).

Sdr.: „saocrebasa mas kerpisasa ganicdida“ (`ninos cxovreba~);

„eSmaki... didsa saucrebasa cxadad da farulad hyofda“ (`gr.

xanZTelis cx.-ba~);

„gamouCnda saocari saxiTa sazarelisa guelisaჲTa“ (`axalni

saswaulni wm. giorgisni~).

amgvarad, `saswauli~ da `saocreba~ iseve arian gamijnulni

erTmaneTisgan, rogorc rusuli чудо da чудовище. swored es

aris arsebiTi galaktioniseul `saocrebis ubeSi~. poeti aq gulis-

xmobs gveleSapis, drakonis, ZvelqarTuli `saocaris~, `saocrebis~

da rusuli чудовище-s sazarel ubes, riTac es metafora mniSvne-

lobiT uaxlovdeba `qimeras~ – samTavian urCxuls, lomis Tavmker-

diT, gvelis kudiT da Txis taniT. am strofSi apokalifsuri

mxedris interteqsti (Sdr.: gamocx. 19) migvaniSnebs, rom ~lurja

cxenebis~ avtori upirispirdeba simaxinjis simbolistur kults,

`saocrebebisa~ da `qimerebis~ poezias:

„romeli scnobs Sens saxes, an vin ityvis, Sens saxels?

vin gaigebs Sens Zaxils, Zaxils vin daijerebs?

veravin ganugeSebs saocrebis ubeSi,

sZinavT bnel xveulebSi gamoucnob qimerebs!“

„samudamo mxare“ am strofSi warmogvidgeba, rogorc urCxu-

lis, „saocrebis ube“, sadac qreba yovelgvari nugeSi. sikvdilis

sauflos „bnel xveulebSi“ mZinare „gamoucnobi qimerebic“ mxolod

uimedobas aRZraven. esqatologiuri simbolikiT datvirTuli esTe-

tikuri brZola Tavis piks aRwevs da bibliuri interteqstis kva-

lad, leqsis momdevno strofi iwyeba triumfuli `SuqTa kamariT~,

romelic metaforulad galaktionis poetur sityvaSi elvarebs:

„mxolod SuqTa kamara veraferma dafara:

mSral ricxvebis amara udabnoSi Reldeba!“

gamoTqma `ricxvebis amara~ baraTaSviliseuli riTmis aluziaa

(i. kenWoSvili): „mxolod SuqTa kamara... mSral ricxvebis amara“,

Sdr.: ... bindi gadekra cisa kamaras, ... varskvlavi marto misa ama-

ras!“ (`SemoRameba mTawmindazed~).

`mSral ricxvebs~ neoplatonuri ideebis samyaroSi gadavya-

varT. „ricxvebis amara“ SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc `mxolod ric-


139

xvebis mqone~, riTac galaktioni migvaniSnebs Tavisi versifikaciis

srulyofilebaze (Sdr.: „aravin ruseTSi ise ar icis leqsis magia

da algebra, rogorc v. briusovma“ – t. tabiZe). poeti Tavadve mi-

uTiTebda, rom „lurja cxenebis“ forma „uaRresad musikaluri, ma-

namde ar arsebulia“.

niSandoblivia, rom „efemeraSi“ `mSrali ricxvebis~ metafora

„integralebad“ gardaiqmneba:

„leqsTa Sejibrebaze mxolod integralebi“.

galaktionis poeturi qnaris RvTaebrivi musika gaismis amqvey-

niuri `udabnos~ siCumeSi:

„mSral ricxvebis amara udabnoSi Reldeba!“

Sdr.: `CemTvis martoden udabnoa mTeli qveyana...

CemTvis martoden udabnoa Cemi samSoblo~ (~udabno~, 1914 w.);

`Cems samSobloSi me movvle mxolod

udabno lurjad naxaverdebi~ (`Tovli~, 1916 w.).

„lurja cxenebis“ bolo or strofSi galaktioni „savsebiT

misawvdomi mxatvrulad hipertrofirebuli saxe-simboloebiT lapa-

rakobs poeziis ukvdav bunebaze“ (6, 9). galaktionis poeziis wa-

ruvali „SuqTa kamaris“ winaSe uZluria sikvdili. maradiuli mxo-

lod lurja cxenebis rbolaa. maTi simaRlidan usuldgmulo dRee-

bis mdinareba aRar moCans, „SeSlili saxeebis ConCxian tyeebTan“

erTad qreba da qvesknelSi iZireba:

„SeSlili saxeebis ConCxiani tyeebiT

usuldgmulo dReebi Cndeba da qveskneldeba“.

„lurja cxenebis“ lirikuli gmiris sicocxlec da sikvdi-

lic („zeviT Tu samareSi“) simbolisturi poeziis iseTi niSniTaa

aRbeWdili, rogoricaa „wyevliT SeCveneba“. amiT galaktioni pol

verlenis „dawyevlili poetebis“ Temas exmianeba.

leqsis finalur strofSi samared qceuli kosmosis saxe–sim-

bolo transformacias ganicdis, nislis TareSi ukve lurja cxene-

bis qrolas imeorebs da galaktionis poeziis kosmiuri musika

„mxolod“ misTvis gankuTvnil sarbielze – „samudamo mxareSi“

mkvidrdeba, rogorc sicocxlis sikvdilze gamarjvebis maradiuli

dResaswauli:

„mxolod nislis TareSSi, samudamo mxareSi,

zeviT Tu samareSi, wyevliT SenaCvenebi,

rogorc zRvis xetiali, rogorc bedis triali,

Cqari grgvinva-grialiT hqrian lurja cxenebi!“

amgvari interteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRar aris gasakviri,

rom „efemeraSi“ galaktioni apokalifsuri „Zvirfasi TvlebiT mo-

pikeTebuli axali ierusalimis“ (gamocx. 21.10,11,19-21) analogiiT

qmnis „axali lalis karTagenebis“ mravlobiT metaforas. leqsis

lirikuli gmiris gza ki „zecaze weria“, riTac Cndeba herasadmi

ramaz xalvaSi

140

miZRvnili cnobili berZnuli miTis aluzia, nakarnaxevi sityva ga-

laqtikis (berZn. „rZis gza“) galaktionis saxelTan naTesaobiT:

`vwuxvar: erTaderTi var da zecaze sweria

Cemi gza da axali lalis karTagenebi~.

savaraudod, galaktions winaswar unda scodnoda „cisfer

yanwebSi“ misi leqsebis dabeWdvis Taobaze. metic, Cveni azriT,

„mTawmindis mTvaresa“ da „lurja cxenebze“ arCevani swored av-

tors unda SeeCerebina, radgan orive leqss aerTianebs poeturi

Sejibrebis Tema da am SejibrebaSi gamarjvebulad galaktioni Ta-

vis Tavs acxadebs.

literatura:

baraTaSvili 1969: baraTaSvili m., TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli,

Tb.

baraTaSvili 1968: baraTaSvili n., Txzulebani, p. ingoroyvas gamo-

cema, Tb.

benaSvili 1972: benaSvili d., galaktion tabiZe, Tb.

burWulaZe 1980: burWulaZe r., mxolod integralebi, Tb.

guramiSvili 1955: guramiSvili d., daviTiani, Tb.

kankava 1964: kankava g., literaturuli etiudebi, Tb.

kenWoSvili 1999: kenWoSvili i., galaktion tabiZis samyaroSi, Tb.

kveselava 1977: kveselava m., poeturi integralebi, Tb.

marsiani 2004: marsiani, galaktioni // galaktionologia, III, Tb.

nicSe 1993: nicSe f., ese ityoda zaratustra, Tb.

sigua 2002: sigua s., qarTuli modernizmi, Tb.

siraZe 2002: siraZe r., galaktionis «lurja cxenebi» da vasil

kandinskis «lurji mxedari» // Jurn. «omega», 2002, №2.

tabiZe 1966: tabiZe g., Txzulebani 12 tomad, I, Tb.

tabiZe 1975: tabiZe g., Txzulebani 12 tomad, XII, Tb.

tabiZe 2004: tabiZe g., fragmentebi // galaktionologia, III, Tb.

SaTiriSvili 2004: SaTiriSvili z., galaktionis poetika da rito-

rika, Tb.

xalvaSi 2002: xalvaSi r., „cxenTa Sejibrebis“ interteqsti qar-

Tul poeziaSi // baTumis saxelmwifo universitetis Sromebi,

IV (humanitarul mecnierebaTa seria).

xinTibiZe 1992: xinTibiZe a., galaktioni Tu cisferyanwelebi, Tb.

briusovi 1955: Брюсов В. Избранные сочинения. В двух томах. Том 1, М.

arqiteqtori. stu-s arqiteq-

turis fakultetis doq-

toranti.

ZiriTadi Sromebi: àrqiteq-

tura da xelisufleba~, àr-

qiteqturis semiologia~, `ca-

saxle~.

interesTa sfero: kulturo-

logia, lingvistika, litera-

tura.

k u l t u r i s s e m i o t i k a

daviT bostanaSvili

mniSvnelobis tvirTi

iqces simbolod, daamkvidros idea, gamosaxos raime

(mag.: imedi), aRZras asociaciebi _ mokled rom vTqvaT,

ataros, zidos, itvirTos (an: Seqmnas) mniSvneloba _

arqiteqturis mudmivad Tanmdevi zeamocanaa. Tavad es

azria Cveni werilis gansjis sagani. àqvs Tu ara arqi-

teqturas sakuTari ena?~ am problemis garkvevis sakiT-

xi daisva wina werilSi (`naS/enis prezentacia~ semioti-

ka 5, 2009). analizis obieqtad avirCieT taZari, kerZod

wminda samebis sakaTedro taZris sakonkurso proeqtebi-

dan (1990 w.) viqtor jorbenaZis1 varianti.

winamdebare werili erT-erTi Tavia momavali wignisa

àTi wigni arqiteq(s)turis Sesaxeb~ (avt. SoTa da da-

viT bostanaSvilebi).

1990 wlis 9 marts batoni nodar

mgalobliSvili (Tbilisis mTavari arqiteq-

tori) sapatriarqosadmi miweril werilSi

viqtor jorbenaZis `wminda samebis sakaTed-

ro taZris~ sakonkurso proeqts amgvarad

afasebs (fragmentebi): `[proeqti] Tavisi ar-

qiteqturuli gadawyvetiT pasuxobs dRevan-

del sulier moTxovnilebas da SesaZlebe-

lia iqces erisa da qveynis aRorZinebis da erTianobis simbolod~; ès qarTuli arqi-

teqturuli tipi zustad amkvidrebs erTia-nobis ideas~; `... saqarTvelos yvela mxaris

gaerTianebis imeds gamosaxavs, amave dros,

iqmneba garkveuli asociaciebi qarTuli mra-

valxmiani simRerisa da mravalmTiani peiza-

Jisa~ (xazgasma Cvenia _ d.b.).

1 viqtor jorbenaZe (1925-1999) _ cnobili qar-

Tveli arqiteqtori, Tbilisis ritualebis sasax-

lis, yvarelis ilia WavWavaZis muzeumis, muxaT-

gverdis nekropolisis da sxva nawarmoebebis avto-

ri.

daviT bostanaSvili

142

Tu naSens SeuZlia garkveuli mniSvnelobis SemoTavazeba, es

mniSvneloba niSanTa saxiT iqneba mocemuli, ufro zustad Cvens

winaSe garkveuli sintagma iqmneba. arqiteqturul sintagmaSi, sadac

mraval STabeWdilebasTan (formebi, sivrceebi, ferebi, masalebi, ga-

naTeba, masStabi, proporciebi, raodenobrivi kategoriebi) gvaqvs

saqme, problemaa mniSvneli erTeulebis gamoyofa (`daWra~), radgan

mniSvnelobis Seqmna swored danawevrebiT xdeba (artikulaciiT). es

sintagma imgvari mocemulobaa, sadac sazRvrebi, romlebic sintagma-

Si (niSanTa jaWvSi) erT niSans meorisgan hyofen, bundovania, gar-

damavalia; swored amgvar sintagmas SegviZlia vuwodoT rolan bar-

tis kvalobaze `usasrulo (uwyveti) teqsti~ (`texte sans fin~). magram `sakaTedro taZris~ viqtor jorbenaZiseuli versia

ara naSeni, aramed misi Canaweria, reprezentaciaa. swored proeqtis

niSnur sistemad (suraTebi, gegmebi, fasadebi, teqstebi) warmodge-

nili naSeni (Cvens SemTxvevaSi ganuxorcielebeli, `virtualuri~),

ukve artikulirebul (danawevrebul) realobas gvTavazobs; is aR-

weraa (diskretuli kodiT mocemuli) da Canaweria (analogiuri

SetyobinebiT mocemuli); am niSanTa sistemis analizi SesaZleblad

Cans (semiologiis mokle ganmartebac xom amgvaria _ mecniereba ni-

SanTa Sesaxeb).

amgvarad, proeqtis saxiT Cvens winaSea modeli*. Tavad av-

torma SemogvTavaza danawevrebis miseuli versia. is, Tu rogor

anawevrebs realobas subieqti (an _ ena), rogor gadaaqvs is niSan-

Ta diskretul sistemaSi (‘cifrul kodSi’) _ esec semiologiis

interesis sagania. ganxorcielebuli naSenis SemTxvevaSi, Cven Sev-

ZlebdiT modelis sxva versiis SemoTavazebas Cveneuli aRwerebis,

STabeWdilebebis, fotoebis mixedviT.

* `gageba gulisxmobs erTi tipis realobis reducirebas meo-

re tipad~ _ klod levi strosi miTis struqturis gamovlenisas,

mas ramdenime qmedebad anawevrebs, axdens mis reduqcias da Txrobis

magier miiReba aRwera. artefaqtis analizisTvis swored amgvari

aRweraa sasurveli. magram meore sakiTxia, rom Tavad amgvari aRwe-

ra SeiZleba ukve artefaqti iyos. Tu Senobis `aRsawerad~ fotog-

rafias viyenebT, Tavad is iqneba mxatvruli faqti da swored am

fotos poetika iqneba mTavari interesis sagani, rac garkveulwi-

lad, fotografirebul saganzec gavrceldeba.

pirveli sakiTxi swored aRweris garCevaa, ris Semdegac Se-

vecdebiT semiologiuri aparati mivusadagoT mas da davadginoT,

Tu ra saxis `diskursTan~ gvaqvs saqme _ simbolurTan, paradigma-

tulTan, sintagmaturTan*; sad gadis sazRvari kodsa da Setyobine-

bas** Soris; ra sintagmaturi erTeulebisgan (niSnebisgan) Sedgeba

mniSvnelobis tvirTi

143

kodi, ganvasxvavoT semantikuri mxare semantikurad inertuli nawi-

lebisgan da a.S.

* niSnis Sida mimarTeba (aRmniSvnel-aRsaniSni), erTi mxriv,

da meore mxriv, ori gare mimarTeba _ 1. sistemis danarCen (daus-

wrebel, virtualur) niSnebTan da 2. sintagmaSi mis gverdiT mdgom

niSnebTan _ misi sami saxis warmosaxvas qmnis: simbolurs, paradig-

matuls da sintagmaturs. am sami warmosaxvidan xan erTi iwevs

win, xan meore, xan mesame. simboluri (siRrmiseuli) cnobierebis-

Tvis damaxasiaTebeli dinamika formas da Sinaarss Soris ganaxle-

bis dinamikaa; paradigmatuli (formaluri) cnobierebisTvis _

garkveuli msgavsi da gansxvavebuli erTeulebis simravlidan erT

erTis gamoTxovis, arCevanis dinamikaa; sintagmaturi (funqcionalu-

ri) cnobierebisTvis niSandoblivi urTierTCanacvlebadi nawilebis

montaJis dinamikaa. swored maTi kombinirebis procesia azris da

sagnis qmnadoba [barti, 1962].

** Tu enaSi sasruli moculobis kodi usasrulo Setyobine-

bebis warmoqmnas xdis SesaZlebels, sxva sistemebSi es SeiZleba

ase ar iyos da ufro metic _ kodis da Setyobinebis faqtebis er-

TmaneTisgan garCeva gaWirdes. zogierT sistemaSi (mag.: arqiteqtu-

raSi) enas-kods esaWiroeba semantikurad inertuli materialuri

sayrdeni da gansxvavebadi nawili (varianti), romelic mniSvnelobas

xdis SesaZlebels [barti 1964].

v. jorbenaZis taZris proeqti. winxedi

Cvens statiaSi gamoviyenebT taZris or aRweras _ teqsturs

da grafikuls. nawyveti avtoris ganmartebiTi baraTidan:

daviT bostanaSvili

144

`taZris proeqtis SemuSavebisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT qarTuli

saeklesio xuroTmoZRvrebis mdidari tradiciebiT, centralur-gum-

baTovani taZrebis gumbaTTa wamyvani mniSvnelobiT, Tbilisis ekle-

siebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sverili afsidebiT da maTi rbili

plastikis gamoZaxiliT nariyalas galavnebTan, kalasa da avlabris

kedlis burjebze umtkivneulod mokalaTebuli aivnebis simravlee-

biT. taZris mxatvruli saxis SemuSavebisas angariSs vuwevdiT sa-

qarTveloSi amJamad Seqmnil viTarebas, roca mTavaria eris Zalebis

SeerTeba, misi nawilebis gaerTianeba. amitom taZris forma Seicavs

mTavar elements da daqvemdebarebul nawilebs. mTavari gumbaTi ba-

tonobs kompoziciaSi, romelic Seicavs saqarTvelos oTxi mxaris

eklesiaTa simboloebs _ oTx gumbaTs.~

Tavad avtori gvTavazobs misi proeqtis mTavar ideas _ sa-

qarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis eklesiebi (maTi transformirebuli

aslebi) erTi centris irgvliv gaerTiandnen. amgvarad arqiteqtura

warmodgenilia, rogorc raRacis (sasurveli realobis) reprezen-

tacia*. is amgvar analogias efuZneba: rogorc sxvadasxva kuTxis

saxasiaTo gansxvavebuli formebi dganan erTad, ise unda dadgnen

sxvadasxva kuTxis warmomadgenlebi. aq jadosnuri azrovneba SeiZ-

leba mogvagondes, sadac sagani (aq _ Senoba) Tilismad gvevlineba,

rodesac niSans marTlac aqvs Zala (socialur-politikur) realo-

baze. proeqtis ritorika im aRmniSvnelebis sivrcea, romelTa aRsa-

niSnic ideologiaa; aq ena asaxelebs arqiteqturis ideologiur

aRsaniSnebs.

* swored reprezentaciis, rogorc simulaciis kritikas,

gvTavazobs amerikeli arqiteqtori da Teoretikosi piter eizenmani

(1932): `rodesac aRar aris gansxvaveba reprezentaciasa da realo-

bas Soris; rodesac realoba mxolod simulaciaa, maSin reprezen-

tacia kargavs Tavis a priori mniSvnelobis wyaros, da isic simula-

ciad iqceva~ ... `reprezentaciis simulaciis Sedegi is aris, rom

arqiteqturuli elementebi reprezentaciul figurebad gadaiqcevi-

an da mniSvnelobis tvirTs zidaven~ ... `arqiteqturaSi figuras

mxolod erTi datvirTva aqvs: sagnis reprezentacia. arqiteqturu-

li figura yovelTvis cdilobs warmoadginos sxva sagani, arqiteq-

turuli, anTropomorfuli, bunebrivi Tu teqnologiuri~ [eizenma-

ni 1984].

amis sapirispirod, eizenmans Semoaqvs arqiteqturis iseTi ga-

geba, romelsac ar moixmar, ar aTvaliereb, aramed kiTxulob, ro-

gorc teqsts `rasac xedav _ materialur sagans _ teqstia da ara

sxva sagnebis an sxva mniSvnelobebis suraT-referenciebis seria~

[eizenmani 1984].

mniSvnelobis tvirTi

145

arqiteqturis, ritorikis da ideologiis mimarTebis ukeT ga-

mosaxatavad gamoviyenoT rolan bartis Semdegi sqema, romelic sam

dones gvTavazobs: (1) saqme gvaqvs realur sistemasTan _ taZris

proeqtTan, romelsac sakuTari aRmniSvnel-aRsaniSnebis (an: gamo-

xatvis da Sinaarsis) doneebi gaaCnia; (2) realuri sistemis aRmniS-

vnel-aRsaniSnebi Tavad gadaiqcevian aRsaniSnad, romlis aRmniSvneli

(aRweris, Caweris saxiT) aq enaa, romelic realuri sistemis (aq _

proeqtis) metaenaa; (3) Tavad metaenis aRmniSvnel-aRsaniSnis done

gadaiqceva aRmniSvnelad, romelsac ritorika SegviZlia vuwodoT

da mis aRsaniSns _ ideologia; saqme gvaqvs konotaciis donesTan.

3 konotacia aRmniSvneli:

ritorika

aRsaniSni:

ideolo-gia

2 denotacia: me-taena

aRmniSvneli aRsaniSni

1 namdvili siste-ma

aRmniSvneli | aRsaniSni

SesaZlebelia Tu ara am ritorikis miRma im aRsaniSnebis mo-

Zieba, rac mTlianad arqiteqturul diskursSi `jdeba~, sadac arqi-

teqtura sxvagan ar eZebs sakuTar mniSvnelobas? SesaZlebelia Tu

ara, aRvadginoT realuri sistema _ anu Tavad proeqtis sakuTari

aRmniSvnel-aRsaniSnebis done, swored is, rac arqiteqturul kods

gulisxmobs? amisTvis SeiZleba imis aRiareba mogvixdes, rom arqi-

teqtura araviTar mniSvnelobas ar gvTavazobs; rom misi aRsaniSne-

bis statusi imdenad bundovania, rom uwyvilod darCenili aRmniS-

vneli (gamoxatvis plani) niSans ver qmnis. magram es ar gamoric-

xavs imis SesaZleblobas, rom arqiteqtura niSnur procesad ganvi-

xiloT.

semiologiuri analizis mocemuli mcdeloba Seecdeba im ko-

dis (‘enis’) aRmoCenas, romelic safuZvlad udevs samebis taZris

sakonkurso proeqts. rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, am kods mTlianad fa-

ravs Sinaarsobrivi (ideologiuri) fena. am werilSi mxolod na-

wils gamoviyenebT konceptebis simravlidan, rac semiologiaSi

lingvistikis gavliT dagrovda.

Tu Cven mxolod avtoris teqsts daveyrdnobiT (da suraTSic

igive Setyobinebis Ziebas daviwyebT), maSin mTeli proeqtis Sejame-

ba amgvaria: saxezea sami simbolos Tavmoyra: galavani, gumbaTebi

(eklesiebi), gvirgvini. es Senoba suraTia _ sadac nacnob qarTul

peizaJs vxedavT _ galavans da mis SigniT Tavmoyril eklesiaTa

gumbaTebs. Tumca galavani sxva masaliTaa Sesrulebuli da misi si-

luetic da plastikac sxvagvaria. aseve sxvagvarad gamoiyurebian

minis gumbaTebi. gamoiwvia Tu ara masalebis cvlilebam simboloTa

daviT bostanaSvili

146

mniSvnelobis da saboloo Setyobinebis cvlileba? `Tanamedroveo-

bis~ aRmniSvnelma masalam _ minam _ albaT swored `ganaxlebis~

(politikuri, socialuri, kulturuli) konotacia Semata Setyobi-

nebas. magram rogorc qvemoT SevniSnavT, proeqtis Tanamedroved

yofnis mdgomareoba ar aris myari. SeiZleba es is magaliTi iyos,

rodesac `Tanamedrove masalebiT~ morTuli arqiteqtura Tanamed-

roveobis simulacias axdens. simboloTa (gumbaTTa) mniSvnelobis

cvlilebas rac Seexeba, aq erT saintereso movlenasTan gvaqvs saq-

me: gumbaTi, rogorc cis kamaris simbolo, taZris interierSi xSi-

rad moxatulia da warmogvidgens zecas. rodesac viqtor jorbena-

Zis proeqtSi gumbaTebma gamWvirvaloba SeiZines, isini gviCveneben

(simbolurad) ara im zecas, aramed cas (realurad); ara kulturis

cas, aramed _ bunebis.

mesame simbolo wina orisgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom is ar mo-

iZieba arqiteqturul ‘leqsikonSi’ _ is gvirgvinia, gadidebul mas-

StabSi, romlis mfarvelobis qveSac imyofeba galavniT daculi, ga-

erTianebuli, ganaxlebuli qveyana. simboloTa amgvari Tavmoyraa

`qarTlis deda~, romelic Tbiliss gadmohyurebs; sami simbolo (qa-

li-deda, xmali da Tasi) amgvar verbalur uwyebad warmodgeba: sam-

Soblo mters xmliT, xolo stumars RviniT umaspinZldeba. Setyo-

binebis advil wakiTxvadobas, gagebadobas farTod misawvdom kodebs

(broadcast codes) popularuli kultura yvelaze aqtiurad iyenebs

imisTvis, rom Setyobinebaze erTi mniSvneloba gabatondes da ar

daemorCilos interpretaciul wakiTxvebs.

aris Tu ara naSTi arqiteqturas (Zegls) da enobriv Setyo-

binebas Soris? Tu `qarTlis dedis~ magaliTze am gansxvavebas ver

vipoviT, viqtor jorbenaZis proeqtSi rCeba is zedmeti, ris gamoc

arqiteqtura arqiteqturaa da ara verbalurad gamoTqmuli ideale-

bis ilustracia, (Tundac iseTi ide(al)ebis, rogoricaa `zeswraf-

va~ da misT.).

SeuZliaT Tu ara simboloebs sintaqsur urTierTobebSi Ses-

vla, Tu isini mxolod erTmaneTis gverdze dgomiT qmnian Setyobi-

nebas _ ara sintaqsiT, aramed parataqsiT. wminda samebis taZris

proeqtis reprezentaciuli Setyobineba _ mSobliuri peizaJi, rom-

lis Tavzec gvirgvini ilandeba _ emorCileba im kompoziciur we-

sebs, ris gamoc proeqtSi mZlavrobs taZruloba: Cvens mier CamoT-

vlili simboloebis _ gumbaTi, galavani, gvirgvini _ urTierTgan-

lageba emorCileba kompoziciur wyobas: saxezea simetria, bizanti-

uri taZrebisTvis arsebiTi piramiduli vertikaluri ganviTareba,

moculobebis erTi centris garSemo Tavmoyra da maTi jvrul geg-

maze ganlageba. Tavad proeqtis fasadebi da gegmebi emorCilebian

wre-kvadratis kombinaciebs. ra Sedegs gamoiRebda am sami simbolos

sxvanairi dalageba? Seicvleboda Tu ara Setyobinebis mniSvneloba?

mniSvnelobis tvirTi

147

qarTlis dedis magaliTze SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom sami simbolos

swored aseTi ganlageba iZleva zemoTmoyvanil Setyobinebas; Tu Ta-

si da xmali figurasTan mimarTebiT sxva adgilas aRmoCndeba, sru-

liad sxva SetyobinebasTan gveqneba saqme.

teqsti gveubneba erT rames da am teqstis semiologiuri Se-

jameba amgvaria: es proeqti-suraTia ramdenime metaforuli repre-

zentaciiT. is sxva mniSvnelobebis suraT-referenciebis seriaa.

TeTri, plastiuri kedlebi amavdroulad kedlis (galavnis) meta-

foraa*; minis gumbaTebi amavdroulad gumbaTebis (saqarTvelos

sxvadasxva kuTxis eklesiebis) metaforaa; karkasuli gumbaTi, ro-

melic minis mTavari gumbaTis gumbaTia _ gvirgvinis metaforad

warmodgeba.

* nebismieri kedeli, asrulebs ra erT da imave funqcias, erT

paradigmatul vels miekuTvneba; magram, gansxvavebiT im kedlisgan,

romelic rezidencias, agaraks d.a.S. gars akravs, nariyalas, ananu-

ris, sveticxovlis galavani, icavs ra taZars, qalaqs, ufro did

konotaciebs iZens Cveulebrivi kedlis mimarT da simbolurobisken

miiwevs; aRvniSnoT, rom am SemTxvevaSi `dacvis~, `dafarvis~ kono-

taciebi (`gaerTianeba~, `daculi samSoblo~) ufro mniSvnelovani

xdeba vidre is, marTla icavs Tu ara galavani nariyalas (utili-

taruli denotaciebi). viqtor jorbenaZis proeqtSi TeTri plasti-

uri kedlebi, minis gumbaTebs rom Semoxvevian, ara mxolod vizua-

luri gamoZaxilia nariyalas galavnis; es kedeli, rogorc niSani,

Tavis aRsaniSns (denotaciis done _ `SemomzRudavi konstruqcia~)

Caanacvlebs meore niSnis (nariyalas galavani) aRsaniSniT, romlis

konotacia, rogorc vTqviT gacilebiT farTea. aseTnair gadasvlas

(rodesac erTi niSnis aRmniSvneli meore niSnis aRsaniSns iRebs)

metafora ewodeba. amgvarad, farTo konotaciebiT datvirTuli me-

tafora ukve ara imdenad niSani, ramdenadac simboloa.

rodesac win iwevs niSnis Sida mimarTebebi (aRmniSvnel-aRsa-

niSni), da formis (zedapiris) siRrmiseuli mimarTebis gancda mra-

valsaxian, uZiro SinaarsTan, saxezea simboluri cnobiereba [barti

1962]. bartis Tanaxmad, amgvari cnobierebidan paradigmatul cnobi-

erebaze gadasvliT SeiZleba davaxasiaToT struqturalizmi (da

albaT, modernizmi). simbolos jadosnuri Zalis rwmena, analogiaze

dafuZnebuli kompozicia, Sinaarsis (ideologiis) reprezentacia is

maxasiaTeblebia, romlebic am proeqts ara-Tanamedrove statuss

aniWeben.

zemoT moyvanili gansja, romelmac gvaCvena, rom proeqti ama

da am simboloebis Tavmoyraa, romlebic niSnavs amas da amas da ma-

Ti kombinacia iZleva amgvar ‘Sinaarss’, ver CaiTvleba semiologiur

cdad. semiologias ainteresebs ara imdenad is, Tu ras niSnavs,

daviT bostanaSvili

148

aramed is, Tu rogor niSnavs. (am SekiTxvas Cven nawilobriv gave-

ciT pasuxi zemoT, rodesac proeqtis teqsturi nawilidan gamomdi-

nare ganvacxadeT, rom saqme gvaqvs simbolur `diskursTan~). Cveni

analizisTvis unda gavagrZeloT ara ukve gacxadebuli da amocnoba-

di simboloebis, aramed kodis Zieba.

rogorc dasawyisSi aRvniSneT, taZari (obieqti, realuri sis-

tema) `usasrulo teqstia~ da verbaluri aRwera (metaena) am teq-

stis erTi danawevrebis variants iZleva. vidre analizs daviwyeb-

deT, vTqvaT, Tu ra aRqmad raobas gvTavazobs gegma (yuradReba ga-

davitanoT masze). am mxriv sainteresoa is ormagoba, rasac gegmis

naxatSi gavarCevT. imisda mixedviT, Tu ras aRviqvamT fonad da wi-

na planad, Cven xan jvars davinaxavT, xan yvavilismagvar ornaments.

sainteresoa, rom Tavad avtori, verbalur aRweraSi jvars gamo-

yofs da ara meore niSans: `jvris mklavebs Soris moqceuli ova-

luri formis gumbaTovani darbazebi~. is, rom taZars jvari udevs

safuZvlad, es mosalodnelia; magram, amavdroulad, aRsaniSnavia mi-

si ormagi aRqma.

v. jorbenaZis taZris gegma taZris gegmis ormagi aRqmadoba

am perceptiuli cdis Semdeg SevecadoT, gamartivebis opera-

ciebiT _ romlebic movlenis erTi xedvis wertilidan danaxvis sa-

Sualebas mogvcems _ SevqmnaT taZris gegmis modeli _ struqtura;

swored modelad warmodgenili struqtura SeiZleba iyos is kodi,

romelic safuZvlad udevs mocemuli Setyobinebis formirebas (geg-

mis, sivrculi ganawilebis doneze). Tumca, SeiZleba aRmoCndes,

rom saqme gvaqvs ara kodTan, aramed mxolod niSanTa (figuraTa)

repertuarTan.

Cvens mier SemoTavazebul modelSi ukve vxedavT diskretul

erTeulebs _ figurebs. mocemuli sintagmis paradigmatuli veli

mxolod erTi figurisgan Sedgeba _ wrisgan. paradigmatuli velis

wevrebi erTmaneTTan opoziciaSi arian; Cven SemTxvevaSi wreebi er-

TmaneTTan zomiT dganan opoziciaSi. aq modelTan gvaqvs saqme; pro-

eqtSi (asaSenebeli obieqtis Canaweri) es wreebi gadaiqcnen kedle-

bad, gumbaTis yelad, Riobad, isini iqcevian naxevarwreebad (abside-

mniSvnelobis tvirTi

149

bad) da erTmaneTTan amgvar opoziciaSi Sedian: gamozneqili / Sez-

neqili. swored amas aRniSnavs avtori Tavis baraTSi: `Tbilisis ek-

lesiebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Sverili afsidebiT da maTi rbili

plastikis gamoZaxiliT nariyalas galavnebTan~. modelSi mxolod

xazebTan gvaqvs saqme. amitom opozicia aRmoCndeba mxolod wris

sxvadasxva zomebSi.

aRvniSnoT, rom mocemul models SeuZlia sxvagvari sintagmis

mocema. aq warmodgenilia organzomilebiani kompozicia, romlis

samganzomilebiani ganxorcielebac sxva arqiteqturul saxes mog-

vcemda, Tumc paradigmatuli erTeulebis repertuari da konfigu-

racia igivea.

1. modeli; 2. proeqtis versia; 3. varianti

modeli-struqtura geometriulia da is safuZvlad SeiZleba

daedos ara mxolod arqiteqturas, aramed grafikul kompozicia-

sac; umberto ekos mier dasmuli problema, rom arqiteqturas ar

aqvs sakuTari kodi, aq kargad Cans.

zemoT moyvanili qmedebis Sedegad _ rodesac proeqtidan

mxolod ramdenime ganmeorebadi elementi davtoveT (SevadgineT pa-

radigmatuli veli) da maTi saSualebiT sxva obieqti avageT _ mi-

viReT kompozicia. r. barti niSnuri procesis amgvar warmosaxvas

uwodebs paradigmatuls, formalurs. aq wre gansxvavebadi erTeu-

lia _ figuraa da ara mniSvneli erTeuli _ niSani, miTumetes,

simbolo. magram Tu SevxedavT sintagmas, da davinteresdebiT, ra-

tom aris is amnairi (igulisxmeba mkacri wesrigi, simetria, cen-

tris xazgasma), davinaxavT, rom moqmedi kodi tipologiur-funqci-

uri da konfesiur-simboluria.

upirveles yovlisa, kvlav wina planze iwevs jvruli para-

taqsi. swored es ideologiuri centri ayalibebs am sintagmas. meo-

re _ kompozicia (wesisamebr) aris TeTr fonze, uorientacio, ase-

mantikur garemoSi mocemuli da Tavadac daclilia semantikisgan

(mag., pit mondrianis kompoziciebi). taZrad ganxorcielebul mo-

dels uCndeba orientacia _ is ganlagebulia qveynis mxareebis (ro-

daviT bostanaSvili

150

melTac sakuTari semantika axlavT) mimarT garkveuli wesiT. mesame

_ avtori zustad aRwers Tu sad ra moxatuloba, mozaika unda

ganlagdes (konfesiuri kodi). amas emateba wmindanebisTvis miZRvni-

li oTxi niSa. da bolos, yvelaze mTavari _ is taZris funqciona-

lur agebulebas emorCileba, sadac TiToeuli nawili im funqcias

asrulebs, romelsac taZris tipologia moiTxovs. amgvarad, erTi

SexedviT asemantikuri kompoziciis semantizacia xdeba. masze Tav-

smoxveulia ramdenime kodi sakuTari Zlieri konotaciebiT: taZris

funqcia, jvari, orientacia, moxatuloba. amgvarad saxeze gvaqvs

ara abstraqtuli modeli-kompozicia, aramed `sakraluri toposis

ruka~. wreebi aRar arian erTmaneTTan opoziciaSi myofi gansxvave-

badi erTeulebi, figurebi; isini moniSnaven sxvadasxva semantikis

mqone sakralur adgils (absida, sakurTxeveli, gumbaTqveSa sivrce,

Wa-oqtagoni, bibliuri scenebis gamosaxulebebi, wmindanebisTvis

miZRvnili niSebi da a.S.). es sqemis saxiT amgvarad SegviZlia war-

movidginoT:

mniSvnelobis tvirTi

151

erTi SexedviT, mocemuli struqtura-kodi arqiteqturis ga-

redanaa mocemuli. es kodi arqiteqturas sakuTari mniSvnelobebis

formirebisTvis iyenebs; homogenuri (erTgvarovani da uorientiro)

sivrce jer unda danawevrdes da mere Seivsos kodiT gaTvaliswine-

buli mniSvnelobebiT, is unda moiniSnos da adgilad gadaiqces (ad-

gilis Seqmna ki arqiteqturis mTavari saqmea).

arqiteqturaSi aRmniSvnel-aRsaniSnis asocireba (semantika)

TiTqmis yovelTvis sxva sistemis (enis) saSualebiT xdeba. arqiteq-

turis `mkiTxvelnic~ Tavisufalni arian, raTa sxvadasxva mniSvne-

lobiT (da funqciiTac) Seavson forma (pragmatika). magram am aRsa-

niSnebis aRmniSvnelebs mxolod arqiteqtura qmnis (semiurgia*),

awesrigebs da marTavs (sintaqsi).

* mixeil epSteinis SemoTavazebuli mimarTuleba _ semiurgia

_ interesdeba axali niSnebis SeqmniT _ niSanTSemoqmedebiT.

(`naS/enis prezentacia~. semiotika 5, 2009).

SevyovndeT gegmaze, da amjerad yuradReba mivaqcioT im

faqts, rom taZari mravalabsidiania. Tavad batoni viqtori, aseve,

batoni nodar mgalobliSvili, proeqtis umTavres Tvisebad im sin-

taqsuri, tipologiuri kodebis CarTvas miiCneven, romlebic mrava-

li saukunis win Camoyalibda. mravalabsidiani kompozicia ki erT-

erTi aseTi uZvelesi kodia. saqarTveloSi misi gamovlenis erT-er-

Ti uZvelesi magaliTia mcxeTaSi, 1996 w. gamovlenili armazcixis

(bagineTi) warmarTuli eqvsabsidiani taZari. mraval absidiani nage-

bobebi ax. w. me-2 saukunidan romis imperiis sivrceSi farTod

vrceldeba, rogorc imperator adrianes arqiteqturuli stili

(yifiani 2005). qristianobis gavrcelebis pirvel wlebSi, sanam

mowveuli RvTismsaxurni da ostatebi kanonikur normebs da qris-

tianul xuroTmoZRvrul koncefciebs gaavrcelebdnen, adreuli

taZrebi eyrdnoboda warmarTul sqemebs. eqvsabsidiani taZrebis

tradicia saqarTveloSi xangrZlivi drois manZilze moqmedebda da

Cveni qveyana maTi simravliT gamoirCeva: `gogiuba, kiaRmis alTi,

boWorma, kacxi da maTi modifikaciebi _ nikorwminda da kumurdo~

(yifiani 2005).

daviT bostanaSvili

152

1. gogiuba, 2. kiaRmis alTi, 3. boWorma, 4. kacxi, 5. nikorwminda, 6.

kumurdo (yifiani 2005)

xsovnis aRdgena _ amgvarad axasiaTebs umberto eko Zveli ri-

torikis da ideologiis aRorZinebas. igi im didi ritorikis nawi-

lia, romelic TanaaRniSnavs da romelsac marTavs `Tanamedroveo-

bis~ ideologia; is SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc warsulis Ri-

rebulebebisadmi tolerantuli damokidebuleba. es ideologia sa-

Sualebas gvaZlevs, wavikiTxoT formebi raime konkretuli ideo-

logiisgan Tavisuflad (asea es Tu ara `samebis sakaTedro taZris~

SemTxvevaSi, sxva sakiTxia); Zveli ideologiebi ufro wakiTxvis

Sifris rols asruleben; es wakiTxva aRar aris informatiuli,

radgan yvela mniSvneloba ukve aTvisebulia, winaswargacxadebulia,

aprobirebulia [eko 2004, 284].

momxiblavia imis fiqri, rom `samebis sakaTedro taZarze~ ar-

qiteqtoris muSaobas amgvari refleqsia axlda Tan; qarTul war-

marTul eqvsabsidian taZarSi, romaulisgan gansxvavebiT, SuaSi

Cndeba sveti; amgvarad, momxiblavia imis fiqri, rom `samebis saka-

Tedro taZarSi~ swored am svetis kvali SeimCneva _ Wis saxiT

(`centraluri gumbaTis qveS mdebareobs Wa _ oqtagoniT, romelSic

dgas sveti _ reliqvariumiT~). aseve momxiblavia imis aRniSvna,

rom warmarTul tradiciaSi Casaxuli, adreqristianobaSi gavrce-

lebuli da XXI saukunis taZarSi kvlavmoqmedi arqiteqturuli

kodi avtonomiuri sistemaa da ar emorCileba Sinaarsis (ideolo-

giur) cvlilebebs da sxva mniSvnelobebs. `istoria acarielebs da

kvlav avsebs formebs, arTmevs mniSvnelobebs da axali azrebiT av-

sebs maT~ [eko 2004, 285], da `semiologiac ar varaudobs sabo-

loo mniSvnelobebis arsebobas~ [barti 1964]; iqneb, arqiteqturu-

li forma mxolod sakuTari istoriis erTgulia?

bolos, SevxedoT fasads _ ras `gveubneba~ is? mravalplania-

ni, mravalnawiliani Senobis proeqtis fasadur warmodgenaze mono-

liTuroba, centrulobaa gabatonebuli. fasadi, rogorc analogu-

ri, ikonuri Canaweri, miiswrafis suraTobisken. suraTis Tvaliere-

bisas Znelia warmoidgino idealuri mnaxveli da aRniSno, Tu raze

SeCerdeba mzera, ra darCeba mis miRma, an rasTan msgavsebebs gamoiw-

mniSvnelobis tvirTi

153

vevs is. yoveli mnaxveli sakuTar bades daadebs mas da yoveli da-

naxva gansxvavebuli iqneba.

erT-erTi amgvari danaxva yuradRebas miaqcevs mravalgumbaTia-

nobas; dakvirvebisas gamoCndeba, rom yoveli gumbaTi meorisgan gan-

sxvavebulia; isev unda moviSvelioT avtoris ganmartebiTi baraTi

da vTqvaT, rom gansxvavebuli gumbaTebi msgavsia saqarTvelos sxva-

dasxva eklesiis gumbaTebisa. axali niSnebis Seqmnis nacvlad saxe-

zea damkvidrebuli niSnebis garkveuli `montaJi~ metaforuli Set-

yobinebis miRebis mizniT. SegviZlia mas vuwodoT montaJi, romelic

Tavis mxriv dakavSirebulia niSnis sintagmatur warmosaxvasTan?

daZleulia Tu ara amgvari `TamaSiT~ simboluroba? amis gasarkve-

vad movixmoT cnobili struqturalisturi termini _ brikolaJi.

brikolaJi aris ara teqnikurad gamarTlebuli da mizanSewonili

meTodi, aramed iseTi `dialogi masalebTan da saSualebebTan, sadac

saSualebas Tavad SeuZlia SemogvTavazos meTodi da sawyisi mizani

gaauqmos~ [levi-strosi 1974, 29]. swored sawyisis da miznis* ka-

tegoriebis aSkara momZlavrebis gamo SeuZlebelia visaubroT mon-

taJze. aseve SeuZlebelia TamaSze saubari, romelic aris `TviTmiz-

nuri qmedeba, _ qmedeba romelic ar aris gansazRvruli an gamar-

Tlebuli raime misTvis garegani viTarebiT~ [nodia 1987].

viqtor jorbenaZis proeqtis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara moZ-

ravi nawilebis montaJTan, rac Tavad qmnis azrs, aramed ukve wi-

naswar Seqmnili azris (ideologia) simbolur gadmocemasTan, sadac

arqiteqtura sxva mizezis Sedegia.

* sawyisis (wyaro) da dasasrulis (mizani) konceptebSi daeW-

vebaa p. eizenmanis statiis erT-erTi sakiTxi, romelic 1984 wli-

Taa daTariRebuli; viqtor jorbenaZis proeqtis Seqmnis TariRic

80-iani wlebia, magram es sxva, paraleluri droa.

es werilic erTgvar brikolaJs daemsgavsa; aq ar ikiTxeba

sawyisi (da) mizani, mTavari azri, romelic avtors winaswar aqvs

da sadac teqsti am azris gaformebas emorCileba. swored u. ekos,

r. bartis, p. eizenmanis da sxvaTa ukve-azrebis Tavisufali monta-

Jis procesi iyo Tavad azris Zieba.

literatura

barti 1962: Барт Р. Воображение знака, // Избранные работы, gv. 246-

252. Москва: Прогресс, 1989

barti 1964: Barthes R. Éléments de Sémiologie, // Communications 4, pp. 91-135

eko 2004: Эко У. Отсутвующая структура. Санкт-Петербург: Simpo-sium. 2004.

daviT bostanaSvili

154

eizenmani 1984: Eisenman P. The end of the classical: the end of the beginning, the end of the end. // Architecture theory since 1968, pp. 522 _ 539. Cambridge: MIT Press 2000

yifiani 2005: yifiani g. armazcixis ukanaskneli warmarTuli taZa-

ri, // qarTuli arqiteqturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxe-

bi, pp. 11 _ 35. Tbilisi: stu 2005.

nodia 1987: nodia g. TamaSis cneba kulturis filosofiaSi. Tbi-

lisi: mecniereba. 1987

levi-strosi 1974: Lévi-Strauss, Claude ([1962] 1974): The Savage Mind. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson // http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/S4B/sem01.html


nicSes wakiTxvis paradigmaTa

konfliqti dasavlur

azrovnebaSi

saubris dasawyisSi davazusteb ramde-

nime cnebas, romlebiTac unda vixelmZRvane-

loT. pirvel rigSi imas, Tu ras niSnavs

nicSes wakiTxvis paradigmaTa konfliqti.

f.nicSes filosofiis interpretacia mrava-

lia rogorc saqarTveloSi, ise evropasa da

amerikaSi, magram nicSes wakiTxvis paradig-

maSi igulisxmeba nicSes iseT interpretaci-

aTa erToblioba, romelic qmnis erT sain-

terprertacio models da romelmac didi

gavlena moaxdina evropul azrovnebaze,

mniSvnelovani kvali daatyo nicSelogiis

Semdgomi ganviTarebis istorias.

nicSes wakiTxvis paradigmaSi vgulis-

xmobT ramdenime moazrovnis naazrevis erTi-

anobas. SegviZlia, ramdenime avtori gavam-

TlianoT erT sainterpretacio modelSi,

romlebic qmnian erT mTlian saxes. nicSes

saxeebi anu misi wakiTxvis paradigmebi is-

toriis manZilze gamudmebiT ebrZodnen er-

TmaneTs. iyo maT Soris konkurencia, mudmivi

konfliqti, romelic erTis an meoris ga-

marjvebiT sruldeboda. igive xdeboda nebis-

mieri evropuli masStabis avtoris SemTxve-

vaSi.

meore, rac saWiroa gaviazroT, aris

nicSelogiis aqtualuri arealis gageba,

romelic vlindeba filosofiis istoriis

sxvadasxva etapze. azrovnebis istoriis yo-

vel momentSi arsebobs aqtualur sakiTxTa

dasmisa da gadaWris mimarTulebebi, xerxebi

da paradigmatuli azrovnebis modelebi,

romlebic gansazRvravs im drois kultu-

rul-inteleqtualur samyaros. Semdeg ic-

vleba es areali da ukve sxva Tematuri mi-

filosofiis mecnierebaTa

doqtori. iakob gogebaSvi-

lis saxelobis Telavis sa-


asistent-profesori.

monografiebi: `nicSe: fi-

losofiis `kulisebi~ da si-

mulaciebi~ Tbilisi 2005;

`qarTuli socialuri manqa-

na~ Tbilisi universali

2009.

interesTa sfero: filoso-

fia, politologia, publi-

cistika, kritika, kultu-

rologia, literatura, po-

ezia, vizualuri xelovneba.


156

marTulebebi, sakiTxTa dasmis sxva xerxebi da modelebi xdeba gan-

msazRvreli. ase iyo nicSelogiis istoriaSic. saukunis ganmavloba-

Si nicSelogiis aqtualuri areali droTa ganmavlobaSi icvleboda.

imisaTvis, rom pasuxobdes Tanamedroveobis „standartebs~, Tanamed-

rove samyaros inteleqtualur `normebs~, nawarmoebi unda iyos

Sesrulebuli azrovnebis ganviTarebis im momentis aqtualur are-

alSi. istoriis manZilze nicSes sxvadasxva saxe-paradigma Seiqmna.

arsebobda epoqebi roca erTdroulad ori, sami saxe iyo gabatone-

buli. nicSes wakiTxvis es paradigmebi yovelTvis erTmaneTs upi-

rispirdebodnen Sinagani, faruli an Ria dapirispirebiT. nicSes sa-

xe-paradigmebs Soris konfliqti erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli iyo im-

droindeli nicSelogiis sakiTxTa aqtualuri arealis ragvarobisa.

amiT ifargleboda imdroindeli nicSelogia. magram droTa ganmav-

lobaSi es procesi grZeldeboda – wakiTxvis romeliRac paradigma

marcxdeboda an imarjvebda. SesaZlebeli iyo am brZolaSi sruliad

sxva, axali paradigma dabadebuliyo. es yovelive gansazRvravda

nicSelogiis aqtualur sakiTxTa arealis farglebs da mis cvli-

lebebs.

me–19 saukunis bolodan iwyeba evropuli nicSelogia, ro-

gorc filosofiis mimarTuleba, romelic dRemde agrZelebs arse-

bobas. unda aRiniSnos, rom rac ufro win mivdivarT, rac met sain-

terpretacio modelebs vxvdebiT, miT ufro vuaxlovdebiT nicSes

filosofiis adekvatur aRqmas, romelic, albaT, gamoricxavs sabo-

loo wertils _ avTentur nicSesTan misvlas.

bolo cneba, romelic unda gaviazroT, aris inteleqtualuri

anaqronizmis cneba. radganac nicSes wakiTxvis paradigmebi yovel-

Tvis ebrZvian erTmaneTs da Sedegad amisa, gadavdivarT nicSelogiis

ganviTarebis axal etapze _ ispoba Zveli da Cndeba axali wakiTxva

_ aqedan gamomdinare, nicSelogiaSi, iseve rogorc nebismier sxva

inteleqtualur saqmianobaSi, gvaqvs anaqronizmis cnebac – anaqro-

nizmiT xasiaTdeba nawarmoebi, romelic ar aris Tanamedrove nicSe-

logiis mentalur doneze Sesrulebuli, ar ukavSirdeba am momen-

tis nicSelogiis aqtualur sakiTxTa areals da warmoadgens ubra-

lod furcelze daweril wigns, statias an werils, romelic mxo-

lod istoriis usargeblo arqivis sakuTreba gaxdeba. magaliTad,

Tanamedrove germaniaSic SeiZleba daiweros nicSes anaqronistuli

gaazreba. SeiZleba daiweros nicSes qristianuli gaazrebebi, hyav-

des mkiTxvelic, magram igi mainc istoriaSi ukve ganvlil da didi

xnis gadaxarSul paradigmas gaimeorebs. anaqronistuli Sromebis

nakli marto is ki ar aris, rom is nicSelogiis ganviTarebis ma-

gistralur xazSi ver Tavsdeba, aramed is, rom ver gaxdeba momav-

lis novatoruli ideebis wyaro. novatoruli ideebis wyaro mxo-

lod is nawarmoebia, romelic mocemul momentSi nicSelogiis aq-

nicSes wakiTxvis paradigmaTa konfliqti dasavlur azrovnebaSi

157

tualur arealSia da `Signidan~ cdilobs am arealis gadalaxvas.

mxolod amdagvari sainterpretacio strategiiTaa SesaZlebeli gan-

viTareba, axali ideebis generacia da nicSelogiis axal etapze ga-

dasvla.

nicSes saxeTa konfliqtis ganxilvisas sibrtye, romelic min-

da SemogTavazoT da romliTac vifarglebiT amjerad, aris nicSes

filosofiisa da metafizikis urTierTmimarTebis sibrtye, romelic

dasawyisidan dRemde mudmivi yuradRebis epicentrSi iyo.

daviwyoT ramdenime martivi debulebiT: ras niSnavs metafizi-

ka? es termini momdinareobs aristoteledan – „meta~ niSnavs Sem-

dgoms, anu aq _ fizikis Semdgom sinamdviles. filosofiis isto-

riaSi ori nakadi yovelTvis upirispirdeboda erTmaneTs. pirveli

gveubneboda, rom ar arsebobs araviTari miRma sinamdvile, rom Cven

SevimecnebT grZnobadi aRqmebiT, da mis miRma ar arsebobs araferi.

es aris fenomenalisturi xazi. meore midgoma iyo metafizikuri

midgoma, romelic Tvlida, rom samyaros miRma aris WeSmariti, ma-

radiuli samyaro, miRma sinamdvile, zeaRmatebuli materialur-fe-

nomenalur samyaroze. 1890 wlidan, rodesac nicSe SeiSala, nicSes

filosofiaSi iwyeba am sakiTxze kamaTi, saubroben: aris nicSe me-

tafizikosi, Tu igi ufro fenomenalistia, romelic yovelgvar

miRmurs gamoricxavs. filosofosebi dRemde kamaToben am Temaze.

dasawyisSi (1900 wlidan 1930 wlamde) gamoikveTa nicSes wa-

kiTxvis ori saxe-paradigma. erTi ekuTvnis hans faihingers, germa-

nel moazrovnes, misi wigni _ `nicSe rogorc filosofosi~ (1902

weli), aseve georg zimelis _ `modernizebuli zneoba~ (1905 we-

li), faSistur germaniaSi mcxovrebi boimleris da sxva moazrovne-

ebis naSromebi, ayalibebdnen nicSes, rogorc metafizikosis, saxes.

h.faihingerTan Zalauflebis neba aris principi, romelic samyaros

metafizikuri arsia. faihingeri ambobs, rom nicSem Zalauflebis ne-

ba aiRo artur Sopenhaueris filosofiidan. SopenhauerTan neba si-

cocxlis nebaa, igi aris miswrafeba arsebobisaken. nicSem ki Tqva,

rom sicocxle ar aris marto arsebobisaken miswrafeba, sicocxle

miiswrafis Zalauflebisaken, ganviTarebisaken, sxvisi damorCilebi-

saken, dapyrobisaken. es iyo nicSes filosofiis tradiciuli meta-

fizikuri wakiTxva.

amave periodSi Seiqmna nicSes sruliad sawinaaRmdego saxe-pa-

radigma – nicSe rogorc fenomenalisti. alfred fulie, frangi

filosofosi („nicSe da imoralizmi~, 1902 weli), Tvlis rom Za-

lauflebis nebaSi nicSe ar gulisxmobda movlenebis miRma metafi-

zikur arss. igi amtkicebda, rom Zalauflebis neba aris amqveyniuri

movlena, romelic axasiaTebs yovel cocxal organizms da am mov-

lenas ara aqvs imqveyniuri Ziri.


