saqartvelos ekonomikur mecnierebata...

gamomcemloba `siaxle~gamomcemloba `siaxle~gamomcemloba `siaxle~gamomcemloba `siaxle~gamomcemloba `siaxle~

Tbilisi 2012

saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademia

c p u

rozeta asaTiani. rozeta asaTiani. rozeta asaTiani. rozeta asaTiani. rozeta asaTiani. Tanamedrove ekonomikis enciklopediu-

ri leqsikoni. Tbilisi, gamomcemloba `siaxle~, 2012. _ 515 gv.

enciklopediuri leqsikoni moicavs Tanamedrove mikro-, mezo-, mak-

ro- da megaekonomikis rogorc Teoriul, ise praqtikul sakiTxebs,

agreTve cnobili ekonomistebis, maT Soris, nobelis premiis laureate-

bis mecnieruli moRvaweobis amsaxvel masalebs. yoveli terminis

saleqsikono statia Sedgeba misi saxelwodebis, abreviaturis (Tukiaqvs), inglisuri Sesatyvisis, etimologiisa da axsna-ganmartebisagan.

leqsikoni gankuTvnilia mecnier-ekonomistebisa da praqtikose-

bisaTvis. igi, rogorc damxmare saxelmZRvanelo masala, samsaxurs

gauwevs umaRlesi saswavleblebis ekonomikuri profilis bakalavrebs,

magistrebs, doqtorantebsa da akademiur personals, saerTod, Tanamed-

rove sabazro ekonomikis problemebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelTa far-

To wres.

saredaqcio kolegia:saredaqcio kolegia:saredaqcio kolegia:saredaqcio kolegia:saredaqcio kolegia:

recenzentebi:recenzentebi:recenzentebi:recenzentebi:recenzentebi:

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli

akademiis wevr-korespondentebi _ vladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papavavladimer papava,

avTandil silagaZeavTandil silagaZeavTandil silagaZeavTandil silagaZeavTandil silagaZe; ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-

torebi, profesorebi nodarnodarnodarnodarnodar WiTanava WiTanava WiTanava WiTanava WiTanava, solomonsolomonsolomonsolomonsolomon

pavliaSvili;pavliaSvili;pavliaSvili;pavliaSvili;pavliaSvili; ekonomikis doqtorebi ioseb ar-ioseb ar-ioseb ar-ioseb ar-ioseb ar-

CvaZeCvaZeCvaZeCvaZeCvaZe, jemal kaxniaSvili. jemal kaxniaSvili. jemal kaxniaSvili. jemal kaxniaSvili. jemal kaxniaSvili.

leo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqavaleo Ciqava _ saqarTvelos mecniere-

baTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti;

Teimuraz beriZe Teimuraz beriZe Teimuraz beriZe Teimuraz beriZe Teimuraz beriZe _ ekonomikur mecni-

erebaTa doqtori, profesori.

gamomcemloba `siaxle~, 2012.

ISBN 978-9941-9134-0-2

©

© r. asaTiani, 2012;

UDC(uakuakuakuakuak) 33(031)a-871a-871a-871a-871a-871

3

r ec e n z i i s m a g i e r

nebismieri mecnierebis ganviTarebisaTvis Zalze mniSvnelo-

vania Sesabamisi mecnieruli aparati da misi adekvaturi gamoy-

eneba, rac swori daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva. cno-

bilia, rom mecnieruli aparatis Semadgeneli nawilia zusti

terminologia, terminebis zedmiwevniT sruli ganmarteba. sa-

zogadoebrivi mecnierebebisaTvis da kerZod, ekonomikuri mec-

nierebisaTvis es garemoeba ormagad aqtualuria, vinaidan termi-

nebis saSualebiT xorcieldeba ekonomikuri movlenebisa da pro-

cesebis urTierTkavSirebis kvleva, kvlevis Sedegebis Sejameba,

metic, mecnieruli terminebis sizustisa da raodenobis mixed-

viT msjeloben ama Tu im mecnierebis ganviTarebis doneze.

bolo wlebSi saqarTvelos sacnobaro da saleqsikono eko-

nomikur literaturaSi sakmaod bevri leqsikoni Tu cnobari

gamovida ekonomikis cnebebsa da kategoriebze, rac udaod misa-

salmebelia. ganmartebiTi leqsikonebis gamosvlis dRevandeli

aucilebloba ganpirobebulia ekonomikaSi radikaluri cvlile-

bebiT, meurneobriobis Tvisebrivad axal modelze _ sabazro

ekonomikaze gadasvliT. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba ki SeiZi-

na sabazro ekonomikis amsaxveli ekonomikuri da sabanko ter-

minologiis sistematizaciis sakiTxma.

aRniSnuli problemis gadawyvetis saqmeSi, Cveni Rrma rwme-

niT, mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans ekonomikur mecnierebaTa

doqtoris, profesor rozeta asaTianis mier momzadebuli ̀ Tana-

medrove ekonomikis enciklopediuri leqsikoni~. masSi yura-

dRebas iqcevs ori monaTesave, magram mainc gansxvavebuli dar-

gis _ ekonomikisa da biznesis terminebis axsna-ganmarteba.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi avtori iZleva ekonomikis sxvadasxva mx-

aris axsnas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi mocemulia biznesgaremoSi

konkretuli qmedebebisa da qcevebis amsaxveli terminebis gan-

4

marteba, rac udaod garkveul siaxles warmoadgens saleqsikono

da sacnobaro literaturaSi.

leqsikonSi mocemulia ekonomikuri da sabanko terminebis,

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri da safinanso institutebis, ekono-

mikuri klasifikatorebis, koncefciebis, Teoriebisa da moZRvrebe-

bis axsna-ganmarteba, gadmocemulia gamoCenili mecnier-ekono-

mistebis biografiuli monacemebi da a.S. aRsaniSnavia, rom

avtori ar ifargleba mxolod terminebis ganmartebiT, aramed

iZleva maT siRrmiseul axsnas (magaliTad, ekonomikuri Teoria,

ekonomiqsi da sxv.), rac aseve leqsikonis Rirebul mxaresa da

siaxles warmoadgens.

enciklopediuri leqsikoni, Tavisi formiTa da SinaarsiT

seriozuli ganacxadia, Sedgenilia imgvarad, rom saSualebas

aZlevs mkiTxvels ara marto profesiulad daeuflos ekono-

mikur terminologias, aramed kargad gaerkves Tanamedrove ekono-

mikis rTul urTierTkavSirebSi.

leqsikonSi warmodgenili ZiriTadi terminebis ganmartebe-

bi mTlianad Seesabameba saerTaSoriso standartebs da asaxavs

ekonomikuri mecnierebis Tanamedrove miRwevebs, rac udavod

mniSvnelovania ekonomikis globalizaciis pirobebSi.

Teimuraz beriZeTeimuraz beriZeTeimuraz beriZeTeimuraz beriZeTeimuraz beriZe

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori

5

w i n a s it y v a o b a

leqsikonSi Tavmoyrilia Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomi-

kaSi gamoyenebuli terminebi da cnebebi, warmodgenilia ekonomikis

dargis msoflioSi cnobili zogierTi ucxoeli mecnierisa da

Rvawlmosili qarTveli ekonomistebis, maT Soris, saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis akademikosebisa da wevr-kores-

pondentebis biografiebi.

leqsikons erTvis statiaTa anbanuri da Tematuri saZie-

beli, msoflios qveynebis reitingi, dadgenili adamianis ganviTarebis

indeqsis (HDI) safuZvelze, agreTve qveynebisa da teritoriebis

anbanuri CamonaTvali valutebisa da kodebis CvenebiT.

leqsikons safuZvlad daedo qarTuli da ucxouri eko-

nomikuri literatura (enciklopediebi, leqsikonebi, monografi-

ebi, statiebi), maT Soris, devid u. pirsis saerTo redaqciiT

gamocemuli `makmilanis Tanamedrove ekonomiqsis leqsikoni~

(meoTxe gamocema), òqsfordis ganmartebiTi biznes-leqsikoni~,

o. blanSaris `makroekonomika~, agreTve Cveni naSromebi - èko-

nomiqsi~ (ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, mesame gadamuSavebuli gamocema),

`Tanamedrove ekonomikis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni~, èkonomikisa

da biznesis leqsikoni~, `momsaxureba da sabazro sistema~,

èkonomikuri Teoria da ekonomiqsi: erTianoba da gansxvaveba~,

`globalizacia, ekonomikuri Teoria da saqarTvelo~ da a.S.

wignSi umetesad Sesulia sakuTriv avtoriseuli gansaz-

Rvrebebi, Camoyalibebuli xangrZlivi (22 wlis manZilze) samec-

niero-pedagogiuri muSaobis procesSi. amitom zogierTi ter-

mini (cneba) sxvebTan SedarebiT vrclad aris ganmartebuli.

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, leqsikoni, SeiZleba

iTqvas, originaluria.

vuZRvni Cemi ZvirfasivuZRvni Cemi ZvirfasivuZRvni Cemi ZvirfasivuZRvni Cemi ZvirfasivuZRvni Cemi Zvirfasi

mSoblebis mSoblebis mSoblebis mSoblebis mSoblebis _ _ _ _ _ qeTevan da SalvaqeTevan da SalvaqeTevan da SalvaqeTevan da SalvaqeTevan da Salva

asaTianebis naTel xsovnasasaTianebis naTel xsovnasasaTianebis naTel xsovnasasaTianebis naTel xsovnasasaTianebis naTel xsovnas

6

mocemuli terminebi da cnebebi exeba ara mxolod ekono-

mikis erT romelime sferos, aramed mTel ekonomikas, rogorc

mikro-, ise mezo-, makro- da megaekonomikas.

enciklopediuri leqsikoni Sedgenilia Semdegi wesebis dacviT:

1. sasaTauro terminebi, cnebebi, gamoTqmebi dalagebulia

qarTuli anbanis mixedviT;

2. sasaTauro sityva (sityvebi) gamoyofilia naxevrad

Savi mTavruli SriftiT;

3. terminis ganmarteba mocemulia mxolod ekonomikur

aspeqtSi;

4. sasaTauro sityvis (sityvebis) Semdeg frCxilebSi mo-

cemulia inglisuri Sesatyvisi;

5. Tu sasaTauro sityva ucxouri warmoSobisaa, inglisuri

Sesatyvisis Semdeg transkrifciaSi mocemulia misi etimologia;

6. niSani ` < ~ niSnavs: warmodgeba... gan;

7. leqsikonSi qarTul enaze mocemulia Tanamedrove piro-

bebSi damkvidrebuli inglisuri sityvebisagan momdinare

abreviaturebi. mag., kaf-i (CAF - Cost and Freight _ Rirebuleba da

fraxti).

vfiqrobT, ganmartebiTi leqsikoni daexmareba mkiTxvels,

gaerkves sabazro urTierTobebis rTul labirinTebSi, amasTan, igi

xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi sabazro ekonomikis terminebisa da

cnebebis gavrceleba-damkvidrebas.

did madlobas vuxdi saredaqcio kolegiasa da recenzen-

tebs gaweuli SromisaTvis.

mkiTxvelis yvela obieqtur SeniSvnasa da winadadebas avto-

ri madlierebis grZnobiT miiRebs da gaiTvaliswinebs Semdgom

gamocemaSi.

rororororozeta asaTianizeta asaTianizeta asaTianizeta asaTianizeta asaTiani

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa

doqtori, profesori

Tbilisi

aprili, 2012

7

leqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebi

bsp - biznesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba

gaero - gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia

eas - erovnul angariSTa sistema

emf - erTpirovnuli mflobelobis firma

Tez - Tavisufali ekonomikuri zona

mep - mTliani erovnuli produqti

mesk – moxalise eqspertTa saerTaSoriso korpusi

mtp - mecnierul-teqnologiuri progresi

mSp - mTliani Sida produqti

sif - Rirebuleba, dazRveva, fraxti

srn - savaldebulo rezervebis norma

ssdk - saerTaSoriso standartuli dargobrivi klasifikacia

ssf – saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi

fss – federaluri sarezervo sistema

Sps - SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis sazogadoeba

Sso – Sromis saerTaSoriso organizacia

ASPE – sazogadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis mkvlevarTa asociacia

EACT – Tavisufali vaWrobis evropuli asociacia

EBRD – evropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis banki

EC – evropuli gaerTianeba

EEC – evropuli ekonomikuri gaerTianeba

EMPI – valutis bazarze zewolis indeqsi

EU – evrokavSiri

EU-GBC – evrokavSir-saqarTvelos biznessabWo

GATT – tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb generaluri SeTanxmeba

HDI - adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsiIBRD – rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso banki

ISIC - yvela saxis ekonomikuri saqmianobis saerTaSoriso standartuli

samrewvelo klasifikacia

MNC – transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) korporacia

NACE - evropuli kavSiris ekonomikuri saqmianobis mTavari samrewvelo

klasifikacia

NICs – axali industriuli qveynebi

OECD - ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizacia

USAID – aSS-is saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagento

WTO – msoflio savaWro organizacia

8

qarTuli anbani

aaaaa — an

bbbbb — ban

ggggg — gan

ddddd— don

eeeee— en

vvvvv — vin

zzzzz — zen

TTTTT— Tan

iiiii — in

kkkkk — kan

lllll — las

mmmmm — man

nnnnn — nar

ooooo — on

ppppp — par

JJJJJ — Jan

rrrrr — rae

sssss — san

ttttt — tar

uuuuu — un

fffff — far

qqqqq — qan

RRRRR — Ran

yyyyy — yar

SSSSS — Sin

CCCCC — Cin

ccccc — can

ZZZZZ — Zil

wwwww — wil

WWWWW — War

xxxxx — xan

jjjjj — jan

hhhhh — hae

9

aaaaaabandonmenti abandonmenti abandonmenti abandonmenti abandonmenti (abandon-

ment) - - - - - dazRveuli qonebis

dakargvis, ganadgurebis an sxva

msgavs SemTxvevaSi (mag., gemis

CaZirvis gamo), sakuTrebis uf-

lebaze uaris Tqmisa da aRniS-

nuli faqtis dadasturebis sa-

fuZvelze, mzRvevelis mier daz-

Rvevis Tanxis mTlianad gadax-

da mesakuTrisaTvis.

absenteizmi absenteizmi absenteizmi absenteizmi absenteizmi (absenteeism)----- 1. samsaxuridan daTxovna sa-

muSaos arasapatio mizeziT

gacdenis gamo; 2. warmoebis fi-

nansuri marTvis gamocalkave-

ba misi teqnologiuri aspeqte-

bisgan.

absoluturi mogeba absoluturi mogeba absoluturi mogeba absoluturi mogeba absoluturi mogeba (ab-solute profit) – im Semosavlis to-

li mogeba, romelsac firma iR-

ebs saqonlis (momsaxurebis)

gayidviT, danaxarjebis gamo-

qviTvis Semdeg.

absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-absoluturi upirateso-

bababababa (absolute advantage) - - - - - 1. upi-ratesoba, romelic aqvs erT

mwarmoebels sxvebTan Sedare-

biT maRali Sromis mwarmoeb-

lurobis safuZvelze erTeu-

li produqciis warmoebaze na-

klebi resursebis gamoyenebis

Sedegad; 2. upiratesoba, romel-

ic aqvs erT qveyanas sxvebTan

SedarebiT, Tu mas, gamomdinare

Tavisi bunebrivi (natural advan-tage) an SeZenili (acquired ad-vantage) upiratesobebidan (xe-lsayreli bunebrivi pirobebi,

mowinave teqnologia, kvalifi-

ciuri samuSao Zala da a.S.),

SeuZlia ufro efeqtianad awar-

moos (erTeul danaxarjze meti

produqcia miiRos) esa Tu is

saqoneli. saerTaSoriso vaWro-

ba ki iZleva imis SesaZleblo-

bas, rom TiToeuli qveyana

daspecialdes im saqonlis war-

moebaSi, romlisTvisac mas aqvs

es konkretuli upiratesobebi.

mag., iaponias, SeZenili upirate-

sobis safuZvelze, imis gamo,

rom aqvs mowinave teqnologia,

hyavs maRalkvalificiuri spe-

cialistebi, SeuZlia bevrad

iafad awarmoos, vTqvaT, motori-

zebuli gadazidvis saSuale-

bebi, vidre zogierT sxva qveya-

nas. uzbekeTs, bunebrivi upi-

ratesobebidan gamomdinare,

ufro efeqtianad SeuZlia awar-

moos bamba, vidre ukrainas, bal-

tiispireTis qveynebs da bevr

sxva qveyanas. saqarTvelos, aseve,

bunebrivi upiratesobebidan ga-

momdinare, gacilebiT efeqti-

anad SeuZlia awarmoos xili,

vidre ruseTsa da zogierT sxva

qveyanas. magram saerTaSorisosaerTaSorisosaerTaSorisosaerTaSorisosaerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi sxvaoba absolu-vaWrobaSi sxvaoba absolu-vaWrobaSi sxvaoba absolu-vaWrobaSi sxvaoba absolu-vaWrobaSi sxvaoba absolu-

tur xarjebs Soris ar as-tur xarjebs Soris ar as-tur xarjebs Soris ar as-tur xarjebs Soris ar as-tur xarjebs Soris ar as-

rulebs mTavar rols, aq ar-rulebs mTavar rols, aq ar-rulebs mTavar rols, aq ar-rulebs mTavar rols, aq ar-rulebs mTavar rols, aq ar-

absoluturi upiratesobaabsoluturi upiratesobaabsoluturi upiratesobaabsoluturi upiratesobaabsoluturi upiratesoba

10

sebisebisebisebisebiTia mocemuli saqonlisTia mocemuli saqonlisTia mocemuli saqonlisTia mocemuli saqonlisTia mocemuli saqonlis

warmoebis alternatiul Ri-warmoebis alternatiul Ri-warmoebis alternatiul Ri-warmoebis alternatiul Ri-warmoebis alternatiul Ri-

rebrebrebrebrebulebebs Soris gansxva-ulebebs Soris gansxva-ulebebs Soris gansxva-ulebebs Soris gansxva-ulebebs Soris gansxva-

veba. veba. veba. veba. veba. roca es Rirebuleba mo-

cemul qveyanaSi ufro daba-

lia, vidre sxva qveyanaSi, maSin

saqme gvaqvs SefardebiT upi-

ratesobasTan.


bisbisbisbisbis Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (theory of absoluteadvantage) - - - - - Teoria, romlis mi-

xedviTac A qveyanas, romelsac

aqvs bunebrivi (xelsayreli bu-

nebrivi pirobebi) an SeZenili

(mowinave teqnologia, kvali-

ficiuri samuSao Zala da a.S.)

upiratesobebi, SeuZlia ufro

efeqtianad awarmoos esa Tu is

saqoneli (e.i. gamouSvas erTeul

danaxarjze meti produqcia),

vidre B qveyanas.

ar aris aucilebeli aseTi

saxis absoluturi upiratesoba

niSnavdes imas, rom A qveyanas

SeuZlia warmatebiT moaxdinos

am saqonlis eqsporti B qveya-

naSi, vinaidan B qveyana SeiZle-

ba flobdes SefardebiT upi-

ratesobas mocemuli saqonlis

warmoebaSi.

absoluturi upiratesobis

Teoria pirvelad daamuSava a.

smiTma naSromSi: `gamokvleva

xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da

mizezebis Sesaxeb~.

absoluturi fasebi absoluturi fasebi absoluturi fasebi absoluturi fasebi absoluturi fasebi (ab-solute prices) – SefardebiTi

fasebisgan gansxvavebiT, uSua-

lod fuliT, fuladi erTeu-

liT gamoxatuli fasebi saqo-

nelsa da momsaxurebaze.

absorbcia absorbcia absorbcia absorbcia absorbcia (absorption) – wer-tili (zRvari), romelic gamoxa-

tavs bazris gajerebas fasiani

qaRaldebiT da yoveli damate-

biTi partia uaryofiT gavle-

nas axdens fasze.

agenti agenti agenti agenti agenti (agent) [<laT. ag-ens (agentis) moqmedi] - - - - - firmiswarmomadgeneli, rwmunebuli,

romelic xelSekrulebis sa-

fuZvelze asrulebs sxva pi-

ris saqmian davalebas, risTvi-

sac iRebs garkveul sakomi-

sio Semosavals. Sesrule-

buli funqciebidan gamomdi-

nare, agentebi SeiZleba iyvnen:

brokerebi, dilerebi, komisio-

nerebi da a.S.

aglomeraciaaglomeraciaaglomeraciaaglomeraciaaglomeracia (aglomerare)– im firmebis, dawesebulebebis,

dasaxlebebisa(upiratesad qala-

qis tipis) da a.S. sivrcobrivi

TvalsazrisiT kompaqturi gan-

lageba, romlebic dajgufe-

bulni arian warmoebrivi, kul-

turuli, rekreaciuli da sxv.

kavSirebiT. aglomeracia gana-

pirobebs danaxarjebis ekono-

mias (agglomeration economies),informaciis efeqtian gamoye-

nebas, specializebul momwode-

belTa sistemis ganviTarebasa

absoluturi upiratesobis Teoriaabsoluturi upiratesobis Teoriaabsoluturi upiratesobis Teoriaabsoluturi upiratesobis Teoriaabsoluturi upiratesobis Teoria

11

da a.S.

agraruli revolucia agraruli revolucia agraruli revolucia agraruli revolucia agraruli revolucia (ag-rarian revolution) – organizaciu-li da teqnikuri cvlilebebis

safuZvelze sasoflo-sameurneo

warmoebis mniSvnelovani gazr-

da. agraruli revolucia mWid-

ro kavSirSia industrializa-

ciasTan. igi gulisxmobs mzard

investiciebs agrarul seqtorSi

(soflis meurneobaSi, satyeo

meurneobaSi, nadirobasa da me-

TevzeobaSi) Tanamedrove man-

qana-mowyobilobebis danergvis,

miwaTmoqmedebis, mecxoveleobisa

da mevenaxeobis ganviTarebis

mizniT. yovelive es ganapirobebs

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis mk-

veTr amaRlebas, kapitalukuge-

bis gadidebas, rac, agraruli

seqtoris gadidebasTan erTad,

xels uwyobs samuSao Zalis

gamoTavisuflebas agraruli

warmoebidan da mis dasaqmebas

momsaxurebis an industriul

seqtorebSi, rogorc es damaxa-

siaTebelia ganviTarebuli qvey-

nebisaTvis.

agraruli seqtori agraruli seqtori agraruli seqtori agraruli seqtori agraruli seqtori (ag-rarian sector) - - - - - ekonomikis seq-tori, romlis Semadgenloba-

Sic Sedis sasoflo-----sameurneo

SromiT dasaqmebuli, kvebis

produqtebisa da nedleulis

(xe-----tye, bamba da a.S.) mwarmoe-

beli mosaxleoba. igi, rogorc

wesi, ekonomikis SedarebiT da-

balSemosavliani seqtoria,

garkveulwilad Sedgeba arasa-

saqonlo meurneobebisagan da

ekonomikaSi misi maRali xved-

riTi wona ZiriTadad damaxas-

iaTebelia ganviTarebadi qvey-

nebisaTvis.

gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----is mixedviT,

agraruli seqtori ekonomikis

pirveladi seqtoria. masSi Se-

dis soflis meurneoba, satyeo

meurneoba, nadiroba da meTev-

zeoba.

agregireba agregireba agregireba agregireba agregireba (aggregation)[<laT. aggregatus SeerTeba] -----erTgvarovani maCveneblebis (si-

dideebis) gaerTianeba, gamsx-

vileba ufro ganzogadebul er-

Tobliv maCveneblad (sidided).

agregirebuli sawar-agregirebuli sawar-agregirebuli sawar-agregirebuli sawar-agregirebuli sawar-

moo funqciamoo funqciamoo funqciamoo funqciamoo funqcia (aggregate pro-duction function) - - - - - damokidebu-leba gamoSvebuli produqciis

(gamoSvebis) raodenobasa da mis

warmoebaze gaweul danaxarjebs

Soris.

adamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebis

indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi (human developmentindex - - - - - HDI) - - - - - makroekonomikurimaCvenebeli, romelic Sedgeba

Semdegi komponentebisagan: 1.

mosaxleobis erT sulze mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----

is warmoebis indeqsi; 2. mosax-

leobis sicocxlis saSualo xan-

grZlivobis indeqsi; 3. mosax-

adamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebis indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi

12

leobis ganaTlebis donis ind-

eqsi. maTi SejerebiT gamoiyva-

neba saSualo maCvenebeli, rome-

lic gamoxatavs mocemuli qvey-

nis reitings adamianis ganvi-

Tarebis indeqsis mixedviT.

aRniSnuli maCveneblis mi-

xedviT qveynebi iyofa 4 jgu-

fad: 1. Zalian maRali indeqsis

mqone; 2. maRali indeqsis mqone;

3. saSualo indeqsis mqone da

4. dabali indeqsis mqone qvey-

nebad. 2011 wels gamokvleu-

li 187 saxelmwifodan Zalze

maRali donisaa 47, maRali do-

nis _ _ _ _ _ 47, saSualo donis _ _ _ _ _ 47,

xolo dabali donis _ _ _ _ _ 46 qve-

yana. saqarTvelo HDI-----is mixed-

viT maRali reitingis mqone

saxelmwifoTa jgufs ganekuT-

vneba da uWiravs 75-----e adgili.

adamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitali

(human capital) ----- inteleqtua-

luri kapitali, romelic gamo-

xatavs adamianis profesiul

dones, mis ganaTlebas, kvali-

fikacias, codnas da gamocdile-

bas. rac ufro maRalia misi

xarisxi, miT ufro maRalia Sro-

mis mwarmoebluroba.

adamianiseul kapitals qmnis

investiciebi adamianiseul re-

sursebSi, romlis mizania TviT

adamianis, misi inteleqtualuri

potencialis, SemoqmedebiTi

unaris ganviTarebis safuZvelze

warmoebis efeqtianobis amaR-

leba. aseTi investirebis mi-

zanSewoniloba damokidebulia

imaze, ramdenad metia Semosav-

lebi danaxarjebze da dacu-

lia Tu ara standartuli sa-

investicio kriteriumebi.

zogierTi ekonomistis, mag.,

j. kendrikis azriT, adamianise-

uli kapitalis Rirebuleba un-

da Sevides erToblivi aqtive-

bis Rirebulebasa da sazoga-

doebis erovnul simdidreSi.

adaptaciis lagi adaptaciis lagi adaptaciis lagi adaptaciis lagi adaptaciis lagi (adapta-tion lag) - - - - - drois periodi cvli-

lebis Sesaxeb signalis miRe-

bidan adaptaciis dawyebamde.

adgilobrivi biujetiadgilobrivi biujetiadgilobrivi biujetiadgilobrivi biujetiadgilobrivi biujeti

(local budget) - - - - - xelisuflebis

adgilobrivi organoebis, munici-

paluri warmonaqmnis biujeti,

romelsac adgenen, amtkiceben

da gankargaven adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi.

adendumi adendumi adendumi adendumi adendumi (addendum) [<laT.

addere damateba) _ _ _ _ _ xelSekru-

lebis, mag., Carteris, damateba,

romelsac xelSekrulebis xel-

momweri mxareebi SeimuSaveben.

ad valoremi ad valoremi ad valoremi ad valoremi ad valoremi (ad valorem)[<laT. ad valorem Rirebulebis

mixedviT] - - - - - Zvirfasi tvirTisgadazidvisaTvis gadasaxdeleb-

is gamoTvlis an saqonlis fa-

sidan procentebSi sabaJo gada-

saxadis gaangariSebis meTodi.

administraciuli lagiadministraciuli lagiadministraciuli lagiadministraciuli lagiadministraciuli lagi

(administrative lag) ----- drois mo-

adamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitaliadamianiseuli kapitali

13

nakveTi administraciis mier

gadawyvetilebis miRebidan misi

aRsrulebis dawyebamde. lagis

es saxeoba gansakuTrebul gav-

lenas axdens fulad-----sakredi-

to politikaze. misi xangr-

Zlivoba damokidebulia marTvis

efeqtianobaze da mis swraf

reagirebaze, an iSviaT, magram

ufro radikalur cvlilebebze.

administraciuli fasiadministraciuli fasiadministraciuli fasiadministraciuli fasiadministraciuli fasi

(administrative price) - - - - - fasi, ro-melic dgindeba fizikuri an iu-

ridiuli pirebis gadawyvetile-

biT da ar aris sabazro Zalebis

obieqturi TamaSis Sedegi. admi-

nistraciuli fasis dadgena Se-

iZleba im SemTxvevaSi, rode-

sac saqonels yidis monopolis-

ti an saxelmwifo organo. sa-

pirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ moqnili fasi.

avali avali avali avali avali (aval) (frang. aval) -----saTamasuqo Tavdeboba, romelsac

kisrulobs mesame piri (aval-

isti) gansakuTrebuli sagar-

antio baraTis gacemiT. aval-

istis xelis mowera aucile-

belia Tamasuqis winapirze an

damatebiT furcelze _ _ _ _ _ alon-

Jze. sagareo-----savaWro garige-

bebSi avalistis rolSi gamo-

dis importioris banki.

avansi avansi avansi avansi avansi (advance) (frang.avance) _ _ _ _ _ fuladi Tanxa, rome-

lic winaswar gaicema momava-

li gadasaxdelis xarjze. Cveu-

lebriv, avansis saxiT gaicema

gadasaxdeli Tanxis daaxloe-

biT 10-----40%.

avansireba avansireba avansireba avansireba avansireba (advancement)(frang. avancer) - - - - - avansis gacema.

avansirebuli kapitaliavansirebuli kapitaliavansirebuli kapitaliavansirebuli kapitaliavansirebuli kapitali

(advance capital) - - - - - warmoebaSi

winaswar dabandebuli kapita-

li fuladi Tanxis an qone-

brivi faseulobis saxiT.

avantaJi avantaJi avantaJi avantaJi avantaJi (avantage) (frang.avantage) - - - - - xelsayreli mdgo-

mareoba, pirovnebis (jgufis)

sargebloba, upiratesoba.

averaJi averaJi averaJi averaJi averaJi (averaging) - - - - - sabir-Jo TamaSis strategia, romel-

ic iTvaliswinebs drois gar-

kveul SualedSi gamoSvebuli

aqciebis yidva-----gayidvas misi kur-

sis cvlilebis Sesabamisad.

aviazednadebi aviazednadebi aviazednadebi aviazednadebi aviazednadebi (airway bill)- - - - - aviatvirTbaraTi, gadazidvis

kontraqtis damadasturebeli

savaWro qviTari.

avizo avizo avizo avizo avizo (aviso, advice) [<ital.

avviso Setyobineba] - - - - - 1. weri-

lobiTi uwyeba, romliTac aty-

obineben mimRebs misTvis saqon-

lis, fulis an Tamasuqis gag-

zavnas; 2. oficialuri Setyo-

bineba sameurneo operaciis Ses-

rulebis Sesaxeb, romelsac

ugzavnis erTi kontrahenti

meores; 3. urTierTangariS-

sworebaSi momxdari cvlile-

bebis Setyobineba fostiT an

telegrafiT; 4. oficialuri

Setyobineba, romelsac ugzav-

avizoavizoavizoavizoavizo

14

nis banki meanabres, misi anabris

erTi angariSidan meoreze gada-

tanis Sesaxeb.

aaaaa’vista vista vista vista vista (a’ vista) [<ital. a’vista wardgenisas] - - - - - Tamasuqi

gadaxdis vadis miuTiTeblad.

aseTi Tamasuqis gasanaRdeblad

wardgena SeiZleba nebismier

dros.

avista avista avista avista avista (avista) [<ital., ix.

a’vista] - - - - - warwera Tamasuqze

an fuladi angariSsworebis

sxva dokumentze, romelic adas-

turebs am dokumentis ganaRde-

bas wardgenisTanave an ward-

genidan gansazRvruli vadis

gasvlis Semdeg.

avstriuli skola avstriuli skola avstriuli skola avstriuli skola avstriuli skola (aus-trian school) - - - - - neoklasikuri mim-

dinareobis erT-----erTi ganStoe-

ba, marJinaluri mimarTuleba,

romelic Camoyalibda XIXsaukunis 70-----ian wlebSi avs-

triaSi. zogjer mas moixse-

nieben rogorc venis skolas,

radgan misi warmomadgenlebi

f. vizeri, k. mengeri, o. bem-----

baverki da a.S. venis univer-

sitetis profesorebi iyvnen.

avstriul skolas didi wvlili

miuZRvis zRvruli sarge-

blianobis Teoriis SeqmnaSi. igi

pirvelad 1871 wels Camoay-

aliba k. mengerma naSromSi

`politikuri ekonomiis safuZ-

vlebi~, xolo bem-----baverkma ga-

naviTara es Teoria naSromSi

_ _ _ _ _ `kapitali da sargebeli~.

avstriuli skola daupirispir-

da SromiTi Rirebulebis Teo-

rias. ix.: SromiTi Rirebule-SromiTi Rirebule-SromiTi Rirebule-SromiTi Rirebule-SromiTi Rirebule-

bisbisbisbisbis Teoria, zRvruli sargeb- Teoria, zRvruli sargeb- Teoria, zRvruli sargeb- Teoria, zRvruli sargeb- Teoria, zRvruli sargeb-

lianobis Teoria, marJina-lianobis Teoria, marJina-lianobis Teoria, marJina-lianobis Teoria, marJina-lianobis Teoria, marJina-

lizlizlizlizlizmi, neomi, neomi, neomi, neomi, neoklasikuri ekono-klasikuri ekono-klasikuri ekono-klasikuri ekono-klasikuri ekono-

mikuri Teoria.mikuri Teoria.mikuri Teoria.mikuri Teoria.mikuri Teoria.

avtarkia avtarkia avtarkia avtarkia avtarkia (autarky) [<berZn.autarkeia TviTdakmayofileba] -----qveynis sameurneo gamocalkeve-

bis politika, romelic qmnis

karCaketil, TviTuzrunvelyo-

fad ekonomikas.

avtomatizacia avtomatizacia avtomatizacia avtomatizacia avtomatizacia (automa-tion) – Sromis Secvla avtoma-

turi procesebiT, magaliTad,

manqanis an misi detalebis mu-

Saobis kontroli, avtomaturi

SeRebva da a.S. avtomatizacia,

Cveulebriv, ganapirobebs teq-

nologiur umuSevrobas, magram

aseT pirdapir kavSirs ara aqvs

adgili Tu igi xels uwyobs

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zrdas,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, axali sa-

muSao adgilebis Seqmnisa da

ekonomikuri zrdis sawindaria.

avtomaturi stabili-avtomaturi stabili-avtomaturi stabili-avtomaturi stabili-avtomaturi stabili-

zatorebizatorebizatorebizatorebizatorebi(automatic stabilizers,built-in-stabilizers) - - - - - fiskaluri

sistemis instrumentebi, rom-

lebic recesiis periodSi, poli-

tikuri gadawyvetilebebis

gareSe, sabiujeto-----sagadasaxa-

do politikis avtomaturi cv-

lilebebiT gavlenas axdenen

aaaaa’’’’’vistavistavistavistavista

15

erToblivi moTxovnis stimu-

lirebaze. rodesac ekonomika-

Si iwyeba vardna, mTavrobis mier

gadasaxadebis saxiT akrefili

Tanxa avtomaturad mcirdeba,

vinaidan recesiis periodSi

yvela saxis Semosavali (maT

Soris xelfasi, mogeba da a.S.)

mcirdeba da sagadasaxado Se-

natanebic saxelmwifo biujetSi

klebulobs (imis gamo, rom maTi

sidide uSualod ekonomikuri

saqmianobis Sedegebzea damok-

idebuli). sagadasaxado amon-

agebis avtomaturi Semcireba

astimulirebs erTobliv moTx-

ovnas da, aqedan gamomdinare,

amcirebs ekonomikur ryeva-

dobas.

imis gamo, rom ekonomikuri

aRmavlobis periodSi yvela

saxis Semosavali (maT Soris

xelfasi, mogeba da a.S.) izrdeba,

sagadasaxado Senatanebic sax-

elmwifo biujetSi matulobs.

avtomaturi stabiliza-

toris rols saxelmwifo so-

cialuri xarjebic asrulebs.

kerZod, recesiis dros, rode-

sac ikveceba samuSao adgile-

bi, is pirebi, romlebmac dakarg-

es samuSao, iReben sxvadasxva

saxis fulad daxmarebas (maT

Soris, umuSevrobisTvis dazRve-

vas). saxelmwifo socialuri

xarjebis avtomaturi gadide-

ba astimulirebs erTobliv

moTxovnas da, maSasadame, am-

cirebs ekonomikur ryevadobas.

avtomaturi stabiliza-

torebis efeqtianoba arc ise

maRalia, rom mTlianad mospos

ekonomikaSi moklevadiani vard-

nis SemTxvevebi, magram igi war-

moqmnis stabilurobis elemen-

tebs, umuSevrobisa da inflaci-

is winaaRmdeg asrulebs e.w.

CaSenebuli stabilizatoris

rols. amitom avtomatur sta-

bilizatorebs CaSenebul sta-

bilizatorebsac uwodeben.

avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-

cia cia cia cia cia (autonomous investment) -----kapitaldabandeba, romelic ar

aris dakavSirebuli Semosav-

lebis donis cvlilebasTan.

aseTi investiciebis magaliTad

gamodgeba saxelmwifo kapi-

taldabandebebi, is investicie-

bi, romlebic xmardeba gamog-

onebebs, agreTve grZelvadiani

investiciebis is nawili, romel-

Ta anazRaureba swrafad ar

xdeba.

avtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebi

(autonomous expenditures) –

xarjebi, romlebic Semosavleb-

isgan damoukideblad ganixileba

modelSi _ Semosavlebi-xarjebi.

aseTia, magaliTad, saxelmwifo

xarjebi, investiciebis zogier-

Ti saxeoba (avtonomiuri inves-

ticiebi), saeqsporto xarjebi

da a.S.

avtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebiavtonomiuri xarjebi

16

avuari avuari avuari avuari avuari (asset) [<frang. avo-ir qoneba] - - - - - farTo gagebiT -----

aqtivi (fuladi saxsrebi, Ceki,

Tamasuqi, akreditivi da sxv.),

romlis meSveobiTac warmoebs

fuladi valdebulebebis da-

farva. viwro gagebiT _ _ _ _ _ bankis

fuladi saxsrebi, advilad re-

alizebadi fasiani qaRaldebi,

agreTve sazRvargareTis banke-

bSi am bankis angariSze arse-

buli aqtivebi ucxour valu-

taSi. ganasxvaveben Tavisufal

(SeuzRudavad mosaxmar), blo-

kirebul (saxelmwifos da banke-

bis gankargulebaSi arsebul)

da gansazRvruli reJimis mqone

avuarebs.

àziuri vefxvebi~àziuri vefxvebi~àziuri vefxvebi~àziuri vefxvebi~àziuri vefxvebi~ (“asi-an tigers”) – oTxi aziuri qveya-na (samxreTi korea, singapuri,

taivani, hong-kongi).

akerlofi jorj akerlofi jorj akerlofi jorj akerlofi jorj akerlofi jorj (daib.

1940) (Akerlof George) - - - - - ameri-keli ekonomisti, nobelis premi-

is laureati ekonomikis darg-

Si (2001) j. stiglicTan da

m. spensTan erTad, asimetriu-

li informaciis bazrebis anal-

izSi Setanili umniSvnelovane-

si wvlilisaTvis.

akvizitori akvizitori akvizitori akvizitori akvizitori (acquirer) [<laT.acquisitor mompovebeli, SemZeni]- - - - - satransporto an sadazRve-

vo sawarmoTa TanamSromeli an

agenti, romlis valdebulebeb-

Sic Sedis axali tvirTis mo-

zidva da dazRveva.

akorduli gadasaxadiakorduli gadasaxadiakorduli gadasaxadiakorduli gadasaxadiakorduli gadasaxadi

(lump-----sum tax) - - - - - saxelmwifos

mier dadgenili fiqsirebuli

gadasaxadi, romelic ar aris

damokidebuli Semosavlebis an

Sesyidvebis sidideze.

akreditivi akreditivi akreditivi akreditivi akreditivi (letter of cred-it) [<laT. accreditivus rwmunebi-sa] - - - - - 1. sabanko angariSis saxeo-ba, romelic fizikur an iuri-

diul pirs aZlevs SesaZleblo-

bas, saakreditivo davalebaSi

miTiTebuli pirobebis dacviT

miiRos gasamrjelo valde-

bulebis SesrulebisTanave; 2.

angariSsworebis forma saga-

reo vaWrobaSi. akreditivi

xSirad gamoiyeneba tratasTan

erTad sagareo vaWrobis dafi-

nansebis usafrTxoebis gazr-

dis mizniT; 3. saxelobiTi fa-

siani qaRaldi, romelic adas-

turebs mesakuTris uflebas

bankSi miiRos akreditivSi mi-

TiTebuli Tanxa.

akri akri akri akri akri (acre) - - - - - farTobis er-Teuli inglisur sazomTa sis-

temaSi: 1 a = 0,4047 heqtars.àldagi~ àldagi~ àldagi~ àldagi~ àldagi~ (Aldagi) - - - - - aqci-

oneruli sazogadoeba, pirveli

arasaxelmwifo sadazRvevo

kompania saqarTveloSi. daars-

da 1990 wels. 2006 wlis bo-

lomde ekava lideris pozicia,

vidre misi aqciebis 100% ar

SeiZina sadazRvevo kompania ̀ bi-

avuariavuariavuariavuariavuari

17

siaim~. 2009 wlis monaceme-

biT, gaerTianebuli kompaniis

`aldagi bisiais~ wili bazris

41,3%-----s Seadgens.

ale moris ale moris ale moris ale moris ale moris (daib. 1911) (Al-ais Morris) - - - - - frangi ekonomisti,neoliberaluri mimarTulebis

warmomadgeneli, nobelis premi-

is laureati ekonomikis darg-

Si (1988). mieniWa novatoruli

wvlilisTvis bazrisa da re-

sursebis efeqtiani gamoyenebis

TeoriaSi.

alokaciuri efeqtia-alokaciuri efeqtia-alokaciuri efeqtia-alokaciuri efeqtia-alokaciuri efeqtia-

noba noba noba noba noba (allocative efficiency) - - - - - 1.produqciis warmoebis opti-

maluri anu saukeTeso kombi-

nacia resursebis efeqtiani ko-

mbinaciis gziT; resursebis ise-

Ti kombinacia, rodesac produ-

qcias awarmoeben minimaluri

alternatiuli danaxarjebiT.

resursebis aseT gamoyenebas

teqnikur efeqtianobasac uwo-

deben; 2. situacia, rodesac

SeuZlebelia reorganizaciiT

an gacvliT erTi individis

moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba

meoris interesebis Selaxvis

gareSe. meore saxelwodebaa

pareto-efeqtianoba.pareto-efeqtianoba.pareto-efeqtianoba.pareto-efeqtianoba.pareto-efeqtianoba.

alokaciuri funqcia alokaciuri funqcia alokaciuri funqcia alokaciuri funqcia alokaciuri funqcia (al-location function) - - - - - saxelmwifos

Semosavlebisa da xarjebis

politikis nawili, romelic

iTvaliswinebs ekonomikaSi gan-

sazRvruli saxis saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis warmoebas. sax-

elmwifos alokaciuri funq-

cia aucileblobiTaa ganpirobe-

buli, vinaidan garkveuli sax-

is dovlaTi, romelic sazoga-

doebrivi saqonlis saxelwodeb-

iTaa cnobili, ar SeiZleba sa-

bazro fasiT miewodos sazoga-

doebas. saxelmwifos es funq-

cia ukavSirdeba agreTve gare

efeqtebis, eqsternaliebis prob-

lemas, rodesac erTi indivi-

dis moqmedebas sxvebisTvis mo-

aqvs xarji an mogeba.

alokaciuri funqcia saxel-

mwifos sami funqciidan erT-----er-

Tia, romlis gansazRvrac r. a.

masgreivsa da sxva avtorebs

ekuTvniT. arsebobs agreTve

saxelmwifos gamanawilebeli

da stabilizaciuri funqcie-

bi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Teo-

riulad am funqciebis erTmane-

Tisagan gamijvna Zalze mox-

erxebulia, praqtikaSi isini

xSirad gaerTianebulia.

aseTi dayofis mniSvnelo-

ba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom vi-

naidan, fasebis meqanizmi ver

iZleva signals potenciuri

moTxovnis Sesaxeb, sabazro

ekonomikaSi SeiZleba dairRves

arsebuli wonasworoba.

alonJi alonJi alonJi alonJi alonJi (allonge [<frang.allonge wanakeri] - - - - - Tamasuqze

mimagrebuli damatebiTi fur-

celi _ _ _ _ _ saTavdebo sagarantio

alonJialonJialonJialonJialonJi

18

baraTi, avali.

alpari alpari alpari alpari alpari (al par) - - - - - fasianiqaRaldebis, valutis, Tamasu-

qis sabazro (sabirJo) kursis

toloba maT nominalTan (nom-

inalur RirebulebasTan).

alternativa alternativa alternativa alternativa alternativa (alternative)[laT. alter erTi oridan] – ur-TierTgamomricxavi SesaZleb-

loba; ori an ramdenime SesaZ-

leblobidan erTi variantis

arCeva, romelsac aqvs upirate-

soba (maT Soris, ekonomikuri).

alternatiuli danaxalternatiuli danaxalternatiuli danaxalternatiuli danaxalternatiuli danaxFH-FH-FH-FH-FH-

jjjjjB (B (B (B (B (RirebulebaRirebulebaRirebulebaRirebulebaRirebuleba) ) ) ) ) (opportunitycost) - - - - - xelidan gaSvebuli Sesa-

Zleblobebis danaxarji (Rire-

buleba), im saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis alternatiuli dan-

axarji, romelTa daTmoba auci-

lebelia mocemuli saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad

an SesaZenad. sxva sityvebiT,

ama Tu im saqonlis sawarmoe-

blad garkveuli resursebis

arCeva niSnavs sxva, alterna-

tiuli saqonlis warmoebis Seu-

Zleblobas.

nebismier qveyanas, ganviTare-

bis donis miuxedavad, aqvs war-

moebrivi SesaZleblobis zRvari.

mas ar SeuZlia ganusazRvre-

lad gazardos warmoeba sru-

li dasaqmebis pirobebSic ki,

vinaidan yvela moTxovnis dakma-

yofileba SeuZlebelia resur-

sebis ukmarisobis gamo. resur-

sebis SezRuduloba iwvevs war-

moebis SezRudvasac. amitom

raime saqonlis warmoeba gana-

pirobebs imave resursebis

gamoyenebaze uaris Tqmas sxva,

alternatiuli produqtis

sawarmoeblad. amrigad, yvela

danaxarji, garkveulwilad, al-

ternatiulia. realur warmoe-

briv saqmianobaSi aucilebelia

gaTvaliswinebuli iyos ara mxo-

lod faqtobrivi fuladi, ara-

med alternatiuli danaxar-

jic.

amalgamacia amalgamacia amalgamacia amalgamacia amalgamacia (amalgama-tion) [frang. amalgame <berZn.malagma rbili sarCuli] - - - - - sa-banko kapitalis centralizaci-

is erT-----erTi forma, romelic

gulisxmobs ori an ramdenime

bankis Serwymas konkurenciu-

li brZolis procesSi. ganasx-

vaveben amalgamaciis or saxe-

obas: 1. msxvili bankis mier

mcire bankis STanTqmas; 2. banke-

bis nebayoflobiTi Serwymis

safuZvelze axali bankis warmoq-

mnas.

ambalaJi ambalaJi ambalaJi ambalaJi ambalaJi [<frang. embal-lage safuTavi] - - - - - 1. safuTavi

masala; 2. SefuTvis xarjebi.

amortizacia amortizacia amortizacia amortizacia amortizacia (amortiza-tion, depreciation) [<laT. amorti-sation dafarva, gadaxda] - - - - - 1.

realuri aqtivebis Rirebulebis

Semcireba, maTi nawilis yovel-

wliuri Camowera eqspluataci-

alparialparialparialparialpari

19

is procesSi; cveTis kvaloba-

ze ZiriTadi kapitalis Rire-

bulebis gadatana mza produ-

qciaze; 2. fuladi saxsrebis

miznobrivi gadaricxva da da-

groveba ZiriTadi kapitalis

cveTis anazRaurebis mizniT

Semdgomi gamoyenebisaTvis; 3.

valis TandaTanobiTi dafarva

grafikis mixedviT, perioduli

Senatanebis an valdebulebeb-

is gamosyidvis gziT.

amortizaciis norma amortizaciis norma amortizaciis norma amortizaciis norma amortizaciis norma (am-ortization rate) - - - - - amortizaciis

wliuri Tanxis procentuli

Sefardeba ZiriTadi kapitalis

pirvandel sabalanso Rirebule-

basTan. amortizaciis wliuri

normebi diferencirebulia Zir-

iTadi kapitalis saxeobaTa

mixedviT.

ampliacia ampliacia ampliacia ampliacia ampliacia (ampliatio) – xel-

werilis asli fulis miRebis

Sesaxeb.

amxanagoba amxanagoba amxanagoba amxanagoba amxanagoba (company) - - - - - fi-zikuri an iuridiuli pirebis

gaerTianeba erToblivi ekono-

mikuri saqmianobisTvis. ganasx-

vaveben Sereul (komanditur)

da srul amxanagobas.

anabari anabari anabari anabari anabari (deposit) - - - - - bankSiSesanaxad da sargeblis miReb-

is mizniT Setanili fuladi

Tanxa. arsebobs vadiani da mo-

kiTxvamde anabari. vadiani ana-

bari garkveuli vadiT Seit-

aneba bankSi, xolo mokiTxvam-

de anabari _ _ _ _ _ Senaxvis vadis

miuTiTeblad.

angariSgeba angariSgeba angariSgeba angariSgeba angariSgeba (reporting) -----firmebis, organizaciebis mier

TavianTi ekonomikuri saqmiano-

bis Sesaxeb angariSebis peri-

odulad Sedgena.

angariSi angariSi angariSi angariSi angariSi (account) - - - - - gan-

sazRvruli formiT Sedgenili

dokumenti, romelic gamoiyene-

ba ekonomikuri saqmianobis ama

Tu im aspeqtis gamosaxatavad.

mag., drois garkveul monakveT-

Si aqtivisa da pasivis, an kidev,

maTi maragis cvlilebebis an-

gariSi, romelic SeiZleba iyos

auditoruli, buRaltruli,

kapitalis moZraobis, komerci-

uli, mimdinare operaciebis, moge-

bisa da zaralis, sakorespon-

dento, fiduciaruli da a.S.

angariSsworeba angariSsworeba angariSsworeba angariSsworeba angariSsworeba (payment,settlement) - - - - - fulis gadaxda

valdebulebebis mixedviT naR-

di an unaRdo formiT. angariS-

sworeba SeiZleba ganxorciel-

des akreditiviT, CekebiT an sxva

saxis fasiani qaRaldebiT, kred-

itebiT, urTierTmoTxovnebis

CaTvliT, xelfasebis gacemiTa

da a.S.

angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-

Si Si Si Si Si (paying account) - - - - - angariSi,romelsac banki uxdis iurid-

iul pirebs fuladi saxsrebis

Sesanaxad da sxva iuridiul da

fizikur pirebTan angariSswo-

angariSsworebis angariangariSsworebis angariangariSsworebis angariangariSsworebis angariangariSsworebis angariSiSiSiSiSi

20

rebis ganxorcielebisaTvis.

angariSangariSangariSangariSangariS-----faqtura faqtura faqtura faqtura faqtura (invo-ice) - - - - - savaWro garigebis amsax-veli dokumenti, romelsac gamy-

idveli adgens da ugzavnis

myidvels; Seicavs saqonlis mi-

wodebis sabaziso pirobebs. igi

moicavs cnobebs gasayidi saqon-

lisa da fasis Sesaxeb, aseve,

warmoadgens angariSsworebisaT-

vis gadaxdis safuZvels. anga-

riS-faqtura adasturebs saqon-

lis an momsaxurebis faqtob-

riv miwodebas myidvelisaTvis.

anderaitingi anderaitingi anderaitingi anderaitingi anderaitingi (underwrit-ing) - - - - - bolo gamoSvebis fasiani

qaRaldebis SeZena maTi gayid-

vis mizniT. Cveulebriv an-

deraitings axorcieleben sa-

investicio dilerebi _ _ _ _ _ an-

deraiterebi.

anketa anketa anketa anketa anketa (form, questionnaire[frang. enquete] - - - - - gamokiTxvisfurceli, ZiriTadi dokumenti

anketirebis gziT gamokvlevis

CatarebisaTvis.

anketireba anketireba anketireba anketireba anketireba (inquiry) - - - - - sxva-dasxva movlenasa da RonisZie-

baze mosaxleobis socialur-----

fsiqologiuri reaqciis Sesaxeb

informaciis miRebis meTodi.

anketirebis procedura Sedge-

ba anketirebis SemuSavebis, gavr-

celebis, damuSavebisa da ana-

lizisagan.

anketireba aris uSualo

(interviu) an gaSualebuli (an-

keta) gziT respondentisagan

(piri, romlis gamokiTxvac xde-

ba) pirveladi, verbaluri (si-

tyvieri) informaciis Sekreba.

es meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba

sazogadoebrivi azris Sesas-

wavlad.

antidempinguri gadasa-antidempinguri gadasa-antidempinguri gadasa-antidempinguri gadasa-antidempinguri gadasa-

xadixadixadixadixadi (anti-----dumping duties) - - - - - saba-Jo gadasaxadi, romelic icavs

erovnul mrewvelobas dempin-

guri (xelovnurad daqveiTebu-

li) fasis mqone saqonlis im-

portisagan.

antidempinguri kanon-antidempinguri kanon-antidempinguri kanon-antidempinguri kanon-antidempinguri kanon-

mdebloba mdebloba mdebloba mdebloba mdebloba (anti-----dumping legis-lation) - - - - - dempingis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli specialuri samarT-

lebrivi aqtebi da debulebebi.

antidovlaTi antidovlaTi antidovlaTi antidovlaTi antidovlaTi (bad) - - - - - pro-duqti, romelsac momxmareb-

lisTvis uaryofiTi efeqti

moaqvs. es termini farTod aris

gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove

ekonomikur literaturaSi. mas

gansakuTrebiT xSirad iyeneben

gare efeqtebTan dakavSirebu-

li xarjebis ganxilvisas.

antimonopoliuri ka-antimonopoliuri ka-antimonopoliuri ka-antimonopoliuri ka-antimonopoliuri ka-

nonmdebloba nonmdebloba nonmdebloba nonmdebloba nonmdebloba (anti-----trust laws)- - - - - msoflios mravali qveynis

kanonmdebloba, romelic iTval-

iswinebs warmoebis metismeti

monopolizaciis (firmebis Ser-

wyma, erTi firmis mier meoris

STanTqma, kanonsawinaaRmdego

SeTanxmebebi bazrebis ganawi-

angariSangariSangariSangariSangariS-----faqturafaqturafaqturafaqturafaqtura

21

lebisa da fasebis dadgenis miz-

niT) SezRudvas. antimonopo-

liuri kanonebi xels uwyobs

konkurenciis ganviTarebas, icavs

mcire da saSualo firmebs.

anticianticianticianticianticipacia pacia pacia pacia pacia (anticipation)[<laT. anticipatio] - - - - - fulis ga-

daxda savalo valdebulebis

safuZvelze daTqmul vadamde.

antrepreniori antrepreniori antrepreniori antrepreniori antrepreniori (entrepre-neur) [<frang. entrepreneur me-warme] - - - - - 1. kerZo Teatris, cir-kis da a.S. mflobeli, arenda-

tori. 2. mewarme.

antreprizi antreprizi antreprizi antreprizi antreprizi (private the-atrical enterprise) [<frang. entre-prise] - - - - - kerZo sanaxaobiTi sawar-mo (Teatri, cirki da a.S.).

anuiteti anuiteti anuiteti anuiteti anuiteti (annuity) - - - - - vadi-ani saxelmwifo sesxi valis

yovelwliuri dafarviTa da

procentis gadaxdiT.

aJio aJio aJio aJio aJio (agio) [ital. aggio] -----1. qaRaldis fulSi gamoxatu-

li oqros sabazro fasis zrda

qaRaldis fulis raodenobas-

Tan SedarebiT; 2. fasiani qa-

Raldebisa da fuladi niSne-

bis sabirJo (sabazro) kursis

aweva, maT nominalur Rirebule-

basTan SedarebiT. angariSoben

procentobiT. mag., Tu 10 dola-

ris Rirebulebis aqcia birJaze

11 dolarad iyideba, maSin aJio

Seadgens 10%-s. igivea, rac

laJi. sapirispiro _ _ _ _ _ dizaJio.

aJiotaJi aJiotaJi aJiotaJi aJiotaJi aJiotaJi (stock-----jobbing)

[<frang. agiotage] - - - - - spekulaci-

uri operaciebi birJaze an ba-

zarze saqonlisa da fasiani

qaRaldebis fasebis xelovnuri

gazrdis mizniT.

araerTgvarovani kapi-araerTgvarovani kapi-araerTgvarovani kapi-araerTgvarovani kapi-araerTgvarovani kapi-

tali tali tali tali tali (heterogeneous capital) -----sxvadasxva saxis fizikuri kap-

itali, gamoyenebuli maRalspe-

cializebuli konkretuli war-

moebrivi procesebisaTvis. misi

sxva mizniT gamoyeneba SeuZle-

belia. araerTgvarovani kapita-

li gansxvavdeba erTgvarovani

ZiriTadi kapitalisagan, rom-

lis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia

mravali sxvadasxva saqonlis

warmoebisaTvis da sxvadasxva

warmoebriv procesSi. Tu kapi-

tali araerTgvarovania, maSin,

rogorc kembrijis skolis war-

momadgenlebi (a. pigu, d. rober-

tsoni da sxvebi) aRniSnaven,

warmoiqmneba seriozuli prob-

lemebi erToblivi warmoebrivi

funqciis gamoyenebasTan dakavSi-

rebiT. es ukanaskneli ki neokla-

sikur modelebSi gamoiyeneba.

arainstituciuri samo-arainstituciuri samo-arainstituciuri samo-arainstituciuri samo-arainstituciuri samo-

qalaqoqalaqoqalaqoqalaqoqalaqo mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba (noninsti-tucional civilian population) – qvey-nis mosaxleobis is nawili,

romelic aris samuSao asaks

qvemoT (mosaxleoba 16 wlam-

de), aseve, potenciurad gamo-

sadegi samoqalaqo dasaqmebi-

sTvis (SeiaraRebul ZalebSi,

arainstituciuri samoarainstituciuri samoarainstituciuri samoarainstituciuri samoarainstituciuri samoqalaqoqalaqoqalaqoqalaqoqalaqo mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba

22

sapatimroebSi da a.S. myofi

pirebi).

arakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoeba

(illegal production) – erovnulangariSTa sistemis (eas-93)

Tanaxmad, arakanonieri warmoe-

ba kanoniT akrZaluli saqmi-

anobaa (narkotikebis warmoeba

da ganawileba) an saqmianobis

is saxeobebi, romlebic nebar-

Tvis gareSe xorcieldeba. mag.,

samedicino praqtika licenzi-

is gareSe. aqedan gamomdinare,

arakanonieri warmoeba iyofa or

kategoriad: 1. kanoniT akrZa-

luli saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis warmoeba da realiza-

cia; 2. ekonomikuri saqmiano-

bis is saxeobebi, romelTa war-

moeba da realizacia Cveu-

lebriv nebadarTulia, magram Tu

xorcieldeba Sesabamisi licen-

ziis gareSe, maSin isini ara-

kanonierad iTvleba.

arakomerciuli organi-arakomerciuli organi-arakomerciuli organi-arakomerciuli organi-arakomerciuli organi-

zaciazaciazaciazaciazacia (non-----profit institution) - - - - - or-ganizacia, romelic mogebas ar

iRebs Tavisi ZiriTadi saqmi-

anobidan. arakomerciuli or-

ganizacia iqmneba socialuri,

qvelmoqmedi, kulturul-sagan-

manaTleblo, samecniero da sam-

marTvelo miznebis misaRwevad,

moqalaqeebis janmrTelobis dac-

vis, fizikuri kulturisa da

sportis ganviTarebis, moqala-

qeebis sulieri da sxva aramate-

rialuri moTxovnilebebis dak-

mayofilebis, fizikuri da iuri-

diuli piris uflebebisa da kano-

nieri interesebis dacvis, kama-

Tisa da konfliqtebis gadawy-

vetis da a.S. miznebis misaR-

wevad. (magaliTad, mravali or-

ganizacia jandacvisa da ganaT-

lebis sistemaSi). arakomerciu-

li organizaciebi SeiZleba Se-

iqmnas sazogadoebrivi an reli-

giuri organizaciebis (gaerTia-

nebebis), arakomerciuli partni-

orobis, dawesebulebebis, avto-

nomiuri arakomerciuli orga-

nizaciebis, specialuri, qvel-

moqmedi da sxva fondebis, aso-

ciaciebis, kavSirebisa da sxva

formebiT, romlebic moqmedi ka-

nonebiTaa gasaTvaliswinebeli.

iTvleba, rom aseTi organizaci-

ebi muSaoben specifikur reJim-

Si da sxva firmebisagan gansxva-

vebul miznebs isaxaven.

arakonkurentuli mox-arakonkurentuli mox-arakonkurentuli mox-arakonkurentuli mox-arakonkurentuli mox-

marmarmarmarmareba eba eba eba eba (non-----rival consumption)- - - - - saqonlis moxmareba iTvleba

arakonkurentulad, Tu erTi in-

dividis mier misi moxmareba

aranairad ar amcirebs meore

individisaTvis am saqonlis

miwodebas. aseTi saqonlis mox-

mareba ar ukavSirdeba alter-

natiul danaxarjebs. moxmare-

bis arakonkurentuloba sa-

zogadoebrivi saqonlis Tvise-

baa. amis magaliTia satelevizio

arakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoebaarakanonieri warmoeba

23

signali, gamomdinare iqidan, rom

erTi individis mier aseTi sig-

nalis miReba ar amcirebs mis

xelmisawvdomobas sxvebisaTvis.

ekonomistebis mtkicebiT, ase-

Ti tipis saqoneli unda miewo-

debodes nulovani fasiT yo-

vel zRvrul (damatebiT) er-

Teulze.

aramaterialuri momsa-aramaterialuri momsa-aramaterialuri momsa-aramaterialuri momsa-aramaterialuri momsa-

xureba xureba xureba xureba xureba (non-----material, intangibleservice) - - - - - Sromis specifikuriekonomikuri forma, romlis

sasargeblo efeqtic aramate-

rializebul momsaxurebaSi

vlindeba.

ekonomikuri saqmianobis

saxeobaTa saerTaSoriso stan-

dartuli samrewvelo klas-

ifikaciis mixedviT, aramateri-

aluri momsaxureba or jgu-

fad iyofa. pirvel jgufs

miekuTvneba piradi momsaxure-

ba, meores _ _ _ _ _ socialuri mom-

saxureba. Tumca amgvari dayo-

fa pirobiTia, vinaidan arsebobs

momsaxurebis iseTi saxeobebi,

romlebic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT

rogorc erT, ise meore jgufs.

magaliTad, ganaTleba, janmrTe-

lobis dacva, kultura da a.S.

akmayofilebs ara mxolod pi-

rad, aramed socialur moTx-

ovnilebebsac.

aramaterialur momsaxure-

bas gansakuTrebuli adgili

ukavia momsaxurebis sferoSi. mis

wamyvan dargebSi ekonomikuri

saqmianoba ganixileba arasaba-

zro meqanizmis funqcionire-

bis, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis

Teoriis, sabiujeto dafinanse-

bisa da normatiuli ekonomikis

poziciebidan. dasavleTSi sayo-

velTaod aRiarebulia, rom

socialur-----kulturuli momsa-

xurebis mniSvnelovani nawili,

agreTve saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-

bis, uSiSroebis organoebis mom-

saxureba da sxv., rac sazoga-

doebriv saqonels warmoadgens,

qmnis ekonomikis arasabazro

seqtors.

aranivTobrivi aqtive-aranivTobrivi aqtive-aranivTobrivi aqtive-aranivTobrivi aqtive-aranivTobrivi aqtive-

bi bi bi bi bi (goodwill, intangible asset) -----termini, romelic gamoiyeneba

sabuRaltro aRricxvaSi da

gamoxatavs firmis aranivTo-

brivi aqtivebis Rirebulebas.

Cveulebriv gamoiTvleba ro-

gorc sxvaoba funqcionirebad

firmisTvis gadaxdil fassa da

mis sabalanso Rirebulebas So-

ris. Tu gasayid firmas aqvs

kargi reputacia, hyavs mrava-

li momxmarebeli da klienti,

romlebic, albaT, darCebian mas-

Tan misi gayidvis Semdeg, es Se-

dis mis aranivTobriv aqtivebSi.

arapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasa-----

xadixadixadixadixadi (indirect tax) - - - - - sagadasax-ado anaricxi, romelsac saqon-

lis SeZenisas ixdis myidveli;

moxmarebaze gadasaxadi, romel-

arapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaarapirdapiri gadasaxadixadixadixadixadi

24

sac krefen gayidvis yoveli

aqtidan, dawyebuli warmoebrivi

da ganawilebiTi ciklidan da

saboloo moxmarebiT damTavre-

buli. moicavs gayidvaze gada-

saxads, damatebul Rirebule-

baze gadasaxads, aqcizur ga-

dasaxads, saimporto baJs, saqmi-

anobis monopoliur saxeobebze

gadasaxads da a.S. Sedis saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis sabazro

fasSi. es gadasaxadebi ganvi-

Tarebad qveynebSi qmnian saga-

dasaxado nakrebis ZiriTad ma-

sas, vinaidan pirdapir gadasax-

adebTan SedarebiT advilia maTi

regulireba da akrefa.

arasabazro momsaxure-arasabazro momsaxure-arasabazro momsaxure-arasabazro momsaxure-arasabazro momsaxure-

bababababa (non-----market service) - - - - - mom-

saxureba, romelic iyideba ara-

sabazro fasiT da erTeuli mom-

saxurebis mwarmoebeli resursebi

(50 procenti da meti) iqmneba

ara momsaxurebis realizaci-

iT, aramed samTavrobo trans-

ferebiT, saojaxo meurneobidan

nebayoflobiTi SenatanebiT,

sakuTrebidan miRebuli Semo-

savlebiT da sxv.

gaeros erovnuli angariSe-

bis sistemis klasifikaciis

mixedviT, arasabazro momsaxure-

bas miekuTvneba: saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobis organoebis, erovnu-

li Tavdacvis, savaldebulo

socialuri dazRvevisa da so-

cialuri dacvis momsaxureba;

ganaTlebisa da mecnieruli

kvlevis dargSi (umaRles sas-

wavleblebSi, zogadsaganmanaT-

leblo skolebSi, profesiul-----

teqnikur saswavleblebSi, sko-

lamdel dawesebulebebSi, samec-

niero-----kvleviT dawesebulebeb-

Si) saxelmwifos da kerZo ar-

akomerciuli organizaciebis

xarjze gaweuli momsaxureba;

janmrTelobis dacvis sfero-

Si (saavadmyofoebi, klinikebi,

sanatoriumebi da sxv., agreTve

veterinaruli saqmianoba) sax-

elmwifosa da kerZo arakomer-

ciuli organizaciebis xarjze

gaweuli momsaxureba; kerZo ar-

akomerciuli organizaciebis,

profesiuli kavSirebis, re-

ligiuri organizaciebis, tur-

istuli sainformacio saagen-

toebisa da klubebis, poli-

tikuri partiebis, samomxmare-

blo da samoqalaqo organiza-

ciebis momsaxureba; momsaxureba

kulturis, dasvenebisa da gar-

Tobis sferoSi (biblioTekebi,

sazogadoebrivi arqivebi, muze-

umebi, sportuli moednebi da

klubebi, botanikuri da bi-

ologiuri baRebi) gaweuli

saxelmwifo da kerZo arako-

merciuli organizaciebis xar-

jze; sasaflao meurneobis or-

ganizaciasTan, nagvis gatanasa

da sanitariasTan dakavSirebu-

li arasabazro momsaxureba;

arasabazro momsaxurebaarasabazro momsaxurebaarasabazro momsaxurebaarasabazro momsaxurebaarasabazro momsaxureba

25

saojaxo momsaxureba (Sinamo-

samsaxureTa momsaxureba).

arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-

bababababa (non-----market relations) - - - - - urTi-erToba, romelic sabazro eko-

nomikaSi yalibdeba qveynis mak-

roekonomikuri regulirebis,

saxelmwifo sawarmoebSi mtkice

fasebis dadgenis, saxelmwifo

dakveTebis SemoRebis, mosaxle-

obis socialur dacvasTan da-

kavSirebuli RonisZiebebis ga-

tarebis SemTxvevaSi. arasabaz-

ro pirobebSi moqmedeben sabi-

ujeto dafinansebaze myofi

organizaciebi.

arasabazro urTierTobis

arsebobas ZiriTadad ganapiro-

bebs Semdegi faqtorebi: pirve-

li, _ _ _ _ _ bazris meqanizmi saSu-

alebas aZlevs momxmareblebs

daikmayofilon mxolod moTx-

ovniT gamoxatuli moTxovnile-

bebi. magram arsebobs moTxov-

nilebebi, romelTa fuliT ga-

zomvac SeuZlebelia. bazari

maTze ar reagirebs. aseTi saxis

moTxovnilebebi ukavSirdeba

gansakuTrebuli tipis saqonel-

sa da momsaxurebas, romelic

msoflio ekonomikur liter-

aturaSi cnobilia ̀ sazogadoe-

brivi saqonlis~ saxelwodeb-

iT. misi kvlavwarmoebis area-

li qmnis ekonomikis arasaba-

zro seqtors; meore, _ _ _ _ _ bazars

ar SeuZlia misTvis niSan-

doblivi faswarmoqmnis meqaniz-

mis meSveobiT Seafasos adami-

anTa saqmianobis saboloo gare

efeqtebi, romlebic SeiZleba

gamoixatos rogorc dadebiT,

ise uaryofiT socialur-----eko-

nomikur SedegebSi. gare efeqte-

bis arseboba ganapirobebs ker-

Zo da socialuri danaxarjeb-

isa da Sedegebis gamijvnis

aucileblobas. kerZo danaxar-

jebi da Sedegebi asaxavs saba-

zro urTierTobas, maTi tolo-

ba _ _ _ _ _ sabazro wonasworobas,

xolo socialuri danaxarje-

bi da Sedegebi _ _ _ _ _ fsevdosaba-

zro wonasworobas, romelic

Tavisi ekonomikuri SinaarsiT

gacilebiT farToa sabazroze.

mxolod bazars ar SeuZlia

fsevdosabazro wonasworobis

damyareba, igi dgindeba saxelm-

wifosa da moTxovna-----miwodeb-

is meqanizmis erToblivi Zal-

isxmeviT. iq, sadac bazari uZ-

luria, aucilebelia saxelm-

wifos Careva; mesame, ekonomikis

dargebis — energo-----, Tbo-----,

wyal- - - - - da gazmomaragebis, sar-

kinigzo mimosvlis, safosto,

satelefono da satelegrafo

kavSirgabmulobis da a.S. te-

qnikuri da teqnologiuri

specifika, romelic moiTxovs

warmoebis, ganawilebisa da mox-

marebis erTian sistemas, war-

moebuli produqciis Tavisebu-

arasabazro urTierTobaarasabazro urTierTobaarasabazro urTierTobaarasabazro urTierTobaarasabazro urTierToba

26

rebebi da moxmarebis masobrivi

xasiaTi, romelic ganapirobebs

farTomasStabiani warmoebis

aucileblobas, ar qmnis ekono-

mikur sivrces normaluri kon-

kurenciisaTvis. amitom am dar-

gebSi saxelmwifo monopolia

(bunebrivi monopolia) gan-

pirobebulia obieqturi auci-

leblobiT, rac arasabazro ur-

TierTobebSi aisaxeba.

arasagadasaxado Semosa-arasagadasaxado Semosa-arasagadasaxado Semosa-arasagadasaxado Semosa-arasagadasaxado Semosa-

valivalivalivalivali (off-budget receipts) - - - - - Se-mosavali, romelic ar aris gaT-

valiswinebuli sagadasaxado

kodeqsiT. mas miekuTvneba: li-

cenzirebisa da sxva saxis sax-

elmwifo momsaxurebis gawe-

vidan miRebuli mosakreblebi,

saxelmwifo biujetis, saxelm-

wifo qonebis arendidan miRe-

buli Semosavali da a.S.

arasrulyofili konku-arasrulyofili konku-arasrulyofili konku-arasrulyofili konku-arasrulyofili konku-

renciarenciarenciarenciarencia (imperfect competition)- - - - - sabazro situacia, rodesac

konkurenciis srulyofileba

irRveva Tundac erTi gamyid-

velis (an myidvelis) zegav-

leniT sabazro fasze. igi

gamoxatavs sabazro struqtur-

is nebismier formas _ _ _ _ _ monopo-

lias, oligopolias an monopo-

liur konkurencias.

aratradiciuli ekono-aratradiciuli ekono-aratradiciuli ekono-aratradiciuli ekono-aratradiciuli ekono-

mikamikamikamikamika (non-traditional economy) –qveynis ekonomikis arajansaRi

nawili, romelic warmodgenilia

zombiekonomikisa (ix.) da nek-

roekonomikis (ix.) saxiT.

arafasismieri konarafasismieri konarafasismieri konarafasismieri konarafasismieri konkukukukuku-----

renrenrenrenrencicicicicia a a a a (non-----price competition) -----nebismieri kanonieri saSualebis

gamoyeneba, garda fasebis Sem-

cirebisa, axali momxmareblis

mizidvis mizniT. arafasismieri

konkurenciis meTodebs Soris

aRsaniSnavia reklama, market-

ingis gaumjobeseba, inovacieb-

is danergva da a.S.

araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-

kakakakaka (informal economy) – ekono-mikis, kerZod Sromis bazris

mniSvnelovani nawili (gansa-

kuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveyneb-

Si). did rols asrulebs dasaq-

mebisa da Semosavlebis formi-

rebaSi. im qveynebSi, sadac mo-

saxleobis zrdis tempebi an

urbanizacia maRalia, arafor-

maluri seqtori swrafad iz-

rdeba qalaqebSi mzardi samu-

Sao Zalis xarjze, amitom ara-

formalur seqtorSi warmoe-

buli saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis aRricxva Zalze mniSvnelo-

vania MmSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-is asaxvisaTvis.

araformaluri seqtoris

saerTaSoriso gansazRvreba mi-

Rebul iqna 1993 wels Sromis

saerTaSoriso organizaciisa da

Sromis bazris statistikosTa

meTxuTmete saerTaSoriso kon-

ferenciis gadawyvetilebiT.

araformalur seqtorSi

arasagadasaxado Semosaarasagadasaxado Semosaarasagadasaxado Semosaarasagadasaxado Semosaarasagadasaxado Semosavalivalivalivalivali

27

dasaqmebulTa umetesi nawilis

saqmianoba savsebiT legaluria,

amasTan, araregistrirebuli an

aralicenzirebuli, rac gana-

pirobebs warmoebis danaxarje-

bis Semcirebas.

araformaluri searaformaluri searaformaluri searaformaluri searaformaluri seqqqqqto-to-to-to-to-

ririririri (informal sector) - - - - - ekonomikisseqtori, romelic ar aris Car-

Tuli oficialur statistika-

Si. masSi Sedis TviTdasaqme-

bulTa kategoria, romlis ma-

Rali xvedriTi woniT gamoirCe-

va ganviTarebadi qveynebi. TviT-

dasaqmebulebi asruleben wvril

Sromatevad samuSaoebs, Tumca,

xSirad maT mniSvnelovani wv-

lili SeaqvT erovnuli Semo-

savlis warmoebaSi.

TviTdasaqmebulTa Sroma

xasiaTdeba dabali kapitalte-

vadobiTa (anu gamoyenebul mow-

yobilobaTa Rirebulebis gamoS-

vebul produqciasTan Sefarde-

bis dabali doniT) da dabali

kapitalSeiaraRebiT (anu gamoy-

enebul mowyobilobaTa Rire-

bulebis daxarjuli Sromis

RirebulebasTan Sefardebis

dabali doniT).

arbitraJi arbitraJi arbitraJi arbitraJi arbitraJi (arbitration, ar-bitrage) [frang. arbitrage]-----1. spe-kulacia riskis gareSe. komer-

ciuli saqmianoba, romelic

gulisxmobs ucxouri valut-

is yidvas fasiani qaRaldebis

erT bazarze erTdroulad me-

oreze gayidvis mizniT, sxva-

dasxva bazarze valutis kur-

sis sxvaobis safuZvelze moge-

bis misaRebad. arbitraJi xels

uwyobs fasebSi mkveTri gansx-

vavebis daZlevas, rac bazrebis

efeqtiani funqcionirebis mniS-

vnelovani faqtoria; 2. sadavo

saqmeTa ganxilvis meTodi, rode-

sac mxareebi mimarTaven samedia-

toro mosamarTles (arbitrs);

3. samediatoro sasamarTlo, sa-

dac davas wyvets mosamarTle-----

Suamavali (arbitri).

arbitraJi àdarbitraJi àdarbitraJi àdarbitraJi àdarbitraJi àd-----hoki~ hoki~ hoki~ hoki~ hoki~ (ar-bitrage “ad hoc”) - - - - - arbitraJi, ro-melic iqmneba konkretul kon-

traqtTan dakavSirebuli sada-

vo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad.

uTanxmoebas, rogorc wesi, gani-

xilavs sami piri: ori arbitri

(mosarCelisa da mopasuxis) da

erTi superarbitri. kontraqtSi

dawvrilebiT aris ganxiluli

arbitrebis arCevisa da daniS-

vnis wesebi, dadgenilia gadaw-

yvetilebaTa miRebis saboloo

vadebi. Cveulebriv arbitrebad

iwveven sagareo-----savaWro opera-

ciebis saukeTeso specialis-

tebs. isini SeiZleba iyvnen mec-

nierebi, firmebis prezidentebi,

advokatebi, saxelmwifo orga-

nizaciebis mosamsaxureebi. auci-

leblobis SemTxvevaSi arbitre-

arbitraJi àdarbitraJi àdarbitraJi àdarbitraJi àdarbitraJi àd-----hoki~hoki~hoki~hoki~hoki~

28

bad SeiZleba miiwvion teqnikuri

eqspertebi.

arenda arenda arenda arenda arenda (rent) [<laT. ar-rendare gaqiraveba] - - - - - xelSek-

ruleba, romlis mixedviTac

erTi mxare (mearende) aZlevs

meore mxares _ _ _ _ _ arendators

qonebas (miwas, Senoba-----nagebobebs,

samrewvelo da savaWro sawar-

moebs, droebiT gamouyenebel

mowyobilobebs, satransporto

saSualebebsa da sxv.) droe-

biT sargeblobisaTvis gan-

sazRvruli qiriT. arendatori

valdebulia gadaixados saaren-

do gadasaxadi SromiTi saqmi-

anobis Sedegebis miuxedavad.

arendirebuli qoneba SeiZleba

gaxdes arendatoris sakuTre-

ba, Tu es ukanaskneli mas mTli-

anad gamoisyidis.

arendatori arendatori arendatori arendatori arendatori (leaseholden,tenant) - - - - - piri, saarendo xelSek-

rulebis erT-----erTi mxare, rome-

lic raimes arendiT iRebs mea-

rendisagan.

ari ari ari ari ari (are) [<laT. are far-Tobi, zedapiri] - - - - - farTobis er-Teuli sazomTa metrul siste-

maSi.

1 a = 100 kv.m., anu 0,01 ha.arCevani alternatiu-arCevani alternatiu-arCevani alternatiu-arCevani alternatiu-arCevani alternatiu-

li variantebidan li variantebidan li variantebidan li variantebidan li variantebidan (trade-----off)- - - - - im gadawyvetilebis miRebis

aucilebloba, romelic gulisx-

mobs, rom arCeuli varianti

ganxorcieldeba alternati-

ulze uaris Tqmis fasad. mak-

roekonomikur terminologia-

Si gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri

politikis RonisZiebebis Se-

muSavebisas ama Tu im miznis

arCevis problemis aRsaniSna-

vad. mag., arCevanis problema

umuSevrobis zrdasa da in-

flaciis daCqarebas Soris,

mogebis zrdasa da xelfasis

gadidebas Soris da a.S.

asortimenti asortimenti asortimenti asortimenti asortimenti (range ofgoods, assortment) [<frang. as-sortiment] - - - - - sxvadasxva saxis

saqonlis nakrebi, dajgufebu-

li gansazRvruli niSnebis

mixedviT. ganasxvaveben sawar-

moo da savaWro asortiments.

asociacia asociacia asociacia asociacia asociacia (association) [<laT.associatio gaerTianeba] - - - - - iurid-iul da fizikur pirTa nebayo-

flobiTi gaerTianeba, Seqmnili

ekonomikuri (sameurneo), poli-

tikuri, samecniero da sxva

miznebis misaRwevad. ekonomi-

kuri asociacia iqmneba same-

warmeo saqmianobis mizniT sax-

elSekrulebo urTierTobis

safuZvelze. koncernisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, iq SezRudvebi nak-

lebad mkacria.

auditi auditi auditi auditi auditi (audit) [<laT. ix.

auditori] - - - - - sameurneo subieq-tis sabuRaltro-----safinanso

angariSgebis, sabuRaltro aR-

ricxvisa da safinanso opera-

ciebis warmoebis, moqmed kanon-

arendaarendaarendaarendaarenda

29

mdeblobasa da normativebTan

Sesabamisobis, sisrulisa da

utyuarobis, agreTve, safinan-

so da qonebrivi mdgomareobis

eqspertiza, romelsac atareben

arasauwyebo damoukidebeli

auditorebi saauditoro obieq-

tis Seswavlis, Semowmebisa da

reviziis gziT. auditorul

momsaxurebad iTvleba agreTve

zemoT aRniSnul sakiTxebze

sameurneo subieqtebisaTvis

gaweuli konsultaciebi da

daxmareba.

auditi tardeba saaudi-

toro standartebisa da dad-

genili meTodikis Sesabamisad.

cnobilia sainiciativo da

savaldebulo auditebi. saini-saini-saini-saini-saini-

ciativo auditi ciativo auditi ciativo auditi ciativo auditi ciativo auditi tardeba sa-

meurneo subieqtis iniciativ-

iT da am ukanasknelis mier

SerCeuli saaudito Temis

mixedviT. savaldebulo audi-savaldebulo audi-savaldebulo audi-savaldebulo audi-savaldebulo audi-

ti ti ti ti ti dawesebulia kanonmdeblo-

biT garkveuli wris sameur-

neo subieqtebisaTvis da tar-

deba periodulad kanoniT dad-

genil Temaze. auditis Catare-

ba savaldebuloa:

- - - - - im sameurneo subieqteb-

isaTvis, romelTa organizaci-

ul-----samarTlebrivi formac

moqmedi kanonmdeblobiT iTval-

iswinebs mesakuTreTa SezRu-

dul qonebriv pasuxismgeblo-

bas;

_ _ _ _ _ bankebis, sadazRvevo ko-

mpaniebis, arasabiujeto fond-

ebis, safondo da sasaqonlo

birJebisaTvis;

- - - - - fasiani qaRaldebis emi-

tentebisa da sainvesticio in-

stitutebisaTvis;

- - - - - ucxouri iuridiuli

pirebisaTvis, romlebic moge-

bas iReben mocemuli qveynis

teritoriaze saqmianobiT;

- - - - - ucxouri sainvesticio

sawarmoebisaTvis;

- - - - - sxva sameurneo subieqte-

bisaTvis, romelTa siac yovel-

wliurad mtkicdeba.

auditi fasiani momsaxure-

baa. igi, rogorc wesi, tardeba

xelSekrulebis safuZvelze

saxelmwifo kontrolisagan

damoukideblad da ar cvlis

mas.

auditori auditori auditori auditori auditori (auditor) [<laT.

auditor msmeneli] - - - - - auditis

Camtarebeli fizikuri piri,

rogorc wesi, mocemuli sax-

elmwifos moqalaqe, romelsac

aqvs specialuri ganaTleba da

kvalifikacia, rac dadasture-

bulia specialuri saatesta-

cio komisiis mier. auditors

saauditoro saqmianobis daw-

yebis ufleba aqvs mxolod Se-

sabamisi kompetenturi organ-

odan licenziis miRebis Sem-

deg. auditorebi am saqmianobas

ewevian rogorc individualu-

auditoriauditoriauditoriauditoriauditori

30

rad, ise auditorul firmebSi.

auditori valdebulia moipo-

vos iseTi informacia da masa-

la, romelic uzrunvelyofs

saaudito Temis srulyofil

Seswavlas, Sefasebasa da daskv-

nis obieqturobas, amasTan,

gamoricxavs tendenciurobasa

da calmxrivobas. sameurneo

subieqtis administracia valde-

bulia miawodos auditors

misTvis sasurveli informacia

da masala, romelTa utyuar-

obazec pasuxismgebelia sameur-

neo subieqti. auditis Temis

Sesaxeb Tavis saboloo mo-

sazrebas auditori asaxavs daskv-

naSi, romelic oficialuri

dokumentia da romlis ward-

genac nebismier organizaciaSi

SeiZleba. auditis Sedegebis

realizacias, rogorc wesi,

axdenen damkveTi da sxva ad-

resatebi, romlebic auditorul

daskvnas iReben. amasTan, kanon-

mdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebul

SemTxvevaSi auditors SeuZlia

Sesabamisi kompetenturi or-

ganos winaSe dasvas auditoris

Sedegebis realizaciis sakiTxi.

auditoruli firma auditoruli firma auditoruli firma auditoruli firma auditoruli firma (audi-tor firm) - - - - - firma, romlis wes-

debac iTvaliswinebs mxolod

auditorul da masTan dakav-

Sirebul saqmianobas.

auditoruli saqmianoba

aris im urTierTobaTa erTob-

lioba, romelic myardeba audi-

tis da masTan dakavSirebuli

saqmianobis momzadebis, Catare-

bisa da Sedegebis realizaci-

is procesSi sameurneo sub-

ieqts (damkveTs), auditors

(auditorul firmas), agreTve,

zogierT SemTxvevaSi, xelisu-

flebis organosa da sxva rome-

lime mesame pirs Soris, moqme-

di kanonmdeblobisa da sxva ma-

regulirebeli normebis safuZ-

velze.

rogorc wesi, auditorul

saqmianobas aregulirebs sax-

elmwifo. es xdeba kanonebis

miRebisa da maT Sesrulebaze

xelisuflebis meTvalyureobis

gziT. amasTan, saxelmwifo uSu-

alod ar ereva auditoruli

firmis saqmianobaSi. auditori

damoukidebelia saxelmwifos-

agan, klientisagan, nebismieri

mesame pirisagan. igi xelmZRv-

anelobs mxolod kanonebiT, au-

ditoruli standartebiTa da

meTodikiT. auditoruli fir-

ma Tanabrad icavs mesakuTris,

saxelmwifosa da sazogadoeb-

is kanonier interesebs.

auditoruli saqmianobis

saxelmwifo regulirebis or-

ganoebi umetes SemTxvevaSi iqm-

neba xelisuflebis umaRles or-

ganoebTan (saqarTveloSi am mov-

aleobas asrulebs auditoru-

li saqmianobis sabWo, romelic

auditoruli firmaauditoruli firmaauditoruli firmaauditoruli firmaauditoruli firma

31

Seqmnilia parlamentTan).

auditoruli firmis muSa-

obas mimarTaven auditorTa

TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi.

isini amzadeben auditis stan-

dartebs da sxva meToduri xa-

siaTis normatiul aqtebs. TviT-

mmarTvelobis aseTi organoebi

ZiriTadad auditorTa nebayo-

flobiTi profesiuli gaer-

Tianebebia. bevr qveyanaSi maT

auditoruli palatebi ewode-

baT.

saqarTveloSi auditoru-

li palata Seiqmna 1992 wlis

damlevs, xolo auditoruli da

sakonsultacio momsaxurebis

pirveli aqcionerTa sazogadoe-

ba _ _ _ _ _ `iberiauditori~ 1990

wels daarsda. amiT dasabami

mieca qveyanaSi auditoruli

saqmianobis dawyebas.

autraiti autraiti autraiti autraiti autraiti (outright) - - - - - mar-tivi vadiani savaluto gari-

geba, romelic iTvaliswinebs

fulis gadaxdas monawile mx-

areebis mier mkacrad gan-

sazRvruli `forvardis~ kur-

siT.

autsaideri autsaideri autsaideri autsaideri autsaideri (outsider) [<ing.outsider] - - - - - firma, ZiriTadad

mcire da saSualo, romelic

ar Sedis monopolistur gaer-

TianebaSi.

autsorsingi autsorsingi autsorsingi autsorsingi autsorsingi (outsourcing)– ukavSirdeba kompaniebis mier

biznesmodelis Secvlas, im ope-

raciebis gasxvisebas, romlebic

ar Seadgens maTi biznesis Zir-

iTad kompetencias, amasTan, ufro

iafad SeuZliaT Seisyidon na-

klebad ganviTarebul qveyneb-

Si.

miuxedavad amisa, amJamad prog-

ramirebisa da aplikaciebis (pro-

gramuli gamoyenebebis) Semu-

Savebis autsorsingi sakmaod

momwifebuli sabazro segmentia

ganviTarebul qveynebSi, myarad

aris damkvidrebuli iseT gan-

viTarebad da did qveynebSi,

rogoricaa indoeTi, CineTi,

malaizia; garkveuli qvesegmenti

aTvisebulia mcire qveynebSic:

israeli, estoneTi, litva. am

bazarze axladSemosuli qvey-

nebis (ruseTi, brazilia, Cile,

belarusi, vietnami) damkvidrebis

siswrafe mcirdeba, magram far-

Tovdeba maTi moqmedebis area-

li. sainformacio teqnologie-

bis servisebis autsorsingi uf-

ro mimzidvelia, vidre biznes-

procesebis autsorsingi, vinaid-

an mas aRemateba TiTqmis xuT-

jer, amasTan, yvelaze swrafad

mzardi segmentia sainformacio

teqnologiebis bazarze.

auqcioni auqcioni auqcioni auqcioni auqcioni (auction) [<laT.

auctio (auctionis)] - - - - - bazris erT-erTi forma, sadac potenciuri

myidvelebi TviT Tavazoben ba-

zars saqonlis fass da ara

ubralod ixdian gamyidvelis

auqcioniauqcioniauqcioniauqcioniauqcioni

32

mier dawesebul fass. auqcio-

ni sajaro vaWrobaa auqcion-

eris xelmZRvanelobiT, romlis

drosac gasayid saqonels iZens

umaRlesi fasis gadamxdeli

piri. aseT auqcions Cveu-Cveu-Cveu-Cveu-Cveu-

lebrivi lebrivi lebrivi lebrivi lebrivi anu inglisuri auq-inglisuri auq-inglisuri auq-inglisuri auq-inglisuri auq-

cioni cioni cioni cioni cioni ewodeba. auqcionis sxva-

dasxva saxeobaTa Soris aRsa-

niSnavia agreTve holandiuriholandiuriholandiuriholandiuriholandiuri

auqcioniauqcioniauqcioniauqcioniauqcioni, sadac vaWroba iwyeba

maRali fasiT, sanam vinme ar

gamoTqvams survils SeiZinos

mocemuli saqoneli bolos ga-

mocxadebuli fasiT. praqtika-

Si saqonlis birJebze gamoiye-

neba ormagi auqcioni, rodesac

birJis wevri SeiZleba iyos ro-

gorc gamyidveli, ise myidveli.

auqcioni ufro metad sa-

gareo vaWrobaSi gavrcelebu-

li saqonlis lotebad an calke

nivTebad gasaRebis xerxia, ro-

desac saqoneli an misi nimu-

Sebi gamofenilia dasaTvaliereb-

lad potenciuri myidvelebi-

saTvis. auqcionis zogad piro-

bebs gansazRvravs gamyidveli,

vaWroba ki iwyeba lotis an niv-

Tis nomris da sawyisi fasis ga-

mocxadebiT. auqcioni warmoad-

gens qonebis iZulebiT gayidvis

formasac valebis dafarvis miz-

niT.

arsebobs daxuruli da Riadaxuruli da Riadaxuruli da Riadaxuruli da Riadaxuruli da Ria

auqcioni.auqcioni.auqcioni.auqcioni.auqcioni. auqcioni daxurulia

sadac yvela myidveli weri-

lobiTi formiT waradgens

Tavis fass garkveuli saxis

faseulobis SesaZenad. Ria

auqcionSi nebadarTulia Sesasy-

idi qonebis fasis mravaljera-

di SeTavazeba. am formis auq-

cionSi monawileobis ufleba

aqvs qveynis nebismier moqalaqes

da qveyanaSi registrirebul

kerZo samarTlis iuridiul

pirebs, agreTve, es ufleba Sei-

Zleba hqondeT ucxoel fiz-

ikur da iuridiul pirebsac.

auqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazari (auc-tion market) – konkurentuli

miwodebis modeli, organizebu-

li bazari, sadac fasebi regu-

lirdeba moTxovna-miwodebis

cvlilebis safuZvelze. misi

ZiriTadi komponentebia stan-

dartizebuli saqoneli, anoni-

muri vaWroba da konkurenciis

monawileTa sakmao raodenoba.

aqseleratori aqseleratori aqseleratori aqseleratori aqseleratori (acceler-ator) [<laT. accelerare daCqare-ba] - - - - - ekonomikuri maCvenebeli,

romelic gamoxatavs Tanafar-

dobas investiciebisa da Semo-

savlebis cvalebadobas Soris;

investiciis namatis fardoba

Semosavlis namatTan. aqseler-

atori gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri

zrdis makroekonomikur mod-

elebSi multi plikatorTan

erTad.

aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-

pi pi pi pi pi (accelerator principle) - - - - - kon-

auqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazariauqcionuri bazari

33

cefcia, romlis Sesabamisad

produqciis gamoSvebis zrdis

tempebis cvlilebebi iwvevs

imave mimarTulebiT investicie-

bze moTxovnis cvlilebebs. mis

Tanaxmad, erToblivi wminda in-

vesticiebi damokidebulia war-

moebis moculobis mosalod-

nel cvlilebebze. umartivesi

formiT es principi SeiZleba

warmovadginoT Semdegnairad:

It = a·LYt-----1+b,

sadac a aris aqseleraciis koe-

ficienti, L - - - - - mcire cvlileba,

Yt-----1 - - - - - warmoebis moculobis

cvlileba wina wels, b - - - - - inves-ticiebi, romlebic mimarTulia

ZiriTadi kapitalis mwyobri-

dan gamosuli nawilis Sesacvle-

lad.

aqseleratoris principi mniS-

vnelovan rols asrulebs eko-

nomikuri ciklis axsnaSi, mag.,

multiplikatorisa da aqsel-

eratoris urTierTzemoqmedeb-

is safuZvelze, agreTve ekono-

mikuri zrdis TeoriaSi, gan-

sakuTrebiT harod-----domaris

TeoriaSi.

aqseleraciis koefici-aqseleraciis koefici-aqseleraciis koefici-aqseleraciis koefici-aqseleraciis koefici-

enti enti enti enti enti (accelerator coefficient) -----koeficienti, romelic uCvenebs,

ramdenjer izrdeba axali in-

vesticiebi warmoebis moculo-

bis cvlilebis sapasuxod. igu-

lisxmeba, rom axali investicie-

bi unda izrdebodes ufro

swrafad, vidre warmoebis moc-

uloba, vinaidan manqana-----danad-

garebis Rirebuleba Cveulebriv

mniSvnelovnad aRemateba misi

wliuri produqciis Rirebule-

bas.

aqtivi aqtivi aqtivi aqtivi aqtivi (asset) [<laT. acti-vus, qmediTi, aqtiuri] - - - - - 1. eko-nomikuri saqmianobis subieqte-

bis nebismieri qoneba _ _ _ _ _ naRdi

fuli anu mimoqcevaSi gaSve-

buli qaRaldisa da liTonis

fulis erToblioba, manqana-----

danadgarebi, Senoba-----nagebobebi,

sabanko anabrebi, patenti, in-

vesticiebi, fasiani qaRaldebi

da sxv., dasavleTis praqtika-

Si _ _ _ _ _ agreTve saqmiani reput-

acia; iyofa realur da fin- realur da fin- realur da fin- realur da fin- realur da fin-

ansur aqtivebad. ansur aqtivebad. ansur aqtivebad. ansur aqtivebad. ansur aqtivebad. realuri

aqtivi warmoebaSi dabandebuli

materialuri resursebia, xolo

finansur aqtivebs miekuTvneba

fuli, obligaciebi da aqciebi.