158

amgvarad, saukunis dasawyisSi nicSes filosofiis sainterpre-

tacio „qselSi~ misi wakiTxvis ori saxe-paradigma gamovlinda –

nicSe, rogorc metafizikosi da nicSe, rogorc fenomenalisti. es

ori paradigma, bunebrivia, ewinaaRmdegeboda erTmaneTs.

magram amave dros, maT Soris arsebobda, ase vTqvaT, zomieri

poziciac. aq SeiZleba davasaxeloT frangi filosofosi aloiz ri-

li, romelmac 1897 wels dawera wigni _ `nicSe, rogorc mxatvari

da moazrovne~. mas am or ukiduresobas Soris saSualo pozicia

eWira. man nicSes SemoqmedebiTi ganviTareba sam etapad dayo. pirve-

li aris tragediis dabadeba musikis sulidan. swored pirveli

etapi iyo metafizikuri periodi. aq nicSe gvevlineba metafiziko-

sad, radganac im etapis SromebSi samyaros Ziri aris metafizikuri

principi. meore etapze gadasvlis Semdgom ki ukve metafizika da

romantizmi nicSes TvalSi kargavs momxiblavobas da germaneli mo-

azrovne ufro mecnierebisa da pozitivizmisken inacvlebs.

mas Semdeg, rac evropul azrovnebaSi erTmaneTs daupiris-

pirda nicSes es ori saxe-paradigma, metafizikosisa da fenomena-

listisa, maTi brZolis Sedegad daibada nicSes wakiTxvis axali pa-

radigma. nicSelogiis arenaze gamodis germaneli filosofosi mar-

tin haidegeri romelic mniSvnelovan etaps qmnis saerTo-evropul

azrovnebaSi. misi Sromebia „vin aris nicSes zaratustra~ (1954),

„nicSes sityva RmerTi mkvdaria~ (1955), „nicSe~ (1961). haidegeri

nicSes orive wakiTxvas iTavisebs da ambobs, rom nicSe ar iyo

tradiciuli metafizikosi, rogorc amas faihingeri (da faSistebi)

werda, magram igi arc fenomenalistia. haidegeris azriT, arsebu-

lis yofiereba evropul azrovnebaSi ganisazRvreba, rogorc neba.

es iwyeba laibnicidan, Semdeg modis kanti, fixte, hegeli, Selingi,

Sopenhaueri da bolos _ nicSe. yvela filosofosTan arsebulis

yofiereba aris neba, sxvadasxva variaciaSi. magaliTad, nicSesTan am

nebam SeiZina Zalauflebis nebis saxe. yoveli arsi Zalauflebis ga-

moxatulebaa. aqedan gamomdinare, samyaro aris Zalauflebis nebaTa

centrebis brZolis arena. yvelas Zalauflebis impulsisken swraf-

va amoZravebs. erTi mxriv, erTi neba yovelTvis ganicdis sxva nebi-

sagan dartymas, zians, meore mxriv, igi sxvas ayenebs aseve dar-

tymas, zians. zianis, dartymis miReba sxva arsebulTagan, nebisaTvis

aris tkivili, tanjva. es aris samyaro, romelsac ver gaeqceva

verc erTi arsebuli. haidegeri ambobs, rom Tavad azrovnebac ga-

nicdis dartymas, magram ara konkretuli arsebulisagan. rodesac

samyaros suraTi Zalauflebis arenaa, romelic dakavSirebulia

tanjvasTan, tkivilTan, zianTan, ukve aseTi suraTi ayenebs dar-

tymas Tavad adamianis azrovnebas. am dartymas azrovnebam unda upa-

suxos sapasuxo dartymiT. realoba romelic man dainaxa, miwieri,

warmavali, tanjvis samyaroa, amitom azrovnebam unda moaxdinos am


159

sapasuxo dartymis dros miwieri realobis, warmavlobis diskredi-

tacia. adamianis azrovneba igonebs ufro WeSmarit, amaRlebul,

ukeTes samyaros; sasurvels misTvis, romlis fonzec is miwieri,

warmavali samyaro knindeba, iCqmaleba da meorexarisxovani xdeba.

adamiani igonebs meore samyaros, masze zeaRmatebuls. Tuki miwieri

sinamdvile warmavalia, mas miawers waruvalobis, maradiulobis ni-

Sans. bunebrivia, aseT samyaros aniWbs zebunebriobis, miRmurobis

niSnebs. dgindeba WeSmariti samyaros ideali. sabolood, samyaro

orad gvaqvs dayofili Cvens azrovnebaSi – erTi Tvalxiluli,

qmnadobis samyaro da da meore, WeSmariti, maradiuli samyaro. am

msjelobebSi haidegers Semoaqvs Tavisi cneba _ Surisgebis suli.

haidegeris azriT, azrovnebam Seqmna idealuri, upiratesi Rirebu-

li samyaro, rac aris SurisZieba amqveyniur sinamdvileze. Surisge-

bis sulis nayofi metafizikaa. metafizika, siRrmiseulad rom gan-

vixiloT, aris amqveyniuri samyaros damdableba. amis Semdeg haide-

geri ambobs, rom nicSe ukve im epoqas Seeswro, roca adamians Se-

uZlia mTeli dedamiwis damorCileba, masze gabatoneba. gabatonebaSi

igulisxmeba ara marto damorCileba, aramed movla-patronoba. es

gabatoneba gulisxmobs dedamiwis movlas, sakuTar mfarvelobas. ha-

idegeris azriT, adamiani, romelic Sepyrobilia miwieri sinamdvi-

lis mimarT Surisgebis suliT, metafizikurad azrovnebs da ver

gaxdeba am samyaros, dedamiwis baton-patroni, radganac mas ara

aqvs gadalaxuli siZulvili, amqveyniuris, miwieris damdableba.

swored kacobriobis am etapze dagvanaxa nicSem, rom Tu Cven ar

SevicvaleT, Tu Surisgebis suli ar gadavlaxeT, SeuZlebelia mo-

vides zekaci. SeuZlebelia adamiani gaxdes dedamiwis baton-patro-

ni.

Surisgebis sulis, metafizikis gadasalaxavad nicSes Semoaqvs

maradiuli mobrunebis idea, romelmac unda gadagvalaxinos gaoreba

miRmursa da miwiers Soris. maradiuli mobruneba droSi abrunebs

yvelafers, rac arsebobs, anu yvela arsebuli samyaroSi emorCi-

leba wres. yoveli arsebuli brundeba usasrulod, maradiulad. es

idea Zalze mniSvnelovania, radganac igi WeSmariti, maradiuli yo-

fierebis da qmnadobis samyaros urTierTdamTxvevas axdens. rac

droSi arsebobs, is xdeba maradiulic. es xdeba ara imitom, rom

yoveli arsebuli metafizikur sinamdvileSi gadis, aramed imitom,

rom igi maradiulad brundeba am miwaze, droSi arsebuli maradiu-

lad ganmeorebadia. haidegeris sityvebiT, „qmnadobaze amoitvifreba

yofierebis xasiaTi~. swored amitom aris maradiuli mobrunebis

idea metafizikuri azrovnebis gadalaxvis gza. warmavlobisadmi si-

Zulvili Seicvleba misadmi siyvaruliT. maradiulobasTan miaxlo-

ebuli drouloba mis niSan–Tvisebas iZens. aseTi azrovneba gadala-

xavs metafizikur azrovnebas da amqveyniur samyarosTvis `hos~


160

Tqmas amkvidrebs. magram haidegeris azriT, nicSesTan bolomde ma-

inc ver moxda miwisadmi siZulvilis gadalaxva. nicSem kargad ga-

acnobiera Surisgebis sulis gadalaxvis saWiroeba, metafizika mi-

iyvana bolomde, dausva mas wertili, magram sabolood mainc ver

gadalaxa. amis mizezi is aris rom nicSes mizani ar iyo miRweuli

_ amqveyniurobis siyvaruli da mimRebloba misi maradiulobisa ra-

Racdagvari moazrebis gziT xdeboda, rac ganxorcielda maradiul

mobrunebaSi. amis safuZvelze gaCnda metafora – `ukanaskneli meta-

fizikosi~.

haidegeris am naazreviT nicSelogiis istoriaSi iqmneba nic-

Ses filosofiis axali wakiTxva-saxe, romlis mixedviTac nicSe

iyo ara tradiciuli metafizikosi, aristotelesa da platonis

msgavsad, aramed _ ukanaskneli metafizikosi. ukanaskneli metafizi-

kosis saxe-paradigma, romelic haidegerma Seqmna, gavlenas axdens

sxva avtorebis azrovnebazec. magaliTad, e. finkis wignSi _ `nic-

Ses filosofia~ (1960) _ avtori nicSesTan movlenasa da TavisTa-

vad nivTs Soris tradiciul gayofas uaryofs da germanel filo-

sofoss metafizikis gadamlaxavad warmogvidgens. magram radganac

mas mainc aqvs moZRvreba Zalauflebis nebaze, rogorc arsebaze, igi

kvlavac metafizikis wiaRSi imyofeba. sabolood, e. finki askvnis:

`nicSe dgas tradiciis safuZvelze, romlis gadalaxvac surs~ (me-

tafizikis safuZvelze), magram is `ukve zeimobs masze gamarjvebas~,

_ ase gamoTqvams e. finki nicSes ukanasknel metafizikosobaze

m.haidegeris mier dafuZnebul azrs.

SemdgomSi nicSelogia midis ori sapirispiro mimarTulebiT –

erTia _ azrovnebis germanuli da anglosaqsuri frTa, meore ki _

franguli frTa. orive ebrZvis haidegers anu nicSes ukanasknel me-

tafizikosad gamocxadebas.

germanuli da anglosaqsuri frTis liderebi iyvnen v. miu-

ler-lauteri – „ nicSe: misi winaaRmdegobebis filosofia da misi

filosofiis winaaRmdegobebi~ (1971), „nicSes moZRvreba Zalaufle-

bis nebaze~ (1974), „nebis arsi da zekaci~ (1980w. raizenburgis

nicSelogTa saerTaSoriso konferenciaze wakiTxuli moxseneba);

f. gerhardi – „Zala da metafizika~ (1980), romelic waikiTxa

nicSelogTa konferenciaze raizenburgSi), „paTosi da distancia:

nicSes filosofiuri swavleba~ (1986); filosofosi federik kop-

lstoni, romlis Sromebia: „filosofiis istoria~ (1963), „frid-

rix nicSe; kulturuli filosofosi~ (1975). es moazrovneebi Seg-

viZlia erT sainterpretacio paradigmad gavaerTianoT. maT Seqmnes

nicSes erTiani saxe. isini nicSes ukanaskneli metafizikosis para-

digmasTan dapirispirebiT ubrundebian metafizikas.

Tuki m. haidegeri, da manamde _ h. faihingeri Zalauflebis ne-

bas miiCnevdnen metafizikur arsad, erT arsad, samyaros erT safuZ-


161

vlad, v.miuler-lauteri ambobs, rom nicSes filosofiaSi sinamdvi-

leSi sxvagvari mdgomareobaa. miuler-lauteris azriT, Zalaufle-

bis principi metafizikuria, magram amave dros, igi mravlobiTia.

avtori ambobs, rom teqstebSi, sadac nicSe laparakobs Zalaufle-

bis nebis Temaze mxolod mxolobiT ricxvSi, iqac ki igulisxmeba

Zalauflebis nebis mravlobiToba. nicSe gulisxmobs ara Zalauf-

lebis nebas, rogorc erT substancias, aramed „ZalTa kvantebis

simravlis metafizikas~, rom samyaros safuZveli metafizikuri sim-

ravlis principia. ukanaskneli Teoria, romelic man wamoayena 1980

wels raizenburgis konferenciaze, aravis gauprotestebia. f. ger-

hardi Tavis SromebSi aseve eTanxmeba v. miuler-lauters da nicSe-

logiis istoriaSi dasabams iRebs nicSes wakiTxvis axali paradig-

ma, romelic nicSes Seracxavs ara ukanasknel metafizikosad, ara-

med romeliRac axali tipis metafizikosad. es aris metafizikasTan

kvlavdabruneba, magram _ axali saxiT. am avtorebis azriT, nicSe

qmnis axal metafizikas, tradiciulisagan gansxvavebuls. Tuki sau-

kunis dasawyisSi nicSe waikiTxeboda, rogorc tradiciuli meta-

fizikis mimdevari, axla ukve igi axali tipis metafizikosad gai-

azreba.

nicSeze, rogorc axali tipis metafizikosze, naSromi ekuT-

vnis federik koplstons. wignSi „fridrix nicSe kulturis filo-

sofosi~ (1942) _ igrZnoba Zalauflebis nebis haidegeriseul in-

terpretaciasTan dapirispireba, magram koplstoni arc nebis meta-

fizikuri mravlobiTobis princips iziarebs. misi azriT, Zalaufle-

bis neba ar arsebobs transcendentulad, samyaro aris qmnadobis

erTiani procesi da Zalauflebis neba aris misi „inteligibeluri

xasiaTi~. Zalauflebis neba arsebobs mxolod mis manifestaciaSi,

anu nicSe adamianur procesebSi yvelgan amoicnobs Zalauflebis ne-

bis „manifestaciebs~ da Semdeg ganavrcobs maT mTel organul sam-

yaroze.

miuxedavad amisa f. koplstoni fiqrobs, rom Cven f. nicSes

filosofia mainc metafizikad unda CavTvaloT, magram _ metafizi-

kad, raRac axali gagebiT. amis ori mizezi arsebobs, avtoris az-

riT: miuxedavad imisa rom nicSesTan gamoricxulia Zalauflebis

nebis „hipostazireba~, igi mainc samyaros mTlianobiT xedvas gvTa-

vazobs. meore momenti ki isaa, rom maradiuli mobrunebis ideaSi

xdeba qmnadobisa yofierebis samyaros urTierTdamTxveva (rogorc

amas haidegeri ambobda). koplstonic, v. miuler-lauterisa da f.

gerxardis msgavsad, Sorsaa im azrisagan rom nicSes tradiciuli

metafizikosi uwodos. avtori sabolood Sesaferis termins pou-

lobs da nicSes filosofias „revizionul metafizikas~ arqmevs.

Cven vxedavT, rom v.miuler-lauteri, f.gerxardi da f.kop-

lstoni ayalibeben nicSes filosofiis wakiTxvis erTian saxe-para-


162

digmas. pirvel orTan nicSe aris filosofiis istoriaSi axali

tipis metafizikis damfuZnebeli, xolo mesamesTan _ „revizionuli

metafizikisa~. sabolood, samive maTgani miiCnevs, rom nicSesTan

tradiciuli metafizikuri azrovnebis modernizacia xdeba da ara

misi gadalaxva, an dabruneba klasikur metafizikasTan.

nicSes ukanasknel metafizikosad wakiTxvas ebrZvis aseve im-

droindeli nicSelogiis franguli frTa, romelsac martin haide-

geriseul naazrevTan mudmivi Sinagani polemika hqonda.

J. derida (`gramatologiaze~ 1967, `Zala da aRniSvna~ (1967,

`nicSes stili~ 1978) ufro Rrma safuZvels irCevs nicSes filo-

sofiis m. haidegeriseuli da Sesabamisad, faSisturi interpretaci-

is dasamarcxeblad. igi, J. deliozisagan gansxavebiT, nicSesa da ha-

idegeris mTavar SeuTavseblobas eZiebs ara Zalauflebis nebis

sxvadasxvagvar gagebaSi, aramed imaSi, rom nicSe, haidegerisagan da

finkisagan gansxvavebiT, sulac ar idga `logocentristul~ pozi-

ciaze da mas srulebiT sxva damokidebuleba hqonda werilobisadmi

da WeSmaritebisadmi. saqme is aris, rom J. deridas azriT, metafi-

zikis istoria _ winasokratelebidan haidegeramde _ WeSmaritebis

sawyiss yovelTvis logosSi xedavs. WeSmaritebis istoria yovel-

Tvis iyo werilisa da werilobis damdableba, misi gandevna `srul-

fasovani~ metyvelebidan. sami aTasi weli enis, metyvelebis batono-

bisa da werilis daviwyebis xanad unda miviCnioT. igi emTxveva im

istorias, romelic teqnikas logocentristul metafizikasTan

akavSirebda. axla ki, TandaTanobiT `amosunTqvas~ iwyebs weriloba

da dasasruls uaxlovdeba `wignieri civilizacia~. wignis `sikvdi-

li~ miuTiTebs `metyvelebis sikvdilze~ da amas ramdenime saukuniT

adre, winaswar gvamcnobs. J. derida ganmartavs, rom `metyvelebis

sikvdili~ metaforaa. es niSnavs, rom amieridan metyveleba im

struqturas eqvemdebareba, sadac aRar TamaSobs `mbrZaneblur

rols~. yoveli moqmedeba Tanamedrove samyaroSi ukve werilisa da

werilobis velSi mimdinareobs. dRes yvelgan vlaparakobT werilsa

da Caweraze: kinematografiaSi, qoreografiaSi, mxatvrobaSi, musika-

Si, skulpturaSi, sportSi, omSi, politikaSi, kibernetikaSi, bio-

logiaSi da a. S. ena, metyveleba werilisaTvis yovelTvis iyo misi

erT-erTi momenti, movlena, aspeqti an saxesxvaoba, man moaxerxa,

rom Cven es dagveviwyebina. avtoris azriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom

werilis gageba metyvelebis gagebaze ufro farToa da misi momcve-

lia, kacobriobis ukanaskneli samiaTaswlovani epoqa xasiaTdeba,

rogorc `ontologiuri~, sadac WeSmaritebis yoveli metafizikuri

gageba ganuyofelia logosisagan. logosis SigniT arasodes wydeba

Tavdapirveli arsobrivi kavSiri xmasTan _ phone [7.8]. logocen-

tristul sivrceSi xmovani aRmniSvneli ufro axlosaa saganTan

da pirveladia, vidre _ werilobiTi. swored ontologiur epoqaSi


163

xdeba xmisa da yofierebis sazrisis absoluturi siaxlove. am epo-

qaSi werili mcirdeba. àm epoqis SigniT kiTxva da werili, niSanTa

gamomuSaveba an ganmarteba da saerTod, teqsti, rogorc niSanTa

qsovili, warmogvidgeba, rogorc raRac meoradi. maT win uswrebs

logosis mier da mis stiqiaSi Seqmnili WeSmariteba anda sazrisi~,

_ wers J. derida [7.10]. dRes ki, avtoris azriT, yvelafer imis

dekonstruqcia mimdinareobs, risi wyaroc iyo logosi. ase xdeba

Tavad wignis (misi klasikuri gagebiT) dekonstruqciac, rodesac

misgan teqsti gamoiyofa. wignis idea aris aRmniSvnelis erTianobis

idea da es aRmniSvneli, rogorc erTiani, SesaZlebelia mxolod im

pirobiT, Tuki mas win uswrebs aRsaniSnis dadgenili erTianoba.

aseTad gagebuli wigni gvagzavnis raRac bunebrivi mTlianobisaken,

romelic Zalze ucxoa werilisaTvis. wigni icavs Teologiasa da

logocentrizms masSi werilis àforistuli energiis~ SeWrisagan

[7.13]. 1978 wels gamoica J. deridas Zalze saintereso naSromi

`nicSes stili~, romelic frangi filosofosis Cvens mier ukve

gadmocemul interpretaciaTa gagrZelebaa da nicSes filosofiis

poststruqturalistur sivrceSi gaazrebas emsaxureba. J. deridas

azriT, nicSe undoblad ekideboda filosofiis im pretenzias, rom

is yofiliyo kulturis ze-diskursi (WeSmaritebis dominirebuli

diskursi), rom enis qsovilis metaforulobis uaryofiT filoso-

fia pretenzias acxadebda kulturis yvela SesaZlo teqstTa So-

ris Tavis gansakuTrebul, privilegirebul mdgomareobaze, rom fi-

losofias SeuZlia, rogorRac gaTavisufldes enis qsovilisagan da

warmogvidges, rogorc wminda WeSmariteba, rogorc wminda ena. es

iyo dasavluri filosofiis fuZemdebluri iluzia, romelsac eb-

rZoda nicSe. magram winasokratelebSi sxvagvari mdgomareoba gvqon-

da. isini ar uaryofdnen enis qsovilis metaforulobas. amitomac

sakmaod gabedulad SemohqondaT sakuTari metaforebi (wyali, hae-

ri, cecxli...), romelTa garSemoc agebdnen TavianT ritorikul Ta-

maSs _ f i l o s o f o s o b d n e n. sokratem pirvelma daam-

kvidra iluzia, romelic filosofiur azrebTan mimarTebiT, enis

srul `gamWvirvalobas~ qadagebda. nicSes azriT, es iluzia dRemde

moqmedebs. ena dasavluri filosofiis fundamenturi logocentris-

tuli diskursis damjeri iaraRia, romlis saSualebiTac SesaZle-

belia azrSi arsebuli nebismieri mniSvnelobis ise gamoxatva, rom

ar mivmarToT araviTar damxmare saSualebebs, maT Soris, metafo-

rul saSualebebsac. nicSe, J. deridas azriT, kvlav aRiarebs fi-

losofiuri enis metaforulobas. man ùdidesi wvlili Seitana aR-

mniSvnelis logosze damokidebulebisagan da masTan dakavSirebuli

WeSmaritebis koncefciisagan an amosavali aRsaniSnisagan gaTavisuf-

lebaSi~, _ wers frangi avtori [17: 31,32]. igi ebrZoda logocen-


164

tristul mentalobas da Zalze `Sors iyo~ metafizikis CarCoebSi

darCenisagan, rasac misgan m. haidegeri `moiTxovda~.

meore filosofosi, romelic nicSes gamoacalkevebs metafizi-

kis yvelanairi gagebisagan, frangi moazrovne Jil deliozia („nic-

Se da filosofia~ (1962), „nicSe~ (1965), „gansxvaveba da ganmeore-

ba~ (1968), „sazrisis logika~ (1969)). am wignebSi avtori nicSes

filosofiis deridasagan gansxvavebul interpretacias Seecdeba. ra

gansxvavebaa mas da J. deridas Soris? Jil deliozis azriT, nic-

SesTan mTavari aris moZRvreba maradiul mobrunebaze. amis gaTva-

liswinebiT ikvlevs igi nicSes filosofiis arsebas.

avtori vrclad saubrobs maradiuli mobrunebis ideis sam Zi-

riTad aspeqtze. esenia: 1) maradiuli mobruneba axorcielebs `WeS-

marit gadarCevas~ imiT, rom Tavidan iSorebs `saSualo formebs~

da qmnis `umaRles formebs~ [2.77]. igi wers: `Tuki maradiuli mob-

runeba borbalia, unda mivaniWoT mas Zlieri RerZismieri moZraoba,

romelic gamoisvris yvelafer imas, ris uaryofac `SesaZlebelia~,

rac veRar uZlebs gamocdas~. `Tuki maradiuli mobruneba wrea, ma-

Sin mis centrSi gnsxvavebaa da igiveobrivi mxolod kideebSia; es

aris wre, mudmivad cvalebadi centriT, romelic mxolod mudmivad

gamrudebadi uTanasworos garSemo brunavs~ [2.77]. sxvagan J. deli-

ozi aRniSnavs: `maradiuli mobruneba ar abrunebs imavesa da

msgavss, aramed Tavad momdinareobs wminda gansxvavebis samyarodan~

[2.159]. maSasadame: maradiuli mobrunebis subieqti araa igiveobrivi,

msgavsi, erTiani, aucilebeli `me~, an moazrovne subieqti, aramed

igi gansxvavebuli, aramsgavsi, SemTxveviTia. `msgavsi da igiveobrivi

mxolod im sistemaTa moqmedebis Sedegia, romelic emorCileba ma-

radiul mobrunebas~. `msgavsi da igiveobrivi maradiuli mobrunebiT

warmoqmnili fiqciebia~ [2.160]. meore aspeqti maradiul mobrune-

basTan dakavSirebiT aris is, rom igi Cven realobis gancdiTa da

realobis energiiT gvavsebs, romelic ar gaaCnia imas, visac am ide-

is ara swams. `maT, visac ara `swams~ maradiuli mobrunebis, nicSe

mxolod erT patara sasjels hpirdeba: maT ar SeeZlebaT, kargad

ganicadon sicocxle, maTTvis es iqneba wuTieri gaelveba. isini

Tavs SeigrZnoben da Seicnoben, rogorc epifenomenebs; aseTi iqneba

maTi absoluturi codna~ [2.77]. 3) mesame da umTavresi aspeqti ma-

radiuli mobrunebis ideisa, J. deliozis azriT, aris is, rom mara-

diul mobrunebaSi xdeba simulakrTa triumfi. ufro dawvrilebiT

es azri ase yalibdeba: `maradiuli mobruneba zusti mniSvnelobiT

niSnavs imas, rom yoveli sagani arsebobs mxolod rogorc aslTa

usasrulo raodenobis asli, romelic arc originalisaTvis da arc

sawyisisaTvis adgils aRar tovebs. amitomac maradiuli mobruneba

saxeldebulia, rogorc `parodiuli~: is im yvelafris kvalifici-


165

rebas axdens, rasac nebas rTavs, iyos (an dabrundes), rogorc si-

mulakri~ [2.90]. (J. deliozis am azrs p.klosovskic da m. fukoc

exmianebian). maradiuli mobruneba angrevs da anadgurebs amosavalsa

da nawarmoebs, sagansa da simulakrs Soris gansxvavebas. im gansxva-

vebas, romelsac efuZneboda mTeli platonizmi. garkveuli anali-

zis Semdeg J. deliozi azustebs, rom platonTan ara sagnisa da

simulakris, nimuSisa da aslis gamijvna iyo amosavali, aramed gan-

sxvaveba gamosaxulebis (idolTa) or saxes _ aslsa (ikona) da si-

mulakrs (fantazmi) Soris. maTi aRreva ki platonizmis dasasruli

iqneboda, romelsac Tavad platonis erT-erTi gmiri _ ucxoeli

axorcielebs. avtori ganixilavs dailog `sofiste~-s finalur na-

wils da aRmoaCens, rom platonizmis gadalaxva Tavad platonSivea

mocemuli: kerZod, rodesac sokratesTan dapirispirebuli `ucxoe-

li~ yaribi sabolood Tavisas `gaitans~, yovelgvar gansxvavebas

waSlis aslsa da simulakrebs Soris da maT gansxvavebaze SekiT-

xvis dasmas aramarTebulad miiCnevs. es aris simulakrTa gabatone-

bis samyaro, romelic eyrdnoba ganurCevlobas da warmoqmnis qaoss.

amitomaa, rom nicSesTan qaosi da maradiuli mobruneba igiveobri-

vad moiazreba. aseT samyaroSi msgavsi da igiveobrivi SesaZlebelia

mxolod `simulakris funqcionirebiT~ warmoqmnili iluziebi iyos:

`simulakri _ swored msgavsebas moklebuli eSmakeuli saxea; an

ufro sworad, ikonuri saxisagan gansxvavebiT man msgavseba garegan-

Si moaTavsa da Tavad ki, gansxvavebiT cxovrobs~ [2.161].

maSasadame, nicSelogiis imdroindeli franguli frTa, germa-

nelebisa da ingliselebis gverdiT, qmnida nicSes filosofiis wa-

kiTxvis meore, alternatiul paradigmas, rac nicSes antimetafizi-

kosad gaazreba iyo. 60-iani wlebidan 90-iani wlebis dasawyisamde

evropul nicSelogiaSi es ori paradigmatuli wakiTxva iyo gaba-

tonebuli, romlebic erTmaneTs gamoricxavda. am wlebis ganmavlo-

baSi mudmivad erTmaneTs ebrZoda nicSes es ori saxe-paradigma _

nicSe, rogorc axali tipis metafizikosi da nicSe, rogorc anti-

metafizikosi.

80-iani wlebis bolodan da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisidan

germanelebis da anglosaqsonelebis pirveli frTa, romelmac nic-

Ses axali tipis metafizikosis saxe daamkvidra, sabolood gadis

nicSelogiis istoriis arenidan. igi iqceva azrovnebis istoriis

da nicSelogiis anaqronizmad, iseve, rogorc haidegeriseuli para-

digma da ufro adre _ klasikur-metafizikuri an fenomenalisturi

wakiTxvebi. masTan sami aTwleulis brZolis Semdeg imarjvebs nic-

Ses teqstTa wakiTxvis antimetafizikuri paradigma. albaT, isto-

riis ama Tu im etapze, nicSes wakiTxvis ama Tu im paradigmis gaba-

toneba ZiriTadad im epoqis inteleqtualuri tendenciebisa da Zi-

riTadi filosofiuri skolebis mimarTulebebis Sedegia.


166

90-iani wlebis nicSelogiis yvelaze mniSvnelovan avtorad

isev Jil deliozi rCeba. igi statiaSi „ariadnes saidumloeba~

(1987) kvlav Zalauflebis da simulaciis gaigivebas axdens da nic-

Ses mkacrad gamoyofs metafizikuri azrovnebisagan. es statia nic-

Ses Sesaxeb mis ganazrebaTa saboloo, Semajamebel nawarmoebad war-

mogvidgeba da erTi mxriv, naSromebis _ `nicSe~ da `nicSe da fi-

losofia~ da meore mxriv, ufro gviandeli wignebis _ `gansxvaveba

da ganmeoreba~ da `sazrisis logika~ _ SeTanxmeba/sinTezirebaa, sa-

dac nicSes simulaciis sibrtyeSi wakiTxvebi ukve aqtiur/reaqti-

ul ZalTa Zveli dixotomiis fonze mimdinareobs. J. deliozis az-

riT, aqac nicSesaTvis idealia is adamiani, romelic amkvidrebs da

TviTdamkvidrebas axorcielebs. Zalauflebis nebas aqvs ori sawina-

aRmdego tonaloba _ damkvidreba da uaryofa. pirveli aris aqtiu-

ri moqmedeba, xolo meore _ pasiuri reaqcia. avtori am dapirispi-

rebas ori `konceptualuri personaJis~ _ Tezevsisa da dionises

dapirispirebis magaliTze warmogvidgens, romelTa Sorisaa mesame

personaJi _ ariadne. Tezevsi aris moxerxebuli gmiri gamocanaTa

amoxsnaSi, labirinTSi orientirebulobasa da martorqasTan brZo-

laSi. igi aris igive àmaRlebuli adamiani~, romlis Tvisebebia: se-

riozuloba, simZime, miwis siZulvili, SurismaZiebloba da sicilsa

da TamaSSi uunaroba. amitomac, nicSes azriT, Tezevsis damkvidreba

damaxinjebuli da karikaturuli formiTaa ganxorcielebuli, rad-

gan damkvidreba mas esmis, rogorc gamocdis atana, simZimis gaZle-

ba. mas hgonia, rom damkvidreba satarebeli tvirTis simZimis mixed-

viT ganisazRvreba. misTvis mTavaria, amZimebdnen, boWavdnen. amitomac

misi Sesaferisi cxovelebia viri da aqlemi. ùmaRlesi adamianis~

damkvidreba sinamdvileSi uaryofaa, radganac igi reaqtiuli Zalis

matarebelia. radganac ariadnes uyvars Tezevsi, isic reaqtiuli Za-

lisa da uaryofis ganmaxorcielebelia. misi sulic SurisgebiTaa

Sepyrobili. esaa nihilizmi. magram aq ar mTavrdeba nihilizmi. xde-

ba `nihilizmis transmutacia~. ariadne eZebs sakuTar sikvdils, igi

CamoixrCobs Tavs. esaa gardasaxvis fundamenturi momenti, `didi

SuadRe~ [5.50], rodesac reaqtiuli Zalebi aqtiurad gardaiqmnebi-

an. Tezevsisagan mitovebuli ariadne xedavs, TandaTanobiT rogor

uaxlovdeba dionise. dionise anu igive martorqa, romelic wminda

damkvidrebaa da gaTavisuflebaSi, gantvirTvaSi, moSvebaSi igulisx-

meba. igi ki ar amZimebs sicocxles umaRlesi RirebulebebiT, ara-

med qmnis iseT axal Rirebulebebs, romlebic sicocxles ufro

`msubuqs~ gaxdian. martorqa arafers amZimebs. igi am ganTavisuble-

biT amkvidrebs sicocxles. is aris `simsubuqe~. mas SeuZlia sici-

li, TamaSi, cekva anu damkvidreba. igi aris ara gmiri, aramed _

`ze-gmiri~. dionisesTan dakavSirebuli ariadne ki _ Surisgebis su-

lidan, àra~-s mTqmelidan gadaiqceva `ho~-s mTqmelad, damamkvid-


167

reblad. amisaTvis sWirdeba mas dionise. magram Tavad dionisec sa-

Wiroebs ariadnes: radgan dionise damkvidrebis RmerTia, mas sWir-

deba meore damkvidreba imisaTvis, rom damkvidrdes Tavad damkvid-

reba. es aris gamojanmrTeleba rogorc ariadnesaTvis, ise dionise-

saTvisac. J. deliozi kiTxulobs _ xom ar aris dionise yvelaze

didi falsifikatori? `umaRlesi adamiani~, misi azriT, Zalaufle-

bis nebis umaRles safexurs, reaqtiul, avadmyof nebas ganasaxie-

rebs, romlis falsificirebac mxolod imitaciaze daiyvaneba. `ra-

sac gaurbis imitatori, originalis metamorfozebi da ganaxlebe-

bia, romlebic originals raRac axal formas miaweren, is gaurbis

Semoqmedebas~ [5.52], _ wers avtori. misi Zalauflebis neba aris

mxolod motyuebis, gabatonebis, miTvisebis, SeniRbvis neba, sxva

formis miRebis neba, rodesac sinamdvileSi mudam igive rCeba. Zala-

uflebis nebis umaRlesi safexuri _ dionise ki aRwevs gardasaxva-

Ta da metamorfozaTa unars. esaa sicocxlis axal SesaZleblobaTa

SemoqmedebiTi qmna, `transformacia~. mas SeuZlia TviTSecvla. J.

deliozi wers _ `marTlac, igi imdenad kargad flobs tyuilisa

da imitaciis xelovnebas, rom mas ara formiT, aramed transforma-

ciiT axorcielebs~ [5.52].

wignebSi: `gansxvaveba da ganmeoreba~ da `sazrisis logika~ ga-

tarebuli azri Zalauflebis nebisa da simulaciis samyaros igive-

obis Sesaxeb am SemTxvevaSic sruliad daculia.

Tanamedrove nicSelogiaSi arsebuli erT-erTi saintereso

tendencia, romelic aseve J. delioziseul aqtiur/reaqtiul ZalTa

dixotomiis CarCoebSia moqceuli, nicSes enobrivi praqtikebs ik-

vlevs. mis warmomadgenlebad SegviZlia frangi mkvlevrebi J. more-

li da m. hari miviCnioT. maT 1995 wlis 18 marts bezansonis uni-

versitetis kolokviumze, saxelwodebiT _ `ena da Zalaufleba

klasikur xanaSi~ _ nicSes diskursis Taviseburebebis analizze ga-

amaxviles yuradReba..

Tanamedrove nicSelogiis kidev erTi saintereso tendenciis

arealSi unda moviazroT ingliseli filosofosi jon harTmani,

romelic, aseve aqtiur/reaqtiul ZalTa dixotomiis gaTvaliswine-

biT, J. deliozisagan gansxvavebiT, nicSes filosofiis ara simula-

ciis, aramed metafora/fiqciis sibrtyeSi gaazrebas gvTavazobs.

statiaSi `nicSes mier metaforaTa gamoyeneba~ (1996) igi nicSes

mier WeSmaritebis tradiciuli gagebis ukugdebaze da mis mier axa-

li modelis _ yvela konceptis (cnebis) metaforad warmodgenis _

Semotanaze saubrobs.

rogorc vxedavT, warmodgenili sainterpretacio mimarTule-

bebi Jil deliozis naazreviTaa davalebuli da nicSes wakiTxvis

antimetafizikur paradigmaSi Tavsdeba.


168

SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom Tanamedrove nicSelogiis erTiani xasi-

aTi aSkara antimetafizikuri ganwyobilebiT gamoirCeva. Tuki sau-

kunis dasawyisSi nicSes filosofiis wakiTxvis metafizikuri da

fenomenalisturi paradigmebis brZola axali paradigmis dabadebiT

_ m. haidegerisa da e. finkis mier f. nicSes `ukanasknel metafizi-

kosad~ `gamocxadebiT~ dasrulda, 60-iani wlebidan m. haidegerise-

ul saxe-paradigmasTan dapirispirebiT nicSes wakiTxvis ori urTi-

erTsawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba warmoiSva: erTi saxe-paradigma, ro-

melic cdilobda nicSe saerTod gamoecalkevebina metafizikisagan

(u. kaufmani, J. deliozi, J. derida...) da meore, romelic piriqiT

_ nicSes filosofias metafizikisaken radikalur dabrunebad aRia-

rebda _ mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom am wakiTxvam metafizikis ra-

Rac axali, `eqsperimentuli~ gageba SeimuSava (v.miuler-lauterisa

da f.gerxardis axali tipis metafizika da f.koplstonis `revizi-

onuli~ metafizika). sabolood, 90-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis

nicSes wakiTxvis es meore paradigma arasicocxlisunariani aRmoC-

nda da nicSelogiis anaqronizmad iqca. dRevandel evro-amerikul

interpretaciebSi nicSes, rogorc metafizikosis saxe, Tundac rai-

menairi variaciiT, mkveTrad uaryofilia. Tanamedrove nicSelogiaSi

nicSes filosofiis antimetafizikuri wakiTxvis saxe-paradigmaa ga-

batonebuli.

sabolood, SegviZlia Tavi movuyaroT nicSelogiis oTx Ziri-

Tad tendencias, romlebic dResdReobiT `tonis mimcemia~ msoflio

nicSelogiaSi da nicSes filosofiis wakiTxvis antimetafizikur

paradigmaSi Tavsdeba: 1) simulacionisturi: nicSes gaazreba simu-

lakrebisa da simulaciebis sibrtyeSi (J. deliozi). 2) diskursio-

nistuli: nicSes gaazreba enobrivi praqtikebis sibrtyeSi (J. more-

li, m. hari...). 3) antilogocentristuli: nicSes gaazreba antilo-

gocentrizmis sibrtyeSi (J.derida). 4) metaforul-fiqcionisturi:

nicSes gaazreba metafora/fiqciaTa sibrtyeSi (s. kofmani, j. har-

Tmani...).

literatura:

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1991, #1, 155-180.

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3. Делёз Ж. `Логика смысла~, Москва, Екатеринбург, `Рари-тет~,1998.

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http://www.rambler.ru/,1999. 11. Bäumler A. `Nitzsche der Philosoph und Politiker~, Leipzig, 1931. 12. Copleston F. `Friedrich Nietzsche: Philosopher of culture~, N.Y. 1975. 13. .Copleston F. `A history of Philosophy~, Volume VII, 1994. 14. Deleuze G. `Nietzsche et la philosophie~, P.V.F.P. 1962. 15. Deleuze G. and Guattari F. `Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and

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1991. 17. Derrida J. `Force et signification~, Chicago, 1975. 18. Derrida J. `Nietzsche’s styles~, Chicago, 1979. 19. Fink E. `Nietsches Philosophie~, Stuttgart, 1960. 20. Gerhardt V. `Macht und Metaphysik: Nietzsches Machtbegriff im

Wandel der Interpretation.~ – in: Nietzsche-Studien: Intern. I.B.fur die Nietzsche - Forschung. 1981/82 N.Y. 1982

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xaTuna TavdgiriZe

miTosuri simulaciebi ,,mTliani RmerTi” da misi

destruqcia

,,ra emarTeba RvTaebrivs, rodesac is Tavis Tavs xatebSi aRmoaCens?

ra emarTeba mas, rodesac is mravldeba

simulirebulebSi?

Tu is uCinardeba simulirebulSi,

romelic gadmoSlis momxiblav didebulebas da

Zalas –

xatebis vizualur manqanur moqmedebas,

romelic cvlis RmerTis martiv da

inteligibelur ideas?~

Jan bodriari. ,,simulirebulebi da simulaciebi~.

yovlisSemoqmedi RmerTi, rogorc ab-

solutumi da ,,mTliani struqtura~, aris

swored is ,,mTliani struqtura~ romlis

..mTlianobac~ xazgasmas ar saWiroebs. magram

aRmoCndeba, rom amgvari definiciis auci-

leblobac dgeba, radgan miTis erT-erTi

mTavari problema – ontologiuri proble-

ma, aRniSnuli ,,mTlianobis~ gamoxatva//gamo-

saxvas ukavSirdeba. ,,mTliani RmerTis~ gamo-

saxvis SesaZleblobaTa miTosuri reprezen-

taciebi miTisTvis aris is zRvari, saidanac

is moulodnelad metafizikur-filosofiuri

da Teologiur-religiuri ambiciebis gamom-

JRavnebas iwyebs (amitomac miiCneva, rom mi-

Ti potenciuri filosofia da potenciuri

religiaa). roca miTi iwyebs Txrobas, anu

aqtivobas teqstobriv (eqsplicitur) da

warmodgeniT (implicitur) doneebze, im wu-

Tidan is xdeba etiologiuri, ris Rrma

sazriss RmerTisa da yofierebis struqtu-

rebis dalageba da Cveneba warmoadgens.


doqtori, baTumis SoTa

rusTavelis saxelmwifo

universitetis asocirebu-

li profesori; baTumis niko

berZeniSvilis institutis

ufrosi mecnieri TanamSro-

meli.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

`miTologiuri gadmocemebi

aWaraSi (weraqveTas miTi,

ukvdavebis maZiebeli luyma-

ni)” (baT.2001); ,,aWaruli

samonadireo miTosi”

(baT.2004); ,,sawyisTan dab-

runebis” qarTuli kosmogo-

niuri miTo-ritualuri mo-

delebi” (2008).

mxatvruli proza:

,,HOMO TOTUS” (2008).

interesTa sfero:

literatura, filosofia,

semiotika, miTis poetika,

arqaul kulturaTa kvleve-

bi, kulturis filosofia.

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

172

miTi flobs ,,mTlianobis~ da ,,erTi RmerTis~ Sesaxeb ,,sai-

dumlo codnas~. es codna miTisTvis Zalze ,,mtkivneulia~ da amas-

Tanave _ arsebiTi, radgan am ,,saidumlo codnis~ apofatikuri bu-

neba, romelsac versad gaeqceva verc erTi struqtura (miTi, reli-

gia, filosofia, literatura, istoria da a. S.) principulad Seu-

sabamoa miTosuri paradigmisTvis, romelSic nebismieri gamovlineba

da misi arsi SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod etiologiur, anu axsnis

farglebSi; mxolod _ vizualur xatebsa da hiperrealur formeb-

Si (fantastikur da metaforul gansxeulebebSi); miTosuri para-

digma moicavs fantastikuri vizualuri xatebis amoqmedebisa da mi-

Tologemebis gacocxlebis meqanizmebiT nebismieri metafizikuri da

empiriuli kiTxvis pasuxis SesaZleblobas da aucileblobas. ami-

tom erTi RmerTisa da sawyisi mTlianobis miuwvdomel apofatikur

bunebas CixSi Sehyavs miTi. am Cixidan gamosvlas igi erTi centra-

luri RmerTis aRiarebiT, anu ,,saidumlo codnis~ arsebobis Ria

dadasturebiT iwyebs, riTac Tavisive wiaRSi Casaxavs axal ,,etio-

logiur embrionebs~ _ ,,erTi RmerTis~ maZiebel da amxsnel momav-

lis struqturebs da paradigmebs _ religiasa da filosofias.

miTosuri, religiuri da filosofiuri intermsoflmxedve-

lobrivi uZvelesi azrovnebis wiaRSi mudmivad vlindeba codna

,,erT RmerTze~. poliTeizmis garemoSi, ganusazRvrelad bevri

RvTaebis Tayvancemisa da msaxurebis pirobebSi yovelTvis arsebobs

centraluri, yovlis Semoqmedi pirveli RmerTis uzenaesobis Teo-

logiuri gancda, misi gansakuTrebulobis aRiarebisa da danarCen

RvTaebaTagan diferencirebis Sinagani sulieri intencia. ufro me-

tic, aseTi yovlisSemoqmedi RmerTisadmi (romelmac samyaro da da-

narCeni RmerTebi gaaCina) arsebobs mkveTrad gamoxatuli ,,pirvela-

di monoTeisturi gancdebi~ da metafizikur-filosofiuri damoki-

debulebebi.

,,erTi RmerTis~ codnas miTi, religia da filosofia erTad

daatareben.

induri religiuri himnebis uZveles krebul ,,rigvedaSi~ (Zv.w.

II aTaswleulis bolo), romelic Zvelindur miTologias (arsebi-

Tad kosmogonias) efuZneba, araerTgzis vxvdebiT erTi konkretuli

RmerTis erTaderTobis, erTarsobis aRiarebas. himnSi, romelic eZ-

Rvneba ,,yovlis Seqmnels~ _ RvTaeba viSvakarmans (mandala 10, 81)

_ mimarTaven rogorc ,,Semoqmeds~ da ,,erT RmerTs~:

,,aqvs yvelgan Tvali yovlis Semqmnels da saxe yvelgan,

xelebi yvelgan da fexebic yvelgan ganrTxmuli

da Semoikrebs frTaTa TvisTa qveSe yovelTa

cisa da miwis ,,Semoqmedi~, ,,is erTi~, ,,RmerTi~ (qrestomaTia

1990:370).

miTosuri simulaciebi `mTliani RmerTi~ da misi destruqcia

173

sxva himnSic (mandala 10,82) viSvakarmani ,,erTaderTad~ da

,,arsTa Semqmnelad~ aris moxseniebuli. miTologiuri StrixebiT

aRbeWdili RmerTi aq religiur da metafizikur-filosofiur

WrilSia gaazrebuli:

,,mamaa Cveni, da mSobeli, arsTa Semqmneli,

vin uwyis yvela arseba da mdgomareoba.

vinc erTaderTi aZlevs saxels Tavad RmerTebsac,

masTan midian sakiTxavad sxva arsebanic~ (qrestomaTia

1990:371).

RmerTis filosofiuri gagebis TvalsazrisiT agreTve sainte-

resoa ,,rigvedas~ himni miZRvnili ucnobi RvTaebis – ,,ka~-sadmi

(mandala 10, 121), romelic mTlianadaa gamsWvaluli ,,pirveli

RmerTis~ ZiebiT. himns yoveli strofis bolos refrenad gasdevs

erT-erTi mTavari metafizikuri kiTxva, Tu vin aris sawyisi, yov-

lisSemoqmedi RmerTi romelic unda ,,vadidoT msxverplSewirviT~:

,,vin aZlevs Zalas, da pirveli vin qmnis sicocxles,

an vis brZanebas morCileben yvela RmerTebi,

vis hyavs aCrdilad ukvdaveba da vis – sikvdili, _

RmerTi romeli, vin vadidoT Cven msxverplSewirviT?

.....

dakSas CamsaxvelT, dambadebelT pirveli msxverplis,

vinc erTaderTi iyo RmerTi yvela RmerTebis....~ (qrestomaTia

1990:372-373).

apofatikuri ganazrebebiT cnobil rigvedas himnSi _ ,,kosmo-

gonia~ (mandala 10, 129) _ ,,RmerTebi~ iTvlebian meoradi Sesaqmis

Sedegad warmoqmnilebad, xolo mTavar kreaciul Zalad gamocxade-

bulia apofatikuri sawyisi _ ,,raRac erTi~: ,,raRac erTi, da ar

iyo araferi mis garda~ (rigveda 1995) . misi nebiT da azriT arara-dan Cndeba yofiereba.

,,erTi RmerTis~ Teologiur-metafizikuri gancda damaxasiaTe-

belia Zalian adreuli egvipturi RvTismsaxurebisaTvis. amon-rasad-

mi mimarTul himnSi (romlis teqstic TariRdeba daaxloebiT

Zv.w.1600 wliT) Cven vxvdebiT absoluturi monoTeisturi gancde-

biT gamsWvaluli sulis gamoxatulebas:

,,Sen – erTi xar Semqmneli yovelivesi:

erTi erTaderTi, Semqmneli xmeleTisa;

is, visi Tvalebidanac gamovidnen kacni;

is, visi sitviTac gaCndnen RmerTebi.

........................

salami Senda, yovelive amis Semoqmedo,

erTo-erTaderTo mravali xelebiT..... ~(assmani 1999:96)

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

174

aSkaraa am teqstis monoTeisturi xasiaTi da bibliur himneb-

Tan misi literaturuli siaxlove. magram miuxedavad amisa, igi ma-

inc ver scildeba poliTeizmis CarCos: sagalobelSi xazgasmulia

amon-ras erTaderToba, magram, imavdroulad, moxseniebulia RmerTe-

bis eneada (RmerTebis krebuli) da RmerTi atumi. uZvelesi poli-

Teisturi religiebis Tanmxlebi monoTeisturi tendenciebi mainc

rCeba adamianis sulis Zalian Rrma da ukiduresad enigmuri ubnis

gaucnobierebel emanaciad, romelic Tavisi intensivobis wyalobiT

literaturuli tradiciis saxes iRebs. amitom Zvelegvipturi mi-

marTva erTRvTaebisadmi _ ,,erTaderTo RmerTo, sxva msgavsi rom-

lis ar arsebobs~, egvipturi zogadreligiuri da literaturuli

tradiciis gamoxatulebaa. am formas vxvdebiT sxvadasxva didi

RmerTis – amonis, ras, atumis da a.S. mimarTvebSi. am mimarTvas gai-

meorebs faraoni amenxotep IV (Zv.w. 1367-1350), igive – exnatoni

Tavis cnobil himnSi _ ,,didi himni atons~. swored aRniSnuli

tradiciis kvalze Seiqmna faraon exnatonis ,,didi himni atons~ da

misi literaturuli ,,memkvidre~ _ bibliuri 103-e fsalmuni(bib-

liologTa umravlesoba aRiarebs 103-e fsalmunis Zalian Rrma li-

teraturul kavSirs ,,atonis did himnTan~ (akimovi 2007)).

tradicia, romelic RvTaebas xotbas asxams mis mier Seqmnil-

ze (yovelgvari Sesaqme) miTiTebiT da aseT RvTaebas aRiarebs ,,er-

TaderT RmerTad~ _ aris uZvelesi zogadreligiuri da literatu-

ruli tradicia da ara _ romelime konkretuli religiuri siste-

mis dogma. es tradicia arsebobda jer kidev exnatonis amarnis

epoqamde aTasi wliT adre da man faraon exnatonis religiur re-

formaSi mxolod damatebiTi Teologiuri (ufro ki monarqiuli

Teologiis _ romelic faraons acxadebs RvTaebad) Strixebi Sei-

Zina. exnatonis ,,atonisturi monoTeizmis~ (exnatons monoTeistu-

ri religiis fuZemdebladac ganixilaven) Teologiuri arsi gulis-

xmobda atonis, romelic mTlianad vlindeba mzis diskos saxiT, ga-

mouxatavi, dafaruli RmerTis metafizikur ganazrebas. atonis Te-

ologiur centralizaciamde amoni iyo ,,dafaruli RmerTi~, xolo

RmerTi _ ra me-18 dinastiis teqstebSi aRiwereba, rogorc RmerTi,

romlis ,,saxe dafarulia~ da romelic ,,imaleba sxva samyaroSi~.

mogvianebiT swored ras enigmuri buneba da misi uxilaoba imemkvid-

reva RmerTma atonma (mzis disko) exnatonis religiuri reformis

dros (eliade, rwmenis istoria... 2002:57). RmerTebi, Cveulebriv, atareben enigmur, dafarul bunebas da

saxes, isini warmoadgenen ,,erTi saidumlos~ mraval ipostass, erTi

,,mTavari~ saidumlos mraval formas _ momdinares erTi sawyisi

mTlianobidan. frangi egviptologi k.Jaki miuTiTebs egvipturi re-

ligiis aradogmatur xasiaTze da aRniSnavs, rom ,,egviptelebs ar


175

swamdaT erTi RmerTis, _ arc mravali RmerTis. isini flobdnen

gansazRvrul codnas RvTaebriv Zalebze da eqsperimentebis gziT

cdilobdnen am codnis gafarToebas. egvipturi ,,religia~ aris ra-

Rac, romelic individs akavSirebs sakralur samyarosTan sxvadas-

xva gziT, romelTac mivyavarT erT centramde~ (Jaki 1999:116).

* * *

erTi RmerTis ,,dafaruli~ da ,,uxilavi~ sawyisi, romelsac

Seucnobels tovebs religia (apofatikuroba RmerTis atributia

religiebSi) miTisTvis Ria, ,,SemecnebiTi~ unda iyos. miTisTvis

principulad miuRebelia sawyisi mTlianobis, RmerTisa da yofiere-

bis apofatikuroba. ontologiuri saidumlos ,,gamartiveba~ da ga-

mowvlilviTi gamoxatva, iseve rogorc am sawyisi mTlianobidan

kosmogoniis ganxorcieleba, miTis mTavari Sinagani intenciaa. ami-

tom miTi sagangebod qmnis da amuSavebs Sida-struqturebs da

specmeqanizms sawyisisa da RmerTis asaxvisaTvis.

miTisa da erTi ,,mTliani RmerTis~ dapirispirebuloba ata-

rebs metafizikuri (filosofiuri), religiuri (Teologiuri) da

paradigmuli (struqturuli) dapirispirebis xasiaTs. am dapirispi-

rebulobaSi avlens miTi Tavis namdvil bunebas, ,,daSlisa~ da ,,da-

nawevrebis~, mTlianobis represirebis unars. amgvari represia miu-

TiTebs miTis destruqciul potencialze (SesaZleblobaze), magram

araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gulisxmobs miTis Tvisobriv, imanentur

destruqciulobas. yovelgvar destruqciulobas, rogorc ,,qaosis~

Tanafard movlenas, miTi upirispirdeba Tavisi sayovelTao ,,moma-

wesrigebeli~, Rrmad kosmogoniuri intenciiT.

maS, ratom jiutobs wesrigisa da kosmosis mTlianobis moyva-

ruli miTi, roca Tavis struqturaSi absolutis, ,,mTliani Rmer-

Tis~ Semoyvanas iwyebs? ratom ewinaaRmdegeba miTi ,,mTlianobis~

transcendentur struqturas, sadac sruliad gamoiricxeba Rmer-

Tis inteligibeluri idea? sawyisi RvTaebrivi mTlianobis sapiris-

pirod ratom muSaobs miTSi ,,damSleli~ meqanizmi?

es ar aris martivi da miT ufro miTisTvis sasurveli viTa-

reba (radgan, rogorc vTqviT, miTi ar aris destruqciuli Zala).

miTi iZulebulia, iyos destruqciuli, miTi iZulebulia, mogvev-

linos am tipis negatiur Zalad, radgan arc erT struqturaSi sa-

gangebo manevrirebis gareSe ar Tavsdeba masze didi struqtura.

sxva sityvebiT rom iTqvas, miTi ver itevs ,,mTlian RmerTs~, miTSi

ver Tavsdeba ,,mTlianoba~, ,,sawyisi~, saidumlos transcendenturi

Semoqmedi – RmerTi. swored amitom miTi iwyebs sawyisi mTlianobis

Semoyvanis, Tavsebisa da asaxvisaTvis optimaluri gzebis Ziebas. mi-

Ti qmnis im meqanizms, romliTac aRniSnuli metafizikuri dabrko-

leba gadailaxeba.