2. saxelmwifos mier sazRvarg-

areTidan miRebuli fuladi Se-

mosavlebis siWarbe sazRvarga-

reT gaweul xarjebTan Sedare-

biT (mag., saqonlis gatanis Sed-

egad); 3. sabuRaltro balansis

erT-----erTi mxare, sadac mocemulia

sameurneo saSualebebis dasax-

eleba, xolo meore mxares _____

pasivSi CamoTvlilia sameurneo

saSualebebis wyaroebi.

aqtiuri kapitali aqtiuri kapitali aqtiuri kapitali aqtiuri kapitali aqtiuri kapitali (ac-tive capital) - - - - - kapitali, romel-

aqtiuri kapitaliaqtiuri kapitaliaqtiuri kapitaliaqtiuri kapitaliaqtiuri kapitali

34

ic Tavisufalia valdebulebe-

bisa da valebisagan.

aqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdelo

balansi balansi balansi balansi balansi (active balance of pay-ments) - - - - - sagadasaxdelo bal-

ansi, romelSic sazRvargare-

Tidan Semosulobebi aRemateba

qveynis mier sazRvargareT gawe-

ul xarjebsa da gadasaxdelebs.

aqtuariusi aqtuariusi aqtuariusi aqtuariusi aqtuariusi (actuary) [<laT.

actuarius moangariSe] - - - - - dazRve-vis saqmis specialisti, romel-

ic dakavebulia sadazRvevo Se-

natanebis, pensiebisa da a.S. gaan-

gariSebiT.

aqceptanti aqceptanti aqceptanti aqceptanti aqceptanti (acceptor) - - - - - pi-ri, romelic iRebs valdebule-

bas, gadaixados warmodgenili

angariSis, Tamasuqis mixedviT.

aqcepti aqcepti aqcepti aqcepti aqcepti (acceptance) [<laT.

acceptus miRebuli] - - - - - 1. Tanxmo-ba xelSekrulebis dadebaze; 2.

warwera gadasapirebel Tamasu-

qze, romliTac gadamxdeli adas-

turebs Tavis valdebulebas,

gaanaRdos Tamasuqi masze mi-

TiTebul vadaSi. aqcepts afor-

mebs aqceptanti warweriT `aq-

ceptirebulia~ da xelis mo-

weriT; 3. bankis Tanxmoba ga-

dasapirebel Tamasuqze aRniS-

nuli Tanxis gadaxdis garan-

tiis Sesaxeb.

aqcepturi krediti aqcepturi krediti aqcepturi krediti aqcepturi krediti aqcepturi krediti (ac-ceptance credit) - - - - - bankebis miergacemuli krediti klientis

mier wardgenili gadasapirebe-

li Tamasuqis aqceptirebis

gziT. gamoiyeneba saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi, rogorc importis

dakreditebis erT-----erTi for-

ma. aqcepturi kreditis gace-

mis operacia xorcieldeba Sem-

degnairad: importiori Seu-

Tanxmdeba eqsportiors imis

Sesaxeb, rom am ukanasknelis

mier eqsportirebul saqonel-

Si fuls gadaixdis importio-

ris momsaxure banki, eqspor-

tioris mier wardgenili ga-

dasapirebeli Tamasuqis aqcep-

tis gziT. amasTan, dgindeba saaq-

cepto Tanxa da gadaxdis vada.

importiori avalebs bank-----aq-

ceptats, gaxsnas akreditivi eq-

sportioris sasargeblod mis

mier sasaqonlo dokumentebis

wardgenis safuZvelze. eqspor-

tiori, gagzavnis ra saqonels,

gamowers tratas importior-

is bankze. eqsportioris banki

gadagzavnis tratas eqsporti-

oris sasaqonlo dokumentebT-

an erTad importioris bankSi

aqceptisaTvis. sasaqonlo do-

kumentebi gadaecema importio-

rs. es ukanaskneli tratis

gadaxdis vadis dadgomisas

uxdis bank-----aqceptats Sesabam-

is Tanxas, ris Semdegac banki

anaRdebs tratas.

aqcepturaqcepturaqcepturaqcepturaqceptur-----rambusnulirambusnulirambusnulirambusnulirambusnuli

krediti krediti krediti krediti krediti (reimbursement cred-it) - - - - - aqcepturi kreditis gar-

aqtiuri sagadasaxado balansiaqtiuri sagadasaxado balansiaqtiuri sagadasaxado balansiaqtiuri sagadasaxado balansiaqtiuri sagadasaxado balansi

35

Tulebuli forma, romlis dro-

sac Tamasuqi waredgineba ara

importioris banks, aramed,

orive mxaris SeTanxmebis safuZ-

velze, romelime pirvelxarisx-

ovan banks saerTaSoriso bazar-

ze. amrigad, aqceptur-----rambus-

nuli kreditiT sargeblobisas

operaciaSi monawileobs sami

banki: importioris banki aZlevs

garantias ganvadebiT nayidi

saqonlis anazRaurebis Sesax-

eb pirvelxarisxovan banks ram-

busnuli valdebulebis for-

miT. eqsportioris banki gamow-

ers pirvelxarisxovani bankis

saxelze gadasapirebel Tama-

suqs importioris mier gadmot-

virTul saqonelze. gadaxdis

vadis dadgomis win importio-

rs Seaqvs saWiro Tanxa Tavis

bankSi, romelic, rambusnuli

valdebulebis Sesabamisad, gada-

ugzavnis mas pirvelxarisxo-

van banks. gadaxdis vadis dad-

gomisas pirvelxarisxovani banki

gadaugzavnis am Tanxas eqspor-

tioris banks.

aqcia aqcia aqcia aqcia aqcia (share, stock) [<frang.action] - - - - - fasiani qaRaldi, ga-

moSvebuli aqcioneruli sa-

zogadoebis mier, romelic

aZlevs uflebas mis mflobels,

miiRos dividendi aqcioneru-

li sazogadoebis mogebidan.

Semosavlis sididis mixed-

viT ganasxvaveben CveulebrivCveulebrivCveulebrivCveulebrivCveulebriv

da privilegiur aqciebs.da privilegiur aqciebs.da privilegiur aqciebs.da privilegiur aqciebs.da privilegiur aqciebs. Cveu-

lebrivi aqciebis mixedviT ga-

nawilebuli Semosavlebi merye-

obs mogebis normis Sesabamis-

ad. igi izrdeba aqcioneruli

sazogadoebis mogebis zrdasTan

erTad da, piriqiT, mcirdeba mis

SemcirebasTan erTad. privi-

legiuri aqciebis mixedviT ga-

nawilebuli Semosavlebi ar

icvleba aqcioneruli sazoga-

doebis mogebis cvlilebis Se-

sabamisad. igi winaswar dadge-

nili, fiqsirebuli sididea.

aqcioneruli sazogadoebis

likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi, misi

qonebis ganawilebisas, Cveu-

lebrivi aqciis mflobelTan

SedarebiT, upiratesoba eniWe-

ba privilegiuri aqciis mflo-

bels. rogorc wesi, privi-

legiuri aqciis mflobeli ar

sargeblobs xmis uflebiT, Cveu-

lebrivis mflobeli ki sarge-

blobs. amitom aqcioneruli

kompaniebis damfuZneblebi upi-

ratesobas aniWeben da Tavis-

Tvis itoveben Cveulebriv aqcie-

bs, xolo privilegiurs yidian.

aqcia warmomdgenze aqcia warmomdgenze aqcia warmomdgenze aqcia warmomdgenze aqcia warmomdgenze (bear-er share) - - - - - aqcia, romlis blan-

kzec ar aris miTiTebuli misi

mflobelis saxeli. aqcione-

ruli sazogadoebis aqciebis

registraciis wignSi fiqsire-

bulia mxolod am saxis aqcie-

bis saerTo raodenoba.

aqcia warmomdgenzeaqcia warmomdgenzeaqcia warmomdgenzeaqcia warmomdgenzeaqcia warmomdgenze

36

aqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontrolo

papapapapaketi keti keti keti keti (controlling stake, controlshare holding) - - - - - erTi piris

sargeblobaSi arsebuli aq-

cioneruli sazogadoebis aqcie-

bis mTliani raodenobis naw-

ili, romelic aZlevs mas ufle-

bas ganaxorcielos kontroli

am sazogadoebis saqmianobaze.

aqcizi aqcizi aqcizi aqcizi aqcizi (aqcizuri gada-aqcizuri gada-aqcizuri gada-aqcizuri gada-aqcizuri gada-

saxadisaxadisaxadisaxadisaxadi) (excise) [<laT. acciderewaWra] - - - - - arapirdapiri gadasa-xadis erT-----erTi saxeoba. wes-

deba iseT saqonelze, romel-

sac axasiaTebs ori ZiriTadi

Tavisebureba: 1. fasisgan damo-

ukideblad iyideba ganusazRvre-

li raodenobiT; 2. aris Seucv-

leli samomxmareblo saqone-

li. igi Sedis saqonlis (Saqris,

Cais, alkoholuri sasmelebis,

Tambaqos, marilis, benzinis da

a.S.) fasSi, agreTve satrans-

porto, komunaluri da sxv. mom-

saxurebis tarifSi. aqcizi zRu-

davs maT moxmarebas. saxelm-

wifo afiqsirebs aqcizuri ga-

dasaxadis sidides da axor-

cielebs fasebze kontrols.

aqcizi saxelmwifo biujetis

erT-----erTi mniSvnelovani wyaroa.

aqcizi regresiuli gada-

saxadia. aqcizuri gadasaxadis

akrefisas SeZenili produqci-

is erTeulze Tanabari sidi-

dis gadasaxadi amoiReba. es ki

niSnavs imas, rom rac ufro

metia Semosavali, gadasaxadis

miT naklebi wilia masSi.

aqciis kursi aqciis kursi aqciis kursi aqciis kursi aqciis kursi (share price)- - - - - fasi, romliTac mocemul mo-

mentSi xdeba konkretuli aqci-

oneruli sazogadoebis aqcie-

bis yidva-----gayidva safondo bir-

Jaze, saqonlis birJebis safon-

do ganyofilebebSi, bankebsa da

sabrokero kantorebSi. mudmi-

vad moqmedi kapitalis bazris

pirobebSi aqciis kursi, pirvel

yovlisa, damokidebulia divi-

dendis ganakveTsa da sargeb-

lis ganakveTs Soris Tanafar-

dobaze. mag., Tu dividendis

ganakveTi udris 18%-----s, xolo

sargeblis ganakveTi _ _ _ _ _ 12%-----s,

maSin aqciis kursi Seadgens misi

nominaluri fasis 150%-----s, anu

aqcia 100 dolaris nominaluri

fasiT eRireba aranakleb 150

dolarisa. aqciis kursze gav-

lenas axdens agreTve aqcioner-

uli sazogadoebis reputacia,

misi saqmianobis finansuri maC-

veneblebi, fasiani qaRaldebis

bazarze moTxovnis da miwode-

bis Tanafardoba da sxv. aqci-

is mravali mflobeli iyenebs

sabazro da nominaluri aqci-

is kursebs Soris mniSvnelo-

vani sxvaobis xarjze Semosav-

lis miRebis SesaZleblobas,

swrafad da momgebianad yidis

am aqciebs, ris gamoc miwodeba

sWarbobs moTxovnas, aqciis

kursi ecema da, piriqiT, rek-

lamisa da sxva faqtorebis

aqciebis sakontrolo paaqciebis sakontrolo paaqciebis sakontrolo paaqciebis sakontrolo paaqciebis sakontrolo paketiketiketiketiketi

37

gavleniT, SeiZleba warmoiqmnas

aJiotaJuri moTxovna aqciebze

da, Sesabamisad, mkveTrad ga-

izardos maTi kursi. nominalur

fasze maRali aqciis kursi emi-

siuri Semosavlis wyaroa. aqci-

is kursis dinamikaze did gav-

lenas axdens qveyanaSi arse-

buli socialur-----ekonomikuri

da politikuri viTareba.

aqcioneri aqcioneri aqcioneri aqcioneri aqcioneri (stockholder,shareholder) [<frang. acctionaire]- - - - - piri, romelic aqcionerTa

sazogadoebis wevri xdeba misi

aqciis an aqciebis SeZenis

safuZvelze. aqcioneri sarge-

blobs garkveuli uflebebiT.

kerZod, mas ufleba aqvs monaw-

ileoba miiRos sazogadoebis

saqmianobis mimarTulebebis gan-

sazRvraSi, airCios an arCeuli

iqnes aqcioneruli sazogadoe-

bis xelmZRvanelad, miiRos misi

mogebis nawili dividendis sax-

iT, romelic yovelwliurad ga-

icema aqciebze gadasaxadebis

gadaxdisa da rezervebis Sevse-

bis Semdeg, ufleba aqvs miiRos

qonebis nawili (aqciebis Rire-

bulebis sididis mixedviT) aq-

cioneruli sazogadoebis likvi-

daciis SemTxvevaSi da a.S.

aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-

ebaebaebaebaeba (joint stock company, stock-----company) - - - - - sameurneo agentTasamarTlebriv-----organizaciuli

forma, Seqmnili damfuZnebel

aqcionerTa saxsrebis gaerTiane-

bis safuZvelze. aqcioneruli sa-

zogadoeba unda Sedgebodes ara-

nakleb ori monawilisagan. igi

iqmneba da moqmedebs wesdebis sa-

fuZvelze, xolo iuridiuli pi-

ris ufleba eniWeba registra-

ciis momentidan. aqcioneruli

sazogadoebis umaRlesi orga-

noa aqcionerTa saerTo kreba, ro-

melic gansazRvravs sazogadoe-

bis saqmianobis ZiriTad mimaT-

ulebebs, cvlis wesdebas, amt-

kicebs gegmebs, irCevs aqcioner-

uli sazogadoebis sameTvaly-

ureo sabWos, aRmasrulebeli

da sarevizio komisiebis wevrebs.

saerTo krebaze kenWisyra tar-

deba Semdegi principiT: erTi

aqcia _ _ _ _ _ erTi xma.

aRmavloba aRmavloba aRmavloba aRmavloba aRmavloba (growth, expan-sion, recovery) - - - - - ekonomikis gan-viTarebis periodi, saqmiani aq-

tiurobis ciklis faza, romel-

ic xasiaTdeba saSualoze ma-

Rali zrdis tempebiT.

aRmavlobis dros ekonomi-

kuri ganviTarebis done aWar-

bebs krizisis dawyebisas arse-

bul dones.

aSkara danaxarji aSkara danaxarji aSkara danaxarji aSkara danaxarji aSkara danaxarji (explicitexpense) - - - - - danaxarji, romelic

aSkara (fuladi) gadasaxdelis

formas iRebs da xmardeba war-

moebis faqtorebisa da Suale-

duri produqtis mimwodeblebs.

igi sabuRaltro wignSi reg-

istrirebuli fuladi danax-

arjia. aSkara danaxarjs mie-

aSkara danaxarjiaSkara danaxarjiaSkara danaxarjiaSkara danaxarjiaSkara danaxarji

38

kuTvneba muSebis xelfasi, me-

nejerTa gasamrjelo, sakomisio

gadasaxdeli savaWro firmebi-

saTvis, sabanko da safinanso

momsaxurebis sxva mimwodebelTa

Sromis anazRaureba, honorarebi

iuridiuli konsultaciebi-

saTvis, satransporto xarje-

bis ganaRdeba da sxv.

aSSaSSaSSaSSaSS-----is saerTaSoriso gan-is saerTaSoriso gan-is saerTaSoriso gan-is saerTaSoriso gan-is saerTaSoriso gan-

viTarebisviTarebisviTarebisviTarebisviTarebis saagento saagento saagento saagento saagento (Interna-tional Development Agency of USA- - - - - USAID) - - - - - daarsda 1961 wels

j. kenedis prezidentobis pe-

riodSi sagareo daxmarebis

aqtis miRebis safuZvelze. misi

ZiriTadi mizania ganviTareba-

di qveynebis daxmareba ekono-

mikuri reformebis gatarebaSi,

kerZod, demokratiis mSeneblo-

baSi, biznesis xelSewyobaSi,

mwvave siRaribis daZlevasa da

stiqiuri ubedurebiT gamowveu-

li Sedegebis aRmofxvraSi.

saagento saqarTvelos dax-

marebas uwevs 1992 wlidan.

am mizniT man ganvlil period-

Si 1 mlrd dolarze meti ga-

moyo. reformebis gatarebaSi

mniSvnelovan xelSewyobas iTva-

liswinebs USAID-----is `saqarTve-los biznes-----klimatis refor-

mis~ proeqti. misi roli did-

ia energetikis ganviTarebaSi, sa-

xeldobr, saqarTvelos energe-

tikis maregulirebeli erovnu-

li komisiis (semek) kanonmdeb-

lobis daxvewaSi (1997), eleq-

troenergiisa (1998) da bune-

brivi gazis (1999) satarifo

meTodologiis SemuSavebaSi, li-

cenzirebis wesebisa da regu-

lirebis sxva fuZemdebluri do-

kumentebis SeqmnasaSi da a.S.

saagento teqnikur, materialur,

finansur da saganmanaTleblo

daxmarebas uwevs da moicavs

regulirebis yvela sferos.

axali ekonomika axali ekonomika axali ekonomika axali ekonomika axali ekonomika (new eco-nomy) - - - - - ekonomika, romelSic po-

zitiurad aisaxeba swrafi teqno-

logiuri progresis safuZvelze

sainformacio teqnologiebSi

ganxorcielebuli fundamentu-

ri cvlilebebi. axali ekonomika

qveynis konkurentunarianobis

mniSvnelovani garantia

axali zrdis Teoria axali zrdis Teoria axali zrdis Teoria axali zrdis Teoria axali zrdis Teoria (newgrowth theory) - - - - - cnobilia agre-

Tve, rogorc endogenuri zr-endogenuri zr-endogenuri zr-endogenuri zr-endogenuri zr-

disdisdisdisdis Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria. tradiciuli zr-

dis Teoriis modificirebuli

varianti, romelic xsnis sxvada-

sxva qveynisTvis grZelvadiani

balansirebuli zrdis gansxva-

vebul SesaZleblobebs, amasTan,

Raribidan mdidar qveynebSi ka-

pitalis gadadinebis mizezebs.

axali industriuli qve-axali industriuli qve-axali industriuli qve-axali industriuli qve-axali industriuli qve-

ynebiynebiynebiynebiynebi (new industrial countries -----NiCs) - - - - - ekonomikuri ganviTare-bis SedarebiT maRali donisa

da dinamikuri mrewvelobis

mqone, msoflio vaWrobaSi, sa-

finanso da sainvesticio siste-

maSi aqtiurad CarTuli qvey-

aSSaSSaSSaSSaSS-----is saerTaSoriso ganis saerTaSoriso ganis saerTaSoriso ganis saerTaSoriso ganis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebisviTarebisviTarebisviTarebisviTarebis saagento saagento saagento saagento saagento

39

nebis mcire jgufi. maT ricx-

vs miekuTvneba argentina, bra-

zilia, meqsika, TurqeTi, israe-

li, saberZneTi, singapuri,

samxreTi korea, taivani, honkongi

(CineTis Semadg.).

axali klasikuri makro-axali klasikuri makro-axali klasikuri makro-axali klasikuri makro-axali klasikuri makro-

ekonomikaekonomikaekonomikaekonomikaekonomika (new classical mac-roeconomics) - - - - - arsebiTad orTo-doqsuli klasikuri ekonomi-

kuri Teoria, romelic eyrd-

noba im Sexedulebas, rom racio-

naluri molodinis SeTanawyo-

ba umuSevrobis bunebrivi normis

koncefciasTan bazrebis efeq-

tiani gawmendis Sedegia. am

Teoriis mixedviT, ekonomika myar

mdgomareobaSia umuSevrobis

bunebrivi donis pirobebSi,

xolo cda imisa, rom dairRves

es wonasworoba, magaliTad,

umuSevrobis mis bunebriv don-

eze qvemoT Semcirebis SemTx-

vevaSi, advilad neitralizde-

ba ekonomikuri agentebis mier.

nebismieri cda warmoebisa da

dasaqmebis stabilizaciisa fis-

kalur-----sakredito politikis

gamoyenebiT araefeqtiania da

ver axdens rogorc mokle-----, ise

grZelvadian gavlenas realuri

cvladebis mniSvnelobaze. am

poziciis arsi mdgomareobs

imaSi, rom ar arsebobs arCeva-

ni inflaciasa da umuSevrobas

Soris moklevadian periodSic

ki. miuxedavad amisa, iTvleba,

rom ekonomikuri mecnierebis es

mimarTuleba monetarizmis gan-

viTarebaa. misi argumentebi

gansxvavdeba iseTi cnobili

monetaristebis daskvnebisagan,

rogoric m. fridmenia. frid-

menis azriT, moTxovnis marTvis

politikam SeiZleba gamoiwvios

moklevadiani gadaxra warmoe-

bis moculobisa da umuSevro-

bis bunebrivi donidan.

axali klasikuri makroeko-

nomika cdilobs daasabuTos

moTxovnis marTvis keinzianuri

politikis araefeqtianoba da

yuradReba gadaitanos miwode-

bis ekonomikur Teoriaze.

axali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomika

(new microekonomics) – ekonomi-kuri Teoriis erT-erTi mimar-

Tuleba, romlis momxreebi cdi-

loben gaaigivon mikro- da mak-

roekonomika mikroekonomikuri

dasabuTebis im meqanizmiT, ro-

melic safuZvlad udevs fase-

bisa da umuSevrobis cvlile-

bebs Soris urTierTkavSirs.

axali mikroekonomika eyr-

dnoba umuSevrobis bunebrivi

donis hipoTezas da uaryofs

bazris monawileTa ufaso da

srul informirebulobas. axa-

li mikroekonomika cdilobs

axsnas umuSevrobis dadebiTi

bunebrivi donis arseboba da

uaryofiTi kavSiri fasebsa da

umuSevrobas Soris, romelic

axali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomikaaxali mikroekonomika

40

gamomdinareobs moklevadiani

filipsis mrudidan.

axali mikroekonomikis mo-

delebi sxvadasxvaa, amasTan, yve-

la modelisTvis damaxasiaTe-

belia warmoebis moculobis

cvlilebebi, gamowveuli winas-

war ganuWvreteli fasebis Sec-

vliT. amrigad, erToblivi moTx-

ovnis araprognozirebadi zrda

iwvevs inflaciis moulodnel

zrdas, fasebisa da xelfasebis

gauTvaliswinebel matebas, rac,

saboloo angariSiT, ganapiro-

bebs warmoebis moculobisa da

dasaqmebis gadidebas. es ki, sxva

Tanabar pirobebSi, fasebis zrda-

ze Cveulebrivi reaqciaa.

axali Sexeduleba inves-axali Sexeduleba inves-axali Sexeduleba inves-axali Sexeduleba inves-axali Sexeduleba inves-

ticiebze ticiebze ticiebze ticiebze ticiebze (new view on invest-ment) - - - - - investiciebisadmi axa-li midgoma, romelic iTval-

iswinebs mowyobilobaTa bolo

Taobis efeqtianobis zrdas, ey-

rdnoba msjelobas imis Sesax-

eb, rom Tanamedrove teqnolo-

giuri progresi aqveiTebs Zir-

iTadi kapitalis saSualo asaks

da zrdis im kapitalis wils,

romelSic ganivTebulia axali

teqnologia.

axali politikuri eko-axali politikuri eko-axali politikuri eko-axali politikuri eko-axali politikuri eko-

nomianomianomianomianomia (new political economy) -----Seiswavlis politikisa da eko-

nomikis urTierTqmedebis kanon-

zomierebebs, ikvlevs im poli-

tikur faqtorebs, romlebic mo-

qmedeben qveynis ekonomikur

politikaze.

axirebaaxirebaaxirebaaxirebaaxireba (fad) - - - - - drois gar-kveul periodSi finansuri inves-

torebis mzadyofna, gaumarTle-

beli optimizmidan gamomdinare,

fasian qaRaldebSi gadaixadon

imaze meti, vidre isini realu-

rad Rirs (ix. racionaluri spe-

kulaciuri `sapnis buSti~).

axali Sexeduleba investiciebzeaxali Sexeduleba investiciebzeaxali Sexeduleba investiciebzeaxali Sexeduleba investiciebzeaxali Sexeduleba investiciebze

41

bbbbbbadisebri gare efeq-badisebri gare efeq-badisebri gare efeq-badisebri gare efeq-badisebri gare efeq-

ti ti ti ti ti (network externality) - - - - - gareefeqtis saxeoba, romlis dro-

sac yoveli individisaTvis dov-

laTis sargeblianoba damokide-

bulia mocemuli dovlaTis mo-

mxmarebelTa raodenobaze.

bazari bazari bazari bazari bazari (market) - - - - - sabazroekonomikaSi kvlavwarmoebis mTe-

li procesis momcveli fenom-

eni, ekonomikuri sivrce, sadac

TviTregulirebis meqanizmis

safuZvelze yalibdeba urTier-

Toba saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis mwarmoeblebsa da momxmare-

blebs Soris. igi horizonta-

luri kavSirebis ganviTarebis

safuZvelze gamoricxavs admin-

istraciul Carevas faswarmo-

qmnasa da resursebis ganawile-

baSi, riTac sagrZnoblad amar-

tivebs mmarTvelobis ierarqi-

ul vertikalur struqturas.

bazari garkveul kanonzom-

ierebebs eqvemdebareba. misTvis

damaxasiaTebelia: a) sakuTreb-

is pluralizmi da meurneobis

mravalferovneba; b) mwarmoe-

belTa damoukidebloba da maTi

ekonomikuri pasuxismgebloba;

g) mewarmeobaSi reglamentaciis

arqona, racionalizmi kontra-

hentis arCevaSi da sxv.

bazari, romelic SromiTi

motivaciis efeqtian sistemas

qmnis, piradi da sazogadoebrivi

interesebis gaerTianebis moqni-

li meqanizmia. sabazro konku-

renciis monawilis mamoZrave-

beli subieqturi mizani _____

maqsimaluri mogebis miReba,

bazris `uxilavi xeliT~, sab-

oloo angariSiT, zegavlenas

axdens sazogadoebriv intere-

sebze da ayalibebs obieqtur

kanonzomierebebs, romlebic

gamoxatulebas qveynis ekono-

mikur zrdaSi povebs.

ganasxvaveben kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo kerZo da te-te-te-te-te-

ritoriul ritoriul ritoriul ritoriul ritoriul bazrebs. kerZo ba-

zrebi iyofa saqonlis, momsax-

urebis, samuSao Zalisa da kap-

italis bazrebad. teritoriu-

li sazRvrebis mixedviT ganasx-

vaveben adgilobriv, erovnul da

msoflio bazrebs. amaTgan Ti-

Toeuls axasiaTebs specifikuri

Taviseburebebi, romelTa gaT-

valiswinebasac makroekonomi-

kuri regulirebisa da calkeu-

li firmis sabazro strategi-

is SemuSavebaSi didi mniSvnelo-

ba eniWeba.

Sromis sazogadoebrivi

danawilebis Tanamedrove done,

farTomasStabiani warmoebis up-

iratesobebi, maRalteqnolo-

giuri da araerTgvarovani sa-

qonlisa da momsaxurebis saxe-

obebis gansakuTrebuli simrav-

le, ekonomikuri kavSirebis

bazaribazaribazaribazaribazari

42

mravalferovneba da a.S. gana-

pirobebs bazarze konkurenci-

is modifikacias.

bazris koniunqtura bazris koniunqtura bazris koniunqtura bazris koniunqtura bazris koniunqtura (mar-ket opportunities, condition) - - - - - im pi-robebis erToblioba, romlebic

gansazRvraven yovel mocemul

momentSi moTxovnisa da miwode-

bis Tanafardobas.

bazris fiasko bazris fiasko bazris fiasko bazris fiasko bazris fiasko (market fa-ilure) - - - - - situacia, romlis dro-

sac bazars ar ZaluZs ekono-

mikur arCevanTan dakavSirebu-

li procesebis imgvarad koor-

dinireba, rom uzrunvelyos

resursebis efeqtiani gamoye-

neba. resursebis ganawilebis

sferoSi bazris fiasko, Teori-

ulad, saxelmwifos Carevis ga-

marTlebis safuZvelia.

bazris wonasworoba bazris wonasworoba bazris wonasworoba bazris wonasworoba bazris wonasworoba -----

(market balance) - - - - - moTxovnisa damiwodebis tolobis gamomxatve-

li sabazro situacia, rode-

sac ar arsebobs arc Warbi mo-

Txovna, arc Warbi miwodeba da

bazars miewodeba imdeni pro-

duqcia, ramdenzec aris moTxov-

na.

bazroba bazroba bazroba bazroba bazroba (fair) - - - - - savaWro

da samrewvelo organizacieb-

is, komersantebisa da sxvaTa

mier periodulad mowyobili

vaWroba saqonlis upiratesad

biTumad gayidvisa da Sesyid-

visaTvis gamofenili nimuSebis

mixedviT.

`bai`bai`bai`bai`bai-----beki~ beki~ beki~ beki~ beki~ (“buy back”) -----saqonelgacvlis grZelvadiani

operacia, romlis drosac man-

qana-----mowyobilobebis misawode-

blad gacemuli krediti Sem-

dgomSi ifareba maTi meSveo-

biT warmoebuli produqciiT.

balansi balansi balansi balansi balansi (balance sheet)[frang. balance saswori] - - - - - eko-nomikur maCvenebelTa sistema,

gamoxatuli naturaluri an fu-

ladi formiT, romelic axasi-

aTebs ama Tu im movlenas misi

mxareebis Sedarebis an dapiris-

pirebis gziT da gamoxatavs to-

lobas aqtivsa da pasivs Soris.

balansi iTvleba aqtiurad, Tu

Semosavlebi sWarbobs xarjebs,

xolo pasiurad _ _ _ _ _ Tu Semosav-

lebi xarjebze naklebia.

ganasxvaveben sagadasaxde-

lo, savaWro, saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis, finansuri operacie-

bisa da a.S. balansebs.

`balansireba danis pir-`balansireba danis pir-`balansireba danis pir-`balansireba danis pir-`balansireba danis pir-

ze~ ze~ ze~ ze~ ze~ (“knife edge”) - - - - - ase ewode-ba ekonomikuri zrdis Teoria-

Si stabiluri zrdis Seferx-

ebas, gamoxatuls garantirebu-

li zrdis tempis meryeobaSi.

arsebobs agreTve meore prob-

lema, rac bunebrivi zrdis tem-

pis miRwevaSi mdgomareobs. ̀ da-

nis pirze balansirebis~, wonas-

worobis dacvis centraluri

problemaa warmoebis mosalod-

neli donis gansazRvra. Tu Se-

bazris koniunqturabazris koniunqturabazris koniunqturabazris koniunqturabazris koniunqtura

43

mosavlis mosalodneli zrdis

tempi garantirebul zrdis

tempze dabalia, maSin mewarmeebi

mcire doziT moaxdenen in-

vestirebas. es gamoiwvevs er-

Toblivi zrdis dacemas da

Warbi simZlavreebis zrdas,

rasac, Tavis mxriv, mohyveba

Semosavlis mosalodneli zr-

dis tempebis Semdgomi dacema.

bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-

ciebiciebiciebiciebiciebi (banking active operations)- - - - - operaciebi, romelTa saSu-

alebiTac bankebi gascemen Ta-

vianT gankargulebaSi arsebul

fulad saxsrebs (fasiani qaRal-

debis yidva, sesxis gacema da

sxv.).

bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-

ciebi ciebi ciebi ciebi ciebi (passive banking opera-tions) - - - - - operaciebi, romelTa sa-

SualebiTac bankebi izidaven fu-

lad saxsrebs (anabrebis miRe-

ba, banknotebis gamoSveba da sxv.).

banki banki banki banki banki (bank) [<frang. ban-que] - - - - - sakredito-----safinanso

dawesebuleba, romlis mTavari

funqciac aris droebiT Tavis-

ufali fuladi saxsrebis aku-

mulacia (pasiuri operaciebi)

da maTi gacema kreditis sax-

iT droebiT sargeblobaSi fizi-

kur an iuridiul pirebze (aq-

tiuri operaciebi). deponentis

dainteresebis mizniT, banki maT

uxdis gansazRvrul procents

Setanil anabrebze, kreditis ga-

cemisas ki debitorebs gacilebiT

maRal procents axdevinebs. am

procentebs Soris sxvaoba Se-

adgens sabanko mogebas. banki

asrulebs agreTve Suamavlis

funqcias firmebsa da calkeul

pirebs Soris urTierTsagada-

saxdelo da saangariSsworebo

operaciebis Sesrulebisas da

sxv. centraluri banki aregu-

lirebs qveyanaSi fulis mimoq-

cevas fulis emisiis CaTvliT.

dakisrebuli funqciebis mixed-

viT ganasxvaveben centralur,

komerciul, sainvesticio, ipo-

Tekur, inovaciur da a.S. bankebs.

bankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditis

ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi (interbank interest rate)- - - - - sargeblis norma, romelsac

centraluri banki sesxis gace-

misas axdevinebs komerciul ban-

kebs.

bankiri bankiri bankiri bankiri bankiri (banker) - - - - - fula-

di kapitalis menejeri da me-

sakuTre, romelic daspeciale-

bulia sabanko operaciebis war-

moebaSi.

banknoti banknoti banknoti banknoti banknoti (bank-----note) [<ing.bank-----note] - - - - - sabanko bileTi, sak-

redito fulis umaRlesi for-

ma, romelsac mimoqcevaSi uS-

veben saemisio bankebi; bankiris

Tamasuqi, romlis warmdgensac

nebismier dros SeuZlia fu-

lis miReba.

bankomati bankomati bankomati bankomati bankomati (auto teller ma-chine - - - - - ATM) - - - - - sabanko aparati,

bankomatibankomatibankomatibankomatibankomati

44

romliTac klienti, plastikuri

baraTis gamoyenebiT, Tavisi an-

gariSidan damoukideblad awar-

moebs martiv operaciebs.

bankroti bankroti bankroti bankroti bankroti (bankrupt, insol-vent) - - - - - gakotrebuli mevale.

baJi baJi baJi baJi baJi (duty) - - - - - moxmarebisaT-vis dawesebuli gadasaxadis

saxeoba. baJiT ibegrebian is

fizikuri da iuridiuli pire-

bi, romlebic urTierTobas am-

yareben saxelmwifosTan an erT-

maneTTan (xelSekrulebis dade-

ba arendis Sesaxeb, SeTanxmeba

meurveobis Taobaze da sxv.).

baratria baratria baratria baratria baratria (barratry) - - - - - wi-naswar ganzraxuli zianis miye-

neba tvirTisa da gemisaTvis

kapitnisa da ekipaJis mier. ba-

ratriis riski eqvemdebareba

dazRvevas.

barteri barteri barteri barteri barteri (barter) _ _ _ _ _ sasa-

qonlo garigeba, romlis Tanax-

mad saqonlis gacvla saqonelze

xdeba fuladi angariSswore-

bis gareSe, Tanxis gadauxdelad.

`baumolis daavadeba~`baumolis daavadeba~`baumolis daavadeba~`baumolis daavadeba~`baumolis daavadeba~

(“Bowmole’s desease”) - - - - - ukav-

Sirdeba momsaxurebis sfero-

Si xelfasis zrdis uzrunve-

lyofis sakiTxSi warmoqmnil

siZneleebs: am sferoSi xelfa-

si gacilebiT dabalia, vidre

materialur-----nivTobriv warmoe-

baSi, rac gamowveulia ekono-

mikis mesameul seqtorSi Sro-

mis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis

SedarebiT dabali tempebiT. mag.,

aSS-----is momsaxurebis sferos

kerZo seqtoris muSakebi xel-

fasis saxiT iReben mrewvelo-

baSi dasaqmebulTa gamomuSave-

bis 67%-----s; iaponiaSi es maCvene-

beli naklebia 7-----iT, xolo gfr-----

Si _ _ _ _ _ 15%-----iT. dasavleTis eko-

nomikur literaturaSi aRniS-

nuli movlena pirvelad gaaa-

naliza cnobilma ekonomistma

baumolma. man daasabuTa mate-

rialur-----nivTobriv warmoebisa

da momsaxurebis sferoebs So-

ris xelfasis donis sxvaobis

mudmivi dacvis meqanizmis Se-

qmnis aucilebloba, momsaxure-

basTan SedarebiT saqonlis war-

moebis sferoSi Sromis mwar-

moeblurobis upiratesi zrdis

safuZvelze. aRniSnuli movle-

na cnobilia `baumolis daa-

vadebis~ saxelwodebiT.

bekeri gari stenli bekeri gari stenli bekeri gari stenli bekeri gari stenli bekeri gari stenli (daib.

1930) (Becker Gary Stanley) - - - - - ame-rikeli ekonomisti, neoinsti-

tuciuri mimarTulebis warmo-

madgeneli, nobelis premiis

laureati (1992), adamianiseu-

li kapitalis Teoriis cno-

bili mkvlevari. pirvelma ga-

naxorciela Sromis bazarze

rasobrivi diskriminaciis neo-

klasikuri analizi, rac aisaxa

mis monografiul gamokvleva-

Si _ _ _ _ _ `diskriminaciis ekonomi-

ka~ (1957). naSromiT `dabande-

bankrotibankrotibankrotibankrotibankroti

45

bebi adamianiseul kapitalSi:

Teoriuli analizi~ (1962) mniS-

vnelovani wvlili Seitana aR-

niSnuli problemis kvlevaSi.

bekeris naSromebidan aRsaniSna-

via agreTve `ekonomikuri Teo-

ria~, romelic 1871 wels gamo-

vida niu-----iorkSi. nobelis pre-

mia mieniWa makroekonomikuri ana-

lizis gamoyenebis sferos ga-

farToebisaTvis, rasac amave sa-

xelwodebis naSromi miuZRvna.

bembembembembem-----baverki oigen baverki oigen baverki oigen baverki oigen baverki oigen (1851-----

1914) (Bohm-Bawerk) - - - - - neokla-

sikuri mimdinareobis erT-----erTi

ganStoebis marJinaluri mima-

rTulebis (avstriuli skola)

TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli,

avtori naSromebisa: ̀ kapitali

da sargebeli~ (1884), ̀ kapital-

is pozitiuri Teoria~ (1889)

da sxv.

beneficiari beneficiari beneficiari beneficiari beneficiari (beneficiary)- - - - - piri, romlis sasargeblo-

dac ixdian fuls da gascemen

akreditivs; sadazRvevo poli-

sis mimRebi.

biznes-gegma biznes-gegma biznes-gegma biznes-gegma biznes-gegma (business plan)- - - - - firmis saqmianobis mokleva-

diani programa, romelic mo-

icavs mosalodneli Semosavleb-

isa da xarjebis angariSs; dgeba

erTi Tvis, kvartalisa da wl-

isaTvis (zogjer ufro meti

xniTac). biznes-----gegma warmoad-

gens sawarmos mier dasaxuli

miznebis Sesrulebis konkret-

ul RonisZiebaTa operatiul

programas. mas win uZRvis miR-

weuli Sedegebis anu warmoeb-

is danaxarjebis, saqonlis gay-

idvis, wminda mogebis ganawileb-

isa da gamoyenebis moculo-

bisa da struqturis analizi.

prognozul maCveneblebs uda-

reben miRweuls, ris safuZ-

velzec fasdeba firmis muSao-

bis mosalodneli efeqtianoba.

biznes-----gegmis mTavari amocanaa


lebis RonisZiebaTa gansazRvra.

misi SemuSavebisas iTvaliswi-

neben bazris mosalodnel ko-

niunqturas, moTxovnasa da mi-

wodebas Soris Tanafardobis

cvalebadobis tendencias, mo-

mxmarebelTa gadaxdisunari-

anobas, agreTve reklamis, servi-

sisa da a.S. saSualebiT myid-

velTa mozidvis SesaZleblo-

bebs. firma, rogorc wesi, ey-

rdnoba Camoyalibebul sabazro

fasebsa da faqtorebs. biznes-----

gegmis ganyofilebebisa da maCve-

neblebis raodenobas gansazR-

vravs firmis sammarTvelo. misi

wamyvani ganyofilebebia: a) mar-

ketingi, romelic adgens gay-

idvisa da Semosavlebis mocu-

lobas, Sejamebul danaxarjeb-

sa da komerciul Sedegebs; b)

monacemebis bazaze Sedgenili

warmoebrivi davaleba poten-

ciuri moTxovnis, sabazro fase-

biznes-gegmabiznes-gegmabiznes-gegmabiznes-gegmabiznes-gegma

46

bis moZraobis, bazris gajereb-

is Sesaxeb. mis safuZvelze

zustdeba produqciis asorti-

menti, ganisazRvreba momxmare-

belTa momsaxurebis masStabe-

bi; g) firmis safinanso gegma,

romelic gamoxatavs safinan-

so resursebis wyaroebsa da

maTi moZraobis mimarTulebebs.

biznes-----gegma moicavs agreTve

iseT ganyofilebas, sadac asax-

ulia partniorTa savaluto

urTierTdamokidebuleba, sazR-

vargareTuli bankebis kredite-

bis ucxouri valutiT gamoy-

eneba, wminda mogebis ganawile-

ba damfuZneblebs Soris da sxva

maCveneblebi. (biznes-inJineringi

ix. calke furcelze.)

biznesbiznesbiznesbiznesbiznes-----inkubatori inkubatori inkubatori inkubatori inkubatori (busi-ness-----incubator) - - - - - mravalprofil-

iani organizacia, romelic er-

Toblivi gamoyenebis pirobiT

meurveobas uwevs mcire firmebs

da uzrunvelyofs maT Senoba-----

nagebobebiT, teqnologiuri mow-

yobilobebiT da a.S. urTier-

Tobis aseTi forma miznad isax-

avs daexmaros damwyeb mewar-

meebs gadalaxon firmis ra-

cionalurad marTvasTan dakav-

Sirebuli iseTi wina sastar-

to problemebi, rogoricaa sa-

investicio saxsrebis mozidva,

inovaciuri proeqtebis da-

muSaveba da axali teqnolo-

giebis aTviseba, bazarze myari

poziciis mopoveba, saqmiani

urTierTobis damyareba bazris

konthagentebTan da a.S. sain-

kubacio periodi moicavs 2-----3

wels, romlis gasvlis Semdeg

mcire firmebi toveben inkuba-

tors da iwyeben damoukidebel

saqmianobas.

biznesis wamowyebis mxar-

dasaWerad xelsayreli mik-

roklimatis (inkubatoris) Se-

qmnis idea pirvelad SemuSav-

da XX saukunis 80-----ian wlebSi,

xolo praqtikuli realizacia

90-----iani wlebidan daiwyo.

biznesbiznesbiznesbiznesbiznes-----inJineringi inJineringi inJineringi inJineringi inJineringi (busi-ness engineering) – biznesis fi-losofiaze dafuZnebuli sain-

Jinro-sakonsultacio momsax-

ureba. ix. inJineringi.

inJineringi, rogorc inte-

leqtualuri momsaxurebis axa-

li dargi, farTod ganviTarda

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan

da SedarebiT mokle droSi ga-

daiqca ekonomikis mniSvnelo-

van struqturul elementad. am

garemoebam xeli Seuwyo mis

integracias biznesTan da war-

moebis oligopolizacias. mcire

da umcires firmebTan erTad,

umsxvilesma samrewvelo da sa-

vaWro kompaniebma, bankebma, sa-

dazRvevo da sabrokero fir-

mebma, romlebic saqmiani momsa-

xurebis am segmentSi xedaven

kapitalis dabandebis momgebi-

biznesbiznesbiznesbiznesbiznes-----inkubatoriinkubatoriinkubatoriinkubatoriinkubatori

47

an sferos, Seqmnes filialebi

da Svilobili sazogadoebebi.

ukanasknel periodSi biznes-

inJineringi farTod ikidebs

fexs saerTaSoriso ekonomikur

urTierTobebSi. es aris warmo-

ebrivi, komerciuli da mecnier-

ul-teqnologiuri xasiaTis

momsaxurebis kompleqsi. Tan-

amedrove teqnologiebis momx-

marebeli qveynebis wris gafar-

Toebam ganapiroba am specifi-

kuri saqonlis realizaciis au-

cilebloba msoflio bazarze.

inJineringis wamyvani eqsportio-

rebia aSS-is, didi britaneTis,

safrangeTis, gfr-is, iaponiis

wamyvani kompaniebi, agreTve ka-

nadis, daniis, Sveicariis, Sve-

deTisa da italiis firmebi.

biznes-inJineringi, Tavisi

universaluri xasiaTidan ga-

momdinare, gamoiyeneba samecni-

ero-kvleviTi, saproeqto-sam-

Seneblo, warmoebrivi, sayofacx-

ovrebo da a.S. proeqtebis re-

alizaciisas. misTvis damaxasi-

aTebelia rogorc specializa-

ciis maRali done, ise saeqspor-

tod wardgenili sainJinerin-

go momsaxurebis mravalfer-

ovneba, ramac ganapiroba msof-

lio bazarze sainJinro-sakon-

sultacio firmebisadmi moTx-

ovnis arsebiTi amaRleba. mkveT-

rad gaizarda maTi roli sawar-

moTa modernizaciasa da mar-

Tvis sistemis SemuSavebaSi, asa-

gebi obieqtebis teqnikuri do-

nis amaRlebaSi da a.S. Tavis

mxriv, sainJinro-sakonsultacio

firmebi, konkurentunarianobis

amaRlebis mizniT, axorciele-

ben momsaxurebis diversifika-

cias da cdiloben miaRwion ar-

sebiT upiratesobas momsaxure-

bis rogorc xarisxobriv do-

neSi, ise mis mwarmoebluroba-

Si. msoflio bazarze maT war-

matebas, maRal profesionaliz-

mTan erTad, ganapirobebs kom-

pleqsuri ̀ disciplinarTaSori-

si~ inJineringis ganxorciele-

ba, ris gamoc maT aqvT garkveu-

li upiratesobebi. aseT firmebs

miekuTvneba mag., kanadis ̀ lava-

lin grupi~, aSS-is ̀ luis breger

interneSnl~, `beqtel grupi~,

`morison nadsoni~, `fluor

denieli~, safrangeTis `frama-

toni~, ̀ teqnipi~, did britaneTSi

_ ̀ jon brauni~, ̀ teilor vud-

rou~ da a.S.

msoflio bazarze didi gan-

viTareba pova agreTve iseTma

disciplinarTaSorisma firmebma,

romlebic momsaxurebis farTo

speqtrs qmnian teqnikuri dax-

marebis sferoSi. mkveTrad gai-

zarda moTxovna sainJinro-sakon-

sultacio momsaxurebisadmi sa-

warmoTa modernizaciis sfero-

Si, asagebi samrewvelo da sxva

obieqtebis teqnikuri donis

biznes-inJineringibiznes-inJineringibiznes-inJineringibiznes-inJineringibiznes-inJineringi

48

amaRlebaSi, warmoebis marTvis

sistemis SemuSavebaSi da a.S.

ganviTarebadi qveynebis mis-

wrafeba sakuTari mrewvelobis

Seqmnasa da mecnierul-teqno-

logiuri progresis miRwevaTa

aTvisebaSi moiTxovs saerTa-

Soriso TanamSromlobis gafar-

Toebas inJineringis sferoSi.

amitom savsebiT kanonzomieria

ganviTarebadi qveynebis, rogorc

inJineringis importiorebis,

rolis zrda msoflio bazarze.

amasTan, saerTaSoriso inJine-

ringze arsebuli maRali fase-

bi ganapirobebs maT mier am sfe-

roSi sakuTari bazris Seqmnasa

da biznes-inJineringis swraf

ganviTarebas.

biznesi biznesi biznesi biznesi biznesi (business) - - - - - nebis-mieri ekonomikuri saqmianoba,

romelsac mogeba moaqvs.

biznesis bloki biznesis bloki biznesis bloki biznesis bloki biznesis bloki (businessblock) - - - - - sawarmoo da savaWrokompaniebi, romlebic aerTiane-

ben saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

mwarmoebeli kapitalis yvela

organizaciul formas.

biznesis socialuri pa-biznesis socialuri pa-biznesis socialuri pa-biznesis socialuri pa-biznesis socialuri pa-

sususususuxxxxxismgebloba ismgebloba ismgebloba ismgebloba ismgebloba - - - - - bsp bsp bsp bsp bsp (socialresponsibility of businesses) - - - - - bi-znesis valdebuleba wvlili

Seitanos qveynis mdgrad soci-

alur-----ekonomikur da ekolo-

giur ganviTarebaSi, daicvas

eTikuri principebi, xeli Seu-

wyos sazogadoebaze poziti-

uri gavlenis maqsimizacias da

negatiuri gavlenis minimiza-

cias cxovrebis donisa da

xarisxis gaumjobesebis gziT.

bspbspbspbspbsp-----is ZiriTadi mimar-

Tulebebia: Sromis usafrTxoeba,

Sromis anazRaurebis stimu-

lireba, xarisxiani saqonlis

(momsaxurebis) warmoeba, adami-

aniseuli kapitalis kvali-

fikaciis donis amaRleba, spon-

soroba da qvelmoqmedeba, zrun-

va garemos dacvaze, mzadyofna

krizisul situaciebSi monawi-

leobis misaRebad, biznes-----part-

niorebsa da korporaciis kli-

entebs Soris keTilsindisieri

saqmiani praqtikis danergvis

xelSewyoba da a.S.

bspbspbspbspbsp-----is koncefcias safuZ-

veli Caeyara XIX saukunis bo-losa da XX saukunis dasawyis-Si, xolo Camoyalibda XXsaukunis 30-----ian wlebSi; far-

To ganviTareba omis Semdgom

wlebSi aSS-----Si pova.

1953 wels gamoqveynda

amerikeli ekonomistis g. boue-

nis wigni `biznesis socialu-

ri pasuxismgebloba~. masSi av-

torma Camoayaliba socialuri

pasuxismgeblobis doqtrina

rogorc biznesmenis valdebule-

ba, Tavisi saqmianoba warmar-

Tos im mimarTulebebiT, rom-

lebic sasargebloa sazogadoe-

bis keTildReobisa da qveynis

biznesibiznesibiznesibiznesibiznesi

49

mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis.

biznesmeni biznesmeni biznesmeni biznesmeni biznesmeni (businessman)- - - - - komersanti, mewarme, romel-

ic bizness eweva.

bilbilbilbilbil-----brokeri brokeri brokeri brokeri brokeri (bill-----broker)- - - - - makleri, romelic safondo

birJaze Tamasuqebis diskontis

(ganaRdebis) da rediskontis

(gadanaRdebis) garigebebSi Sua-

mavlis rols asrulebs da

iRebs sakomisio gasamrjelos

gansazRvruli procentis sax-

iT Tamasuqis Tanxidan.

bimetalizmi bimetalizmi bimetalizmi bimetalizmi bimetalizmi (bimetallism)- - - - - XVI-XIX ss.-----ebis fuladi

sistema, romlis drosac oqro

da vercxli dakanonebuli iyo

sayovelTao ekvivalentad da

warmoadgenda fuladi mimoqce-

vis safuZvels.

birJa birJa birJa birJa birJa (stock exchange) [<laT.

bursa safule] - - - - - regularulad

funqcionirebadi organizebuli

sabiTumo bazari, sadac maso-

brivi warmoebis, didi partieb-

is standartuli da erTgvaro-

vani saqonlis an fasiani qaRal-

debis, an kidev, valutis yidva-----

gayidvis garigebebi ideba. sa-

jaro vaWrobiT birJa xels

uwyobs sabazro fasebis Camoy-

alibebas. rogorc wesi, birJas

hyavs wevrTa fiqsirebuli Se-

madgenloba da eyrdnoba vaWro-

bis mkacr wesebs. birJaze war-

modgenili saxeobebis mixedviT

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba

saqonlis, safondo, valutisa

da Sromis birJebi.

biukeneni jeims makhilbiukeneni jeims makhilbiukeneni jeims makhilbiukeneni jeims makhilbiukeneni jeims makhil

(daib. 1919) (Buchanan James M.)- - - - - amerikeli ekonomisti, eko-

nomikis dargSi nobelis premi-

is laureati (1986), sazoga-

doebrivi arCevanis Teoriis mkv-

levari. nobelis premia mieni-

Wa naSromisaTvis _ _ _ _ _ `ekonomi-

kuri da politikuri Teoriis

saxelSekrulebo da konsti-

tuciuri safuZvlebis kvlevi-

saTvis~.

biujeti biujeti biujeti biujeti biujeti (budget) [<ingl.

_ _ _ _ _ CanTa] - - - - - saxelmwifos, sawar-

mos (firmis), Sinameurneobisa

da a.S. Semosavlebisa da xar-

jebis nusxa drois garkveul

periodSi, Cveulebriv, erTi

wlis ganmavlobaSi. aris agreT-

ve drois biujetic, romelic

gamoxatavs arsebul da dax-

arjul droTa Tanafardobas.

saxelmwifo biujeti Sei-

Zleba iyos faqtobrivi, cik-faqtobrivi, cik-faqtobrivi, cik-faqtobrivi, cik-faqtobrivi, cik-

luriluriluriluriluri da struqturuli da struqturuli da struqturuli da struqturuli da struqturuli. faq-

tobriv biujetSi igulisxmeba

biujetis is Tanxa, romelic

damtkicda mocemul wels. igi

Sedgeba struqturuli biuje-

tisa (iTvaliswinebs saxelm-

wifo Semosavlebs, xarjebsa da

deficits, romelic SeiZlebo-

da yofiliyo im wels) da cik-

luri biujetisagan (romelic

ganixileba biujetze ekonomi-

biujetibiujetibiujetibiujetibiujeti

50

kuri ciklis zemoqmedebis gaT-

valiswinebiT).

biujetis deficiti biujetis deficiti biujetis deficiti biujetis deficiti biujetis deficiti (bud-get deficit, fiscal deficit) - - - - - situa-cia, roca saxelmwifo xarjebi

sWarbobs saSemosavlo statie-

bis mixedviT biujetis Semo-

savlebs gansazRvruli drois

(kvartalis, wlis) ganmavloba-

Si.

biujetis proficitibiujetis proficitibiujetis proficitibiujetis proficitibiujetis proficiti

(budget surplus) - - - - - biujetis si-Warbe, mdgomareoba, rodesac bi-

ujetis mimdinare Semosavlebi

aRemateba mimdinare xarjebs.

es cneba xSirad gamoiyeneba im

situaciis asaxsnelad, rode-

sac saxelmwifo Semosavlebi

aRemateba saxelmwifo xarjebs.

biujetSi SenatanebibiujetSi SenatanebibiujetSi SenatanebibiujetSi SenatanebibiujetSi Senatanebi

(receipts) - - - - - saxelmwifo an adg-

ilobrivi biujetebis Semosav-

lebi fulad gamoxatulebaSi.

blokirebuli angariSiblokirebuli angariSiblokirebuli angariSiblokirebuli angariSiblokirebuli angariSi

(blocked account) - - - - - sabanko anga-riSi, romlis gamgebloba Sez-

Rudulia sasamarTlos an mTav-

robis gadawyvetilebiT.

boni boni boni boni boni (bond) [<frang. bon]- - - - - 1. moklevadiani sagadasaxa-

do valdebuleba, gamoSvebuli

xazinis, municipaluri orga-

noebisa da kerZo firmebis mier,

romelic gamoiyeneba mimoqce-

visa da gadaxdis saSualebad,

asrulebs xurda fulis suro-

gatis rols (gavrcelebuli iyo

damoukidebel saqarTveloSi

1918-----1921 wlebSi, xolo yo-

fil sabWoTa kavSirSi _____ 1922-----

1924 wlebis fulad refor-

mamde); 2. xmarebidan (mimoqce-

vidan) amoRebuli da koleq-

cionirebis sagnad qceuli qa-

Raldis fuli.

bonistika bonistika bonistika bonistika bonistika (bonistics) [<frang.bonistique] - - - - - damxmare discip-lina, romelic swavlobs qaRal-

dis fulad niSnebsa da bonebs,

rogorc istoriul dokumen-

tebs; mWidro kavSirSia numiz-

matikasTan.

bonifikacia bonifikacia bonifikacia bonifikacia bonifikacia (bonification)[<laT. bonus keTili, kargi] -----1. wanamati im saqonlis fasze,

romlis xarisxic xelSekru-

lebiT gaTvaliswinebulze maRa-

lia (refaqcia); 2. eqsporti-

rebul saqonelze gadaxdevi-

nebuli gadasaxadebis ukan dab-

runeba am saqonlis konkurent-

unarianobis amaRlebis mizniT.

bonusi bonusi bonusi bonusi bonusi (bonus) - - - - - 1. damate-biTi gasamrjelo, premia; 2. dama-

tebiTi fasCamokleba. daklebul

Tanxas gamyidveli uTmobs my-

idvels garigebis pirobebis

Sesabamisad.

bordero bordero bordero bordero bordero (frang. bordereau)_ _ _ _ _ 1. amonaweri sabuRaltro

dokumentebidan, angariSebidan

da a.S. 2. realizebuli fasi-

ani qaRaldebis nusxa, romel-

sac adgens banki, sabanko kantora

biujetis deficitibiujetis deficitibiujetis deficitibiujetis deficitibiujetis deficiti

51

an makleri.

bosi bosi bosi bosi bosi (boss) - - - - - sawarmos, da-wesebulebis mepatrone; mewarme.

brakeraJi brakeraJi brakeraJi brakeraJi brakeraJi (sorting) - - - - - sa-

qonlis Semowmeba oficialuri

saqonelmcodneebis (brakerebis)

mier misi xarisxis, vargisian-

obis gansazRvris, agreTve dawe-

sebul standartTan da dade-

buli xelSekrulebis pirobeb-

Tan Sesabamisobis garkvevis miz-

niT.

bretonbretonbretonbretonbreton-----vudsi vudsi vudsi vudsi vudsi (Breton-----Woods) - - - - - aSS-----is kurorti niu-hempSiris StatSi, sadac 1944

wels Catarda savaluto-----fin-

ansur sakiTxebze gaerTianebu-

li erebis organizaciis kon-

ferencia da miRebul iqna gada-

wyvetileba saerTaSoriso sava-

luto fondis, agreTve rekon-

struqciisa da ganviTarebis

saerTaSoriso bankis Seqmnis Se-

saxeb.

bretonbretonbretonbretonbreton-----vudsis savalu-vudsis savalu-vudsis savalu-vudsis savalu-vudsis savalu-

to to to to to sistema sistema sistema sistema sistema (Exchange systemof Breton-----Woods) - - - - - savaluto

urTierTobaTa organizaciis

formaTa erToblioba, romelic

iuridiulad gaformda oqro-

devizuri (oqrosavaluto) stan-

dartis saxiT 1944 wels bre-

ton-----vudsis (aSS) konferenci-

aze miRweuli SeTanxmebis sa-

fuZvelze. es sistema eyrdno-

boda erovnuli valutebis fiq-

sirebul gacvliT kurss. fun-

qcionireba Sewyvita 1971 wels.

breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-

ciaciaciaciacia (Bretton-Woods conference)- - - - - aSS-----is kurort breton vuds-

Si gaeros mier 1944 wels sava-

luto-----finansur sakiTxebze Ca-

tarebuli konferencia, sadac

miRebuli iqna gadawyvetileba

saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-

dis, agreTve rekonstruqciisa

da ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso

bankis Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

brokeri brokeri brokeri brokeri brokeri (broker) [<ingl.

broker] - - - - - Suamavali myidveleb-

sa da gamyidvelebs Soris, maTi

agenti kontraqtebis dadebisas

komerciul, savaluto, sakredi-

to da sadazRvevo operacieb-

Si. daspecialebulia gansaz-

Rvrul saqonelsa da momsaxu-

rebaze, moqmedebs klientTa da-

valebiT maTs xarjze da maT-

gan iRebs sakomisios anu bro-

keris gasamrjelos. ti puri

magaliTia safondo birJis bro-

keri. brokerisagan unda ganvas-

xvavoT dileri. zogierT bazar-

ze ̀ brokers~ iyeneben ̀ dileris~

magivrad. es SeiZleba aixsnas

imiT, rom dilerebi TavianTi saq-

mianobis adreul etapze asru-

lebdnen brokeris funqciebsac.

safondo birJis brokeri

awarmoebs fasiani qaRaldebis,

ZiriTadad, aqciebisa da obli-

gaciebis yidva-----gayidvasTan da-

kavSirebul garigebebs.

brokeribrokeribrokeribrokeribrokeri

52

brokeris gasamrjelo brokeris gasamrjelo brokeris gasamrjelo brokeris gasamrjelo brokeris gasamrjelo (bro-kerage) _ _ _ _ _ gasamrjelo, romel-

sac iRebs brokeri klientisa-

gan yidva-----gayidvis ganxor-

cielebisaTvis. es SeiZleba iyos

fiqsirebuli Tanxa an operaci-

is Rirebulebisagan procenti.

bruto bruto bruto bruto bruto (gross, weight) [<ital.

brutto - - - - - uxeSi] - - - - - saqonlis wona

tarasa da SesafuTavTan er-

Tad. sapirispiro _ _ _ _ _ neto.

bunebrivi monopolia bunebrivi monopolia bunebrivi monopolia bunebrivi monopolia bunebrivi monopolia (na-tural monopoly) _ _ _ _ _ saxelmwifo

monopolia, romelic oficial-

urad aRiarebuli gardauvali

monopoliaa saqonlis (momsax-

urebis) warmoebasa da gayid-

vaze. adgili aqvs energo-----, Tbo-----,

wyal- - - - - da gazmomaragebaSi, sar-

kinigzo mimosvlaSi, safosto,

satelefono da satelegrafo

kavSirgabmulobaSi da a.S. saqmi-

anobis am sferoebSi bunebrivi

monopoliebis arseboba gamow-

veulia dargis teqnikuri da

teqnologiuri specifikiT, rome-

lic moiTxovs warmoebis, ga-

nawilebisa da moxmarebis er-

Tian sistemas. warmoebuli pro-

duqciis moxmarebis masobrivi

xasiaTi ganapirobebs farTo-

masStaburi warmoebis aucile-

blobas. amasTan, vinaidan es

produqcia gamoirCeva erTgva-

rovnebis maRali doniT da misi

Secvla alternatiuli produ-

qciiT SeuZlebelia, amitom am

brokeris gasamrjelobrokeris gasamrjelobrokeris gasamrjelobrokeris gasamrjelobrokeris gasamrjelo

dargebSi, warmoebis masStabeb-

is gafarToebasTan dakavSire-

biT, Zlier moqmedebs erTeul

produqciaze danaxarjebis eko-

nomiis kanoni. maTSi sabazro

urTierTobebis Camoyalibebis

SemTxvevaSi kerZo mewarmeebi,

romlebic bazarze daikavebd-

nen myar pozicias, advilad

SeZlebdnen konkurenciul brZo-

laSi axali metoqeebis dama-

rcxebas. maTi mdgomareoba ba-

zarze, warmoebis farTomasS-

taburi xasiaTidan gamomdinare,

yovelTvis monopoliuri iqne-

boda da gamoiwvevda resurse-

bis ukiduresad araracionalur

xarjvas. amitom ekonomikuri

saqmianobis am sferoebSi ar

arsebobs ekonomikuri sivrce

normaluri konkurenciisaTvis,

rac ganapirobebs bunebrivi mo-

nopoliebis arsebobas. bunebrivi

monopolia unda ganvasxvaoT xe-

lovnuri monopoliisagan, rome-

lic formirdeba ama Tu im saqon-

lis an momsaxurebis warmoeb-

is, ganawilebisa da moxmarebis

monopolizaciis safuZvelze da

xelovnurad zRudavs sabazro

meqanizmis moqmedebis sferos.

bunebrivi resursebibunebrivi resursebibunebrivi resursebibunebrivi resursebibunebrivi resursebi

(natural resources) _ _ _ _ _ bunebisgannaboZebi, adamianisTvis gamosay-

eneblad xelmisawvdomi. amJa-

mad xelmisawvdomobis sazRvari

Seadgens daaxloebiT 4 mils

53buSelibuSelibuSelibuSelibuSeli

(6,5 km) dedamiwis zedapirze

da 12 mils (20 km) mis siR-

rmeSi. bunebriv resursebs

miekuTvneba nayofieri miwebi,

navTobi, qvanaxSiri, tyeebi, mdina-

reebi, qari (Tu xdeba misi

gamoyeneba energiis misaRebad)

da a.S. zogierTi resursi ar-

akvlavwarmoebadia, zogi ki

arsebobs mudmivad, imisgan damo-

ukideblad Tu ra raodenobiT

xdeba maTi gamoyeneba.

bunebrivi fasi bunebrivi fasi bunebrivi fasi bunebrivi fasi bunebrivi fasi (naturalprice) _ _ _ _ _ termini, gamoyenebuli

adam smiTis mier saqonlis

Rirebulebis (faseulobis)

daxasiaTebisTvis. saqonlis bu-

nebrivi fasisgan xdeba sabaz-

ro fasis gadaxra. bunebrivi

fasi grZelvadiani wonasworo-

bis fasia da damokidebulia

warmoebis danaxarjebze.

butiki butiki butiki butiki butiki (boutique) - - - - - viwro spe-cializebuli sabrokero firma

momsaxurebis SezRuduli wriT.

buRaltruli aRricxvabuRaltruli aRricxvabuRaltruli aRricxvabuRaltruli aRricxvabuRaltruli aRricxva

(accounting) – sameurneo aR-

ricxvis mTliani sistemis erT-

erTi ganmsazRvreli saxeoba, in-

formacia sameurneo saSuale-

bebis wrebrunvis Sesaxeb, war-

moebis mTliani, mkacrad doku-

menturi aRricxva, emsaxureba

warmoebis marTvas, sameurneo

saqmianobis Sedegebis gamovle-

nasa da maTze kontrolis ganx-

orcielebas. buRaltruli aR-

ricxva sameurneo saqmianobas

asaxavs ekonomikur maCvenebelTa

sistemis meSveobiT Rirebu-

lebiT gamoxatulebaSi, moicavs

kvlavwarmoebis mTel process,

saangariSsworebo da sakredi-

to urTierTobebs. buRaltru-

li aRricxva asaxavs sawarmos

sameurneo saqmianobis Sedege-

bis damaxasiaTebel maCveneblebs.

buRaltruli balansi buRaltruli balansi buRaltruli balansi buRaltruli balansi buRaltruli balansi (ba-lance sheet) - - - - - buRaltruli aR-

ricxvis dokumenti, gansazRvru-

li TariRisaTvis firmis fin-

ansuri da sameurneo mdgomar-

eobis amsaxvel maCvenebelTa er-

Toblioba.

buRaltruli mogeba buRaltruli mogeba buRaltruli mogeba buRaltruli mogeba buRaltruli mogeba (ac-counting profit) - - - - - erToblivi Se-

mosavali aSkara danaxarjebis

gamoklebiT.

buSeli buSeli buSeli buSeli buSeli (bushel) - - - - - fxvieri daTxevadi nivTierebebis sawyao

sazomTa inglisuri sistemis

qveynebSi. did britaneTSi buSe-

li udris 36,37, xolo aSS-----Si

_ _ _ _ _ 35,24 litrs.

54 gadamanawilebeli funqciagadamanawilebeli funqciagadamanawilebeli funqciagadamanawilebeli funqciagadamanawilebeli funqcia

ggggggadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-

ciaciaciaciacia (distribution function) - - - - - sax-elmwifos sabiujeto-----sagada-

saxado politikis nawili, gam-

iznuli Semosavlebisa da sim-

didris gadanawilebisaTvis sa-

zogadoebaSi. es funqcia gam-

oiyeneba maSin, rodesac Semo-

savlebis an simdidris ganaw-

ileba saxelmwifos zemoqmede-

bisas arasasurvel xasiaTs iR-

ebs.

gadasapirebeli Tamasu-gadasapirebeli Tamasu-gadasapirebeli Tamasu-gadasapirebeli Tamasu-gadasapirebeli Tamasu-

qi qi qi qi qi (tratatratatratatratatrata) (bill of exchange,draft) - - - - - brZaneba konkretuli

piris (mevalis) mimarT mesame

pirisaTvis (remitentisaTvis)

garkveul droSi gansazRvru-

li Tanxis gadaxdis Sesaxeb.

igi SeiZleba gadavides xel-

idan xelSi gadacemis warwer-

is (Tamasuqze warweris) meS-

veobiT. gadasapirebeli Tamasuqi

moicavs: 1. teqstSi CarTul

sityvas `Tamasuqi~, Setanils

im enaze, romelzec TviT do-

kumentia Sedgenili; 2. dapire-

bas gansazRvruli Tanxis gada-

xdis Sesaxeb, rac arafriT ar

aris Sepirobebuli; 3. gadamxde-

lis vinaobas; 4. gadaxdis va-

dis miTiTebas; 5. im adgilis

aRniSvnas, sadac Tanxa unda ga-

daixadon; 6. im piris dasax-

elebas, visTvis an visi brZa-

nebiTac unda gadaixadon fuli;

7. Tamasuqis Sedgenis TariR-

isa da adgilis miTiTebas; 8.

Tamasuqis gamcemi piris xelis

moweras. martivi Tamasuqisa-

gan gansxvavebiT, gadasapirebel

TamasuqSi miTiTebulia gada-

mxdelis vinaoba. gadasapirebel

Tamasuqs gamowers da xels

awers kreditori.

gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi (tax) - - - - - saval-

debulo mosakrebeli, romelic

fiqsirebulad gadairicxeba

saxelmwifo (adgilobriv) bi-

ujetSi mocemuli qveynis fiz-

ikuri da iuridiuli pirebis

mier kanonmdeblobiT dadgeni-

li sagadasaxado ganakveTis

Sesabamisad. gadasaxadi aris

pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.pirdapiri da arapirdapiri.

pirdapiri gadasaxadiT ibegre-

ba Semosavali da qoneba, xolo

arapirdapiri Sedis saqonlis

fasSi. gadasaxadi saxelmwifo

biujetis Semosavlebis erT-----

erTi mTavari wyaroa.

`̀̀̀̀gadasaxadigadasaxadigadasaxadigadasaxadigadasaxadi~~~~~ miRebul miRebul miRebul miRebul miRebul

umumumumumaRlaRlaRlaRlaRles ganaTlebaze es ganaTlebaze es ganaTlebaze es ganaTlebaze es ganaTlebaze (gra-duate tax) - - - - - sauniversiteto ga-naTlebis sqema, rodesac stu-

denti swavlis procesSi iRebs

fuls Tavisi saganmanaTleblo

da cxovrebiseuli moTxovnile-

bebis dakmayofilebis mizniT,

xolo ganaTlebis miRebis Sem-

deg ixdis Tavisi Semosavlis

55

fiqsirebul nawils.

gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-

rarararara (structure of taxes) - - - - - yovelqveyanas aqvs mravali saxeobis

gadasaxadi, romelic warmoad-

gens sagadasaxado sistemis

struqturas. igi gamoxatavs

saSemosavlo gadasaxadis, qone-

baze gadasaxadisa da xarje-

bze gadasaxadis SefardebiT

mniSvnelobas. misi meSveobiT

SeiZleba gakeTdes daskvna sa-

gadasaxado sistemis progre-

sulobis arsebobis, Tu ar ar-

sebobis Sesaxeb.

ganviTarebad qveynebSi ga-

dasaxadebis struqtura upi-

ratesad ixreba arapirdapiri,

gansakuTrebiT dRgdRgdRgdRgdRg-----is, sabaJo

gadasaxadebisa da aqcizebisaken.

es aixsneba imiT, rom aseTi ga-

dasaxadebi SedarebiT advili

asakrefia.

qveynis ganviTarebis kvalo-

baze izrdeba saSemosavlo ga-

dasaxadis mniSvneloba. ganvi-

Tarebul qveynebSi arsebobs

saSemosavlo gadasaxadis gan-

viTarebuli sistema.

gadasaxadis zRvruli ga-gadasaxadis zRvruli ga-gadasaxadis zRvruli ga-gadasaxadis zRvruli ga-gadasaxadis zRvruli ga-

nakveTinakveTinakveTinakveTinakveTi (marginal rate of tax) –gadasaxadis ganakveTi Semosav-

lis, danaxarjis, simdidris an

saCuqris damatebiT erTeulze.

rac ufro maRalia gadasaxa-

dis zRvruli ganakveTi, miT uf-

ro maRali SeiZleba iyos Ca-

nacvlebis efeqtic.

gadawyvetilebis miRe-gadawyvetilebis miRe-gadawyvetilebis miRe-gadawyvetilebis miRe-gadawyvetilebis miRe-

bis lagi bis lagi bis lagi bis lagi bis lagi (decision lag) - - - - - droismonakveTi ekonomikuri (gan-

sakuTrebiT makroekonomikuri)

problemis gadawyvetisTvis

moqmedebis aucileblobis dad-

genis momentsa da politikuri

gadawyvetilebis miRebis mo-

ments Soris. igi Sida (poli-

tikuri) lagis Semadgeneli

nawilia.

gadaxdis valuta gadaxdis valuta gadaxdis valuta gadaxdis valuta gadaxdis valuta (curren-cy of payment) - - - - - valuta, roml-

iTac sagareo-----savaWro garige-

bisas saqonlis Rirebulebas

ixdian; SeiZleba ar daemTxves

fasis valutas.

gadaxdisunariani moTx-gadaxdisunariani moTx-gadaxdisunariani moTx-gadaxdisunariani moTx-gadaxdisunariani moTx-

ovnileba ovnileba ovnileba ovnileba ovnileba (effective consumerdemand) - - - - - anu moTxovna, fu-liT uzrunvelyofili moTx-

ovnileba saqonelsa da momsax-

urebaze; warmoadgens damakav-

Sirebel rgols warmoebasa da

moxmarebas Soris, rac gan-

sazRvravs misi Seswavlisa da

prognozirebis did mniSvnelo-

bas firmis marketingul stra-

tegiaSi.

gadaxdisunarianoba gadaxdisunarianoba gadaxdisunarianoba gadaxdisunarianoba gadaxdisunarianoba (sol-vency) - - - - - saxelmwifos, iuridi-

uli an fizikuri piris unari,

droulad da mTlianad Seas-

rulos savaWro, sakredito da

fuladi xasiaTis sxva opera-

ciebidan gamomdinare sagada-

gadaxdisunarianobagadaxdisunarianobagadaxdisunarianobagadaxdisunarianobagadaxdisunarianoba

56

saxado valdebulebebi.

gadaxdisunarianobis Te-gadaxdisunarianobis Te-gadaxdisunarianobis Te-gadaxdisunarianobis Te-gadaxdisunarianobis Te-

oria oria oria oria oria (ability to pay theory) - - - - - da-begvrisadmi midgoma, romlis

mixedviTac sagadasaxado tvir-

Ti unda ganawildes gadasaxa-

debis gadaxdis unaris Sesa-

bamisad. es Teoria efuZneba

Tanabari danakargebis koncef-

cias. danakargi aris gadasaxa-

debis gadaxdis Sedegad ekono-

mikuri keTildReobis Semcir-

eba. arsebobs danakargebis to-

lobis sami SesaZlo gansazRvra:

isini SeiZleba iyos absolu-

turad toli, proporciulad

toli da zRvrulad toli. am-

aTgan arc erTs ara aqvs prin-

cipuli upiratesoba. sagada-

saxado sistema progresiulia,

proporciuli Tu regresiuli,

damokidebulia miRebul gansaz-

Rvrasa da Semosavlis zRvru-

li sargeblianobis grafikis

daxris kuTxeze. Tu ivaraude-

ba, rom Semosavlis zRvruli

sargeblianoba ecema, maSin es

sami gansazRvra yovelTvis ar

iZleva erTnairi daskvnis ga-

keTebis saSualebas. aRniSnu-

li Teoria saSualebas gvaZlevs

SevadaroT sxvadasxva pirTa Se-

mosavlebis sargeblianoba. ase-

Ti midgoma uaryofilia keTil-

dReobis Tanamedrove ekonomi-

kur TeoriaSi.

gaeros ssdk gaeros ssdk gaeros ssdk gaeros ssdk gaeros ssdk (saerTaSo-saerTaSo-saerTaSo-saerTaSo-saerTaSo-

riso standartuli dargob-riso standartuli dargob-riso standartuli dargob-riso standartuli dargob-riso standartuli dargob-

rivi klasifikaciarivi klasifikaciarivi klasifikaciarivi klasifikaciarivi klasifikacia) (Internatio-nal Standard of Branch Classifica-tion) - - - - - ekonomikuri saqmianobisyvela saxis saerTaSoriso

standartuli dargobrivi klas-

ifikacia, romlis amJamad moq-

medi IV varianti ganixila da

daamtkica gaeros statis-

tikurma komisiam 2006 wels.

I varianti, romlis proeqtic

gaeros ekonomikuri da so-

cialuri sabWos sesiaze mi-

iRes 1948 wels, zemoT aRniS-

nulma komisiam daamtkica 1958

wels, II varianti _ _ _ _ _ 1968 wels,

xolo III varianti _ _ _ _ _ 1989 wels.

ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----is mesame varianti wi-

nandelze srulyofili da de-

talizebuli iyo. igi Sedgebo-

da 17 ganyofilebisa da 99

qveganyofilebisagan. es ganyo-

filebebia: 1. soflis meurneo-

ba; nadiroba da satyeo meur-

neoba; 2. TevzWera; 3. samTo-

mopovebiTi mrewveloba; 4. gad-

ammuSavebeli mrewveloba; 5.

mSenebloba; 6. eleqtro-----, gaz-----

da wyalmomarageba; 7. sabiTu-

mo da sacalo vaWroba; avto-

mobilebis, motociklebis, say-

ofacxovrebo saqonlisa da

piradi moxmarebis sagnebis

remonti; 8. sastumroebi da

restornebi (sazogadoebrivi

kvebis sawarmoebis momsaxereb-

gadaxdisunarianobis Tegadaxdisunarianobis Tegadaxdisunarianobis Tegadaxdisunarianobis Tegadaxdisunarianobis Teoriaoriaoriaoriaoria

57

is CaTvliT); 9. transporti;

sasawyobo meurneoba da kav-

Sirgabmuloba; 10. safinanso

Suamavloba (sxvadasxva saxis

safinanso da sakredito opera-

ciebTan erTad am ganyofile-

baSi Sedis yvela saxis dazRveva,

garda savaldebulo social-

urisa da sapensio uzrunve-

lyofa; 11. uZrav qonebasTan

dakavSirebuli operaciebi; aren-

da da komerciuli saqmianoba;

12. saxelmwifo mmarTveloba da

Tavdacva; savaldebulo so-

cialuri dazRveva; 13. ganaTle-

ba; 14. janmrTelobis dacva da

socialuri momsaxureba; 15.

sxva komunaluri, socialuri

da personaluri momsaxureba;

16. saojaxo meurneobebi da-

qiravebuli momsaxurebiT; 17.

eqsteritoriuli organizaciebi

da organoebi. pirveli xuTi

ganyofileba materialur-----niv-

Tobrivi warmoebis sferos,

xolo danarCeni Tormeti, ser-

visze orientirebulobis gamo,

momsaxurebis sferos Seadgens.

aseTi dayofis aucilebloba

kidev ufro ganamtkica 70-----iani

wlebis bolos da 80-----iani wle-

bis dasawyisSi ganviTarebuli

qveynebis piradi moxmarebis

struqturaSi materialuri dov-

laTis xvedriTi wonis inten-

siurma Semcirebam da sxvadasx-

va saxis momsaxurebis wilis

Sesabamisma gadidebam.

ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----is IV variantSi ma-

terialur-----nivTobrivi warmoe-

bis sfero (realuri seqtori)

5 ganyofilebis nacvlad war-

modgenilia 4 ganyofilebad,

agraruli seqtoris (soflis

meurneoba, satyeo meurneoba,

nadiroba, meTevzeoba) erT

ganyofilebad warmodgenis

safuZvelze. danarCeni ganyo-

filebebi momsaxurebis diver-

sificirebis Sedegad Camoyal-

ibebuli dargebia.

ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----is mizania ara erov-

nuli klasifikaciebis Secvla,

aramed erovnuli statistikuri

monacemebis saerTaSoriso Se-

darebisaTvis safuZvlis uzrun-

velyofa. im SemTxvevaSi, rode-

sac erovnuli klasifikacia

gansxvavdeba saerTaSorisosa-

gan, Sedarebas axdenen erovnu-

li klasifikaciebidan miRebu-

li monacemebis gadajgufebis

safuZvelze.

ganviTarebuli qveynebi

ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----s ganixilaven rogorc

arsebiTad sakuTar erovnul

klasifikaciaze dafuZnebuls

da misgan warmoebuls, xolo

ganviTarebadi qveynebi, piriqiT,

TavianT erovnul klasifikacie-

bs ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----ze dafuZnebulad da

misgan warmoebulad miiCneven.

ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi

TavianTi erovnuli klasifika-

gaeros ssdkgaeros ssdkgaeros ssdkgaeros ssdkgaeros ssdk

58

ciebis gadasinjvisas, qveynis

Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswine-

biT, cdiloben maqsimalurad mi-

uaxloon isini gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----s.

ganviTarebadi qveynebi, imis gamo,

rom sakuTari klasifikaciis

damuSavebisaTvis ara aqvT auci-

lebeli infrastruqtura (es

ZiriTadad ganpirobebulia sta-

tistikis ganviTarebis dabali

doniT), gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----s iyeneben

umniSvnelo cvlilebebiT an

saerTod ucvlelad, rogorc

erovnul klasifikaciebs.

ssdk ssdk ssdk ssdk ssdk mWidro kavSirSia

gaeros erovnuli angariSebis

sistemasTan. igi uzrunvelyofs

ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxe-

obebad dayofas da mniSvnelo-

van rols asrulebs sawarmoo

principis mixedviT erovnuli

angariSebis SedgenaSi.

gakotreba gakotreba gakotreba gakotreba gakotreba (bankruptcy)[<ital. bancarotta] - - - - - finansurikraxi, rac dadgenilia sasa-

marTlos mier. gakotrebis ofi-

cialurad gamocxadebis dRi-

dan kompania kargavs Tavisi

qonebis gankargvis uflebas.

galoni galoni galoni galoni galoni (gallon) - - - - - moculo-

bisa da tevadobis erTeuli aSS-----

Si, did britaneTsa da sxva qvey-

nebSi, Seicavs 8 pintas. 1 ga-

loni Txevadi nivTierebebisaT-

vis did britaneTSi utolde-

ba 4546 litrs, xolo aSS-----Si

_ _ _ _ _ 3785 litrs, fxvierisaTvis

_ _ _ _ _ 4405 litrs (aSS-----Si); ame-

rikuli Txevadi galoni gam-

oiyeneba laTinuri amerikis mra-

val qveyanaSi.

gamovlenis lagi gamovlenis lagi gamovlenis lagi gamovlenis lagi gamovlenis lagi (recog-nition lag) - - - - - Sida lagis warmo-

qmnis erT-----erTi komponenti, gan-

vlili dro potenciuri de-

stabilizaciuri faqtoris war-

moSobis momentsa da ekonomi-

kuri politikis ganmsazRvre-

li pirebis mier am momentis

dadgenas Soris.

gamoTvliTi ekonomikagamoTvliTi ekonomikagamoTvliTi ekonomikagamoTvliTi ekonomikagamoTvliTi ekonomika

(computational economics) – ma-Tematikuri modelebisa da so-

cialur-ekonomikuri procese-

bis imitaciuri modelirebis

cifrobrivi gadawyveta. maTem-

atikur ekonomikasTan erTad

(romelic ZiriTadad modeleb-

is analitikur gadaWrazea mi-

marTuli) ukanasknel period-

Si farTod gavrcelda gamoTv-

liTi ekonomika, Camoyalibda axa-

li midgomebi, romlebic did

rols asruleben ekonomikuri

Teoriis ganviTarebaSi.

gamoTvliT ekonomikas, gamoT-

vliT ekonometrikasTan erTad,

aqvs gamoyenebiTi mniSvneloba,

warmoadgens ekonomikuri poli-

tikis alternatiul RonisZie-

baTa analizis sakvanZo instru-

ments, saTanado wvlili Seaqvs

ekonomikis ̀ empiriul Semobru-

nebaSi~.

gakotrebagakotrebagakotrebagakotrebagakotreba

59

ukanasknel periodSi Tana-

medrove ekonomikur TeoriaSi

Teoriuli maTematikuri ekono-

mikis (maTematikuri modelire-

ba) batonoba kiTxvis qveS dad-

ga. mis mTavar konkurentad

gamodis ara verbaluri mode-

lireba, aramed empiriuli eko-

nomika, romelsac safuZvlad

udevs ekonometrikuri modeleb-

is gamoyeneba.

gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-

culoba culoba culoba culoba culoba (natural level of output) –warmoebis moculoba, romelic

miiRweva dasaqmebis bunebrivi

donis pirobebSi.

gamyidvelis bazari gamyidvelis bazari gamyidvelis bazari gamyidvelis bazari gamyidvelis bazari (sel-ler’s market) - - - - - situacia bazar-ze, rodesac moTxovna aRemateba

miwodebas, monopolizmis maRa-

li done monopoliur fasebs

warmoqmnis da bazris kontra-

hentebs Tavs axvevs sameurneo

xelSekrulebaTa diskriminaci-

ul pirobebs.

ganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebi

(distribution theories) - - - - - Teoriebi,romlebic xsnian erovnuli Se-

mosavlis ganawilebis meqanizms

kerZo pirebsa da ekonomikur

jgufebs Soris. ganasxvaveben

Semosavlis funqcionalurSemosavlis funqcionalurSemosavlis funqcionalurSemosavlis funqcionalurSemosavlis funqcionalur

ganawilebas, ganawilebas, ganawilebas, ganawilebas, ganawilebas, rac gulisxmobs

erovnuli produqtis ganawile-

bas warmoebis faqtorebis (miwa,

Sroma, kapitali) mesakuTreebs

Soris da piradi Semosavlispiradi Semosavlispiradi Semosavlispiradi Semosavlispiradi Semosavlis

ganawilebas, ganawilebas, ganawilebas, ganawilebas, ganawilebas, romlis Seswav-

lisas ekonomistebi ikvleven in-

dividualuri Semosavlebis

ganmsazRvrel faqtorebs, im

faqtorebisgan damoukideblad,

romelTa daxmarebiTac es Se-

mosavlebi iqna miRebuli.

klasikuri skolis warmomad-

genlebi (gansakuTrebiT d. ri-

kardo) Semosavlebis funqcio-

naluri ganawilebis ganxilvi-

sas xazs usvamdnen antagonis-

tur damokidebulebas kapi-

talze mogebis normasa da fiq-

sirebul xelfass Soris, ro-

melic ganisazRvreba sacxovre-

beli minimumiT, mosaxleobis

zrdiTa da zRvruli Sromis

mwarmoeblurobiT. zRvruli

mwarmoeblurobis doqtrina ga-

naviTara neoklasikurma skolam,

romelSic warmoebis faqtore-

bis fasi ganisazRvreba moTx-

ovnisa da miwodebis urTier-

TzemoqmedebiT. k. marqsis ga-

nawilebis Teoria eyrdnoba

klasobrivi brZolis, teqnikuri

progresis, mosaxleobis zrdis,

muSaTa organizebulobisa da

kapitalisturi warmoebis axal

sferoebSi SeRwevis urTierT-

damokidebulebas.

ganawilebis neokeinzianuri

modeli dakavSirebulia m. ka-

leckis, j. robinsonis, n. kal-

dorisa da sxva mecnierTa Te-

oriebTan, romlebic aqcents

ganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebiganawilebis Teoriebi

60

akeTeben sabazro struqture-

bis rolze, muSaTa organize-

basa da moTxovnis ganmsazRvrel

faqtorebze makroekonomikur

modelebSi.

ganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebi

(developing countries) - - - - - msofli-

os Raribi qveynebis ekonomikuri

mdgomareobis es saxelwodeba

xmarebaSi Semovida XX sauku-nis 60-----ian wlebSi iseTi saTa-

kilo gamonaTqvamis magivrad,

rogoricaa sustad ganviTare-

buli anu CamorCenili qveyne-

bi. iTvleba, rom am kategorias

miekuTvneba qveynebi, romelTa

mSp mSp mSp mSp mSp mosaxleobis erT sulze

ar aRemateba aSS-----is Sesabami-

si maCveneblis (43555 dola-

ri) erT mexuTeds. Tumca ase-

Ti gansazRvra ar aris abso-

luturi, vinaidan zogierTi

qveyana, magaliTad, Sua aRmo-

savleTis navTobgadammuSavebe-

li qveynebi, am maCveneblis mi-

xedviT SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT

ganviTarebul qveynebs (mag., qu-

veiTi _ _ _ _ _ 18370 dolari), mag-

ram Semosavlebis ganawilebi-

sa da momsaxurebis xelmisawv-

domobis mixedviT, isini ganvi-

Tarebadia.

ganviTarebis strategiaganviTarebis strategiaganviTarebis strategiaganviTarebis strategiaganviTarebis strategia

(development strategy) - - - - - ganvi-

Tarebis problemisadmi midgo-

ma, rac damokidebulia ekonomi-

kuri zrdis ama Tu im mode-

lis gamoyenebaze. arsebobs uam-

ravi erTmaneTisagan gansxvave-

buli strategia, romelTa

Soris aRsaniSnavia Semdegi max-

asiaTeblebi: importis Senacv-

leba Sida warmoebiT, samrewve-

lo ganviTareba, qalaqebisa da

sasoflo raionebis balansire-

buli ganviTareba, soflis meur-

neobis mxardaWera da gafar-

Toeba, saeqsporto seqtoris

ganviTareba ucxouri valut-

is miRebis mizniT da a.S. ganvi-

Tarebis strategia gansakuTre-

biT mniSvnelovania ganviTare-

badi qveynebisaTvis.

ganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebiganviTarebuli qveynebi

(developed countries) - - - - - msofli-

os maRalSemosavliani saxelm-

wifoebi, romlebmac (istoriu-

lad an ganviTarebis dRevan-

del etapze) miaRwies indus-

triuli ganviTarebisa da mo-

saxleobis cxovrebis maRal

dones, rogoric SesaZlebelia

arsebuli simdidrisa da te-

qnologiebis pirobebSi. sxva-

dasxva organizacia sxvadasx-

va qveyanas miiCnevs ganviTare-

bulad. magram arsebobs 22 qvey-

ana, romlebic nebismier klas-

ifikasiaSi xvdebian. es qvey-

nebia: aSS, iaponia, safrangeTi,

germania, gaerTianebuli same-

fo, SvedeTi, avstria, belgia,

dania, fineTi, islandia, irlan-

dia, italia, luqsemburgi, nider-

ganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebiganviTarebadi qveynebi

61

landi, norvegia, portugalia,

espaneTi, Sveicaria, kanada, avs-

tralia, axali zelandia. gan-

viTarebuli qveynebis upirate-

soba danarCen msofliosTan isaa,

rom am qveynebSi gatarebuli

sabazro reformebis safuZ-

velze met-naklebi warmatebu-

lobiT funqcionirebs socialu-

rad orientirebuli sabazro

ekonomikuri sistema, romelmac

aSkara upiratesoba da maRali

efeqtianoba daamtkica rogorc

wminda kapitalistur, ise kvazi-

socialistur ekonomikur sis-

temebTan SedarebiT.

gankargvadi Semosavaligankargvadi Semosavaligankargvadi Semosavaligankargvadi Semosavaligankargvadi Semosavali

(disposable income) – Semosavlis

is nawili, romelic momxmare-

blebs rCebaT saxelmwifosgan

transferebis miRebisa da ga-

dasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg.

roca gankargvadi Semosavali

izrdeba, izrdeba moxmarebac.

gankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuli

Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali (disposable nation-al income) - - - - - wminda erovnul Se-

mosavals plus mimdinare tran-

sferebi sazRvargareTidan (hu-

manitaruli daxmareba, Sewiru-

loba da sxv.), gamoklebuli

sazRvargareT gacemuli analo-

giuri transferebi anu minus

mimdinare transferebis saldo.

gankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTliani

erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali (dis-posable gross national income) -----

realuri Semosavali, romelic

gamoiyeneba erToblivi saboloo

moxmarebisa da danazogisaTvis.

sabazro fasebiT igi aris VIG-----s

plus (minus) wminda saldo

erovnul ekonomikasa da danar-

Cen msoflios Soris gada-

saxdelebisa da sxva mimdinare

transferebis mixedviT.

gankargviTi wminda er-gankargviTi wminda er-gankargviTi wminda er-gankargviTi wminda er-gankargviTi wminda er-

ovnuli Semosavali ovnuli Semosavali ovnuli Semosavali ovnuli Semosavali ovnuli Semosavali (dis-posable net national income) - - - - - to-lia gankargulebaSi darCenil

mTlian erovnul Semosavals

gamoklebuli ZiriTadi kapi-

talis moxmareba.

gansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebriveba

(economy destatization, denational-ization) - - - - - sawarmoTa gamoyvana

mmarTvelobis saxelmwifo or-

ganoebis uSualo daqvemdebare-

bidan da maTi gardaqmna kerZo

sawarmoebad, aqcionerul sa-

zogadoebebad, kooperativebad,

sapaio amxanagobebad da sxva

arasaxelmwifoebriv struqtu-

rebad. SeiZleba ganxorcieldes

sxvadasxva formiT. maT Soris

ZiriTadia saxelmwifo sakuTre-

bis privatizacia, aqcionireba,

arendiT gadacema da sxv. de-

regulirebas zog SemTxvevaSi

SeiZleba ar mohyves sakuTreb-

is formis Secvla. mTavaria,

saxelmwifom uari Tqvas same-

urneo rgolebis pirdapir mar-

Tvaze. amis safuZvelze sawar-

gansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebrivebagansaxelmwifoebriveba

62

moTa saqmianobaSi saxelmwifo

organoebis funqciebi minimu-

mamde Semcirdeba da, Sesabam-

isad, sawarmos uflebebi ga-

farTovdeba. amrigad, gansaxelm-

wifoebriveba iTvaliswinebs

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri ro-

lisa da funqciebis Secvlas

sazogadoebrivi warmoebis sax-

elmwifo reglamentaciis sf-

eros Sekvecisa da ekonomikis

regulirebis upiratesad ara-

ekonomikuri meTodebidan ekono-

mikur meTodebze gadasvlis sa-

fuZvelze.

saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi

gansaxelmwifoebriveba ganixi-

leba rogorc ekonomikis gasax-

elmwifoebrivebisa (nacional-

izaciis) da sazogadoebrivi

warmoebis saxelmwifo-----direqti-

uli reglamentaciis sawinaaRm-

dego procesi.

ekonomikis gansaxelmwifoe-

brivebis Tanmxlebi ZiriTadi

procesebia: 1. ekonomikaSi sax-

elmwifo seqtoris wilis Sem-

cireba saxelmwifo da munici-

paluri sawarmoebis privati-

zaciis safuZvelze; 2. saxelm-

wifo sawarmoTa komercializa-

cia; 3. saxelmwifo biujetis

meSveobiT gadanawilebuli mepmepmepmepmep-----

is wilis Semcireba im wminda

produqtis wilis Sekvecis

safuZvelze, romelic Tavs iy-

rida sazogadoebis centrali-

zebul fondSi. praqtikulad

laparakia mogebis im wilis

(rogorc SefardebiT, ise ab-

solutur) Semcirebaze, romel-

ic Sedioda saxelmwifo biu-

jetSi gadasaxadebis saxiT; 4.

produqciis warmoebisa da mi-

wodebis savaldebulo saxelm-

wifo davalebis Secvla ekono-

mikuri stimulirebis sistemiT,

rac, saxeldobr, gulisxmobs

saxelmwifo SekveTebidan sax-

elmwifo Sesyidvebze gadasv-

las; 5. centralizebuli in-

vesticiebidan dakreditebis

sistemaze gadasvla; 6. materi-

aluri, finansuri da SromiTi

resursebis ZiriTadi nawilis

centralizebul ganawilebasa

da gadanawilebaze uaris Tqma,

saqonlis, Sromisa da kapitalis

bazrebis formireba; 7. saga-

reo-----ekonomikuri kavSirebis

saxelmwifo monopoliis likvi-

dacia.

saqarTveloSi ekonomikis

gansaxelmwifoebrivebis Tanmx-

lebi procesia saxelmwifo sa-

kuTrebis demonopolizacia da

sabazro infrastruqturis Ca-

moyalibeba.

garanti garanti garanti garanti garanti (guarantee, war-rantor) - - - - - pirovneba, organiza-

cia, saxelmwifo, romelic iZl-

eva garkveul garantiebs da

Tvalyurs adevnebs maT Ses-

rulebas.

garantigarantigarantigarantigaranti

63

garantia garantia garantia garantia garantia (guarantee, war-ranty) - - - - - Tavdeboba, samarT-

lebrivi principebisa da sa-

Sualebebis erToblioba, romel-

ic valdebulebaTa Sesrule-

bas uzrunvelyofs.

gardamavali periodigardamavali periodigardamavali periodigardamavali periodigardamavali periodi

(transition period) - - - - - drois peri-odi, romlis ganmavlobaSi

ekonomikuri sistemis konver-

siis safuZvelze qveynis eko-

nomika Tvisebrivad axal mdgo-

mareobaSi gadadis.

gare danaxarjgare danaxarjgare danaxarjgare danaxarjgare danaxarjebebebebebi i i i i (exter-nal expenses) – firmis mTliani

danaxarjebis is nawili, romel-

sac igi gaiRebs gareT SeZeni-

li materialuri da SromiTi

resursebisaTvis.

gare efeqtebi gare efeqtebi gare efeqtebi gare efeqtebi gare efeqtebi (external-ities) - - - - - eqsternaliebi, romlebic

ar aisaxeba fasebis sistemaSi;

adamianTa saqmianobis saboloo

Sedegebis garkveuli mxare,

romelsac SeiZleba hqondes

rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofi-

Ti gamoxatuleba. dadebiTi

dakavSirebulia sargebliano-

basTan, xolo uaryofiTi _____

xarjTan. es aris fasSi ausax-

veli xelsayreloba an xarji

da ̀ gare~ ewodeba imitom, rom

exeba ara mxolod konkretul

saqmianobaSi monawile ekono-

mikur agentebs, aramed vlin-

deba maT gareT mimdinare pro-

cesebSic. gare efeqtebis gam-

ovlenis areali zogjer Zalian

masStaburia da vrceldeba mTel

sazogadoebaze. isini Tanamdevi

xarjia, ̀ gadasxmis~ xarjia. maT

miekuTvneba Tanmxlebi social-

ur-ekonomikuri efeqtebi, rom-

lebic gamovlindeba konkret-

uli ekonomikuri saqmianobis

gareT da aisaxeba Sromis ro-

gorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiT

SedegebSi. mag., garemos dacvas,

an kidev, infeqciuri daavadeb-

is Tavidan acilebis mizniT sas-

meli wylis sanaciis progra-

mis ganxorcielebas axlavs

uaRresad dadebiTi gare efeq-

ti _ _ _ _ _ ekologiuri da sani-

tariuli normebis darRvevisa

da misgan gamowveuli zaralis

Tavidan acileba, xolo mosax-

leobis saganmanaTleblo do-

nis zrda, rac ganapirobebs

kulturuli msoflmxedvelo-

bis amaRlebas, axali garemo-

sadmi adaptaciis SesaZle-

blobebis gadidebas da sxv.,

xels uwyobs soflis mcx-

ovrebTa masobriv migracias

qalaqSi da, saboloo angariSiT,

iwvevs sasoflo-----sameurneo ka-

drebis deficits, urbanizaci-

is procesis gaZlierebas, umu-

SevrobasTan erTad siRatakisa

da danaSaulobaTa zrdas, an

kidev, qalTa SromiTi resurse-

bis dasaqmeba iwvevs Sobadobis

Semcirebasa da a.S.

gare efeqtebigare efeqtebigare efeqtebigare efeqtebigare efeqtebi

64

bazars ar SeuZlia misTvis

niSandoblivi faswarmoqmnis

meqanizmis meSveobiT Seafasos

adamianTa saqmianobis gare efeq-

tebi. es ukanaskneli gamoixa-

teba ekologiuri wonasworobis

dacviT, esTetikur faseulo-

baTa, kulturis ZeglTa, buneb-

rivi landSaftebis SenarCunebi-

Ta da movla-----patronobiT, mo-

saxleobis sicocxlis xangr-

Zlivobisa da aqtiuri saqmi-

anobis periodis gadidebiT,

daavadebaTa SemcirebiT, pirov-

nebis SemoqmedebiTi potencia-

lis zrdiT, mosaxleobis fiz-

ikuri ganviTarebis donis, mo-

qalaqeobrivi kulturis amaR-

lebiT da sxv. gare efeqtis ga-

moxatva fuliT SeuZlebelia. mi-

si gazomvisaTvis farTod gamoi-

yeneba naturaluri maCveneblebi.

gare efeqtis internali-gare efeqtis internali-gare efeqtis internali-gare efeqtis internali-gare efeqtis internali-

zacia zacia zacia zacia zacia (externality internalization)- - - - - gare efeqtis gadaqceva ker-

Zo xarjebis elementad.

gare lagi gare lagi gare lagi gare lagi gare lagi (outside lag) -----drois Sualedi makroekonomiku-

ri politikis realizaciasa da

misi sruli efeqtis miRebas

Soris.

gasaRebis mrudi gasaRebis mrudi gasaRebis mrudi gasaRebis mrudi gasaRebis mrudi (curveof sale) - - - - - grafikuli gamosax-

uleba maTematikuri damokide-

bulebisa fasebis donesa da im

saqonlis moculobas Soris,

romlis yidvac SesaZlebelia

bazarze fasebis ama Tu im donis

pirobebSi. gasaRebis mrudis

ageba gasaRebis samsaxuris mniS-

vnelovani amocanaa, vinaidan sa-

bazro ekonomikaSi nebismier ko-

merciul gadawyvetilebas imis

gaTvaliswinebiT iReben, Tu ro-

gor gavlenas moaxdens igi pro-

duqciis gasaRebaze. gasaRebis

mrudis gamoyenebiT SesaZlebe-

lia zustad SeirCes fasebis

optimaluri done da firmis

yvelaze gonivruli komerciu-

li politika.

gauTvaliswinebeli da-gauTvaliswinebeli da-gauTvaliswinebeli da-gauTvaliswinebeli da-gauTvaliswinebeli da-

naxnaxnaxnaxnaxarji arji arji arji arji (unforeseen expense)- - - - - ama Tu im resursis gamoye-

nebaze gaweuli danaxarji, rac

izomeba am resursis yvelaze

ukeTesi alternatiuli gzis

gamouyeneblobiT gamowveuli

danakargebiT. xelidan gaSve-

buli, gamouyenebeli SesaZle-

blobebis danaxarji.

gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-

flacia flacia flacia flacia flacia (unanticipated inflation)- - - - - inflaciis faqtobrivi temp-

is gadaWarbeba mosalodnelze.

Tu inflaciis mosalodneli

tempi weliwadSi 5%-----ia, xolo

faqtobrivi amave periodSi

utoldeba 10%-----s, maSin in-

flaciis gauTvaliswinebeli

tempi Seadgens 5%-----s.

gaufasureba gaufasureba gaufasureba gaufasureba gaufasureba (depreciation,devaluation) - - - - - erovnuli valu-

tis msyidvelobiTi unaris dace-

gare efeqtis internalizaciagare efeqtis internalizaciagare efeqtis internalizaciagare efeqtis internalizaciagare efeqtis internalizacia

65

ma ucxour valutasTan Sedar-

ebiT.

gayidvaze gadasaxadi gayidvaze gadasaxadi gayidvaze gadasaxadi gayidvaze gadasaxadi gayidvaze gadasaxadi (sa-les tax) - - - - - arapirdapiri gadasa-xadi, romelsac ixdian momx-

mareblebi saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis SeZenisas. igi brun-

vidan gadasaxadis saxesxvaobaa,

farTod gamoiyeneba aSS-----Si,

xolo did britaneTSi, gfr-----sa

da mraval sxva qveyanaSi (maT

Soris, saqarTveloSi) man mi-

iRo damatebul Rirebulebaze

gadasaxadis saxelwodeba.

`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~

danaxarjebi danaxarjebi danaxarjebi danaxarjebi danaxarjebi (shoe leather costs)– saCeko angariSidan valutis

gamosatanad bankSi siarulTan

dakavSirebuli danaxarjebi.

saqme isaa, rom saSualovadian

periodSi realur saprocento

ganakveTze inflacia zemoqmede-

bas ar axdens. inflaciis zrda

nominaluri saprocento ganak-

veTis zrdaze aisaxeba, rac fu-

lis flobis maRal alternati-

ul danaxarjebs iwvevs. sabo-

loo angariSiT, ekonomikuri

subieqtebi TavianT fulis ma-

rags bankSi ufro xSiri siaru-

liT amcireben, riTac gamoix-

ateba ̀ gacveTili fexsacmlis~

danaxarjebi. es danaxarjebi na-

klebi iqneboda, rom qveyanaSi

inflaciis zrdis tempi nak-

lebi yofiliyo, rac dadebiT

gavlenas moaxdenda saqmian aq-

tiurobaze.

gacvliTi kursi gacvliTi kursi gacvliTi kursi gacvliTi kursi gacvliTi kursi - - - - - ix.

valutis kursi.

gedonistikuri fasi gedonistikuri fasi gedonistikuri fasi gedonistikuri fasi gedonistikuri fasi (he-donistic price) - - - - - saqonlis impli-

cituri anu faruli fasi.

saqonlis mocemuli raodeno-

ba SeiZleba ganawildes misi

xarisxis ganmsazRvreli mrava-

li maxasiaTeblis mixedviT.

saqonlis fasi nawilobriv Sei-

Zleba dakavSirebuli iyos mis

konkretul maxasiaTeblebTan da

amis safuZvelze Sefasdes

xarisxis cvlilebac. gedonis-

tikuri fasis Teoria xarisx-

is cvlilebis Sesafaseblad

pirvelad SemoiRo c. grili-

hesma da gamoiyena sacxovre-

belze moTxovnis analizisa da

garemos ekonomikur TeoriaSi.

gelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon keneti

(1908-----2006) (Galbraith John Ken-neth) - - - - - amerikeli (warmoSobiT

kanadeli) ekonomisti, socio-

logi da sazogado moRvawe.

neoinstitucionalizmis Tval-

saCino warmomadgeneli, harvar-

dis universitetis profesori

(1948). eweoda samecniero-----kvle-

viT saqmianobas aSS-----sa da sxva

qveynebis mTavrobebTan da akade-

miur institutebSi. iyo aSS-----is

elCi indoeTSi (1961-----1963).

misi cnobili naSromebia: ̀ indus-

triuli sazogadoeba~ (1967),

`ekonomikuri Teoria da sazo-

gelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon kenetigelbreiTi jon keneti

66

gadoebis miznebi~ (1973), ̀ eko-

nomikuri Teoriis istoria: war-

suli rogorc Tanamedroveo-

ba~ (1987) da a.S.

giravnobis sigeli giravnobis sigeli giravnobis sigeli giravnobis sigeli giravnobis sigeli (mor-tgage) - - - - - uZravi qonebis dagi-ravebis safuZvelze bankis mier

gacemuli savalo mowmoba.

girao girao girao girao girao (mortgage) - - - - - savalo

valdebuleba, romelic uzrun-

velyofilia konkretuli uZra-

vi qonebiT (miwa an Senoba-----nage-

boba). saxelSekrulebo valde-

bulebaTa Sesrulebis uzrun-

velyofis erT-----erTi xerxi. im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu movalem (giraos

gamcemma) aRebuli valdebuleba

ar Seasrula, giraos safuZvelze

kreditors ufleba aqvs miiTvi-

sos sagiravno qoneba.

girao SeiZleba iyos pirve-

li giravnobis sigeli, romlis

mixedviTac kreditors eniWeba

upiratesi ufleba, pirvelma

warmoadginos pretenzia dagi-

ravebul qonebaze, an meore, me-

same, meoTxe da a.S. giravnobis

sigeli, roca pretenziis ward-

genis vada dgeba wina giravno-

bis sigelis mesakuTris ufleb-

is realizaciis Semdeg.

giraoTi uzrunvelyo-giraoTi uzrunvelyo-giraoTi uzrunvelyo-giraoTi uzrunvelyo-giraoTi uzrunvelyo-

filifilifilifilifili obligacia obligacia obligacia obligacia obligacia (securityin the form of bonds) - - - - - obliga-

cia, romelic gamoSvebulia ko-

rporaciis giraoTi. aseTi ob-

ligaciis mflobelis, rogorc

kreditoris, moTxovna kmayo-

fildeba pirvel rigSi.

girvanqa girvanqa girvanqa girvanqa girvanqa (pound) [<laT.

pondus wona, sawoni] - - - - - 1. masiserTeuli mraval qveyanaSi,

romelsac aqvs gansxvavebuli

sidide _ _ _ _ _ 317,62-----dan 560 gra-

mamde; 2. masis ZiriTadi er-

Teuli inglisur sazomTa

sistemaSi, uTanabrdeba 0,4536

kg-----s, saafTiaqo da samoneto

girvanqa _ _ _ _ _ 0,3732 kg-----s; 3. ma-

sis erTeuli rusul sistema-

Si, romelic gauqmda 1918 wels.

1 girvanqa _ _ _ _ _ 1/40 fuTs _ _ _ _ _ 32lots _ _ _ _ _ 0,4095 kg-----s; 4. zo-

gierTi qveynis fulis erTeu-

li, mag., egvipturi girvanqa,

girvanqa sterlingi.

globalizacia globalizacia globalizacia globalizacia globalizacia (global-ization) - - - - - msoflios yvela qvey-

anasa da regionSi mimdinare

socialur-----ekonomikuri, poli-

tikuri, kulturuli, mecnier-

ul-----teqnologiuri da a.S. pro-

cesebis unifikacia aSS-----sa da

evroatlantikuri blokis um-

sxvilesi qveynebis mier Se-

muSavebuli moTxovnebis (norme-

bis, faseulobebis, kriteriume-

bisa da a.S.) Sesabamisad.

globalizacia fragmenta-

ciis (dayofa, danawevreba) sawi-

naaRmdego terminad mogvevli-

na XX saukunis 80-----ian wlebSi,

rodesac pirvelad amerikelma

mecnierma T. levitma igi cal-

giravnobis sigeligiravnobis sigeligiravnobis sigeligiravnobis sigeligiravnobis sigeli

67

keuli bazrebis Seswavlis pro-

cesis asaxsnelad gamoiyena. Tu

Tavdapirvelad globalizacia

wminda ekonomikuri Sinaarsis

termini iyo, sul ramdenime

weliwadSi farTo mniSvnelo-

ba SeiZina da sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis yvela sfero moicva.

1990 wels londonSi gamoce-

mul krebulSi _ _ _ _ _ ̀ globaliza-

cia: Semecneba da sazogadoeba~

_ _ _ _ _ es termini pirvelma gamoiy-

ena m. elbroum msoflios qvey-

nebisa da xalxebis, sxvadasxva

civilizaciisa da kulturis

erTianobis gamosaxatavad. amave

wels, farTo gagebiT, igi ag-

reTve gamoiyena iaponelma k.

omem, xolo 1999 wels davos-

Si gamarTuli msoflio ekono-

mikuri forumis mTavari Tema

swored globalizacia iyo.

globalizaciis procesi sa-

Taves iRebs XX saukunis 60-----iani

wlebidan, Tumca am yovlismom-

cvel process win uZRoda amave

saukunis 40-----ian wlebSi daw-

yebuli `keinzianuri revolu-

cia~, romelmac biZgi misca

Tvisebrivad axal ekonomikur

zrdas da mniSvnelovani roli

Seasrula globalizaciis war-

moSobaSi. aRniSnuli procesi

garkveulwilad daaCqara 50-----ian

wlebSi dekolonizaciis far-

Tod gaSlam, agreTve mecnier-

ul-----teqnologiuri progresis

safuZvelze msoflioSi mim-

dinare struqturulma cv-

lilebebma, rac, upirveles yov-

lisa, momsaxurebis sferos pri-

oritetul ganviTarebaSi gam-

oixata. msoflios ekonomikurma

ganviTarebam axali Tvisebrio-

ba SeiZina. 70-----iani wlebis

dasawyisSi industriuli sa-

zogadoebis gadazrdam postin-

dustriulSi axali biZgi mis-

ca msoflio ganviTarebas. am

Tvisebriv naxtomSi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom man

ekonomikas socialuri orien-

tacia SesZina. sabazro urT-

ierTobebma sakuTrebis plu-

ralizmis damkvidrebiT, SeiZle-

ba iTqvas `Stampi moxsna~ ve-

lur kapitalizms da gza gaux-

sna sakuTrebis demokratizaci-

is process. bazarma sruliad

sxva Sinaarsi SeiZina. ekonomikis

saxelmwifo regulirebasTan

erTad, kacobriobis mraval-

saukunovani arsebobis manZilze

bazari pirvelad meurneobis

efeqtian meqanizmad Camoyali-

bda. am garemoebam dasabami misca

sazogadoebriv gardaqmnebs ax-

al ampluaSi da dadebiTi gav-

lena moaxdina Tanamedrove sa-

zogadoebis formirebaze, axal

sociumze, ramac xeli Seuwyo

humanizaciis procesebis gaR-

rmavebas. ganviTarebulma sam-

yarom miiRo axali drois gamo-

globalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizacia

68

wveva. safuZveli Caeyara samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis formire-

bas. es iyo win gadadgmuli

nabiji ufro maRali social-

uri da amave dros, axali msof-

lio wesrigis damyarebis Tval-

sazrisiT.

globalizacias axali im-

pulsi SesZina 90-----ian wlebSi

elviseburad ganviTarebulma

socialurma kataklizmebma, rac

swrafad dagvirgvinda msoflio

socialisturi sistemis ngre-

viTa da komunisturi social-

izmis xanis dasrulebiT. es

drois moTxovna da global-

izaciis msoflio procesis ga-

moZaxilic iyo.

globalizacia Tanamedrove

msoflios erT-----erTi ZiriTadi

Taviseburebaa, romelic gan-

sazRvravs msoflio politikis

Sinaarss. igi radikalurad cv-

lis Tanamedrove sazogadoeb-

is cxovrebis Sinaarssac.

globalizacia ara mxolod

aaxloebs qveynebs erTmaneTTan,

aramed urTierTdamokidebul-

sac xdis maT. igi aCqarebs

calkeul qveynebSi Ria sazoga-

doebis Camoyalibebas da an-

grevs Caketil, totalitarul

reJimebsa da ekonomikebs. glo-

balizacia xels uwyobs part-

nioruli urTierTobebis wina

planze wamowevas, msoflio mas-

StabiT resursebis efeqtian

gamoyenebas, mecnierebis miRw-

evebis mokle vadaSi danergvas,

resursdamzogveli da nak-

lebnarCeniani teqnologiebis

farTod gavrcelebas, inteleq-

tualuri kapitalis warmoCe-

nas, internetuli qselisa da,

saerTod, sainformacio indus-

triis swraf ganviTarebas, kap-

italis Tavisufal moZraobas,

gansakuTrebiT, finansuri kapi-

talis mobilurobis zrdas da

a.S. bolo xans sainformacio

teqnologiebSi momxdarma rev-

oluciam da transportis sfe-

roSi ganxorcielebulma ko-

losalurma progresma Seamcira

warmoebis xarjebi. amitom ase-

Ti transformaciis pirobebSi,

Seicvala Tavad warmoebis mas-warmoebis mas-warmoebis mas-warmoebis mas-warmoebis mas-

Stabis efeqtic.Stabis efeqtic.Stabis efeqtic.Stabis efeqtic.Stabis efeqtic.

globalizacia Tavisi ar-

siT universaluria. amitom misi

masStabebisa da funqciebidan

gamomdinare, mniSvnelovania ram-ram-ram-ram-ram-

denaddenaddenaddenaddenad marTuli iqneba es mra- marTuli iqneba es mra- marTuli iqneba es mra- marTuli iqneba es mra- marTuli iqneba es mra-

valwaxnagovani da winaaRm-valwaxnagovani da winaaRm-valwaxnagovani da winaaRm-valwaxnagovani da winaaRm-valwaxnagovani da winaaRm-

degobebiT savse fenomeni.degobebiT savse fenomeni.degobebiT savse fenomeni.degobebiT savse fenomeni.degobebiT savse fenomeni.

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi glo-winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi glo-winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi glo-winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi glo-winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi glo-

balizacias didi zianis mo-balizacias didi zianis mo-balizacias didi zianis mo-balizacias didi zianis mo-balizacias didi zianis mo-

tana SeuZlia kacobriobi-tana SeuZlia kacobriobi-tana SeuZlia kacobriobi-tana SeuZlia kacobriobi-tana SeuZlia kacobriobi-

saTvis.saTvis.saTvis.saTvis.saTvis.

globalizaciis Zlieri ten-

denciebi dRes gardauvalia. mas

bevr pozitiurTan erTad, ax-

lavs garkveuli negatiuri Sede-

gebi. igi gansakuTrebuligi gansakuTrebuligi gansakuTrebuligi gansakuTrebuligi gansakuTrebul saf saf saf saf saf-----

globalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizaciaglobalizacia

69

rTxes uqmnis mcirTxes uqmnis mcirTxes uqmnis mcirTxes uqmnis mcirTxes uqmnis mcire region-re region-re region-re region-re region-

ebs,ebs,ebs,ebs,ebs, qveynebsa da erebs, uaryo- qveynebsa da erebs, uaryo- qveynebsa da erebs, uaryo- qveynebsa da erebs, uaryo- qveynebsa da erebs, uaryo-

fiT gavlenasfiT gavlenasfiT gavlenasfiT gavlenasfiT gavlenas axdens loka axdens loka axdens loka axdens loka axdens loka-----

lur kultulur kultulur kultulur kultulur kulturebze.rebze.rebze.rebze.rebze.

saerTaSoriso SezRudveb-

is pirobebSi dRes SeuZlebe-

lia erovnuli ekonomikebis mar-

Tvis damoukidebeli strate-

giebis ganxorcieleba. saxelm-

wifoebi, gansakuTrebiT damouki-

deblobis gzaze axaldamdgari

qveynebi naklebad avtonomiuria.

maT sul ufro naklebi eqsk-

luziuri kontroli aqvT sak-

uTar teritoriaze mimdinare

socialur-----ekonomikur proces-

ebze, amasTan, erovnuli Tavise-

burebebisa da tradiciebis Se-

narCunebis naklebi unari Sesw-

evT. mcire qveynebis kultura

sul ufro metad eqceva wina-

aRmdegobaSi msoflio proces-

ebTan.

Rrmavdeba msoflio ekono-

mikis institucionalizaciis

procesi. saerTaSoriso doneze

marTuli politikuri gadaw-

yvetilebebis mniSvnelovani

nawili kontroldeba saerTa-

Soriso organizaciebis mier,

msoflios saagentoebs, savaWro

blokebsa da mTavar saxelmwi-

foebs Soris dadebuli xelSek-

rulebebiT.

dRes erovnul politikas

aRar SeuZlia ekonomikur da

socialur Sedegebze gansakuT-

rebuli gavlenis moxdena. igi

sul ufro da ufro `grilde-

ba~. amitom erovnuli ekonomike-

bis efeqtiani marTvis funqcie-

bi ecema.

mesame aTaswleulis dasa-

wyisSi globalizaciis proce-

si mkveTrad diferencirebulia,

xasiaTdeba Sinagani winaaRmde-

gobebiT, romlebic upiratesad

Tavs iCens ganviTarebad qvey-

nebSi.

globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis KOF-----in-in-in-in-in-

deqsi deqsi deqsi deqsi deqsi (KOF Globalization Index)- - - - - globalizaciis kompleqsuri

maCvenebeli, romelic Seiqmna

2002 wels. monacemebi Ziri-

Tadad eyrdnoba saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondis, msoflio

bankis, gaeros ganaTlebis, mec-

nierebisa da kulturis orga-

nizaciis, vaWrobisa da ganvi-

Tarebis Sesaxeb gaeros kon-

ferenciis wliur angariSebs, sa-

erTaSoriso safosto statis-

tikis sainformacio masalebs.

globalizaciis KOF-ind-eqsis zogadi maCveneblis mixed-

viT lideroben da pirvel aTe-

ulSi Sedian: belgia, irlandia,

niderlandi, Sveicaria, avstria,

SvedeTi, dania, kanada, luqsem-

burgi da ungreTi. am maCveneb-

liT saqarTvelo 59,85%-----iT

90-----e adgilzea.

globalizaciis KOF inde-qsiT (procentuli gamosax-

globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis KOF-----ininininindeqsideqsideqsideqsideqsi

70

ulebiT) yovelwliurad gan-

isazRvreba msoflios 158 qvey-

anaSi politikuri, ekonomikuri

da socialuri globalizaci-

is xarisxi.

politikuri globaliza-politikuri globaliza-politikuri globaliza-politikuri globaliza-politikuri globaliza-

ciaciaciaciacia gamoiTvleba iseTi maCveneb-

lebiT, rogoricaa saerTa-

Soriso organizaciebis wevroba,

qveyanaSi saelCoebisa da saer-

TaSoriso xelSekrulebebis

raodenoba, gaeros usafrTxoe-

bis misiis wevroba. am maCveneb-

liT ganisazRvreba samTavro-

bo politikis gavrcelebis

xarisxi. politikur global-

izaciaSi, saerTaSoriso wes-

rigis damyarebis TvalsazrisiT,

mniSvnelovani roli gaerosa da

sxva struqturebs akisria.

politikuri globalizaciis

maCveneblis mixedviT pirvel

aTeulSi Sedian: safrangeTi,

italia, belgia, avstria, Svede-

Ti, Sveicaria, kanada, aSS da

poloneTi. am qveynebSi poli-

tikuri globalizaciis KOF-----indeqsi 93,88%-----sa da 89,03%-----s

Soris fiqsirdeba. saqarTvelo

46,08%-----iT 138-----e adgilzea.

ekonomikuri globaliza-ekonomikuri globaliza-ekonomikuri globaliza-ekonomikuri globaliza-ekonomikuri globaliza-

cia, cia, cia, cia, cia, romelSic mniSvnelovan

rols transerovnuli korpo-

raciebi (tektektektektek-----ebi) asruleben,

ganisazRvreba iseTi maCveneb-

lebiT, rogoricaa saqonlis,

momsaxurebis, kapitalis sazR-

vargareT gatanis masStabebi da

sagareo vaWrobaSi CarTulo-

bis done, gaxsnilobisa da in-

tegrirebis tendenciebis ga-

Zliereba, informaciebis nakade-

bis Sor manZilze gavrceleb-

is xarisxi, ucxouri inves-

ticiebis qveyanaSi Semodinebis

moculoba, saerTaSoriso vaW-

robaSi sabaJo politikis sim-

kacris xarisxi da saimporto

barierebi da a.S. ekonomikuri

globalizacia mravalmxrivi

procesia. igi aZlierebs qvey-

nebs Soris urTierTkavSirsa da

sameurneo internacionaliza-

cias.

ekonomikuri globalizaci-

is KOF-----indeqsi, romelic gamo-

xatavs mocemuli qveynis msof-

lio ekonomikaSi integrirebis

xarisxs, 96,67%-----sa da 88,11%-----s

Soris fiqsirdeba. am maCveneb-

liT pirvel aTeulSi Sedian:

singapuri, luqsemburgi, irlan-

dia, malta, belgia, niderlandi,

estoneTi, ungreTi, bahreini,

SvedeTi, xolo saqarTvelo

69,43%-----iT 51-----e adgilzea.

socialuri globaliza-socialuri globaliza-socialuri globaliza-socialuri globaliza-socialuri globaliza-

ciaciaciaciacia ganisazRvreba saerTaSo-

riso turizmis ganviTarebis

doniT, saerTaSoriso satele-

fono kavSirebiTa da werilebiT,

qveynis mTlian mosaxleobaSi

ucxoelTa wiliT, yovel 1000

kacze internetiT momxmarebel-

globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis KOF-----ininininindeqsideqsideqsideqsideqsi

71

Ta raodenobiT, wignebisa da

gazeTebis vaWrobiT miRebuli

Semosavlebis wiliT mSp-mSp-mSp-mSp-mSp-Si da

a.S. igi, kulturis universali-

zaciis safuZvelze, xels uwy-

obs CamorCenili qveynebis xal-

xTa cxovrebis wesSi Tanamed-

rove civilizaciis elementeb-

is damkvidrebas, rac, Tavis mxriv,

mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs

sxvadasxva qveyanaTa cxovreb-

is wesis daaxlovebaSi.

socialuri globalizaci-

is maCveneblis mixedviT pir-

vel aTeulSia: luqsemburgi,

Sveicaria. irlandia, antigua

da barbuda, kviprosi, puerto

riko, singapuri, avstria, grena-

da da belgia. am qveynebSi so-

cialuri globalizaciis KOF-----indeqsi 93,87%-----sa da 88,12%-----s

Soris farglebSia. saqarTvelos

am maCvenebliT 58,94%-----iT 83-----e

adgili uWiravs.

globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-globaluri konkurent-

unarianobis indeqsi unarianobis indeqsi unarianobis indeqsi unarianobis indeqsi unarianobis indeqsi (GlobalCompetitivess Index - GCI) –


reitingis dadgenis mniSvnelo-

vani Semadgeneli nawili, glo-

baluri konkurentunarianobis

Sefasebis ganzogadebuli maCve-

nebeli. SeimuSava kolumbiis

universitetis profesorma

xavier salari artinma da

pirvelad gamoqveynda 2004

wels.

GCI Sedgeba sami ganyofi-lebisa da 12 svetisgan, romel-

Ta gaanalizeba ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis sxvadasxva doneze my-

ofi qveynebis konkurentunari-

anobis Sefasebis SesaZleblo-

bas qmnis.

GCI-is pirveli ganyofile-

ba _ ZiriTadi moTxovnebiZiriTadi moTxovnebiZiriTadi moTxovnebiZiriTadi moTxovnebiZiriTadi moTxovnebi _

moicavs Semdeg oTx svets: I _

qveynis institucionaluri mSe-

nebloba; II _ infrastruqtu-

ra, III _ makroekonomikuri sta-

biluroba; IV _ janmrTeloba

da dawyebiTi ganaTleba.

GCI-is meore ganyofileba

efeqtianobis sayrdenebi _efeqtianobis sayrdenebi _efeqtianobis sayrdenebi _efeqtianobis sayrdenebi _efeqtianobis sayrdenebi _

moicavs Semdeg eqvs svets: V

_ umaRlesi ganaTleba da tre-

ningi; VI _ bazris efeqtianoba;

VII _ Sromis bazris efeqtiano-

ba; VIII _ finansuri bazris moq-

niloba; IX _ teqnologiuri

mzadyofna; X _ bazris sidide.

GCI-is mesame ganyofile-

ba _ inovacia da daxvewilo-inovacia da daxvewilo-inovacia da daxvewilo-inovacia da daxvewilo-inovacia da daxvewilo-

bis faqtorebibis faqtorebibis faqtorebibis faqtorebibis faqtorebi _ moicavs

danarCen or svets: XI _ bi-

znesis daxvewiloba; XII _

inovacia.

GCI-is TiToeuli sveti

dayofilia Semdeg nawilebad:

GCI-is I sveti _ institu-institu-institu-institu-institu-

cionaluri mSeneblobacionaluri mSeneblobacionaluri mSeneblobacionaluri mSeneblobacionaluri mSenebloba, Tavis

mxriv, iyofa:

1. sazogadoebriv (saxel-1. sazogadoebriv (saxel-1. sazogadoebriv (saxel-1. sazogadoebriv (saxel-1. sazogadoebriv (saxel-

mwifo)mwifo)mwifo)mwifo)mwifo) da 2. kerZo institu-2. kerZo institu-2. kerZo institu-2. kerZo institu-2. kerZo institu-

globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsiglobaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi

72

tebad.tebad.tebad.tebad.tebad.

sazogadoebriv institu-sazogadoebriv institu-sazogadoebriv institu-sazogadoebriv institu-sazogadoebriv institu-

tebSi tebSi tebSi tebSi tebSi Sedis:

1. qonebis ufleba:qonebis ufleba:qonebis ufleba:qonebis ufleba:qonebis ufleba:

1.1. qonebis dacva;

1.2. inteleqtualuri sa-

kuTrebis dacva.

2. eTika da korufcia:eTika da korufcia:eTika da korufcia:eTika da korufcia:eTika da korufcia:

2.1. sazogadoebrivi fonde-

bis gamoyenebis miznobrioba;

2.2. sazogadoebrivi ndoba

politikosebis mimarT.

3. gadaWarbebuli gavle-gadaWarbebuli gavle-gadaWarbebuli gavle-gadaWarbebuli gavle-gadaWarbebuli gavle-

nebi:nebi:nebi:nebi:nebi:

3.1. sasamarTlos damoukideb-

lobis SezRudva;

3.2. araobieqturoba mTavro-

bis gadawyvetilebebis miRebi-

sas.

4. mTavrobis saqmianobismTavrobis saqmianobismTavrobis saqmianobismTavrobis saqmianobismTavrobis saqmianobis

araefeqturoba:araefeqturoba:araefeqturoba:araefeqturoba:araefeqturoba:

4.1. saxelmwifo finansebis

araefeqtiani xarjva;

4.2. saxelmwifo regulire-

bis simZime;

4.3. kanonmdeblobis araefeq-

turoba;

4.4. kanonmdeblobis araefeq-

turoba davebis gadaWrisas;

4.5. mTavrobis saqmianobis

gamWirvalobis sisuste.