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

176

garda sawyisi mTlianobis daSlisa miTis struqturaSi ar

arsebobs sxva meqanizmi am mTlianobis Semoyvanis, Tavsebisa da

asaxvisaTvis. magram am gziT asaxuli mTlianoba ukve aRar aris

sawyisi mTlianoba, radgan ,,daSlili~ ar Sesabameba ,,dauSlels~

(anu ,,mTlians~).

aRmoCnda, rom sabolood miTi ver Zlevs sawyisi mTlianobis

Semoyvanisa da asaxvis metafizikur problemas da ,,daSlis~ meqa-

nizmiT aRniSnuli problemis gadalaxva mis mier mxolod moCvenebi-

Ti, simulaciuria.

miTSi sawyisi mTlianobis Semoyvanisa da asaxvis simulaciiT

saxezea sawyisi mTlianobis totaluri destruqcia.

RmerTi, rogorc sawyisi ,,mTliani RmerTis~ struqtura, yo-

velTvis miTis gareT rCeba. sawyisi mTlianoba sabolood mainc da-

farulia miTisTvis. bodriari fiqrobs, rom ,,SeuZlebelia gamoixa-

tos RvTaebrioba, romelmac bunebas suli Cahbera~ (bodriari

1997:53); ,,mTliani RmerTis~ gamoxatva SesaZlebelia mxolod ,,da-

nawevrebulad~, ,,nawil-nawil~, xatebsa da niSnebSi. miTs mxolod

,,danawevrebuli~, sakuTarsave sxvadasxva RvTaebriv Zalebad emansi-

pirebuli RmerTis gamoxatva ZaluZs. aqedan modis miTosuri panTe-

izmi da poliTeizmi, romlis diferencirebul ierarqiul sistemaSi

Cven SegviZlia vixiloT miTis miRmieridan gamomWoli ,,mTliani

RmerTis~ aCrdilebi. warmarTuli panTeoni miTisTvis dafaruli

,,mTliani RmerTis~ nacvlad, misTvis misawvdomi RmerTis uTvalavi

simulakriT _ ,,mcire RmerTebiT~ aris dakompleqtebuli. isini

sawyis RvTaebriobas imdenad asaxaven, ramdenadac arian am RvTaebri-

obis mauwyebeli (mimTiTebeli) warmodgenebi, fantazmebi da ukidu-

res SemTxvevaSi _ niSnebi; isini gamocalkevdebian ,,mTliani Rmer-

Tis~ transcendenturi sawyisidan, transformirdebian RmerTis in-

teligibelur saxeebad da mravldebian usasrulod miTis wiaRSi

sagangebod mowyobil xelovnurad ganoyivrebul saTburebSi.

da Tu amgvari danawevreba-gamocalkevebis gziT mainc SesaZle-

beli xdeba, gamoixatos RvTaebrioba, maSin ra emarTeba RvTaebrivs,

romelic danawevrda da gamoisaxa? bodriari svams kiTxvas: ,,ra

emarTeba RvTaebrivs, rodesac sakuTar Tavs xatebSi aRmoaCens? ra

emarTeba mas, rodesac is mravldeba simulirebulebSi? Tu is uCi-

nardeba simulirebulSi, romelic gadmoSlis momxiblav didebule-

bas da Zalas – xatebis vizualur manqanur moqmedebas, romelic

cvlis RmerTis martiv da inteligibelur ideas?~ (bodriari,

1997:53).

rodesac RvTaebrivi gadmoiSleba ,,xatebis vizualur manqanur

moqmedebaSi~, rodesac RvTaebrivi metastazurad vrceldeba Tavis-

save fermkrTal oreulebSi, rodesac RmerTi usasrulod gadamrav-

ldeba sakuTarsave simulakrebSi, am dros is simulirdeba da xdeba


177

simulirebuli RmerTi, romelic Zalianaa daSorebuli sawyis

mTlianobas. aseTi RmerTi bodriarisTvis aris ,,giganturi simuli-

rebuli~, radgan davida im niSnebze, romlebic amtkiceben mis arse-

bobas. ,,giganturi simulirebuli~ aris ,,ara ararealuri, aramed

simulirebuli, romelic Caenacvleba ara realurs, aramed sakuTar

Tavs~ (bodriari, 1997:54).

da am zRvarze Cndeba kidec simulaciis mTvari safrTxe: gau-

Cinareba. simulaciisas uCinardeba simulirebuli, radgan sawyisidan

gamoyofis, danawevrebis yovel jerze, simravlis matebasTan erTad

iklebs, mcirdeba sawyisi mTlianoba. mTlianobis daSlis kvalze ki

vualirdeba da TandaTan uCinardeba transcendenturi sawyisi –

,,mTliani RmerTi~.

amgvarad, miTi romelic cdilobs asaxos (gamoxatos) RmerTi,

sinamdvileSi kargavs, auCinarebs mas.

am SemTxvevaSi simravlis odenoba gauCinarebis pirdapirpro-

porciulia, xolo cneba ,,mravali~ (uTvalavi, uamravi, aTasi da

a.S.) xdeba ,,gamqralis~ ekvivalenturi. SesaZloa aqedanad modiodes

is Rrma miTosur-Teologiuri sazrisi, ramac xeTebis uZvelesi ci-

vilizacia ,,aTasi RvTaebis qveynad~ aqcia (,,aTasi RvTaeba xaTis

qveynisa~ _ ase aRniSnavndnen xaTur da xeTur panTeons) da amave

msoflmxedvelobriv wiaRSi warmoSva kidec uprecedento simravlis

,,gamqrali da dabrunebuli~ RmerTis pleada(Telefinu, ancili, cu-

qi, inara, xanaxana, mzis RvTaeba, mTvaris RvTaeba, anonimuri RvTae-

ba...). xeTur miTosSi gamqrali da dabrunebuli RvTaebis miTologe-

ma universaluria da gamqralis rolSi nebismieri RvTaeba SeiZleba

mogvevlinos. xeTuris msgavsad ukiduresad gadatvirTulia egvip-

turi panTeonic – RvTaebaTa ricxvi aq oriaTass aRwevs. igive mi-

Tosur-Teologiur sazrisze SeiZleba saubari sxva uZveles kul-

turebSic, sadac religiuri panTeizmi da Teogoniuri miTosi er-

TmaneTis paralelurad ukiduresad ganviTarebuli Cans. qarTul

lokalur TuS-fSav-xevsurul (aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis)

panTeonSi mcire RvTaebebis – RvTiSvilebis saerTo raodenoba da-

axloebiT samiaTasiT ganisazRvreba, Tumca maTi saxelebi ucnobia.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis miTologiaSi ,,miTi~ iZens

damatebiT religiur (,,rjulis~) datvirTvas da yalibdeba reli-

giuri ,,anderZebis~, adgilobrivi terminologiiT _ ,,andrezebis~

sistemad. qarTuli andrezuli sivrce agebulia uzenaesi _ ,,morige

RmerTis~, misi xelqveiTi RvTiSvilebisa da maTi saymoebis (maT

mfarvelobaSi myofi mosaxleoba) urTierTmimarTebaze. es aris

..mTavari RmerTisa~ da misi uamravi simulakris tipuri samyaro,

sadac erTmaneTis identuri TiToeuli simulakri aris konkurenti

danarCeni simulakrisa. amitomac aris, msgavad olimpos RmerTebisa,

RvTiSvilTa Sorisac qiSpoba da mtroba, rasac siuJeturad afor-

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

178

mebs andrezi. xevsurul andrezSi pirdapiraa naTqvami, rom ,,Ter-

gvauli da kopala mtrebi arian, ar SeiZleba erTis mlocvelma me-

ore ilocoso~(poezia 1972:298).

uzenaesi morige RmerTis erTiani sawyisidan uamravi xvTiSvi-

li, igive jvar-xati ,,gamocalkevda~ (maTi ricxvi samiaTass aR-

wevs). RvTaebrivi sawyisis am gadmoSla-emanaciaSi Zneli ar aris

mTlianobis damSleli miTosuri meqanizmis ,,gamoWera~. morige

RmerTis wiaRidan gamosuli ,,Svilebi~ _ RvTiSvilebi arian Tavad

morige RmerTis represirebuli, klonirebuli da simulirebuli

oreulebi, xatebi, ikonuri asaxvebi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa

aWaris mTianeTis sxvadasxva teritoriaze mofenili sakulto Zeg-

lebi, salocavi kerpebi, romelTac ,,qva-kacebs~ uwodeben. aqac

,,simravleSi~ simulirebuli da qva-kerpebSi gauCinarebuli RmerTis

kvalis danaxva SeiZleba.

fSav-xevsuruli RvTiSvilebi ramdenadac morige RmerTis si-

mulirebuli oreulebi, xatebi, ikonuri asaxvebi arian, andrezebSic

amitomac moixseniebian Sesatyvisi terminebiT _ ,,xati~, ,,nasaxi~

(gamoxatuli, dasaxuli, gamosaxuli). aq gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelo-

vania ,,xatad~ – anu ,,vizualur gamosaxulebad~ dasaxuli RvTiSvi-

lis ara ikonuri, aramed cocxali – mis cocxal arsebad gancda.

,,xats~, romelic Cveulebriv, RvTaebis usulo vizualur-mxatvrul

asaxvad, aslad unda gagvego, andrezi ,,cocxlis~ sazriss aniWebs.

andrezis jvar-xatebi arian RvTaebis fardi cocxali, aqtiuri ar-

sebebi, romlebic uSualod, fizikurad monawileoben fSav-xevsu-

rul mikrokosmiur movlenebSi. amis Sesaxeb grigol robaqiZe Tavis

narkvevSi ,,saqarTvelos saTaveni~ wers: ,,rac barSi ,,istoriad~ iq-

ca, mTaSi darCa miTosad... barSi xati niSnavs saTayvano suraTs ro-

melime wmindanisa, xolo mTaSi mas jerac ar daukargavs Tavisi

pirvandeli mniSvneloba: miTiuri: xati mTaSi saxelia salocavisa;

xSirad mis magier ,,jvari~ ixmareba... ,,xati~ miTiuri xilvaa uxi-

lavi arsis – mTaSi jer kidev cocxalia. barSi es sityva ukve da-

kargulia~(robaqiZe 1991).

marTlac, xati miTiuri xilvaa RvTaebisa, misi fantasmagori-

uli gamosaxva da gancda, romelic gadmoiSala morige RmerTis

enigmuri sawyisis usasrulod danawevrebul simravleSi.

morige RmerTis gamomsaxvelobisTvis miTosSi muSaobs ,,daS-

lis~ meqanizmi. morigis sawyisi ,,sityva~ aisaxa//gamoixata misave

,,dasaxul~//,,nasax~ xatebsa da nasaxebSi. am gziT morige RmerTi sa-

bolood gauCinarda _ ,,gamiwvrilda~ RvTiSvilTa simravleSi. ,,ga-

miwvrileba~ _ ,,metafizikuri gauCinarebis~ Sesatyvisi fSav-xevsu-

ruli andrezuli terminia, romelic jvar-xatis saidumlo enam Se-

moinaxa da andrezuli ganmartebiT, ,,xiluli arsebobidan uxilav

arsebobaSi gadasvlas~ niSnavs. andrezebSi am termins ratomRac


179

mxolod dev-kerpTa//demonur xatTa(isev xatebi!) gauCinarebas ukav-

Sireben, sinamdvileSi ki, ,,gamiwvrileba~ gacilebiT farTo termi-

nia da ukavSirdeba nebismier transcendentur Zalas (rogorc dade-

biTs, ise _ uaryofiTs); ,,gamiwvrileba~ aris miTis is mTavari

,,damSleli~ (etimologiuradac ,,gamiwvrileba~ _ dawvrileba, dapa-

taraveba, danawevrebas unda ukavSirdebodes) meqanizmi, romliTac

RmerTi da misi mTlianoba simulirdeba.

,,gamiwvrilebiT~ andrezi miTosuri simulaciis procesebs,

mTliani RmerTis simulakrebSi simulirebis viTarebas asaxavs. igi

gauCinarebuli da simulirebuli RmerTis miTSi myofobis sruliad

sxvagvar mdgomareobas gvamcnobs:

es aris RmerTis verbaluri emanaciis mdgomareoba, romelic

miTSi ,,mTlianobis damSleli~, marginaluri meqanizmis paralelu-

rad muSaobs.

RvTiSvilebis dasaxvasTan erTad, sakuTar xatebsa da nasaxeb-

Si, maT simravleSi gauCinarebuli morige RmerTi miTosis pasiuri

monawilea. morige RmerTi andrezebSi ganicdeba mxolod verbaluri

struqturis – ,,metafizikuri sityvis~ doneze, ontologiuri

,,brZanebis~ aspeqtSi. morige RmerTi, rogorc araerTi miTologiu-

ri RvTaeba da bibliuri RmerTi, aqtivobs mxolod ,,verbalurad~.

rogorc andrezi gveubneba – morige RmerTi ,,Zravs Tavis oqros

bageebs~. swored ,,oqros bageebiT~ awesrigebs kosmoss: ,,morige

rigs da wess aZlevs qveynierobas, magram TviTon qveynis marTvelo-

baSi ar ereva da brZanebis mets aras akeTebs~ (javaxiSvili

1979:102). es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara RmerTis verbaluri emana-

cia. ontologiuri sityva-brZaneba aris is ,,sityva~, romelic Cae-

nacvleba RvTis xats.

,,morige RmerTi~ realurad miTosSi ar yofierobs, aqtivobs

mxolod misi verbaluri nawili. morige qmnis da ,,saxavs~ samyaros

da RvTiSvilebs Tavisi oqros bageebidan gamomavali RvTaebrivi

sityviT, romelic sxva araferia, Tu ara sityvaSi gamovlenili (da

ara gansxeulebuli da gamosaxuli) RmerTi _ misive sawyisi da

,,TviToba~. mxolod sityva iyo pirvelTagani. es niSnavs: sityva

,,iyo prvelTagan~ da ,,RmerTi iyo sityva igi~.

amdenad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos andrezul miTologiur sis-

temaSi ukve mocemulia samyaros Sesaqmisa da mowyobis verbalur-

metafizikuri modeli. rogorc uZvelesi kosmogoniuri sistemebi

adastureben, sawyisis metafizikuri verbalizacia Zveli aRTqmis

bibliur Teologiamde gacilebiT adre, jer kidev uZveles miTo-

logiebsa da religiebSi, warmarTuli panTeizmis wiaRSi Cndeba.

erTi uzenaesi RmerTis aRiarebisa da misi sawyisis Teologi-

uri gancdis farglebSi Semodis kidev erTi uZvelesi tradicia –

centraluri RmerTis verbalizacia da am meqanizmis CarTva kosmo-

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

180

genezisis aqtSi. RvTaebis verbaluri paradigma mTlianad efuZneba

mentalur – goniT aspeqts, rac momavalSi qristianuli logosis

Teologiis safuZveli xdeba. uZveles poliTeistur religiebsa da

miTologiebze dakvirveba gviCvenebs, rom pirvelad monoTeistur

tendenciebTan erTad isaxeba ,,azris~ _ ,,RvTaebrivi gonis~ kreaci-

uli metafizikur-Teologiuri ganazrebebi, rac met-naklebad Camo-

yalibebuli Teologiuri sistemebis saxesac iRebs calkeul miTo-

religiur doqtrinebSi (mag. egviptis heliopolisisa da memfisis

kosmogoniuri sistemebi). am kosmogoniur doqtrinebSi Sesaqme

RvTaebriv sityvasa da azrze(gonebaze) gavliT daiyvaneba erT Rmer-

Tamde:

RvTaeba (erTi RmerTi): _ goneba-azri-sityva-Sesaqme

,,rigvedas~ himnSi(,,kosmogonia~, mandala 10,129) aRwerili

kosmogenezisi verbalur-mentalur models asaxavs da Tavdapirve-

lad arsebulis - ,,raRac erTis~ apofatikurobasTan erTad, am saw-

yisis ,,goniT~ substanciaze miuTiTebs:

,,Tavdapirvelad (masSi) gaCnda survili,

rac iyo azris pirveli Tesli.

yofierebis qmna araradan amoxsnes brZenTa

TavianT gulebSi azrebis ZebniT~ (rigveda 1995).

Zvel indur religiur himnebSi gadmocemuli ontologiuri

movlenebi induri miTosis farglebSi rCeba. induri miTosi ki im-

TaviTve aRiarebs RvTaebis verbalur-kreaciul SesaZleblobebs.

pirvelkaci prajapati, romelic oqros kvercxidan daibada, swored

RvTaebrivi sitviT qmnis samyaros:

,,man gamoamtvria oqros kvercxi. ar iyo maSin araviTari say-

rdeni da dacuravda es oqros kvercxi, sanam erTi weli ar Ses-

rulda. erTi wlis Semdeg ineba laparaki prajapatim. man Tqva:

,,bhuh!~ da warmoiqmna es dedamiwa. Tqva man: ,,bhuvah~! da warmoiqmna

es sivrce. Tqva man ,,svar~! da warmoiqmna is ca..... ase Seqmna praja-

patim sami sityviT samyaro~(miTologia 2000 :27).

sityva da azri, rogorc gaumijnavi kreaciuli ,,operatore-

bi~, mudmivad monawileoben egviptur kosmogoniebSi. ,,is, visi sit-

yviTac gaCndnen RmerTebi~ (assmani 1999:96) – naTqvamia amon-rasadmi mimarTul egviptur himnSi da RmerTebis Semqmneli ,,sityvac~ ara-

erTgzis gamoCndeba Zveli egviptis saxelmwifoebriv oficialur

religiebSi – heliopolisisa da memfisis kosmogoniur sistemebSi.

heliopolisis kosmogoniuri sistemis mixedviT, samyaro da

yovelive masSi arsebuli warmoiSva Semoqmedis ,,piriT~ (anu sit-

yviT) da ,,azrovnebiT~. amis Semdeg ki sxva RvTaebaTa Seqmna gan-

srulda brZanebis, sityvis warTqmiT:


181

,,me var is, vinc warmoiSva, rogorc hepri. me warmomiviSvi da

warmoiSvnen arsebulebi, da mravali arseba gamovida Cemi piridan.

jer kidev ar iyo ca da miwa. jer kidev ar iyo xmeleTi, arc gve-

li. gadaWimuliyo Tvaluwvdeneli nuni. misgan gamosulma ver vpo-

ve adgili, sadac daviyudrebdi da amitomac Sevqmeni maradiuli

xomli ben-beni. masze Semdgarma viazre (//viazrovne) sakuTari saxis

winaSe da Sevqmeni yoveli qveynieri. martomyofma piridan gamovdev-

ne Su da teftuni. da mamam Cemma warmoTqva: ,,dae, daizardnon isi-

ni!~ (nemirovski 2000: 6). memfisis kosmogoniur sistemaSi kidev ufro ixveweba da uf-

ro Zlier Teologiur datvirTvas iZens verbalur-mentaluri krea-

cia da misi calkeuli aspeqtebi. aq kosmogonia da Teogonia xor-

cieldeba erTi RmerTis (ptaxis) RvTebrivi substanciiT – gonebiT,

romlis adgilad da ekvivalentad ,,gulia~ miCneuli. ,,memfisis gu-

li~ imeorebs uZveles msoflio miTologiur tradicias kosmogo-

niis samyaros centrSi, ,,SuagulSi~ ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. memfi-

sis religiur doqtrinaSi arsebiTad Serwymulia ,,Suagulis~ mi-

Tologema da sruliad axali Teologiuri – ,,azris~, ,,logosis~

filosofia. amgvari SerwymiT memfisSi iqmneba sruliad unikaluri

kosmogoniuri sistema, romelic Tanabrad aris morgebuli rogorc

miTosur, ise – religiur msoflmxedvelobas.

,,didi ptaxi – eneadis guli da enaa ...

warmoiSva guliT da eniT atumis saxe. didia ptaxi, romelic

qmnis RmerTebs da maT kas am eniT, am guliT. warmoiSva xori mis-

gan – ptaxisagan. warmoiSva Toti misgan – ptaxisagan. guli da ena

batonoben yvelaferze, radgan igi (ptaxi) aris yovel sxeulSi,

yovel RvTaebaSi, yovel adamianSi, yovel mwerSi, romlebic coc-

xloben misi ideiT da brZanebiT. misgan warmoiSva eneada... igi (pta-

xi) – yoveli gadawyvetilebis mizezs warmoadgens... ena imeorebs

gulis azrs. ase Seiqmna yvela RvTaeba da dasrulda misi eneada...

ase mieca sicocxle keTils da miezRo sikvdili damnaSaves. ase Se-

iqmna samuSaoebi da xelovneba, xeliT Sroma, fexiT siaruli... pta-

xis Sesaxeb amboben: ,,yovlis Semqmneli, romelmac dasabami misca

RmerTebs... yoveli misgan warmoiSva: msxverplSesawiravebi da sakve-

bi, RmerTebis msxverplSesawiravi da yoveli sikeTe. ase dadginda,

rom igi (ptaxi) yvela RvTaebaze ufro Zlevamosilia. ase dakmayo-

filda ptaxi, mas Semdeg rac Seqmna yoveli nivTi da yoveli RvTa-

ebrivi sityva...~ (qrestomaTia 1990:135).

aq yovlis Semoqmedi RmerTi ptaxi Tavis kosmogoniur aqtebs

axorcielebs eniT da guliT (,,guli da ena batonoben yvelafer-

ze~), xolo mTavari RvTaebriv-SemoqmedebiTi, kreaciuli substanci-

aa –

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

182

idea – ,,idea~, rogorc yovelive arsebulis arsi, pirvelsaxe

(Sdr. platonizmis ,,idea~ da ,,sagnis~ urTierTmimarTeba);

brZaneba _ sityvis neba da Zalaufleba;

sazrisi – goneba, ,,gulis azri~ romelsac ,,ena imeorebs~;

pirvelTagani sityva _ ,,yoveli RvTaebrivi sityva~ (bibliuri

,,pirvelTagani sityva~).

amgvaria memfisis religiur-Teologiuri doqtrina RmerTebis

Teogoniis, samyaros Sesaqmesa da zogadad _ yofierebasa da mis on-

tologiaze. amgvaria samyaros Sesaqmis verbalur-mentaluri mode-

li - sityvisa da misi sazrisis – RvTebrivi gonis kreaciuli sub-

stanciis universaluri paradigma, romelic saboloo srulyofas

bibliaSi aRwevs.

faqtobrivad, Zvelegvipturma Teologiurma msoflmxedvelobam

(iseve, rogorc Zvelindurma) mniSvnelovanwilad daZlia warmarTu-

li Teologiuri sawyisebi. amitom swored egvipteSi gadailaxa

mniSvnelovanwilad poliTeisturi panTeizmi da maSindeli msofli-

osaTvis uprecedento – exnatonis ,,atonis monoTeizmi~ – monoTe-

izmTan Zalian miaxloebuli religiuri sistema Camoyalibda. da mi-

uxedavad winare monoTeisturi tendenciebisa da erTi RmerTisadmi

Rrmad Teologiuri gancdebisa, romelic literaturuli tradici-

iTac iyo gamyarebuli, exnatonis lokaluri ,,monoTeizmi~, iseve,

rogorc ,,rigveda~, himnebis ,,erTRmerTianobis~ Sinagani, Rrmad su-

lieri intenciebi, mainc amovardnaa maSindeli msoflios saerTo

religiur-kulturuli paradigmidan. es aris droSi winswreba, ro-

melic arRvevs saerTo kosmiur da socialur wesrigs. miTebis epo-

qaSi, sadac SeuZlebelia religiis mkveTri gamijvna miTosisagan,

monoTeisturi tendenciebis ganviTarebisa da gamyarebisaTvis ar ar-

sebobs aranairi realurad xelmosaWidi struqturuli meqanizmebi.

monoTeizms momavali hqonda mxolod miTis cxedarze gadabijebiT.

winaaRmdegobis arsi, upirvelesad, paradigmaTa da struqtu-

raTa SeusabamobaSia, monoTeisturi tendenciebi _ erTi RmerTis

avtonomiuri gageba Tvisobrivad ewinaaRmdegeba, erTi mxriv, miTo-

sur msoflmxedvelobas – kulturologiur aspeqtSi; da meore

mxriv, miTis Sinagan morfologiur struqturas – miTosuri Txro-

bis, farTo gagebiT – miTosuri narativis teqstobriv-warmodgeni-

Ti (eqsplicitur-implicitur) struqturuli meqanizmebis doneze.

amitom, ,,erTi RmerTisken~ ltolva ara miTosuri, aramed, miTis

wiaRSi warmoSobili pirveladi religiisa da pirveladi filoso-

fiis gamovlinebebia. ,,erTi RmerTis~ aRiareba da misi verbalizacia

miTis mxriv iyo erTgvari ,,daTmoba~, garkveulad strategiuli

ukandaxeva intuiciurad gancdili momavali dominantis – monoTeis-

turi Teologiur-religiuri struqtur(eb)is winaSe.


183

amitom, miTisTvis, romelic ,,daSlis~ meqanizmis paralelu-

rad gvTavazobs sawyisi mTlianobis – ,,mTliani RmerTis~ gamosax-

vis kidev erT, struqturulad sul sxva – verbaluri emanaciis

models, romelSic RmerTi asaxulia ,,mTlianobiT~, magram asaxu-

lia ,,saxis~, ,,xatis~ gareSe, es meqanizmi rCeba. igi mainc yovel-

Tvis iseT struqturebSi iCens Tavs, sadac miTosi religiad iwyebs

transformirebas, anu miTis im ,,daumuSavebel~ da ,,auTvisebel~ wi-

aRSi, miTis sakuTarsave ,,gadaulaxav~ ubanze, sadac pirveladi Te-

ologiuri gancda Cndeba (aseTia heliopolisis, memfisis da qarTu-

li andrezuli kosmogoniuri sistemebi).

sabolood, mxolod bibliaSia gadaWrili RmerTisa da sawyisi

mTlianobis asaxvis metafizikuri problema: - asaxva asaxvaze uaris

Tqmis gziT. mxolod sityvaSi SeiZleba moviazroT RmerTis sawyisi

mTlianoba, mxolod sityva SeiZleba asaxavdes sawyis mTlianobas

swored asaxvis SeuZleblobiT, radgan sityvas ar gaaCnia materia-

luri struqtura da yovelTvis gamoricxavs Tavssave vizualur

aspeqts. sityva bolomde axSobs Tavisi sazrisis gamomsaxvelobiT

potencials da am gziT sazriss tovebs absoluturad mouxelTe-

bel transcendentur mdgomareobaSi.

amdenad, miTi mxolod nawilobriv eTanxmeba RmerTisa da saw-

yisis verbalizacias, rogorc ,,araasaxviTi asaxvis~ meqanizms, rad-

gan miTiuri samyaro, upirvelesad, vizualis samyaroa, romelSic

yovelive transformirdeba formad da sagnad, vizualur xatebad;

sadac suls idgamen da xorcs isxamen abstraqtuli Zalebi da me-

taforebi saxeebad cocxldebian; sadac miTis ena (metaena) Zala-

dobs sityvaze; sadac miTi Tavisi metaeniT itacebs enas, mis saz-

riss da realobas, romelsac gardaqmnis Tavis ,,sxva~ realobad –

formebad, sagnebad, xatebad, ikonebad. . .

amitomac miTi jiutad ar Tanxmdeba sawyisis, RmerTis gamo-

saxvis SeuZleblobas da am winaaRmdegobis gadasalaxad simulacie-

bis gzas irCevs.

amgvarad, miTi organuladaa dakavSirebuli simulaciebTan. mi-

Tis wiaRSi ra zRvarTanac iwyeba RmerTis gamoxatvis mcdeloba, im

zRvarzeve iwyeba simulaciebic.

maS, vin aris miTSi is pirveli uzenaesi Semoqmedi, vinc samya-

ro da danarCeni RmerTebi Seqmna? Tu miTi ver itevs ,,mTlian

RmerTs~, romelic mxolod danawevrebisa Tu verbalizaciis Semdeg

(ver) aisaxeba, Tu miTi RvTaebrivis gamoxatvis marginaluri meqa-

nizmiT mxolod auCinarebs RmerTs, maSin vin aris is ,,Semoqmedi

RmerTi~ (vTqvaT, qarTuli morige RmerTi, egvipturi ptaxi, induri

prajapati da a.S.), romelic miTosSi sawyisi uzenaesi RmerTis sa-

xeliT aqtivobs da Tavisive wiaRidan gamoacalkevebs uTvalav

,,mcire RmerTs~ (simulakrebs)?

xaTuna TavdgiriZe

184

is aris namdvili RmerTis pirveli simulirebuli - ,,pirve-

lasli~, romelic uSualod mosdevs ,,originals~. ,,pirveli simu-

lirebulia~ platoniseuli ,,asli~ (romelic yvelaze axlos dgas

originalTan (,,ideasTan~)); delioziseuli _ ,,WeSmariti preten-

denti~ (deliozi 1998:332-335) da bodriariseuli _ ,,giganturi

simulirebuli~ (bodriari, 1997:54).

amdenad, miTSi, arc erT mis kosmogoniur sistemaSi, ar arse-

bobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes namdvili, mTliani RmerTi da

sawyisi paradigmuloba.

miTi RmerTisa da sawyisis simulaciebis samyaroa - uTvalavi

simulakris samyaro: miTiuri dro – simulaciebis dro; RmerTis

nacvlad – simulirebuli da misi uTvalavi simulakri; arqetipebis

nacvlad – isev simulakrebi. aq saubaric ki ar SeiZleba iyos pa-

radigmulobaze.

literatura

akimovi 2007: Акимов В., Проблема происхождения 103-го псалма, Труды Минской Духовной Академии №5 , M. 2007.

assmani 1999: Ассман Я., Египет: теология и благочестие ранней циви-лизации. M.1999;

bodriari 1997: J.bodriari, simulirebulebi da simulaciebi, Jurn.

,,paraleluri teqstebi~, gamomc. ,,nekeri~,1997, #1.

deliozi 1998: Ж. Делез, Логика смысла, М.: "Раритет", Екатерин-бург: "Деловая книга", 1998.

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miTologia 2000: miTologia (8), avtor-Semdgenlebi z.kiknaZe,

n.tonia, gamomc.,,logosi~, Tb.2000. nemirovski 2000: А.Немировский, Мифы и легенды древнего востока,

Р.2000. poezia 1972: qarTuli xalxuri poezia, I, Tb.1972.

Jaki 1999: Жак К. Нефертити и Эхнатон. М.,1999. rigveda 1995: РигВеда 1995: РигВеда. Мандалы. Перевод выполнен

Т.Я. Елизаренковой по изданию: Aufrecht Th. Die Hymnen des Rigveda. З. Auflage. Berlin, 1955. Т. I, II.

http://sss.vn.ua/vedas/rigveda.htm

robaqiZe 1991: g.robaqiZe, saqarTvelos saTaveni, Jurn. “literatu-

ra da xelovneba~, Tb., 1991,@# 2.

qrestomaTia 1990: Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoriis qresto-

maTia, Tb.1990.

javaxiSvili 1979: i.javaxiSvili, qarTvelebis warmarToba, ix: mi-

sive, Txzulebani Tormet tomad, I, Tb.1979.

irakli mWedliSvili

renesansuli `adamianuri ganzomileba~, proeqcia da

modernuli proeqti

Sua saukuneebis qristianuli msof-

lxedva absolutis, anu zeganzomilebisa da

warmaval-miwieri sinamdvilis urTierTmimar-

Tebas sivrcobrivad, neoplatonizmidan mom-

dinare, emanaciuri modelis mixedviT moiaz-

rebda. amgvari warmodgenis mixedviT, umaR-

lesi da WeSmariti sinamdvilis, anu abso-

luturi arsebis, RmerTis sisrule da mad-

li emanaciurad, zemodan qvemoT vrceldeba.

miwieri ganzomileba emanaciuri ganfenis mo-

delis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti wesrigis damdab-

lebul, sust da fermkrTal anareklad (an,

anabeWdadac) miiCneoda.

amis gamo, Tavidan, sawyis etapze, qris-

tianuli msoflxedva warmaval da fuWebad

miwier sinamdviles TiTqmis srulad ugule-

belyofda. yvelaferi am drois Teologiuri

normiT, `zemodan~, zRvruli donis, WeSmari-

ti da maradiuli realobis `gadmosaxedis~

Tvalsawierisa da absolutur Rirebulebaze

dayudnebuli mentaluri poziciis mixedviT

aRiqmeboda da fasdeboda.

aseTi mimarTeba mxolod sulierebaze

orientirebuli qristianuli doqtrinis

mkacr moTxovnaTa gamo ar Camoyalibebula.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qristianuli moZRvre-

ba, didwilad, swored gonis Zalasa da ga-

sulierebul bunebas mindobili da Sesabami-

sad, sxeulis Warb Tayvaniscemaze momarTu-

li antikuri samyaros daRlilobisa da Ri-

rebulebaTa Tu vnebaTa aRrevis Sedegic iyo. antikuri periodis bolos, adamianis

sasicocxlo garemosa da mentalur realo-


doqtori, kinomcodne, inJi-

ner-fizikosi.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

`cifruli gamosaxuleba da

eidosuri xati~, `kosmosi,

sivrce-dro da virtualuri

realoba~, `perspeqtiva –

aRorZinebidan cifrul ga-

mosaxulebamde...~...

samecniero interesebi:

xmelTaSua zRvis kultura-

Ta da civilizaciaTa safuZ-

vlebSi ganmsazRvreli da

dReisaTvisac sagulisxmo

msoflSegrZnebiTi, anu

dro-sivrciTi xasiaTis kon-

ceptebis gamovlena-Sepi-

rispireba; `arTroni”, anu

elinuri azrovnebis is si-

mboluri winaforma, romel-

mac Semdgomi, dasavluri

kulturis msoflSegrZnebi-

Ti mimarTeba ganapiroba.

irakli mWedliSvili

186

baSi, Tu Cestertonis sityvebs movixmobT, àrc erTi wminda yvavi-

li, arc erTi SeubRalavi varskvlavi aRar darCa~.1 udabno, sadac

yvavili ar xarobs da gamoqvabuli, saidanac zeca ar Cans, adreul

qristianTa amqveyniur cdunebaTgan garidebis Cveuli adgilebi iyo.

yovel buCqsa da nakadulSi Cabudebul, xorciel vnebaT ayolil

warmarTul RvTaebaTa da mistikur arsebaTa uaryofa, maTi gavle-

nis daZleva udabur adgilas gasvliTa da gansakuTrebuli Zalis-

xmeviT, askeziT miiRweoda. radgan, rogorc daiwera, qveynierebas

dapatronebul eSmakeulTa ès modgma ... mxolod locviTa da mar-

xviT ganidevneba~ (maT. 17:21). grZneulebaTa mozRvavebis SeCereba da

samyaros ubiwoebis aRdgena mxolod namdvilad àramiwier religi-

as~ SeeZlo.

qristianobis pirvelsave wlebSi gavrcelebul `gnosticizms~,

mZlavr religiur dinebas mistikur-zebunebrivi safuZveli namdvi-

lad hqonda, magram ramdenime saukunes gamwvdomi misi sicocxlisu-

narianoba xsenebulTan erTad, sxva mizezsac unda ganepirobebina.

qristianuli eklesiis wiaRsa da mis gareT warmoSobili TiTqmis

yvela eresi Tu eretikuli moZRvreba swored im arealSi isaxebo-

da, sadac winmswreb civilizaciur fesvTa da sakralur tradici-

aTa xaniereba ukve aTaswleulebs iTvlida.

ezoTerul swavlebaTa, mxolod gandobilTa wrisaTvis gan-

kuTvnili gnosisi (berZ. gnōsis _ codna) Tanadroul, gansxvavebul

religiur ganazrebaTa sinkretuli gaerTianebisa da rogorc Cans,

ufro adreul mistikur tradiciaTa àxal tikebSi~ gadasxmis

mcdelobac iyo. dualisturi xedvis, samyaroSi ori dapirispirebu-

li sawyisis, anu sikeTisa da borotebis maradiuli Tanaarsebobis

uSualo aRiareba Tu nagulisxmevi daSveba yvela gnostikur mimdi-

nareobasa da religiur seqtas winaaRmdegobriv msoflxedviT kon-

teqstsa da araerTmniSvnelovan rwmeniT safuZvels uqmnida.

ori sawyisis, sinaTlisa da sibnelis, sikeTisa da borotebis

dapirispirebisa da gansakuTrebiT ki, sulier RmerTTan erTad, ma-

teriis Semoqmedi meore RmerTis, demiurgosis arsebobis daSvebas

erTian gancdaze dafuZnebul nebismier rwmeniT warmodgenaSi gaur-

kvevlobis wyvetiTi bijis Setana SeeZlo. amgvar moZRvrebaTa

mTlianoba mxolod avtoritets `miwerili~ codniTi warmodgeniT,

or sawyiss Soris sulier arsebaTa gradaciuli doneebis daSvebiT

Tu moazrebiT miiRweoda, rac, arsobriv gaukvevlobasa da mourgeb-

lobas kidev ufro aRrmavebda.

radikal gnostikosTa (maniqevelebis), aseve, meore, materia-

luri sawyisis daqvemdebarebulad maRiarebeli, `Serbilebuli vari-

antis~ (seTianelebis) mimdevarTa, terminul doneze ki, monist

1 Честертон Г. К. – Святой Франциск Асизский. В кн. «Вечный человек», М, 1991, стр. 25


187

gnostikosTa (valentinianelTa) moZRvrebis mixedviTac, adamianebi

arasrulyofili RmerTis, demiurgosis mier Seqmnili, bnel, mate-

rialur samyaroSi `gamoketili~, srulyofili RmerTisgan, sinaT-

lisagan dacilebuli sulebi arian.

advili dasanaxia, rom antikuri `memkvidreobis~ gamo warmo-

Sobili, `Seryvnili~ materialuri sinamdvilis ugulebelmyofi ad-

reqristianuli damokidebuleba samyaros Seqmnisa da misi RvTis mi-

er ganwesebis wminda weriliT mocemul warmodgenaSi gnostikur

eresTa SeRwevisa da, mTlianobaSi ki, rwmeniTi gancdis ezoTeruli

codnis gandobad Tu gadacemad moZRvrebamde dasvla-dayvanis saSiS-

roebis pirobasac moicavda. amitomac, mravalferovan gnostikur

mimdinareobaTa Zlevis sakiTxi im periodis qristianuli eklesiis

erT-erTi mTavari amocana gaxda.

IV-V saukunaTa mijnaze, am brZolas qristianad moqcevamde

maniqevelTa seqtasTan axlo myofi, maT qadagebaTa msmeneli da Se-

sabamisad, radikalur-gnostikur moZRvrebaTa avkargianobaSi kargad

garkveuli avrelius avgustinec (Aurelius Augustinus) SuerTda. fa-ruli materializmi, substanciuri dualizmi da zneobrivi winaaR-

mdegobrioba _ ai, is xinji da Seusabamoba, romelic, netari avgus-

tines azriT, maniqevelTa moZRvrebas qristianTaTvis miuRebels

xdida.

avgustineseuli kritikis Tanaxmad, Tu or sawyiss, sinaTlesa

da sibneles, Sesabamisad, sikeTesa da borotebas, Tanabari substan-

ciuri Tanaarseboba miekuTvneba da Tu bnel materiaSi gamomwyvdeu-

li adamianis suli sinaTlis nawilad miiCneva, maSin, qristianuli

doqtrinis Zireul, Semoqmedsa da qmnilebas Soris mimarTebas ara-

erTmniSvnelovani da gaurkveveli saxe eZleva. amave dros, saeWvo

xdeba Tavisufali arCevanisa da zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiT-

xic _ vis an ras, anda, ra wilad miewereba borot qmedebaze pasu-

xismgebloba? _ bneli materiis mier mitacebuli sinaTlis nawils,

individualur suls Tu materialur sxeuls, romelSic, gnostiku-

ri xedvis logikiT, Tavadac kvazi-materialuri sulia gamomwyvdeu-

li?!

avgustines `aRsarebanidan~ vigebT, rom mis adreul warmodge-

nebs Cveuli, `saRi azris~ (common sense) materializmi gansaz-

Rvravda da rom, aramaterialuri substanciis arsebobis daSvebas

Tu azrs netari mama pirvelad platonikosTa wignebis saSualebiT

eziara. ontologia, romelic SegrZnebad-fizikurisa da inteligibe-

lur-sulieris Zireul ganasxvavebas aRiarebs, avgustines azriT,

gnostikur, ormag moralur alternativas sulac ar gulisxmobs.

dayofa an gansxvaveba, platonis mimdevarTa mixedviT, imgvari

yovlismomcveli da erTiani ierarqiuli ganfenis (emanaciis) wiaRSi

an gaswvriv moiazreba, romelic dasabams erTi absoluturi sawyi-

irakli mWedliSvili

188

sidan iRebs da mzardi mravlobiTobisa da mravalferovnebis Tan-

mimdevrul safexurTa gavliT gamijnul da gancalkevebul materia-

lur obieqtTa umdablesi doniT sruldeba. absoluturi sawyisi,

anu RmerTi ki, avgustinesaTvis, iseTi maradiuli da ucvleli sis-

rulea, romelic Tavisive ganzraxviT, racionaluri ierarqiis mi-

xedviT ganwesebul, Tavis Semdgom da qvemoT arsebul yovelives

aerTianebs.

racionaluri midgoma, romelic adamianuri sulis wyobas, mis

arsobriv bunebasaca da neoplatonur ontologiasac moicavs, av-

gustines borotebis problemis gadawyvetis Tu gadaazrebis saSua-

lebas aZlevs. grZnobadi, materialuri samyaro arc TavisTavad bo-

roteba da arc raime cudis Tu uaryofiTis gamovlenaa. gaurkvev-

loba, romelic adamianur arsebobas amZimebs, xilul, materialur

samyaroSi gamomwyvdeulobis Sedegi ar aris, is mgrZnobelobisa da

nebis ufro faqizi da Znelad garCevadi problemidan momdinareobs.

radgan miwieri sinamdvilis donidan ufro farTo da maRali

erTianobis danaxva SeuZlebelia da radgan, Cveulebriv, Cveni Se-

mecnebiTi swrafva amave, miwier dones ar scildeba, Sedegad, nebe-

lobiTi Zalisxmevis `modebis are~ mxolod warmaval da efemerul

materialur warmonaqmnTa TiTqos TviTkmar da gancalkevebul sfe-

ros farglebSive rCeba. aramdgrad da gardamaval materialur obi-

eqtTa sinamdviles mipyrobil Tu midrekil adamianur nebas ki, arc

moralur winaaRmdegobaTa gadalaxva, arc waruvali erTianobis

Wvreta da arc misken aRmasvlis gzis danaxva Tu dasaxva SeuZlia.

netari avgustines azriT, sasazRvro mdebareobis Tu mijnaze

myofobis gacnobiereba, anu sulis grZnobad samyaroSi CarTulobisa

da inteligibelur sferosTan, maRal ierarqiul doneebTan bmulo-

bis erTdrouli aRiareba swored aRniSnuli gaugebrobis Tu cdo-

mis daZlevis pirobas qmnis. grZnobadi sinamdvile, amgvari xedviT,

Cveni sulier-nebelobiTi yuradRebis mis miRma da maRla arsebul-

ze mimmarTvelad unda iyos miCneuli. Tavad aramdgradi, gardamava-

li da efemeruli bunebis materialuri garemo ki, avgustines Sex-

senebiT, swored RvTiuri erTianobis nawilia da is, WeSmariti si-

namdvilis raRac, Tundac mcire marcvals an fermkrTal `anabeWds~

yovelTvis unda moicavdes.

usxeulo WeSmaritebis Ziebis, uxilavis xilul-Seqmnilis mi-

xedviT wvdomis SesaZlebloba avgustines, rogorc misi `aRsareba-

ni~ gvamcnobs, swored platonikostTa wignebis kiTxvam Caagona.

magram, aseTi miswrafeba, aseTi mxolod codnidan momdinare xedva,

anu `Tavmomwone swavluloba~ usicocxlo da unayofoa Tu Tvinie-

rebisa da morCilebis im safuZvels ar daendo, romelic aris ieso

qriste.


189

rwmeniTi sayrdenis mqoneTa da armqoneTa Soris, avgustines

SedarebiT, iseTive gansxvavebaa, rogoric kurTxeuli samSoblosken

WeSmariti gzis mxilvelTa da misken brmad mavalTa Soris. anda,

sxvanairad, ufro gaSlilad, kurTxeuli an maradiuli soflisken

swori gziT svlas moxilva-danaxvis garda, davanebis Tu damkvidre-

bis gulSi Cabudebuli miswrafebac unda ganapirobebdes. amgvari

muxtiT gajerebuli gzneba ki, avgustinem RvTiuri sulis nebiT

Seqmnili wminda werilebidan, upiratesad, pavle mociqulis epis-

toleTagan miiRo.

platonikosTa swavlebisa da wminda wignebis gavlenaTa Sesa-

jereblad avgustine sivrcul-topologiur Sedarebas mimarTavs:

`erTia _ tyiani mTis wverodan dainaxo Tanxmobis miwa da mainc

ver SeZlo misasvleli gzis moZieba, amaod ecado, lomisa da ur-

Cxulis moTaveobiT Casafrebul moRalateTa mier dagebul maxeTa

da xafangTa arideba, gauvali gzis gavla. magram sul sxvaa _

iqiTken svlisas daadge im gzas, romelsac zeciuri imperatori

icavs ... aseTi azrebi saocari gziT ileqeboda Cems gulSi, rode-

sac `mociqulTa Soris umciress~1 vkiTxulobdi.~2

miwieri cxovrebis gzis naxevris (ocdaTxuTmeti wlis) gam-

levi dantec cdomaTa da codvaTa `usieri tyidan~ Tavis daRwevasa

da saTnoebisken svlis swori mimarTulebis moxilvas gorakisa Tu

mTis wverodan imedovnebs. magram, udabur bilikze Casafrebuli

alegoriuli personaJebi _ lomi, focxveri da mgeli, gadmosaxe-

dis miRwevis, Tanxmobis miwis danaxvis SesaZleblobas mas ar aZle-

ven. gardacvlili satrfos, beatriCes mzrunveli sulis wyalobiT,

Semwed da gzamkvlevad dantes vergiliusis aCrdili evlineba... A

antikur sibrZnesa da qristianul siyvaruls dante, avgusti-

nes darad, STagonebisa da gadarCenis or mTavar sayrdenad miiCnevs.

Tumca, am sawyisTa warmdgen Tu aRmniSvnel, netari mamisa da dan-

teseul simbolur figuraTa or wyvils Soris (erTgan, platoni

da mociquli pavle, meoregan, vergiliusi da beatriCe) simetriu-

li Tu Tanaswori mimarTebis daSveba Sua saukuneebSi dadgenil

warmodgenas ver unda morgeboda. antikur kulturasTan advilad

gaigivebadi klasikosi poetis, vergiliusis `mewyvileda~ da moci-

quli pavles proporciul figurad beatriCes dasaxva miwieri qa-

1 `radganac umciresi var mociqulTa Soris, da arca var Rirsi imisa, rom

mociqulad viwodebode, vinaidan vsdevnidi RmrTis eklesias~ (1 kor. 15:9).

mociqul pavlesa da netar avgustines Soris, rwmeniTi memkvidreobiTobis

garda, saintereso biografiuli paralelic SeiZleba moiniSnos: antikuri

kulturis wiaRSi aRzrdili, romis moqalaqe da qristianobis miRebamde mani-

qevelTa mimdevari avrelius avgustine da aseve, romis moqalaqe da moqcevam-

de fariseveli savle...… 2 Saint Augustine – Confessions, VII.21.27

irakli mWedliSvili

190

lis xatis lamis qristianuli siyvarulis simbolod miCnevis Se-

saZleblobasac warmoSobda.

adreuli qristianuli tradiciis mixedviT, amgvari àmCateba~

eress, mwvaleblobas SeiZleba gatoleboda. magram dantes droisaT-

vis (XIII saukunis miwuruls), amaRlebul-sakraluris miwierTan

daaxloebis stiqiur process fesvi ukve gadgmuli hqonda. jer ki-

dev XI saukuneSi warmoSobili, keTilSobil raindTa da poetTa

mijnurobis kodeqsad qceuli `kurtuazuli siyvarulis~ (fr.

Amour courtois) gageba trfobiT gznebas swored RvTiurTan mimar-Tebis WrilSi moiazrebda.

xalxur, italiur enaze dawerili àxali cxovreba~ (La Vita Nuova), avtoris mijnurobis ambisa da sasiyvarulo gancdis, neta-

rebis imedisa da gardacvlili satrfos glovis emociaTa gadmoce-

mis, poetur da prozaul sityvaSi asaxvis cda iyo. sasiyvarulo

gancdas dante, am nawarmoebis mixedviT, goniT wvdomadi WeSmarite-

bis RvTiuri nebiT Seqmnil samyaroSi gamovlenis, sulis kurTxeva-

amaRlebisa da RmerTTan miaxloebis gzad da saSualebad miiCnevda.

dantes faqizi mgrZnobeloba xalxur sityvierebaSi ukve sac-

naurad gamovlenil mkrexelur ganwyobaTa ukan da skabrezuli el-

feris stiqiur dinebaTa mRvrie zedapirs miRma swored rom droTa

nebiT motanil siRrmiseul Zvrebs Wvretda. amgvar, jer dafarul

Zireul cvlilebebs, dantesa da mis TanamedroveTa molodiniT, ra

Tqma unda, axali cxovreba, axali, gafarToebul SesaZleblobaTa

sinamdvile da ganaxlebuli msoflgancda unda mohyoloda. poetu-

ri nawarmoebi, romelsac avtorma `komedia~ uwoda da romelic sa-

TaurSi damkvidrebuli bokaCos SefasebiTi epiTetis wyalobiT

dRemde `RvTaebrivad~ moixsenieba, swored xsenebuli molodinis

erT-erTi adreuli gamarTleba, adamianur SezRudvaTa gadalaxvisa

da Zlevis, axali gancdis poeturi winaTgrZnoba gaxldaT.

ànabeWdis~ principis farglebSi, miwieri, `brtyeli~ sinam-

dvilis cvalebadobis, anu droiTi mimdevrobis, platonis gansaz-

RvrebiT ki, `maradisobis maradmedini xatebis~ svlis simboluri

warmodgena gzis metaforiT, anu, adgilTa damakavSirebeli da gama-

erTianebeli sivrcobrivi formis saSualebiT, xerxdeba. avgusti-

nesTan dro, romelic mxolod adamianis sulSi SeiZleba arsebob-

des, marTalia, mimdinare, amwamieri momentis mouxelTebelobis ga-

mo sami saxis `drod~ _ `warsulis awmyo~, àwmyos awmyo~ da `mo-

mavlis awmyod~ _ iyofa, magram danawevrebis Tu wyvetis gadafarva,

am SemTxvevaSic, kvlav gzis Tanmimdevruli formis simboluri war-

modgenis saSualebiT miiRweva.

`RvTaebriv komedias~ mniSvnelovani siaxle swored droiT

warmodgenaSi, mis `topologiaSi~ Semoaqvs. wuTisoflidan, anu war-

maval-miwieri ganfenis zedapiridan da Sesabamisi, droTa svlis Ta-


191

razuli kalapotidan mokvdavTaTvis akrZalur zonaSi, maradiul so-

felSi gasvla aq, `komediaSi~, Sveuli mimarTulebiT xorcieldeba.

mTis wverodan `daculi gzis~ moxilvis nacvlad, dante vergiliu-

sis aCrdils mihyveba da mTis frialoTi qvemoT, jojoxeTis uf-

skrulSi eSveba. aseTi, rogorc mamardaSvili ityoda, droiT RreCo-

Si, dinebis gardigardmo, vertikalSi gasvlis danteseuli poeturi

simbolo axali mimarTebis, axali msoflgancdis mauwyebeli iyo...

siRrmiseuli Zvrebis gamovlena, anu, `anabeWdis~ modeliT

dadgenil CarCoTa gaxsna, adamianur SesaZleblobaTa axal hori-

zontze gayvana da cnobierebis axal ganzomilebaSi moazreba ufro

TvalsaCinod da ufro mravalmxriv, ukve dantes Semdgom, renesan-

sul saukuneebSi moxda. Tumca, axali ganwyobis Semzadeba adrec,

avgustinedan dantemde ganvlil cxra saukunis ganmavlobaSic mim-

dinareobda.

amqveyniuri, miwieri sinamdvilis mniSvnelobis an statusis

amaRlebis mcdeloba `xatTmebrZoleobis~ cTomis ZlevasTanac iyo

dakavSirebuli. VIII saukuneSi ioane damaskeli aSkara da mkacri

munaTiT mimarTavda im qristianebs, romlebic sizantisa da daudev-

robis gamo bunebis Seswavlis mniSvnelobas uaryofdnen. bunebismet-

yveleba, misi azriT, RvTismetyvelebas swored rom asabuTebs da

adasturebs. Tumca, amave mizezis, anu bunebismetyvelebis Teologi-

ur korpusSi CarTvis gamo, mecnieruli xedvis TavisTavadi mniSvne-

lobisa da avtonomiurobis sakiTxi damaskelTan kvlav konteqsts

miRma rCeba.

materialursa da suliers Soris mimarTebas ioane damaskeli

“xatis Teoriis” Seqmnisas, sakulto gamosaxulebis marTebulobis

dasabuTebisas ganixilavs. `areopagitikuri~ antinomiuri azrovnebi-

sa da simboluri Teologiis moSveliebiT, damaskeli, xatTmebrZo-

leTa sapirispirod, amtkicebs, rom yoveli qristianuli xati da-

farulis gamovlena da Cvenebaa.

misi azriT, TvaliT danaxulis msgavsad, gamovlenili da naC-

venebi usxeulo, `sulieri arsebanic~ SeiZleba iyos. amgvar arseba-

Ta, angelozebis, demonebis, anda sulis maTive `bunebis Sesabamisad~

gamosaxvisas, sxeulovani xati swored usxeulo, goniT Wvretas

avlens. gamosaxuleba, sakuTari materialurobiT, damaskelis `xa-

tis Teoriis~ Tanaxmad, mayureblis yuradRebas ki ar zRudavs, ara-

med, cnobierebis sxeulovani aRqmidan sulier Wvretamde aRmasvlas

uwyobs xels.

kosmologias, romelic adre, antikur azrovnebaSi samyaros

axsnis mTavari saazrovno modeli iyo, ioane damaskeli, qristiano-

bis adreul apologetTa msgavsad, mistikur saburvels acilebs.

stiqiaTa gasulierebas, warmarTul miTologiasa da metafizikas is

sruliad uaryofs, radgan, bunebis movlenebi, misi azriT, mxolod

irakli mWedliSvili

192

bunebrivi mizezebiT SeiZleba aixsnas. amgvari, miwier movlenaTa de-

mistifikaciis praqtikuli mizandasaxulobis, rogorc averincevi

uwodebs, `Tvinieri racionalizmi~ cnobismoyvareobis Tu codnis-

moyvareobis dones ar scildeba.