5. usafrTxoeba:5. usafrTxoeba:5. usafrTxoeba:5. usafrTxoeba:5. usafrTxoeba:

5.1. terorizmisagan bizne-

sis dacvis xarjebi;

5.2. kriminaluri Zaladobis

winaaRmdeg brZolis xarjebi;

5.3. organizaciuli danaSau-

lis _ mafiis winaaRmdeg brZo-

lis xarjebi;

5.4. policiis sandooba.

kerZo institutebSi Se-kerZo institutebSi Se-kerZo institutebSi Se-kerZo institutebSi Se-kerZo institutebSi Se-

dis:dis:dis:dis:dis:

1. korporaciuli eTika.korporaciuli eTika.korporaciuli eTika.korporaciuli eTika.korporaciuli eTika.

2. aRricxvianoba:aRricxvianoba:aRricxvianoba:aRricxvianoba:aRricxvianoba:

2.1. buRaltruli da audi-

toruli standartebis siZli-

ere;

2.2. korporaciuli mmarTve-

lobis efeqtianoba;

2.3. umciresobis (aqciaTa

mflobelTa) interesebis dacva.

GCI-is II sveti _ infras-infras-infras-infras-infras-

truqtura truqtura truqtura truqtura truqtura moicavs:

A. zogadad infrastruq-zogadad infrastruq-zogadad infrastruq-zogadad infrastruq-zogadad infrastruq-

turis Sefaseba (xarisxi).turis Sefaseba (xarisxi).turis Sefaseba (xarisxi).turis Sefaseba (xarisxi).turis Sefaseba (xarisxi).

B. konkretulad:konkretulad:konkretulad:konkretulad:konkretulad:

1.1. gzebis xarisxi;

1.2. sarkinigzo infrastru-

qturis xarisxi;

1.3. porti;

1.4. sahaero infrastruq-

turis xarisxi;

1.5. eleqtroenergia;

1.6. kavSirgabmulobis gan-

viTarebis xarisxi.

GCI-is III sveti _ makro-makro-makro-makro-makro-

ekonomikuri stabilurobaekonomikuri stabilurobaekonomikuri stabilurobaekonomikuri stabilurobaekonomikuri stabiluroba

moicavs:

3.1. saxelmwifo biujetis

balansi;

3.2. erovnuli danazogeb-

is koeficienti;

3.3. inflaciis done;

3.4. saprocento ganakveTis


73

amplituda;

3.5. saxelmwifo vali.

GCI-is IV sveti _ janmrTe-janmrTe-janmrTe-janmrTe-janmrTe-

lobis dacva da dawyebiTilobis dacva da dawyebiTilobis dacva da dawyebiTilobis dacva da dawyebiTilobis dacva da dawyebiTi

ganaTlebaganaTlebaganaTlebaganaTlebaganaTleba moicavs:

A. janmrTelobis dacva:janmrTelobis dacva:janmrTelobis dacva:janmrTelobis dacva:janmrTelobis dacva:

4.1. malariis gavlena biz-

nesze;

4.2. malariis SemTxvevebi;

4.3. teberkuliozis gavlena

biznesze;

4.4. tuberkuliozis SemTx-

vevebi;

4.5. Sidsi;

4.6. bavSvTa sikvdilianobis

maCvenebeli;

4.7. sicocxlis xangrZli-

voba.

B. dawyebiTi ganaTleba:dawyebiTi ganaTleba:dawyebiTi ganaTleba:dawyebiTi ganaTleba:dawyebiTi ganaTleba:

4.8. dawyebiTi ganaTlebis

xarisxi;

4.9. skolaSi Semsvlel

bavSvTa procentuli raodenoba;

4.10. samTavrobo xarjebi.

GCI-is V sveti _ umaRle-umaRle-umaRle-umaRle-umaRle-

si ganaTleba da treningisi ganaTleba da treningisi ganaTleba da treningisi ganaTleba da treningisi ganaTleba da treningi

moicavs:

A. raodenobrivi maCveneb-raodenobrivi maCveneb-raodenobrivi maCveneb-raodenobrivi maCveneb-raodenobrivi maCveneb-

lebi:lebi:lebi:lebi:lebi:

saSualo ganaTlebis xarjebi.

B. xarisxobrivi maCveneb-xarisxobrivi maCveneb-xarisxobrivi maCveneb-xarisxobrivi maCveneb-xarisxobrivi maCveneb-

lebi:lebi:lebi:lebi:lebi:

5.1. ganaTlebis sistemis xa-

risxi;

5.2. maTematikuri da sabune-

bismetyvelo ganaTlebis xarisxi;

5.3. menejmentis skolebis xa-

risxi;

5.4. skolebSi internetis

xelmisawvdomoba.

C. muSaobis procesSi swav-muSaobis procesSi swav-muSaobis procesSi swav-muSaobis procesSi swav-muSaobis procesSi swav-

leba:leba:leba:leba:leba:

5.5. trening-kursebis xelmi-

sawvdomoba da specializebuli

kvlevebi;

5.6. TanamSromelTa trenin-

gisaTvis daxarjuli dro da

saxsrebi.

GCI-is VI sveti _ ba-ba-ba-ba-ba-

zris efeqtianoba zris efeqtianoba zris efeqtianoba zris efeqtianoba zris efeqtianoba moicavs:

A. konkurenciis done.konkurenciis done.konkurenciis done.konkurenciis done.konkurenciis done.

1. Sida bazarze konkuren-Sida bazarze konkuren-Sida bazarze konkuren-Sida bazarze konkuren-Sida bazarze konkuren-

cia:cia:cia:cia:cia:

6.1. Sida konkurenciis in-

tensivoba;

6.2. antimonopoliuri po-

litika;

6.3. sagadasaxado sistemis

efeqtianoba konkurenciaze ze-

moqmedebis TvalsazrisiT;

6.4. mTliani gadasaxadis ko-

eficienti;

6.5. biznesis dawyebis pro-

cedurebis raodenoba;

6.6. saWiro dro biznesis

dawyebisaTvis;

6.7. soflis meurneobis

politikis gatarebis xarjebi.

2. sagareo bazarze konku-sagareo bazarze konku-sagareo bazarze konku-sagareo bazarze konku-sagareo bazarze konku-

rencia:rencia:rencia:rencia:rencia:

6.8. savaWro barierebi;

6.9. ucxouri kapitalis do-

minireba;


74

6.10. ucxouri investicie-

bis kanonebis zemoqmedeba biz-

nesze;

6.11. sabaJo procedurebis

simZime;

6.12. importis xvedriTi

wona mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-Si.

B. Sida bazarze moTx-Sida bazarze moTx-Sida bazarze moTx-Sida bazarze moTx-Sida bazarze moTx-

ovnis ovnis ovnis ovnis ovnis xarisxi:xarisxi:xarisxi:xarisxi:xarisxi:

6.12. momxmareblis orien-

taciis xarisxi bazarze;

6.13. momxmareblis daxvewi-

lobis done.

GCI-is VII sveti _ Sro-Sro-Sro-Sro-Sro-

mis bazris efeqtianoba mis bazris efeqtianoba mis bazris efeqtianoba mis bazris efeqtianoba mis bazris efeqtianoba moi-

cavs:

7.1. damqiravebelsa da da-

qiravebuls Soris kooperacia;

7.2. moqnilobis xarisxi

xelfasis gansazRvris dros;

7.3. Sromis bazris moqni-

loba;

7.4. daqiravebis da ganTa-

visuflebis praqtika;

7.5. samsaxuridan ganTavisu-

flebis xarjebi;

7.6. Sromis anazRaureba da

Sromis mwarmoebluroba;

7.7. profesiul menejmentze

dayrdnoba;

7.8. ̀ tvinebis~ gadineba qvey-

nidan;

7.9. qalTa wili samuSao

ZalaSi.

GCI-is VIII sveti _ finan-finan-finan-finan-finan-

suri bazris moqniloba suri bazris moqniloba suri bazris moqniloba suri bazris moqniloba suri bazris moqniloba moi-

cavs:

8.1. finansuri bazris daxve-

wiloba;

8.2. safondo birJebis Car-

Tuloba dafinansebaSi;

8.3. sesxis aRebis siadvile;

8.4. venCuruli kapitalis

arseboba/xelmisawvdomoba;

8.5. SezRudvebi kapitalis

moZraobaze;

8.6. investorTa dacvis done;

8.7. bankebis siZliere;

8.8. fasiani qaRaldebis ba-

zris regulireba;

8.9. iuridiuli uflebebis

indeqsi.

GCI-is IX sveti _ teqno-teqno-teqno-teqno-teqno-

logiuri mzadyofna logiuri mzadyofna logiuri mzadyofna logiuri mzadyofna logiuri mzadyofna moicavs:

9.1. uaxloesi teqnologie-

bisaTvis xelmisawvdomoba;

9.2. teqnologiebis aTviseba

firmis doneze;

9.3. kanonmdebloba infor-

maciuli teqnologiebisa da

komunikaciebis Sesaxeb;

9.4. pirdapiri ucxouri in-

vesticiebi da teqnologiuri

transferebi;

9.5. mobiluri telefoneb-

is abonentTa raodenoba;

9.6. internetis moxmarebis

indeqsi;

9.7. personaluri kompiu-

terebi;

9.8. farTozoliani inter-

netis momxmareblebi.

GCI-is X sveti _ bazrisbazrisbazrisbazrisbazris

sidide sidide sidide sidide sidide moicavs:


75

10.1. Sida bazris sididis

indeqsi;

10.2. sagareo bazris sidi-

dis indeqsi.

GCI-is XI sveti _ bizne-bizne-bizne-bizne-bizne-

sis sis sis sis sis daxvewilobadaxvewilobadaxvewilobadaxvewilobadaxvewiloba moicavs:

11.1. Sida bazris momwode-

belTa raodenoba;

11.2. Sida bazris momwode-

belTa xarisxi;

11.3. klasteruli ganviTa-

rebis mdgomareoba;

11.4. konkurentuli upira-

tesobis xasiaTi;

11.5. RirebulebaTa jaWvis

sidide;

11.6. saerTaSoriso distri-

buciis kontroli;

11.7. warmoebis procesis dax-

vewiloba;

11.8. marketingis gamoyenebis

xarisxi;

11.9. kompaniis marTvaSi ga-

dawyvetilebebis miRebis dele-

girebis survili.

GCI-is XII sveti _ inova-inova-inova-inova-inova-

cia cia cia cia cia moicavs:

12.1. qveyanaSi inovaciuri

procesebis arsebobis SesaZleb-

lobebi da unari;

12.2. samecniero-kvleviTi

institutebis xarisxi;

12.3. kompaniebis samecnie-

ro kvlevebsa da axali produ-

qtebis warmoebaze (R&D) dana-xarjebi;

12.4. R&D-is mizniT koope-

rirebis xarisxi universite-

tebsa da kompaniebs Soris:

12.5. mowinave teqnologi-

uri produqciis saxelmwifo

Sesyidvebi;

12.6. mecnierebisa da inJin-

rebis ricxovnoba;

12.7. patentebi (statisti-

kuri samsaxurebis informacia).

wyaro: Business Forecast by;

http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Glo-

bal_competitiveness Report_2010_11.pdf


unaunaunaunaunarianobisrianobisrianobisrianobisrianobis reitingi reitingi reitingi reitingi reitingi (Glo-bal Competitivess rate) – qveyniskonkurentunarianobis dadgenis

ganzogadebuli maCvenebeli,

globaluri indikatori, eyrd-

noba globaluri konkurentuna-

rianobis (Global CompetitivessIndex - GCI) da biznesis konku-rentunarianobis (Business Com-petitivess Index - BCI) indeqsebs.or aTeul welze metia mas yo-

velwliurad aqveynebs msoflio

ekonomikuri forumis analiti-

kuri jgufi, romelic, garda

statistikuri monacemebisa, ef-

uZneba biznesliderebsa da wam-

yvani kvleviTi institutebis

gamokiTxvis Sedegebs, agreTve


dis monacemebs. anketa moicavs

biznesgaremoze moqmed faqtor-

Ta farTo wres, romelSic,

SWOT analizis safuZvelze,

gaTvaliswinebulia qveynis

globaluri konkurentunaglobaluri konkurentunaglobaluri konkurentunaglobaluri konkurentunaglobaluri konkurentunarianobisrianobisrianobisrianobisrianobis reitingi reitingi reitingi reitingi reitingi

76

konkurentunarianobis rogorc

Zlieri, ise susti mxareebi, Sesa-

Zleblobebi da safrTxeebi.

gamokiTxva xorcieldeba

yvela sididis kompaniis, maT

Soris mcire kompaniebis (100-

dan 20 aTasamde) gamokiTxvas.M

EF-is mier gamoqveynebul2010-2011 wlebis globaluri

konkurentunarianobis reitin-

gis mixedviT 139 qveynidan pir-

vel aTeulSi yvelaze konkuren-

tunariani saxelmwifoebis ricx-

vSi Sevida Semdegi qveynebi: Svei-

caria, SvedeTi, singapuri, aSS,

germania, iaponia, fineTi, nider-

landi, dania, kanada. Semdeg mo-

dis honkongi, didi britaneTi,

taivani, norvegia, safrangeTi,

avstralia, yatari, avstria, bel-

gia, luqsemburgi da a.S.

postsabWouri qveynebidan

yvelaze warmatebulia estone-

Ti (33-e adgili). litvas uWi-

ravs 47-e adgili, azerbaijans

57-e, ruseTs – 63-e, latvias –

70-e, yazaxeTs _ 72-e, ukrainas

_ 89-e adgili. globaluri

konkurentunarianobis reiting-

Si saqarTvelos ukavia 93-e

adgili, somxeTs – 98-e, tajikeTs

– 116-e, xolo yirgizeTs – 121-

e adgili. bolo adgilebi gain-

awiles yvelaze CamorCenilma

ganviTarebadma qveynebma. 139

qveyanas Soris postsabWoTa

qveynebidan ver moxvdnen be-

larusi, moldova, uzbekeTi,

TurqmeneTi.

sagulisxmoa, rom saqarTve-

lom, wina 2009-2010 wlebTan

SedarebiT, 2010-2011 wlebSi

mxolod 3 poziciiT gaiumjobe-

sa mdgomareoba, maSin rodesac

azerbaijanma – 12 poziciiT.

gogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filipepepepepe

(1872-1950) (Gogichaishvili Filipe)- - - - - ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-

tori (1935), Tbilisis saxel-Tbilisis saxel-Tbilisis saxel-Tbilisis saxel-Tbilisis saxel-

mwifo universitetis erT-mwifo universitetis erT-mwifo universitetis erT-mwifo universitetis erT-mwifo universitetis erT-

erTi damaarsebeli erTi damaarsebeli erTi damaarsebeli erTi damaarsebeli erTi damaarsebeli da poli-poli-poli-poli-poli-

tikuri ekonomiis kaTedristikuri ekonomiis kaTedristikuri ekonomiis kaTedristikuri ekonomiis kaTedristikuri ekonomiis kaTedris

pirveli gamge (1918-1923).pirveli gamge (1918-1923).pirveli gamge (1918-1923).pirveli gamge (1918-1923).pirveli gamge (1918-1923).

politikuri ekonomiis garda ki-

Txulobda ekonomikur moZRvre-

baTa istoriis, finansebisa da

statistikis sauniversiteto

kursebs.

lai pcigis universitetis

filosofiis fakultetis eko-

nomikis ganyofilebis studentma

(1897-----1901), misi damTavrebis

Semdeg, aqve daicva sadoqtoro

disertacia filosofiaSi (1901).

iyo Tbilisis saqalaqo saTaT-

biros, Semdeg kavkasiis soflis

meurneobis sazogadoebis sta-

tistikuri biuros gamge (1903-----

1913), ruseTis saerobo kavSiris

rwmunebuli amierkavkasiaSi

(1914-----1916), kaxeTis rkinigzis

gamgeobis Tavmjdomare (1917-----

1918), saxelmwifo kontrolio-

ri (1918-----1920), saqarTvelos

gogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili fili pepepepepe

77

mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis

institutis ufrosi mecnier-----

muSaki (1946-----1950).

1905-----1906 wlebSi redaq-

torobda gazeT `iverias~. didi

wvlili miuZRvis qarTul fol-

kloristikaSic. 1905 wels

vrceli winasityvaobiT gamo-

aqveyna a. umikaSvilis mier Sek-

rebili qarTuli folkloru-

li nimuSebis mniSvnelovani

nawili (`saxalxo leqsebi~),

xolo 1937 wels gamosca am

mdidari masalis poeturi naw-

ili (`xalxuri sityviereba~.

t. 1).

f. gogiCaiSvili eweoda far-

To mTargmnelobiT moRvaweobas.

misi Targmnilia araerTi ekono-

mikuri xasiaTis naSromi, maT

Soris devid rikardos `poli-

tikuri ekonomiisa da dabegvris

safuZvlebi~, a. smiTis ̀ gamokv-

leva xalxTa simdidris bunebi-

sa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~, k. mar-

qsis ̀ kapitali~, t. 1-----3 da sxv.

f. gogiCaiSvils ekuTvnis

naSromi `xelosnoba saqarTve-

loSi~, romelic germanulidan

iTargmna da ̀ Tbilisis univer-

sitetis gamomcemlobam~ das-

tamba 1976 wels.

gradualizmi gradualizmi gradualizmi gradualizmi gradualizmi (gradualism)- - - - - 1. mecnieruli mimdinareoba,

romelic swavlobs ekonomikuri

sistemis erTi mdgomareobidan

meoreSi evoluciuri gadasv-

lis gzebsa da kanonzomier-

ebebs; 2. makroekonomikuri sta-

bilizaciis evoluciuri mod-

eli, romelic orTodoqsuli

modelis alternativaa. misTvis

damaxasiaTebelia ekonomikis

TandaTanobiTi konversia Zve-

li elementebis gamoyenebis

safuZvelze, gamoricxavs uki-

dures radikalizms da uSua-

lod gaTvlilia qveynis war-

moebrivi potencialis ganvi-

Tarebaze. gradualizmisTvis

niSandoblivia: saxelmwifo in-

stitutebis funqcionirebis

Secvla-----ganaxleba ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos funqciebis mniS-

vnelovani SenarCunebiTa da

saxelmwifo maregulirebeli

rolis ganmtkicebiT, sakuTre-

bis pluralizmis damkvidreba,

warmoebis struqturuli gar-

daqmna da stimulireba, mecnier-

ul-----teqnologiuri progresis

safuZvelze samamulo warmoe-

bis produqciis konkurentunar-

ianobis amaRleba, mimzidveli sa-

investicio garemos Seqmna, sa-

investicio saqmianobis farTod

gaSla da a.S. es modeli war-

matebiT gamoiyeneba CineTSi da

ukavSirdeba ̀ Cinur saswauls~.

granti granti granti granti granti (grant) - - - - - inovaciu-ri xasiaTis samuSaoTa miznob-

rivi SeRavaTiani an daubrune-

beli dafinanseba. grantis miRe-

bis pretendenti SeiZleba iyos

grantigrantigrantigrantigranti

78

erTi piri an garkveuli jgufi,

romelsac damuSavebuli aqvs

progresuli idea, magram ar ga-

aCnia dafinansebis sakuTari wya-

ro. granti Cveulebriv gaicema

konkursis wesiT. igi eZlevaT

saxelmwifo struqturebs, mewar-

meebs, kerZo firmebs garkveul

valdebulebaTa dakisrebiT.

grantgrantgrantgrantgrant-----elementi elementi elementi elementi elementi (grant ele-ments) - - - - - gacemuli sagareo kre-

ditebis SeRavaTianobis ganm-

sazRvreli maCvenebeli. sxvao-

ba valis momsaxurebaze mo-

mavalSi gadasaxdel Rirebule-

basa da kreditis nominalur

sidides Soris. rac ufro mcir-

ea ZiriTadi Tanxisa da pro-

centis dafarvis moculoba da

rac ufro xangrZlivia Ziri-

Tadi Tanxis dafarvis SeRava-

Tiani periodi, miT ufro SeRa-

vaTiania krediti.

CCA-----is moTxovniT grant-----

elementma ar unda gadaaWar-

bos 35%-----s, rac, Tavis mxriv,

gulisxmobs: kreditis xangr-

Zlivobas _ _ _ _ _ 10 weli, SeRava-

Tian periods _ _ _ _ _ 5 weli, sapro-

cento wliur ganakveTs _ _ _ _ _ 4%.

grZelvadiani kreditigrZelvadiani kreditigrZelvadiani kreditigrZelvadiani kreditigrZelvadiani krediti

(long-----term credit) - - - - - fuladi sax-

srebis sesxad gacema xangr-

Zlivi periodiT _ _ _ _ _ 10-----dan 45-----

60 wlamde.

guguSvili paata guguSvili paata guguSvili paata guguSvili paata guguSvili paata (1905-----

1987) (Gugushvili Paata) - - - - - saqar-

Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-

is akademikosi (1974), ekono-

mikur mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori (1940), saqarTvelos

mecnierebis damsaxurebuli

moRvawe (1962). daamTavra Tsu

socialur-----ekonomikuri fakul-

teti (1927). iyo Tsu leqto-

ri, docenti (1930-----1940), poli-

tikuri ekonomiis kaTedris

gamge (1941-----1942), saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis ekono-

mikis institutis damaarsebe-

li da direqtori (1944-----1976),

ganyofilebis gamge (1976-----1987),

romelsac 1991 wlidan mieniWa

p. guguSvilis saxeli, Tavisi ini-

ciativiT aRdgenili Jurnal

`saqarTvelos ekonomistis~ mTa-

vari redaqtori (1958-----1967), sa-

qarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-

is prezidiumTan arsebuli xalxT-

mosaxleobis (demografiis)

problemaTa Semswavleli samec-

niero sabWos Tavmjdomare (1958-----

1962), saerTaSoriso socio-

logTa asociaciis sabWosa da

aRmaskomis wevri (1959-----1963).

p. guguSvili iyo pirveli

qarTveli ekonomisti, romel-

ic saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis SemadgenlobaSi air-

Cies. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom man

pirvelma daicva saqarTvelo-

Si sadoqtoro disertacia eko-

nomikaSi. misi naSromebi eZRvneba

politikuri ekonomiis, socio-

grantgrantgrantgrantgrant-----elementielementielementielementielementi

79

logiis, statistikis, saxalxo

meurneobis istoriis, demogra-

fiis, saqarTvelosa da amier-

kavkasiis ekonomiuri ganviTare-

bis, qarTuli ekonomikuri azris,

qarTuli Jurnalistikis, bib-

liologiis problemebs. man

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana

axali qarTuli ekonomikuri

terminologiis SemuSavebaSi.

ZiriTadi naSromebia: ̀ saqarTve-

los ssr mosaxleobis aRwar-

moebis sakiTxebi~. Tbilisi,

1973; ̀ sociologiuri etiude-

bi~. t. 1, Tbilisi, 1970; t. 2,

Tbilisi, 1971; `saqarTvelosa

da amierkavkasiis ekonomikuri

ganviTareba XIX- - - - - XX ss.-----Si~.t. 1, Tbilisi, 1949; t. 2, Tbili-

si, 1956; t. 3, Tbilisi, 1959;

t. 4, Tbilisi, 1962; t. 5, Tbili-

si, 1965; t. 6, Tbilisi, 1979;

t. 7, Tbilisi, 1984.

gudvili gudvili gudvili gudvili gudvili (goodwill) - - - - - arama-terialuri aqtivebi, romelic

ar eqvemdebareba materialur

ganzomilebebs da gaTval-

iswinebulia kompaniis mxolod

mTlianad gayidvis (yidvis) Sem-

TxvevaSi. kompaniis erToblivi

aqtivebis sabazro Sefasebis

gadameteba am aqtivebis cal-----

calke aRebul individualur

sabazro fasze. Sesyiduli kom-

paniis reputaciis, misi kavSiru-

rTierTobebis, xelsayreli adg-

ilmdebareobisaTvis gadaxdili

safasuri.

gunia avTandilgunia avTandilgunia avTandilgunia avTandilgunia avTandiliiiii (1912-----

1997) (Gunia Avtandil) - - - - - saqar-Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-

is akademikosi (1979), wevr-----

korespondenti (1967), ekono-

mikur mecnierebaTa doqtori

(1963), profesori (1966). 1939

wels daamTavra moskovis g.

plexanovis saxelobis saxalxo

meurneobis institutis ekono-

mikis fakulteti. 1942-----1952

wlebSi muSaobda moskovSi sak.

kp ck-----is aparatSi, iyo saqarTve-

los kp ck-----is ganyofilebis gam-

ge (1953), saqarTvelos kul-

turis ministri (1953-----1957),

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis ekonomikisa da samarT-

lis institutis ganyofilebis

gamge (1957-----1960), direqtoris

moadgile samecniero nawilSi

(1960-----1976), direqtori (1976-----

1991), 1991 wlidan gardacva-

lebamde _ _ _ _ _ sapatio direqtori.

ZiriTadi naSromebia: ̀ kvlavwar-

moebis tempebi da proporcie-

bi saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi~.

Tbilisi, 1966 (rusul enaze);

`mecnierul-----teqnikuri progre-

sis ekonomikuri problemebi

saqarTveloSi~. Tbilisi, 1984.

gunia avTandiligunia avTandiligunia avTandiligunia avTandiligunia avTandili

80

ddddddabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujeti

(balanced budget) - - - - - biujeti,

romelSic mTliani xarjebi

zustad mTliani Semosavlebis

tolia.

dabalansebuli zrda dabalansebuli zrda dabalansebuli zrda dabalansebuli zrda dabalansebuli zrda (ba-lanced growth) – situacia, rocaefeqtiani samuSao Zala, kapi-

tali da gamoSveba erTi da

igive tempiT izrdeba.

dazogvis paradoqsidazogvis paradoqsidazogvis paradoqsidazogvis paradoqsidazogvis paradoqsi (para-dox of saving) – yairaTianobisparadoqsi; martivi modeli,

romelic ukavSirdeba mokle-

vadian periodSi Semdegi orma-

gi Sedegis miRebas: meti da-

zogva Sedegad gamoSvebis Sem-

cirebisa da ucvlel danazogs

ganapirobebs. magram saSualo-

da grZelvadian periodebSi sxva

meqanizmi moqmedebs, romlis Se-

degad danazogis donis zrdas

ufro maRali danazogi da, Sesa-

bamisad, Semosavali moaqvs. am-

rigad, politika, romelic da-

zogvas waaxalisebs, efeqtian-

ia saSualo_ da grZelvadian

periodebSi, xolo moklevadian

periodSi man SeiZleba rece-

sia gamoiwvios.

dazRvevis polisidazRvevis polisidazRvevis polisidazRvevis polisidazRvevis polisi (insu-rance policy) – dazRvevis SesaxebxelSekrulebis dadebis faq-

tis damadasturebeli dokumen-

ti, mowmoba, romelsac mzRveve-

li aZlevs damzRvevs. dazRve-

vis poliss, savaldebulo wes-

iT, Tan erTvis dazRvevis wese-

bi. mzRvevels ara aqvs ufle-

ba moTxovos damzRvevs raime

damatebiTi mtkicebuleba amas-

Tan dakavSirebiT. dazRvevis po-

lisSi asaxulia dazRvevis Zir-

iTadi pirobebi: dazRvevis obieq-

ti, dazRvevis Tanxa,dazRvevis

Senatanebis odenoba da vadebi.

rogorc wesi dazRvevis poli-

si saxelobiTia, SeiZleba iyos

wardgenis uflebiT.

dakveTa dakveTa dakveTa dakveTa dakveTa (order) - - - - - sawarmo-Ta sameurneo saqmianobis ganxor-

cielebisa da regulirebis or-

ganizaciul-----ekonomikuri saxe.

dakveTis mniSvnelovani formaa

saxelmwifo dakveTebi produ-

qciis warmoebasa da miwodeba-

ze, maT Soris, eqsportze.

dakveTebis portfelidakveTebis portfelidakveTebis portfelidakveTebis portfelidakveTebis portfeli

(backlog of orders) - - - - - dakveTebiserToblioba, romelsac flobs

firma mocemul drois monakveT-

Si. dakveTebis portfeli mas

aZlevs saSualebas, awon-----da-

wonos warmoebrivi simZlavree-

bis datvirTvis SesaZleblobebi

da done, Tavisi ekonomikuri

perspeqtiva da adgili bazarze.

dakrediteba dakrediteba dakrediteba dakrediteba dakrediteba (crediting)[<laT. credere] - - - - - fulis an sa-

qonlis gacema droebiT sar-

geblobaSi ukan dabrunebis pi-

dabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujetidabalansebuli biujeti

81

robiT (Cveulebriv, kreditiT

sargeblobisaTvis winaswar Se-

Tanxmebuli procentis gadax-

diT).

`damamSvidebeli~ fasi`damamSvidebeli~ fasi`damamSvidebeli~ fasi`damamSvidebeli~ fasi`damamSvidebeli~ fasi

(charm price) - - - - - fsiqologiuri

fandi, gamyidvelis mier Cveu-

lebriv `mrgval~ sidideze

cota dabla (mag., 10 dolaris

nacvlad _ _ _ _ _ 9 dolari da 95

centi) dadgenili fasi, romel-

sac xSirad iyeneben vaWrobaSi

myidvelTa mizidvis mizniT.

damatebul Rirebuleba-damatebul Rirebuleba-damatebul Rirebuleba-damatebul Rirebuleba-damatebul Rirebuleba-

ze ze ze ze ze gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi - - - - - dRg dRg dRg dRg dRg (value-----added tax-----VAT) - - - - - universaluri

arapirdapiri gadasaxadis saxe-

oba, romelic moicavs umrav-

lesi saxis saqonelsa da mom-

saxurebas da ifareba warmoe-

buli damatebuli Rirebule-

bis mTliani Tanxidan. LQU-----is

saboloo gadamxdeli momxmare-

belia. zogierTi saqoneli da

momsaxureba Tavisufldeba dRg-----

sagan.

damatebuli damatebuli damatebuli damatebuli damatebuli RRRRRirebule-irebule-irebule-irebule-irebule-

ba ba ba ba ba (value added) - - - - - ekonomikurimaCvenebeli, romelic gamoxat-

avs sxvaobas warmoebuli saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis Rire-

bulebasa da Sualeduri mox-

marebis (materialuri danax-

arjebis, saamortizacio anar-

icxebisa da zednadebi danax-

arjebis) Rirebulebas Soris.

gaiangariSeba rogorc sxvaoba

sarealizacio produqciis Ri-

rebulebasa da mis warmoebaze

gaweul danaxarjebs Soris.

danazogi danazogi danazogi danazogi danazogi (savings) - - - - - Se-

mosavlis nawili, romelic ar

gamoiyeneba mimdinare moxmare-

bisaTvis da gamiznulia in-

vestirebisaTvis. sxva sityve-

biT, igi warmoadgens sxvaobas

mimdinare Semosavalsa da mim-

dinare moxmarebas Soris. dana-

zogs qmnian rogorc firmebi,

ise saojaxo meurneobebi (haus-

holdis bloki). cnobilia, rom

rogorc calkeuli pirebis, ise

qveynis Semosavlebis zrda xels

uwyobs danazogis gadidebas.

danazogi kerZo da sazogadoeb-

rivi danazogebis jamia.

danazogisaken midreki-danazogisaken midreki-danazogisaken midreki-danazogisaken midreki-danazogisaken midreki-

leba leba leba leba leba (propensity to savings) -----danazogis wilis zrda Semo-

savalSi.

danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji (expenses, costsof production) - - - - - sawarmos, orga-nizaciisa da a.S. mier produ-

qciis warmoebasa da realiza-

ciaze gaweuli xarjebis er-

Toblioba, gamoxatuli fula-

di formiT.

dargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansi

(intersechoral balance) - - - - - ekono-

mikur-----maTematikuri modeli,

dargebs Soris sameurneo kav-

Sirebis amsaxveli, produqciis

warmoebisa da ganawilebis bal-

ansi. dgeba rogorc fuladi,

dargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansidargTaSorisi balansi

82

ise naturaluri maCveneblebis mi-

xedviT. ZiriTadia mTliani da

pirdapiri danaxarjebis koefici-

entebis maCveneblebi. Tanamedro-

ve sabazro ekonomikaSi mas ̀ da-`da-`da-`da-`da-

naxarjebi-naxarjebi-naxarjebi-naxarjebi-naxarjebi-gamoSveba~ gamoSveba~ gamoSveba~ gamoSveba~ gamoSveba~ ewodeba.

dargobrivi konkurent-dargobrivi konkurent-dargobrivi konkurent-dargobrivi konkurent-dargobrivi konkurent-

unarianobaunarianobaunarianobaunarianobaunarianoba (branch competi-tiveness) – dargis mdgradi

zrdis unari, romelic miiRwe-

va ori gziT: 1. dargobrivi mwar-

moeblurobis zrdiTa da 2. da-

saqmebis zrdiT. saboloo an-

gariSiT ki, dargSi damatebu-

li Rirebulebis zrdiT. konku-

rentunarian dargSi kompaniebi

permanentulad aumjobeseben

mwarmoeblurobis maCveneblebs

rogorc teqnologiuri, ise

menejeruli inovaciebis SemoRe-

biT, amasTan, bazars ufro xa-

risxian an ufro iaf produq-

cias (momsaxurebas) awvdian, ri-

Tac zrdian erTobliv moTxov-

nas. faqtorebi ki, romlebic

moqmedebs dargis konkuren-

tunarianobaze, gansxvavdeba

dargebis mixedviT. amitom eko-

nomikuri zrdisken mimarTuli

politika da strategia unda

eyrdnobodes calkeuli dar-

gis ganviTarebis strategias,

romlis SemuSaveba SesaZlebe-

lia mxolod calkeuli dar-

gis konkurentunarianobis faq-

torTa analizis Semdeg.

arsebobs oTxi etapi, ro-

melTa mixedviTac xdeba Ser-

Ceul dargSi konkurentunari-

anobis strategiis gansazRvra.

pirvel etapze pirvel etapze pirvel etapze pirvel etapze pirvel etapze keTdeba dar-

gis analizi globalur kon-

teqstSi: msoflios romeli

kompaniebia mowinave am dargSi,

ra produqcia da momsaxureba

aris yvelaze konkurentunari-

ani, vin arian am dargis yve-

laze gavleniani moTamaSeebi da

ratom. ramdenime meTodi gam-

oiyeneba dargis analizis dros,

magram aqedan yvelaze mniS-

vnelovania analizi. am meTo-

dis da analizis erTdroulad

gamoyenebis Sedegad xdeba darg-

ze moqmedi faqtorebis gamoy-

ofa, maTi prioretizacia da

dargSi wamyvani biznesmodeleb-

is naTlad warmodgena; meoremeoremeoremeoremeore

etapze etapze etapze etapze etapze xdeba SerCeuli dar-

gis analizi ukve im faqtore-

bis WrilSi, romelTa prioret-

izacia moxda pirvel etapze.

gaanalizdeba mocemul dargSi

Seqmili damatebuli Riebulebis

wvlili mTlianad qveyanaSi

Seqmnil damatebul Rirebule-

baSi. am etapze saWiroa e.w.

benCmarkingi, rac imas niSnavs,

rom am dargis ZiriTadi paramet-

rebis Sedareba unda moxdes

sxva qveynis mowinave dargis

saSualo parametrebTan. am

etapobrivi analizis Sedegad

dargis xarvezebis dadgena

dargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianoba

83

xdeba isev dargis ZiriTadi

mamoZravebeli Zalebis Wril-

Si. mag., sainformacio teqnolo-

giebisTvis (IT), rogorc maRa-li damatebuli Rirebulebis

matarebeli dargisTvis, Zalze

mniSvnelovania dafinansebis

iseTi saxeoba, rogoric aris

venCuruli kapitali, gan-

sakuTrebiT e.w. biznesangelo-

zebis arseboba. es faqtori,

samagierod ar warmoadgens

muxruWs satelekomunikacio

biznesSi, piriqiT, Tu teleko-

munikaciebSi antimonopoliur

regulirebas umniSvnelovanesi

adgili ukavia, sainformacio

teqnologiebis ganviTarebi-

sTvis igi meorexarisxovania,

samagierod, ufro mniSvnelo-

vania saavtoro uflebebis

dacvis kanonis moqmedeba qvey-

anaSi da a.S.; mesame etapzemesame etapzemesame etapzemesame etapzemesame etapze

xdeba dargis dainteresebuli

mxareebisa da gavleniani moT-

amaSeebis gamovlena da maTi

interesebis, ZalTa Tanafar-

dobisa da lideruli pozicie-

bis analizi; meoTxe etapzemeoTxe etapzemeoTxe etapzemeoTxe etapzemeoTxe etapze

SemuSavdeba dargis ganviTare-

bis strategiuli mimarTule-

bebi. es SeiZleba iyos wminda

Teoriuli savarjiSo, praqtiku-

li da realuri mdgomareobis

gaTvaliswinebiT, anu rac xde-

ba mecnieruli kvlevis dros

kabinetebSi. realuri mdgomar-

eobis gaTvaliswineba xdeba

mxolod maSin, rodesac xe-

rxdeba dargis yvela dainter-

esebuli mxaris warmomadgen-

lebis Sekreba da maTi nebayof-

lobiTi TanamonawileobiT dar-

gis strategiis Camoyalibeba,

strategiuli programis dasax-

va da pasuxismgeblobebis ga-

nawileba.

aseTi Sexvedrebis organi-

zeba da pozitiur Sedegebam-

de miyvana Zalze rTuli amo-

canaa, magram aucilebeli, imi-

saTvis rom SemuSavdes dar-

gis ganviTarebis programa, ro-

melic unda iTvaliswinebdes

yvela mxaris interesebs da

ar ewinaaRmdegebodes qveynis

mdgradi da grZelvadiani eko-

nomikuri zrdis politikis ga-

tarebas.

dargis konkurentunariano-

bis analizis Sedegad SeiZle-

ba gamovlindes is, rom kri-

tikuli parametrebis mixedviT

mocemulma dargma ver SeZlos

konkurenciis gaweva msoflio

bazarze. amitom am dargis saeq-

sporto wamaxalisebeli poli-

tikis gatareba ar iqneboda eko-

nomikurad da finansurad gamar-

Tlebuli. igive Zalisxmeva sxva

dargSi ufro did efeqts moi-

tanda. mag., SesaZloa abreSu-

mis teqstilis aRorZineba sa-

qarTveloSi ar aRmoCndes mar-

dargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianobadargobrivi konkurentunarianoba

84

Tebuli, vinaidan msoflio ba-

zarze gabatonebul Cinur da

indur abreSums xarjTa struq-

turiT ver gauwios konkuren-

cia, rac am dargisTvis kri-

tikuli parametria.

dasaqmeba dasaqmeba dasaqmeba dasaqmeba dasaqmeba (employment) -----Sromis saerTaSoriso organi-

zaciis mier SemuSavebuli kri-

teriumebis mixedviT, dasaqme-

bulad iTvleba 15 wlisa da

meti asakis mosaxleoba, romel-

ic dakavebulia sazogadoebri-

vad sasargeblo saqmianobiT. ar-

sebobs daqiravebiT dasaqme-daqiravebiT dasaqme-daqiravebiT dasaqme-daqiravebiT dasaqme-daqiravebiT dasaqme-

ba da TviTdasaqmeba.ba da TviTdasaqmeba.ba da TviTdasaqmeba.ba da TviTdasaqmeba.ba da TviTdasaqmeba.

daqiravebul muSakad iTv-

leba piri, romelic asrulebs

gansazRvrul samuSaos anazRa-

urebis miRebis mizniT, agreTve

piri, romelsac aqvs samuSao

adgili, magram droebiT ar

muSaobs avadmyofobis, Svebule-

baSi yofnis, samuSaodan droe-

biT daTxovnis an msgavsi mize-

zebis gamo.

TviTdasaqmebulad iTvle-

ba SinameurneobaSi usasyidlod

momuSave piri, an is piri, rom-

lis saqmianobis mizans war-

moadgens fuliT an naturiT

saojaxo Semosavlis miReba.

dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-

nenenenene (natural level of employment) –dasaqmebis done, rodesac umu-

Sevroba misi bunebrivi donis

tolia.

dasaqmebis done dasaqmebis done dasaqmebis done dasaqmebis done dasaqmebis done (rate ofemployment) - - - - - dasaqmebulTa

mTliani ricxovnobis Sefardeba

ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosax-

leobis ricxovnobasTan.

dasaqmebuli mosaxleo-dasaqmebuli mosaxleo-dasaqmebuli mosaxleo-dasaqmebuli mosaxleo-dasaqmebuli mosaxleo-

ba ba ba ba ba (employees) - - - - - Sromisunari-ani asakis mosaxleoba, romel-

ic aRricxulia qveynis kanon-

mdeblobaSi gansazRvruli Se-

sabamisi normebiT.

daukvirvebadi ekonomi-daukvirvebadi ekonomi-daukvirvebadi ekonomi-daukvirvebadi ekonomi-daukvirvebadi ekonomi-

kakakakaka (non-observable economy -NOE) – termini 1994 wels

SemoiRo evrokavSirma mTliani

Sida produqtis yovlismomcve-

li gazomvis uzrunvelyofis

mizniT. am mxriv, Zalze mniS-

vnelovania ramdenad srulad

asaxavs ekonomikur saqmianobas

erovnuli angariSebi, romel-

Sic udidesi roli akisria ara

mxolod ekonomikur kvlevebs,

aramed ekonomikuri politikis

sworad warmarTvasac. magram

es Znelad misaRwevia ekonomi-

kuri saqmianobis rigi saxeobe-

bis aRricxvis siZnelis gamo,

rasac Tanamedrove pirobebSi

kidev ufro arTulebs maTi

farTo speqtri.

farul, Crdilovan, krimi-farul, Crdilovan, krimi-farul, Crdilovan, krimi-farul, Crdilovan, krimi-farul, Crdilovan, krimi-

nalurnalurnalurnalurnalur, araformalur sfe-, araformalur sfe-, araformalur sfe-, araformalur sfe-, araformalur sfe-

roebSi, aseve, Sinameurneo-roebSi, aseve, Sinameurneo-roebSi, aseve, Sinameurneo-roebSi, aseve, Sinameurneo-roebSi, aseve, Sinameurneo-

bebSi sakuTari moxmarebi-bebSi sakuTari moxmarebi-bebSi sakuTari moxmarebi-bebSi sakuTari moxmarebi-bebSi sakuTari moxmarebi-

saTvis warmoebul, an kidev,saTvis warmoebul, an kidev,saTvis warmoebul, an kidev,saTvis warmoebul, an kidev,saTvis warmoebul, an kidev,

ZiriTadi monacemebis Sekre-ZiriTadi monacemebis Sekre-ZiriTadi monacemebis Sekre-ZiriTadi monacemebis Sekre-ZiriTadi monacemebis Sekre-

dasaqmebadasaqmebadasaqmebadasaqmebadasaqmeba

85

bis sistemis naklovanebisbis sistemis naklovanebisbis sistemis naklovanebisbis sistemis naklovanebisbis sistemis naklovanebis

Sedegad warmoqmnil ekono-Sedegad warmoqmnil ekono-Sedegad warmoqmnil ekono-Sedegad warmoqmnil ekono-Sedegad warmoqmnil ekono-

mikur saqmianobaTa erTob-mikur saqmianobaTa erTob-mikur saqmianobaTa erTob-mikur saqmianobaTa erTob-mikur saqmianobaTa erTob-

liobasliobasliobasliobasliobas daukvirvebadi ekono- daukvirvebadi ekono- daukvirvebadi ekono- daukvirvebadi ekono- daukvirvebadi ekono-

mikamikamikamikamika (de) ewodeba.

aqedan gamomdinare, ar SeiZ-

leba siRaribe gaizomos mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-

is maCvenebliT mosaxleobis erT

sulze. amasTan, mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp ar iZleva

qveynis ekonomikis zust Se-

fasebas, rac saerTaSoriso Se-

darebisas garkveul dabrkole-

bas qmnis.

mTliani Sida produqtis

srulyofili SefasebisaTvis di-

di mniSvneloba eniWeba de-is

gazomvas saerTaSoriso standar-

tebis, saxeldobr, 1993 wlis

erovnuli angariSebis siste-

mis (eas-93) Sesabamisad, rac

gansakuTrebiT Znelad misaRw-

evia sustad ganviTarebul qvey-

nebSi. amitom daukvirvebadi

ekonomika gacilebiT mcirea gan-

viTarebul qveynebSi, vidre gan-

viTarebadSi. amasTan, arsebobs

hipoTeza imis Sesaxeb, rom ro-

desac oficialur ekonomikaSi

adgili aqvs dacemas, imavdrou-

lad izrdeba daukvirvebadi

ekonomika.

dausaqmeblobis koefi-dausaqmeblobis koefi-dausaqmeblobis koefi-dausaqmeblobis koefi-dausaqmeblobis koefi-

cienticienticienticienticienti (nonemployment rate) –gamoiTvleba dausaqmebeli mo-

saxleobis raodenobis Sefar-

debiT mosaxleobis saerTo ri-

cxovnobasTan.

dafraxtva dafraxtva dafraxtva dafraxtva dafraxtva (freight) - - - - - ge-mis daqiraveba.

daCqarebuli inflaciadaCqarebuli inflaciadaCqarebuli inflaciadaCqarebuli inflaciadaCqarebuli inflacia

(accelerating inflation) - - - - - inflaci-

is mkveTrad mzardi tempi.

dacema dacema dacema dacema dacema (ekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuri )

(recession) - - - - - dabali saqmiani aq-

tiurobisa da umuSevrobis ma-

Rali donis periodi, romelic

xasiaTdeba saSualosTan Sedar-

ebiT ekonomikuri zrdis tem-

pebis dacemiT.

dacemis etapi dacemis etapi dacemis etapi dacemis etapi dacemis etapi (decay) - - - - - pe-riodi, romelic iwyeba, simwi-

fis etapis gadalaxvis Semdeg,

saqonlis gasaRebis dacemiT.

debentura debentura debentura debentura debentura (debenture) [<laT.debere mevaled yofna] - - - - - sabaJomowmoba baJis dabrunebis Sesaxeb.

debitanti debitanti debitanti debitanti debitanti (petty merchant)- - - - - wvrili vaWari.

debitori debitori debitori debitori debitori (debtor) (laT. de-bitor) - - - - - davalianebis mqone fizi-

kuri an iuridiuli piri.

debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-

ba ba ba ba ba (debts, liabilities) - - - - - vali, ro-

melic ekuTvnis firmas iuridi-

uli an fizikuri pirisgan da

warmoiqmneba maT Soris ekonomi-

kuri urTierTobebis safuZvel-

ze.

debursi debursi debursi debursi debursi (noncompensation forexpenses) ----- aunazRaurebeli dana-

xarjebi.

devalvacia devalvacia devalvacia devalvacia devalvacia (devaluation)[laT. de ...tvaleo] - - - - - 1. centra-luri bankis aqcia, romelic

devalvaciadevalvaciadevalvaciadevalvaciadevalvacia

86

vlindeba erovnuli valutis

fiqsirebuli kursis Semcire-

biT, ucxour valutebTan Se-

darebiT.

devalvacia gamoiyeneba sa-

gadasaxdelo balansis defic-

itis SemcirebisaTvis, magram mx-

olod ukidures SemTxvevaSi,

vinaidan igi uaryofiTad aisax-

eba erovnul ekonomikaze. aseT

SemTxvevaSi ucxouri valut-

is mflobelebi dabal fasebSi

iZenen adgilobriv saqonels,

xolo Sida bazarze fasebi im-

portze izrdeba. Tu saeqspor-

to produqciis warmoeba ar

gaizrdeba, maSin eqsportisagan

naklebi iqneba Semosavali, rac

kidev ufro gaamwvavebs saga-

dasaxdelo balansis proble-

mas; 2. oqros paritetis gauqme-

bamde (1978) devalvacia gamox-

atavda agreTve fulad er-

TeulSi (erovnul valutaSi)

oqros Semcvelobis oficialur

Semcirebas an misi kursis da-

cemas sxva qveynebis valuteb-

Tan SedarebiT. sapirispiroa _____

revalvacia.

devizi devizi devizi devizi devizi (exchange) (frang.devises) - - - - - ucxour valutaSi

gamoxatuli sagadasaxdelo sa-

Sualeba, romliTac xorcield-

eba saerTaSoriso angariSs-

woreba. devizad iTvleba Tama-

suqi, Ceki, fuladi gzavnili,

ucxouri fasiani qaRaldebi,

akreditivi da sxv.

dezinvesticia dezinvesticia dezinvesticia dezinvesticia dezinvesticia (disinvest-ment) – ZiriTadi kapitalis na-

wilis winaswarganzraxuli daS-

la, amortizaciis anazRaureb-

isaTvis saWiro aRdgeniTi in-

vesticiebis ganuxorcieleblo-

ba.

dezinflacia dezinflacia dezinflacia dezinflacia dezinflacia (desinflation)- - - - - ekonomikaSi fasebis zrdis

tempis dacemis tendencia, in-

flaciis tempis Semcireba, rom-

lis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxo-

lod maRali umuSevrobis xar-

jze. dezinflacia SeiZleba

miRweul iqnes moklevadian pe-

riodSi umuSevrobis mniSvnelo-

vani zrdiT an xangrZliv peri-

odSi _ umuSevrobis SedarebiT

mokrZalebuli zrdiT.

dekuveri dekuveri dekuveri dekuveri dekuveri (decouvert) [<frang.decouvert Tavdauxuravi) _ _ _ _ _ sxva-oba qonebis fassa da sadazRve-

vo Tanxas Soris, datovebuli

damzRvevis riskze.

deliveri deliveri deliveri deliveri deliveri (delivery order)- - - - - werilobiTi gankarguleba sa-

qonlis gacemis Sesaxeb.

delistingi delistingi delistingi delistingi delistingi (delisting) -----aqciebis amoReba sakotiro si-

idan birJis an TviT kompaniis

gadawyvetilebiT. delistingi

xorcieldeba Semdeg SemTx-

vevebSi: a). Tu aqciebi kompa-

niam ukan daabruna an gadacv-

ala; b). Tu kompanias CamoerT-

va aqtivebi an gakotrda; g).

devizidevizidevizidevizidevizi

87

Tu aqciebis sajaro gavrceleb-

is masStabi umniSvneloa; d).