`codnaTa da cnobaTa gulmodgine Semkrebi damaskeli naSromSi

`marTlmadidebeli rwmenis zusti ganmarteba~ gvamcnobs, rom zecas,

Cveulebriv, iseT sferod miiCneven, romelic dedamiwas gars er-

tymis. zogierTi ki gvaswavlis rom is, zeca hemisferulia. gad-

mogvcems ra orive warmodgenas, damaskelis daskvna migviTiTebs,

rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi zeca Seqmnili da mowyobilia RmerTis

mier, misi nebis Sesabamisad. wminda Teologiuri TvalTaxedviT, ze-

cis geometriul formas mniSvneloba ar aqvs.~1

gansakuTrebul yuradRebas geometriul formas TiTqos arc

ufro gviandeli, sqolastikuri xedva aqcevs. magram, Tu RmerTma

`yovelive zomiT, TvliTa da woniT~ ganawesa (sibrZ. 11:20) an, Tu

RvTiuri wesrigi gamovlenilia materialur bunebaSic (in rerum natura), maSin, rogorc bonaventura Tvlis, aqtualur, miwier sa-

ganTa formas Tu aRnagobas Tanxmoba an msgavseba swored idealur

(platonuri saxis) wesrigTan unda hqondes.

bonaventuras mixedviT, RmerTis Secnobis Tu wvdomis

(contemplatio) pirvel, `simboluri Teologiis~ safexurze codniTi

amaRleba sxeulovani donidan, im kvalTa aRqmiT (per vestigia) iwye-ba, romelsac uzenaesis sisrule da madli grZnobad sagnebSi to-

vebs. adamianis gons yvela kvalis erTdroulad da erTad, aramate-

rialur mTlianobaSi ganxilvis survili uCndeba. kvalTa erTobli-

oba, aseT SemTxvevaSi, erTgvar sarkmels emsgavseba, saidanac qveyni-

erebis silamaze ixileba.

ori saukunis Semdeg leon batista alberti perspeqtivis me-

Todis axsnisas kvlav sarkmlis simbolos mimarTavs _ `...suraTi

TiTqos sarkmlad iqceva, romlis saSualebiTac Cven sivrceSi vixe-

debiT~2. es ukve renesansia _ sarkmlidan danaxuli `samyaros si-

lamaze~ swori geometriuli an maTematikuri wyobiT aris gadmoce-

muli, radgan, rogorc alberti Tvlis, umaRlesi silamaze mTlia-

nobis nawilTa swori Tanafardoba, anu harmoniaa. Tavad harmonia

ki gamsWvaluli da warmoqmnilia ricxviT, romelic RvTiuri an

adamianuri gonis produqtia. xelovnebis nawarmoebi, ioane damaske-

lis xatis msgavsad, albertisaTvis swored aseTi mTlianoba-harmo-

niis an idealuri konstruqciis simboluri warmomCenia

1 Аверинцев С. С. – Философия VIII-XII вв. В кн. «Культура Византии», М., «Наука», 1989, стр. 42 2 citata aRebulia wignidan, Лосев А. Ф. Эстетика Возрождения, «Мысль», М., 1982, 303


193

RvTiuri erTianoba da misi samyaros konkretul sagnebad gan-

fena, aRorZinebis periodis sqolastikosis, nikoloz kuzanelis mi-

xedviT, yvela qmnilebaSi vlindeba _ adamiani mas, am erTianobas

mxolod gonebiT SeiZleba miuaxlovdes. bunebaSi Cagdebul `RvTi-

ur Tesls~, adamianis gonebas, masSi Tavdapirvelad da Canasaxobri-

vad Cadebulis ganviTareba SeuZlia. adamianur gonebasa da RvTiur

gons Soris mimarTebis kuzaneliseuli warmodgena aRorZinebiseuli

msoflaRqmis Zireuli da saxasiaTo modelia.

RmerTs, rogorc kuzaneli Tvlis, erTdroulad yovlisa da

erTianis mocva SeuZlia, radgan mas usasrulo Tavisufleba da Za-

la aqvs. marTalia adamianis goneba cxovelur bunebasTan aris Se-

erTebuli, magram, cxoveluri bunebis an sxeulis msgavsad, adgili-

Ta da droiT SezRuduli arc is aris. masac SeuZlia `...locviT

amaRldes caSi, imogzauros romSi, SeaRwios xeSi, dainaxos is xa-

ti, romelic skulptors unda am xisagan gaakeTos...~1. gansxvaveba,

SezRudva isaa, rom or an ramdenime saganze yuradRebis erTdrou-

li mipyroba adamians ar ZaluZs. amitomac, Tumca Cveni goneba,

wers kuzaneli, `...garkveul sivrcesa da droze mimagrebuli ar

aris, magram srulad Tavisufali arc adgilisa da drois raode-

nobriobisaganaa _ is TiTqos horizontze, iq imyofeba, sadac kon-

kretuli ganfena iwyeba da sadac absoluturi Tavdeba~2.

horizonti ki iseTi gamyofia an sazRvaria, sadac or sub-

stancias, konkretulsa da absoluturs Soris myofi goneba, Tavisi

gardamavali bunebis wyalobiT maT, am substanciaTa Soris kavSiris

ganpirobebas axerxebs... gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aRorZineba swo-

red Suamavlur funqcias aniWebs. gonebis funqcionireba kuzanel-

Tan `Semagrebuli~, aseve sasazRvro, xedviTi aRqmis analogiiT aix-

sneba _ sxvadasxva xiluli sagnis danaxvis arCevanSi mzera Tavisu-

falia, magram or an mraval xilul saganze aqtualuri yuradRebis

erTdrouli mimarTva masac ar SeuZlia.

xedviT aRqmas gamorCeuli mniSvneloba jer kidev renesansis

wina periodSi, TviT `araplatonikur~ sqolastikaSic mieniWa. Toma

aqvinels, neoplatonizmisken midrekil bonaventuras msgavsad, miaC-

nia, rom inteleqtualuri Semecneba grZnobadi aRqmiT iwyeba da yo-

velgvari codna Semcnobisa da Sesacnobis msgavsebis wyalobiT, e.

i. anareklis an anabeWdis principis mixedviT warmoiSveba. xolo, SemecnebiTi unari grZnobad aRqmaTa Soris yvelaze kargad, misive

azriT, smenasa da xedvaSi vlindeba. amaTgan, aqvineli, aristoteles

darad, upiratesobas xedvas aniWebs, ufro `keTilSobilad~ miiC-

1 iqve, gv. 303 2 iqve.

irakli mWedliSvili

194

nevs mas, radgan Tvlis, rom grZnobadi siyvarulis sawyisi, sxeu-

lovani mzera sulieri silamazis Wvretis analogiuria.

amrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom neoplatonisturi emanaciis mo-

delidan momdinare, samyaros harmoniuli erTianobisa da silamazis,

anu, RvTiuri gonidan wamosuli ideis bunebaSi, mecnierebis Tu xe-

lovnebis sferoSi `ganfenis~ aRorZinebiseuli, sivrculi wyobis

warmodgena vizualur-xedviT moments TavisTavad moicavda. konkre-

tul saganTa miRma Tu maTSi arsebuli RvTiuri sinaTlis (kuzane-

lis terminiT, Teofaniis) gamomvleni, samyaros erTianad momxilavi

axali xedva swored idealur warmonaqmnTa, geometriul formaTa

da figuraTa WvretiTi aRqmis daSvebas efuZneboda.

maradiulisa da warmavalis erTdroulad mwvdomi, mijnaze

myofi sulis Tu `goniTi Tvalis~ xedvis, anu zedroulisa da cva-

lebadis sistemuri erTianobis farglebSi momqcevi ganazrebisa da

Sesabamisi warmodgenis, sivrcul-geometriul formaTa wesrigis,

samyaros harmoniuli wyobis gamovlena, upiratesad da pirvel rig-

Si, ra Tqma unda, vizualurad unda momxdariyo. naxatis sivrcis

agebis proeqciuli xerxi, romelsac `centraluri an xazovani per-

speqtivis meTodi~ ewoda, swored mxedvelobis sasazRvro, adamia-

nur `me~-sa da samyaros Soris myofobis gacnobierebas efuZneba.

amitomac, renesansuli naxatSi ori erTdrouli tendencia

Tanaarsebobs. sistemur-maTematikurad mowesrigebuli subieqtur-

imanenturi xedva, erTi mxriv, adamianis fsiqo-fiziologiuri siv-

rcis, anu subieqturis gaobieqturebis, adamianuri “me”-s gafarToe-

bis SesaZleblobasac uSvebs da amave dros, meore mxriv, zusti da

mudmivi maTematikuri wesrigiT gansazRvruli obieqturi samyaros

damoukidebeli arsebobis aRiarebis mecnierul safuZvels Tu piro-

basac gulisxmobs.

perspeqtivis meTodiT agebuli gamosaxuleba, romelsac ufro

gviandeli, zogjer dRevandlamde aqtualuri `mecnieruli midgoma~

sinamdvilis asaxvad Tu `anabeWdad~ miiCnevs, aracalsaxad da gan-

sxvavebulad Tavad aRorZinebis epoqaSive aRiqmeboda: italielebi

mas, ufro xSirad obieqtur, xolo CrdiloeTis aRorZineba _ su-

bieqtur interpretacias aZlevdnen.

albrext diureris azriT, mxatvruli individualoba xelov-

nebis nawarmoebs yovelnairi materialurisagan damoukideblad,

RvTiuri madlis wyalobiT qmnis. leonardo da vinCi piriqiT, mxo-

lod uSualod mocemuli bunebis SeswavliTa da empiriulad napov-

ni figurebiT ifargleba. igi mxatvrebs suraTSi sakuTari indivi-

dualobis cnobierad Setanisgan Tavis aridebas urCevs, radgan,


195

“goniTi sagani, romelsac SegrZneba ar gauvlia, carielia, mas WeS-

maritebis nacvlad mxolod gamonagonis warmoSoba ZaluZs.”1

saidanac unda modiodes Tanazomadi nawilebis swori formebi,

konkretul-empiriuli bunebidan Tu gonebidan, maTi suraTis erTian

sivrceSi ganlageba da urTierTmorgeba ariTmetikul-geometriuli

Tanafardobis Tanaxmad, perspeqtivis meTodiT xorcieldeba. es me-

Todi ki, mecnieruli gamokvlevis, sinaTlisa da xedviTi aRqmis bu-

nebis, anu optikis Seswavlis Tu gadaazrebis Sedegada da mixedviT

aris Seqmnili.

laTinur enaSi sityva perspeqtiva (perspectiva) swored opti-kas aRniSnavs. terminis genezisis gaTvaliswinebam ki, sityvieri

konceptis ufro farTo mocvis are SeiZleba gamoavlinos.

Perspectio _ goniT wvdomas, gagebas niSnavs, xolo, kidev ufro

Rrmad _ sawyisi Tu warmomqmneli Zireuli nawilis, spec-is mniS-vneloba sityva specio-sTan, anu xedvasTan aris dakavSirebuli. ase

rom, termini perspeqtiva, xedviTi aRqmidan momdinare proecirebis

ZiriTad da calsaxa mniSvnelobasTan erTad goniTi wvdomis kono-

taciur mimarTebas yovelTvis unda moicavdes an gulisxmobdes.

sinaTlis sxivis svlis xazovan-geometriuli warmodgenis, anu

proeqciuli meTodis Tanaxmad agebuli naxatis sivrcis konkretu-

li, xiluli samyaros fragmentul anabeWdad an vizualur aslad

miCneva aRorZinebiseuli ganwyobis Tu xedvis mxolod mecnierul

midgomasTan calsaxa gaigivebis gamo xdeba. mecnieruli xedvis sa-

fuZvelze mdgomi, materialuri samyaros prioritetis maRiarebeli

realizmis mimdevarni, xSirad, sakuTar msoflxedviT mimarTebaTa

sisworis Tu marTebulobis dastursa da gamarTlebas upiratesad

miwier sinamdvileze orientirebul aRorZinebis SemoqmedTa ganaz-

rebaSi Tu SemoqmedebaSi `pouloben~. amgvar mcdelobaTa miRma, Tu

daviwyebas gamovricxavT, an àrcodna~ devs (rac àrcodvas~ ar

unda utoldebodes), anda Segnebuli miCqmalvis survili imaleba.

RvTiuri erTianobis qveS moazrebuli, sistemurad erTiani

samyaros renesansuli xedva adamianuri gonis Tu sulis imgvar, sa-

sazRvro an gardamaval mdebareobas gulisxmobs, sadac sxeulovani

xedvaca da goniTi Wvretac Tanabrad uflebamosilni arian. es ki,

arCevans gulisxmobs _ adamiani sxeulovansa da suliers Soris

iseT, yovlismomxilav wertils Tu centrs `poulobs~, sadac, piko

de la mirandolas sityvebiT, sakuTari adgilis, saxisa da movale-

obis moxilvaca da dadgenac Tavadve SeuZlia. renesansuli ganwyoba

da swrafva samyaros erTian suraTSi Tavisufali arCevanis erTgvar

mentalur qvesivrces, àdamianur ganzomilebas~ amkvidrebs.

1 Леонардо да Винчи. Избр. произведения. Т I, С-П, М., 2000, 89

irakli mWedliSvili

196

`adamianuri ganzomileba~ `anabeWdis~ modelis SezRudul are-

als Tu sazRvrebs afarToebs, warmavali da grZnobadi sinamdvilis

mniSvnelobas amaRlebs da amiT, yvelafer miwiers TiTqos upirates

daniSnulebasac aniWebs. magram, Tavad es ganzomilebaca da masSive

aRmocenebuli bunebis mecnieruli kvlevis miswrafebac mxolod

uzenaesi erTianobis ganfenad wiaRSi moiazreba da misive metawes-

rigis analogiurad Tu Tanaxmad yalibdeba.

mecnierebis samyaros wesrigis amomcnob da TviTkmari saxis

ganazrebad miCneva, misi metaganzomilebidan mowyveta ufro gvian

moxda. am movlenas ki, xSiradac da uSualodac, sekularizaciisa

da kulturis sferos diferenciacia-gancalkevebis, TiTqos renesan-

sidan wamosul axalevropul procesTan aigiveben. istoriul-Tan-

mimdevruli xedva, procesTan bmuli Sedegis calsaxa logika amgva-

ri daSvebis damajereblobas, ra Tqma unda, amagrebs. magram amgvari

Sexedulebis an qronologiur-xazovani mimdevrobis miRma erTgvari

wyveta, gadasvla Tu paradigmuli monacvleoba imaleba.

rogorc Cans, cvlileba XVIII saukuneSi Casaxul, adamianTa

sayovelTao erTianobisa da kacobriobis modernuli ganviTarebis

koncefciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. XX saukunis samocdaaTian

wlebSi `modernuli proeqtis~, modernuli ganviTarebis dasrule-

ba-ardasrulebis sakiTxze (`moderni Tu postmoderni?~) aRZruli

cxoveli diskusia swored aRniSnuli wanacvlebis gaucnobiereblo-

bis Tu ugulebelyofis Sedegica da gamoxatulebac unda iyos.

am mxriv, saintereso miniSnebas termin `proeqtis~ mimarTeba-

Ta ganazreba gvTavazobs. laTinuri sityva projectum, `win gdebis~ qmedebis aRmniSvneli, laTinuri zmna, proicere-dan modis. Tu gaviT-valiswinebT imas, rom zmnis winsarTi, pro-raRacas qmedebis (iacere-s, gdebis) winmswrebad gulisxmobs, maSin, warmoebuli sityva

`proeqti~ Tavdapirvelad, ~raRacas, rac raimes moxdenamde gvaqvs

Tu gvevlineba~, unda niSnavdes.

termin `proeqciis~ warmomavlobac kvlav zmna proicere-s ukav-Sirdeba. magram, Zireuli zmnidan wamosulis garda, es termini

uSualo winamorbed sityva projectio-dan miRebul ganfena-gaWimvis

mniSvnelobasac moicavs. aqedan, am bolo mniSvnelobidan, terminis

erT-erTi ZiriTadi, Tanamedrove gageba unda momdinareobdes: proeq-

cia sxeulovan saganTa formis sibrtyeze `ganfena~, anu vizualuri

gamosaxva Tu asaxvaa. imaves renesansis epoqaSi `perspeqtiva~ ewode-

boda.

sxeulovan formaTa analogiiT, `goniTi sagnebis~, warmosaxul

fenomenTa gamovlena-asaxvasac da Sinagan, sulier ganwyobaTa gareSe

obieqtebze gadatanasac xSirad `proeqcias~ uwodeben. terminebs

Soris erTi da igive warmomavlobis gamo arsebul sinonimias sit-


197

yva `proeqciis~ aseTi gafarToebuli gageba `proeqtis~ mniSvnelo-

baTa arealSic gadaaqvs.

sami terminis _ `perspeqtivis~, `proeqciisa~ da `proeqtis~

_ siaxlovisa da maT Soris arsebuli, wyvil-wyvili sinonimuri

mimarTebis gamovlena-Cvenebis mniSvneloba `lingvisturi Studire-

bis~ farglebs scildeba. epoqaTa da CveulebaTa naleq, gaqvavebul

garsTa mocileba, calsaxa sazrisTa samoselTagan ganZarcva sityva-

Ta an terminTa ufro cxovel, organul kavSirebsa da nawevarTa

vels, anu maT logosur arss aaSkaravebs. sityva `perspeqtiva~, ro-

gorc zemoT aRiniSna, vizualur aRqmasTan erTad goniTi wvdomis

SesaZleblobasac gulisxmobs, rac aRorZinebiseul msoflgancdas

Tu ganwyobas srulad Seesabameba.

renesansul da Semdgom ganazrebaTa mixedviT ki, es termini,

perspeqtiva, sasazRvro, suliersa da materialurs Soris myofo-

bis, Wvretisa da xedvis erTianad momcveli renesansuli poziciis

anu àdamianuri ganzomilebis~ mxolod vizualur asaxvad Tu pro-

eqciad miiCneva. arada, am sityvis mocvis are, rogorc iTqva, cal-

saxa, vizualur mniSvnelobas scildeba. imave arsobriv Tu sazri-

sul mimarTebas `perspeqtivis~ sinononimur sityvaTa rigi _ `pro-

eqciaca~ da `proeqtic~ gulisxmobs.

ase rom, aRorZinebiseuli msoflgancdisa da Sesabamisi mimar-

Tebis, upiratesad da pirvel rigSi, sivrcobrivi formiT gamovle-

nili axali, àdamianuri ganzomilebis~ proeqtad moxsenieba sru-

liad marTebuli unda iyos. am gagebiT, àxalevrouli proeqti~,

anu `moderni~, ra Tqma unda, renesansidan iwyeba _ Tanamedroveobis

axali gancda, devotio moderna xom swored im periodSi warmoCnda... magram, rogorc Cans, mogvianebiT, ieri, saxe Tu xasiaTi Tavad am

`gancdam~, anu Zireuli koncefciis Tu mentaluri warmodgenis

`topologiam~ icvala. da albaT, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom `cvli-

leba~ swored xsenebuli ganzomilebis codniTi formis saxiT sa-

zogadoebriv sivrceSi danergvis mcdelobas mohyva. Tumca, es sa-

kiTxi calke, gansakuTrebul ganxilvas saWiroebs, rac, albaT, ukve

Semdgom ganxorcieldeba...

gia joxaZe

sxeulis Tavgadasavali:

qarTuli versia

cremli da tirili

cremlTaRvris niWs mTavari adgili

uWiravs marTlmadidebeli aRmosavleTis sa-

suliero tradiciaSi. ,,cremlis madli” gan-

sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Rirsi ioane sine-

lis, Rirsi isaak asurisa da wm. svimeon

axali RvTismetyvelisa da sxva wminda mama-

TaTvis.

ioane sinelis TqmiT, cremlTa wyaro-

ni, romlebic naTlisRebis Semdeg mogvemad-

leba, naTlisRebaze upiratesia. Tumc, isic

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Tu naTlisReba

Zvel borotebaTagan gangvwmends, cremli im

codvasac bans, romelsac naTlobis Semdeg

viqmT. ioane sineli aseT slogans gvTava-

zobs: ar daujero sakuTar cremlebs, vidre

sabolood ar daiwmindebodnen vnebaTagan,

rameTu im Rvinis ndoba ar SeiZleba, rome-

lic WurWlis Tavze moqceula [ioane sine-

li].

Rirsi isaak asuri cremls ganixilavs,

rogorc arsebul sazRvrebs ,,xorciel” da

,,sulier” mdgomareobas Soris, rogorc _

gadasvlas axlandeli droidan momavalSi,

romelSi Sebijeba winaswargancdiT awmyoSic

SeiZleba. Cvili tiris, rogorc ki qveyanas

moevlineba. amgvaradve tiris qristiani, ro-

ca ,,momavalSi aRorZinebas” moisurvebs.

sayuradReboa, rom isaak asuris Txzu-

lebis ,,saRmrTo saidumloebaTa da sulieri

cxovrebisaTvis” erT Tavs ase ewodeba: ,,ro-

gor iSvis uwyveti tirili, romelic ukav-

Sirdeba zogierT wminda mamas, cremlTaR-

istoriis mecnierebaTa doq-

tori, ilias saxelmwifo




tis asistent-profe-sori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi:

“XIII_XIV saukuneebis sa-

qarTvelos istoriidan”,

“avgustineseuli providen-

cializmi da JamTaaRmwer-

lis religiuri msoflmxed-

veloba”, “istoriuli essee-

bi”, `iosif brodski. mSveni-

eri epoqis dasasruli, `ada-

mianissaxa istoria. istori-

uli anTropologiis Sesava-

li~.

interesTa sfero:

eklesiisa da religiis is-

toria, istoriuli anTro-

pologiis problemebi, li-

teraturaTmcodneoba, ame-

rikanistika.

sxeulis Tavgadasavali: qarTuli versia. cremli da tirili

199

vras rom ar wyvetdnen”. isaak asuri asaxelebs sam mizezs, romle-

bic safuZvlad udevs cremlTaRvras: pirvel rigSi, adamians Tavis-

da uneburad scviva cremli, roca saRmrTo saidumlos ganWvrets,

goneba gaunaTdeba, sulieri Tvali aexileba; roca im sagnebs Seav-

lebs mzeras, romelTac suli gonebas daanaxebs; idumal da suli-

er Wvretas wminda mamebi adarebdnen zeciur mananas da kldidan

amoxeTqil wyaros. cremlis gamomwvevi meore mizezi RvTis siyva-

rulia, romelic aanTebs suls, xolo adamians am sitkbosa da ne-

tarebis atana ucremlod ar ZaluZs.

dabolos: cremls Sobs morCileba, Semusrvili guli da su-

li, codvaTa gasigrZeganebisas da uflis Tvinierebisa da simdablis

mogonebisas rom warmoiqmneba. amgvarad, visac cremlis nakadi ar

sdis, mas ara mxolod cremli ar gaaCnia, aramed _ cremlis war-

momSobi mizezic. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, mas RvTis siyvaruli ar

ugemia, saRmrTo saidumloebaze ar ufiqria, guli ar Seumusravs,

Tumc ki morCilad miaCnia Tavi. sulSeumusrveli ver SeaRwevs aR-

Tqmul miwaze da Sesabamisad, verc cremlTaRvris niWs miiRebs

RvTisagan. bunebiTi morCileba saWurisis qalwulobas hgavs: is

SemTxvevam ,,gaaqalwula” da ara _ sakuTarma nebisyofam.

cremli meore saRmrTo madlis safuZvelicaa: mas dumili

hqvia. am SemTxvevaSi, cremli cvlis sityvas da adamians RvTis saT-

nod _ mdumarad aqcevs. dumils Sobs gaocebis gancda, romelic

adamians saRmrTo saidumloebaTa ganWvretisa da Secnobisas eufle-

ba. wminda mamebi gviamboben, rom angelozTa siaxlovis ganmcdeli

adamianebi ise gakvirvebulni arian, rom maTi sxeulis yoveli nawi-

li TiTqos cremlTa nakadad gardaiqmnis, romelTac es saRmrTo

,,Soki” da sixaruli warmoSobs [isaak asuri].

wminda svimeon axali RvTismetyvelis swavlebis Tanaxmad, ara-

sodes unda veziaroT ucremlod. kerZod, wminda mama aRniSnavs,

rom qriste iqca misTvis yovelived yoveliveSi _ muqTad moniWe-

bul amouTqmel madlad, marad medinad misi sulis bageTagan da

uxvad mCqef wyarod mis gulSi, brwyinvale samoselad, romelic

demonebs wvavs, ganwmendad, romelic adamians ganbans uwyveti da

wminda cremlebiT. adamianis suli RvTis samyofelia. misi mxilve-

li Tavs ver ikavebs, mxurvale cremli ar warmoedinos, ar atir-

des da codvaTagan ganwmenda ar inatros. qristes gareSe adamiani

martodmartoa. misi natvra uflis dabrunebis natvra da ocnebaa,

romelsac erTvis cremlTaRvra da tirili. adamians isic atirebs,

rom uflis ramdenadme Secnoba mainc ar ZaluZs.

rogorc cecxlis ali qreba wyliT, ise sulieri mZvinvareba

qreba tiriliTa da cremliT; xolo is, vinc did dros gaatarebs

cremlTaRvraSi, SeigrZnobs, rom gaRizianeba ukan ixevs da suli

gia joxaZe

200

aRar mZvinvarebs [svimeon axali RvTismetyveli].

Rirsi mama nikita stifatis Tanaxmad, cremls qalwulobis

umankoebis aRdgenac SeuZlia. vinc saTnoebis cremliT ar atirebu-

la da ver Cawvdomia mis madlsa da zemoqmedebas, fiqrobs, rom es

cremli arafriT gansxvavdeba im cremlisagan, romliTac gardac-

vlilT davtiriT... roca gonierebis sizviade morCilebisaken miid-

rikeba, xolo suli Tvals xuWavs xiluli madliT netarebisagan

da mxolodRa pirvelSobil aranivTier sinaTles eswrafis, ama

soflisadmi yvela grZnobas Camoibertyavs da suliwmidis nugeSis-

cemas miemsgavseba, cremli wyaros wyaliviT gadmoskdeba TvalTagan,

grZnobebs dautkbobs, azrebs ki sixaruliTa da RvTiuri SuqiT

aRuvsebs. aseve, guls Seumusravs da gonebas gaumorCilebs. sxvebs,

romlebic sxva mizezTa gamo tirian, aseTi ram ar elodebaT. sru-

li morCilebis gareSe cremlTa wyaro ar Cndeba. amitom adamianma,

romelic ganZarcvulia sinanulis cremlTagan, niadag unda SesTxo-

vos ufals am madlis moniWeba. xan tkivili gvacremlebs, xan _ si-

xaruli. tkivils codva da misi daSorebis survili unda gvaniWeb-

des, sixaruls ki _ codvaTagan gaTavisuflebis gancda.

anastasi sinelis azriT, arsebobs bunebrivi cremli, romli-

Tac gardacvlilT davtiriT. arsebobs eSmakeuli cremlebi, roca

pativmoyvareoba an romelime eSmakeuli gzneba gvatirebs, ZiriTa-

dad, imis gamo, rom Cveni neba ver aRvasruleT. arsebobs smisa da

nayrovanebisagan mogvrili cremlic. magram arsebobs ganmwmendi

cremlic, romelTac warmoSobs uflis moSiSeba, momavali sikvdili

da maradiuli wameba (cxadia, aq xelCaqneva da adamianuri fobiebi

ar igulisxmeba, g.j.). aseTi cremli sulier cremlad gardaiqmneba,

romelSic veRar vpovebT SiSs _ aq mxolod RvTis siyvarulia, su-

liwmindis mier mogvrili nugeSi, sinaTle da sixaruli.

cremlis klasifikaciisas ioane oqropirs daviT mefsalmunis

magaliTi mohyavs: daviTisaTvis Rame dasvenebis saSualeba ki ara,

cremlTaRvris Jami gaxldaT. cremli yovelTvis nugeSia, magram

gansakuTrebiT _ RamiT, roca xels aravin gviSlis am siamovnebis

miRebaSi... amitomac tiroda mociquli pavle sami dRe da Rame sxva-

Ta naklis dasaZlevad, Cven ki sakuTar mankierebasac ar davtiriT.

mxolod sasuliero fenas rodi evaleba cremlTaRvra; eriskacebs

maTze mtad sWirdebaT sinanuliT gankurneba. amgvarad mtirali su-

lierad aRimarTeba da vnebebs ukuagdebs. maSin saRmrTo sixarulic

SeiZleba, vinaidan guls mrisxaneba aRar dagvikodavs [saubrebi...].

arsebobs cremlis mravali saxeoba da arsebiTia maT Soris

sxvaobis dadgena. principuli gansxvavebaa grZnobismier da sulier

cremlebs Soris (arsebobs mesame saxeobac _ eSmakeuli cremlebi).

grZnobismieri cremli emociis Sedegia; sulieri cremli _ asketo-

bisa. grZnobismieri cremli, wesisamebr, vnebebs ukavSirdeba: xSirad


201

risxvas, ganxibvlas, Surs, TviTSecodebas an ubralo nervul aS-

lilobas cremli mohyveba xolme. sulieri cremli, rogorc es sa-

xelwodebaSic Cans, suliwmidis madlia da ara mxolod _ Cveni Za-

lisxmevisa. sulieri cremli mWidrod ukavSirdeba locvas. sulie-

ri cremli gamoxatavs naRvels, romelic Tan gvdevs miwier cxov-

rebaSi, dacemul da xrwnil samyaroSi, gamudmebiT da dauRalavad

sikvdilisaken rom miiswrafis. sulier cremls aRdgomisSemdgomi

ganaxlebuli cxovrebisaken mivyavarT.

Tumc, mcdari iqneboda cremlis am ori saxeobis erTmaneTisa-

gan radikaluri gayofa. bunebriv anu grZnobismier cremls xandaxan

pozitiuri anu ganmwmendi efeqtic SeiZleba hqondes, magaliTad, ma-

Sin, roca tanjulis solidaroba gvacremlebs an micvalebuls dav-

tiriT. am dros madli bunebasTan urTierTqmedebs da eyrdnoba mas.

amitomac bunebriv cremls, ganwmendils codvili egocentrizmisa

da uwesrigo emociurobisagan, ZaluZs Cveni miyvana sulieri crem-

lis karibWesTan. amasTan, radgan madli, ZiriTadad, CvenSi iduma-

lad da uCinarad moqmedebs, Cvenc ki ar SegviZlia, mtkiced ganvac-

xadoT, romeli cremliT vtiriT _ bunebriviTa Tu codviliT. Cve-

ni ubraloebis SesanarCuneblad, RmerTs ZaluZs Cvengan dafarva su-

lieri zrdisa da bolos da bolos, Cveni Sesafasebeli ar aris sa-

kuTari Tavi.

sulieri cremli, wminda mamebis swavlebisamebr, ori ZiriTadi

saxeobisaa.

ufro dabal safexurze e.w. ,,mware cremlia”; ufro maRalze

_ ,,tkbili”. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, cremli ganmwmendia, meoreSi –

gamsxivosnebeli. ufro dabal safexurze cremli gamoxatavs codva-

Ta Senanebas, RmerTs dacilebuli adamis Zis sevdas _ CvenSi, TiT-

qos, samoTxis karTan motirali adami cocxldeba;

ufro maRal doneze cremli gamoxatavs saRvTo siyvarulis

sixaruls, madlierebas Cveni daumsaxurebeli RvTisSvilobisaTvis.

pirveli done ganfenilia uZRebi Svilis xatsaxeSi, jerac rom dev-

nili da gaZevebuli, dakargul samSobloze mtiralia; meore ki im

uZReb Svils gamoxatavs, romelic mamis saxlSi dabrunebam da

Tbilma miRebam aatira.

ufro dabal doneze cremli im sisxls hgavs, romelic iR-

vreba Cveni sulieri iarebidan, rogorc amas wmida grigol noseli

ambobs; ufro maRalze ki cremlia saxe grZnobis gasulierebisa da

erT-erTi aspeqti ganRmrTobi madlis wyalobiT mTlianad gardaq-

mnili, fernacvali adamianuri pirovnebisa.

sulieri cremlis ori done, cxadia, erTmaneTs mkveTrad ar

unda davupirispiroT, radgan swored erTs mivyavarT meorisaken.

is, rac iwyeba codvaTa Semnanebeli cremliT, gardaisaxeba madlie-

rebisa da sixarulis cremlad. amitomac ,,cremlis madlSi” Cans

gia joxaZe

202

is, rom monanieba ara negatiuri, aramed pozitiuria; ara damangre-

veli, aramed ganmacxovelebelia; ara naRvlis momgvreli, aramed

imedis momniWebelia.

* * *

,,mSvenieri seniT viyavi avad, romelic pirquSs xdida Cems si-

Wabukes, magram Zalze gamosadegi iyo istorikosisaTvis. me miyvar-

da sikvdili. cxra wlis ganmavlobaSi per-laSezis sasaflaos ka-

ribWesTan vcxovrobdi. es erTaderTi adgili iyo, sadac imxanad

vseirnobdi. mere bievrTan, farTo samonastro baRebSi davide bina,

sadac aseve gaxldaT sasaflao. ise vcxovrobdi, rom cocxlad da-

marxulsac ki SemarqmevdiT, rameTu Cemi garemocva mxolod warsu-

li iyo, megobrebad ki gardasul droTa mcxovrebT miviCnevdi. ro-

ca maTi cxovrebiT xelmeored viwyebdi cxovrebas, vafxizlebdi

aTasobiT gaqmral ideas. namdvil Selocvad meqca Cemi dedamZuZes

simRerebi, romelTa saidumlosac vflobdi. bgerebi imaSi arwmuneb-

daT, rom me erTi imaTgani viyavi. me mqonda madli, romelsac amaod

iTxovda lui wminda”. es Jiul miSles teqstia, fragmenti wina-

sityvaobisa wignisaTvis _ ,,Sua saukuneebi”, romelic 1869 welsaa

dawerili. masSi ganmartebulia istorikos-romantikosis meTodi,

romliTac micvalebulebi cocxldebodnen da maTi daviwyebis usa-

marTloba qreboda. meTodi, romelic ganuyofeli iyo siWabukis-

droindeli senisagan _ ,,cremlis madlisagan” [le gofi, triuoni,

2008:67-68]. miSles yuradReba miepyro kapetingebis dinastiis cno-

bil mefe lui wmindas, romelsac iSviaTad mosdioda cremli. mefe

ufrTxildeboda cremls, rogorc uflis niSans, romelsac unda

mieTiTebina, rom morCilebas da monaniebaSi gatarebuli cxovreba

saTno iyo uflisaTvis. Tumc, rogorc lui wmindas moZRvari Jof-

rua de bolie gvamcnobs, RvTisnieri mefe mTeli arsebiT cdilobda

cremlis madlis dasakuTrebas da ganicdida mis uqonlobas. is

gulwrfelad da morCilad abarebda aRsarebas moZRvars, rom zia-

rebis locvebSi, sityvebs _ ,,nakadulni cremlTani, qriste, mommad-

len me bilwebaTa gulisa CemisaTa ganwmedad” _ umatebda: ,,me ki,

ufalo, ar ZalmiZs cremlis nakadulis Txovna. ramdenime pawawina

cremlic ki meyofoda Cemi xmeli gulis dasalbobad”. SesaZloa,

davumatoT, rom am sityvebis wyaroc, albaT, isev locvani gax-

ldaT. sinanulis locvebSi gvxvdeba aseTi adgili:

,,Semiwyale me, RmerTo, Semiwyale me, orisa codvisaTvis da-

viT godebda, xolo me bevreulTa codvaTaTvis Segivrdebi, igi

cremliTa sarecelsa Tvissa daaltobda, xolo me cvarica erTi

ara maqus, amisTvis ganwiruli ese vRaRadeb, Semiwyale, RmerTo,

didiTa wyalobiTa SeniTa”.

iqve:


203

,,sinanuli ara maqus me da kvalad arca cremlni…”.

da kidev:

,,cremlni momec me, RmerTo Cemo, viTarca odesme dedakacsa

mas codvilsa da Rirs myav daltobad ferxTa SenTa”.

xandaxan lui wminda aRiarebda, rom Tu ufali locvisas ram-

denime cremls mainc wamoadenda, ar iwmendda maT: cremli Rawvebze

da wverze dasdioda, rac netarebis gancdas hgvrida momaval wmin-

dans da gemosac ki usinjavda cremls. Cveulebriv, mefe ucremlod

inaniebda codvebs da TavisაTvis veraferi moexerxebina [le gofi

1996: 27-29].

* * *

rogor moxda, rom adamianuri tkivilisa da sevdis yvelaze

mkafio gamoxatulebam aseTi Rirebuleba SeiZina?

am ganazrebis ideologiuri matarebeli isev qristianoba gax-

da. frangi mecnieri p. nagi Tavis wignSi ,,cremlis istoria Sua sa-

ukuneebSi” aRniSnavs, rom Sua saukuneebSi mxolod ori saxis

cremli iTvleboda faseulad: locvisas modenili da cremli, ro-

gorc RvTis madlis niSani. nagis azriT, axalma oficialurma re-

ligiam ,,im RirebulebaTa inversia moaxdina, romlebsac qriste qa-

dagebda”. am SemTxvevaSi mecnieri, rogorc Cans, imas SeniSnavs, rom

qristianobam win wamoswia gansakuTrebiT faseuli saTnoebebi, adgi-

li ucvala maT [le gofi, triuoni 2008:69].

cxra netarebaSi, romelTac ieso warmoTqvams, aseTi punqti-

caa: netar iyvnen mglovareni guliTa, rameTu igini nugeSinisce-

mul iqmnen. „gancda TvisTa codvaTa“ _ esaa glova sakuTar cod-

vebze. roca glovas vaxsenebT, aucilebeli ar aris, misi fizikuri

gamoxatuleba vigulisxmoT, Tumca Zlieri da WeSmariti sinanulis

dros adamians marTlac mosdis cremli, rac RvTisagan momadlebu-

li udidesi niWi da wyalobaa. iyvnen wmida mamebi, romlebsac uf-

lisgan micemuli hqondaT cremlTaRvris niWi, isini cremliT da-

stirodnen TavianT codvebs...

e.w. mTis qadagebaSi naTqvami sityvebi sulier glovaze, crem-

lTa denaze imas miuTiTebs, rom axal aRTqmaSi cremlis statusi

sakmaod maRali gaxldaT. sxeulis istoriaSi, romelic Sua sauku-

neebSi iwereboda, cremli daukavSirda ,,xorcis uaryofas”.

asurelma da egviptelma meudabnoe mamebma pirvelad aqcies

cremli sasuliero cxovrebis erT-erT mTavar aspeqtad. qristiano-

bis es pionerebi miznad isaxavdnen ,,sxeulze pirdapir, uSualo ze-

moqmedebas, raTa srulad შeecvalaT adamianuri pirovnebis struq-

tura. asketuri ideali, romelic wminda antonisa da III-V ss. sxva

gia joxaZe

204

gandegilTa magaliTis meSveobiT gaxda popularuli, nelnela Sua

saukuneebSi mcxovreb monazonTa modelad damkvidrda. cremlis faseulobisa da mniSvnelobis zrda mWidrod daukav-

Sirda xvedrs, romelic qristianobam sxeuls ganumzada. gviananti-

kur epoqaSi qristianobis mowodeba cremlTaRvris Taobaze ukav-

Sirdeboda xorcis uaryofas, uwinaresad ki, sxulebriv siTxeTa

ekonomias, romlis dacva mkacrad moeTxoveboda askets. mas cota unda esva, rom sxeulebrivi siTxis odenoba daem-

cro, anu daemcro vnebaTa aRZvris perspeqtivac. tirili ki _

cremlTaRvra _ sxeulidan swored siTxes gandevnida da amgvarad,

xels uSlida seqsualuri codviT dacemas. Tumc, grigorianuli

reformisdroindel monastrebSi cremlma sxva mniSvnelobac SeiZina.

axla cremls qristes mibaZvis elementad ganixilavdnen, Rmer-

Tisa, romelic adamianad moevlina kacobriobas. bibliaSi ieso sam-

gzis Rvris cremls. pirvelad, roca Tavisi megobris, lazares gar-

dacvalebis ambavs Seatyobineben, ,,acremlda ieso” (ioane, 11,35). me-

ored iesos ierusalimis saSineli momavali acremlebs. roca miuax-

lovda da dainaxa qalaqi, atirda mis gamo: ,,netav am dRes mainc

gcodnoda, rac samSvidoboa SenTvis! magram axla es dafarulia

Sens TvalTagan” (luka, 19,41-42). mesamed qriste tiris Tavisi da-

Rupvis win, zeTisxilis mTaze locvisas. es epizodi yvelaze Zli-

er STabeWdilebas axdens, ramdenadac macxovari aq sakuTar Tavს dastiris. ebraelebisaTvis gagzavnil epistoleSi naTqvamia: ,,man

Tavis xorcSi yofnis dReebSi Zlieri RaRadiTa da cremlebiT Ses-

wira locva da vedreba mas, sikvdilisagan misi daxsnis SemZles da

Sesmenil iqna igi RvTismoSiSebis gamo” (ebr. 5, 7). wamierad, iesos

TiTqos depresia ipyrobs da tiris im tanjvaze, romelic elis,

eWvi awvalebs, mamam xom ar mimatovao. lukas saxarebaSi Cven vaw-

ydebiT amave scenis gansxvavebul versias: ,,am tanjvaSi myofi ufro

gulmodgined loculobda; misi ofli sisxlis wveTebiviT gaxda da

miwas epkureboda” (luka, 22, 44). TviT aqac ki SeimCneva siTxis

simbolurad gaazrebis Tavzardamcemi praqtika. sxeuli aq Setyobi-

nebis saSualebaa RvTaebrivsa da adamianurs Soris.

axal aRTqmaSi Semonaxulia mniSvnelovani masala, romelsac

ZaluZs cremls pozitiuri xasiaTi mianiჭos. dawyebuli qristes

cremliT da damTavrebuli ioanes winaswarmetyvelebiTi godebiT _

eklesiam es marjved gamoiyena. XI s-dan cremlTaRvris niWi wminda-

nobis kriteriumad iqca. wmindanebi eswrafodnen tirils, ცრემლი saTnoebad, damsaxurebad, niWad, qarizmad miaCndaT.

amave dros, adreul Sua saukuneebSi ar iyo msgavsi interეsi cremlTaRvris niWisadmi, Tumc benediqte nursielis wesdebaSic ar-

sebobda punqti SenanebiTi cremlTaRvris Taobaze. es viTareba aix-

sneba imiT, Tu ra doneze mimdinareobda qristianizacia im epoqaSi:


205

maSin mTavar amocanad rCeboda ganmtkiceba garegnuli mxarisa, ri-

tualebisa, koleqtiuri qcevisa; TviTanalizi jer ar gavrcelebu-

liyo. monazvnebi is-is iyo dainteresebuliyvnen sakuTar sulSi

CaRrmavebiT.

gardatexa moaxdines pirveli da meore aTaswleulebis mijna-

ze moRvawe monazon-reformatorebma, rogorebic iyvnen gandegili

beri petre damiani (1007-1072), SemdegSi ostiis (qalaqi italia-

Si) kardinali (sxvaTa Soris, man aqcia popularulad ioane damas-

kelis formuliereba, filosofia RvTismetyvelebis moaxlis ro-

liTRa unda dakmayofildeso), da ioane fekaneli (qalaqi safran-

geTSi). man dawera ,,cremlis madlis saTxovari”. am teqstSi suli-

eri Txovna ambivalentur sxeulebriv _ rom ara vTqvaT, seqsua-

lur _ xasiaTs iZens: ,,qriste tkbilo, keTilo ieso, rogor msur-

xar, rogor gvedri mTeli Cemi suliT, Senc mommadle Seni siyva-

ruli, wminda da sufTa; dae, man amavsos, damipyros, dae, is

mflobdes. momმadle Seni siyvarulis naTeli niSani, cremlis gu-

luxvi wyaro; dae, SeuCerebliv mdiodes cremli; is daamtkicebs

Sens siyvaruls Cemdami”.

saqme is aris, rom kategoriebi, romlebiTac azrovnebda Sua

saukuneebis adamiani, ar scdeboda istoriuli realobis sazღvrebs da simbolur formebs. cremli aRiqmeboda RvTaebrivi warmomavlo-

bis mqone erTgvar nayofierebad. amgvaradve gaiazreboda locva, mo-

naniebis sityvebi. Sua saukuneebSi ambobdnen, monazoni isaa, vinc

tiriso. amitomac werda miSle, rom Sua saukuneebis mTeli iduma-

leba cremliT cxaddeba. iohan heizinga amas gemovnebiT xsnida: Sua

saukuneTa mkvidrTaTvis niSandoblivi iyო ,,gemovnebis simZafre”,

,,cxovrebiseul ferTa simkveTre”. holandieli mecnieris azriT,

Sua saukuneebSi tanjva da sixaruli, ubedureba da warmateba uf-

ro sagrZnobi iyo; adamianuri gancdebi inarCunebdnen im sisavsesa

da uSualobas, rogoriTac bavSvis suli aRiqvams tkivilsa da si-

xaruls. yvela moqmedeba, yvela saqcieli damuSavebuli da gamom-

saxveli ritualis nawili iyo, romelic cxovrebis xist stilad

yalibdeboda. ZiriTadi movlenebi _ dabadeba, qorwineba, sikvdili

_ saeklesio saidumloebaTa wyalobiT misteriul brwyinvalebas

iZendnen. yvelaze umniSvnelo ambavsac ki _ mogzauroba, muSaoba,

saqmiani Tu megobruli stumrobani _ kurTxeva, ceremonia, ritua-

li axlda Tan. wignSi ,,Sua saukuneebis Semodgoma” moyvanilia do-

minikeli beris, wm. vinsent fereris magaliTi: mis qadagebas msme-

nelni yovelTvis cremlmoreulni usmendnen. saSineli samsjavros,

jojoxeTis, qristes vnebaTa xsenebisas mqadagebelica da publikac

moTqmiT tiroda. codvilni yvelas Tvalwin cviodnen Zirs da mwa-

re cremliT inaniebdnen Cadenil codvebs [heizinga].

gia joxaZe

206

Sua saukuneebSi cremli uaRresad sulieri xasiaTisaa. misi

wyalobiT, RmerTma imoqmeda sxeulze, რათა mas RvTaebrivisaken es-wrafa [le gofi, triuoni 2008:73].

* * *

vcadoT imis garkveva, ramdenad eTanadeba Sua saukuneebis qar-

Tuli samyaro evropuls. cremlTaRvris niWze arsebuli Teologi-

uri literatura, ZiriTadad, aRmosavluri eklesiis burjTa Seq-

mnilia. es Txzulebebi uxvad iTargmneboda qarTulad, rac amTaviT-

ve gvaTqmevinebs, rom suraTi TiTqmis identuria. es Sefaseba emya-

reba Sua saukuneebis qarTul saistorio teqstTa analizs IV-dan

XIV saukunemde.

ikveTeba wminda mamaTa naRvawidan kargad cnobili opozicia:

bunebiTi cremli, organuli reaqcia gamRizianebelze (SiSi, ubedu-

reba, ganSoreba, sayvareli adamianis sikvdili da sxv;) da saRmrTo

cremli (codvaTagan ganmwmendi, sakralurTan miaxloebisas warmo-

denili, sinanulis niSani, locvisas mogvrili da sxv.).

gansxvavdeba qristianisa da warmarTis cremlic: warmarTis

cremli SiSze bunebrivi reaqciaa, qristianisa _ saRmrTo madli an

ganmwmendi saTnoeba.

es fiqrebi aRgviZra wminda ninos cxovrebis xelaxalma wakiT-

xvam.

,,branjni” (,,frangni”) romis imperators ganudgnen. romaelTa

jars zabilonma usardla da qristes SewevniT mojanyeni daamarcxa.

branjTa mTavari da warCinebulni Seipyro da imperators mihgvara,

romelmac sikvdiliT dasjis ganaCeni gamoutana gandgomilT. ,,maSin

iwyes maT tirilad...” es cremlTadena mosalodneli sikvdilis Si-

SiT unda iyos gamowveuli. magram Sua saukuneebis teqstSi yove-

live aq da amiT ar mTavrdeba: warmarTi ,,branjebi” zabilons eved-

rebian, naTeli gvec im RmerTis saxeliT, romelmac Sen xeli mogi-

marTa. xolo Tu qristianad daviRupebiT, Sen Cvens sikvdilSi bra-

li ar dagedebao. zabilons branjTa Txovna romis imperatorisa da

papisaTvis ucnobebia. am ukanasknels ki branjni mounaTlavs. meore

dRes _ aw ukve gaqristianebulni _ gasulan ,,adgilsa sasikvdine-

sa”. bunebrivi iqneboda, rom sasikvdilod ganwirulT kvlavac ti-

rili daewyoT. ganaCeni xom ar Secvlila? Tu erTi dRis win mosa-

lodneli sikvdili cremls adeninebdaT, emocia xom igive unda yo-

filiyo? magram aq sawinaaRmdego suraTs vawydebiT: branjni myud-

rod ganvides adgilsa sasikvdinesa da sixaruliT moelodes sik-

vdilsa”. amis Semxedvare zabilonic acremlebula: ,,aRiZra gonebiTa

da tiroda friad”. naTelia, rom qristem, misma madlma Tu maga-

liTma gaqristianebuli branjebis emociuri samyaro amoayirava: ro-

ca jer isev warmarTni arian, emocia adamianur kanons emorCileba


207

_ sikvdilis SiSi yvelaze mamacsa da Seudrekelsac ki atirebs! _

magram qristesTvis sikvdili mosalodnel sufevas aaxloebs. sakra-

lurTan Seyra zogadadamianur tkivils sixarulad gardaqmnis. Se-

saZloa, es axsna dagvexmaros im sityvebis wvdomaSi, romelTac

jer isev warmarTi sikvdilmisjilni zabilons eubnebian: Tu qris-

tes naTelmiRebulni davixocebiT, amaSi damnaSave Sen ar iqnebio. am

epizodis orive personaJi _ branjebica da zabilonic _ organu-

lad iqceva: erTi damtyvevebels miiCnevs mosalodneli daRupvis mi-

zezad. meore gandgomilebas aRkveTs da mojanyeT sikvdiliT sjis.

bunebrivia, naratori arsad ambobs, rom Cadenilis (albaT, meramde-

ned!) gamo zabilons sindisis qenjna dasCemebodes. mas aw ukve

qristian TanamoZmeTa Seudrekloba (,,sixaruliT moelodnes sik-

vdilsa”) atirebs (,,tiroda friad”). da es cremlic sixarulis

cremlia _ im sixarulisa, warmarTTa sulier-gonebrivma tran-

sformaciam rom dabada. zabilonma gaacnobiera (,,aRiZra gonebiTa”)

qristes Zalmosileba da aw ukve gardaqmnili adamianebis sikvdili

enaneba. amitomac gamoiTxova imperatorisagan maTi sicocxle, rasac

mohyva branjTa mTeli samkvidreblis qristes sjulze moqceva

[qarTuli proza 1981: 188].

bunebrivia sayvarel col-SvilTan ganSorebisas mogvrili

cremli: zabilonma ,,Seitkbo asuli Tvisi da saxed wvimisa damoa-

dinna cremlni da ijmna meuRlisagan”, magram TviT mizezi ganSorebi-

sa qristea _ zabiloni uars ambobs eriskacobaze, saxelmwifo samsa-

xuriT naSovn qonebas glaxakebs aZlevs da eliasa da ioanes msgavs

meudabnoeobas arCevs. aq zabilonis guli brZolis velad aRiqmeba _

am sulier brZolaSi qriste imarjvebs [qarTuli proza 1981: 189].

gavixsenoT kerpTa dalewvis Semdeg ninosTan misuli qarTlis

warCinebuli mxevali SroSana: igi dawvrilebiT gamohkiTxavs ninos

vinaobas, qarTlSi mosvlis mizezs da ,,friadiTa cremliT aRivse-

ba”. SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom warmarT qalbatons mxolod ninos

mware bedi acremlebs: ra gasakviria, adamianurad guli SeZvrodes

ninos xifaTiT aRsavse odiseis mosmenisas? egeb, amitomac urCevs

dedofalTan wasvlas, raTa Sori gzidan mosuli tyveqalisaTvis,

daRlilisa da mSivrisaTvis, xeli gaemarTa? magram Sua saukuneebis

literatura Sua gzaze ar stovebs TviT warmarTsac ki: erTxel,

roca nino ,,samoTxis xis” Cvenebas uambobs SroSanasa da sidonias,

sjuliT iudevels, sidonia cremliT aRiZvreba da ninos misiis

arss swvdeba: man unda gaunaTloT suli, man unda SeacnobinoT

RmerTi WeSmariti. aq ubralo adamianuri TanagrZnobis cremli saR-

mrTo arsebis WvretiT mogvril cremlad gardaiqmneba [qarTuli

proza 1981:196-197].

rogoraa SesaZlebeli SiSisagan Tavdaxsna? gulmxurvale

locviT. cremli da locva ganuyofelia. marTalia, adamianuri Si-

gia joxaZe

208

Sic iwvevs cremls da RmerTTan miaxlebis wyurvilic, magram am

cremlTa arsi gansxvavebulia.

wminda ninos cremlic ambivalenturia: erTi mxriv, adamianur

SiSs moyolili, ucxo warmarTul qveyanaSi gamgzavrebas rom sdevs

da, meore mxriv, saRmrTo nugeSisa, rom ufali yovelTvis mis Sem-

wed rCeba. gavixsenoT javaxeTs misuli ninos emocia: zafxulSi

mTebze dadebuli Tovlis danaxvisas ,,SeZrwunda da ilocvida da

damoadinna cremli”. es egeb adamianuri SiSiT naSob cremlad miviC-

nioT. xolo roca ZilSi ,,kaci brwyinvale xilviT” warmoudga da

misi misiis gamamarTlebeli ,,saxareba” da saRvTo sanqtifikaciis

(,,dabeWduli”) mimniWebeli ,,wigni” misca, romelsac ,,cremliT miu-

go”, Semdeg ki, nugeSmocemuli RvTismSoblisaTvis ilocvida da

,,cremliTa qveyanas daaltobda”, es cremli saRmrTo madlia: ,,ga-

naTlda goneba misi madliTa qristesiTa... da uSiSiTa gonebiTa wa-

remarTa”[qarTuli proza 1981:193].

locvis gulmxurvaleba cremliT gamoixateba: ninos aseTi

locva angrevs kerpebs [qarTuli proza 1981:196]. vaxtang gorgasa-

li ,,cremliTa evedreboda RmerTsa da ... iTxovda Sewevnasa” [qar-

Tuli proza 1981:538]. Tamars ,,cremliT vedreba RmrTisa zemdgom-

robiTa gansakvirvebel aqvnda” da bunebrivadac ki aRiqmeba, rom

,,ara dascxreboda cremlTa vedrebad, vidremdis srulyo RmerTman

saTxoveli misi” [qarTuli proza 1982: 218; 255]. RmerTs jaris

gamarjvebasac cremliT avedrebda. ruknadinis Seuracxmyofeli we-

rilis wakiTxvis Semdegac `cxelTa cremlTa damodinebiTa” Ses-

Txova Semoqmeds Tavisi laSqris Sewevna. sarwmunoebriv sakiTxebze

mopaeqre somex da qarTvel sasuliero pirTa orive krebuli loc-

visas tiris [qarTuli proza 1982: 255-256; 263; 246]. daviT la-

Sas Ze, gansacdelis win, xats pirsa da Tvalebze idebs, locvisas

ki ,,cremlni simwarisani gardmosTxivna” [qarTuli proza 1982:

320]. dmanisisa da martyofis xatebs ,,mxurvaliTa cremliTa” eved-

reba Svilis gamojanmrTelebas [qarTuli proza 1982: 366]. dimit-

ri meore sikvdilis win ,,ilocvida cremlTa modinebiTa qveyanasa

zeda” [qarTuli proza 1982: 398].

sakralurTan miaxloeba RmerTis xilvis tolfasia da crem-

lTaRvra aqac bunebrivi reaqciaa.

gavixsenoT mcxeTeli eliozis da, romelmac kvarTi gulSi

Caixuta, ,,xma yo cremliT da aRmouteva suli”. sveti cxovlis

Semxedvare ,,yoveli qalaqi da TviT mefe da dedofali cremliTa

iltobodes”, xolo kaxeTis dedofali suji ,,vidoda uxamuri da

cremliTa daaltobda qveyanas” [qarTuli proza 1981: 197; 205;

206; 212]. amasve miuTiTebs saswaulmoqmed xatTa winaSe cremlTaR-

vra. da kidev: Sua saukuneTa qarTul narativSi araerTxel aRiwe-


209

reba sulTmobrZav mefeTa ukanaskneli cremliani wuTebi. arsTa gam-

rigesTan mosalodneli Seyra cremlTadenas iwvevs: tiris vaxtang

gorgasali, tiris laSa-giorgi, tiris dimitri II...

adamiani sikvdilis Svilia. misi gardacvaleba dasanania, mag-

ram glovaze yuradRebis gansakuTrebiT gamaxvileba ar egebis. mxo-

lod mefeTa _ uflis cxebulTa _ sikvdili iwvevs sayovelTao

ubedurebas.

am debulebis siswores adasturebs qarTvel naratorTa pozi-

cia, roca isini ara mxolod warmarT gardacvlilT stoveben uyu-

radRebod, aramed aras amboben TviT mefeTa ZeTa dakargvis gamo ga-

mowveul gancdebze. mxolod uflis cxebulTa glova aRiwereba da

es rituali mTlianad cremls gaujerebia. am epizodebSi vawydebiT

sulxan-sabaseuli tirilis konotaciebs, ZiriTadad: godebasa da

vaebas.

vaxtang gorgaslis gardacvaleba warCinebulTa da yoveli eri-

saTvis sasjelis dRea _ ,,xmisagan tirilisa da godebisa iZrvoda

qveyana” [qarTuli proza 1981: 581-582]. giorgi I-s gardacvalebam ma-

mulis mkvidrTa da samefos ,,dauteva glova da mwuxareba” [qarTu-

li proza 1981: 93]. laSa-giorgis gardacvalebam gamoiwvia ,,saSi-

nelni tkivilni, cremlTa wil guliT sisxlis denani, warwirvani

darComisa da sicocxlisani...” [qarTuli proza 1982: 160]. Tamaris

dedis, burduxanis gardacvaleba imdenad samwuxaro yofila. ,,ro-

melmanca enaman gamoTqva?” Tamars cremlTa aTaseuli nakadi dasde-

nia. giorgi III-s gardacvalebisas Tamars ,,uswrobda wyaro sisxlis

wyarosa cremlTasa” da a.S. [qarTuli proza 1982: 176-177].

sayuradReboa, rom mefis gardacvalebiT gamowveul tkivils

aormagebs qristesaTvis gaweuli samsaxuri da narators amis aR-

niSvna ar aviwydeba. vaxtang gorgaslis sikvdiliT gulmokluli

,,morwmune eri hnatrida mefesa, rameTu qristesTvis moikla”. xan-

daxan samefos mkvidrT mefis udroo gardacvaleba an qveli Tvise-

bebi amwuxrebT. giorgi I-s ,,iglovdes yovelni sikeTisa da siWabu-

kisa da axovnebisa misisaTvis”.

zemoT mocemuli modelebi imas rodi niSnavs, rom Sua sauku-

neebis qarTuli narativis personaJebi mxolod am mizeziT tirod-

nen. cxadia, teqstSi gvxvdeba solidarobis, sinanulis, TanagrZno-

bis, sayvarel adamianTan daSorebis, madlierebis, mtris Semosevisa

da qveynis ganadgurebis gamo tirilis, sixarulis cremlis amsax-

veli epizodebi.

qarTul saistorio teqstebSi tirili, ZiriTadad, qrestoma-

Tiuli metaforebiT gamoixateba.

gia joxaZe

210

sulxan-saba cremls Tvalis wylad ganmartavs da es gadaWar-

bebuli sityvieri ekonomia sWvivis cremlsa da tirilTan dakavSi-

rebul yvela metaforaSi. yovelive wylis denas ukavSirdeba: ,,sa-

xed wvimisad damoadinna cremli”; ,,cremliTa qveyanas daaltobda”,

,,cremlTa nakad deniTa aTaseuliTa”; ,,wyarosa cremlTasa” da a.S.

es qrestomaTiuli suraTi _ rogorc wyali (mdinare, wyaro, wvima

da sxv.) albobs miwas, iseve altobs cremli adamianis saxes _ xan-

daxan icvleba, metaforis Tvisebebic ki ikargeba, radgan cremli

TiTqmis yvelgan qveyanas, miwas, motiralisa Tu sxva personaJis

fexebs da sxv. altobs da ara _ motiralis saxes. naratori crem-

lis nakadis im odenobas aRwers, rom mis asparezad adamianis saxe

sakmarisi aRar aris _ cremli mTel qveyanas edeba. erTgan cremli

samoTxis im mdinaredac ki gardaisaxeba, romelic gars uvlis eTi-

opias: ,,nakadni cremlTani... msgavsad samoTxisa momcenareobdes sa-

xed geonisa”.

ZiriTadad, cremli mdinaresTan, wyarosTan, wvimasTanaa Seda-

rebuli. Tumc, aqac SeiZleba erTgvari diferencireba. nikita sti-

fatis swavlebis Tanaxmad, sinanulis cremli mdinares hgavs, rome-

lic codvis mTel xmeleTs faravs. saRmrTo saTnoebis cremli ki

wvimaa yanisaTvis da cvaria marcvlisaTvis.

cxadia, Zneli dasadgenia (da albaT, saWiro arcaa), ramdenad

eTanadeba wminda mamis naazrevi qarTul teqstSi naxseneb cremlebs,

magram imis aRniSvna ki SeiZleba, rom cremlis metaforizebisas

mdinarec gamoiyeneba da wvimac.

teqstSi xSirad gvxvdeba ,,mxurvale” an ,,cxeli” cremli.

wminda mamebi miiCneven, rom vnebebi axureben suls. es cecxli xdis

mxurvales cremlsac, romlis gadmodineba cecxls aqrobs anu

suls vnebaTagan aTavisuflebs.

literatura:

1. Rirsi ioane sineli, kibe anu klemaqsi, http://www.orthodoxy.ge/tserilebi/kibe/sarchevi.htm 2. Исаак Сирин, О божественных тайнах и о духовной жизни,

http://www.krotov.info/history/07/sirin_al/sir_18.html 3. Слова преподобного Симеона Нового Богослова, том 3. Гимн

первый. http://www.omolenko.com/biblio/simeon-tom3.htm?p=1#toc10;

4. БЕСЕДЫ О БОГОПОЗНАНИИ И САМОПОЗНАНИИ ПО УЧЕНИЮ СВЯТЫХ ОТЦОВ, http://ni-ka.com.ua/index.php?Lev=prelest#prl90

5. Жак Ле Гофф,Николя Трюон, История тела в средние века, Москва 6. Saint Louis by Jacques Le Goff, Paris 7. Жак Ле Гофф,Николя Трюон, История тела в средние века, Москва 8. И. Хейзинга, Осень средневековья. Яркость и острота жизни.


211

http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Culture/Huiz/01.php 9. Жак Ле Гофф,Николя Трюон, История тела в средние века, Москва 10. qarTuli proza, wigni I, mexuTe-meTerTmete saukuneebis mwer-

loba, ucnobi avtori, ninos cxovreba, Tbilisi

11. iqve

12. iqve

13. iqve

14. iqve

15. iqve, juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgasalisa

16. qarTuli proza, wigni III, meTerTmete-meToTxmete saukuneebis

mwerloba, ucnobi avtori, istoriani da azmani SaravandedTa-

ni, basili ezosmoZRvari, cxovreba mefeT-mefisa Tamarisi,

Tbilisi

17. iqve

18. iqve

19. iqve

20. iqve

21. qarTuli proza, wigni I, mexuTe-meTerTmete saukuneebis mwer-

loba, ucnobi avtori, ninos cxovreba, Tbilisi

22. iqve


mwerloba, ucnobi avtori, matiane qarTlisa, Tbilisi


mwerloba, ucnobi avtori, laSa-giorgisdroindeli matiane,

Tbilisi

25. iqve, ucnobi avtori, istoriani da azmani SaravandedTani

koba WumburiZe

idumali ieroglifi “anx”

winamdebare naSromi miznad isaxavs sva-

nuri agraruli dResaswaulebis _ àRba-

laRralisa~ da `limuryvamalis~ erT-erTi

ZiriTadi elementis _ angis Sesaxeb kvlevis

gagrZelebas, ramac SesaZloa meti sicxade

SesZinos am uZvelesi kulturuli fenomenis

mniSvnelobasa da warmomavlobas.

aRniSnuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb Tavmoyrili

eTnografiuli masalis analizisa da para-

lelur masalasTan Sedarebis safuZvelze j.

ruxaZem gamoTqva varaudi angis SesaZlo

mniSvnelobisa da warmomavlobis Sesaxeb.

sanam uSualod sakiTxis analizze gada-

valT, gavixsenoT àRba-laRralisa~ da `li-

muryvamalis~ dResaswaulTa aRweriloba j.

ruxaZis naSromidan - `bunebis ZalTa aRor-

Zinebis xalxuri dResaswauli saqarTvelo-

Si~:

òrive dResaswaulis mTavari saweso

moqmedeba koSkis agebaa. koSkis SuaSi, maRal

xeze, romelsac svanurad angi hqvia, xelman-

diliani droSa aris moTavsebuli (zemo sva-

neTi). zogjer mis wverze damagrebulia ada-

mianis gamosaxuleba — `lamaria~, romelsac

xelSi daSna uWiravs, win xis falosi aqvs

Camokidebuli, xolo saxis adgilze saceri

ukeTia. am ukanasknels `faras~ eZaxian. xeze

zogjer mxolod saceri, xis `lekuri~ da

xis asoa gakeTebuli... ...sayuradReboa, rom

qarTlSi yeens gulze da welze sacris

rkals hkidebdnen.

...zemo svaneTSi `lamarias~ gamosaxule-

basTan imarTeba `samTo-WiSxaSis” saxeliT

cnobili ferxuli, romelSic eqvsi moxuci

kaci monawileobs. isini simReriT adian koS-

arqiteqtori, mwerali, mxa-

tvari;

ZiriTadi naSromebi: „zneni

samamaconi“ (qarTuli sab-

rZolo xelovneba), „iduma-

li ieroglifi anx“, „xu-

las“ ganmartebisaTvis“,

„RvTaeba seTis kvaldak-

val“, „sicocxlis xe qar-

Tul eTnomasalaSi“. (Ziri-

Tadi namuSevrebi ix.:

http://alternativa.ge) interesTa sfero: eTnolo-

giuri kvleva, publicisti-

ka, poezia, Targmani, ferwe-

ra, dizaini.

idumali ieroglifi ànx~

213

kze da `lamarias~ ferxuliT gars uvlian, xolo Semdeg xes Sean-

Zreven da `fars~ Camoagdeben. saiTac `farsaceri~ gadavardeba, maTi

azriT, im wels im mxares kargi mosavali iqneba. moxucebis Semdeg

koSkze adian bavSvebi, romelTagan TiToeuli cdilobs, pirvelma

mokidos xeli `lamarias~ da Zirs Camoagdos. am ritualTan aris

dakavSirebuli yaensa da dedofals Soris sqesob-rivi aqtis simulaciis scena...

...àRba-laRralis~ dResaswaulze sofel JabeSSi

(zemo svaneTi) `lamarias~ cvlis xis wverze damag-

rebuli Zveli saceri, xis lekuri da xisgan gamoT-

lili kacis aso. imarTeba gundaoba, gamarjvebulebi

im wels karg mosavals elian. Semdeg iwyeba ferxu-

li, romlis damTavrebis Jams xalxi xis waqcevas

cdilobs. waqceuli xisa da Tovlis koSkis mimar-

TulebiT sofeli nayofier weliwads ibedebda~.1

j. ruxaZem, aRniSnul dResaswaulTa aRwerilo-

baze muSaobisas,2 pirvelma miapyro yuradReba im

faqts, rom aRniSnuli ritualis centraluri ele-

menti angi (nax. 1), rogorc sicocxlis xe, misteri-uli daniSnulebiT, formiT da TviT dasaxelebiTac

ki, Zalze Camohgavs mesame dinastiis egviptis sari-

tualo nivTs – anxs (ANKH) (nax. 2), romelic

dRemde mravali qveynis mkvlevarTa cxoveli dainteresebis sagania.

paraleluri wyaroebis Seswavlam kidev ufro ganamtkica am varau-

dis safuZvlianoba.

movixmoT kidev erTi amonaridi j. ruxaZis zemoT

aRniSnuli naSromidan: `...jvari gvxvdeba agreTve yeenis

Tavsaburavze (imereTi). pirgamurul yeens Tavze guda

exura, romelsac SuaSi gogris qerqisgan gamoWrili

jvari ekida. jvaria aRbeWdili ritualur kverze, ro-

melsac acxobdnen RvTaeba basilis saxelze, igi, ro-

gorc ukve iTqva, yeenTan dakavSirebuli ideiT adeqva-

tur rwmena-warmodgenebs aerTianebs. aseT kverze axal

wels sam adgilze jvars amoWridnen, erTs daamtvrev-

dnen da saTesle marcvals Seurevdnen, meores saqo-

nels SeaWmevdnen, xolo mesames xvnis dawyebisas pir-

vel kvalSi Caagdebdnen kargi mosavlis vedrebiT. axal welsve ac-

1 j. ruxaZe, `bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri dResaswauli saqarTvelo-

Si~, gv. 131, 168 2 àRba-laRralisa~ da `limuryvamalis~ dResaswaulTa aRweriloba, dafiqsi-

rebuli svaneTSi, 1940 wels, eTnograf arsen onianis mier. masala daculia

iv. javaxiSvilis sax. istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis eTnografiis

ganyofilebis arqivSi.

koba WumburiZe

214

xobdnen adamianis msgavs falikurniSnian kverebs, romlebic mxo-

lod mamakacebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili. cxadia, rom yeenis qudsa da

basilas kverze gamosaxuli jvrebi identuri mniSvnelobisaa da si-

cocxlis xis ideasTan unda iyvnen genetikur kavSirSi. asevea Tov-

lis koSkze gakeTebuli cacxvisa Tu naZvis xe, romelzec sxvadas-

xva sagnebia Camokidebuli da rogorc aRniSnuli iyo, àngs~ eZax-

dnen. qarTlis masaliTac (sof. bazaleTi) cnobilia, rom aRniSnul

dResaswaulze wiTelnaWrebSebmuli xis aRmarTva icodnen. rwmenaTa

amave samyaros ganekuTvneba Tovlis koSkze gamosaxuli jvari,

droSa, `lamaria~ da a.S., romlebic sicocxlis xes ukavSirdebian

da masTan erTad, saerTo semantikur sivrceSi unda iqnan ganxilu-

lni.

aRsaniSnavia, rom svanuri àngis~ msgavsad ANKH hqvia egviptel-

Ta Tavmomrgvalebul jvars, romelic

sicocxlis simbolod aris miCneuli.~1

`CvenTvis ukve cnobilia, rom si-

cocxlis xis idea universaluri mov-

lenaa, mTels msoflioSia gavrcelebu-

li da mravali variantiT gvxvdeba. es

ki uflebas gvaZlevs gavimeoroT mo-

sazreba imis Seasaxeb, rom svanuri angi

da sicocxlis – cxovrebis cnebad miC-

neuli egvipturi ANKH-i sicocxlis

mimniWebel RvTaebaTa atributebia. eg-

viptur jvarTan dakavSirebiT aseTive

mosazreba aqvs gamoTqmuli l. boWo-

riSvils.~2

aq upriani iqneba Tvali gadavavloT

am mizniT sagangebod Tavmoyrili masa-

lis erT nawils, romelic cxadyofs,

rom miuxedavad am sakiTxis irgvliv gamoTqmuli araerTi varaudi-

sa, egvipturi anxis, am uxsovari simbolos WeSmariti arsi dRemde

ar aris mkafiod gansazRvruli da Sesabamisad, Tu ki SesaZlebeli

gaxdeba svanur angsa da egviptur anxs Soris kavSiris dadgena,

aseT SemTxvevaSi j. ruxaZis mosazrebas, yvela sxva versiisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, safuZvlad eqneba ara oden logikuri varaudi, aramed

Cvenamde uZvelesi saxiT motanebuli àRba-laRralisa~ da `limur-

yvamalis~ unikaluri misteriebi.

1 j. ruxaZe, `bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri dResaswauli saqarTvelo-

Si~, gv. 132, 133 2 j. ruxaZe, `bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri dResaswauli saqarTvelo-

Si~, gv. 168, 169


215

ra aris anxi

anxi, romelic aseve iwodeba `kruqs ansated~, anu tarian

jvrad, Zvel egvipteSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli simbolo gaxldaT.

mesame dinastiidan moyolebuli, igi xSirad gvxvdeba arqeologiur

masalaSi (nax. 3, 4). liTonis, Tixisa da xis uamravi anxia napovni.

maTi didi nawili amuletia, romelsac unda uzrunveleyo mflobe-

lis sicocxlis gaxangrZliveba, xolo micvalebis Semdgom - imqvey-

niuri sicocxle.

anxi metwilad RmerTebsa da faraonebs upyriaT xelT. garda

amisa, igi egvipturi akldamebis (maT Soris, tut-anx-amonis) war-

werebSic gvxvdeba.

xSirad saritualo WurWelsac anxis forma hqonda (nax. 4.1). am

formas imeorebda agreTve sistra, malamos kovzi Tu sarke. sainte-

resoa, rom Sua samefodan moyolebuli, sarkesac anxs eZaxdnen,

radgan miaCndaT, rom sicocxle da sikvdili erTmaneTs ireklaven.

mkvlevar t. r. elisonis TvalsazrisiT, `imis gamo, rom egvip-

tis mosaxleobis umetesi nawili wera-kiTxvis ucodinari iyo, es

niSani maTTvis gasagebi versiiT (sandlis Rvedebi) gamoisaxeboda.

marTlac, mdabioTa mier gakeTebul WurWelzec xSirad vxvdebiT an-

xis gamosaxulebas~.

`misi gavlena yvela dinastias gahyva da koptur qristianul

eklesiaSic ki, rogorc jvarma, mistikuri Zalis mqone simbolos

mniSvneloba SeinarCuna~.1

anxis ganmartebani moZiebul wyaroebSi

Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa mier anxis daniSnulebis Sesaxeb gamoT-

qmul varaudebs sakmaod vrceli diapazoni ukavia. misi savaraudo

funqcia rTuli seqsualuri simbolizmidan ubralo sandlamde mer-

yeobs.

rakiRa anxi sicocxlis simboloa, Sesabamisad misi mravalgvari

gamovlinebac savsebiT bunebrivad unda miviCnioT. egviptur miTo-

logiaSi, rodesac anxi RvTaeba anubiss upyria, maSin micvalebulTa

imqveyniur sicocxles icavs, seqmeTis, uarisa da hapis xelSi – ma-

cocxlebel wyalTanaa kavSirSi, RvTaeba amenis xelSi ki sicoc-

xlis STabervas emsaxureba.2

simbolo nilosis arxis kedlebzec ki iyo gamosaxuli, raTa mi-

si nakadi adamianTa sasikeTod waremarTa.

`anxi Zvel kemetur enaze sicocxles aRniSnavs da rogorc sim-

bolo, asocirebulia ara mxolod im RmerTebTan, romelTac igi

1 enciklopedia britanika (1994 – 1998) 2 www.touregypt.net/ANUBIS.htm

koba WumburiZe

216

xelT upyriaT, aramed haerTan, mzesa da wyalTan (radgan, egvip-

telTa azriT, misi meSveobiT sicocxlis regeneracia xdeboda)~.1

amdenad, bunebrivia, rom anxi gamosaxulia gabanvis ritualeb-

Sic, sadac or RmerTs Sua (romelTagan erTi ToTia) mdgom mefes

anxebis jaWviT gamosaxuli wyali esxmeba.

am TemasTan dakavSirebiT saintereso paraleli ikveTeba qarTul

masalasTan. kerZod, mxedvelobaSi maqvs i. surgulaZis mosazreba,

romlis Tanaxmadac, qarTvelTa warmodgeniT saceri zecidan momdi-

nare macocxlebeli wylis, anu wvimis gamomxatveli simbolo unda

iyos.2

mkvlevar m. lurkeris ganmartebiT, anqi, `rogorc uSreti sasi-

cocxlo energiis simbolo, xSirad gvxvdeba taZris kedlebze, Zeg-

lebze, frizebsa Tu kvarcxlbekebze, TviT sayofacxovrebo daniSnu-

lebis nivTebzec ki~.3 `rakiRa anxi xSirad RmerTebs upyriaT micvalebuli faraonebis

cxvirTan (rac maT mier faraonebisTvis sikvdilis Semdeg STaberil

sicocxles unda gamoxatavdes), agreTve misi formis gamo, mkvle-

varTa erTi nawili varaudobs, rom anxi gasaRebia karisa sikvdilis

Semdeg maradi sicocxlisaken~.4 Tavad Zvel egviptelTa azriT anxis pyroba misi mflobelis-

Tvis boZebul marad sicocxlesa da ukvdavebas gamosaxavda. maTi

rwmeniT, anxis siaxloves myofni isrutavdnen misgan gamosxivebul

sicocxlis energias.

* * * qvemoT moyvanili ganmartebani ki pirdapir kavSirs avlenen sta-

tiis TavSi miTiTebul svanur masalasTan da Sesabamisad, amyarebs

j. ruxaZis varauds.

anxi, rogorc simbolo, im ieroglifebis jgufSi Sedis, romel-

Ta mniSvnelobac janmrTeloba da bednierebaa. sainteresoa, rom

sul axlo warsulSi anxi gamoiyeneboda nayofierebasTan dakavSire-

bul ritualebSi.5 amave dros, anxi osirisisa da isidas, cisa da miwis kavSirs

asaxavs (qarTul masalaSi es funqcia metwilad swored xes akis-

ria). misi maryuJi mdedris, xolo daboloeba mamris gamomxatveli

simboloebia da ZiriTadi mniSvneloba nayofiereba da kvlavwarmoq-

mnaa (axali samefos periodis zogierT anxSi maryuJi TiTqmis sam-

1 `anxi: pirvelsawyisi jvari~, www.swaga.com/ankh 2 i. surgulaZe – `amindis ritualebi saqarTveloSi, saceri, rogorc RvTae-

bis atributi, xelnaweri. 3 Манфред Луркер, «Египетский символизм» Книга IX» 4 www.swagga.com/ank-the original cros 5 www.nisbett.com/simbols/ankh


217

kuTxedad iqca da boqvens daemsgavsa, zog maryuJSi ki sulac sam-

kuTxedia Caxatuli).

aqve gavixsenoT ramdenime paraleluri masala:

- Sumeruli miTosis Tanaxmad anqi (ANKI) samyaroa, adamianissaxian RvTaebaTa - cis RvTaeba anis (AN) da miwis RvTaeba qis (KI) kav-Siri;1

- vanSi napovni mdedri da mamri RvTaebebis brinjaos gamosaxuleba-

ni erT saritualo sivrceSi, SesaZloa, aseve cisa da miwis kav-

Sirs ganasaxierebda;2

- aseve unda gavixsenoT miwis RvTaebis qurumi – kretis mefe mino-si, agreTve mTvaris RvTaebis mimarT raRac msgavsi funqciis mqo-

ne - dedofali pasifae (xarTan SeuRlebuli) da maTi kavSiri,

rogorc cisa da miwis Serwymis simbolo.

- Anouki – egvipturi sicocxlis RvTaeba. aqedan – Ank – sicocxle

(ebraulad)

- berZnuli sityva `angelos~ macnes, Sikriks aRniSnavs. es usxeu-

lo arseba RmerTsa da adamians Soris kavSirs amyarebs. misi meS-

veobiT ityobs adamiani RvTis nebas da misive meSveobiT iRebs Za-

las. savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom am sityvis Ziri naTesaur kav-

SirSi iyos sakvlev terminTan. da bolos, mkvlevarTa erTi nawilis az-

riT, anxi sicocxlis xea.3 rogorc masali-

dan Cans, es mosazreba yvelaze axlos unda

iyos WeSmaritebasTan, oRond garkveul da-

zustebas moiTxovs. SesaZloa anxi, misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi

gamovlinebiT, stilizebuli xis Stoa,

foTliT daboloebuli. gavixsenoT amarnas

periodis reliefebi (nax. 5), sadac ramdeni-

me anxi mzis sxivTa daboloebebze gamoxa-

tul xelis mtevnebs upyria da exnaTonisken

aris gawvdili. Tavis mxriv, exnaTonic anxs

iwvdis mzisken.

SesaZloa amiT gamoxatulia mixvedra,

rom foToli, ufro zustad ki - qlorofi-

li _ aris mzis energiis materializaciis,

ufro metic, sicocxled gardaqmnis meqaniz-

mi.

Tu davuSvebT, rom im epoqis adamianma, xangrZlivi empiriuli

1 Sumeruli leqsikoni (internetmasala) 2 m. xidaSeli - `kolxeTis samefoSi dadasturebuli erTi ritualis Sesaxeb~,

`oCxari~, Tbilisi, 2002 w. 3 www.holoweb.net/liam/pictures/ankh

koba WumburiZe

218

nax 5 1

nax 5 2

nax 5 3

gziT, Tundac Zalze primitiul doneze, SeZlo sicocxlis saidum-

losTan miaxloeba, sruliad gasagebi gaxdeba anxis simbolos eso-

deni dromedegoba.

savaraudoa, rom swored am didi mix-

vedris momnusxvelma xiblma ganapiroba an-

xis simbolos aRmatebuloba yvela danar-

Cenze, rac SeuZlebeli iqneboda, am simbo-

losaTvis oden zogadi Sinaarsi rom yofi-

liyo miwerili. sainteresoa, rom es Tema arc qarTuli

eTnografiuli masalisTvis aris ucxo. naS-

romSi `qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis

istoriidan~ v. bardaveliZe mzis simbolur

gamosaxulebebze saubrisas, ase aRwers la-

xamulas `girgeds~: _ `girgedi~ mrgvali formis liTonis sagania,

irgvliv gare napirze Semoyolebuli imave

liTonis cxra cali momcro rgoliT da am

rgolebSua samyura mcenaris saxis samkau-

lebiT~ (!) (nax. 5.1)

iqve aRwerilia raWul-leCxumuri saa-

xalwlo `gvergvebi~, romelTa Tavisebure-

bac isaa, rom vazis gadagrexili lerwebis-

gan Sekruli wre aucileblad foTlebiTaa

Semkuli. v. bardaveliZis TqmiT, mis mier

aRwerili `gvergvi~ imiT aris saintereso,

rom `asaxavs qarTvelebis uZveles rwmena-

warmodgenebs, romelTa mixedviTac mzis Tayvaniscema mcenareul

kultTan ganuyre-

lad iyo dakavSire-

buli~. (nax. 5.2)

mkvlevari aseve

aRniSnavs guruli

saaxalwlo CiCila-

kis damagvirgvinebe-

li kalpis (nax. 5.3)

msgavsebas raWul-

leCxumur `gver-

gvTan~: - `Tu Cven

davakvirdebiT guru-

lebis saaxalwlo kalps im `samkaulebi-

TurT~, romlebic masTan erTad CiCilakis

Tavzea moTavsebuli, cxadi gaxdeba, rom es

kalpi mzis iseTive emblemaa, rogorc ra-


219

Wul-leCxumuri `gvergvi~. am ukanasknelis msgavsad, kalpi lerwis-

gan mownuli da mcenareuliT Semkuli rgolia~.1

cxadia, es sakiTxi Semdgom guldasmiT kvlevas moiTxovs, magram

amTaviTve aSkaraa, rom saqme gvaqvs gansakuTrebul masalasTan.

davubrundeT anxs. SesaZloa, exnaTonamde igi marTlac nilosis

gasaRebi iyo (nax. 6), anu macocxlebeli wylis simbolo. amis sa-

sargeblod metyvelebs mravali gamosaxuleba, sadac anxebis mijri-

li wyebiT wylis nakadia gamosaxuli. am varauds amyarebs misi

msgavseba RuzasTan da agreTve isic, rom Ruzas dRes mraval enaze

anqor (anker) hqvia. sainteresoa, rom bas-

kurad Ruza ainguraa, anu araindoevro-

pul enaSi q g-Ti aris Canacvlebuli

(iseve, rogorc svanurSi). am SemTxvevaSic

anxis daniSnuleba sicocxlis STaberva

da uzrunvelyofaa.

exnaTonisdroindel variantSi igi

isev sicocxlis gamtaria, oRond wyali

mziTaa Secvlili. savaraudoa, rom qurum-

Ta kastaSi fotosinTezis Sesaxeb dagro-

vilma codnam misi simboluri mniSvnelo-

bis wanacvleba ganapiroba. exnaTonis Sem-

dgom periodSi, cxadia, scades reformatori faraonis naRvawis

amoZirkva da es, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, anxis mniSvnelobasac Se-

exo, anu mzis rolma kvlav ukana planze gadaiwia.

SedarebiT ufro Zvel nimuSebSi anxis bolo orad

gaiyo da simbolo adamianis stilizebul gamosaxulebas

daemsgavsa.

mTvaris simbolos humanizaciam indurSi mogvca swo-

red am anxis msgavsi niSani, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Zal-

ze Camohgavs naram-suenas stelaze gamosaxul mefes (su-

ena-sina-mTvare), radgan mas xarisrqebiani muzaradi hxu-

ravs (nax. 7).

aseTive muzaradi exura aleqsandre makedonels.

axla kvlav davubrundeT svanur masalas. aq, pirvel-

yovlis, xazgasasmelia Semdegi detali: falosi ar SeiZ-

leba iyos `lamarias~ nawili am ukanasknelis sqesidan gamomdinare.

amdenad savaraudoa, rom saceri (anu wre) da falosi asaxavs mded-

risa da mamris erTobas, rogorc sicocxlis gagrZelebis aucile-

bel pirobas.

daSna aSkarad gviandeli elementia, Tundac imis gamo, rom ri-

tuali rkinis xanaze uxnesia. savaraudoa, rom Tavdapirvelad angis

1 v. bardaveliZe – `qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan~, saq. ssr

mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1941 w. gv. 75, 76

koba WumburiZe

220

nax. 9 nax. 10

elementi iyo ara daSna, aramed uZvelesi mcire maxvili (akinaki),

romelic ganzrax falosis formisa iyo da saxeladac yele erqva

(nax. 8). rogorc iaraRi da rogorc falosi, igi nayofierebaze aq-

centirebul mamakacur simbolos warmoadgenda.

mogvianebiT, brinjaos rkiniT Canacvlebam sruliad Secvala sam-

kveTlo iaraRis forma, ris gamoc masSi falosi, rogorc angis

elementi, aRar ikiTxeboda. SesaZloa vivaraudoT, rom

swored aman ganapiroba angSi falosis calke elemen-

tad dabruneba.

imis sailustraciod, angis msgavsad

hguobs Tu ara anxi sxva, damatebiT ele-

mentebs, gamodgeba gamosaxulebani, sadac

igi or sxva gavrcelebul simbolosTan

_ jedTan da uasTan erTad aris gamosa-

xuli (nax. 9, 10). rac Seexeba wres, rogorc mdedris

simbolos, qarTul eTnografiaSi am mxri-

vac saintereso masalaa dafiqsirebuli.

movixmoT nawyveti v. bardaveliZis zemoT

aRniSnuli naSromidan _ `sayuradRebo

warmodgena arsebobda farelebSi barbol-is Sesawiravi kviristave-

bisa da msgavsi sagnebis Sesaxeb. es sagnebi mdedrTa sasqeso orga-

nos gamoxatulebad iyo miCneuli~.1 uZveles civilizaciaTa sxva nakvalevi

svaneTSi

unda aRiniSnos, rom svanur masalaSi aseTi ucnauri nakvalevi

uZvelesi civilizaciisa sulac ar gaxlavT uprecedento. gavixse-

noT gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi i. javaxiSvilis mier gamoTqmuli

varaudi, rom svanuri rituali `melia-telefia~ SesaZloa yofili-

yo naSTi RvTaeba TelefinusTan dakavSirebuli bunebis gaRviZebis

amsaxveli uZvelesi xeTuri ritualisa.2

`melia-telefias~ rituali erTi nawilia zemoT aRwerili `li-

muryvamalis~ dResaswaulisa da igi uZvelesi saxiT aris Cvenamde

moRweuli.

samocdaaTian wlebSi n. benduqiZem gamoTqva varaudi, rom `me-

lia-telefiaSi~ melia unda daukavSirdes xeTuri miTis personaJs

futkars. es sityva, n. benduqiZis azriT, svanurSi nayofierebis ri-

1 v. bardaveliZe – `qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istoriidan~, saq. ssr

mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 1941 w. gv. 74 2 iv. javaxiSvili – qarTveli eris istoria, wigni I, Tb.., 1951, gv.155


221

nax.11

tualTan erTad unda iyos Sesuli xeTuri enobrivi samyarodan.1

aq unda gavixsenoT, rom winaaziur da winareberZnul RvTaeba

kibeles erT-erT kuretTagans meliseu erqva. melisevsi erqva kre-

tis miTiur mefes, mis qaliSvils ki melisa, anu es saxeli am te-

ritoriebze berZnebis gamoCenamde figurirebs, rac mis winaaziur

warmoSobaze metyvelebs.

amdenad, anatoliasa da kretaze am saxelis arseboba erTdrou-

lad drosa da sivrceSi aRmocenebuli erTgvari Sualeduri rgo-

lia, navaraudebi xeTuri saxelidan wyaroSi dafiqsirebul berZnul

saxelamde, rac kidev ufro amyarebs n. benduqiZis mier gamoTqmul

varauds.

aseve sainteresoa svaneTSi ramdenime aTaswleulis winandeli

Sumeruli RvTaebebisa da toponimebis arseboba (enguri, laxami,

laxamula, lamari da sxvani). SedarebisTvis ix. _ `ENKI AND THE WORLD ORDER~, by Samuel Noah Kramer.

drosa da sivrceSi Sualeduri rgolis Ziebis TvalsazrisiT

SesaZloa yuradsaRebi iyos is faqtic, rom anqize erqva troas sa-

mefo gvaris warmomadgenels, legendaruli enevsis mamas, xolo an-

qiale erqva a.w. II sk-is makron-henioxTa gaerTianebuli samefos me-

fes.2

daskvna axla davubrundeT ZiriTad Temas da Seve-

xoT erT sakiTxs, romelsac arsebiTi mniSvne-

loba am kvlevaSi.

rogorc vxedavT, anxis udidesi popula-

robis gamo wyaroebSi mocemulia uamravi ver-

sia misi SesaZlo daniSnulebisa.

am mimarTulebiT dagrovili sakmaod vrce-

li masalis gacnoba cxadyofs, rom wina plan-

ze wamoweul nebismier versias aseve moeZebne-

ba masala, romelic am versiasTan seriozul

konfliqtSia. swored es ganapirobebs anxis

erTaderTi mniSvnelobis dadgenisaken mimarTu-

li Sromis unayofobas.

saWaSnikod ganvixiloT erTi magaliTi:

Cvenamde nivTis saxiT moRweuli araerTi an-

xis maryuJi amovsebulia. zogierT freskaSi

ki anxis maryuJSi feria Casxmuli, anu is gamWoli ar gaxlavT da,

1 Н. А. Бендукидзе – Хеттский миф о Телепину и его сванские параллели, ВДИ, Тб., 1973, gv. 100 2 ariane flaviusi - `mogzauroba Savi zRvis garSemo~

koba WumburiZe

222

Sesabamisad, ver iqneba gasaRebi, an koWze Semortymuli sandlis

Tasma (nax. 4, 11).

albaT, ufro marTebuli iqneboda gamogvekveTa misi ZiriTadi

daniSnuleba, xolo danarCeni variantebisTvis SegvenarCunebina Tana-

arsebobis ufleba, radgan aq saqme unda gvqondes ubralo da sakma-

od gasageb fenomenTan – rac met dadebiT mniSvnelobas daitevs

simbolo, miT ufro Zlieri da momxiblavia igi. isic bunebrivia,

rom mkvlevrisTvis, romelic epizodurad exeba sakiTxs, zemoT Ca-

moTvlili yvela versia saTiTaod sakmaod damajerebelad JRers,

magram esoden uwyveti popularobisTvis, ramdenime aTaswleulis

gamWol, isini aSkarad arasakmarisia.

zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare, Cemi azriT, j. ruxaZis mosazre-

bas, rom svanuri rituali unda daiTqvas egvipturi anxis umTavre-

si mniSvnelobis gasaRebad, ZaluZs, sabolood mohfinos naTeli

Cveni civilizaciis erT-erT udides saidumlos.

aseve SesaZloa, rom anxsa da angs Soris kavSiris dadgenam sva-

nuri muryvamis asakis gansazRvrasac Seuwyos xeli.

amave dros, uciloblad saWirod migvaCnia dainteresebul

mkvlevarTaTvis imis Setyobineba, rom saqarTveloSi lamis Cvens

dromde moatana mravalmxriv saintereso da feradovanma ritualma,

adamianis mier gaTamaSebulma erT-erTma uZvelesma misteriam, rom-

lis epicentrSic dgas idumalebiT moculi sicocxlis xe – angi.

literatura

1. v. bardaveliZe – `qarTvelTa uZvelesi sarwmunoebis istorii-

dan~, saq. ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tbilisi,

1941 w.;

2. j. ruxaZe - `bunebis ZalTa aRorZinebis xalxuri dResaswauli

saqarTveloSi~, mecniereba, 1999w.;

3. i. surgulaZe – `amindis ritualebi saqarTveloSi, saceri, ro-

gorc RvTaebis atributi, xelnaweri.;

4. j. SaraSeniZe - `Sumerebi da maTi kultura~, `nakaduli~, Tbi-

lisi, 1983w.;

5. m. xidaSeli - `kolxeTis samefoSi dadasturebuli erTi ritu-

alis Sesaxeb~, `oCxari~, Tbilisi, 2002 w.;

6. iv. javaxiSvili – qarTveli eris istoria, wigni I, Tb.., 1951;

7. Н. А. Бендукидзе – Хеттский миф о Телепину и его сванские параллели, ВДИ, Тб., 1973;

8. “A DICTIONARY OF SYMBOLS” – Jean Chevalier and Alain Gheerbrant

9. “ENKI AND THE WORLD ORDER”, by Samuel Noah Kramer. 10. http://www.mindspring.com/~mysticgryphon/religndx.htm


223

11. http://www.lexiline.com/lexiline/lexi102.htm 12. http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/world/world.html 13. http://www.bible-history.com/biblehistoryonline_ancientart.cfm 14. http://www.piney.com/BabIndex.html 15. http://whc.unesco.org/nwhc/pages/home/pages/homepage.htm 16. http://www.etana.org/abzu/ 17. http://fp.nsk.fio.ru/works/032/civilizations/ 18. http://lib16.library.vanderbilt.edu/diglib/abzu-whatitmeans.pl 19. http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/meso/meso.htm 20. http://www.ancient.holm.ru/ 21. http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/index.html 22. http://www.asor.org/HITTITE/HittiteHP.html 23. http://www-oi.uchicago.edu/OI/DEPT/RA/Research_Arch.html 24. http://www.pantheon.org/ 25. www.touregypt.net/ANUBIS.htm 26. http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/WORLD.HTM 27. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/7551/index.html 28. http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/7551/egypt.html 29. http://witcombe.sbc.edu/ARTHprehistoric.html 30. http://www.kemet.ru/ 31. http://www.louvre.fr/louvrea.htm 32. http://www.kemet.ru/texts/index.htm 33. http://www.kemet.ru/dictionary/index.htm 34. www.swagga.com/ank-the original cross 35. www.holoweb.net/liam/pictures/ankh.html 36. www.nisbett.com/simbols/ankh 37. http://www.ankhonline.com/ 38. http://www.swagga.com/ankh.htm 39. http://www.philae.nu/PerAnkh/templepage1.html 40. http://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/ 41. http://www.edic.ru/myth/art_myth/art_1007.html 42. http://showcase.netins.net/web/ankh/

s e m i o t i k a d a s x v a

a

Tamar berekaSvili

muza — miTi da sinamdvile

muza mSvenieri saxebaa, romelsac yvela

icnobs, magram aravin icis, vin aris is, ro-

goria da saerTodac, arsebobs igi Tu ara.

ufro xSirad muzas qalad warmoidgenen.

mSvenieris xati xom qalia! upirveles yov-

lisa, qali... imaSi ki, rom muza mSvenieria,

eWvi aravis epareba (rac Zalian saxalisoa,

Tu gadavxedavT, ramdeni elementaruli, cxa-

di, materialuri ram iwvevs undoblobas da

usasrulo kamaTs), albaT, swored imitom,

rom mSvenierebis qmna muzas ukavSirdeboda

da mSvenierebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli gan-

saxiereba poeziasa da qalSia.

iosif brodski ase xsnis im faqts,

rom muzas xSirad swored konkretuli qa-

li enacvleba: `zogadi sqema aseTia: muzis

qaluri buneba gulisxmobs poetis mamrul

bunebas. poetis mamruli buneba ki – satr-

fos qalur bunebas. daskvna: swored Seyva-

rebuli qalia poetisTvis muza an SeiZleba,

mas muza ewodos~.

marsel prusti werda, rom mxatvru-

li nawarmoebi aris sxva `me~-s produqti.

iqneb muza Zalaa, romelic exmareba Semoq-

meds, is sxva `me~ moZebnos? an iqneb, muza

swored es sxva `mea~? miTumetes, rom xSi-

rad, arc viciT, rom sxva `me~ arsebobs.

erT-erTi varaudi, romlis myarad gamoTqmac

SegviZlia, isaa, rom muza mravali aswleu-

lia arsebobs. mogonilic rom iyos, amden

xans ver icocxlebda, vinmes rom ar sWir-

debodes. is sWirdeba yvelas, visac axlis,


doqtori, Tbilisis ilias

saxelmwifoUuniversitetis

asocirebuli profesori.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: `Tana-

medrove Rirebulebebi da

idealebi~, `postmoderniz-

mi Tanamedroveobis konteqs-

tSi” (kulturis filoso-

fia) da sxva. gamoqveynebuli

aqvs ramdenime statia soci-

alur da politikur filo-

sofiaSi _ `demokratiza-

cia” (g. JorJoliansa da m.

musxeliSvilTan erTad),

`Tanamedrove socialuri vi-

Tareba saqarTveloSi” (ru-

sul enaze xarkovis univer-

sitetis masalebSi) da sxva.

interesTa sfero: semioti-

ka, kulturis filosofia.

muza – miTi Tu sinamdvile

225

jer ararsebulis Seqmna surs, vinc RmerTs edreba Tavisi Semoqme-

debiTi miswrafebiT.

SemoqmedebiTi qmedeba metad Zneli saqmea. Sromismoyvareoba,

saqmis erTguleba, codnac ki sakmarisi ar aris. amas sWirdeba ki-

dev sxva ram, raRac naperwkali, energia, Zala, romelic amoativti-

vebs da warmoaCens SemoqmedisTvisac ki ucnob mxares, mis sxva

`me~-s, Tu gnebavT. es daaxloebiT is Zalaa, romelic einSteinis

mixedviT, Tavisi orbitidan ukve mowyvetil neitrons sWirdeba,

raTa sxva orbitaze gadaxtes.

`momec mijnurTa survili

sikvdimde gasatanisa~, _

SesTxovs rusTaveli RmerTs, radganac icis, rom Tavisi Cana-

fiqris ganxorcielebisTvis, poemis dasawerad araadamianuri, Cveu-

lebriv kalapots gadasuli adamianis Zala sWirdeba.

`me ca mniSnavs~, _ ambobs akaki wereTeli. gana SeiZleba nam-

dvili leqsi daweros Cveulebrivma adamianma, romelsac ara aqvs

boZebuli zeZalebis keTilganwyoba da mxardaWera, romlebic su-

liskveTebaSi, `sulis mSvenier miswrafebebSi~ (puSkini) gansaxier-

deba. muza, SesaZloa, swored am damatebiTi sunTqvis simboloa,

biZgisa, siyvarulis, romlis gareSec `sio ar daqris, mze ar krTe-

ba sasixarulod~.

muzebi ZvelberZnul miTologiaSi zeRmerTis _ zevsis da ti-

tanida mnemosines qaliSvilebi arian. mnemosine mexsierebis qal-

RmerTia. muzebi parnasze cxovroben, im parnasze, romelic mogvia-

nebiT poeziis erT-erTi kuTvnili sacxovrisi gaxda. muzebi mfarve-

loben mecnierebas, poezias da xelovnebas. maT zogjer harmoniis

Svilebadac moixsenieben. TebeSi kadmosis da harmoniis qorwilSi

swored muzebi mRerodnen da kiTxulobdnen leqsebs _ `rac lama-

zia, is momxiblavia da rac momxiblavi ar aris, arc lamazi SeiZ-

leba iyos~.

muzebs Tavisi saydrebic hqondaT – museionebi (aqedan modis

sityva `muzeumi~).

`iliadasa~ da `odiseaSi~ naTqvamia, rom cxra muza arsebobs.

esenia:

kaliope _ epikuri poeziis muza

evterpe _ liriuli poeziis muza

melpomena _ tragediis muza

talia _ komediis muza

erato _ sasiyvarulo poeziis muza

polihimnia _ pantomimas da himnebis muza

terfsiqore _ cekvebis muza

klio _ istoriis muza

urania _ astronomiis muza

Tamar berekaSvili

226

muzebs eZRvneba homerosis XXVI himni da LXXVI orfeuli

himni. maT miuZRvna sofoklem piesa `muzebi~, romlis arc erTi

striqoni ar Semonaxula. mesomede etelis muzebisadmi miZRvnili

himnis notebi ki arsebobs.

sainteresoa, rom Zveli berZnebi muzebs winaswarmetyvelebis

unariTac ajildovebdnen, amasTan istorias da astronomias xelov-

nebad miiCnevdnen, xolo skulpturasa da ferweras _ ara. Tu ra-

tom, amas mogvianebiT vecdebiT, vupasuxoT.

prokle ase warmogvidgens muzebs:

`muzebo, gemudarebiT, mravalcodviani qalaqis brbodan

mudam gauZexiT saRvTo sinaTlisken Cems moxetiale suls!

dae, daitvirTos igi Tqveni skebis TafliT, romelic gonebas

aZlierebs,

suli, romlis dideba erTSia _ gonebis damatyvevebel mWevr-

metyvelebaSi.”

(bwkaredi Cemia).

muzebi ar patioben pativmoyvareobas, amitom antikurobis poe-

tebis umniSvnelovanesi Rirseba sulis uangaroba iyo. poetebi mu-

dam mimarTavdnen muzebs da SesTxovdnen maT STagonebas, raTa Tavis

nawarmoebebSi gamoesaxaT saRvTo, didebuli xatebi... muzebi damakav-

Sirebeli xidia RvTiursa da adamianebs Soris. swored amiT aixsne-

ba, rom muzebisadmi miZRvnil taZarSi, romelic piTagoras skolas

ekuTvnoda, idga marmarilos cxra skulptura, xolo SuaSi _ sa-

farvelSi gaxveuli hestia, cecxlis RmerTebisa da kerpebis mfar-

veli. marcxena xeliT is icavda keris als, xolo marjvena xeliT

mianiSnebda zecisken.

muzebi yovelTvis eswrebian axlis dabadebis RvTiur momen-

tebs. ganasaxiereben ra mecnierebis da xelovnebis sxvadasxva mimar-

Tulebebs, muzebi im Zalebis, im idumali potencialis simboloni

arian, romelic adamianSia Camaluli da unda gamoiRviZos. muzebi

exmaurebian sulis unars maradisobaSi SeRwevisa. leqsebi, musika,

himnebi, RvTiuri cekvebi warmoadgenen mogonebebs am maradisobasTan

Sexebis wuTebze.

`me kvlav vnaxe kldeebis bina

da ganmartoebis bneli safari,

sadac Semoqmedebis nadimze

movuwodebdi muzas dasaswrebad.~

(puSkini. bwkaredi Cemia)


227

platonic miiCnevda, rom STagonebas muzebi iZlevian da isaa

RvTiuri da poetisTvis àucilebeli~ sigiJe, anu sxvad yofna, _

davumatebdiT Cven.

es SegrZneba, gancda imisa, rom poeti leqsebis Seqmnisas ar

aris àq~ da ar aris `TviTon~, Cveuli `mes~ saxiT, bevr poets ga-

mouxatavs: magaliTad, volteri aRniSnavs, rom mSvenieri leqsebis

dawerisas muzas poetis suli sxva samyaroSi gadahyavs, rogorc

Cans, _ samoTxeSi.

maSasadame, erTi mxriv, muza, TiTqosda, RmerTebis sadaria, ma-

Ti tolia, magram, amave dros, is mxolod adamianebTan gvxvdeba,

marto maT enaSi arsebobs. is Suamavalia, megzuri, romelic mudam

mzad aris, RvTiur silamazemde aiyvanos adamiani da iq apovninos

SemoqmedebiTi, RvTiuri xati.

iqneb muza enaa?

muza enaa, amtkicebs zogierTi da maT Soris, brodskic. muza

erT-erTi sakuTari saxelia enisa, romlis etimologia momdinare-

obs `men~-idan, rac niSnavs vnebas, miswrafebas; is aRniSnavs imas,

rac mouTmenlobisgan win miiwevs, rasac Zlierad surs an Zlierad

ejavreba. is, rac gzaze yvelafers bugavs samomavlo codnis, moqme-

debis wyurviliT. fuZe `men~ uaxlovebs sityva `muzas~ (muse) sit-

yva `menos~, suls, Zalismieri cxovrebis princips, saidanac modian

menadebi. platonisTvis muzebi musikis qalRmerTebi arian, bgerebis

momwesrigeblebi. muza personificirebuli STagonebaa, romelic

aRagznebs, acocxlebs, aRZravs nebismier moZraobas, maT Soris, poe-

tur Semoqmedebasac.

saintereso ganmarteba aqvs pier deto dangalers: `muza _

esaa mrisxane mrisxaneba mrisxanebis gareSe. / yofna _ ar vici, ro-

gori, romelic mkvidrdeba, ar vici, rodis, / da ar vici, ratom,

da ar vici, rogor. / is aclis Cvens gansjas gakvirvebas; / is mo-

dis, ar vici, saidan, mamaci, Seupovari. / is acocxlebs Cvens gons

da Cvens miswrafebas, /agulianebs, Seqmnas leqsebi, ar vici, rogo-

ri, ar vici, rodis./ da me ar vici, ratom... is aseTi Zvirfasia”.

brodskis azriT, muza enis xmaa, ès misi qaliSvilobis ènaa~, ro-

melic gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs poetis grZnobebis ganviTarebaSi.

is pasuxismgebelia ara marto poetis emociur ganwyobaze, aramed

xSirad misi vnebis obieqtis arCevanze~.

rogorc poetis, ise nebismieri Semoqmedis qmnadobis procesi

saidumloa da Cveulebrivisgan gansvlas gulisxmobs. rac ufro

srulad xdeba gaTavisufleba materialurisagan, rac ufro nakle-

bad iqneba Semoqmedi aq arsebulis, xorcielis tyveobaSi, miT meta-

daa SesaZlebeli, mas muzam moakiTxos.

yvela arsebul Tu Zvel civilizaciaSi RmerTi gaigivebulia

sinaTlesTan. egvipturi rac, semituri baalic, iranuli ahuramaz-

Tamar berekaSvili

228

dac mzis personifikaciebs warmoadgenen. swored amitom ar endo-

boda platoni ferweras. sazogadod, Zveli berZnebis TvaliT, xi-

luli da xelSesaxebi xelovneba ar aris sando. maT miaCndaT, rom

igi macduri, matyuara da saSiSi unda iyos. namdvili, WeSmariti,

mSvenieri da keTili martooden didi Zalisxmevis Sedegad, goniT

Seimecneba da gons ki, rogorc RmerTs, ara aqvs materialuri sxe-

uli. is Cven warmogvidgeba sinaTlis saxiT; WeSmariti goniT Se-

mecnebuli da idealuri, anu WeSmariti samyarodan miRebuli, ar

aris SemTxveviTi saCuqari. es aris RvTis an zogadad transcenden-

turis keTili neba, rac erTgvarad muzaSi gansaxierdeba.

muza Tavad silamazea, siyvarulia, vneba da STagoneba, romlis

wyalobiTac Semoqmedi saswauls sCadis.

Tavad muza erTgvari krebsiTi saxelia. es aris simbolo poe-

tis gansakuTrebuli unarisa, eziaros umaRless, idealurs, Cveu-

lebrivi adamianebisTvis ugrZnobs. ratom aris muza gaigivebuli

realur qalTan; xom ar aris es marTlac mokvdavTa yofiTi ilu-

zia _ rom xelovneba SeiZleba aixsnas cxovrebiT (brodski), ami-

tom idealur muzas enacvleba realuri qali, siyvarulis obieqti,

savsebiT materialuri da xorcieli?

albaT, droulia, aq gavixsenoT simboloebi da, saxeldobr,

aleqsandr blokis `mSvenieri qalbatoni~, romelic Tavis TavSi mo-

icavs rogorc realuri qalis niSnebs, ise warmosaxviT, idealur

monaxazsac, romelic gvagzavnis sadRac, ararsebul realobaSi. es

mudmivi muza ar aris, muza _ klasikuri gagebiT, magram arc sis-

xlxorceuli qalia. is zmanebaa, poeturi xatia, romelSic aisaxeba

grZnobebi da warmodgenebi, romliTac muzas axasiaTebdnen saukunee-

bis ganmavlobaSi.

qali muza ar aris, man SeiZleba biZgi misces poets, romel-

sac sityvebis tyveobidan muza ixsnis.