Tu kompania arRvevs xelSek-

rulebas listingis Sesaxeb da

a.S.

demereji demereji demereji demereji demereji (demurrage) -----xelSekruleba sazRvao gada-

zidvis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanax-

madac gemis damqiravebeli (dam-

fraxtveli) uxdis jarimas ge-

mis mflobels xelSekrulebiT

dadgenili zenormatiuli dat-

virTva-----gadmotvirTvisaTvis.

demonopolizacia demonopolizacia demonopolizacia demonopolizacia demonopolizacia (de-monopolization) - - - - - saxelmwifo

politika, mimarTuli warmoeb-

is monopolizebuli struqtur-

is winaaRmdeg da konkurenciis

ganviTarebisaken. xorcieldeba

sakanonmdeblo RonisZiebebis sa-

fuZvelze da Tanabar pirobebs

qmnis sakuTrebis sxvadasxva

formisaTvis. demonopolizacia

ganapirobebs mewarmeTa raode-

nobis zrdas, konkurenciis gan-

viTarebis xelSemSleli mize-

zebis aRmofxvras.

dempingi dempingi dempingi dempingi dempingi (dumping) [ingl.

Camogdeba, CamoSveba] - - - - - saqon-

lis eqsporti xelovnurad Sem-

cirebuli fasiT (saSualo sa-

bazro doneze bevrad iafad),

potenciuri konkurentebis Sevi-

wroebisa da bazris dapyrobis

mizniT. dempingis winaaRmdeg

iyeneben specialur sabaJo ga-

dasaxads.

denadobis koeficientidenadobis koeficientidenadobis koeficientidenadobis koeficientidenadobis koeficienti

(fluctuation index) – samuSaodanwasulTa Sefardeba dasaqmebul-

Ta raodenobasTan.

denominacia denominacia denominacia denominacia denominacia (denomina-tion) - - - - - qveynis fuladi erTeu-

lis gamsxvileba Zveli fulis

niSnebis axliT Secvlis safuZ-

velze, dadgenili Tanafar-

dobiT. analogiuri Tanafar-

dobiT gadaiangariSeben fasebs,

tarifebs, xelfasebs, bankebis

angariSze arsebul fulad sax-

srebs, sawarmoTa balansebs da

a.S.

depoziti depoziti depoziti depoziti depoziti (deposit) [<laT.

depositum Sesanaxad gacemuli

nivTi] - - - - - 1. Sesanaxad Setanili

fuladi saxsrebi an fasiani

qaRaldebi safinanso-----sakredi-

to, administraciul da sabaJo

organizaciebSi; 2. movalis

mier sasamarTlo dawesebule-

bebSi kreditorisaTvis gada-

sacemad Setanili fuladi

Tanxa an fasiani qaRaldebi.

depozitia: anabrebi bankeb-

Si, fasiani qaRaldebi safinan-

so-----sakredito institutebSi,

Senatanebi gadasaxadis, baJis da

a.S. saxiT da sxv.

depoziti moTxovnamdedepoziti moTxovnamdedepoziti moTxovnamdedepoziti moTxovnamdedepoziti moTxovnamde

(sight deposit (bill) - - - - - sabanko ana-bari, romlis gamotanac moTx-

ovnisTanave SeiZleba.

depoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamde

(demand deposit, deposit money) -----

depoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamdedepoziti mokiTxvamde

88

anabris saxiT mokiTxvamde bank-

Si Senaxuli fuladi saxsre-

bi.

depozitori depozitori depozitori depozitori depozitori (depositor) -----1. depozitis mflobeli; sx-

vagvarad deponenti; 2. fizikuri

an iuridiuli piri, romelsac

ekuTvnis fuladi Tanxa, magram

raRac mizezis gamo es fuli

gansazRvrul vadaSi ara aqvT

sawarmoebs, organizaciebs.

deponenti deponenti deponenti deponenti deponenti (deponent) [<laT.

deponens (deponentis) gadamwyo-bi] - - - - - igivea, rac depozitori.

deponireba deponireba deponireba deponireba deponireba (deposition) -----fuladi Tanxis, fasiani qaRal-

debisa da sxva faseulobebis

Sesanaxad gadacema sakredito

dawesebulebebisaTvis.

deporti deporti deporti deporti deporti (deport) - - - - - speku-laciuri sabirJo garigeba,

romelic iTvaliswinebs fasi-

ani qaRaldebis kursis dace-

mas, kursTaSorisi sxvaobiT

mogebis miRebis mizniT.

depresiuli raioni depresiuli raioni depresiuli raioni depresiuli raioni depresiuli raioni (dep-ressed area) - - - - - geografiuli zona

an raioni, romelic gacilebiT

mZime ekonomikur mdgomareoba-

Sia, vidre qveyana mTlianad.

`depresiulobis~ indeqsad yve-

laze metad gamoiyeneba umuSe-

varTa wili SromisunarianTa

mTlian ricxovnobaSi. amasTan,

gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri saqmi-

anobis sxva indeqsebic, maT

Soris, ekonomikuri zrdis tem-

pebi da Semosavlebi mosaxle-

obis erT sulze. mosaxleobis

gadineba regionidan agreTve

ganixileba rogorc depresiu-

li raionis maxasiaTebeli. bevr

qveyanaSi mTavroba atarebs re-

gionul politikas, romelic mi-

marTulia depresiuli raion-

ebis ekonomikuri mdgomareobis

gasaumjobeseblad.

deprivatizaciadeprivatizaciadeprivatizaciadeprivatizaciadeprivatizacia (de-priva-tization) – privatizebuli qone-

bis droebiTi nacionalizacia

misi xelaxali privatizaciis

mizniT. mag., Tuki CaiTvleba, rom

privatizacia darRveviT Catar-

da, maSin SeiZleba ganxorci-

eldes deprivatizacia.

desetina desetina desetina desetina desetina (dessiatina) [<laT.

decima - - - - - meaTedi] - - - - - 1. miwis sa-zomi erTeuli ruseTSi. cnobi-

lia XV saukunis bolodan. Tav-

dapirvelad warmoadgenda kvad-

rats, romlis gverdebi 1/10verss (2500 kv saJeni) udri-

da. saxazino desetina 2400 kv.

saJeniT anu 1,0925 ha-----iT gani-

sazRvra.

XVIII saukunidan XX sauku-nis 30-----ian wlebamde ruseTSi

gamoiyeneboda agreTve sameur-

neo iribi, sameurneo wriuli,

da sabaxCe asobiTi desetinebi

da, Sesabamisad, Seadgenda 3200,

3600, 10000 kv. saJens. oq-

tombris revoluciis Semdeg,

zomis metrul sistemaze ga-

depozitoridepozitoridepozitoridepozitoridepozitori

89

dasvlasTan dakavSirebiT, deset-

inas gamoyenebis sfero SeizRu-

da, xolo 1927 wels mTli-

anad aikrZala; 2. mosavlis an

sxva Semosavlis meaTedi naw-

ili, romelsac gadasaxadis

saxiT ixdida mosaxleoba, ek-

lesia-----monastrebis Sesanaxad.

Tavdapirvelad, uZveles dro-

Si arsebobda ebraelebTan, Sem-

deg ki dasavleTis qristianul

eklesiebSi gavrcelda. Sua

saukuneebSi kaTolikuri ekle-

sia krefda desetinas purisa

da yurZnis mosavlisgan (e.w.

didi desetina), sabostne da

teqnikuri kulturebis mosav-

lisagan (e.w. mcire desetina),

mecxoveleobis produqtebis

warmoebiT miRebuli Semosav-

lisagan (e.w. sisxlis deseti-

na). misi gauqmeba daiwyo XVI-II saukunis ukanaskneli aTwle-

ulidan. pirvelad gauqmda sa-

frangeTSi 1789-----1790 wlebSi,

sxva qveynebSi _ _ _ _ _ XIX saukunismanZilze sxvadasxva period-

Si. ruseTSi desetina SemoRe-

bul iqna X saukuneSi, xolo

gauqmebuli _ _ _ _ _ XIX saukunisbolos.

deficiti deficiti deficiti deficiti deficiti (deficit, short-age) [<laT. deficit ukmaroba] -----1. ekonomikuri situacia, rom-

lis drosac arsebuli fase-

bis pirobebSi moTxovna ama Tu

im saqonelze aRemateba mis mi-

wodebas. deficitis warmoSoba-

ze, wminda ekonomikuri mizeze-

bis garda, gavlenas axdens bune-

brivi, politikuri, istoriuli

da a.S. faqtorebi. amitom igi

ama Tu im formiT SeiZleba

arsebobdes nebismier sameur-

neo sistemaSi, maT Soris, gan-

viTarebul sabazro ekonomika-

Sic. firmis saqmianobis lim-

itireba xdeba moTxovniT mis

produqciaze. amitom moTxov-

nis gafarToebiT warmoSobili

sasaqonlo deficiti astimu-

lirebs warmoebas, rac, saboloo

angariSiT, miwodebis gafarToe-

baSi aisaxeba. deficiti dai-

Zleva moTxovnisa da miwodeb-

is balansirebiT, magram, vinaidan

mikrodoneze aseTi wonasworo-

bis miRweva Znelia, iqmneba def-

icitis sapirispiro viTareba —SefardebiTi Warbwarmoeba. war-

moebis procesi ciklur xasi-

aTs iZens, ama Tu im saqonlis

gamoSvebis moculoba ki masze

moTxovnisa da miwodebis cva-

lebadobiT regulirdeba. am-

rigad, meurneobis sabazro

sistemaSi deficits droebiTi

xasiaTi aqvs, misi daZlevis

meqanizmi ki TviT warmoebaSia;

2. situacia, roca saxelmwifo

biujetis xarjebi aRemateba Se-

mosavlebs drois garkveul

monakveTSi. jon meinard kein-

zi iyo pirveli, vinc wamoayena

deficitideficitideficitideficitideficiti

90

wanadadeba, mTavrobas daegegma

deficiti rogorc Tavisi eko-

nomikuri politikis nawili.

deficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinanseba

(deficit finansing) - - - - - ekonomikuripolitikis nawili, romelsac

iyenebs mTavroba deficitis

dasafaravad. es termini asax-

avs rogorc mTavrobis Sida

saqmianobis SedegebiT gamow-

veul, ise sagadasaxdelo bal-

ansis deficitis dafinansebas.

deficituri valuta deficituri valuta deficituri valuta deficituri valuta deficituri valuta (star-ce, hard currency) - - - - - sxvagvarad_ _ _ _ _ myari valuta.

deflatori deflatori deflatori deflatori deflatori (implicit pricedeflator) - - - - - fasebis indeqsi, gamoy-enebuli erovnuli Semosavlis

erTi an ramdenime komponentis

deflirebisaTvis. deflatori

paaSes fasebis indeqsia, amitom

igi ufro nela izrdeba, vidre

laspeiresis fasebis indeqsi,

iseTi, rogoric aris sacalo

an sabiTumo fasebis indeqsebi.

deflacia deflacia deflacia deflacia deflacia (deflation) [<laT.

deflation gamoberva] - - - - - ekonomika-Si fasebis saSualo donis

dacemis tendencia erToblivi

moTxovnis daqveiTebis an saqon-

lis Rirebulebis dacemis sa-

fuZvelze, sazogadoebrivi Sro-

mis mwarmoeblurobis zrdis an

mimoqcevis arxebidan Warbi

fulis amoRebis xarjze. de-

flacia inflaciis sawinaaRm-

dego procesi da masTan brZo-

lis saSualebaa. mas saxelm-

wifo axorcielebs rogorc

fulad-----sakredito, ise sagada-

saxado meqanizmiT. sakredito-----

fulad RonisZiebebs igi ata-

rebs sakredito restriqciiT,

rac gamoixateba sargeblis

normis amaRlebiT, kreditebis

limitirebiT, samomxmareblo

kreditis pirobebis gauarese-

biT da a.S. saxelmwifo Warb

fuls mimoqcevidan iRebs, ag-

reTve gadasaxadebis gadideb-

iT, xelfasis ̀ gayinviT~, saxel-

mwifo xarjebis zogierTi saxeo-

bis SemcirebiT da sxva RonisZ-

iebebiT. deflaciuri politikis

gatareba iwvevs ekonomikis gan-

viTarebis tempebis Senelebasa

da umuSevrobis zrdas.

defolti defolti defolti defolti defolti (default) - - - - - kompa-niis gakotrebulad gamocxadeba

valebis gadauxdelobis gamo

da fasian qaRaldebze procen-

tis gacemis Sewyveta.

`didi depresia~ `didi depresia~ `didi depresia~ `didi depresia~ `didi depresia~ (Great Dep-ression) - - - - - 1929-----1933 wlebis msof-

lio ekonomikuri krizisi, yve-

laze Rrma istoriaSi, romel-

mac saTave niu-----iorkSi aiRo.

`didi Svideuli~ `didi Svideuli~ `didi Svideuli~ `didi Svideuli~ `didi Svideuli~ (G7) –msoflios Svidi Zlieri saxel-

mwifos _ aSS, iaponia, safrange-

Ti, germania, gaerTianebuli same-

fo, italia, kanada _ gaerTiane-

ba.

diversifikacia diversifikacia diversifikacia diversifikacia diversifikacia (diversi-

deficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinansebadeficitis dafinanseba

91

fication) [<laT. diversus sxvada-sxva+facere keTeba] - - - - - mraval-

mxrivi ganviTareba; warmoeb-warmoeb-warmoeb-warmoeb-warmoeb-

is diversifikacia is diversifikacia is diversifikacia is diversifikacia is diversifikacia — war-

moebis mravali saxis erTdrou-

li ganviTareba, nakeTobaTa

asortimentis gafarToeba; eq-eq-eq-eq-eq-

sportis diversifikacia _sportis diversifikacia _sportis diversifikacia _sportis diversifikacia _sportis diversifikacia _

eqsportisaTvis gankuTvnili

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis saxe-

ebis raodenobis gazrda.

diversificirebuli por-diversificirebuli por-diversificirebuli por-diversificirebuli por-diversificirebuli por-

tfeli tfeli tfeli tfeli tfeli (diversified portfolio) -----aqtivebis nakrebi, romelsac

flobs firma. Cveulebriv, igi

moicavs finansur aqtivebs, ma-

gram principSi ar gamoricx-

avs realur aqtivebsac.

dividendi dividendi dividendi dividendi dividendi (dividend) [<laT.

dividendus-----ganawilebisaTvis daq-

vemdebarebuli] - - - - - Semosavali,

romelsac iRebs aqciis mflo-

beli aqcioneruli sazogadoe-

bis mogebidan. Cveulebrivi

aqciebidan miRebuli dividen-

dis odenoba damokidebulia aq-

cioneruli sazogadoebis moge-

baze, privilegiuri aqciebidan

miRebuli dividendi ki mtkiced

dadgenili fiqsirebuli sid-

idea.

dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-

debisdebisdebisdebisdebis formiT formiT formiT formiT formiT (stock dividend)– dividendis gacemis meTodi

ara naRdi fuliT, aramed axa-

li, damatebiTi aqciebiT. amis

gansaxorcieleblad firmam Ta-

visi saxsrebi unda gadaitanos

wminda mogebidan kapitalis an-

gariSze.

dizaJio dizaJio dizaJio dizaJio dizaJio (disaggio) (ital.

disaggio) - - - - - fasiani qaRaldebis

sabirJo kursis dacema maT no-

minalur RirebulebasTan Seda-

rebiT; angariSoben procento-

biT. dizaJio qaRaldis fulze

warmoiSoba inflaciis pirobeb-

Si da misi gamovlenis erT-----

erTi saxea. sapirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ aJio.

dileri dileri dileri dileri dileri (dealer) [<ingl.

dealer sabirJo makleri, dala-

li] - - - - - fizikuri an iuridiuli

piri, romelic safondo birJis

wevria da profesiul doneze

vaWrobs fasiani qaRaldebiT.

brokerisagan gansxvavebiT, rome-

lic Suamavalia, dileri oper-

aciebs sakuTari xarjebiT awar-

moebs. mas ara aqvs ufleba,

uSualod klientebTan dados

SeTanxmeba. igi garigebas awar-

moebs brokerebTan. SekveTas

klientebisagan fasiani qaRalde-

bis yidva-----gayidvis Sesaxeb iReben

mxolod brokerebi. dilerebi

specialdebian fasiani qaRalde-

bis saxeebis mixedviT. maTi moge-

baa sxvaoba nayid da gayidul

fasian qaRaldebs Soris.

disbalansi disbalansi disbalansi disbalansi disbalansi (disbalance) -----Semosavlebisa da xarjebis, aq-----

tivebisa da pasivebis, debetisa

da kreditis daubalanseblo-----

ba, Seusabamoba.

disbalansidisbalansidisbalansidisbalansidisbalansi

92

diskonti diskonti diskonti diskonti diskonti (discount) [<laT.

computare] - - - - - 1. sargeblis ga-

nakveTi, romlis safuZvelzec

centraluri banki aZlevs ko-

merciul bankebs kredits; 2.

Tamasuqis ganaRdeba misi va-

dis gasvlamde nominalur Rire-

bulebasTan SedarebiT nakleb

fasSi; 3. sabirJo da savalu-

to garigebisas _ _ _ _ _ Sesabamisad

saqonlisa da valutis fasdaT-

moba (fasgamokleba).

diskontireba diskontireba diskontireba diskontireba diskontireba (discount-ing) - - - - - kapitalur Tanxaze sar-

geblis ganakveTis damateba. es

meTodi farTod gamoiyeneba mo-

mavalSi gadasaxdeli Tanxis

dRevandeli ekvivalentis das-

adgenad. momavali Tanxis amJa-

mindeli Rirebuleba ganisaz-

Rvreba diskontis koeficien-

tis daxmarebiT, romelic sarge-

blis normisa da diskontireb-

is periodzea damokidebuli.

diskontirebuli Rirebu-diskontirebuli Rirebu-diskontirebuli Rirebu-diskontirebuli Rirebu-diskontirebuli Rirebu-

leba leba leba leba leba (discounted value) - - - - - moma-valSi mosalodneli Semosav-

lis an danaxarjis (gadasaxde-

lis) jams minus kapitalze

sargebeli, rogorc molodinis

kompensacia.

diskontis procenti diskontis procenti diskontis procenti diskontis procenti diskontis procenti (dis-count rate) - - - - - ganaRdebuli pro-

centi _ _ _ _ _ sargebeli, romelsac

ixdian Tamasuqis an sxva fasiani

qaRaldebis yidvisas maTi vadis

gasvlamde; sxvaoba Tamasuqis

nominalur Rirebulebasa da

masSi gadaxdil Tanxas Soris.

diskonturi obligaciadiskonturi obligaciadiskonturi obligaciadiskonturi obligaciadiskonturi obligacia

(diskount bond) – obligacia, ro-

melic ganaRdebisas erTjerad

gadaxdas eqvemdebareba.diskrecia diskrecia diskrecia diskrecia diskrecia (discretion) [<laT.

discretion] - - - - - ama Tu im sakiTxisgadawyveta saxelmwifo orga-

noebis an Tanamdebobis pirebis

mier sakuTari Sexedulebisame-

br.

diskreciuli moqmedebadiskreciuli moqmedebadiskreciuli moqmedebadiskreciuli moqmedebadiskreciuli moqmedeba

(discretionary) [<laT. ix. dis-

krecia] - - - - - moqmedeba sakuTari

Sexedulebisamebr.

dispaSa dispaSa dispaSa dispaSa dispaSa (claims adjustment)[<frang. dispache] - - - - - gemis ava-riis damadasturebeli doku-

menti, romlis safuZvelzec

xdeba gaangariSeba reisis mona-

wile mxareebs Soris zaralis

gasanawileblad.

dispaCi dispaCi dispaCi dispaCi dispaCi (dispatch) [<ingl.

_ _ _ _ _ siswrafe] - - - - - gasamrjelo, pre-

mia, romelsac gemis mflobeli

uxdis tvirTis mflobels ge-

mis vadamde datvirTvisa da

gadmotvirTvisaTvis.

distanciuri swavlebadistanciuri swavlebadistanciuri swavlebadistanciuri swavlebadistanciuri swavleba

(distance learning) - - - - - ganaTlebis

miRebisa da kvalifikaciis ama-

Rlebis moqnili sistema, romel-

ic telekomunikaciuri teqnol-

ogiebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze,

or mxares Soris kontaqtis

gareSe iZleva daSorebul man-

diskontidiskontidiskontidiskontidiskonti

93

Zilze swavlebis ganxorcieleb-

is saSualebas, SesaZlebels

xdis minimaluri danaxarjebiT

msmenelTa didi raodenobis mier

mravalmxrivi da maqsimalurad

maRalkvalificiuri informaci-

is miRebas.

distributori distributori distributori distributori distributori (distrib-utor) [<ingl. distributor - - - - - gamana-wilebeli] - - - - - firmis agenti, ro-melsac evaleba am firmis pro-

duqciis realizacia gansaz-

Rvrul regionSi. igi muSaobs

Sesabamisi saqonlis mwarmoebel

firmasTan dadebuli saxelSek-

rulebo SeTanxmebis safuZ-

velze. brokerisagan gansxvave-

biT, distributori ar aris

Suamavali, igi birJasTan ar aris

dakavSirebuli da muSaobs ara

klientis saxeliT an misi an-

gariSiT, aramed Tavisi saxeliT

da Tavisi angariSiT. rogorc

wesi, mwarmoebeli firma aZlevs

Tavis distibutors saqonels

garkveuli fasdaklebiT, rac am

ukanasknelis Semosavlis wya-

roa. magram bazris koniunqtur-

is gaTvaliswinebiT distibu-

tors ufleba aqvs Tavisi

Sexedulebisamebr daadginos

saboloo sarealizacio fasi.

firmis SeTanxmeba am saxis

agentTan grZelvadiania da

iTvaliswinebs orive mxaris

mier saqonlis realizaciasTan

dakavSirebuli Semdegi fun-

qciebis Sesrulebas: mocemul

regionSi reklamis organiza-

cias, momxmarebelTaTvis mom-

saxurebis gawevas, bazris ko-

niunqturisa da myidvelTa

gamoxmaurebebis analizsa da

sxv. am funqciebis Sesrulebi-

saTvis firma uzrunvelyofs

distributors saWiro sarek-

lamo prospeqtebiT, awvdis saTa-

darigo nawilebs da a.S. msxvil

firmebs TavianTi distribu-

torebi hyavT ara mxolod regi-

onebSi, aramed sxvadasxva qveya-

naSi. amitom firmebSi dis-

tributorebTan kavSiris dasam-

yareblad Seqmnilia special-

uri ganyofilebebi.

dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari(dollar) - - - - - amJamad

dolari msoflios 27 saxelm-

wifos (avstralia, kanada, sin-

gapuri, axali zelandia, zim-

babve da a.S.) valutas hqvia.

Tumca sazogadoebas, upirveles

yovlisa, aSS dolari aintere-

sebs. igi SemoRebul iqna 1786

wels. amerikuli dolari (ro-

melic 100 cents udris) ibe-

Wdeba specialur qaRaldze ma-

saCusetis Statis qalaq dal-

tonSi. yoveldRiurad uSveben

22 mln 500 aTas banknots, maT

Soris erTdolariani 45%-----s

Seadgens. erTdolarianis `si-

cocxlis xangrZlivoba~ weli-

wadnaxevaria, xolo asdolar-

ianis _ _ _ _ _ 20 welze meti.

dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

94

domari evsei domari evsei domari evsei domari evsei domari evsei (1914-----1997)(Domar Evsey) - - - - - amerikeli po-

lonuri warmoSobis ekonomis-

ti, ekonomikuri zrdis Teorie-

bis cnobili mkvlevari. man

daisaxa miznad daedgina is

pirobebi, romlebic uzrunve-

lyofen moTxovnisa da warmoe-

brivi simZlavreebis balansire-

bul zrdas. domaris kvlevis

Sedegebi harodis mier miRebu-

li Sedegebis analogiuri aR-

moCnda. amJamad isini cnobil-

ia harod-----domaris pirobebis

saxelwodebiT. igi miuTiTebs

investiciebis ormag efeqtze:

pirveli, maT moaqvT Semosava-

li, meore, zrdian warmoebriv

simZlavreebs, maSin rodesac

keinzianuri Teoria miuTiTeb-

da mxolod pirvel efeqtze.

domaris mTavari naSromia ̀ nar-

kvevebi ekonomikuri zrdis Te-

oriebSi~ (1957).

dotacia biujetidan dotacia biujetidan dotacia biujetidan dotacia biujetidan dotacia biujetidan (bud-get subsidy) - - - - - saxelmwifo biu-

jetidan fuladi saxsrebis

gacema daubruneblobis piro-

biT. dotacia eZlevaT saxelm-

wifo sawarmoebs, organizacie-

bs, dawesebulebebs sameurneo

saqmianobis Sedegebis balan-

sirebis mizniT. bolo xans es

forma Seaviwrova finansuri

daxmarebis axalma saxem _ _ _ _ _ sub-

venciam.

doudoudoudoudou-----jonsis indeqsi jonsis indeqsi jonsis indeqsi jonsis indeqsi jonsis indeqsi (Dow

Jones’ index) - - - - - 1. SemoiRo ame-rikelma biznesmenma C. doum

1897 wels. adgens fasiani

qaRaldebis kursis mimarTule-

bas (krizisken Tu aRmavlo-

bisken). gamoiyvaneba rogorc

umniSvnelovanesi aqciebis sa-

Sualo ariTmetikuli. dgeba 3

jgufad: I - - - - - 30 samrewvelo aq-

cia; II - - - - - rkinigzis aqcia; III -----15 komunaluri aqcia. dou-----jon-

sis indeqsze gavlenas axdens:

riskis faqtori, sargeblis ga-

nakveTi, likvidunarianoba, fu-

lis dabandebis alternatiu-

li sferoebi; 2. aSS-----is umsx-

vilesi kompaniebis saSualo

aqciebis kursebi, romlebzec

modis sabirJo brunvis daax-

loebiT mesamedi, maT Soris

iseTi cnobili firmebisa, ro-

goricaa ̀ ameriken telefon end

telegrafi~ (ATT), `betlehem

stili~, `diuponi~, `eqsoni~,

`jeneral eleqtriki~, `jener-

al motorzi~, ̀ iunaited-----stili~

da sxv. 30 samrewvelo kompa-

niis aqciebis kursis dajame-

biT miRebuli Tanxis safuZ-

velze ganisazRvreba krebsiTi

indeqsi. misi gaangariSeba pe-

riodulad koreqtirdeba ar-

sebuli mdgomareobis mixedviT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dou-----

jonsis indeqss amerikul pre-

saSi xSirad akritikeben da al-

ternatiuli maCveneblebic ki

domari evseidomari evseidomari evseidomari evseidomari evsei

95

mohyavT, misi dinamika mainc

zustad gamoxatavs am qveynis

mdgomareobas. analogiuri an

msgavsi maCveneblebi ganviTare-

buli finansuri bazrebis sxva

qveynebSic muSavdeba.

dualizmi dualizmi dualizmi dualizmi dualizmi (dualism) - - - - - urTi-erTgamomricxavi principebis,

viTarebis (sasurvelisa da ara-

sasurvelis) arseboba sazoga-

doebaSi. aseTi dualizmis ma-

galiTebia: sauniversiteto ga-

naTleba da masobrivi wera-----

kiTxvis ucodinaroba, fufune-

ba da ukiduresi siRaribe,

ekonomikis tradiciuli da

Tanamedrove seqtorebi, zrda

da uZraoba da a.S.

dualizmis Teoria dualizmis Teoria dualizmis Teoria dualizmis Teoria dualizmis Teoria (dua-lism theory of) - - - - - Teoria, romlis

konturebi pirvelad moxaza

malTusma. igi ekonomikas ganix-

ilavda rogorc ori mTavari

seqtoris _ _ _ _ _ mrewvelobisa da

soflis meurneobis erTianobas.

malTusis azriT, ekonomikis or

nawilad dayofa da maT Soris

urTierTqmedebis Seswavla gan-

viTarebis procesis advilad

gagebis SesaZleblobas iZleva.

sasoflo-----sameurneo seqtori-

saTvis damaxasiaTebelia arasasa-

qonlo warmoeba, warmoebis primi-

tiuli da araefeqtiani meTode-

bis gamoyeneba, dabali Sromis

anazRaureba da, Sesabamisad, da-

bali cxovrebis done. samrewve-

lo seqtorSi, Tumca, Sromis

anazRaureba SedarebiT maRa-

lia, farTod aris gavrcele-

buli siRaribe da umuSevroba.

es aris mTavari problema gan-

viTarebadi qveynebisaTvis, sa-

dac msxvili qalaqebis gver-

diT aris axali dasaxlebuli

mosaxleoba, romelsac ar Seu-

Zlia i povos samuSao an sacx-

ovrebeli an orive erTad, ma-

gram ar surs daubrundes sa-

soflo-----sameurneo raionebs (ix.

luis-----feisreinisis modeli).

duimi duimi duimi duimi duimi (inch) [<holand. duimdidi TiTi] - - - - - 1. sigrZis erTe-uli sazomTa inglisur sis-

temaSi; 2. sigrZis erTeuli sa-

zomTa Zvel rusul sistemaSi;

gauqmda 1918 wels. 1 duimi

udris 1/12 futs.duopsonia duopsonia duopsonia duopsonia duopsonia (duospony) - - - - - sa-

bazro situacia, bazris funq-

cionirebis forma, rodesac kon-

kretuli saqonlis an momsa-

xurebis bazarze mravali gam-

yidveli da mxolod ori msxvi-

li myidvelia. maT mniSvnelo-

vani gavlena aqvT gamyidvelebze,

mag., SeuZliaT daswion sabaz-

ro fasebi.

duopsoniaduopsoniaduopsoniaduopsoniaduopsonia

96 egzogenuri mtpegzogenuri mtpegzogenuri mtpegzogenuri mtpegzogenuri mtp

eeeeeegzogenuri mtp egzogenuri mtp egzogenuri mtp egzogenuri mtp egzogenuri mtp (exogenous

scientific-technological progress)[<berZ. exo garedan, genos gvari,modgma] - - - - - warmoebis avtonomi-uri faqtori; egzogenuri (gar-

egani mizezebiT warmoqmnili)

teqnologiuri progresis war-

moebrivi funqcia. gulisxmobs

teqnologiuri progresis gare-

dan marTvas. sapirispiro _____

endogenuri mtpmtpmtpmtpmtp.

evro evro evro evro evro (euro) - - - - - erTiani ev-ropuli valuta, oficialuri

fulis erTeuli SemoRebuli

ekius (ecu) nacvlad 1999 wlis

1 ianvridan. evrozonaSi Sevi-

da 11 qveyana: avstria, belgia,

germania, irlandia, espaneTi, ita-

lia, luqsemburgi, niderlandi,

portugalia, fineTi, safrange-

Ti. saberZneTs ar mieca ufle-

ba da 2001 wlamde ver gaer-

Tianda evrozonaSi. 2007 wels

mas daemata slovenia, xolo

2008 wlis 1 ianvridan kvipro-

si da malta. SemoRebis momen-

tSi evros gacvliTi kursi

aseTi iyo: 1 evro _ _ _ _ _ 1 ekiu.

2002 wlis 1 ianvramde arse-

bobda unaRdo saxiT. banknote-

bisa da monetebis saxiT mimo-

qcevaSi Sevida 2002 wlis 1

ianvridan. saxelwodeba `evro~

SeTanxmebul iqna evrokavSir-

Si 1995 wlis dekemberSi.

axali evropuli centra-

luri banki dafuZnda frankfur-

tSi da igi evrozonis moneta-

rul politikaze gaxda pasuxis-

mgebeli. evros simboloa • . igi

Seqmna evrokomisiam da sajarod

gamocxadda dublinSi 1996

wlis dekemberSi.

amJamad saqarTveloSi sava-

luto rezervi or valutaSia gan-

Tavsebuli _ _ _ _ _ amerikul dolarsa

da evroSi. maTi Tanafardoba

2003 wlis monacemebiT, Sesa-

bamisad, Seadgenda 70% 30%-----

Tan. 2007 wlis monacemebiT,

es Tanafardoba gaxda 60%

40%-----Tan. msoflioSi da, buneb-

rivia, saqarTveloSic, mimdinare

procesebis cvlilebebidan ga-

momdinare, dolarsa da evros

rezervebs Soris Tanafardoba

Seicvala. 2010 wlis monace-

mebiT, es Tanafardobaa 75% 22-----

25%-----Tan. danarCeni _____ sxva sru-

lad konvertirebadi valute-

bia.

evrodolari evrodolari evrodolari evrodolari evrodolari (eurodollar)- - - - - evropuli dolari. ameriku-

li dolariT gamoxatuli fu-

ladi saSualeba, romelsac

mflobelebi aTavseben aSS-----is

farglebs gareT, umTavresad

evropul bankebSi da iyeneben

sakredito operaciebisaTvis.

evrodolaris bazari warmoiSva

XX saukunis 50-----iani wlebis

damlevs.

97

iqmna 2006 wlis 3 Tebervals

briuselSi evrokavSirTan saqar-

Tvelos savaWro urTierTobebis

gafarToebisa da qveyanaSi inves-

ticiebis mozidvis mizniT. mis

dafuZnebaSi monawileoba miiRo

saqarTvelos minisa da minera-

luri wylebis kompaniam (GGMW),

STATOIL-----ma da kanargom. amave

wels saqarTvelos biznesmenTa

federacia gaxda am sabWos wevri.

evroobligacia evroobligacia evroobligacia evroobligacia evroobligacia (Euro-bond) - - - - - fasiani qaRaldi, rom-

lis emisias axorcielebs sax-

elmwifo evropis bazrebze

(safondo birJebze gasayidad).

valis erT-----erTi forma, romel-

sac saxelmwifo iRebs sesxad

da amisTvis ixdis sakmaod ma-

Ral procents. igi SedarebiT

Zviri sesxia, vidre saerTa-

Soriso organizaciebis mier

gacemuli sesxebi. amasTan, am

ukanasknelisgan gansxvavebiT, ar

xdeba misi miznobriobisa da

xarjvis gakontroleba.

evropis rekonstruqci-evropis rekonstruqci-evropis rekonstruqci-evropis rekonstruqci-evropis rekonstruqci-

isa da ganviTarebis bankiisa da ganviTarebis bankiisa da ganviTarebis bankiisa da ganviTarebis bankiisa da ganviTarebis banki

(European Bank for Reconstructionand Development -----EBRD) - - - - - saxel-

mwifoTaSoriso banki, daarsda

1991 wels londonSi. axorci-

elebs centraluri da aRmo-

savleT evropis, agreTve cen-

traluri aziis qveynebis gr-

Zelvadian dakreditebas, amasTan,

investirebis gziT maT daxmare-

evrokavSiri evrokavSiri evrokavSiri evrokavSiri evrokavSiri (European Uni-on - - - - - EU) - - - - - Seiqmna evropuli

gaerTianebis bazaze maaxstritis

1993 wlis 1 noembris xel-

Sekrulebis safuZvelze. adg-

ilsamyofelia briuseli.

1993 wlidan evrokavSir-

Si gauqmda SezRudvebi kapi-

talis, samuSao Zalis, saqon-

lis, momsaxurebis Tavisufal

gadaadgilebaze. 2007 wlis bo-

losaTvis misi wevri 27 qveya-

na gaxda. esenia: safrangeTi, bel-

gia, gfr, italia, luqsemburgi,

niderlandi, didi britaneTi,

dania, irlandia, saberZneTi, por-

tugalia, espaneTi, avstria, fine-

Ti, SvedeTi, kviprosi, CexeTi,

estoneTi, litva, latvia, un-

greTi, malta, poloneTi, slo-

vakeTi, slovenia, bulgareTi, ru-

mineTi. amJamad 27 qveynisgan Sem-

dgar jgufs zogjer EU27-s uwo-

deben.

evrokavSiris yvelaze didi

qveynebia: safrangeTi, italia,

espaneTi da gaerTianebuli same-

fo. am qveynebze modis EU27-is

75%.

evrokavSiris sakonsulta-

cio da sakoordinacio organoa

evroparlamenti, romlis adgil-

samyofelia strasburgi. (ix. ev-

ropuli ekonomikuri gaerTia-

neba; evropuli gaerTianeba).

evrokavSirevrokavSirevrokavSirevrokavSirevrokavSir-----saqarTvelossaqarTvelossaqarTvelossaqarTvelossaqarTvelos

biznesbiznesbiznesbiznesbiznes-----sabsabsabsabsabZo o o o o (EU-GBC) - - - - - Se-

evropis rekonstruqcievropis rekonstruqcievropis rekonstruqcievropis rekonstruqcievropis rekonstruqciisa da ganviTarebis...isa da ganviTarebis...isa da ganviTarebis...isa da ganviTarebis...isa da ganviTarebis...

98

bas uwevs sabazro ekonomika-

ze gadasvlaSi.

evropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianeba

(European Community - - - - - EC) -----naxSirisa da foladis evrop-

uli gaerTianebis (ECSC), evro-

puli ekonomikuri gaerTianeb-

isa (EEC) da atomuri energi-

is sferoSi evropuli gaer-

Tianebis (EAEC) saerTo sax-

elwodeba. Seiqmna 1967 wels

da aerTianebda dasavleT evro-

pis 12 qveyanas (safrangeTi,

didi britaneTi, dania, irland-

ia belgia, gfr, italia, lu-

qsemburgi, niderlandi, saberZne-

Ti, portugalia, espaneTi).

1993 wlis 1 noembridan

maaxstritis xelSekrulebis

safuZvelze evropulma gaer-

Tianebam miiRo evrokavSiris

oficialuri saxelwodeba.

evropuli ekonomikurievropuli ekonomikurievropuli ekonomikurievropuli ekonomikurievropuli ekonomikuri

gaerTianeba gaerTianeba gaerTianeba gaerTianeba gaerTianeba (European Eco-nomic Community ----- EEC) - - - - - daars-da 1957 wels saerTo (evrop-

uli) bazris saxelwodebiT

safrangeTis, belgiis, gfr-----is,

italiis, luqsemburgisa da

niderlandis mTavrobebis mier

xelmowerili romis xelSek-

rulebis safuZvelze. xelSek-

ruleba iTvaliswinebda saba-

Jo kavSiris Seqmnas, kapitalisa

da samuSao Zalis Tavisufali

moZraobisaTvis yvela barieris

likvidacias, agreTve saerTo

sasoflo-----sameurneo da satran-

sporto politikis SemuSavebas.

garda aRniSnulisa, gaerTianebis

dafuZnebaSi monawileoba miiRes

evropulma sainvesticio bank-

ma da evropulma socialurma

fondma, romelTa mizani am gaer-

Tianebis ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis koordinacia iyo. 1968

wels sruli sabaJo kavSiris

Seqmnis Sedegad, likvidirebul

iqna yvela Sida tarifi da

Seiqmna saerTo sagareo tari-

fi. 1977 wels gaerTianebam da-

do xelSekruleba sabaJo kavSi-

ris Sesaxeb Tavisufali vaWro-

bis evropul asociaciasTan, rac

Tavisufali vaWrobis Sesaxeb

ormxrivi TanamSromlobis dam-

amTavrebel etaps warmoadgenda.

gaerTianebam 1962 wels Se-

imuSava da daamtkica sasof-

lo-----sameurneo politika da

mniSvnelovani nabijebi gadad-

ga saerTo satransporto poli-

tikis koordinirebasTan dakav-

SirebiT.

1972 wels briuselis xel-

Sekrulebis ratifikaciis Sem-

deg, 1973 wels gaerTianebis

eqvs qveyanas daemata dania, ir-

landia da didi britaneTi, rom-

lebmac TavianTi sagareo-----savaW-

ro politika gaerTianebis wese-

bis Sesabamisad daaregulires.

1982 wels gaerTianebaSi Sevi-

da saberZneTi, xolo 1986 wels

evropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianebaevropuli gaerTianeba

99

_ _ _ _ _ portugalia da espaneTi.