`me ar vwer leqsebs, leqsi TviTon mwers,

Cemi sicocxle am leqss Tan axlavs.

leqss me vuwodeb movardnil mewyers,

rom gagitans da cocxlad dagmarxavs.~

(t. tabiZe)

xelovneba cxovrebiT ver aixsneba, magram cxovrebaSi xdeba

iseTi sabediswero movlena, rogoricaa siyvaruli, romelic mzis

gasxivosnebasac hgavs da ufskrulSi usasrulod vardnasac, avi su-

lebiT Seborkvasac da udides harmoniasac, anu iseve, rogorc ne-

bismieri xelovneba atarebs rogorc apolonuris, ise dionisuris

niSnebs (ix. f.nicSe: `tragediis dabadeba~). nicSes ganmartebiT,


229

siyvaruli iqceva xSirad im biZgad, romelic poets Semoqmedebisken

mimarTavs.

isev davesesxebiT brodskis: `...siyvaruli metafizikuri saqmea

da mis mizans warmoadgens an sulis qmnadoba, an misi gaTavisufle-

ba, misi gamocalkeveba arsebobis fuCeCisgan. es ki yovelTvis Sead-

genda lirikuli poeziis arss~.

asea Tu ise, TiTqmis yvela poeti, visac amaze raime uTqvams,

erTxmad aRiarebs, rom leqsi, iseve rogorc siyvaruli, rogorc

rwmena, ar Cndeba raRac gangebis, ucnauri Zalebis, RmerTis, cis,

muzis, ...gareSe. kargi leqsi yovelTvis `gamocxadebaa~.

umaRlesTan am ziarebis naperwklad SeiZleba nebismieri sa-

gani, adamiani, movlena gamodges. sulac ar aris SemTxveviTi axma-

tovas aRiareba:

`rom icodeT, rogori nagvidan izrdebian leqsebi,

sircxvils moklebulni~.

muzebi, romlebsac antikur berZnul miTebSi `sulis ZiZebsac~

uwodebdnen, dRes erTgvar ganjadoebas ganicdian. muza gaufrinda

poets, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, radganac poets is aRar sWirdeba

Tavisi leqsebis Sesaqmnelad. saiTkenaa mipyrobili poetis yuri?

yovel SemTxvevaSi, ara RmerTisken. idumali goni Rvinis sunma Sec-

vala. XIX saukunis bolodan swored `mwvane muza~, rogorc uwo-

deben alkohols dasavleTSi, karnaxobs poets leqss. Tu antikuri

poeti cdilobda ziari gamxdariyo idealurisa, RmerTisa, siurea-

listi mwerali STagonebis maZieblebs alkoholTan da narkotikeb-

Tan agzavnis.

muzas mravalsaukunovani qalurobis Semdeg, rodesac is gansa-

xierdeboda madonebad da angelozebad, axla erTgvari avadmyofuri

axirebis saxe gauCnda, romelic marginal poets Tan sdevs.

muzis xatis aseT degradacias mohyva, rasakvirvelia, poetis

axali saxe. malarmes Tanaxmad, poeti xdeba adamiani, romelsac

`riTmis~ gansakuTrebuli `instinqti~ aqvs, is unda grZnobdes sit-

yvebis `melodias~ da SeeZlos maTi erT mZivad awyoba. leqsi yo-

velTvis individualuri modulaciis gamoxatvaa, radganac nebismie-

ri suli warmoadgens riTmebis kvanZs~.

dResdReobiT gaizarda muzebis ricxvi da muzas aRar moeTxo-

veba martooden zecisa da harmoniisken poetis megzuroba. mSvenieri

aRar aris marto muzebis atributi, mas Tanabrad irgeben jojoebi

da urCxulebi.

`simaxinje da silamaze erTad axali silamazea, moklebuli

sicxadesa da harmonias. dRevandeli afrodites sxeuls miwis suni

asdis, xolo nakvTebi iseTive aqvs, rogorc afrikul kerps~, _

wers pikaso. magram es ar aris axali movlena. Zveli droidan ga-

Tamar berekaSvili

230

moisaxebodnen maxinji arsebebi, romlebic izidavdnen mayurebels da

msmenels, anu Seicavdnen momxiblavobas. amis axsna sxvadasxvanairad

SeiZleba. albaT, yvelaze cxadia am problemis axsna paralelizmiT

_ Crdili-sinaTle. Crdilisa da bnelis gareSe Cven ver aRviqvamT

sinaTles, ver gaviazrebT mas da ver davafasebT. asevea lamazis da

maxinjis SemTxvevaSi. samyaro erTiani da mSvenieria Tavis mTliano-

baSi. ar arsebobs lamazi maxinjis gareSe. maxinji silamazis Crdi-

lia.

kokto wers _ `araferia imaze ufro uimedo, vidre sirbili

silamazis gverdiT an mis ukan. unda win gaiWra, daRalo is, aiZu-

lo, dauSnovdes. swored es daRliloba aniWebs axal silamazes me-

duza-gorgonas _ mSvenier simaxinjes~.

magram muza arsebobs. an sad wavidoda amdeni naRvawis Semdeg?

is dResac mzadaa, gverdiT daudges mas, vinc Tavisufldeba yovel-

dRiurobis materialuri tvirTisgan da mzadaa, enis sawyisebSi eZe-

bos RvTiuri cecxli, sxivi, romelic apovninebs siyvaruliT gul-

gaRvivebul poets Tavis striqons.

literatura

brodski 2005: И. Бродский, Altra ego. silamazis istoria 2005: Эхо – История красоты. malarme 2009: Mallarmé, ”Reponse à des enquêtes“,”Sur Tolstoïé”,

Pleiade. sigaCevi 2009: Сигачев А. А. – Поэзия, наука и музы. Экспертный

журнал «Знамя понимание, умение». №5.

SoTa xinCagaSvili

Tmis semiotika

(mcire dakvirveba)

adamianisTvis SemTxveviT ar uwodebiaT

sazogadoebrivi cxoveli. am ’wodebas’ sxva-

dasxvagvari safuZveli aqvs. pirveli popu-

larul, ironiul gamoTqmas warmoadgens da

adamianis ’cxoveluri’, araadekvaturi saqci-

elis an mdgomareobis aRsaniSnavad gamoiye-

neba. meore ufro konkretuli da mecnieru-

lia da adamianTa sazogadoebebad gaerTiane-

bis Tandayolil midrekilebas usvams xazs.

bunebrivia, socialuri struqtura mxolod

homo sapiensis modgmas ar axasiaTebs, sayo-

velTaod cnobilia myari jgufuri organi-

zaciis arseboba WianWvelebSi, futkrebSi,

maimunebSi, mglebSi da a.S. am sociobiolo-

giur WeSmaritebaze aRaravin davobs.

msgavsi SesavliT statia SemTxveviT ar

damiwyia. sakuTari sxeuli, pirvel rigSi,

bunebrivia, adamians ekuTvnis, magram misi hi-

gienuri da esTetikuri organizebis (mov-

lis) xasiaTi da konkretuli formebi, met-

wilad, socialuri garemoTi, sazogadoebaSi

miRebuli da SeTanxmebuli wesebiTa da san-

qciebiTaa ganpirobebuli. aq ’ekuTvnis’

(floba) pirobiTi da arapirdapiri gagebiT

unda miviRoT. socialuri memkvidreoba da

garemo gansazRvravs ara mxolod imas, Tu

ra enaze vmetyvelebT da ra saxis pirovne-

baTSorisi urTierTobebis wesebs vicavT,

aramed imasac, Tu rogor gamoviyurebiT. Se-

sabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi sxeulis movla

wminda sociologiur ganzomilebaSi minda

ganvixilo da dasmuli sakiTxi sqesi VS gen-



universitetis doqtoran-

ti.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: pos-

tsabWoTa qarTuli naciona-

lizmi socialuri mexsiere-

bisa da kulturuli trav-

mis TeoriaTa WrilSi

(2008). religiuri da kul-

turuli identobis prob-

lemebi kavkasiis xalxebSi

(2007). mravalenovani ga-

mocdileba rogorc eTnos-

TaSorisi konfliqtis pre-

venciis meqanizmi (2007).

interesTa sfero: naciona-

lizmis kvlevebi, kulturis

sociologia.

SoTa xinCagaSvili

232

deris, buneba VS kulturis Sepirispirebis analogiiT unda gavi-

goT.

Teoriulad, zemoxsenebuli aqsiomaturi debulebebi TiTqos

didi xania, vicodi, Tumca pirvelad maSin gavisigrZegane, rodesac

monRol mandilosans gauparsav fexebze Tavxedurad mivaSterdi. ra

aris pirveli grZnoba? zizRi, „ar vamarTleb!“, „ra ubedurebaa?!“ -

mokled, is, rasac farTo gagebiT kulturul Soks vuwodebT xol-

me. ase rom, sxva kulturasTan emociuri Sexvedra mxolod gas-

tronomiuli SokebiT ar amoiwureba.

am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT sainteresod meCveneba socio-

logiuri mecnierebis erT-erTi qvedargi (ufro sworad, kvlevis

mimarTuleba), romelsac sxeulis sociologia ewodeba. werilSi

yuradRebas adamianis (rogorc kulturuli arsebis) sxeulis Tmis

safaris da misi regulaciis sazogadoebriv ganzomilebaze gavamax-

vileb.

warsuls Cabarda dro, rodesac sxeulis Tmis safari mxo-

lod fizikuri anTopologiis, biologiisa Tu higienis (medicina)

interesis sagani iyo. gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi socialuri

fsiqologiis, eTnologiis, kulturis anTropologiis dargSi moR-

vawe mkvlevrebi aqtiurad Seudgnen am sakiTxis konceptualizacias

(SeiZleba iTqvas, kulturis anTropologia gacilebiT adre dain-

teresda amiT), aRniSnuli problematika erT-erT mniSvnelovan mi-

marTulebad iqca genderul da, zogadad, komparativistul kvleveb-

Si.

ra Tqma unda, mocemuli statia yvelafers ver moicavs da

verc moicavda, Cemi SezRuduli kompetenciis gamo. Tumca, erT ko-

munikaciur da ZalauflebiT aspeqts ki msurs gavusva xazi: gareg-

noba, sxeulis mdgomareoba da misi xiluli manifestaciebi yovel-

Tvis iyo individis socialuri rolisa da statusis identifici-

rebis yvelaze swrafi ’kodi’. yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs garkve-

uli araformaluri, ’SeTanxmebuli’ kulturuli codna, romelic

am sazogadoebis wevrebs aRniSnul amocanas (identificireba) umar-

tivebs. am SemTxvevaSi, ar Rirs am saintereso sakiTxis dayvana ba-

nalur formulamde ”maCvene, rogori fexsacmeli gacvia da getyvi,

vina xar…” an msgavs variaciebamde. yvelam kargad viciT, rom tan-

sacmeli mxolod siSiSvlis dafarvis an bunebriv-klimaturi gamom-

wvevebisgan janmrTelobis dacvis saSualeba ar aris. meore mxriv,

sainteresoa ara tanze morgebuli atributis, aqsesuaris an Tun-

dac kosmetikuri saSualebis gamoyenebis praqtika, aramed uSualod

sxeulis garegnobis regulaciis sakiTxi Tmis safarisa da misi

kontrolis kuTxiT.

yvelaze kargad nacnobi ganzomilebaa Tmis varcxniloba. sakma-

risia, Segxvdes arastandartuli varcxnilobis mqone pirovneba,

Tmis semiotika

233

rom is Cvens mier martivad identificirdeba, rogorc ’panki’, an,

’gansxvavebuli cxovrebis wesis’ mimdevari piri da a.S. gavixsenoT

sviringis (tatuirebis) roli kriminalur subkulturaSi. subkul-

turis Sidasocialuri kodireba, ritualuri sistema da identifi-

cirebis wesebi, bunebrivia, iSviaTadaa sayovelTao socialuri kom-

petenciis (zemoT xsenebuli ’kulturuli codnis’) standartuli

nawili. magaliTad, ’qurduli cxovrebis’ mimdevari adamianis sxe-

ulze amosviringebuli МИР SesaZloa kriminaluri subkulturis

’gareT’ ikiTxeboda, rogorc ’mSvidoba’, an ’msoflio’, xolo rea-

lurad is mxolod abreviaturas warmoadgenda (“Меня Исправит

Расстрел“). Tumca aq ’urTierTSeRwevadobis’ problema naklebad ma-

interesebs, mxolod imis aRniSvna Rirs, rom garkveul epoqasa da

kulturaSi sxeulis modificirebis es forma (da ara romelime

sviringis konkretuli semiotika) calsaxad gansazRvravs adamianis

socialur statuss: SeiZleba, Sidajgufuri statusi da ierarqia

zustad ver daadgino, magram adamianSi amoicnob ’kriminals’, ’musi-

koss’, da a.S.).

cxovrebis stilis dadgenis amocanisgan gansxvavebiT, gacile-

biT ’gaucnobierebeli’ mxarea adamianis sxeulis Tmiani safaris ’hi-

gienuri’ ganzomileba (iRlia, mkerdi, zurgi, kidurebi, boqveni, sa-

zarduli), romelTa mdgomaroeba da reprezentacia (rac ufro in-

timuria seqtoria, miT ufro viwroa reprezentaciis masStabi),

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, socialurad determinirebulia. erTi Se-

xedviT, amis aRiareba normalur adamianSi mcire protests mainc

iwvevs _ sxeuli xom avtonomiuria, Cemia?! am sakiTxis yoveldRi-

ur cxovrebaSi kritikuli analizis SedarebiTi sisuste misi jan-

rmTelobisa da higienis sferosadmi upirobo mikuTvnebam ganapiro-

ba, rac sociologebis mier droa, daiZlios. sxeulis movlis praq-

tika, daswavlisa da mibaZvis meqanizmebiT, erTi Taobidan meores

gadaecema da TiTqos iSviaTad icvleba, Tumca es varaudi simar-

Tlisgan Sors unda iyos. Tmis kontrolis standartebs yovelTvis

gansazRvravdnen Zalauflebis modelebi da genderuli rolebi, ise-

ve, rogorc primitiul kulturebSi tomobrivi kuTvnileba _ var-

cxnilobas, an asaki _ Cacmulobis stils.

meoce saukunis ’ganviTarebul’ industriul sazogadoebebSi es

fenomeni gansakuTrebiT saintereso xdeba, miT umetes, Tu gaviTva-

liswinebT saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebis samoqalaqo xasiaTs - po-

litikuri TemiT cxovrebis uniformizacias da Zalauflebrivi ur-

TierTobebis da urTierTqmedebis standartebis sayovelTao xasi-

aTs. am fenomens fukos mier damkvidrebuli termini ’bioZalaufle-

ba’ saocari sizustiT asaxavs. magaliTis saxiT aviRoT nacional-

socialisturi germaniis gimnaziuri struqtura, sadac politiku-

ri socializacia (am SemTxvevaSi, intensiuri ideologiuri indoq-

SoTa xinCagaSvili

234

trinacia), fizikuri mxneobis - rogorc sazogadoebrivi sikeTis -

primatis reJimis politikur-esqatologiur TezisebTan SekavSire-

bis garda, aRsazrdelisaTvis socialuri higienis kulturul-po-

litikuri normebis gaziarebasac gulisxmobda. saidan ’socialuri

higiena’? erTi SexedviT, yurs Wris. adamiani Tavad aris sakuTari

sxeulis baton-patroni da higiena medicinis ganzomilebaa, magram

Tavad adamiani xom arasodes aris ’marto’? is yovelTvis Temis na-

wilia da, rogorc wesi, sazogadoebaSi miRebul daweril Tu dau-

werel normebs misdevs. TviT samedicino codnisa da praqtikis uni-

versalurobac, miuxedavad ukanaskneli epoqis cvlilebebisa, xom

pirobiTia?

Tavis Tmis safarisgan gansxvavebiT, sxeulis (korpusis) Tmis

movla ufro delikatur sakiTxad miiCneva; misi kontrolis forme-

bi xSirad Tavis Tmis safaris movlis sapirispiroa (mag. grZeli

Tma bevr kulturaSi qalurobis niSania, amavdroulad, qalis tanze

Tmis safari ara mxolod bunebrivad (hormonaluri mizezebiT),

aramed xelovnuradac minimalizebulia).

ra SeiZleba Cvenze iTqvas? bevri arc araferi, am kuTxiT

kvleva jer kidev momavlis perspeqtivaa. savaraudod, qarTul sa-

zogadoebaSi odiTganve miRebuli iyo berZnul-elinuri da Semdgom

axloaRmosavlur-muslimuri higienuri normebi, am ukanasknelSi

cnobilia sxeulis Tmis kontrolis mkacri moTxovna; mag. qalsac

da mamakacsac moeTxoveba iRliis Tmis moSoreba. sagulisxmoa Cveni

uaxlesi, sabWoTa periodic. zemoT xsenebuli, nacizmisdroindeli

standartebis arseboba mxolod rasobrivi siwmindis ideas ar ey-

rdnoboda, es nebismieri militaristuli politikuri erTeulisaT-

vis damaxasiaTebeli ”jansaRi moqalaqis” da ”brZolisunariani me-

omris” kultis tradiciaa da, bunebrivia, analogiuri ’personalu-

ri’ higienis standartebi arsebobda totalitarul sabWoeTSic. sa-

varaudoa, rom CvenSi postsabWoTa higienuri eTika da qalurobisa

da mamakacurobis sqesobriv-biologiuri simbolika met-naklebad

ucvleli darCa.

sainteresoa ara mxolod realuri yofiTi praqtika, aramed

sazogado Sexedulebebic (arc imis daviwyeba Rirs, rom es ori ram

Sinaarsobrivad SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisgan). silamazis,

higienurobisa da sxeulis movlis esTetika sainteresod mJRavndeba

’ganviTarebul dasavleTisa’ da masobrivad warmosaxuli ’mouvleli,

arahigienuri, aziuris’ opoziciaSi. magaliTad, CvenSi mamakacis

korpusis Tmianoba maskulinuria, magram, amave dros, xSirad araes-

Tetiurad hipermaskulinuri (’veluri’) da, (isev da isev warmosa-

xuli da ganzogadebuli evropelis fonze) mouvlelobis markera-

dac iqceva xolme. amgvari STabeWdileba, Tavis mxriv, paralelu-

rad isev warmosaxul ’aziurobaze’ proecirdeba, anu is = ’Rrma

Tmis semiotika

235

qarTvels’. Cemi varaudi gaaZliera www.forum.ge-ze sacdeli in-

ternet-gamokiTxvis rezultatma. miuxedavad specialuri miTiTebi-

sa, rom xma mxolod mamakacebs miecaT, savaraudebelia, rom es pi-

roba, kontrolis meqanizmis arqonis gamo, naklebad iqneboda dacu-

li. meore mxriv, cdomilebas amcirebs (ufro sworad, mis mniSvne-

lobas aneitralebs) mandilosanTa, savaraudod, ara personaluri

praqtikis, aramed sawinaaRmdego sqesis warmomadgenlebisadmi arse-

buli molodinebis, Sexedulebis da, rac mTavaria, sasurveli praq-

tikis SesaZlo indikatori - am mxriv gamokiTxvaSi monawilis qse-

sobrivi kuTvnileba naklebmniSvnelovania da miRebul Sedegs rep-

rezentatulobis TvalsazrisiT ufro sainteresos xdis.

saboloo maCvenebliT, gamokiTxvaSi daaxl. 250-ze metma ada-

mianma miiRo monawileoba (SeiZleba Tamamad vTqvaT, rom gayalbebis

(orjer xmis micema da a.S) motivacia nulovania), romelTagan

75.%-ze meti iRliis Tmis safars srulad iSorebs, daaxl. 13%

nawilobriv, xolo TiTqmis 11% bunebriv mdgomareobaSi tovebs. sa-

kiTxis ganxilvisas, maT Soris nawilobriv, internet-topikSic (sa-

dac pasuxebze aranakleb saintereso komentarebi iyo), delikaturi

TemisaTvis bunebrivad Tanmdev iumorTan erTad, zogjer mJRavndeba

dominanturi cru warmodgena dasavlel mamakacTa higienur stan-

dartebzec (normativebze). am ukanasknelma garemoebam, SesaZloa,

zogierTi, CvenSi gavrcelebuli dasavlurobis fetiSisa da amav-

droulad, misi realurad arcnobis morig daskvnamde miiyvanos. amas

sabWoTa yofiTi higienuri kulturis sicocxlisunarianobas miva-

werdi, Tumca am TvalsazrisiTac mravali araerTgvarovnebaa da ama-

ze saubari dausruleblad SeiZleba. faqtia, rom es sakiTxi jer

kidev sruliad auTvisebelia Cveni sociologebis mier.

higiena esTetikaa, xolo esTetika - genderis, kulturis, ide-

ologiisa da politikis nadavli. ”sazogadoebrivi cxovelis” fi-

zikuri sxeuli socialuria individis socialuri bunebidan gamom-

dinare. is aris misi identobis, sulier-zneobrivi mdgomareobis,

profesiuli Tu jgufuri statusis kodi. sxeulis formebis rep-

rezentaciis sxva araerTi modeli swored amaze metyvelebs. CvenSi

romeli Temaa aqtiuri sajaro ganxilvis obieqti? ’grZelTmiani bi-

Webi’ erT-erTi yvelaze problemuria. albaT, Canasaxovan mdgomareo-

baSi myofi genderuli kvlevebi CvenSi am da sxva msgavsi ”banalu-

ri” (zogierTisTvis metiCruli) sakiTxebisTvisac male moiclis.

SoTa iaTaSvili

scilasa da qaribdas Soris

ori mamakacisa da erTi qalisagan Seq-

mnili e. w. `siyvarulis samkuTxedis~ is

modeli, romlis yvelaze mkveTrad gamoxa-

tul qarTul realizaciebzec qvemoT visa-

ubrebT, garkveulwilad klasikuric kia: anu

laparakia dilemis winaSe mdgari qalis

xatze, romelic mamakacis or principulad

gansxvavebul tips Sorisaa moqceuli. mamaka-

cis pirveli tipi inteleqtuali, ganaTle-

buli, kulturuli adamianis mkafiod gamo-

xatul niSnebTan erTad moucileblad ata-

rebs fizikuri defeqtis, sisustis, sibeCa-

vis niSnebs, xolo meore tipi ramdenadac

vitaluria, imdenad amoraluri, cbieri Tu

briyvi adamianis gansaxierebacaa. msoflio

literaturis sxvadasxva nimuSebSi es mode-

li xSirad `muSaobs~, Tumca isicaa, rom am

sqemiT awyobili nawarmoebebis umravlesoba-

Si mamakacis es tipebi mxolod garkveuli

doziTaa `gakulturulebul-daCiavebuli~ da

`gavitalurebul-gavelurebuli~. am mutan-

turi Tvisebebis ukidures zRvramde miyvana

ki avtorTa mier arcTu ise xSirad, an, uf-

ro swori iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom sakmaod

iSviaTad xdeba. yovel mkiTxvels albaT ase-

Ti samkuTxedebis sakuTari variantebi wamo-

utivtivdeba gonebaSi. magaliTisTvis SegviZ-

lia gavixsenoT Sridamani, nanda da zita

Tomas manis novelaSi `Secvlili Tavebi~; an

Tavadi miSkini, nastasia filipovna da ro-

goJini dostoevskis `idiotidan~, an ledi

Ceterli, oliver melorzi da klifordi d.

h. lorensis `ledi Ceterlis sayvarlidan~,

an sulac larisa, karandaSevi da paratovi

ostrovskis `umziTvodan~, ase cnobili el-



universitetis doqtoran-

ti.

ZiriTadi naSromebi: pos-

tsabWoTa qarTuli naciona-

lizmi socialuri mexsiere-

bisa da kulturuli trav-

mis TeoriaTa WrilSi

(2008). religiuri da kul-

turuli identobis prob-

lemebi kavkasiis xalxebSi

(2007). mravalenovani ga-

mocdileba, rogorc eTnos-

TaSorisi konfliqtis pre-

venciis meqanizmi (2007).

interesTa sfero: naciona-

lizmis kvlevebi, kulturis

sociologia.


237

dar riazanovis kinoversiiT `sastiki romansi~.

Tumca, kvlavac vimeoreb, Znelia moinaxos iseTi nawarmoebebi,

sadac personaJis sulieri monacemebis zrda pirdapirproporciu-

lia fizikuri daCiavebis, da piriqiT, fizikuri monacemebis zrda

sulieri degradaciis. personaJTa xasiaTebis aseTi sruli polari-

zacia SesaZloa mxatvruli sworxazovnebis simptomebsac atarebdes,

Tumca rogorc sakvlevi fenomeni, uaRresad sainteresoa da zemox-

senebuli modelis auTentur Tvisebebs, mosalodnelia, yvelaze re-

liefurad gamosaxavdes.

Cemi azriT, qarTul literaturaSi aris ori nawarmoebi, sa-

dac es sruli polarizacia arsebobs, da aqedan gamomdinare, Cven

gvaqvs formaluri modelis ori idealuri realizacia, am realiza-

ciaTa paraleluri analizi ki mocemul modelSi Cakirul adamia-

nebze refleqsiis axal SesaZleblobebs aCens.

egnate ninoSvilis `Cveni qveynis raindi~ da mixeil javaxiSvi-

lis `jayos xiznebi~ swored is ori nawarmoebia, romelTa gareg-

nuli sqematuri msgavsebis, metic, identurobis miRma avtorTa

msoflmxedvelobrivi gansxvavebebi mkafiodaa gamoxatuli da es

sxvaobani adamianur bedisweraTa da fsiqologiaTa ucnaur invarian-

tebs qmnian. am invariantebSi yvelaze `cvladia~ scilasa da qarib-

das Soris momwyvdeul qalTa saxeebi. mizezi isaa, rom mamakacTa

saxeebi ramdenadac polarulia, imdenad statikuria, am damTrgun-

vel statikur saxeebs Soris ki qalebis dramis dinamika TamaSdeba.

despines da margos _ erTi da imave tipis mamakacuri konfliqtis

msxverplT _ situaciisadmi gansxvavebuli aRqma da damokidebuleba

aqvT Sesabamisad, maTi qmedebanic sxvadasxvanairia.

mivyveT TandaTan, gavixsenoT da SevadaroT:

oriveni `kulturul-daCiavebuli~ mamakacebis _ spiridon mci-

riSvilisa da Teimuraz xevisTavis meuRleni arian, maT dasaufleb-

lad ki ibrZvian `vitalur-veluri~ tariel mklavaZe da jayo ji-

vaSvili. orive SemTxvevaSi, es gaxlavT mxatvruli hiperbolizaci-

is meTodiT Seqmnili personaJebi, romlebic am xerxis wyalobiT

simboluri xatebis Tvisebebs iZenen da TandaTanobiT asec mkvid-

rdebian mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi. magram sxva mxriv, anu socialu-

ri, fsiqologiuri, Tu ubralod, vizualuri niSnebiT, es ori sam-

kuTxedi erTmaneTis inversiulia:

a) Teimuraz xevisTavi _ Tavadi da cnobili sazogado moRva-

we, sakuTari mniSvnelovnebis iluziiT Sepyrobili fsevdointeleq-

tuali.

SoTa iaTaSvili

238

spiridon mciriSvili _ glexi da soflis inteligenciis

warmomadgeneli, romelic realurad zrunavs adamianebis ganaTleba-

sa da aRzrdaze.

b) margo yaflaniSvili _ TavadTa gvaris ukanaskneli warmo-

madgeneli, TavSeqcevis mizniT CarTuli sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi;

qali, Camoyalibebuli SexedulebebiT da cxovrebis wesiT.

despine _ sofleli mRvdlis qaliSvili. dRevandeli termi-

niT rom vTqvaT, Tineijeri, romelSic aqtiurad mimdinareobs su-

lieri qmnadobis procesi.

g) jayo _ tlu mojamagire, wera-kiTxvis ucodinari veluri.

d) tariel mklavaZe _ aznauri, dardimandi. jayos hgavs ima-

Si, rom iseTi susti iyo swavlaSi, qarTuli kiTxvac ki ver Seis-

wavla. Tumca Tuki jayos agresia pirvelyofili da bunebrivia,

mklavaZis agresia kulturiTaa inspirirebuli. mSoblebis mier Ser-

qmeuli `vefxistyaosnis~ personaJis saxeli masSi imitaciis vnebas

aRZravs da `kaci kacsa Semostyorcna~-s cxovrebis wesad damkvid-

rebaSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs, miT umetes, rom misi winapre-

bic midrekilni iyvnen ymaTa cema-tyepisaken.

anu: e. ninoSvilTan aznauri dardimandi ebrZvis soflis mas-

wavlebels Bglexi gogosaTvis. javaxiSvilTan yvelaferi ukuRmaa:

wera-kiTxvis ucodinari veluri ebrZvis sazogado moRvawes Tava-

dis qalisaTvis.

inversiulia TviT maTi vizualuri xatebic:

a) jayo orangutangia, mxolod mogvianebiT, da isic margos

mecadineobiT xdeba igi `gaparsuli orangutangi~.

tariel mklavaZe gamorCeulia Tavisi TvaltanadobiT. ai, ro-

gor aRwers mas avtori: `maRali tani, sqeli, ganieri beWebi,

msxvil-msxvili mklavebi, cotad fernakluli, savse, lamazi pirisa-

xe, melaniviT Savi, patara wveri, sworeT giTxraT, Zvelebur ra-

inds warmoadgenda”. yvela aRtacebulia misi garegnobiT da Zvel

rainds adareben. maT Soris _ spiridonic.

b) Teimurazs avtori xSirad axasiaTebs, rogorc `becs da me-

lots~, magram amave dros, masze ambobs, rom `umzeo yvaviliviT na-

zi da lamazi iyo~, anu TeimurazSi garegnuli, aristokratuli si-

lamaze mainc feTqavs.

spiridoni aris `xmel-xmeli, Cia tanis, beWebSi cota moxri-

li, gamxdari, avadmyofi pirisaxis~. igi imdenad Seuxedavia, rom


239

`despines, romelic am dros cameti wlis iyo, kidec ejavreboda

spiridonis avadmyofuri, gamxdari, mdumare saxis danaxva~. rodesac

spiridonma seminaria daamTavra, oci wlis iyo, magram igi ukve 30-

35 wlis mamakacs hgavda.

axla davakvirdeT damokidebulebaTa dinamikas:

a) despine urTierTobis dasawyisSi damcinavad uyurebs spiri-

dons, metic, erTgvarad ezizReba kidec misi fizikuri naklovanebis

gamo, da mxolod mas Semdeg, rac misi mowafe xdeba, uCndeba mis

mimarT pativiscema, romelic TandaTan siyvarulSi gadaizrdeba. pa-

tiviscemis zrda ar wydeba maTi daqorwinebis Semdegac.

margos meuRlisadmi pativiscema TandaTan akldeba. `dro gavi-

da, qurumi nel-nela gacvda. margomac TandaTan qmris xatze loc-

vac dauklo da sakuTari Tavis garTobas mihyo xeli”.

Bb) `roca mosacemi gqonda, araferi momeci, cariel baass

mTavazob”, _ eubneba Teimurazs margo. da niSandoblivi isaa, rom

rac dro gadis, am `cariel baassac~ ki ar sTavazobs Teimurazi

margos, sul ufro da ufro iketeba sakuTar TavSi. despinesa da

spiridonis cxoveli siyvarulis safuZveli ki swored es baasi, Se-

mecneba, maRal idealebze fiqri, erTmaneTTan mudmivi polemikaa.

g) Teimurazi, roca gauWirdeba, soflis maswavleblobas

ukadrisobs (`quCis damgvelad waval, magram maswavleblobas ver

vikisreb~), spiridoni ki soflis `uCitelia~ da swored amiT xib-

lavs despines.

d) despine spiridons tarielTan ar uRalatebs (azradac ki

ar mosdis), margo uRalatebs (Tumc Tavidan Zaladobis qveS moqce-

uli), an ufro zusti iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom ver uerTgulebs da

TandaTan ifurCqneba, despines ki, mas Semdeg, rac warumateblobisa-

gan gamwarebuli tarieli rkinigzis sadgurze samarcxvinod gala-

xavs spiridons, koSmaruli sizmrebi da cieba ewyeba da kvdeba.

e) spiridoni ibrZvis, Teimurazi vera. sabolood, daavadmyo-

febuli da gaubedurebuli spiridoni mainc axerxebs SurisZiebas _

imave sadgurze klavs tariels, xolo Teimurazi sakuTar saxlSi,

sakuTar sawolSi, sakuTar meuRlesTan mZinare jayoze aRmarTul

xanjals ver aamoqmedebs da saerTodac, bolomde jayos morCili

rCeba.

SoTa iaTaSvili

240

ra Tqma unda, bevri aseTi urTierTsapirispiro momentis daWe-

ra SeiZleba am or nawarmoebSi, magram, vfiqrob, sakmarisia. erTsa

da imave struqturaze morgebuli am sarkiseburi sqematizmis gaT-

valsaCinoebis WeSmariti arsi im Sinagani polemikis SegrZnebaSia,

romelsac, Cemi azriT, mixeil javaxiSvili egnate ninoSvilTan,

zogadad ki xalxosnebTan awarmoebda. `xevisTavi rwmeniT ukiduresi

radikali da xalxosani iyo”, _ wers romanSi igi erTgan da es

araa SemTxveviTi. marTalia socialur-politikuri foni orive mwe-

ralTan mniSvnelovania, magram javaxiSvili sul sxva rakursidan

uyurebs am fons. xalxosnebis revoluciuri enTuziazmi ocdaaT-

wliani gadasaxedidan sul sxvanairi moCans. maTi maSindeli idea-

lizmi axla ukve mkacr, sastik realizmSia gadasuli. faqtiurad,

xalxosani, am sityvis adrindeli mniSvnelobiT, bunebaSi ukve

aRarc arsebobs. arseboben bolSevikebi, proletarebi da a. S. mag-

ram ara xalxosnebi. xalxosani mxolod miamiti Teimuraz xevisTa-

via, Zveli, da amave dros, misTvis sruliad araorganuli ideale-

bis erTguli. mRvdelma petremac ki gaiazra realoba da adaptir-

da axal garemosTan, Teimuraz xevisTavi ki sakuTari gulubryvilo

idealizmiTa da uniaTobiT xels uwyobs, aCqarebs misi isedac ga-

dagvarebuli klasis saboloo gadagvarebas.

xalxosnebis xedva viwro iyo im TvalsazrisiT, rom Zalian

xSirad Cagvra-SurisZiebis lokalur, mkacr modelSi Tavsdeboda:

viRacas venaxs arTmeven, viRacas Svils uupatiureben, viRacas

cols, is ki mCagvrels samagieros miuzRavs. asea ninoSvilTanac:

spiridoni Surs iZiebs tarielze. am personaJis mizanic mTeli na-

warmoebis ganmavlobaSi sruliad konkretulia: tariels SemTxve-

viT nanaxi mimzidveli qalis dapyroba surs. gamomdinare aqedan,

moqmedebs jiqur, da verc aRwevs mizans. rac Seexeba jayos, misi

zraxvebi gacilebiT Sorsmimavalia da sawyis etapebze margo arc

ki igulisxmeba. margos dauflebis survili masSi mxolod mas Sem-

deg Cndeba, rac cbierebiT Teimurazis TiTqmis mTel qonebas xelSi

Caigdebs.

is, rom `jayos xiznebi~ `Cveni qveynis raindTan~ SedarebiT

adamianuri gancdebis, socialur-politikuri fonis, Tu am fonis

adamianur gancdebze zemoqmedebis CvenebiT, gacilebiT farTo da ma-

Ralmxatvruli panoa, amas mtkiceba albaT arc sWirdeba. swored

ninoSvilTan personaJTa xasiaTebis sruli polarizacia zemoT nax-

seneb mxatvrul sworxazovnebaSi gadadis. Tumca aq sainteresoa is,

rom am sworxazovnebas `gaxalxosnurebuli~ romantizmi hbadebs.

ninoSvilTan yvela marcxdeba, magram misi pesimizmi romantikuli

yaidisaa. spiridon-despines wyvili romantikuli wyvilia, da despi-


241

nes spiridonisadmi mimarTeba, axalgazrda, lamazi da jansaRi qa-

lis sruli Serwyma (fizikuric da sulieric) fizikurad aras-

rulfasovan sulier mamakacTan, aris erT-erTi mniSvnelovani saeW-

vo punqti, romelsac ekamaTeba javaxiSvili. is romantikul wyvils

aRar/veRar xatavs. Teimurazi da margo mxolod gacnobis pirvel

saaTebSi SeiZleba atarebdnen romantizmis saburvels, magram es sa-

burveli swrafad ixsneba da urTierToba realizmSi gadadis, SeiZ-

leba iTqvas, pragmatizmSic ki, imdenad pragmatuli mosazrebebiT -

qorwindeba. ninoSvilTan dadebiTi idealebis matarebel adamians

erTaderTi nakli aqvs da isic fizikuri, xolo javaxiSvili Tanda-

TanobiT fizikur naklTan erTad Tavisi gmiris naklovanebaTa iseT

`pandoras yuTs~ xsnis, rom fizikuri nakluloba sabolood masTan

meoradic ki xdeba. sulierebis defeqturoba aRmoCndeba misi pi-

rovnebis ganmsazRvreli da swored es defeqturoba ganizidavs

nel-nela margos Teimurazisagan.

am ori nawarmoebis mokle paraleluri analizi SesaZloa sak-

maod sqematuric gamovida da antipod-mamakacebzec ufro meti visa-

ubreT, vidre maT Soris moyolil qalebze, magram vfiqrob, es is

iSviaTi SemTxvevaa, roca am mamakacTa daxasiaTeba TavisTavad gamok-

veTs qalTa saxeebs, maT fsiqologiur Tu socialur mdgomareobas,

bedisweras. es ormagi wnexi, rogorc sikvdilis niRabi, ise aRbeW-

davs Sig moqceuli qalis saxes. magaliTisTvis gavixsenoT, rom sa-

marcxvino galaxvis Semdeg spiridonis loginad Cavardnis wnexi

despineze sasikvdilo avadmyofobad gadadis, xolo xevisTavis usu-

suroba jayos mimarT sabolood margos monur umweobadac iqceva

am adamianisadmi.

* * *

`Cveni qveynis raindis~ da `jayos xiznebis~ erTgvar postmo-

dernul interpretacias warmoadgens arCil sulakauris moTxroba

`Jami dasvenebisa~. sulakaurs aq pirdapiri mimarTeba javaxiSvil-

Tan aqvs da Temis Tanamedrove, parodiul variacias gvTavazobs.

namdvilad araa SemTxveviTi, rom moTxrobis erT-erT mTavar

gmirs Teimurazi hqvia. igi, filologiur mecnierebaTa kandidati,

Tavisi literaturuli winamorbedis msgavsad `Cia, avadmyofurad

fermkrTali kacia~. Teimuraz mebuke erT-erTi zRvispira kurortis

sanatoriumSi isvenebs. misi Tanapalatelia vinme aleqsandre mayaS-

vili, goliaTuri aRnagobis mamakaci, romelic TiTqmis yoveldRe

arRvevs sanatoriumis ganrigs, 11 saaTis mere brundeba ukan, ris

gamoc uwevs palataSi fanjridan gadaZroma, xolo Semdeg mTeli

Rame Semawuxeblad xvrinavs. garda amisa, igi sxva damsvenebelTagan

gansxvavebiT ar dadis sanatoriumis sasadiloSi, aqvs bevri fuli

SoTa iaTaSvili

242

da mas uangariSod xarjavs. misi aseTi qceva saSinel gaRizianebas

iwvevs pedanturobamde wesrigismoyvarul TeimurazSi da am gaRizi-

anebas igi gamoxatavs megobar damsveneblebTan _ solfejios mas-

wavlebel mavra CubiniZesa da Zvel iluzionist arkadi cezarTan.

es ori personaJi (mebuke da mayaSvili) bedis (anu avtoris)

ironiiT erT palataSi, erT mikrosivrceSi moqceuli, Teimurazisa

da jayos sastiki tandemis civiluri variantia, oRond im gansxva-

vebiT, rom Tavidan TiTqos is qali ar Cans, romelic maT kompleq-

sebsa da ambiciebs unda Seewiros. magram sulakauris es moTxroba,

ramdenime ganmsazRvrel faqtors Tu davasaxelebT, swored imito-

maa modelis postmodernuli gadasinjva, rom qali mamakacTa tipu-

ri polaruli wyvilis tipuri msxverpli aRar aris. metic, qali,

rogorc konfliqtis realuri safuZveli, aq aRarc arsebobs. ni-

noSvilisa da javaxiSvilis realuri, ulmobeli konfliqti sula-

kaurTan kulturul gamocdilebaSi, warmosaxvaSi gadadis.

warmoSobiT poloneli barbara, romelic sasadilos mosamsa-

xure personalSia, Tavisdauneburad Seasrulebs warmosaxviTi sam-

kuTxedis mesame wevris rols. rogorc irkveva, Teimurazi mesamed

Tu meoTxed isvenebs am sanatoriumSi da erTi da imave mizniT:

etrfis barbaras, yovel Camosvlaze xels sTxovs mas da yovel

jerze uarsac iRebs misgan. yovelive amisagan gaRizianebuli da Si-

naganad gaborotebuli Teimurazi, aracnobierad gare samyaroSi

eZebs adamians, vinc SeiZleba iyos mizezi misi warumateblobisa. da

cxadia, aleqsandre mayaSvilis garegnuli ieri da qcevis manera mas

iqiTken ubiZgebs, rom misi (anu misnairi adamianebis) sasiyvarulo

(zogadad _ cxovrebiseuli) marcxis mizezi aris/arian aleqsandre

mayaSvili (anu misnairi adamianebi). raTa sabolod darwmundes, rom

mayaSvili misi metoqea, TeimurazisTvis erTi patara scenac sakma-

risia, romelsac igi SemTxveviT Seeswreba solfejios maswavle-

belisa da iluzionistTan erTad: erT dilas, axalgaRviZebuli ma-

yaSvili korpusis win Cveuli dardimanduli silaRiT gaesaubreba

barbaras da mwvane kolofiT raRacas aCuqebs. barbara gainazeba,

magram sabolood saCuqars mainc miiRebs. garda amisa, barbarasa da

mayaSvilis saubridan irkveva, rom mas saCuqrad gamzadebuli aqvs

kaba barbaras gogonasTvisac. ai, mTeli realoba am warmosaxviTi

`sasiyvarulo samkuTxedisa~. ramdenadac javaxiSvilis Teimurazi

ver xedavs saSiSroebas mojamagire jayoSi, imdenad, da albaT, ki-

dev ufro metadac, sulakauris Teimurazi xedavs saSiSroebas am,

misi azriT, jayosebr tipSi. is xom filologia, anu am romanSi

aRwerilis misTvis aqtualuri tragikuli adamianuri mimarTebebi

da am mimarTebaTa problematika kargad uwyis da igi imdenadaa mis

cnobierebaSi CaWedili, rom verc ki xvdeba, TandaTan rogor exveva

xevisTavis tyavSi. igi javaxiSvilis Teimurazis erzacad iqceva,


243

xolo mayaSvili, SeiZleba iTqvas, am erzacis erTgvari `virtualu-

ri jayoa~, romelic realobaSi absoluturad sapirispiro arseba

aRmoCndeba: fizikosi, da Tanac arc meti, arc naklebi, akademikosi,

anu Teimurazze aRmatebuli adamiani ara mxolod fizikurad, ara-

med Sinagani TavisuflebiTac, sazogadoebis misdami siyvaruliTac,

gvariSvilobiTac, finansuri SesaZleblobebiTac da rac gadamwyve-

tia _ inteleqtiTac.

es radikalurad cvlis Zvel models da cvlilebas, erTi

personaJis meoresTan SedarebiT absoluturi naklulobisa, erTi

SexedviT, absolutur tragizmSi SeeZlo gadaeyvana nawarmoebi

(Tumca ki, Znelia `jayos xiznebze” meti tragizmis warmodgena),

magram vinaidan `Zliers ama qveynisa~ amjerad gunebaSic ki ara aqvs

Tavisi antipodis daCagvra, mis cxovrebiseul sferoebSi SeWra, yo-

velive es parodiuli xdeba.

parodiulobas zrdis isic, rom sulakauri sinamdvileSi nac-

vlad samkuTxedisa, oTxkuTxeds gvTavazobs: sami dRis dagvianebiT

sanatoriumSi Camodis samedicino institutis studenti gurami,

namdvili `dedikos biWi~, romelic pirvelad gauSves damoukideb-

lad dasasveneblad da amitomac iqac ar scildeba dedamisis gu-

lisSemaRonebeli ritorika: gauTavebeli werilebi rCeva-darigebebi-

TurT, telefonis zarebi da a. S. sulakauri mas Teimurazisa da

aleqsandres palataSi ganaTavsebs, anu or gamouval gzas mesames

hmatebs, Tundac iqidan gamomdinare, rom garemo ufro liberalize-

bulia da es mesame ukve unda arsebobdes (guramis dagvianebiT Ca-

mosvlac, am kuTxiT Tu SevxedavT, friad simbolur elfers ata-

rebs: igi istoriul-qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT gviandeli, uf-

ro zustad ki, qarTuli sabWouri kulturis fenomenia, romelic

adrindel epoqaTa negatiuri fenomenebis Casanacvleblad `gamouS-

ves~). sayuradReboa, rom despinesa da margosagan gansxvavebiT, bar-

bara ukve aRaraa umweo inteligentis meuRle. unda vigulisxmoT,

rom mocemul literaturul/sazogadoebriv konteqstSi warsulis

gamocdileba, iseve rogorc Teimuraz mebukeSi, masSic muSaobs, da

Tu mebuke am gamocdilebiT uwyinar adamianSi jayos xedavs, barba-

ra uars ambobs mebukes colobazec da mayaSvilTan axlo urTier-

Tobazec (marTalia, arc mayaSvili iklavs Tavs barbarasTvis, magram

Teoriulad mainc SegviZlia davuSvaT, rom aseT SemTxvevaSic ki,

igi guramTan urTierTobas mianiWebda upiratesobas). igi axals

irCevs. axals, romelic sakmaod simpaTiuri da mSvidia da ukidu-

res niSnebs ar atarebs. axalTan flirtis iniciativa misgan modis

(Tumc mxolod warmoSobiT, magram mainc polonelisagan, anu evro-

pelisagan, da es miniSnebac zustia _ igi Zvel da Semzarav `azia-

tur~ modelSi ara marto damyayebuli sabWouri konstelaciebis,

aramed dasavluri niSnebis mcire doziT SeWrasac gulisxmobs),

SoTa iaTaSvili

244

magram `dedikos biWi~ metismetad steriluria imisaTvis, rom rea-

lurad am flirtidan raime gamodnes. sabolood, gurami, rogorc

zomieri fizikuri da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis mqone zomierad

dakompleqsebuli personaJi, ninoSvil-javaxiSvilis mZime fsiqolo-

giur-socialur-seqsualuri suraTis Sualeduri gadawyveta da av-

toris mier problemis gaSarJebaa, rac sruliad adekvaturi iyo im

periodisaTvis, romelSic cxovrobda da romelsac am SemTxvevaSi

aRwerda arCil sulakauri. sabWoTa periodSi, ra Tqma unda, moipo-

vebodnen spiridonebi da Teimurazebi, iseve, rogorc tarielebi da

jayoebi, oRond karikaturuli saxiT, despinesa da margos STamo-

mavloba ki, madloba RmerTs, gadagvarda. isini, ase Tu ise, ukve

Tavad sazRvravdnen sakuTar beds, rameTu tariel-jayoebi Tanamde-

bobis pirebad an maqinator biZebad iqcnen da ZiriTadad, ara spiri-

don-Teimurazebs glejdnen simdidresa da komforts, aramed _ maT-

saviT dabeCavebul saxelmwifos. tragizmidan komizmSi gadasul am

tipaJebs ki `dedikos biWTa~ (da plus `Zvel biWTa~) mravalricxo-

vani, usaxuri fena Seemata, ara rogorc axali arCevani, aramed _

rogorc aradani.

am nawarmoebis parodiulobis cocxali simboloa Zveli ilu-

zionisti arkadi cezari. misi megobroba TeimurazTan, nawarmoebSi

misi yvelganmyofobis gancda, bolos ki iubile, romelsac damsve-

neblebi mas uwyoben, amaze metyvelebs. mTeli am cirkis ukanaskne-

li nomeri ki iubiles mimdinareobisas Teimurazis mier zRvaSi Ta-

vis daxrCobis mcdeloba da mayaSvilis mier misi gadarCenaa. anu:

tarielma daRupa spiridoni, jayom daRupa Teimurazi, mayaSvilma ki

mebuke gadaarCina. oRond mxolod fizikurad. esec mware ironiaa

sulakaurisa: Teimuraz II-m unda icxovros amqveyanaze kvlavac Tei-

muraz I-is kompleqsebiT daavadebulma da mis aCrdilad qceulma.

qali ki nel-nela unda gaTavisufldes beCavi inteligenti da jan-

RoniT aRsavse veluri mamakacebis am Semzaravi ormagi wnexisagan.

da es Seuqcevadi procesia.

***

ganxiluli modelis es sami qarTuli variacia kargad irek-

lavs carizmis, bolSevizmisa da gviani sabWouri periodisaTvis da-

maxasiaTebel niSnebs, kargad aCvenebs sam etaps scilasa da qarib-

das Soris moqceuli qalis naturisa, misi bediswerisa. es werili

garkveulwilad dasrulebul saxes miiRebda, Tuki mas meoTxe, pos-

tsabWouri periodis variaciac Seemateboda, magram Tanamedrove li-

teraturis Cemeulma ganCxrekam Sedegi ar gamoiRo. axali Taobis

mweralTa SemoqmedebaSi mkafiod gamoxatul imave models ver miva-

geni. ver getyviT, es Cemi bralia Tu jerjerobiT, aseTi nawarmoe-

bi bunebaSi marTla ar arsebobs, magram is ki vici, rom adre Tu


245

gvian, am werilis Semdgomi Tavi unda daiweros, romelime litera-

toris xeliT Tu ara, mkiTxvelis warmosaxvaSi mainc. unda daiwe-

ros, radgan axalma epoqam, liberalizmisa da adamianuri sisasti-

kis am ucnaurma najvarma, Tavidan gaamZafra karikaturad qceuli

es modeli: qalTa feministuri swrafvebi antipod mamakacTa ganax-

lebul anomaliebs daajaxa.

xaTuna maisaSvili

hiperteqstualuri TamaSi anu

Cven veZebT propis adamianebs

erTi meToduri eqsperimentis

Sesaxeb

Sesavali

statia Seexeba erT konkretul dava-

lebas komunikaciaTmcodneobisa da Jurna-

listikis mimarTulebis studentebisTvis.

davaleba Cafiqrebulia, rogorc mravalmxri-

vi profesiuli unarebis gamomcdeli da Se-

samowmebeli amocana: lingvisturi unaris,

vizualur-sivrcobrivi orientaciis unaris

da interpersonalur-intrapersonaluri ko-

munikaciis unarisa. davaleba sakamaToc Cans,

mxiarulic, paradoqsulic. amitom misi Ses-

ruleba TamaSis saxes iRebs.

komunikaciaTmcodneobis mimarTulebis

leqtori da 300 studenti TavSesaqcev ko-

munikaciur TamaSs TamaSoben. leqtori stu-

dentebs ukiTxavs maTTvis Zalian nacnob po-

pularul zRapars da aZlevs davalebas:

Sinaarss “CamouSalon” zRapris forma (anu

“gatexon” zRapris teqsturi da funqciuri

kodebi) da igi axali teqstis saxiT daub-

runon gamgzavns (leqtors).

mizanze zemoT mogaxseneT. am meToduri

eqsperimentis amocana ki is aris, students

ganuviTaros interteqsturi navigaciisa da

teqstis moxmarebis unar-Cvevebi, wyaros

(adresantis) Setyobinebis SenarCuneba-in-

terpretaciis Cvevebi, empiriulad gamosca-

dos Setyobinebis dekodirebis Janrobrivi

(diskursuli) diapazoni konkretul socia-

lur da kulturul garemoSi.

ilias saxelobis saxelmwi-

fo universitetis filoso-

fiisa da socialur mecnie-

rebaTa fakultetis doqto-

ranti, gazeT „axali 7 dRi-

sa“ da Jurnal „sityvis“

damfuZnebeli da Tanaredaq-

tori.

ZiriTadi Sromebi: „erovnu-

li identobisa da erovnuli

ideologiis reprezentacia

qarTul beWdur mediaSi.

1990–1991 wlebi“ (“The Representation of National Identity and National Ideo-logy in the Georgian Printed Press. 1990-1991”). narkveve-bi qarTuli mediis uaxlesi

istoriis Sesaxeb.

interesTa sfero: mediuri

kvlevebi, sainformacio

struqturebi, komunikaciu-

ri procesis modelebi.

hiperteqstualuri TamaSi anu Cven veZebT propis adamianebs

247

es eqsperimenti Sedga ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universi-

tetSi, “komunikaciaTmcodneobis Sesavlis” msmenel studentTa

wreSi (2008 wels). eqsperimentSi monawileobda 300 studenti. sa-

eqsperimento teqstur masalad SeirCa Sarl peros zRaprebi: “Ceq-

mebiani kata” da “cerodena”. eqsperimentSi monawile studentebi

daiyvnen sam jgufad. davalebis miRebis Semdeg axali teqstis Se-

saqmnelad miecaT 2 saaTi.

eqsperimentis winapiroba

eqsperimentis momentisTvis studentebs mosmenili aqvT leq-

ciebi: komunikaciis konceptis Sesaxeb; komunikaciis ZiriTadi ele-

mentebis Sesaxeb (ferdinand de sosiuris, rolan bartis, Carlz

pirsis, raimond firtis, umberto ekos naSromebis mimoxilvis sa-

xiT), komunikaciuri procesis modelebis Sesaxeb (aristotele,

lasueli, Senon-uiveri, gerbneri, malecke), Setyobinebis teqstis,

diskursis makro- da mikroformebis Sesaxeb (mxatvruli litera-

tura da misi Janrebi, teqsturi formebi, Jurnalistika da misi

Janrebi, piari da piarreprezentaciisTvis damaxasiaTebeli specifi-

kuri niSan-Tvisebebi da sxva).

eqsperimentis specifika komunikaciuri modelis prizmaSi

komunikaciuri procesi eqsperimentis farglebSi ganekuTvneba

ciklur models. am procesis jaWvi Sekrul wres qmnis: gamgzavni

_ Setyobineba _ mimRebi(gamgzavni) _ Setyobineba’ _ mimRebi(gamgzav-

ni). komunikaciuri procesi or etapad xorcieldeba. pirvel etap-

ze Setyobinebis gamgzavni, adresanti leqtoria. mis mier gavrcele-

buli Setyobineba ornawiliania: pirveli, es aris sakuTriv zRap-

ris teqsti, romelsac igi wignidan ukiTxavs studentebs, da meore

gaxlavT instruqcia-gasaRebi, romlis meSveobiTac mimRebma, adre-

satma (studentebma) unda Seqmnas axali teqsti, axali Setyobineba

(davalebis Sinaarsi). Setyobinebis meore nawili SeiZleba ganvixi-

loT, rogorc komponenti-interpretanti, romlis gareSec mTlia-

nad komunikaciuri procesi kargavs azrs. komunikaciuri procesis

meore etaps SeiZleba vuwodoT ukukavSiris etapi, romelzedac

gamgzavni (wina etapze _ mimRebi) axdens miRebuli ori Setyobine-

bis dekodirebas, qmnis axals da ugzavnis mimRebs (romelic wina

etapze gamgzavni iyo). am etapze leqtors uwevs Tavis Setyobineba-

ze ganxorcielebuli ukukavSiris percefcia: rogorc sakuTriv

teqstze, ise am teqstis SigniT dafarul kodebze.

Tavdapirveli Setyobinebis gamgzavni moelis, rom mis mier ga-

dacemuli Setyobinebis dekodireba mimRebis mier ar aris damokide-

buli mxolod mis mier gadacemul instruqcia-gasaRebze, anu igi

bolomde da absoluturad ver marTavs komunikaciis process. Ta-

xaTuna maisaSvili

248

vad instruqciis aRqma da gaxsna, iseve, rogorc ZiriTadi Setyobi-

nebisa, didad aris damokidebuli mimRebis socialur-kulturul

garemoze, teqstis codnisa da moxmarebis am garemoSi miRebul ga-

mocdilebaze, komunikaciis intuiciur unarze, fantaziaze. es faq-

torebi gasaRebis funqcias asrulebs eqsperimentSi.

ratom zRapari?

zRapari erTgvari maxea. erTi mxriv, zRapari, rogorc bavSvo-

bidan erT-erTi yvelaze nacnobi teqsturi forma, studentisTvis

`sayvareli~ teqstia, rac mas, emociuri TvalsazrisiT, dadebiTad

ganawyobs davalebisadmi. magram, meore mxriv, zRapris narativisa

da personaJebis unikaluri kodebi is wyalqveSa rifebia, romelTa

msxvrevac studentisgan did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. kerZod, nara-

tivis maxasiaTeblebis mxriv, axali teqstis Seqmnisas students

mouwevs: a) daSalos zRapris narativis mWidro teqsturi qsovili;

b) daarRvios Txrobis qronologiuri Tanmimdevroba; g) Txrobis

enaSi dasvas logikuri an emociuri maxvilebi da sxva. garda amisa,

aq kidev erTi sirTulea, kerZod: Setyobinebis gadacema performe-

ridan auditoriisTvis deklamaciis, anu bgeriTi xelovnebis meSve-

obiT xdeba – specifikuri intonaciiT, rac studentis smeniTi una-

rebis, misi „bgerismieri inteleqtis“ Semowmebas isaxavs miznad.

imavdroulad, eqsperimentis meSveobiT mowmdeba studentis intra-

personaluri komunikaciis unari, vinaidan winasaeqsperimenti daSve-

baa, rom miRebuli Setyobineba gamoavlens, ramdenad icnoben stu-

dentebi TavianT Tavs, TavianT Zlier da sust mxareebs, motivaci-

ebs, miznebs, grZnobebs. sxva drosa da sivrceSi ambis gadataniT ki

mowmdeba studentebis vizualur-sivrcobrivi orientacia.

zRapris personaJebis kodebis aspeqti gansakuTrebul mniS-

vnelobas iZens eqsperimentSi. kerZod, semiologiaSi cnobilia, rom

rusuli xalxuri zRaprebis Seswavlisas mecnierma vladimir prop-

ma Seadgina zRaparTa narativis umravlesobaSi warmoCenili perso-

naJebis klasifikacia (Propp, V. (1968) Morphology of the Folk Tale. University of Texas Press). propiseuli ranJirebis mixedviT, aRweril

iqna arqetipuri istoriis (Txrobis) personaJebi (rogorc garkveu-

li funqciis matareblebi, romelTa (anu funqciis) gareSec Txroba

ver ganviTardeboda): 1. gmiri/subieqti, romlis funqciaa Zebna, Zie-

ba, povna, mopoveba; 2. obieqti, romelsac eZeben da moipoveben; 3.

obieqtis donori; 4. mimRebi, romelTanac gmirs agzavnian; 5. mSve-

leli, mxsneli, romelic exmareba moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi, da 6.

aramzada, romelic aferxebs, blokavs moqmedebas. eqsperimentis win

studentebs Segnebulad ar awvdian masalas vladimir propis am

naSromis Sesaxeb. eqsperimentis mizani swored, is aris, gairkves,

romeli funqciuri datvirTvis matarebeli personaJi iqneba Senar-

hiperteqstualuri TamaSi anu Cven veZebT propis adamianebs

249

Cunebuli, funqciurad gamZafrebuli, gaZlierebuli an, piriqiT, da-

karguli, Sesustebuli da dakninebuli mimRebis mier; sxva sityve-

biT rom vTqvaT, romeli personaJi aRmoCndeba sicocxlisunariani

studentis socialur-kulturul garemoSi, rogor manipulacias

daeqvemdebareba zRapris funqciebi axal (arazRaprul) teqstSi.

“karibWis mcvelebi” da ambis RirebulebiTi kodebi

zRapris fabula _ Sesabamisi dekodirebis SemTxvevaSi _ sru-

liad pasuxobs Jurnalisturi nawarmoebis konstruirebis winapi-

robebsa da principebs. zRaparSi aris konfliqtic, Zlieri pirovne-

bac, gamonaklisi (an mistikuri) SemTxvevac, sensaciac, _ anu yve-

laferi is, rac movlenas mediur movlenad aqcevs.

eqsperimentSi monawile studenti TviTon xdeba “karibWis

mcveli” _ narativisa da diskursis SerCevaSi igi sruliad Tavisu-

falia. igi TviTon irCevs:

– aqcents;

– moqmedebaSi Sesvlis moments, romliTac igi SeZlebs, gaSa-

los mTeli istoria da mimzidveli gaxados mimRebisTvis;

– drosa da sivrces, romelSic gadaaqvs moqmedeba;

– Txrobis tonsa da tonalobas;

– istoriis najerobis xarisxs.

ras irCeven? anu eqsperimentis Sedegebi

davalebis Sesrulebaze uari arc erT students, eqsperimen-

tis monawile arc erT pirs ar uTqvams.

vizualur-sivrcobrivi orientaciis mxriv, studentebis abso-

luturma umravlesobam SeZlo droiT-sivrcobrivi barieris gada-

laxva. moqmedebis adgili Tanamedrove samyaroa. anu, maTi azriT,

zRapari Rirebuli ambavia, romelic dRes xdeba da romelic axa-

lia.

rac Seexeba diskursul aspeqtebs, aq Sedegebi iyofa: makro-

diskursisa da mikrodiskursis mxriv. makrodiskursis mxriv, eqspe-

rimentis monawile studentebis 70% procentma amjobina, Seeqmna

Jurnalisturi teqsti, 3 % _ piarteqsti, 27 %-ma _ mxatvruli

teqsti.

mikrodiskursis mxriv vawydebiT aseT ranJirebas: Jurnalis-

tur teqstSi Warbobs mZime socialuri pirobebiT gamowveuli kri-

minaluri istoria (gadmocemuli sainformacio SeniSvnis, an repor-

taJis JanriT), an wmida wylis kriminaluri ambavi, romelSic aq-

centi kriminaluri SemTxvevis anatomiaze daismis da ara _ mis ga-

momwvev garemoebebze. orive tipis teqstisTvis damaxasiaTebelia

Sesabamisi lidi, romelSic gadmocemulia am SemTxveviT daintere-

sebis motivacia. mxatvrul teqstSi vxvdebiT moTxrobis, episto-

larul an dRiuris diskursze awyobil narativs, galeqsil isto-

xaTuna maisaSvili

250

rias. piarteqstebi parodiuli (ufro metic - ironiul-parodiu-

li) JReradobiT gamoirCeva, isini TavianTi tonalobiT Zalian hgva-

nan politikuri kampaniis propagandistul rgolebs.

personaJebis struqtura da funqciuri daniSnuleba eqsperi-

mentis erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso da sagulisxmo aspeqtia. Jur-

nalisturi teqstebis 72 %-Si saerTod ar figurirebs mxsneli,

samagierod, aramzadebis funqcia gamZafrebulia. iqamdec ki, rom

aramzada Crdilavs mTavar gmirs, rogorc misTvis daTmobili teq-

stis moculobiT, ise aRweris dinamizmiT, eqspresiiT. Sesabamisad,

moqmedebac icvlis ganviTarebis gezs. studentebis mier SeTxzul

teqstSi moqmedeba wydeba konfliqtis mwvave fazaSi. teqsti mTav-

rdeba sainformacio gamoSvebebSi damkvidrebuli kliSeTi: “am mo-

mentisTvis sul es iyo. davelodoT movlenaTa ganviTarebas”. amgvar

diskursSi cxadad ikiTxeba qarTuli mediagaremos gemovnebisa da

stilis gavlena. SesaZlebelia, vivaraudoT, rom pirveladi Setyo-

binebis dekodirebis davalebaSi studentebma amoikiTxes, igulis-

xmes, rom zRapris narativis “CamoSla” gulisxmobda “keTili da-

sasrulis” “CamoSlasac”, radgan, maTi azriT, keTili dasasruli,

“Wiri iqa, lxini aqa”-Ti, mxolod zRaparSi gvxvdeba, an studentTa

hipoTetur auditorias ar ainteresebs keTili dasasruli. namuSe-

varTa umravlesobaSi ambavi Rirebuli xdeba masSi asaxuli kon-

fliqtis gamo (TiTqmis yvela namuSevarSi xazgasmulia, rom kon-

fliqti usamarTlobis Sedegia). realuri istoria aseve „kargavs“

mistikur gmirebs, anu ambavi Rirebuli ar xdeba gamonaklisi an

jadosnuri SemTxvevis, Zlieri pirovnebis, anu gmiris wyalobiT.

zogadad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom eqsperimentis monawile studentebma

aqcenti depersonalizebul konfliqtze dasves.

literatura

Galtung, J., Ruge, M. (1973). Structuring and Selecting News, in Stanley Cohen and Jock Young (eds.), The Manufacture of News (UK: Constable).

Gardner, H. (1993a). Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences. New York: Basic Books.

Gardner, H. (1999). The Disciplined Mind: What all students should understand. New York: Simon&Schuster.

Propp, V. (1968) Morphology of the Folk Tale. University of Texas Press.

gia murRulia

ca da miwa erT kacSi

(ramdenime mosazreba rezo esaZis scenaris `nomen nescio~-s Sesaxeb)

adamiani da misi Semoqmedeba ganuyofelia,

ufro sworad _ es erTi da igive ram aris.

sakuTar Semoqmedebas tansacmeliviT ver ga-

moicvlis kaci. is pirovnebis sulis uRrmes

SreebSia dabadebuli, saukunod aRbeWdili

da arsebiTad warmoaCens or moments: rogor

gamoxatavs konkretuli individi sakuTar

Tavs da ragvarad gamoxatavs sakuTar Tavs

esa Tu is dro. `me var, romeli var~, _

eubneba RmerTi moses. is aris Tavad arsebo-

ba, yofnis mizezi da principi. RmerTi ada-

mianisTvis, uwinares yovlisa, Semoqmedia. ma-

Tes saxarebis me-5 Tavis 48-e muxlSi ki we-

ria, rom yvela adamianis umTavresi mowode-

baa emsgavsos RmerTs. raki RmerTi upirve-

lesad Semoqmedia, adamiani yvelaze metad

maSin emsgavseba mas, rodesac Tavadac qmnis.

da rac ufro Rirebuls qmnis, miT metad

emsgavseba. es yvelaferi imasac niSnavs, rom

RmerTsmimsgavsebulobis gamo Semoqmedi ada-

miani ciuri harmoniis yvelaze metad Sem-

grZnobi da gamomxatvelia. mas adamianebis-

Tvis RvTaebrivi naTeli moaqvs da, imavdro-

ulad, sxvebze aRmatebulad SeigrZnobs wu-

Tisoflis, dakninebuli adamianuri bunebisa

Tu sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sibnelesac,

ris gamoc itanjeba. zogjer es tanjva mas

mTel sicocxles arafrobad ganacdevinebs,

rac, sazogadod, Semoqmedebis princips uar-

yofs da swored am dros Cndeba gaorebu-

loba da mwvave kontrastis, yofierebis wi-

naaRmdegobriobis sindromi. iqneb amas gu-


doqtori

gamocemuli wignebi: saub-

rebi Zvel qarTul litera-

turaze(TanaavtorebTan er-

Tad) _ saskolo saxel-

mZRvanelo(1992); daviTia-

nis mxatvrul saxeTa siste-

ma (1998); fiqri ganaTleba-

ze (2003);

ori gamocemis ideis avtori

da redaqtori: a) msoflios

rCeuli moTxrobebis eq-

vstomeuli (2007-2008); b)

seria: qarTveli mwerlebi

skolaSi _ gamocemulia 18

wigni (1996-2009).

Tbilisis #24 sajaro sko-

lis direqtori da ameri-

kul-qarTuli ganaTlebis

centris damfuZnebeli da

pedagogi.

gia muRulia

252

lisxmobs galaktioni, rodesac wers:

sinamdviles ar vemduri,

ar yofila TiTqmis,

aryofilze sayveduri

arasodes iTqmis.

Tuki galaktionisTvis sinamdvile àr yofila TiTqmis~, anu ar ar-

sebula cxovrebis realoba, maS, ra realobas ekuTvnoda es `Tav-

zardamcemi geniosi~ (rogorc erTgan blez paskali moixsenia Sa-

tobrianma)?

man Tavad misave sulSi Seqmna sakuTari samyaro, sakuTari realoba,

romelic Semdgom Zalumad, momnusxvelad, arcTu iSviaTad _ ucna-

urad da bevrisTvis gaugebrad mJRavndeboda ubralo adamianur ur-

TierTobebSi. galaktioni àqac~ iyo, magram arc iyo ~aq~ _ `me

vxedav sizmrebs, araTqveneburs~, _ mimarTavda is axloblebsac da

Soreblebsac. is metismetad TvalsaCinod grZnobda sakuTar Semoq-

medebiT Rirsebas da bibliuri RmerTis warmoTqmuli sityvebis

msgavsad imeorebda : `me miyvars is, rac var~. Tumca is, rac ga-

laktions uyvarda, lamis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli iyo, mainc yve-

lafer amas didi idumaleba faravda da, raoden gasakviric unda

iyos _ yofiTi Cveulebriobac, Tu yofiTi miuRebloba ara. amis ga-

mo vinmes galaktioni SesaZloa axirebul geniosad moenaTla, an

sulac eWvi gamoeTqva _ nuTu es SesaniSnavi leqsebi am kacis da-

weriliao?

Seafaso galaktioni da misi cxovreba Tu Semoqmedeba, ioli ar

aris. miTumetes Znelia amis mxatvruli gaazreba da gadawyveta.,

imitom rom es aris `rTuli kacis~ rTuli cxovreba da genialuri

Semoqmedeba.

vnaxoT, rogor gadawyvita es amocana rezo esaZem.

am amocanis arsebiTad warmomCeni kiTxva scenars epigrafad aqvs ga-

motanili: `Cemgvari kaci gana SeiZleba vinmes uyvardes?~

galaktionis poezia imdenad RvTaebrivia, rom am kacis cxovrebas

adamianuri `Selamazeba~ ar sWirdeba _ kacuri sisusteebi vera-

fers aklebs SemoqmedebiT maradisobas. scenari am principis erTgu-

lebis nimuSia, Tumca unda iTqvas, rom yvelas es ar moewoneba _

Cveulebriv adamianur bunebas urCevnia SemoqmedebasTan erTad Se-

moqmedic idealuri iyos. magram cxovrebaSi ase ar xdeba. da ibade-

ba didი kontrasti realobasa da Semoqmedebas Soris _ TiTqos

Semqmneli da Seqmnili eucxoebian da, ubralo adamianuri aRqmidan

gamomdinare, ar ùxdebian~ erTmaneTs. erTi SexedviT, ar SeiZleba

erTdroulad ekuTvnode zecas da wvrilmanebs, `maRali da maRlad

mxedic~ iyo da iseTic, milionebi rom dadian dedamiwaze. an iqneb,

SeiZleba kidec?! orjer ori rom oTxia, Cveulebriobaa Tu RvTaeb-

rivi idealurobis gamovlineba? orive erTad xom ara? anda vin ad-


253

gens amgvar ierarqias? gana RmerTma mxolod nawilebi Seqmna da

mTeli ara? Zalian bevri kiTxvaa saimisod, rom raRac pasuxi mainc

ar movZebnoT (`raRac~ imitom, rom saboloo pasuxebi ufro xSi-

rad ar arsebobs).

erTi SesaZlo pasuxi aseTia: Semoqmedi arasdros aris Seqmnilze

`naklebi~ da, ragindara saxiT, Tundac `Semqmnelis uflebiT,~ yo-

velTvis aRemateba mas. am azriT, rusTveli metia `vefxistyaosan-

ze~, guramiSvili _ `daviTianze~ da vaJa-fSavela _ `aluda qeTe-

laurze~. aseve, galaktioni metia imaze, rac dawera da imazec, rac

ar dauweria. ufro metic _ galaktioni aRemateba nebismier ierar-

qiasac da am azrs misi xasiaTisa Tu qcevis veranairi ucnauroba,

Cveulebrioba an Tundac bundovaneba ver abaTilebs.

yvelafer amas naTlad SevigrZnobT, magram kontrasti mainc rCeba.

es kontrasti Tavad galaktionSic Cans da garesamyarosTan, sazoga-

doebasTan, politikur reJimTan Tu sxva adamianTan mis mimarTebasa

da damokidebulebaSic. am kontrastis arsebiTi safuZveli is aris,

rom galaktionSi Sezavebulia ca da miwa; misi genia poeziaSi Tu

ragindara brwyinvalebiT warmoCindeba, yofiTi wvrilmanebis an su-

lisSemxuTveli sinamdvilis artaxebiT Sekruli arcTu iSviaTad

marTlac ucnaurad, sasacilod an sulac umweod gamoiyureba.

rezo esaZe ar faravs amas. arc realur da arc misi scenaris ga-

laktions amgvari `SeRavaTi~ ar sWirdeba. kontrasti, rogorc

mxatvruli mizandasaxuloba da xerxic, xSirad aris gamoyenebuli

scenarSi.

k o n t r a s t i

pirveli magaliTi

galaktionis dakrZalvisas `tribuna gaWedilia gamoCenili adamiane-

biT~. isini paTetikurad afaseben poetis Rvawls da paTetikuradve

eTxovebian mas. swored am dros `kadrSi gamoCndeba galaktionis

Zirgaxvretili fexsacmeli~ _ poetTan erTad am paTetikis dam-

krZalavic. am adgilas mkiTxvelic da mayurebelic diskomforts

igrZnobs da sulSi SeiSmuSneba, TiTqos sakuTar simbolur brale-

ulobas ganicdis imis gamo, rom, faqtobrivad, ararsebul sinamdvi-

lesTan erTad sazogadoebam galaktioni Seuracxmyofeli sikvdili-

Tac `daajildova~ _ oRond sabolood Seuracxyofili galaktioni

ki ara, sazogadoeba rCeba.

meore magaliTi

mweralTa kavSirSi viRac dabejiTebiT amtkicebs, rom galaktionis

yvela wigni abdaubdaa, rom `zogierTi Sedarebebi da metaforebi

gia muRulia

254

Targmania Cveulebrivi rusuli saxeebisa~, rom `aRmaSfoTebelia ga-

laktion tabiZis saRamoebi, sadac is Tavis Tavs poetebis mefed

aRiarebs~. amgvar Sefasebas TiTqos darbazic eTanxmeba, saidanac is-

mis xma: `gairicxos mweralTa kavSiris rigebidan!~ moulodnelad

galaktioni midis masTan da ekiTxeba: `Zamiko, mainc xom var me sa-

qarTveloSi yvelaze ukeTesi poeti~? da citata scenaridan: `ra

Tqma unda, batono galaktion! _ dauyovnebliv pasuxobs momxsenebe-

li da daufaravi aRtacebiT xelebs Slis _ ori azri ar aris ma-

gaSi~. marTlac, arsebobs `koniunqturuli samarTali~, romelic

mxolod individisTvis an korporaciisTvis aris xelsayreli da

misaRebi, Tanac _ konkretul drosa da adgilas da, meore mxriv _

RvTaebrivi samarTali, romelic yvelasTvis Tanabrad arsebobs

yvelgan da yovelTvis. es is aris, rusTveli rom `marTal samar-

Tals~ uwodebs. swored amgvari samarTali aTqmevinebs gzaabneul

medroves: `ra Tqma unda, batono galaktion!~

mesame magaliTi

galaktionis realur samyaroSi, mis oTaxSi, mis ujraSi, praqtiku-

lad yvelgan didi areulobaa, qaosia. es TvalsaCino kontrasts

qmnis galaktionis poeziasTan. radgan Semoqmedebis Sedegi (samyaros

Seqmnidan dawyebuli) yovelTvis wesrigia. Tumca es wesrigi zog-

jer SemoqmedebiTi sigiJis zRvarze ibadeba. scenarSi es kargad

Cans: `galaktionis figura xan sad gaielvebs, xan sad. yovel gael-

vebaze sivrce imuxteba misi aRgznebuli mdgomareobiT. uceb igi am-

Tavrebs weras da iwyebs deklamirebas: `qari dacxra siboboqris,

Savi zRvidan sio mohqris, me gicqeri, rogorc oqros, Camaval

mzes, Camavals...~ deklamirebis dros mas giJis gamoxedva aqvs. mow-

yvetiT jdeba. mZimed sunTqavs. xelis kankaliT magididan iRebs sa-

wer kalams, usinjavs wvers. moargebs. gamocvlis. iRebs gacrecil

furcels. rogorc mxatvari funjs, amuSavebs kalmis wvers. moar-

gebs. iRebs samelneebs: wiTeli, lurji, Savi melani... iwyebs maT

gazavebas, TiTqos saRebavebs urevs erTmaneTSi, Tan agoniaSi butbu-

tebs: `weliwadi,.. centri,.. beladebi,.. telegrafebi,.. cifrebi,..Se-

takeba,.. marcxi sastiki,.. mdidari burJuazia,.. zombebi,.. gaTiSva,..

kivili,.. uaryofa...~ es cnobierebis alqimia bevrisTvis ucnobi, uc-

xo da gaugebaria, zogjer _ miuRebelic (imitom rom, gansxvavebu-

loba adamianTa did nawils ar moswons), magram galaktioni es yve-

lafericaa.

meoTxe magaliTi

mTel scenars gasdevs dauswrebeli dapirispireba oliasa da ninas

Soris, romelTagan pirveli galaktionisTvis dauWknobeli siyvaru-


255

li iyo, meore ki _ ubralod coli. scenarSi mkafiod aris naCve-

nebi, rom olia Tavisi lamis demonuri bunebiT gacilebiT maxlobe-

lia galaktionisTvis, vidre yofiTi problemebiT gapoxili nina.

pirveli galaktionis cxovrebis frTebi iyo, meore _ makrateli am

frTebisTvis. pirveli momxiblav da macdur bohemasa da revoluci-

ur daudgromlobas ganasaxierebda, meore _ mosawyen wesierebas.

scenaris ramdenime TavSi es kontrasti, praqtikulad, yvela de-

talSi Cans _ metyvelebaSi, JestSi, reaqciaSi, fiqrSi.

mexuTe magaliTi

galaktioni scenarSi xSirad imeorebs erTsa da imave frazas: `ver

var racxa kargad~, rac fizikurze metad mis sulier mdgomareobas

gamoxatavs _ mis srul SeuTavseblobasa da gamokveTil kontrasts

drosTan, yalb RirebulebebTan, reJimsa da xelovnurad organize-

bul sazogadoebasTan. swored amis mauwyebelia galaktionis sit-

yvebi: `aq yvela me mebrZvis~.

meeqvse magaliTi

kontrasti TviT galaktionis saxeSic garkveviT moCans. amis gareg-

nuli gamoxatuleba is aris, rom poeti upirispirdeba maTac, vinc

uyvars da visac Tavad is uyvarT. mas praqtikulad yvelasTan kon-

fliqti aqvs. galaktioni TiTqos sakuTar arsebaSic eCxubeba da

Tan icavs pirovnul SemoqmedebiT sidiades. sruliad yofiTi mize-

ziT olga iurievnasTvis naTqvam sityvebs _ `Как вы смеете так со мной разговаривать~ – ganzogadebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba da mTli-

anad epoqasa da sazogadoebas miemarTeba. es momenti naTlad aCve-

nebs, usazRvro bednierebasTan erTad, ra usaSvelod didi pirovnu-

li gamocdaa genialobis suliTa da gonebiT tareba.

interJamieri kaci

yvelaze didi adamianuri tragediebi drois danawevrebiTa da gax-

leCiT iwyeba. Tavisi RvTiuri arsebiT dro ganuyofeli da mTlia-

nia. adamianSi erTiani unda iyos drois aRqmaca da gancdac. is,

vinc drois mTlianobas kargavs, sakuTar mTlianobasac kargavs da

samyarosTan da istoriasTan erTianobis gancdasac. mTliania mara-

disobac da erTi wamic (`me sikvdilsa movelodi, Sen sicocxle

gamiwame~, _ eubneba avTandili TinaTins, romelmac siyvaruli gaum-

xila _ mTeli sicocxle am erT ubednieres wamad gadamiqcieo).

ucnauria, magram qarTuli sityva `wami~ abreviaturad rom warmo-

vidginoT (w. a. m.), w SeiZleba gamoxatavdes warsuls, a _ awmyos,

gia muRulia

256

xolo m _ momavals. simbolurad (da faqtobrivadac!) erTma wamma

SesaZloa mTeli maradisoba moicvas, maradisoba ki erT wamSi Cae-

tios. didi adamianebi erT wamsac imdenadve ekuTvnian, ramdenadac

maradisobas.

rezo esaZis scenarSi TvalnaTliv Cans galaktionis meyvseuli

`moZraoba droSi~. es saxe axalgazrdobisa da xandazmulobis `er-

Tbamad mtvirTveli~ da momcvelia. zogjer sxvadasxva dro erTma-

neTSi iWreba, adgilmonacvleobs an sulac urTierTs msWvalavs. es

mxatvruli teqnologia scenarSi ramdenjerme aris gamoyenebuli da

pirovnebis `substanciuri erTobis~ xats qmnis.

poeziis gamarjveba realobaze

scenarSi, bunebrivad da kanonzomierad, poezia lamis moqmed pirad

Cans. is cocxalia, movlenaTa ganviTarebaSi ara ubralod monawi-

leobs, aramed zogjer warmarTavs da ganmsazRvrel azrsac aniWebs

mas. magaliTad, rodesac scenaris erT Tavs ecnobi ( matarebeli

`Tvalebgaxelili sizmari~ _ cxadi misteria), kiTxva gebadeba _

raRa maincdamainc am adgilas kiTxulobs galaktioni `mTawmindis

mTvares~? aq mokle frazebi naTlad gamoxataven garkveuli drois

viTarebasac da ganwyobasac: `saqarTveloSi, sadac xe ar yofniT

jvris asamarTavad da jvrebi jvarcmisTvis, erTi tribunaRa dag-

vrCenia _ sasaflao... erTi Tavisufali Sesakrebi adgili~; `Tavi-

sufleba davkargeT~; `es mxolod koSmaris dasawyisia~; `sadaa, sa-

daa, sadaa simarTle...~; `Бога нет! Нет ангелов! Никому не нужна церковь. поймите-же бог умер!~ ai, amgvari uimedobis, cinizmisa da sulieri katastrofis gamoxatulebas _ rac saqarTveloSi bolSe-

vizmis Zaladobasa da RirebulebaTa srul degradacias ganasaxie-

rebs _ sinqronulad edeba galaktionis xma (poeti kiTxulobs

`mTawmindis mTvares~). es xma aRmatebulia im saSinel qaossa da

usamarTlobaze, rac am dros kadrSi SeiZleba Candes. mTawminda Ta-

vad simaRlea. mTvare mTawmindis Tavze _ simaRlis simaRlea, xolo

galaktionis leqsSi es bunebrivi aRmatebuloba da harmonia zeada-

mianuri SemoqmedebiTi ZalisxmeviT samgzis simaRled gardaiqmneba _

da poezia amarcxebs realobas, radgan tyvia da agresia ideasTan

uZluria. am wuTas galaktionis xma da `mTawmindis mTvare~ pir-

velqmnili mkafioobiT gamoxataven qarTul Rirsebas, sazogadod _

adamianis Tavisuflebis ideas da sikeTis, mSvenierebisa da harmoni-

is gardauval gamarjvebas uzneo Zalmomreobaze.

SesaZloa, amave ideas gamoxatavdes kidev erTi adgili scenaridan:

`galaktionis win, magidaze, gardigardmo gadaxeuli Tu daWmuWnu-

li furclebis grova yria. amiT SeSfoTebuli galaktioni naxeve-

bis erTmaneTTan misadagebas iwyebs.~ cota xnis Semdeg `...erTmaneT-


257

ze morgebul furclebis naxevebs webos usvams da miyolebiT fan-

jris minaze akravs, romlis iqiT xalxmravali quCa da transporti

Cans~. galaktionis leqsebi faravs iliasgan naxseneb ùsuldgmulo

cxovrebas~. fanjara rCeba, magram gamosaxuleba icvleba _ erT sam-

yaros Slis da asxvaferebs meore, dazianebul droebas enacvleba

umwikvlo maradisoba poeziisa.

ganwyoba

mxatvrul nawarmoebSi, erTi SexedviT, SesaZloa yvelaferi Tavis

adgilze iyos (saintereso fabula, gamokveTili saxeebi, personaJis

an lirikuli gmiris motivacia, moqmedebisa Tu fiqris dinamizmi

da a.S.), magram Tu erTi ram ar arsebobs, maSin arc sxva araferi

arsebobs. es èrTi ram~ ganwyobaa. ganwyoba mxatvruli qmnilebis

sulia _ mis gareSe namdvili SemoqmedebiTi sicocxle Tu SeuZle-

beli ara, Znelad warmosadgenia. ganwyoba xilulis an mosmenilis

mimarT keTili, pozitiuri damokidebulebisa da mimarTebis dabade-

baa; amasTan erTad ki _ mxatvruli simarTlis gancda (`mSveniereba

mxolod simarTleSia~, _ uiliam Seqspiri). ganwyoba is aris, ro-

desac avtors Tavs uqnev _ `diax, es swored asea!~

scenarSi amgvari ganwyoba Tavidanve Cndeba da mkiTxvels bolomde

ar tovebs. simarTle da harmonia aq xelCakidebulni modian. zog-

jer am `duets~ didi Sinagani lirizmic emateba, oRond ara `da-

Saqruli~, momabezreblad `tkbili~, aramed `gemovnebiani~ lirizmi

(es, sazogadod, rezo esaZis kinosa Tu poeziisTvis damaxasiaTebe-

lia). magaliTisTvis SeiZleba vaxsenoT scenaris is Tavi, romelsac

hqvia `galaktionis dRiuridan. WyviSi. dedasTan~ (mzis Suqis kocna

da dedis winaSe danaSaulnarevi grZnobiT dgoma).

saxeebi

scenaris teqsti gapoxilia azrebiTa da saxeebiT. ufunqcio, ùsaq-

mod~ da TavisTvis moxetiale frazebs aq ver naxavT. yvelgan ig-

rZnoba didi da bevri fiqri. yovel winadadebas raRac moaqvs. meo-

re mxriv, Tavad es scenaria poeturobis nimuSi. es ar aris mxo-

lod scenari poetsa Tu poeziaze _ es aris teqsti-poezia. yovel

fexis nabijze SexvdebiT aq poetur saxeebs _ zogjer Zalian ucna-

urebsa da moulodnelebs. ramdenime maTgans SevexoT:

usaxo, erTmaneTis msgavsi niRbebi _ es aris TiTqos mxolod komu-

nisturi gaerTmniSvnelianobis xati (ìsini moqmedeben, rogorc yve-

la~). koleqtivis gafetiSeba da pirovnebis ugulebelyofa am xa-

gia muRulia

258

tis mTavari maxasiaTebelia. es niRbebi `konkretuli saxeebis magiv-

rad~ arseboben _ TiTqos aseTi `magivroba~ SesaZlebeli iyos. Tum-

ca amgvari niRbebi ar axasiaTebs oden yalbi koleqtivizmis sazo-

gadoebas _ isini nebismieri epoqisa da sazogadoebis Tanamdevni

arian. eseni arian `koleqtiuri pirovnebebi~, romelTac cal-calke

aranairi Rirebuleba da Zalmosileba ara aqvT, magram erTad myof-

ni sasikvdilo safrTxes uqmnian Rirebulebebis msaxur adamianebs.

galaktionis dakrZalvaze erT-erTi am niRbis mier warmoTqmuli

(TavisTavad SesaZloa marTebuli!) sityvebi ki ar amkoben, aramed

Seuracxyofas ayeneben gardacvlil poets.

galaktionis xiTxiTi _ bevrgan gvxvdeba da gamoxatavs ironias,

TviTironiasa da, rac mTavaria _ sxvebTan SedarebiT, metis codna-

sa Tu mixvedras.

saxe-sityvebi _ mSvenieri qarTuli sityvaa `amxanagi~, magram ro-

desac ase ukiduresad arakeTilmosurneebs mimarTav, is ukve saxed

iqceva (`sityvis dasasruls me minda vuTxra Cems usindiso mtrebs

_ wynarad! Tqven araviTari ufleba ara gaqvT, diax, ara gaqvT, me

ase melaparakoT! me movrCi, amxanagebo~).

saxe-frazebi _ zogjer sruliad ubralo, Cveulebrivi fraza gan-

zogadebis maRal xarisxs aRwevs da saxed iqceva. galaktions mi-

licieli elaparakeba. gamomSvidobebisas poets mimarTavs: `gagaci-

lebT, batono galaktion~. galaktioni pasuxobs: `me Cemi gza maqvs~

da sruliad naTelia, rom amas mxolod miliciels ar eubneba. es

TanamedroveebisaTvis, metic _ istoriisTvis naTqvami sityvebia.

amave tipis frazaa: `Слава Богу, что ребята за вами следят~. es komunisturi cnobierebisa da drois zustad warmomCeni frazaa

da sityva-sityviT amas niSnavs: `dideba RmerTs, rom Cven RvTis sa-

winaaRmdego saqmes vakeTebT~. aq fraza antifrazad iqceva. es is

SemTxvevaa, rodesac sityvebi sakuTari mniSvnelobis sapirispirod

RaRadeben.

galaktionis karada _ galaktions karada gadaaqvs mweralTa kav-

SirSi. ris vai-vaglaxiT aaqvT maRla, xan sad gaiCxireba, xan sad.

`pirvelidan meore sarTulze asasvlel kibeebze didi areulobaa.

karada kibeze, sarTulebs Sorisaa gaCxerili. mwerlebi aRSfoTebu-

lebi arian, poetebic, kritikosebic. aris erTi gadaZrom-gadmoZro-

ma kibeebze, raRaceebis gadawodeb-gadmowodeba, ukmayofilo SeZaxi-

lebi: `visia es oxroba, ra unda aq!~ viRaca TefSebiT datvirTuli

zemodan gaafTrebiT yviris: `CaaTrieT, qvemoT CaaTrieT!~ Tavisi

farTo karadasaviT ver eteva galaktioni SemzRudvel sabWoTa siv-


259

rceSi da lamis yvelas xels uSlis viwro da erTferovan arsebo-

baSi _ `TefSebiT datvirTuli~ (anu materialur yofierebas, Tun-

dac mxolod sakvebze zrunvas miwebebuli) cnobiereba maRali poe-

ziis didi veraferi Tanamgzavri da megobaria.

leninis ordeni ludis kaTxaSi _ galaktioni `daxlze mdgar lu-

disnarCenebian did kaTxaSi agdebs leninis ordens~ da mere miki-

tans eubneba: `dRes yvelasi gadaxdilia~. leninis ordeni sabWoTa

kavSiris umaRlesi jildo iyo. mis mimarT damokidebuleba, faqtob-

rivad, reJimis mimarT damokidebulebas gamoxatavda. ludisnarCene-

bian kaTxaSi am ordenis Cagdeba sruliad araorazrovnad akninebda

mTavar `sabWoTa Rirebulebebs~. am RirebulebebiT ludisa da duq-

nis sxva atributebis safasuris gadaxda ki imdenad maRla ar

swevs ludis fass, ramdenadac ukiduresad amcirebs ordenisas. es

aris totalitaruli saxelmwifosTvis gadaxdili Taviseburi pi-

rovnuli samagiero warTmeuli Tu ukvalod gamqrali `sinamdvi-

lisTvis~, romelic _ SevixsenoT _ `ar yofila TiTqmis~.

cecxlmodebuli akvani da cecxlmodebuli kubo _ cecxli am ori-

ve SemTxvevaSi orgemage simboluri mniSvnelobisaa. erTi mxriv, is

daumorCilebel SemoqmedebiT stiqias gamoxatavs, meore mxriv ki _

bolSevizmis gamanadgurebel da damTrgunvel bunebas. Tu pirveli

saxe (akvani) winaswarmetyvelebaa, meore (kubo) aRsrulebaa. es

aris bedisweris alfa da omega, yvelaferi es siurealistur saxes

iZens: `tyavis qurTukiani oratori revoluciuri sityviT gamodis

da agresiuli mowodebebiT. Senoba dangreulia da gaqurduli. kibe-

ebiT galaktioni miadgeba kars, romelzedac aweria `saxalxo gvar-

dielis~ redaqcia. aqac areulobaa. iatakze dayrili ilias, akakis

da Jordanias suraTebi fexiTaa gaTelili (istoriam xandaxan aseTi

mkacri xumroba icis _ raRac usulo Zalmosilebam iliasa da

Jordanias erTi da igive xvedri arguna. ilia WavWavaZisTvis Jor-

danias Tanaziari Seuracxyofac ki Znelad asatani iqneboda _ g.m.).

galaktioni jibeebSi itenis Tavis nawerebs... qaosSi Cemodans miag-

nebs... gaxsnis da rac jibeebSi hqonda, yvelafers Sig Catenis. mere

cdilobs Senobidan gareT gamovides, magram qvemo sarTulidan, sa-

dac mitingi ukve damTavrebulia, zeviT saSineli cecxlis enebi

amodis. galaktioni daufiqreblad Cemodans xsnis da yvelafers,

rac masSi iyo, cecxlze moapirqvavebs. Savosani kacebi cdiloben

rogorme daaWedon kubos Tavi, romelsac cecxli edeba. uceb gasa-

gebi xdeba, rom cecxli TviTon kuboSi trialebs da adamianebi

cdiloben cecxli daasaflavon. saidanRac zemodan Tu cidan cec-

xlmokidebuli xelnawerebi mofrinavs da kuboSi cviva, romelic

Cemodnad gadaiqceva. galaktionis Cemodans mesaflaveebi Tokebs

gia muRulia

260

amoudeben da cdiloben saflavSi CauSvan...~

viRaca cdilobs erTi (gamanadgurebeli) cecxliT meore (Semoqme-

debiTi) cecxli daasaflavos. am gamaognebel suraTSi yvelaze ga-

sakviri is aris, rogor gadaiqceva kubo Cemodnad, romelSic ga-

laktionis MmTeli cecxlmokidebuli Semoqmedeba iklakneba _ mavan-

Tagan araadamianurad tanjuli.

saxe-leqsi _ 1956 wlis martia. `represirebuli qalaqis quCebSi

SeiaraRebuli samxedroebi patrulireben... universitetis saaqto

darbazi student-pedagogebiTaa gaWedili... tribunaze gamomsvleli

adanaSaulebs universitetis partiul organizacias, komkavSiris

komitets, reqtoratsa da pedagogiur sabWos, piradad reqtors,

rom yvelaferSi, rac axla axalgazrdobaSi xdeba, damnaSavea is

mankieri aRzrdis meTodi, romelic universitetSia danergili.~ ga-

momsvlels sityvas reqtori awyvetinebs, gana es axalgazrdebi imas

ar icaven da iTxoven, rasac Cven maT CavCiCinebdiT _ anu leninis

gverdiT stalini unda iyoso? `ese igi, xruSCovi ara?!~ _ Seepasu-

xeba gamomsvleli. am TavisTavad absurds sruli qaosi mosdevs _

`darbazSi ustvenen. gamayruebeli Rriancelia~. am dros `galaktio-

ni misTvis damaxasiaTebeli olimpiuri sidiadiT tribunisaken mie-

marTeba, scenaze adis... da araamqveyniuri SemarTebiT kiTxulobs

`mTawmindis mTvares~, cnobili pauziT kiTxvas amTavrebs da rogo-

ri RirsebiTac movida, iqaurobas tovebs~. leqsi aq ise amarcxebs

adamianur koSmars, rogorc wmida giorgi _ gveleSaps.

detalebi

rezo esaZisTvis saerTod damaxasiaTebelia detalis esTetizmi. Ri-

rebuli xelovnebis SegrZnebisTvis amas Zalian didi mniSvneloba

aqvs. wertili, romelsac aqvs ganzomileba _ ai, ra aris mxatvru-

li detali. is, rasac mTeli filmi mogviTxrobs, zogjer SesaZ-

loa, kargad mignebulma mcire formam gaamJRavnos da gamoxatos:

galaktioni dgas Tavis saflavTan da Tvals usworebs maradisobas

(`usasrulobisaken mzeramipyrobili galaktionis mowameobriv saxes

mTvaris Saravandedi adgas~) _ TiTqos gaqvavebuli wamia, romelic

galaktionis boboqari cxovrebis mTel bednierebasa da tragizms

erTdroulad gamoxatavs;

poeti ixsenebs olias daxvretis TariRs, romelic tramvais Zvel

bileTs aweria. mere realobaSi dabrunebul galaktions kontroli-

ori daadgeba Tavs zmanebaSi masTan mosaubre dedis nacvlad (deda

_ bunebrivi siyvaruli da sikeTe; kontroliori _ saxelmwifos


261

maxvili Tvali da simkacre). kontroliori bileTs xvrets. da ga-

laktionis fraza: `uh, daxvriteT?~ rogorc kontroliori bi-

leTs, ise eqceva totalitaruli saxelmwifo adamians.

ucnauri mignebaa xoWo sityvebze, romelsac poeti usmens. es mweri

aris kombinacia siSavisa da raRac `dabejiTebuli~ siarulis. ga-

laktioni `gadaSlis rusul-qarTul uzarmazar leqsikons... dadebs

magidaze. amasobaSi leqsikonis gverdze gamoRoRdeba patara xoWo

da micocavs furclebze. magiurma xoWom gaiara sityvebze: `черно-грив, черномазый,.. чернота~... galaktioni xoWos daiWers, frTxi-

lad Casvams asanTis kolofSi, yurTan miitans da ganabuli usmens.

isev iwyebs butbuts: `SavebiT mosili qalebi... siSave TvalTa... si-

Save Ramis... siSave yornis frTebis... Savi zRva... Savi fardebi... Savi

beri... Savi Rrubeli... Savi fifqebi...~ es marTlac magiaa _ Semoqme-

dis magia, rac sul ramdenimewamiani detaliT saxierdeba. galakti-

onis sulic ase `dabejiTebiTa~ da maZieblis SemoqmedebiTi instin-

qtiT Sepyrobili usmens imas, rac ver metyvelebs, magram Tavisi

arsebobiTac ki bevr rames ambobs damnaxveli kacisTvis.

sikvdilisken mimavali galaktioni sam kolof papirossa da or ko-

lof asanTs idebs jibeSi. dostoevskis erTi personaJi, romelic

sikvdiliT dasasjelad miyavT, fiqrobs, kidev ori Tu sami quCa

damrCa sicocxleo. sikvdil-sicocxlis mijnaze dro zogjer sxva

ganzomilebaSi gadadis _ xan, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi, sivrciT izo-

meba, xanac nebismieri sxva ramiT. magaliTad, _ sigaretis ubralo

namwviT. fanjridan gadaxtomis win galaktioni ukanasknel namwvs

bolomde mowevs. es aris ukanaskneli ram, rasac is wuTisofelSi

akeTebs. es ubralo namwvi, romelic mis xelSi nel-nela iferfle-

ba, Zalian hgavs (Tu ar gamoxatavs) ganqarvebad sinamdvilesac da

galaktionis masTan damokidebulebasac _ yvela namwvs bolos mois-

vrian xolme.

dasasruli

(ori absurdi da damlageblis winaswarmetyveleba)

absurdi #1 – viRac qals galaktionis nawerebiani saqaRalde mi-

aqvs (poets exmareba). ucbad SeuZlod xdeba. galaktioni sTava-

zobs, ager kibeze Camojeqio. qali uarobs _ iSiazi maqvso. maSin

galaktioni kibeze Tavis saqaRaldeebs dauwyobs. qali Camojdeba

`revoluciur saqarTvelosa~ da `pacifizmze~. mere, odnav sulmoT-

qmuli, poets eubneba: `Sen agaSena RmerTma, amdeni rom ar dagewe-

ra, ver davjdebodi...~ ra martivia xandaxan milioni dolariT er-

Ti asanTis yidva.

gia muRulia

262

absurdi #2 _ ucnaurad myofi arafroba (anu TiTqmis ararsebuli

sinamdvile) ironiul GJests agebebs galaktionis cxovrebis fi-

nals _ geniosi adamianis wuTisofeli damlageblis SegonebiTa da

winaswarmetyveluri fraziT mTavrdeba. Segonebidan (`Почему вы не ложитесь?!~) winaswarmetyvelebamde (`Там сыро после дождя, лучше здесь сядьте.~) sul ramdenime wami gadis. galaktionisTvis orive

sulerTia. mkiTxvelsa da mayurebels ki SesaZloa saSineli usamar-

Tlobis grZnoba daeuflos. am grZnobas is iwvevs, rom sazogadoe-

bas da adamianebs koleqtiuri cnobierebiT (orives erTad zogjer

SecdomiT `bedisweras~ uwodeben xolme) SeuZliaT istoriis drama

istoriul farsad aqcion.

da galaktions aRar enaRvleba, rom `Там сыро~. p.s. rezo esaZem, sxvasTan erTad, erT mTavar safiqralzec migva-

niSna:

Tavis poeziaSi galaktioni xSirad axsenebs da natrobs frTebs.

scenarSic poeti arc Tu iSviaTad cas ahmzers. adamianebi erTdro-

ulad aRmerTeben da amcireben xolme cis macqeral da SemgrZnob

kacebs. es aris geniosTa bednierebac da ubedurebac.

cira kilanava

enobrivi eqsperimentebi

qarTul maskulturaSi

(sityvaTTamaSis Sesaxeb reklamaSi)

reklamas, rogorc maskulturis erT-

erT umniSvnelovanes elements, Tanamedrove

msoflios cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgi-

li uWiravs. reklama aris yvelgan da pos-

tmodernizmis cnobili Tezisis kvalobaze

Tu vityviT, reklamaa yvelaferi (piriqiTac:

yvelaferi reklamaa).

tradiciuli definiciiT, reklama aris

`mosaxleobisaTvis cnobebis miwodeba pire-

bis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesaxeb maT-

Tvis popularobis mosapoveblad da Sesaba-

misad, myidvelobiTi moTxovnisa da maRali

reitingis Sesaqmnelad.~1

reklamaSi (sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, `Se-

fuTvis xelovnebaSi~) gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-

lovania gamomsaxvelobiTi mxaris efeqturo-

ba. aq ki, vizualuri kodis primatulobis

gverdiT, rogorc wesi, sityvieri masalis

lakoniurobac igulisxmeba.

garda am maxasiaTeblebisa, aris kidev

erTi saintereso momenti: sityvaTTamaSi

reklamaSi. am dros mTeli yuradReba gada-

tanilia swored verbaluri kodis polise-

mantikurobaze da faqtobrivad, minimumamdea

dayvanili vizualuri kodis informaciulo-

bis xarisxi.

1 ucxo sityvaTa leqsikoni (red. s. TezeliSvi-

li), Tb., 2005; gv. 690.

ilias saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis humanitarul mec-

nierebaTa da kulturis

kvlevebis fakultetis

doqtoranti

interesTa sfero: lite-

raturaTmcodneoba, kri-

tika, semiotika.

cira kilanava

264

sityvaTTamaSis erTerTi yvelaze popularuli saxea omonimiis

principze damyarebuli kalamburi (igive zma). kalamburi erTgvari

Tavsatexia da Sesabamisad, misi dekodirebac recipientisTvis esTe-

tikur siamovnebas (amocnobis sixaruls) ukavSirdeba (Semecnebis

procesSi gaocebisa da sixarulis mniSvnelobas jer kidev aristo-

tele aRniSnavs; xolo sakuTriv kalamburze, rogorc maxvilgon-

vrulobis saocar nimuSze, pirvel Teoriul naazrevs vxvdebiT Sua

saukuneebis erTerTi didi moazrovnis – emanuele tezauros (1591-

1675) umniSvnelovanes naSromSi `aristoteles Wogriti~, romelic

barokos esTetikis saxelmZRvanelo traqtatia).

qarTulenovan reklamebSi, rogorc wesi, martivi saxis sit-

yaTTamaSebs vxvdebiT (sainteresoa, rom am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sak-

vebi produqtebis reklamebi gamoirCeva): `ganxorcielebuli~ [ocne-

ba] – xorcproduqtebis mwarmoebeli firmis e.w. slogani; Caifiqre; ganiqarve (qarTuli ludis reklama)...

gvxvdeba sruliad gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebic: polisemanti-

kur sityvaTa Sedgena ara erTi enis farglebSi, aramed ramdenime

enis leqsemaTa SeerTebiT, romlis drosac sityvis mniSvneloba

orgvarad gadmoicema ise, rom SenarCunebulia aRsaniSnis erTader-

Toba.

Mwarmodgenil werilSi swored am tipis enobriv eqsperimen-

tebs SevexebiT da ganvixilavT reklamis/sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

sxvadasxva sferodan aRebul ramdenime magaliTs:

1. ramdenime wlis win rusTavelis kino-TeatrSi gavida ucxo-

uri mxatvruli filmi, romlis saxelwodebac afiSaze aseTi saxiT

warudgines mayurebels: `siaxlove~. filmis saTauris amgvari for-

mulirebiT ukve gamokveTili iyo misi sasiyvarulo xasiaTi.

sainteresoa, rom mayurebelTa absoluturi umravlesoba mo-

cemul sityvas (Tavisi ucxoenovani fragmentis CaTvliT) kiTxu-

lobda qarTuli enis principiT: pirdapir, e.w. `bukvalurad~ (anu –

love da ara – lav, inglisuri transkrifciiT).

2. oriode wlis win qarTuli telearxebiT aCvenebdnen sayo-

facxovrebo teqnikis mwarmoebeli firmis reklamas. sareklamo kam-

pania or etapad warimarTa (da es warmatebuli strategiuli nabi-

ji aRmoCnda): Tavdapirvelad ekranze laTinuri asoebiT iwereboda

sityva IDROWE (gamoricxuli iyo vizualuri kodi, mTeli dat-

virTva teqstze `modioda~), romelsac qarTulenovani mayurebeli,

bunebrivia, kiTxulobda qarTulad (idrove – ar iCqaros mniSvne-

lobiT); meore etapze (garkveuli droiTi intervalis Semdeg) ek-

enobrivi eqsperimentebi qarTul maskulturaSi

265

ranze gamoCnda igive sityva, oRond Sebrunebuli wyobiT AWORD

(ingl., dajildoeba). es iyo firmis saxeli.1

3. fiWuri kavSirgabmulobis kompania `jeoselma~ ramdenime

wlis win Tavis abonentebs SesTavaza momsaxurebis axali servisi,

romlis sareklamo teqstSic ormagi kalamburi iyo warmodgenili:

àm 2 baraTiT~ Tqven SegiZliaT... àm 2~ (SeerTebulad – amori)

raodenobrivi mocemulobis garda, aRniSnavs grZnobas (amor - siyva-ruli).Ees ki, servisis xasiaTidan gamomdinare (SeTavazeba exeboda

Seyvarebul wyvilebs), mTavari momenti iyo (aRsaniSnavia, rom `je-

oseli~ gansakuTrebiT xSirad mimarTavs sityvaTTamaSs. ukanasknel

xanebSi ki kompaniam am meTodiT sareklamo rgolebis mTeli cikli

Seqmna – `zumi/ zumerangi; ganzumilebis~ saxiT).

4. telearx ìmedze~ sul cota xnis win gadioda mravalmxriv

saintereso proeqti, saxelwodebiT `Cveni saqarTvelo~. saTauri am

saxiT iyo warmodgenili – `saqartvelo~ (da igi, Sesabamisad, gamo-

xatavda proeqtis mTavar mimarTulebasac - art : xelovneba).2

msgavs struqturul modelzea agebuli sareklamo sferos ga-

reT dadasturebuli kidev ori leqsikuri erTeuli, romlebic Cve-

ni (da ara mxolod Cveni) sazogadoebisTvis metad mniSvnelovan da

aqtualur problemebs exmianeba. maTgan pirveli narkomaniis winaaR-

mdeg mimarTuli kampaniis nawilia, meore ki – saqarTvelos saSinao

saqmeebSi ruseTis Carevis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli saprotesto aqcie-

bisa.

ufro konkretulad:

5. TbilisSi, mixeil javaxiSvilis quCis kedelze, aseTi war-

weraa: `narkoffmania~. es leqsikuri erTeuli zemoaRniSnuli

`saqartvelos~ modelzea agebuli, magram, misgan gansxvavebiT, ar

warmoadgens sakuTriv qarTul termins. mocemuli sityvis SuaSi

inglisuri off-is CasmiT (off _ gamorTva) ikveTeba gzavnilis adre-

santis pozicia _ uari eTqvas narkomanias.

1 aRsaniSnavia, rom msgavsi leqsikuri eqsperimentebi qarTveli sazoga-

doebisaTvis ucxo ar yofila (sakmarisia, Tundac galaktionis àirevi, ive-

riisa~ da ài, ra mzis sizmarias~ gaxseneba), magram aq sxva ramaa mniSvne-

lovani: mocemul SemTxvevaSi, sarkiseburi efeqti miiRweva ara erTi enis

farglebSi Catarebuli eqsperimentiT, aramed – ori enis (sul mcire, anba-

nur) doneze. 2 erTerTi qarTuli arxis saxelwodeba saqarTvelo `logos~ inglisure-

novan variantSi aseTi saxiTaa warmodgenili: saqarTVelo.

cira kilanava

266

aRsaniSnavia, rom movlenis mimarT Tavisi uaryofiTi damokide-

buleba eqsperimentatorma gamoxata, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, minimalu-

ri danaxarjiT (mas ar dasWirvebia sxva, damatebiTi sityva saimi-

sod, rom azri dasrulebuli saxiT gamoeTqva da mTeli sisruliT

gamoiyena Tavis xelT arsebuli verbaluri Tu grafikuli resur-

si). man Seadgina ori enis leqsikur erTeulTa gonebamaxviluri

kombinacia, aago ra teqsti principze – ebrZole mters misive ia-

raRiT. amgvarad, eqsperimentis efeqti miRweulia sityvis TviTlik-

vidaciis, sakuTari Tavis bolomde uaryofis saintereso potencia-

lis gamovlinebiT.

6. ramdenime wlis win, roca gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri iyo

afxazeTSi, saqarTvelos okupirebul nawilSi, `rus mSvidobismyo-

felTa~ (e.w. `cisferCafxutianTa~) yofnis problema, TbilisSi,

ruseTis federaciis saelCos win, gamarTul saprotesto aqciebze

okupantTa statusi _ миротворцы – `plakatebze~ amgvari saxiT iyo

warmodgenili _ мирот war цы. vfiqrob, damowmebul magaliTTagan es ukanaskneli gansakuTre-

bulad saintereso SemTxvevaa Tundac im TvalsazrisiT, rom eqspe-

rimenti politikur sakiTxs exeba da rac mTavaria, am problemi-

sadmi qarTveli sazogadoebis damokidebulebas gamoxatavs.1 amgvari

formulirebiT sityvis mniSvneloba radikalurad icvleba da mSvi-

dobismyofeloba omismyofelobad (ingl. war – omi) iqceva. garda

amisa, mocemul SemTxvevaSi, leqsema warmoadgens rusul-inglisur

sityvaTa nazavs, romlis azrobrivi centric formobriv centrs em-

Txveva: rusuli sityvis mniSvnelobaSi disonansi Seaqvs mTavari ko-

dis funqciiT warmodgenil inglisur sityvas, romelic absolutu-

rad upirispirdeba mas.

ra daskvnis gamotanis saSualebas iZleva dasaxelebul maga-

liTTa analizi?

upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom arc erTi maTgani

(garda `jeoselis~ servisisa), faqtobrivad, ar aris konkretuli

nivTis, gasayidi sagnis tradiciuli reklama (da es araa mocemul

sferoSi umniSvnelo garemoeba).MSesabamisad, moxsnilia reklamis

intenciurobis utilitaruloba. metic; SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bolo

ori magaliTi arsebiTad antireklamaa (amis kvalobaze, misi inten-

1 rolan bartis mixedviT, reklamaSic swored teqstia is instancia, romlis

donezec sazogadoebis ideologia da morali gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT ga-

moxatavs Tavis Tavs (H. <fhn., Yektdfz Cntgtym Gbcmvf, Gth. c ah., Rjk-

ktrnbd gthtdjlxbrjd, Cjcnfdktybt, yfexyjt htlfrnbhjdfybt, ghtlbckj-

dbt b rjvvtynfhbb U. R. Rjcbrjdf, V., 2008, cnh. 261).

enobrivi eqsperimentebi qarTul maskulturaSi

267

ciurobac sxva ganzomilebisken mimarTavs recipientis yuradRebas).

garda amisa, aRniSnuli leqsikuri erTeulebi (narkomania da

миротворцы) TavisTavad rTuli enobrivi eqsperimentebia, radgan

mkveTrad gamoxataven adresantis poziciasac. amasTan, maTTan ore-

novnebiT uariyofa is, rac erTi, sawyisi enis (pirvel SemTxvevaSi,

qarTulis, meore SemTxvevaSi ki – rusulis) donezea gadmocemuli;

Sesabamisad, metadaa gamokveTili azris gamoTqma/gaformebis araor-

dinaruloba, romelsac ukve TavisTavadi Rirebuleba eniWeba da aR-

mqmelze esTetikur STabeWdilebas axdens Tavisi TamaSobrivi xasia-

TiT.

rogorc aRvniSne, es ar gaxlavT martivi, erTi enis fargleb-

Si ganxorcielebuli eqsperimenti. aq TamaSi mozaikurobaSi gadadis

da minimum or enobriv sivrceSi xorcieldeba. amasTan, vlindeba in-

glisuris, rogorc dominanti ucxo enis, rolis primatuloba. es

ki im fonze, roca rusuli (amave enis doneze, qarTuli enobrivi

sivrcisgan damoukideblad) mxolod pasiur enobriv fonad gvevli-

neba, masSi CarTuli aqtiuri inglisuri enis sityva ki, faqtobri-

vad, anulebs (minimumamde daiyvans) misiT gamoxatul denotats. Se-

sabamisad, orenovnebis TvalsazrisiT, aSkaraa inglisuri enis pir-

veloba.1

ra statusi SeiZleba mieniWos amgvar leqsikur eqsperimen-

tebs? rasTan gvaqvs saqme aseT SemTxvevebSi?

faqtia, rom warmodgenil magaliTebSi erTmaneTs kveTs ori

enis leqsikuri erTeuli. Sesabamisad, amgvar teqstur (sruliad

garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, interteqstur) modelTa SeqmnaSi sxva-

dasxva enobrivi monacemebis CarTviT gaziarebulia kulturuli ga-

mocdileba. amasTan, gansxvavebul verbalur elementTa Tanaarseboba

mxolod mozaikurobis principze ver daiyvaneba, radgan misi, ro-

gorc Setyobinebis, amokiTxva gulisxmobs sityvis aRqmas orive mo-

cemulobis gaazrebiT. garda amisa, umniSvnelo ar aris is faqtic,

rom warmodgenil eqsperimentebSi ar gvxvdeba sityvaze Zaldatane-

1 sakuTriv rusul sareklamo sivrceSic msgavsi enobrivi eqsperimentebisas inglisuri leqsikuri erTeulebia gamoyenebuli (bunebrivia, es gamomdinare-

obs inglisuris, rogorc saerTaSoriso enis, gavlenis masStaburobidan) /in-

formacia, Sesabamisi analiziTurT, warmodgenilia Semdeg vebgverdebze:

http://www.sinobr.ru/artcls/a13_15.html; http://www.stilistika.by.ru/34.shtm. /. amasTan, aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom ruseTis, dasavleTi evropisa da

aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT (sadac maskulturisa da sakuTriv sareklamo sferos

Sesaxeb, garda calkeuli sagangebo kvlevebisa, arsebobs specialuri perio-

duli gamocemebic rogorc beWduri, ise – internetversiis saxiT), saqarTve-

loSi am sferos Seswavla, faqtobrivad, bolo ramdenime welia, daiwyo.

cira kilanava

268

bis SemTxvevebi (Sesabamisad, ar viRebT hibrids) da sxvadasxva enis

monacemTa maxvilgonivruli kombinaciiT, rac mTavaria, leqsikur

erTeulTa daumaxinjeblad, viRebT e.w. miqsis tipis verbalur

kods, romelic recipients saxaliso TamaSSi iTrevs.

miqsis tipis amgvar eqsperimentTa gansakuTrebuloba swored

isaa, rom sxvadasxva enis (Sesabamisad, kulturis) elementTa saSu-

alebiT erTi aRsaniSni orgvarad gamoixateba ise, rom SenarCunebu-

lia cnebis erTaderToba. esaa interteqsturi modelebis gansakuT-

rebuli kombinaciiT Seqmnili axali, multienobrivi erTeuli, ro-

melic minimum or enaze ikiTxeba. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqme gvaqvs

ara mxolod multienobriv, aramed, amasTan, interenobriv (da Sesa-

bamisad, interkulturul) movlenasTan. es ki imas niSnavs, rom

qarTul sinamdvileSi maskulturis donezec iqmneba `lingvisturi

sazRvrebis~ moSlisa da globalizaciis saerTo tendenciis amsax-

veli enobrivi suraTi.

dabolos, rogorc Cans, maskulturis am yvelaze Wrel sfe-

roSi msgavs enobriv eqsperimentTa mizani, upirveles yovlisa, re-

cipientis gaoceba/gamowveva da daqvemdebarebuli funqciis Sesru-

lebis nacvlad, TavisTavadi Rirebulebis Seqmnaa. es ki scildeba

reklamis utilitarulobis farglebs, rac formulis saxiT aqvs

Camoyalibebuli umberto ekos: `reklamisaTvis ZalaSi rCeba baro-

kouli poetikis norma, romlis mixedviTac, `poetis mizani – esaa

saocrebis Seqmna~.1

1 Эко У., Отсутствующая структура /Введение в семиологию/ (Перевод с итальянского В. Резник и А. Погоняило), Санкт- Петербург, Symposium, 2006, стр. 226.

nana trapaiZe

zRvarTan yofnis poetika

(givi alxaziSvilis poezia)

,,...Sen eZeb sityvas pirvandel niSniT

da ara lamaz ornamentiviT.“

givi alxaziSvili poeziaze saubari dRes ufro kiTxviTi

azrebisken gibiZgebs, vidre TxrobiTisken: bev-ri iwereba, cota iqmneba. amitom iZulebulni vxdebiT, ukan davbrundeT da axleburad davaT-valieroT is ,,adgilebi“, saidanac saerTod iw-yeboda da iwyeba poezia.

dro da sivrce bevr rames inaxavs. orive

sakmaod gulgrilia da zarmaci (gnebavT tole-

rantuli) saimisod, rom sagnebi da movlenebi erTmaneTis gverdigverd gamorCeviT daala-

gos... mexsiereba, romelsac yvelaze kargi ge-movneba aqvs (Tu gemovneba, romelsac aseve sau-keTeso mexsiereba gaaCnia), wmends ganurCevlo-

bis mtvers, romelic drosa da sivrceSi gaS-lil sinamdviles nelnela edeba xolme.

... vin aris poeti? poeti is aris, visac SeuZlia drois dine-

bis sawinaaRmdegod sagnebis warmavali yofie-reba maradiulSi daafuZnos, visac SeuZlia Seqmnas mexsierebaSi gamkvrivebuli sagnebisa da warmodgenebis namdviloba da maTi ganamdvi-leba sxvaTa cnobierebaSi.

srulyofileba aTavisuflebs sagnebsa da

movlenebs ontologiuri safrTxeebisagan – daviwyebaSi, sasrulobaSi samudamo dakargvis


doqtori. baTumis SoTa ru-

sTavelis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis ufrosi maswav-

lebeli.

ZiriTadi Sromebi: ,,droisa

da sivrcis xedva-gancda

n.baraTaSvilis Semoqmedeba-

Si~, ,,baZvis filosofiuri

koncepti da misi rusTvelu-

ri interpretacia~, ,,n.bara-

TaSvilis filosofiuri na-

rativi~, `Wkvianisa~ da `zem-

xedveli cnobierebis~ bina-

ruli opozicia”, ,,g. tabi-

Ze klasikur da modernis-

tul paradigmaTa konteq-

stSi”.


turis Teoria, kritika, si-

cocxlis filosofia.

nana trapaiZe

270

ubedurebisagan. erTaderTi adamianuri codvac arasrulyofilebaa, romlis ,,monanieba“ xSirad sabediswerod gvaviwydeba.

poezia aTavisuflebs arasrulyofilebis codvebisagan. raoden

unda icvalos man forma da Sinaarsi, es is tkivilia, saidanac yovel-

Tvis yvelaferi iwyeboda da iwyeba. arasrulyofilebis samSoblo droiTobaa, warmavloba da raRa

saidumloa, rom didia misi Zalaufleba. am gagebiT poeti (Tu poezia) usamSobloa, romelsac ar eSinia araviTari Zalauflebis, romelsac dro xan esTetikuri da eTikuri taqtiTa da sinaziT, xan jalaTis pe-dantizmiTa da sisastikiT axorcielebs....

SiSveli aRmafrena kargad iyideba, magaram dros is uZlebs, rac

grdemlze iWedeba da skulpturuli sicxadiT dgeba Cvens winaSe. Sro-ma istoriaa da codna. uistorio leqsi fuyea da matyuara, – Sua gzaze gtovebs imedgacruebuls. skulptorisTvis ki sunsac forma aqvs da dards sxeuli, mTaTa dumilSi maTi simaRlis sibrZne metyvelebs, siT-bo da mwuxareba ki mklavze iebad amodian...

givi alxaziSvilis poeziis gancda-gagebis mTavari kari xedviTi

aRqmaa, Semdeg erTvebian sxva sensorebic – smena, romelic asonansebis musikiT ixsneba, Sexeba, rogorc sityvis simkvrive, da ynosva, rogorc ,,sxva“ sunTqva.

Sen zurgs Seaqcev mSiSara fiqrebs,

moCvenebiTad sibilur gumans

da mTebs gaxedav, isev rom sduman,

radgan simaRliT yvelaferi Tqves.

.....

is darCa Zmebze motirali,

mduRare cremliT orTav Tvalis amomkalavi,

dgas misi landi CemSi, rogorc dardis karavi.

es ar aris foto-asli,

originalSi mec iq viyav, magram ar vCanvar,

radgan isini CarCnen CemSi

da suraTi aris CemSi da me CarCo var.

dilas aRviZebs puris suni,

arsobis suni..

SuaRamisas WriWinebis mSvidi simRera


271

adgils ar tovebs sxva xmebisTvis...

... da es yanebi mkaTaTveSi gadaTibuli

Cvens mosalodnel uZraobas –

gamzeurebul logins uSlian.

,,puris suni“

uRimi meddas, Calurjebul venas uCveneb, rogorc mklavze amosul ias

da gixaria, dRes rom tkivils gagiyuCeben.

,,Cabrunebuli mzera“ magram SegrZnebaTa myisier sinqronulobas sadRac Cumi ironia

bzaravs, rogorc sibrZnis daRi, romelic SegrZnebaTa Soris mkrTalad miipareba da qmnis pauzaTa naprals, rogorc mijnas dumilsa da Tqmas Soris, mokvdavobasa da ukvdavebas Soris, yofnasa da aryofnas Soris,

natrobda Tavi xelaxla eSva,

magram sxva bgera ar hqonda eJvans.

miacilebda misi wkriali,

iqiTken, sadac mudam wre ari.

kari ver gaxsna didi oqtavis,

ukvdavebaze dardobs mokvdavi.

,,eJvani“

rac Tavi maxsovs, me napiri viyavi mudam –

aramxolod zRvis, aramed sityvis

da sityvebs Soris arsebul droSi,

romelic mudam uTqmelobis tanjviT savsea,

vimalebodi da ar vCandi aRaravisTvis.

,,arsebobs viRac, vinc fxizlobs mudam“

es leqsic, albaT, kibes waagavs,

rom adi-Cadis im or kars Soris,

romelic mudam daxSulia, radgan Riaa.

,,...Cven xom yvela daketil kars vebRauWebiT“

zogjer pauza

Cvenc gvauCinarebs da vigulisxmebiT

nana trapaiZe

272

im bzarSi, romelic Jamma amoqola,

,,puris suni“

zRvarze dgoma niSnavs, ipovo wonasworobis centri, romelic Tavis TavSi kravs, gadakveTs istoriasa da Tanamedroveobas, rogorc process. es pozicia imdenad SeiZleba iyos avtoris arCevani, ramdena-dac poeturi saTqmeli iTxovs amas.

givi alxaziSvilis poezia swored amgvari wonasworobis gamom-xatvelia. e. w. konvenciuri leqsi Tematur-Sinaarsobrivi plastis formaluri gadwyvetaa, rogorc interteqsturi dialogebis bunebri-vi elementi da ara gacveTili poeturi inercia. Sesabamisad, igi Tavis adgils swored iq uTmobs leqswyobis siaxleebs, sadac mxatvruli mze-ra sagnebisa da movlenebis mimarT aRar ixsneba retrospeqtulad da momarTulia perspeqtividan; magaliTad, subieqt-obieqtis inversia, rogorc postmodernuli xedviTi alternativa, givi alxaziSvilis po-eziaSi mzeris veqtoris cvlasTan erTad bunebrivad ibadeba:

... yoveli dRe ise mfurclavs,

rogorc adre wakiTxul wigns

da ver mixsenebs.

,,...am oTaxebSi erTmaneTis sunTqvac ki gvesmis“

saSiSi mzera gimaxsovrebs

da man, vinc SenSi iqeqeba,

horizontic yulfad giqcia

,,...amoikiTxav xelnawers SenSi“

amasTan, konvenciuri saleqso tradicia ar Tmobs Tavis SesaZleb-

lobebs: teqstTa Soris dialogis parodiul-ironiuli modusis gam-formeblad swored igi warmodgeba.

aq tradiciuli versifikacia, rogorc interteqstis maorganize-beli, Tavad iZens axal konteqsts. amasTan, reminiscenciebi, aluziebi Tavis mxriv gadatvirTaven teqstTa Soris ,,Seferxebul,“ gauCinare-bul Tu gamotovebul dialogebs da maT axlebur reprezentacias gvTa-vazoben.

es aris versifikaciis is semantikuri Sre, romelic namdvil poe-ziaSi Sinagani kanonzomierebiT iCens xolme Tavs da axdens tradiciisa da modernis urTierTgadaformebas.

qr.. qr..eba. Suqi qreba..


273

qr..qr..eba qromatulad,

magram albaT ufro martivad...

gadanacvleba akrobatuli _

qari rom daqris, sadac unda da roca unda

daqris, qr. qr. qr. qr..olvis imitacia,

ganqarveba da qaris devnis gaxseneba.

udabnos qarva horizontTan dneba yovelTvis...

qr. qari, qori da qoro nu fren..

da vaJTa qoro, da qaravani qoronikonis.

,,saniSnebeli

saavadmyofo furceli”

parodiul-ironiuli narativis aRniSnuli formaluri waxnagi

givi alxaziSvilis poeziaSi saintereso semantikur datvirTvasac ata-rebs: igi erTsa da imave dros gamoxatavs bmasa da wyvetas tradicias-Tan, religiasTan, eqsistenciasTan, yvelaferTan, rac sul cota xnis win genealogiur mocemulobad warmogvidgeboda. reminiscenciebi, bgerweris poeturi strategiebi, evfoniebi da asonansebi gvTavazoben, es wyvetebi ganvicadoT rogorc maradiuli mTelis nawili. aqedan – mistifikaciac, romelic rogorc ganwyobis SigniTa mxare kidec gansaz-Rvravs da kidec ganasrulebs mxatvrul kompozicias.

es moriale realobaa

da atmosfero farisevlur_amoraluri,

igive xalxi sadukevel_amoreveli

da godebidan amozrdili iudeveli,

Cven _ Zveli fiqriT, satkivariT, SecodebebiT,

da SuriT, Suris Sari_SuriT miuteveliT...

konturi

meore mxriv, ironia axali drois xmaa, romelic tradiciul gan-martebebsa da saxelebs Taviseburad gadanaTlavs, an srulebiT auq-mebs... ,,qacvias dRiurebis“ avtori arc am xmas gamotovebs da igi Tavis bunebriv adgilas Semoaqvs – ironiisa da parodiis qveteqstSi...

Semoqmedebis Tematuri plani poetis mxatvruli interesebis sfe-

ros asaxavs. amitom igi yovelTvis sainteresoa. givi alxaziSvili am

TvalsazrisiT qarTuli saazrovno tradiciebis gamgrZelebelia.

absurduli yofa, gaufasurebuli Rirebulebebi adamianur sevdasa

da mware ironias warmoSobs. ,,iyideba saqarTvelos“ motivi givi alxa-

nana trapaiZe

274

ziSvilis SemoqmedebaSi erovnuli da moqalaqeobrivi cnobierebis kri-

zisis Tematikas agrZelebs.

vyidi samSoblos, Tu ki isev arsebobs,

saWiro informaciisTvis:

“dareke, daubare!”

vyidi daubadebel Svils,

vyidi mxolod ucxoelze...

“dareke, daubare!”

,,morbenali striqoni“

da es meramdene dRea,

ver ixseneb

erTi da igive dRe rom meordeba

da Senc rom arsebob viRacis asliviT,

romelic dedanTan yovelTvis sworia,

dedanTan sworia,

rogorc es masivi _

nacrisfer yofiTac ar arRvevs standartebs,

Sen arsad, is arsad, grZeldeba zozini _

andante... andate...

,,Tvali gzad gagirbis“

poezia adamianis sulieri samyaros gaxsnis garSemo trialebs. tkivilis, martoobis, miusafrobis, SiSis, sixarulis, mSvenierebis asaxva aq iSviaTi poeturi STambeWdavobiT gamoirCeva:

da isev tivtiveb, da radgan tivtiveb,

ver xvdebi sarkmeli rad geqca miwurad,

Sen Ruza CauSvi sakuTar tkivilSi,

da axla CaSvebul RuzasTan micurav dilis koncerti

Zveli albomi

momenatrebi, maSinac ki, roca aqve xar

da meSinia rom gafrinde sadme CitiviT,

momenatreba Seni xelis mCate Sexeba

da SiSis SiSi da es fiqri SiSis CiTili

TvalebSi aCens uferul foTlebs...

da qvasac Seni guli ucems ...

,,puris suni“


275

hyvaoda mdelo da gwvdeboda welamdi...

Sen dros izogavdi, TiTqosda welavdi...

erTmaneTs veZebdiT, vavsebdiT, vTibavdiT,

vawvendiT, vkonavdiT, vkocnidiT, vcelavdiT.

xsovnac ki maRelvebs; maSinac vRelavdi,

Sen Tvals akvesebdi da CemSi elavdi,

rad aRar Semogvwvda balaxi welamdi,

Cven, mosacelebi, erTmaneTs vcelavdiT.

sityvebi dumilis da mzis saaTebis:

mgoni raRac dagrCa kidev gasaTibi.

TuSuri pastorali

tradiciis nayofier Zalas poeti srulad acnobierebs: folklo-

ruli motivebi Tu aluziebi mxatvruli azrovnebis erTgvar waxnage-bad warmodgebian:

aRar masvenebs miviwyebul Sairis suli:

cxra qalamani gavcviTe, cxra gza, cxra xerxi vcadeo,

“vdie da ver davewie, davje da davucadeo”.

es dRe sad gaqra?!

Cven maT vsunTqavT

haerTan erTad da drosTan erTad,

vinc miabares casa da urnas,

kvamli iqa da ferfli aqa.

daviwyebulTa rekviemi

samyaros amoucnobi idumaleba gulubryvilobas kvlavac unarCu-

nebs adamians, romelmac gakvirvebis unari TiTqos dakarga. amitom upa-suxo kiTxvebi swored bavSvis xmiT gaismis:

me rom gavizardebi, Sen xom Caizardebi?

sad midis kaci, roca veRar brundeba?

sad imaleba qari, roca aRar qris?

sad imaleba cecxli, roca aRar anTia?

sad midis musika, roca aRar ukraven?

,,bavSvis SekiTxvebi“

nana trapaiZe

276

Tixaa adamiani: xan savse, xan carieli. savse Tixa ,,mReris“ da si-cariele xmis dakargvis tragediaa. Tixa savsea RviniT– cisa da miwis ziarebiT...

..mkvdreTiT aRmdgarTa vsvamT sagalobels..

axla rom ismis fragmentebad da vsvamT kidevac

da vgrZnob saRamos lurjferovan gaxaverdebas

da qveyanaze mTvaris dardis gadmokidebas.

..momenatreba, moferebisas

xelisgulis qveS rom iburcebi..

gadamafare Seni mzeris Tbili qsovili...

moizileba Cvenganac Tixa,

Tixisgan _ doqi,

mravlisgan _ erTi,

xolo im erTSi mravalTa Zili.

...mxolod Seni gamoRviZeba...

da guliscemas ayolili sicocxlis Cqami

da pauzebis amoqolva cvalebad tembriT

doqi xmas icvlis...

gaxsovdes Tixa

gaxsovdes Tixa!

miwa miwaa –

bolos miwa saflavs ekuTvnis

da es tipebi Tixis fexebze rom Semdgaran

da arxeinad miabijeben,

arc axsendebaT rom TvalebiT

TavianT cas daatareben...

... da es yanebi mkaTaTveSi gadaTibuli

Cvens mosalodnel uZraobas –

gamzeurebul logins uSlian.

,,...sakmarisia xelis gawvdena“

amaoebaze fiqri, sulisa da xorcis erTarsoba da Widili bib-

liur paradigmebs efuZneba. qarTuli poezia am paradigmebze Camoyalib-


277

da. d. guramiSvili maT simbolur-metaforul da parodiul-ironiul qsovilSi Slida. mistifikaciis amgvari tradicia mTeli Tavisi cxo-velmyofelobiT grZeldeba da mxatvrul ukufenebsa da saazrovno ten-denciebis Sinagan uwyvetobasac impliciturad miuTiTebs:

mipoveT vinme, vinc SeaRviZebs Svidsimian qnars,

rom misi sunTqva moswvdes ialqans da Semacuros zRvaSi naviviT..

me daviviwyeb ocdameerTes

da udroobis zRvarTan Cavivli.

ver davTme yofa da gamoyofa, Tavis mRvimiT da mkerdis aivniT.

,,mipoveT vinme“

da isev simRera Zveleburi _

hari-harale da arxalali,

balaxiviTaa es dReebi,

qari dahberavs da... aRar ari.

,,fsalmunis motivebi“

dabolos, g. alxaziSvilis poeziaze saubari srulyofilebis sa-kiTxiT daviwyeT. mxedvelobidan ar gamomrCenia saubris ase dawyebis riski,– gamoiTqva bundovnad da moralisturad. magram Tu es cnobieri startia, maSin igi mxolod maTgan daSorebis, gandgoma-gamoqcevis niS-nulia.

srulyofileba dasrulebulobaa. da is imdenadvea SemoqmedebiTi

Jini, ramdenadac ostatoba, imdenadvea aRmafrena, gnebavT platonis zeSTagoneba, ramdenadac moqandakis faqizi Sroma da zedmiwevniTi cod-na, grZnoba masalis, ris gareSec Sroma fuWia.

aRmafrena, Sroma da codna erTad maRali xelovnebis (sakmaod de-

ficituri) kulturaa. givi alxaziSvilis Semoqmedeba iSviaTi sinati-fiTa da siRrmiT flobs am kulturis umaRles niSnulebs da qarTu-li poeturi kulturis realur Sinaarssac Segvaxsenebs, rac, samwuxa-rod, dRes im alternativad rCeba, romlis saWiroebisTvisac narci-sul-epataJur kmayofilebaSi lamis adgili aRaraa...

paata Samugia

mtris xatis semiotika anu adamiani, rogorc

simbolomorCili programa

arc ise didi xnis win movidnen Tavqa-

riani postmodernistebi da cxvirabzuebul

inteleqtualebs Tavze gadaafSvnes binaru-

li opoziciebi. xalxs, romelsac swamda,

rom WeSmaritebis umaRles mwvervalebs zed-

miwevniT laSqravda, fexqveS miwa gamoecala

da karga xans ebrZoda am, erTi SexedviT,

avantiuristul ideas. ara da, ki iyo, ise,

avantiuristuli...

da miuxedavad imisa, rom aRiarebuli

samecniero Sexedulebis Tanaxmad ar arse-

bobs kargi da cudi, boroti da keTili,

(mokled rom vTqvaT, tradiciuli binaruli

opoziciebi), aramed _ konkretuli garemoe-

ba, konkretuli wami da konkretuli adamia-

ni (homo konkretusi), miuxedavad amisa, ar-

sebobs omebi, diskriminacia... nebismier oms

ki Tan axlavs gamocdili metafora: mteri.

da vin aris es mteri?

nicSes Tanaxmad, mteri aris RmerTi.

magram vinaidan, (nicSesve Tanaxmad) is mok-

vda, ganeitralebulia da mteric aRar eT-

qmis. egec rom ar iyos, berZnulma miTosma

asobiT RmerTi daunaneblad miabara miwas da

Cven erTi RmerTi (Tundac, vinmes TeoriiT

_ mkvdari) rogorme unda avitanoT.

saqarTvelos lamis saxalxo damcvelis

_ dimitri lorTqifaniZis _ Tanaxmad, mte-

ri aris seqsualuri umciresoba.

nebismieri Tundac saSualo civiliza-

ciis mqone qveynis kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad,

dimitri lorTqifaniZe aris, mteri Tu ara,

rasisti mainc.

folologiis mecnierebaTa

magistri; art-portal

demo.ge-s damfuZnebeli;

gamocemuli wignebi:

2000 w. `ucxoplaneteli~;

2003 `SOS~ ; 2005 `13 leq-

si~; 2006 `antityaosani~

interesTa sfero: poezia,

kritika, programireba.

mtris xatis semiotika

279

rasistebis da teroristebis varskvlavbiWuna _ bin ladeni-

saTvis mteri aris jorj buSi da salman ruSdi.

salman ruSdisaTvis mteri ar arsebobs (TviTon ase Tqva).

religiurma wminda wignebma sulac globalur mowinaaRmdege-

ze aleses xmali da mogvces iseTi internacionaluri ikoni, rogo-

ricaa, luciferi, mefistofeli, satana, kaeni, iuda...

biblia da sxva kanonikuri wignebi warmoadgenda uZveles me-

dia-saSualebebs. RmerTi ki media-magnati iyo, rogoricaa, vTqvaT,

rupert merdoki, oRond merdokze ufro „navaroCeni~ da qarizma-

tuli.

sabazro ekonomikis principebis kargad codnisa da, amavdrou-

lad, misi ignorirebis gamo ufali media-monopolistad Camoyalib-

da. antimonopoliuri samsaxuri dumda, albaT imitom, rom ar arse-

bobda.

piar-manqana daiqoqa, manqanis saWesTan, cxadia, RmerTi ijda,

`astras~ nerviulad eqaCeboda da bibliis momdevno TavisaTvis da-

sawer siuJetze fiqrobda. siuJeti Zalian gulisamaCuyebeli da ra-

dikaluri unda yofiliyo. mTavar rolSi _ eSmaki, romelic kacob-

riobas daRupvas uqadis. rogorc Jurnal „Tbiliselebis~ respon-

dentebi ityvian: pirvel efeqts „garegnuloba~ axdens da Sesabami-

sad, eSmaks kudi, maxinji sifaTi da banjgvlebi arc erT SemTxveva-

Si ar awyenda negatiuri vizualuri efeqtisaTvis.

ase (an daaxloebiT ase) Seiqmna sainformacio omis mTavari

komponenti _ mtris xati _ eSmakisgan.

magram eSmaki didi eSmaki vinme aRmoCnda da advilad ar dane-

bebia iZulebiT socialur statuss. brZolas agrZelebda da aras-

didebiT ar yrida metafizikur far-xmals. amitom ufalma sain-

formacio omis sxva strategia SeimuSava da bazarze gamoitana

axali media-produqti _ „saxareba~.

„saxarebis~ oTxma reportiorma _ maTem, lukam, ioanem da

markozma daundobeli sainformacio fronti gaxsnes, romelmac sa-

bolood ganamtkica satanis iZulebiTi socialuri statusi da Seq-

mnes gaqvavebuli mniSvneloba.

kacma rom Tqvas, amis Semdeg brZolis teqnologiebi didad

arc Secvlila. magaliTad, 70-ian wlebSi, riCard niqsonis saarCev-

no StabSi iyo specialuri media-jgufi, romlis funqcias Seadgen-

da „demokratebisaTvis~ sainformacio cecxlis gaxsna. faqtia, rom

am Zalian patara media-jgufma uswrafesi Sedegi dado: edmund mas-

ki iZulebuli gaxda, moexsna kandidatura, miuxedavad imisa, rom

egziT-polebiT niqsoni karga gvarianad hyavda Camotovebuli.

mtris xati Tanamedrove politikis ganmsazRvrelad iqca. po-

litikosebi gvixataven adamians an movlenas, romelic unda iqces

paata Samugia

280

Cveni siZulvilisa da zizRis samizned. gvaswavlian mterze Suris-

Ziebas.

SurisZiebaze Tu midgeba saqme, Zvel egviptelebze kreatiuli

midgoma sad unda naxo, mtris saxes fexsacmlis lanCaze rom ixa-

tavdnen da mSvenieri sublimaciis saSualebasac Cuqnidnen Tavs.

droTa ganmavlobaSi daixvewa mterTan brZolis meTodebi da

sabrZolo moqmedebis Teatri metafizikuridan fizikur avanscena-

ze gadavida. Tumca, metafizikuri diskursi dRemde warmatebulad

muSaobs cnobierebaze. mTavaria, kreatiuloba.

kreatiuloba arasodes vnebs da sainformacio omis dros xom,

saerTod, haeriviTaa.

brZola erTia da, meore da iqneb ufro mniSvnelovanicaa, ga-

moZerwo metafora, romelis garSemoc Semokreb masobriv emociebs.

ai, amis Semdeg ukve advilia.

mtris xatis Seqmnis procesSi sainformacio omis teqnologe-

bi qeqaven gaqvavebul mniSvnelobebs, acocxleben maT da cdiloben

am mniSvnelobebs moargon mtris fsiqotipi. TvalsaCinoeba yovel-

Tvis momgebiania.

magaliTad, SevkriboT ramdenime imiji: utifari ritorika,

kriminaluri warsuli, absoluturad ukulturo, mafiozis imiji...

xom Zalian cudia. axla es yvelaferi davalagoT da movifiqroT

erTi adamiani, visac es yvelaferi „momadlebuli~ aqvs. Tu Tqven

ver moifiqreT, xelisufleba dagexmarebaT: aleqsandre ebraliZe.

maS ase, mteri napovnia. jer davadgineT is fsiqotipebi, ra-

zec gansakuTrebuli refleqsebi aqvs Cvens sazogadoebas da amis

Semdeg ukve es gamzadebuli „templeiti~ movargeT obieqts. ase

martivad xdeba es yvelaferi. SeiZleba, vinmem xelisuflebis pro-

pagandis msxverplad CamTvalos, magram vaRiareb, aleqsandre ebra-

liZis saqarTveloSi naxvisTanave pirveli me davaxvev saqarTvelo-

dan. ai, ase!

satana, iuda, hitleri... es saxelebi gaqvavebuli mniSvnelo-

bisaa da maTTan mimarTebebi savaraudod arasodes Seicvleba. amito-

mac maTi gamoyeneba da mtris identificireba am mniSvnelobebTan Za-

lian efeqturia.

ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dros orive mxaris mier warmoebuli

sainformacio omi erTi-erTze imeorebda erTmaneTs. isec Canda TiT-

qos, erTi da igive teqnologi muSaobda orsave mxareze.

jer ruseTma dahaka qarTuli samTavrobo saitebi da mTavar

gverdze gamoitana mixeil saakaSvilis suraTebi, sadac es ukanas-

kneli mimsgavsebulia hitlerTan. vinaidan Cveni „hakerebi~ jerje-

robiT mxolod „vindousis~ gadayenebis damuRamebis procesSi ari-

an, rusuli saitebis gatexa Teoriuladac ki warmoudgeneli iyo.

amitom saWiro gaxda alternatiuli SurisZiebis formis gamonaxva.

mtris xatis semiotika

281

Sedegad, mTel TbilisSi naxavdiT plakatebs, sadac putins hitle-

ris safirmo ulvaSi „amSvenebda~.

erTia gaqvavebuli mniSvneloba da meorea, roca specsamsaxu-

rebi an sainformacio gigantebi TviTon qmnian axal mniSvnelobebs,

axal negativebs, romlis farglebSic gaSlian xolme sabrZolo

strategiebs.

mag: rusuli „ka-ge-be~ lobirebda masonebisa da msoflio

mTavrobebis konspiraciul Teoriebis mTeli sabWoTa masStabiT gav-

rcelebas, romelic aris gamokveTilad antidasavluri, antiameri-

kuli da, rac mTavaria, antisemituri. am mxriv qarTuli presac

„fxizladaa~, mag: „asaval-dasavalSi~ xSirad ibeWdeba vinme iakob

axuaSvilis „mecnieruli~ Tezisebi masonebis „yovladdamRupveli~

saqmianobis Sesaxeb.

Tu mivendobiT baton axuaSvils, mTeli samasoneTi, Turme nu

ityvi da, „qarTuli marTlmadideblobis~ winaaRmdeg Sejarula.

magram yvelaze mTavari isaa, rom „saZageli~ masonebisgan msoflios

daicavs „marTlmadidebeli ruseTi.~

Zneli saTqmelia, moZme ruseTi isev ise dagvicavs, rogorc

2008 wlis agvistoSi, Tu rame sxva taqtikas moifiqreben qristes-

mieri Zmebi.

faqtia, rom mtris xati masonebisgan advilad Seiqmna da ara-

marto saqarTveloSi. am Teoriebs bevri momxmarebeli hyavs mTel

postsabWoTa sivrceSi.

aseTi iracionaluri mtris xatis damkvidrebas qarTul ekle-

siaSi gamefebuli sibnelec xels uwyobs. saqarTvelos sapatriar-

qos oficialur veb-gverdze xSirad SexvdebiT erTgvar katexizmo-

ebs, sadac mrevlis kiTxvebs cnobili sasuliero pirebi pasuxoben.

kiTxvaze: „miyvars kaTolike vaJi da SeiZleba Tu ara mas colad

gavyve~ _ moyvasis siyvaruliT gulanTebuli „mamao~ ase pasuxobs:

„ar SeiZleba, rameTu kaTolicizmi mwvaleblobaa.~

aRarafers vambob mcire religiur dajgufebebze: iehovas mow-

meebze, ormocdaaTianelebsa an mormonebze. maTze qarTvel sasulie-

ro pirebs permanentuli ideologiuri auto-da-fe aqvT mowyobili.

yvelaze mrevlmravali institutis aseTi damokidebuleba,

cxadia, did gavlenas axdens sazogadoebaze.

roca saxalxo damcvelma odesRac saangariSo moxseneba wa-

radgina parlamentSi, naxevarma parlamentma protestis niSnad da-

tova darbazi. mizezi ki is iyo, rom subarma religiaTa Tanaswo-

robaze xma daZra.

amaswinaT ki zviad ZiZiguri gamovida mitingze sityviT: saqar-

Tvelo qarTvelebisaa da ara viRac iaRovelebis da sxva gadamTie-

lebiso. rasakvirvelia, batonma zviadma am „xatovani~ TqmiT araer-

Ti „jigari~ qarTvelis guli sixaruliT aaTrTola, rac msmenelTa

paata Samugia

282

taSis quxilsa da lamis „bisis~ ZaxilSi gamoixata. amasobaSi, „ga-

irkva,~ rom „iaRoveli~, sulac eTnikuri indeqsi yofila. oRond

es eTnosi (anu miTologiuri „iaRoveli eri~) Cveni qarTuli „meo-

bisa~ da „gagebis~ dasamxobad Seuqmnia raRac Zalas (savaraudod,

lucifers an sulac liberalebs).

sxva aris viwropartiuli an viwrokorporaciuli mtris ga-

moZerwva da sul sxvaa, roca iZerweba saerToerovnuli mtris xa-

ti. amas, ra Tqma, unda gacilebiT didi Sroma da fuladi resurse-

bi sWirdeba. zemoT ukve visaubreT aleqsandre ebraliZis magaliT-

ze erTi saerTo mtris Sesaxeb, magram xSirad mTeli eTnosisgan

xdeba mtris gamoZerwva.

xelisufleba, romelic kargavs popularobas, cdilobs Seq-

mnas axali socialuri konstruqciebi, romelSic unda icxovron

moqalaqeebma. mtris xati am konstruqciis mTavari detalia. roca

putinma igrZno reitingis dacema, CeCneTi erTianad moaswora da

amiT Tavisi imiji erTbaSad aRidgina rusi xalxis winaSe. magram

oms ver daiwyebda, rom ara winasaomari sainformacio samuSaoebi.

Tveebis manZilze rusuli samamulo teleindustria mondomebulad

Zerwavda „Seubralebeli~, „bavSvebismkvleli~, „korpusebisamfeTqe-

beli~ CeCeni eris saxes.

da raki adamiani simboloebis morCili programaa, xelisufle-

bis grZelvadianobas swored simboloebis sworad SerCeva gansaz-

Rvravs. simbolo unda iyos rac SeiZleba zogadi da nebismierma

adamianma unda SeZlos am simbolosTan Tavisi SiSebisa da survile-

bis datoleba da identificireba.

sainformacio propaganda mravalplaniania. goldSteinis Teo-

riiT, am frontis wina xazze xSirad qalebi gamodian da sakmaod

warmatebuladac. avtori am genderul diskurss ase xsnis: roca ma-

makacebi ibrZvian da sisxls Rvrian, paralelurad, saxelmwifo

cdilobs gamoiyvanos qalebi, romlebic mSvidobisken mouwodeben

mTel msoflios. sinamdvileSi, _ ambobs goldSteini, _ roca qa-

lebi ibrZvian mSvidobisaTvis, isini yvelaze mets muSaoben omisaT-

vis.

asea Tu ise, faqtia, rom Cven, yvelani, miuxedavad genderuli

Tu asakobrivi sxvaobebisa, yelamde varT Cafluli sabrZolo moq-

medebis TeatrSi da nebismier momentSi, Tundac maSin, roca picas

geaxlebiT aRgznebuli Seyvarebulis TanxlebiT, an paTetikurad

vsaubrobT Tanamedrove artis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba, sulac brZolis

wina xazze viyoT da saerTod araferi vicodeT amis Sesaxeb.

ABSTRACTS

Tsira Barbakazde

Semiotics of Madness and Contemporary Literary Procedures (Post-colonial Georgian Poetry)

The cultural paradigm - "madness and literary works"-intensively

appeared in the 21st century.The brisk process of semiotization approa-ched Modernism and Avangard while psycopathology deals with art as well. The paranoial world affected the art throughout 20th century. Actually, socio-cultural systems of European fascism and Soviet totalita-rism were essentially determined by the paranoial systems.

Post-colonial reality highlighted "alternative poetry" in the Georgi-

an literary procedures .Alternative poetry considers vanishing the author's identification as the limelight concern that appears extremely complica-ted while the author is identified with subjects, plants, animals as well as with variety of pronounced words according to their special significa-tions.

Alternative poetry emerges the sign (lexical, grammatical, phraseo-logical levels)desemantization,besides this, traditional and vocabulary meanings. While creating new concepts to reveal the evidence of "the new alphabet" the authors tend to define the recent metaphorical context forming the new language of poetry that varies from the traditional one.On the other hand,poets expose "the key" manifestos determining their poetry,however, due to semiotical features their works still appear to be confusing.

Konstantine Bregadze

Grigol Robakidze and His Novel “Die gemordete Seele” as the Hermeneutics of the Mythic-Demonic Nature of a Totalitarian

(Soviet) State and of Modernist Epoch

1. Among the central themes of the 20th century novel is the relationship between an individual and a (totalitarian) state, which is quite logical bearing in mind the historical and social background of the

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20th century, when the problem of an individual’s existential fear rose with full sharpness. Among the factors fostering the fear was the phenomenon of the so-called totalitarian states together with the growing technological civilization.

2. In the novel ‘Die gemordete Seele’ Grigol Robakidze considers the mentioned theme, i.e. the interrelationship between an individual and a totalitarian state, in ontological terms: in particular, based on Goethe’s poetic reception of the first phenomenon, the hermeneutics of modern Faustian and mythless (K. Gamsakhurdia) existence is presented in terms of the ontological first principles and arche-origins.

3. It should be noted that generally the central characters of Grigol Robakidze’s novels are possessed with the Nietzschean quest for deity and to a certain extent are endowed with superhuman qualities, which is manifested through their antagonism with the godless technological civilization on the one hand, and with the totalitarian state on the other. This very antagonism fosters the inevitable tragedy of the central characters of Grigol Robakidze’s novels. For example, the main character of ‘Die gemordete Seele’ Tamaz Enguri, a representative of the spiritual aristocracy, a man of art and a film director, lives in the demonic Soviet reality and with his aesthetic and philosophical credo opposes the Soviet regime. This confrontation will inevitably lead to his tragic destruction, as he opposes the atheistic ideology and the aesthetic of the mass socialist reality as a single individual (Chapter 3, ‘The Flayed Horse’; Chapter 10, ‘Erasing All Boundaries’; Chapter 13, ‘The Orifice of Death’).

4.Therefore, it is no coincidence that on the one hand, the novel presents the hermeneutics of the demonic nature of the Soviet state and the conditions that fostered it (Chapter 5, A Part of Torn God Turned into Flesh, Chapter VIII, ‘Jugha or After Dostoevsky’; Chapter 11, ‘The Akasha Chronicle’; Chapter 16, ‘The Demoniac’), while on the other hand, it conveys the critical discourse of modern soulless technological civilization in general (Chapter 9, ‘When an Atom Splits’).

5.Grigol Robakidze devoted one chapter of the novel to ‘unfolding’ the Stalin phenomenon (Chapter 12, ‘Stalin’s Horoscope’), which is a very fundamental and successful attempt of creating the psycho-demonic portrait of a leader (Oedipus’ and Herostrates’ complex), which no other author has ever presented in such a convincing way.

6.On the whole, the main idea (the inner logos) of the novel “Die gemordete Seele” can be phrased as follows: It presents how divine first origins disappear from the worldly life in the soulless and mythless age.

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Anuki Imnaishvili Post-modernist Tendencies of Georgian Prose of Post-soviet

Generation of 90s of XX Century In Georgia, as the first post-modernists are named to be: David

Chikhladze, David Barbakadze, Zurab Karumidze, Karlo Kachava… Though, the Georgian cites: Levan Bregadze, Bela Tsipuria, Nugzar Muzashvili review not only the writing of the last decade of XX century from this point of view, but the work of authors of earlier generation, i.e. literature critics approve, that we failed the post-modernism in prose of Otar Chkheidze, Guram Dochanashvili, Naira Gelashvili, Givi Margvelashvili, Jemal Karchkhadze and Revaz Inanishvili.

In works created in 90s by the certain above mentioned authors, there are noticed the post-modernist accents, but the youth implementing these tendencies are the 90s.

From the point of view of expressing the Georgian post-modernist artistic and creating tendeces, prose of Zurab Karumidze, Dato Barbakadze, Shota Iatashvili, Aka Morchiladze, Beso Khvedelidze, Lasha Bugadze, Zaza Burchuladze, Zaza Tvaradze is interesting. For the prose of the above mentioned authors play, associate, apply allusion, phantasy, phantasmagory, remake, parody, revealing, intellectuality, more telling, in short, all the classical signs, what is included by post-modernism and post-modernism consists is characteristic.

Since 1990, a new type of fiction has been created in Georgian literature. The signs of this type may be fixed in earlier years as well as irony, grotestic, citing, intellectuality, allusions, and the other, but all these were formed by writing and critics as searching of new forms of reflection and percepted as a required and certain event of creative individualism. Before, all these didn’t have their names, as they had no systematic, nor essential artistic and semantic function. Even without it, in ,,Fifteen Century Entirely”, originating the epoch of massive circulation of literature was difficult to contemplate. Calling of modern epoch “oppressed” our stable traditionalism.

There was risen a question in its due time was post-modernism inculcated in us or simply the Georgian writers said their words before the world cultural aesthetics while writing in this manner. May be the certain part of Georgian writers, simply applied the post-modernist tendencies, but its artificiality is so obvious (what we have noted) that the reader clearly feels the gap between the genuine writing and pulp. Post-

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modernism is on purpose “transplanted” literature trend by European influence and not the naturally, logically originates school of Georgian Soil, flowing of this aesthetics was provided by globalization and opening the frontiers, the literature of all types and forms became available for Georgian Society, varied reading material, what from its party made the influence on our writing and the writers as well. Post modernism was revealed to us in face of certain tendencies, than in face of concrete literature school.

Luckily, there were revealed (inculcated) the authors, which offered the Georgian post-modernist literature, without any “loan”. Good was already revealed (was inculcated, merged with ,,Fifteen Century Unity”), what was followed by appropriate science of literature, researching and studying of which was begun by Georgian clever mind, by means of which, it’s possible to be re-comprehended (read again) our inheritance – past, present, foreseen the future without any embarrassment.

Tamar Lomidze

Lingustics and Poetics (The Issue of Interpetation of Some Poetic Terms)

Problems of semantics of poetical language are rarely considered in

literary studies. An investigation of eminent Russian philologist, Y.Tinianov “A Problem of Poetical Language“, is the only research considering the effect of the influence of poetical factors on the semantics of a word.

Researches made by Russian formalists were based on Saussure’s linguistic semiotics (although formalists constructed their own original conceptions), but there are no any evident signs of Saussure’s ideas in “A Problem of Poetical Language by Tinianov“.

The author of paper concludes, that in spite of it, Tinianov’s terminology is created according to fundamental concepts of linguistic semiotics.

Thereby, “A Problem of Poetical Language“ by Tinianov is not an exception among the Russian formalist’s works. This work is fully based on linguistic models.

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Salome Omiadze

One Gender Stereotype in the Language of Poetry (Ana Kalandadze, Mukhran Machavariani)

For the present gender-poetic study the work of contemporary poets

– Ana Kalandadze and Mukhran Machavariani is chosen. The colour perception of the world is described on the basis of the observation of the speech of a female poet and a male poet. In this direction not a single characteristic has been discovered demonstrating the difference of the vision and perception of the picture of the world, and the reproduction of this picture by a female poet and a male poet. The stereotyped viewpoint, current in gender psychology and sociology: “Women perceive a broader range of colours than men”, has not been confirmed.

Of course, this conclusion is drawn on the basis of limited empirical material. The present small study, naturally, is not sufficient for the generalization of the results of the analysis. However, very similar perception of colour and its identical expression in a speech act by, at least, one female poet and one male poet cannot be ascribed to chance alone. This fact generates further interest and necessity to increase the number of poetic discourses to be analyzed (i.e. gender pairs of poets).

Ramaz Khalvashi

Intertext of “Blue-Grey Horses” “Blue-Grey Horses” by Galaktion Tabidze (1915) first was

published in 1916 in the Georgian Symbolists’ periodic publication “Blue Horns”. It was immediately recognized as the masterpiece of Georgian poetry. The present paper deals with the intertextual analysis of this verse. Relations of “Blue-Grey Horses” to old and new poetic traditions (“The Knight in the Panther's Skin” by Shota Rustaveli, “Jimshediani” by M. Baratashvili, “Merani” by N. Baratashvili, “Three Idols” by V. Bryusov, etc.) as well as to the aesthetics of Romanticism and Symbolism have been studied. Poetic images are nourished by the modern scientific viewpoints and by demythologized apocalyptic symbols. The Nietzschean idea of the death of God is realized in “Blue-Grey Horses” and consequently the entire world is presented as the domain of death in the verse. Galaktion echoes the famous motive of

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“Competition of Poems and Horses” and he creates the idea of the immortality of poetry in the main image – symbol of the poem – Blue-Grey Horses. Everlasting race of Blue-Grey Horses in cosmic “eternal land” embodies the triumph of Galaktion’s poetry and the eternal festivity of victory of life over death.

Irakli Mchedlishvili

The Renaissance “Human Dimension”, Projection and the Project of Modernism

Within the limits of medieval, emanation models of a universe in

days of the Renaissance there was a is independent-human vision, “human dimension”. New vision based on models of boundary ability of reason- opportunities of simultaneous comprehension concrete and absolute. Such representation or “dimension”was thought in the spatial form.

Humanism of the Renaissance or the structured vision from the beginning of new time began to be equaled with the natural-scientific model of the world. Projective structure of the comprehended, particularly revealed and ideal forms it was replaced by the model of the natural order of the nature. The project of the Renaissance which was thought in spatial dimension with transition to natural model will be defined by a natural course event, that is temporary order. Universal, equalizing aspirations or social changes of New Time have arisen on the basis of such «the scientific order» representations …

Gia Jokhadze

The Body History – Georgian Version

The history of tears not only has dimensions that are psychological and cultural, but also theological and institutional. In this essay, we approach the history of the tradition of tears from a historical and anthropological point of view. In the Middle Ages tears were valued in two forms: tears of devotion and tears that were a sign of grace (the «gift» of tears). We might say that the attitude toward tears and weep is rather identical from the point of view European approach. We draw

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from Georgian Historical sources: There are lives of saints (St. Nino), lives of kings (St. Vakhtang Gorgasali, St. David the Builder, St. Tamar etc.). Georgian material shows that texts of Georgian Middle Ages consist some of evidences for following conclusions: Georgian perception implicates the existence of an opposition: Natural tears as an organic reaction to the stimulant; and the spiritual tears as a cleaner from sins. There is a difference between tears of Christian and Pagan. Tears of pagan are the natural reaction to the fear whereas tears of Christian are divine grace and cleansing bliss. Tears and supplication are inseparable ones, while their essences differ. The approximation to the sacral is the tantamount to see God and the weeping is perceived as an organic reaction. Men are mortal. Death of people brings the tears to our eyes but it is not appropriate. Only king’s, as the Lord's Anointed, death deserves an extraordinary description.

David Bostanashvili

Signification Load Is it possible to talk about the language of architecture. Does

architecture have the possibility to produce and bear the meaning? As an object for analysis we chose the Holy Trinity Cathedral project submitted by the Georgian architect Victor Jorbenadze for an architectural competition in 1990.

The paper analyses verbal and graphical representation of the project and questiones the codes that lie at the base of architectural communication and what kind of discourse does it suggest - symbolic, paradigmatic or syntagmatic.

On one hand, the project acts as a series of image references to other objects with metaphoric representations. The inherited categories of beginig and end (goal) ascertain the status of non-modernity of the design and the modern materials used (glass, steel) serve to simulate the Modern.

On the other hand, the structure produced through the analysis of the plan reveals the codes (geometric, functional, canonical) that lie outside architecture. Architecture partitions the space and fills it with the meanings foreseen by these codes; it marks the space and makes it a Place.

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The comparison of Mr. Jorbenadzes project with the pre and early Christian multi-apse temples suggests the idea of an architectural form, as an autonomous code loyal only to its own history.

The paper itself is a free montage - a kind of bricolage - of the already-thoughts of U. Eco, R. Barthes and P. Eisenman.

Ilia Gasviani

The Problem of the Composition and of the Versification in Guillaume Apollinaire’s Alcohols

Guillaume Apollinaire’s Alcohols is one of those collections of

poems with which the process of destruction of the traditional French poem is commenced.

Apollinaire changes his poems even after their publication. The poet uses old texts, shortens and cuts them up to produce a poem collage. He also reedits poems and uses the cut pieces in other poems. We can compare the effect of such a technique to Matisse’s collage or the cubist painting. For instance, the composition of The Unhappy lover’s song is entirely based on a play with collages. Dividing his poems into pieces and reconstructing them, Apollinaire creates new rhythm and tonality.

Apollinaire introduces unusual elements even within a poem written according to traditional meter. His blank verse, accomplishing the narrative function, does not recognize any fixed system. Furthermore, Apollinaire uses a type of line which is beyond the Alexandrine measurement. This poetic instrument will become the principle form of modern poetic expression with later artists such as Blaise Cendrars and others.

As for Apollinaire’s rhyme, it is used noticeably freely. Apollinaire mostly uses the ABAB model, which is used in nineteen poems among Alcohols’ fifty poems. The AABB rhyme model is used only in eight poems. The ABBA rhyme model is rarer. In general, we can see in Alcohols that one rhyme model can be mixed with another one within the same poem.

Apollinaire combines all poetic techniques. He proceeds to the variations between two extreme limits: the following of strict rules and the profit of absolute liberty.

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Koba Chumburidze

Mention and Origin of Svanetian Ritual Element “ANG” Objective (target) of this research is the communication

establishment between ancient Egyptian ritual symbol ANKH and old Svanetian (Georgia) festivals ("Agba-Lagral" and “Limurkvamal”) basic element – “ANG”.

Researcher Julietta Rukhadze paid attention to that fact, that these two elements are very similar.

According to an ethnographic material “...The main ritual of both festivals ("Agba-Lagral" and “Limurkvamal”) is construction of a snow tower. At tower top will erect a sacral tree “ANG”.

The assumptions stated by modern researchers about appointment “ANKH” are rather various. Presumable function covers a wide range from difficult sexual symbolism to simple sandals.

But in my opinion “ANKH” is a complex of two symbols (female’s and male's) that designates union of Osiris and Isida - the sky and the earth (in the Georgian materials a symbol of this union is the tree).

It is necessary to recollect, that according to Sumer Cosmogony, the Universe (ANKI) is the union of the sky (AN) and the earths (KI).

On-opinion some researchers “ANKH” is a tree of a life which probably is the closest to true, but it demands some additional specifications.

Besides, unity of the male's and female’s symbols, “ANKH” also is the stylized branch with tree leaf on the end and, probably, to it is stated a guess, that this leaf is way solar energy’s materialisation, moreover, the mechanism of transformation of this energy to life.

Let's return to Svanetian ethnomaterial: combination of a sieve (that is a circle) and a phallus is the same as elements “ANKH”, display communication of the female and male symbols as an obligatory condition of continuation of a life.

Hence, the assumption of J. Rukhadze, about similarities between the Egyptian symbol and an element of Svanetian ritual, can definitively throw light on one of the greatest riddles of our civilisation.

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