1967 wels gaerTianebis or-

ganizaciuli struqtura Seer-

wya naxSirisa da foladis evro-

puli gaerTianebisa (ECSC) da

atomuri energiis sferoSi

evropuli gaerTianebis (EAEC)

struqturebs, ris safuZvelzec

Camoyalibda evropuli gaer-

Tianeba, xolo 1993 wlis 1

noembris xelSekrulebiT, evro-

gaerTianebam miiRo evrokavSiris

saxelwodeba.

evropis centraluri ban-evropis centraluri ban-evropis centraluri ban-evropis centraluri ban-evropis centraluri ban-

kikikikiki (European Central Bank _ ECB)– centraluri banki frank-

furtSi, romelic pasuxismge-

belia evrozonaSi monetaruli

politikis ganxorcielebaze.

evropuli kavSiris eko-evropuli kavSiris eko-evropuli kavSiris eko-evropuli kavSiris eko-evropuli kavSiris eko-

nomikuri saqmianobis mTa-nomikuri saqmianobis mTa-nomikuri saqmianobis mTa-nomikuri saqmianobis mTa-nomikuri saqmianobis mTa-

varivarivarivarivari samrewvelo klasifi- samrewvelo klasifi- samrewvelo klasifi- samrewvelo klasifi- samrewvelo klasifi-

kacia kacia kacia kacia kacia (General Industrial Clas-ification of Economic Activitieswithin European Communities) -----NACE - - - - - evrokavSiris sabazo

klasifikacia ekonomikuri saqmia-

nobis mixedviT rogorc baza

erovnuli klasifikaciebis Se-

saqmnelad.

klasifikaciis obieqtebs

warmoadgens ekonomikuri saqmi-

anobis saxeebi. NACE gankuTv-

nilia samarTlebrivi erTeuleb-

is (iuridiuli da fizikuri

pirebis) aRwerisaTvis maTi Zi-

riTadi saklasifikacio niSnis

_ _ _ _ _ ekonomikuri saqmianobis sax-

eebis mixedviT. aRniSnul klas-

ifikaciaSi detalizebulia

ISIC-----is koduri poziciebi aT-

niSna cifruli kodis mesame

da meoTxe niSnis doneze.

ekiu ekiu ekiu ekiu ekiu (Ecu) - - - - - evropuli va-

lutis erTeuli, SemoRebul iqna

1979 wels. 1999 wlis pirve-

li ianvridan igi evrom Secva-

la.

ekologiuri banki ekologiuri banki ekologiuri banki ekologiuri banki ekologiuri banki (eco-logical bank) - - - - - aseTi bankis de-pozitebi aris ara finansuri

resursebi, aramed dasaSveb

zomaze zeviT dabinZurebis moc-

ulobis Semcirebis dokumen-

turad damtkicebuli teqnikuri

maCveneblebi, rac komerciuli

gacvlis sagania. ekologiur

regulirebaSi sabazro urTier-

Tobebis gamoyenebis es meTodi

ukavSirdeba garemos dabinZure-

bis uflebis bazris Seqmnas.

is firmebi, romlebic SeZleben

garemos dabinZurebis `zenor-

matiul~ Semcirebas, SeuZliaT

TavianTi ̀ nameti~ (sxvaoba gare-

mos zenormatiul da normati-

ul dabinZurebas Soris) eko-

logiuri bankebis meSveobiT

mihyidon sxva firmebs. amrigad,

es ̀ nameti~ iqceva sagnad, rome-

lic stimuls miscems firmebs

ara mxolod daicvan kanoniT

gaTvaliswinebuli bunebis dac-

vis normebi, aramed kidev ufro

ekologiuri bankiekologiuri bankiekologiuri bankiekologiuri bankiekologiuri banki

100

Seamciron garemos dabinZure-

bis done, raTa amiT mieceT

SesaZlebloba maTac awarmoon

es `nameti~ da warmoadgendnen

meanabreebs ekologiur bankeb-

Si.

ekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikis

koncefcia koncefcia koncefcia koncefcia koncefcia (conception of eco-logical economy) - - - - - mxars uWersekolog-----ekonomikuri sistemis

Seqmnis ideas da misi real-

izaciisaTvis isaxavs or gzas:

pirveli mimarTulebis warmo-

madgenlebi mTel ekosistemas

ekonomikuri saqmianobis Semad-

genel nawilad miiCneven da

moiTxoven ekonomikur saqmi-

anobaSi bunebrivi procesebis

CarTvas. meore mimarTulebis

warmomadgenlebi ekologiuri

problemis mogvarebas meurneo-

briobis tradiciuli meTodeb-

is gamoyenebas ukavSireben. me-

ore mimarTulebam miiRo en-

vairomentuli determinizmis

(environmental determinism) sax-

elwodeba. mis mixedviT gare-

mo aris qveynis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis donis mTavari

ganmsazRvreli faqtori. es gan-

sakuTrebiT exeba sustad gan-

viTarebul qveynebs, sadac adg-

ilobriv bunebriv resursebs

uaRresad didi mniSvneloba

aqvs qveynis ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebisaTvis. ekonomikis gan-

viTarebis dabali done aiZu-

lebs am qveynebs moaxdinon moZ-

velebuli teqnologiebis im-

porti, romlebic xels uwyobs

ekologiuri katastrofebis

warmoqmnasa da garemos dabin-

Zurebas.

ekologiuri usafrTxo-ekologiuri usafrTxo-ekologiuri usafrTxo-ekologiuri usafrTxo-ekologiuri usafrTxo-

ebaebaebaebaeba (environmental safety) - - - - - mTe-li sazogadoebis sasicocxlo

interesebis dacva im Sida da

gare efeqtebisagan, romlebic

safrTxes uqmnis ekologiuri

sistemis myar funqcionirebasa

da, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,

aryevs qveynis saxelmwifoebri-

obas.

ekonometriaekonometriaekonometriaekonometriaekonometria ̂ekonometri-ekonometri-ekonometri-ekonometri-ekonometri-

kakakakaka (econometrics) - - - - - ekonomikurimecnierebis erT-----erTi mimar-

Tuleba, romelic dafuZnebu-

lia ekonomikuri movlenebis

analizsa da prognozirebaSi

maTematikuri modelebis gamoye-

nebaze da dakavSirebulia maTem-

atikuri warmodgeniT realuri

movlenebis adekvaturobis gan-

sazRvra-----SefasebasTan.

ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-

li li li li li (econometrical model) - - - - - mTe-li ekonomikis an misi nawilis

maTematikuri modeli, romlis

parametrebi Sefasebulia ekono-

metrikuli meTodebiT.

ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika ekonomika (economy, eco-nomics) [<berZ. oikonomia meur-neobis marTva] - - - - - 1. meurneoba(qveynis, sawarmos, ojaxisa da

ekologiuri ekonomikis ekologiuri ekonomikis ekologiuri ekonomikis ekologiuri ekonomikis ekologiuri ekonomikis koncefciakoncefciakoncefciakoncefciakoncefcia

101

a.S.), warmoebasTan, ganawilebasa

da moxmarebasTan dakavSirebuli

sameurneo saqmianobis erTob-

lioba. iyofa mikro-----, mezo-----,

makro-----, da megaekonomikebad. 2.

mecniereba, romelic swavlobs

rogorc ekonomikuri kanonebis

Teoriul aspeqtebs, ise meur-

neobis konkretul mdgomareobas.

inglisur enaSi pirveli mniS-

vnelobis gadmosacemad ixmareba

sityva economy, xolo meori-

saTvis-----economics. sityva econ-omy meore mniSvnelobiT gam-

oiyeneba mxolod Semdeg sity-

vaTwyobaSi _ _ _ _ _ political economy-----politikuri ekonomia.

ekonomika, rogorc mecniere-

ba, iyofa Teoriul da konkret-

ul ekonomikur disciplinebad.

klasikuri ganmartebiT,

ekonomika, rogorc Teoriuli

codnis sfero, swavlobs ad-

amianTa qcevas SezRuduli re-

sursebis sxvadasxva wesiT gamo-

yenebisas. dasaxuli miznis misaR-

wevad amaTgan optimaluri we-

sis SerCeva Teoriuli ekonomi-

kuri mecnierebis laitmotivia.

ekonomika, rogorc konkre-

tuli ekonomikuri discipli-

na, Seiswavlis ekonomikis seq-

torebsa (agraruli, industri-

uli, momsaxurebis) da dargebs,

rogorc mTeli qveynis, ise misi

calkeuli regionebis mixedviT,

agreTve, warmoebis pirobebsa da

elementebs.

Tavdapirvelad ekonomikis

Sesaxeb primitiuli warmod-

genebi arsebobda. maT Zvelegvip-

tur papirusebSi, qvaze amokve-

Til lursmnul warwerebSi,

Zvelindur vedebSi da sxva

wyaroebSi vxvdebiT. Semdeg

ekonomikis mecnierulad gaazre-

bis mcdeloba gamoCnda babil-

onis mefis hamurabis kanoneb-

Si (Zv.w. XVIII s.), CineTSi _____konfucisa da menZis (Zv.w. VI-----V ss.), (Zv.w. III s.) Sexedule-

bebSi da a.S.

ekonomikuri mecnierebis

sawyisebis SeqmnaSi mniSvnelo-

vani wvlili miuZRviT anti-

kuri saberZneTis moazrovneebs

_ _ _ _ _ qsenofonts, platonsa da

aristoteles.

qsenofontma dawera wigni

òikonomia~ da amiT pirvelma

samecniero literaturaSi Se-

moitana sityva ̀ ekonomika~. am-

rigad, èkonomika~ berZnuli

warmoSobisaa. igi (oikonomia)sityva-----sityviT saojaxo meur-

neobis marTvas (òikos~ _ _ _ _ _ sax-

li, meurneoba da `nomos~ _____

wesi, kanoni) niSnavs.

aristotelem ̀ ekonomikisa-

gan~ ganasxvava `qrematistika~,

rogorc ara meurneobis mar-

Tvis, aramed fulis keTebis xe-

lovneba.

rogoric unda yofiliyo

ekonomikaekonomikaekonomikaekonomikaekonomika

102

antikuri epoqis am an sxva moR-

vaweebis (magaliTad, antikuri

romis cnobili warmomadgenle-

bis _ _ _ _ _ katonis (234-----149), Zmebi

tiberius (169-----132) da gaius

(153-----121) grakqusebis, varonis

(116-----27), kolumelas (ax. w. Is.) da sxvebis, an Semdgomi pe-

riodis did moazrovneTa Sexe-

dulebebi ekonomikis Sesaxeb,

maT mainc ar hqondaT sistemuri

xasiaTi. ekonomika ar iyo mec-

nierebis calke, damoukidebeli

dargi, vinaidan ar arsebobda

mecnierebis klasifikacia. igi

mxolod mecnierebis erTian

sistemaSi iyo CarTuli.

ase rTulad ikafavda gzas

ekonomika, rogorc ekonomikuri

movlenebisa da procesebis

sistemurad Semswavleli mec-

niereba da xazgasmiT aRsaniS-

navi araferi yofila XVI-----XVIIsaukuneebamde. swored am pe-

riodSi Camoyalibda pirveli

ekonomikuri mimdinareoba _____

merkantilizmi (qveynis simdid-

ris zrdis gadamwyvet piro-

bad sagareo vaWrobis ganvi-

Tarebas miiCnevda), romelmac

mniSvnelovani wanamZRvrebi Se-

qmna ekonomikis, rogorc mec-

nierebis, formirebisaTvis.

ekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizacia

(servization of economy) - - - - - sazo-gadoebriv warmoebasa da pira-

di moxmarebis struqturaSi

momsaxurebis sferos xvedri-

Ti wonis arsebiTi zrdis pro-

cesi. damaxasiaTebelia ganvi-

Tarebuli qveynebis ekonomiki-

saTvis, sadac momsaxurebis sfe-

rom yvela ZiriTadi maCvenebliT,

maT Soris, dasaqmebulTa ricx-

ovnobiT, sagrZnoblad gauswro

materialur-----nivTobrivi warmoe-

bis sferos da ekonomikis um-

sxviles seqtorad gadaiqca.

aSS-----sa da dasavleT evropaSi

es procesi daiwyo jer kidev

XX saukunis 60-----ian wlebSi,

xolo iaponiaSi _ _ _ _ _ mxolod 70-----

iani wlebidan. amJamad aSS-----Si

yoveli aTi momuSavidan Svidi

dasaqmebulia momsaxurebis sfe-

roSi.

ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-

bababababa (net profit of economy) - - - - - erov-nuli angariSebis sistemaSi mak-

roekonomikuri mogebis maCvene-

beli, gaangariSebuli rogorc

sxvaoba ekonomikis mTlian moge-

basa da ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-

marebas Soris.

ekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuriekonomikurad aqtiuri

mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba (economically acti-ve population) - - - - - dasaqmebuli mo-

saxleoba (daqiravebulebi, dam-

qiraveblebi da sakuTari bizne-

siT dakavebulebi), samxedro

mosamsaxureebi da samuSaos aq-

tiurad maZiebeli registrire-

buli umuSevrebi. igivea, rac

samuSao Zala.

ekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizaciaekonomikis servizacia

103


samoqalaqo mosaxleoba samoqalaqo mosaxleoba samoqalaqo mosaxleoba samoqalaqo mosaxleoba samoqalaqo mosaxleoba (eco-nomically active civil population) -----dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba (sam-

xedro mosamsaxureebis gamok-

lebiT) da samuSaos maZiebeli

umuSevrebi.

ekonomikuri adamiani ekonomikuri adamiani ekonomikuri adamiani ekonomikuri adamiani ekonomikuri adamiani (ho-mo economicus) - - - - - ekonomikur ur-TierTobaSi CarTuli raciona-

lurad moazrovne adamiani, ro-

melic Tavis saqmianobisas maq-

simaluri sargeblianobis miRe-

bis princi pebiT xelmZRvane-

lobs. igi mocemuli istoriu-

li epoqis ZiriTadi moqmedi

subieqtia. misi xasiaTi, mi-

drekilebebi, miznebi, moqmede-

bebi da saqmianobis saboloo Se-

degebi sazogadoebis cxovreb-

is determinantebad gvevlineba.

a. smiTis SexedulebiT, eko-

nomikuri adamianis umTavresi

niSan-----Tvisebebia: 1. saqmianobis

SedegebiT piradi dainterese-

ba; 2. saqmianobis procesSi

partniorTa interesebis gaTva-

liswineba rogorc TanamSrom-

lobis aucilebeli piroba; 3.

saqmianobisas sazogadoebrivi

interesebis dacva.

ekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebis

wesi wesi wesi wesi wesi (the economic way of think-ing) – inteleqtualuri instru-

menti, azrovnebis teqnika, rome-

lic saerToa nebismieri qvey-

nisa da sazogadoebisaTvis. is

institutebi, romlebic marTa-

ven sazogadoebas (masSi, pir-

vel yovlisa, qveynis ekonomikis

marTva igulisxmeba), magram ver

floben marTvis saidumloebas,

ver uzrunvelyofen sazogadoe-

baSi Tanxmobas, solidarobas,

ris gamoc qveyanaSi didia qao-

sisa da siRaribis saSiSroeba.

arada, Tanamedrove mecnieruli

miRwevebisa da teqnologiuri

progresis gamoyenebiT, ekono-

mikur azrovnebaSi axali, apro-

birebuli wesebis SemoRebiT, Za-

lisxmevis koordinaciiT, qvey-

nis erovnuli upiratesobebis

wina planze wamoweviT SesaZ-

lebelia socialuri harmoniis,

sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis miR-

weva, rac erovnuli ekonomikis

ayvavebis sawindaria.

ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bababababa (economic development) - - - - - sa-zogadoebrivi cxovrebis do-

nis amaRlebisa da xarisxis

gaumjobesebis procesi. moicavs

sam mniSvnelovan Semadgenels:

1. Semosavlebis, moxmarebis, ga-

naTlebis, jandacvisa da a.S.

donis zrdas; 2. politikuri,

ekonomikuri, socialuri da in-

stituciuri sistemebis formi-

rebis safuZvelze adamianTa

urTierTpativiscemis zrdis

xelSemwyobi pirobebis Seqmnas;

3. iseTi situaciis Seqmnas, ro-

desac sazogadoebas aqvs Tavi-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebaekonomikuri ganviTarebaekonomikuri ganviTarebaekonomikuri ganviTarebaekonomikuri ganviTareba

104

si moTxovnilebebis dakmayofi-

lebis gzebis arCevis SesaZleb-

loba.

ekonomikuri ganviTareba

iwvevs pozitiur cvlilebebs

socialur struqturebSi, sa-

zogadoebrivi institutebis

qcevaSi, ekonomikuri zrdis

daCqarebaSi, uTanasworobis Sem-

cirebasa da umuSevrobis aR-

mofxvraSi. misi meSveobiT vi-

Tardeba ekonomikuri sistema

da mzaddeba cxovrebis donis

xarisxis Semdgomi amaRlebis

materialuri da sulieri piro-

bebi.

ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bisbisbisbisbis generaluri strategiageneraluri strategiageneraluri strategiageneraluri strategiageneraluri strategia

(General strategy of economic de-velopment) - - - - - qveynis ekonomikiswarmarTvis strategia, realo-

bidan gamomdinare mocemul

etapze Seqmnili ganviTarebis

kursi.

Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli

qveynebis ekonomika, struqtu-

ruli TvalsazrisiT, diame-

tralurad gansxvavdeba wina

epoqebis ekonomikisagan, rode-

sac dominirebuli mdgomareo-

ba ekava jer soflis meurne-

obas, xolo Semdeg _ mrewvelo-

bas. magaliTad, Tu 1820 wels

aSS-is agrarul seqtorSi da-

saqmebuli iyo momuSaveTa 70%,

am dargis industrializaciis

safuZvelze, 2008 wlis monace-

mebiT, aSS-is agrarul seqtor-

Si dasaqmebulia mxolod 1,0%,

industriaSi _ 19,2%, xolo

momsaxurebis sferoSi _ 79,8%.

iaponiaSi es Tanafardoba, Se-

sabamisad, aseTia: 4,4%, 27,9%

da 66,4%; germaniaSi _ 2,4%,

29,7%, 67,8%; safrangeTSi _

3,8%, 24,3%, 71,8%; avstraliaSi

_ 3,6%, 21,1%, 75,0%; luqsem-

burgSi _ 2,2%, 17,2%, 80,6%;

evrokavSirSi _ 5,6%, 27,7%,

66,7% da a.S.

arasakmaod ganviTarebuli

(axalindustriuli qveynebis)

ekonomikisaTvis arsebobs sxva-

dasxva midgoma, romelTa So-

ris aRsaniSnavia: a) samrewve-

lo ganviTareba da importis

Senacvleba Sida warmoebiT; b)

soflis meurneobis saxelmwifo

mxardaWera da ekonomikis neb-

ismier seqtorSi, saeqsporto

produqciis warmoebis upira-

tesi ganviTarebis safuZvelze

(ucxouri valutis miRebis

mizniT) eqsportis gazrda; g)

qalaqisa da sasoflo raion-

ebis balansirebuli ganviTareba

da a.S. axalindustriul qvey-

nebSi, ganviTarebul qveynebTan

SedarebiT, maRalia agrarul

seqtorSi dasaqmebulTa xvedri-

Ti wona. magaliTad, 2008 wlis

monacemebiT, braziliaSi igi

Seadgenda 20%-s, xolo Tur-

qeTSi _ 29,5%-s (industria-

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebis generalurigeneralurigeneralurigeneralurigeneraluri.... . .. . .. . .. . .

105

Si _ 24,7, momsaxurebis sfero-

Si _ 45,8%-s).

rac Seexeba ganviTarebad,

`mesame samyaros~ qveynebs, sa-

dac industrializaciis done

dabalia, maTTan mimarTebaSi

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis gen-

eraluri strategiisadmi kidev

ufro gansxvavebuli midgomaa.

I msoflio omis Semdgomi peri-

odidan 60-iani wlebis dasawyi-

samde ekonomikur literatu-

raSi gabatonebuli iyo Sexedu-

leba imis Sesaxeb, rom sustad

ganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis

yvelaze misaRebi samrewvelo

warmoebis upiratesi ganviTare-

bis strategiaa. mravalma gan-

viTarebadma qveyanam gaiziara

es Sexeduleba da SeimuSava

kidec Sesabamisi strategia.

zogierT qveyanaSi imedismom-

cemi Sedegebic ki iqna miRweu-

li (gansakuTrebiT im qveyneb-

Si, romlebic upiratesobas

eqsportis ganviTarebas aniWebd-

nen, importSemcvleli warmoe-

bis ganviTarebasTan SedarebiT),

magram qveynebis umravlesobam

savalalo Sedegebi miiRo, rac

ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyo Sem-

degi mizezebiT:

1. investiciebTan dakavSire-

buli sirTuleebi. mrewvelo-

bis prioritetuli ganviTare-

ba sakmaod did investiciebs

moiTxovda, ucxouri inves-

ticiebis mozidva arajansaRi

sainvesticio klimatis gamo

TiTqmis SeuZlebeli iyo, adgi-

lobrivi sainvesticio resurse-

bi ki, jer erTi, mcire odeno-

bis iyo da meorec, maTi gada-

srola mrewvelobaSi xdeboda

soflis meurneobis xarjze da

mis sazianod, rac qveyanaSi

mwvave sasursaTo problemebs

warmoSobda;

2. adgilobrivma mrewvelo-

bam naklebganviTarebuli te-

qnologiebisa da dabalkvali-

ficiuri samuSao Zalis gamo,

ver SeZlo importisadmi konku-

renciis gaweva;

3. Sida bazris siviwrovisa

da dabali moTxovnis gamo, es

qveynebi ver axerxebdnen re-

alizaciasTan dakavSirebuli

problemebis gadaWras.

am obieqturi mizezebidan

gamomdinare, ganviTarebadi qvey-

nebis umravlesobam ver SeZlo

sagadasaxdelo balansis arse-

biTi gaumjobeseba, amasTan, im-

portis struqturac Seicva-

la. mza samomxmareblo saqon-

lis nacvlad masSi metwilad

sWarbobda mowyobilobebi, ned-

leuli, danadgarebis calkeu-

li nawilebi da a.S. amitom am

qveynebis damoukidebloba kidev

ufro SeizRuda, xolo Sida

ekonomikuri problemebi gamwvav-

da. saxeldobr, swrafi tempiT

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebis generaluri...generaluri...generaluri...generaluri...generaluri...

106

izrdeboda soflidan qalaqSi

migracia da, Sesabamisad, umu-

Sevroba, rasac mohyva poli-

tikuri procesebis gamwvaveba.

amitom ganviTarebadma qvey-

nebma bolo periodSi Secvales

TavianTi ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis kursi da upiratesoba sof-

lis meurneobas mianiWes. dRes

msoflioSi igi aRiarebulia

sustad ganviTarebuli qveynebis

ekonomikis dominirebul seqto-

rad. ganviTarebis strategieb-

is umravlesobaSic upiratesoba

swored agrarul seqtors aqvs

miniWebuli. am tendencias ofi-

cialuri statistikac adas-

turebs. magaliTad, 2008 wlis

monacemebiT, nigeriis agrarul

seqtorSi dasaqmebuli iyo mo-

muSaveTa 70,0%, industriaSi

_ 10,0%, xolo momsaxurebis

sferoSi _ 20,0%; mozambikSi,

Sesabamisad, 81,0%, 6,0%, 13,0%;

liberiaSi _ 70,0%, 8,0%,

22,0%; sudanSi 80,0%, 7,0%,

13,0% da a.S.

rac Seexeba saqarTvelos,

2007 wlis oficialuri mo-

nacemebiT, es Tanafardoba ase-

Tia: agrarul seqtorSi dasaqme-

buli iyo momuSaveTa 55,6%,

industriaSi _ 8,9%, xolo

momsaxurebis sferoSi _ 35,5%;

SedarebisTvis, somxeTSi _

46,2%, 15,6%, 38,2%; azer-

baijanSi _ 39,3%, 12,1%, 48,6%.

aseTia dRes msoflio eko-

nomikuri politikis logika, gan-

viTarebis generaluri kursi,

rac samyaros kidev ufro di-

ferencirebulsa da kontras-

tuls xdis. erTi ram ki cxa-

dia: dRes msoflioSi ar arse-

bobs winaaRmdegoba maRalte-

qnologiur momsaxurebasa da

maRalteqnologiur industrias

Soris. winaaRmdegobebs mxolod

moZvelebuli teqnologiebi da

naklebkonkurentunariani pro-

duqcia ganapirobebs, rac sus-

tad ganviTarebuli qveynebis-

Tvisaa damaxasiaTebeli, maTi

xvedria.

ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-

tististististis indeqsi _ edi indeqsi _ edi indeqsi _ edi indeqsi _ edi indeqsi _ edi (economicdiscomfort index) - - - - - makroekonomi-kuri indikatori, inflaciisainflaciisainflaciisainflaciisainflaciisa

da umuSevrobis doneTa jamida umuSevrobis doneTa jamida umuSevrobis doneTa jamida umuSevrobis doneTa jamida umuSevrobis doneTa jami,

axasiaTebs qveynis makroekono-

mikur mdgomareobas, makrosta-

bilurobis mdgradobis dones,

romelTanac ukuproporciul da-

mokidebulebaSia: rac ufro ma-

Ralia ediediediediedi, miT metia qveyanaSi

uaryofiTi tendenciebi da, piri-

qiT. misi gaangariSebisaTvis ga-

moiyeneba rogorc saSualo wli-

uri, ise dekembris mdgomareo-

biT arsebuli wliuri infla-

cia da Sesabamisi periodis

umuSevrobis done. ediediediediedi ekono-

mikur literaturaSi pirvelad

Semoitana cnobilma ekonomist-

ma artur oukenma (i. arCvaZei. arCvaZei. arCvaZei. arCvaZei. arCvaZe.

ekonomikuri diskomfortis indeqsiekonomikuri diskomfortis indeqsiekonomikuri diskomfortis indeqsiekonomikuri diskomfortis indeqsiekonomikuri diskomfortis indeqsi

107

ekonomikuri diskomfortis in-

deqsi: arsi da gamoyenebiTi Ri-

rebuleba. `axali ekonomisti~,

2012, #1).

ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-

bababababa (economic efficiency) - - - - - ekono-mikuri saqmianobis Sedegiano-

ba, romelic gamoiTvleba re-

sursebis gamoyenebiT miRebu-

li ekonomikuri Sedegis Se-

fardebiT warmoebis danaxar-

jebTan.

ekonomikuri zrda ekonomikuri zrda ekonomikuri zrda ekonomikuri zrda ekonomikuri zrda (eco-nomic growth) - - - - - ganixileba vi-

wro da farTo gagebiT. viwro

gagebiT _ _ _ _ _ ekonomikuri poten-

cialis gaZliereba, potenciuri

mepmepmepmepmep-----is mateba, gamoxatuli Sesa-

dari (mudmivi) fasebiT; qvey-

nis mTliani warmoebisa da mox-

marebis zrda, romelic xasi-

aTdeba iseTi makroekonomikuri

maCveneblebiT, rogoricaa: mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp,

mepmepmepmepmep, erovnuli Semosavali da

a.S. farTo gagebiT _ _ _ _ _ social-

ur institutebSi, sakuTrebis

struqturaSi cvlilebebis

procesi, romelic moaswavebs

zrdis erTi stadiidan meore-

Si gadasvlas. am ukanasknels

miekuTvneba, magaliTad, u. ros-

tous cnobili Teoria ekono-

mikuri ganviTarebis stadiebis

Sesaxeb, romelic sazogadoe-

briv-----ekonomikuri formaciebis

istoriuli cvlis marqsistu-

li Teoriis antipodia.

ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-

lobisalobisalobisalobisalobisa da ganviTarebis or- da ganviTarebis or- da ganviTarebis or- da ganviTarebis or- da ganviTarebis or-

ganizaciaganizaciaganizaciaganizaciaganizacia (Organization for Eco-nomic Cooperation and Develop-ment- OECD) – saerTaSoriso

organizacia (1961), romelmac

Secvala da gaafarTova evro-

puli ekonomikuri TanamSrom-

lobis organizacia (OEEC)parizSi 1960 wels xelmow-

erili konvenciis safuZvelze.

amiT damTavrda misi rogorc

wminda evropuli organos ar-

seboba, vinaidan aSS da kanada

gaxdnen am organizaciis srul-

uflebiani wevrebi, riTac gai-

zarda maTi roli ganviTareba-

di qveynebisadmi daxmarebis gawe-

vaSi.

amJamad OECD sul aerTi-

anebs 34 qveyanas. garda aSS-sa

da kanadisa, masSi Sedis: avs-

tralia, avstria, belgia, Cile,

CexeTi, dania, estoneTi, fineTi,

safrangeTi, germania, saberZne-

Ti, ungreTi, islandia, irland-

ia, israeli, italia, iaponia,

korea, luqsemburgi, meqsika, ni-

derlandi, axali zelandia,

norvegia, poloneTi, portuga-

lia, slovakeTi, slovenia, es-

paneTi, SvedeTi, Sveicaria, Turqe-

Ti, didi britaneTi.

ekonomikuri Teoria ekonomikuri Teoria ekonomikuri Teoria ekonomikuri Teoria ekonomikuri Teoria (eco-nomic theory) - - - - - ganixileba viw-

ro da farTo gagebiT. viwro ga-

gebiT _ _ _ _ _ ekonomikuri movlene-

bisa da procesebis kvlevaSi

ama Tu im mimarTulebis amsax-

ekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoriaekonomikuri Teoria

108

veli Teoria, farTo gagebiT _____

ekonomikis ganviTarebis zoga-

di Teoria, mecniereba, romel-

ic Seiswavlis rogorc yvela

ekonomikur mimarTulebas, ise

ekonomikur kanonebsa da kanon-

zomierebebs, ikvlevs arsebiT

mizez-----Sedegobriv kavSirebs eko-

nomikur movlenebsa da pro-

cesebs Soris.

ekonomikuri Teoria sazo-

gadoebrivi mecnierebaa, amasTan,

rogorc amerikeli ekonomisti,

nobelis premiis laureati pol

samuelsoni aRniSnavs, igi sa-

zogadoebriv mecnierebaTa mefea.

marTlac, sazogadoebriv mec-

nierebaTa Soris mas wamyvani

adgili uWiravs, vinaidan sa-

zogadoebis anatomias, mis eko-

nomikur ganviTarebas swavlobs.

ekonomikur Teorias mniSvnelo-

vani roli akisria sazogadoe-

bis ekonomikuri struqturis

ganviTarebis kanonzomierebeb-

is aRmoCenasa da SeswavlaSi.

ekonomika nebismieri sa-

zogadoebis arsebobis safuZ-

velia, sazogadoebas ki uamr-----

avi biologiuri da social-

uri moTxovnileba aqvs, rom-

lebic sxvadasxva saxis saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis moxmare-

bas ukavSirdeba. am saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis sawarmoeblad

aucilebelia rogorc bunebrivi

(miwa, mineraluri simdidre da

a.S.), ise warmoebrivi resurse-

bis (manqana-----danadgarebi, in-

strumentebi, samuSao Zala, sam-

marTvelo unari da sxv.) gamoy-

eneba. sazogadoebis moTxov-

nilebebis erToblioba aRemateba

yvela arsebuli resursis war-

moebriv SesaZleblobebs. moTx-

ovnilebebi win uswrebs war-

moebas, amitom aris, rom abso-

luturi materialuri siuxve

ganuxorcielebeli amocanaa.

resursebi SezRudulia. yvela

mwvave problema _ _ _ _ _ inflacia,

umuSevroba, biujetis defici-

ti, siRaribe, garemos gaWuWyi-

aneba da sxv. _ _ _ _ _ organulad ukav-

Sirdeba SezRuduli resursebis

gamoyenebis efeqtianobas. es

udavo faqti safuZvlad udevs

ekonomikuri Teoriis, rogorc

mecnierebis, gansazRvras.

SezRuduli resursebis

gamoyenebis procesSi Camoyal-

ibebuli urTierTobebisa da

kanonzomierebebis Seswavlis

rTuli amocanis Sesruleba

istoriulad ekonomikur Teo-

rias daekisra.

amrigad, ekonomikuri Teo-ekonomikuri Teo-ekonomikuri Teo-ekonomikuri Teo-ekonomikuri Teo-

ria Seiswavlis sazogadoe-ria Seiswavlis sazogadoe-ria Seiswavlis sazogadoe-ria Seiswavlis sazogadoe-ria Seiswavlis sazogadoe-

bis ganusazRvreli materi-bis ganusazRvreli materi-bis ganusazRvreli materi-bis ganusazRvreli materi-bis ganusazRvreli materi-

aluri da sulieri moTx-aluri da sulieri moTx-aluri da sulieri moTx-aluri da sulieri moTx-aluri da sulieri moTx-

ovnilebebis maqsimaluradovnilebebis maqsimaluradovnilebebis maqsimaluradovnilebebis maqsimaluradovnilebebis maqsimalurad

dakmayofilebis mizniT Sezdakmayofilebis mizniT Sezdakmayofilebis mizniT Sezdakmayofilebis mizniT Sezdakmayofilebis mizniT Sez-----

Ruduli resursebis efeq-Ruduli resursebis efeq-Ruduli resursebis efeq-Ruduli resursebis efeq-Ruduli resursebis efeq-

tianad gamoyenebis gzebsatianad gamoyenebis gzebsatianad gamoyenebis gzebsatianad gamoyenebis gzebsatianad gamoyenebis gzebsa

da optimaluri arCevanisda optimaluri arCevanisda optimaluri arCevanisda optimaluri arCevanisda optimaluri arCevanis

problemas, sxvadasxva eko-problemas, sxvadasxva eko-problemas, sxvadasxva eko-problemas, sxvadasxva eko-problemas, sxvadasxva eko-


109

nononononomikmikmikmikmikur sistemaSi materi-ur sistemaSi materi-ur sistemaSi materi-ur sistemaSi materi-ur sistemaSi materi-

aluri da aramaterialurialuri da aramaterialurialuri da aramaterialurialuri da aramaterialurialuri da aramaterialuri

dovlaTis warmoebis, ganaw-dovlaTis warmoebis, ganaw-dovlaTis warmoebis, ganaw-dovlaTis warmoebis, ganaw-dovlaTis warmoebis, ganaw-

ilebis, gacvlisa da mox-ilebis, gacvlisa da mox-ilebis, gacvlisa da mox-ilebis, gacvlisa da mox-ilebis, gacvlisa da mox-

marebisas adamianTa marebisas adamianTa marebisas adamianTa marebisas adamianTa marebisas adamianTa (saba-saba-saba-saba-saba-

zro sistemaSi _ biznesis,zro sistemaSi _ biznesis,zro sistemaSi _ biznesis,zro sistemaSi _ biznesis,zro sistemaSi _ biznesis,

Sinameurneobisa da xelisu-Sinameurneobisa da xelisu-Sinameurneobisa da xelisu-Sinameurneobisa da xelisu-Sinameurneobisa da xelisu-

flebisflebisflebisflebisflebis) ekonomikur qcevas.ekonomikur qcevas.ekonomikur qcevas.ekonomikur qcevas.ekonomikur qcevas.

gamomdinare iqidan, rom

ekonomika iyofa mikro-----, mezo-----,

makro- - - - - da megaekonomikebad,

Teoriuli kvlevac am niSnis

mixedviT mimdinareobs da eko-

nomikuri Teoriac struqtu-

rulad Semdegi ganyofilebeb-

isgan Sedgeba: mikroekonomikuri

Teoria, mezoekonomikuri Teo-

ria, makroekonomikuri Teoria

da megaekonomikuri Teoria.

mikroekonomika Seiswavlis

calkeuli sameurneo erTeule-

bis _ _ _ _ _ Sinameurneobis, firmebisa

da samTavrobo dawesebulebeb-

is ekonomikur saqmianobas; me-

zoekonomika ikvlevs ekonomikis

gansazRvrul qvesistemebs seq-

toruli ekonomikis saxiT; mak-

roekonomika ekonomikas ganixi-

lavs rogorc erT mTlians da

aanalizebs iseT farTomasS-

tabur ekonomikur problemebs,

rogoricaa umuSevroba, infla-

cia, ekonomikuri zrda da a.S.;

megaekonomika ikvlevs saerTa-

Soriso masStabis iseT glo-

balur problemebs, rogoricaa

saerTaSoriso vaWroba, saerTa-

Soriso savaluto urTierTo-

bebi da a.S.

struqturuli Tvalsazri-

siT, ekonomikuri mecnierebis

erT mxares aris Teoriuli eko-

nomikuri mecniereba ekonomi-

kuri Teoriis saxiT, xolo

meore mxares _ _ _ _ _ ekonomikuri

mecnierebis yvela sxva sfero,

funqcionaluri (finansebi, fu-

lis mimoqceva, statistika da

a.S.) Tu dargobrivi mecnier-

ebebi. am mecnierebebis funda-

menti da meTodologiuri sa-

fuZvelia ekonomikuri Teoria.

ekonomikuri Teoriis, ro-

gorc mecnierebis, warmoSoba

dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis

simdidris SeswavlasTan, rac

dasabuTebulia uiliam petis,

adam smiTis, devid rikardos

da sxva gamoCenil ekonomist-

Ta naSromebiT, Tumca, ekono-

mikuri mecnierebis wanamZRvre-

bis Canasaxi uZvelesi perio-

dis aRmosavleTis moazrovne-

Ta moZRvrebebSia mocemuli (ix.

ekonomika).

XVIII saukunis ukanasknelmesamedSi, roca inglisSi aR-

mocenda klasikur-----liberaluri

mimdinareoba (klasikuri poli-

tikuri ekonomia), mecnierebis

erTian sistemas gamoeyo eko-

nomika, ekonomikuri Teoriis

saxiT, rogorc damoukidebeli

mecniereba. ekonomikur Teor-

ias, rogorc ekonomikuri mec-

nierebis sawyissa da dedaboZs,


110

im periodSi politikuri eko-

nomia ewodeboda. termini ̀ poli-

tikuri ekonomia~ pirvelad

Semoitana samecniero liter-

aturaSi frangma merkantilist-

ma monkretienma, romelmac jer

kidev 1615 wels gamosca wig-

ni ̀ politikuri ekonomiis traq-

tati~. amiT man axali elferi

SesZina qsenofontis mier Semo-

Rebul termins _ _ _ _ _ ̀ ekonomikas~.

sityva `politikuri~ monkre-

tienma platonisgan ̀ isesxa~ (`po-

litikos~ berZnulia da saxel-

mwifoebrivs niSnavs). aqedan ga-

momdinare, politikuri ekonomi-

is, rogorc mecnierebis, kvle-

vis sfero mTlianad qveynis

meurneobis marTva gaxda.

klasikurma politikurma

ekonomiam siRrmiseulad gaaa-

naliza da sistemuri midgo-

miT mecnierulad daasabuTa,

rom simdidris wyaro unda

veZioT ara vaWrobaSi, an mxo-

lod miwaTmoqmedebaSi, aramed

mTlianad warmoebaSi.

adam smiTis cnobili naSro-

mi _ _ _ _ _ `gamokvleva xalxTa sim-

didris bunebisa da mizezebis

Sesaxeb~ (1776) aRiarebulia ka-

cobriobis sulieri kulturis

umniSvnelovanes Zeglad, romel-

mac mis avtors ̀ ekonomikis ma-

mamTavris~ saxeli moutana.

klasikuri politikuri eko-

nomiis mTavari kredo ekonomikis

liberalizaciaa, rac ekonomi-

kaSi saxelmwifos minimalur

Carevas, moTxovnisa da miwode-

bis safuZvelze Camoyalibebu-

li Tavisufali fasebiT bazris

TviTregulirebas (`uxilavi

xelis~ Teoria) gulisxmobs.

a. smiTi gansakuTrebul yura-

dRebas aqcevda `Laissez faires~-----is princips, anu bunebrivi Tavi-

suflebis politikas. klasi-

kuri politikuri ekonomiis gan-

viTareba ukavSirdeba devid ri-

kardos saxels, romelmac udi-

desi wvlili Seitana ekonomikis

araerTi sferos kvlevaSi.


nomia saukunenaxevarze met xans

(XVIII saukunis 70-----iani wle-

bidan XX saukunis 30-----ian wle-

bamde) safuZvlad edo msof-

lios wamyvani kapitalisturi

qveynebis ekonomikur politikas.


nomiis bazaze aRmocenda sxva-

dasxva mimdinareoba, erT-----erTi

aseTi mimdinareoba marqsistu-

li politikuri ekonomiaa,

romelmac farTod moikida

fexi da saprogramo dokumen-

tad iqca socialisturi sa-

zogadoebis aSenebis msurveli

qveynebisaTvis. marqsistul-----

leninuri politikuri ekono-

mia safuZvlad edo sabWoTa

kavSirisa da sxva komunisturi

qveynebis ekonomikur politi-

kas. saqarTveloSi, iseve rogorc

mTel sabWoTa kavSirSi, es 70-----


111

wliani eqsperimenti kraxiT

dasrulda da adgili dasav-

lur Teoriebs daeTmo.

marqsistuli politikuri

ekonomiis Taviseburi gamoZax-

ili iyo da savsebiT ewinaaRm-

degeboda mas neoklasikuri eko-

nomikuri mimdinareoba, romel-

ic warmoiSva XIX saukunisbolos. mis saTaveebTan idgnen

e. marSali, o. bem-----baverki, k.

mengeri, f. vizeri, u. jevonsi,

v. pareto, l. valrasi, j. klarki

da a.S., Semdeg igi ganaviTares

m. fridmenma da `Cikagos sko-

lis~ sxva warmomadgenlebma,

xolo Tanamedrove warmomad-

genlebi arian j. hiksi, j. mili,

r. solou, m. brauni da sxvebi.

neoklasikuri ekonomikuri

Teoria ZiriTadad klasikuri

politikuri ekonomiis kurss

agrZelebs. mas seriozuli dar-

tyma keinzianuri mimdinareo-

bis warmoSobam miayena. 1929-----

1933 wlebis ekonomikurma kriz-

isma warmoaCina klasikur-----lib-

eraluri mimdinareobis naklo-

vanebebi da is winaaRmdegobebi,

romlebic warmoqmna `uxilavi

xelis~ Teoriaze aRmocenebul-

ma ekonomikurma politikam.

msoflios wamyvan kapitalis-

tur qveynebSi dRis wesrigSi

dadga qveynis ekonomikis mar-

TvaSi cvlilebebis Setana. aseT

viTarebaSi Camoyalibda erT-----

erTi ZiriTadi mimdinareoba

ekonomikur TeoriaSi, romel-

ic keinzianelobis saxeliTaa

cnobili. mas safuZveli Cau-

yara gamoCenilma ingliselma

ekonomistma jon meinard kein-

zma, romlis naazrevi ZiriTadad

aisaxa mis naSromSi `dasaqmeb-

is, procentisa da fulis zog-

adi Teoria~ (1936). am Teori-

is mimdevrebi iyvnen s. harisi,

a. hanseni, r. harodi da sxvebi.

Seiqmna ekonomikis liberal-

izaciis sapirispiro _ _ _ _ _ sax-

elmwifo regulirebis Teoria,

riTac ekonomikur azrovneba-

Si revoluciuri gadatriale-

ba moxda. keinzma pirvelma

gamoTqva azri krizisuli mov-

lenebis Tavidan acilebisTvis

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos Care-

vis aucileblobis Sesaxeb. misi

varaudiT, saxelmwifos social-

uri xarjebis gazrdiT, an ga-

dasaxadebis SemcirebiT, anda

orive RonisZiebis gatarebiT

SesaZlebelia moTxovnis amaR-

leba, riTac gamococxldeba

bazari, gafarTovdeba warmoeba

da ekonomikas daubrundeba

sruli dasaqmeba.

ekonomikis saxelmwifo re-

gulirebis Teoriis praqtika-

Si damkvidrebiT keinzianelo-

bam udidesi roli Seasrula

msoflios wamyvani qveynebis

ekonomikur politikasa da ̀ ve-

luri~kapitalizmisagan Tvise-

brivad gansxvavebuli axali, sa-


112

bazro sistemis formirebaSi.

aqedan moyolebuli, kerZo kap-

italisturi sakuTrebis ba-

tonobaze dafuZnebuli kapi-

talisturi ekonomikuri siste-

ma sakuTrebis pluralizmze

(sakuTrebis mravalformianoba

misi TiToeuli formis Tana-

bari uflebiT) dafuZnebul

sabazro sistemaSi gadaizar-

da. swored amaSi gamoixateba

`keinzianuri revoluciis~ arsi.

keinzianuri modeli airCies

msoflios wamyvanma kapitalis-

turma qveynebma XX saukunis30-----iani wlebis Rrma ekonomiku-

ri krizisis Semdeg da igi 70-----

iani wlebis meore naxevramde

warmatebiT gamoiyeneboda am qvey-

nebis ekonomikur politikaSi.

aseT situaciaSi ekonomi-

kuri Teoriis winaSe axali amo-

canebi dadga. sruliad axali

Sinaarsis matarebeli realuri

ekonomikis funqcionirebis ga-

mokvlevisaTvis axali instru-

mentariumis gamoyenebis auci-

lebloba Seiqmna. momwifda

niadagi ekonomikaSi momxdari

revoluciuri cvlilebebis

asaxvisaTvis. am periodSi eko-

nomikur Teorias gamoeyo misi

erT-----erTi udidesi ganStoeba

ekonomiqsis saxiT. igi axali

ekonomikuri sistemis _ _ _ _ _ saba-

zro ekonomikis Semswavleli

Teoria, axali saswavlo discip-

linaa, romelic gajerebulia

sabazro organizaciaze orienti-

rebuli sameurneo praqtikiT.

1948 wels pol samuel-

sonma gamosca ̀ ekonomiqsi~, yve-

laze warmatebuli saxelmZR-

vanelo msoflioSi, romelic

ukve meTeqvsmetejer gamoica da

mis avtors didi popularoba

moutana.

ekonomikuri Teoriis erT-----

erTi ZiriTadi mimdinareobaa

agreTve neokeinzianeloba, ro-

melic aRmocenda XX saukunis50-----ian wlebSi keinzianelobis

safuZvelze. neokeinzianelebma

(e. domari, j. robinsoni da

sxvebi) keinzis Teoria gamoiye-

nes meTodologiur safuZvlad

axali procesebis analizisaT-

vis. isini asabuTeben ekonomikis

grZelvadiani dagegmvis auci-

leblobas. maT SemoiRes indika-

turi dagegmva, romelsac saori-

entacio funqcia daekisra.

sabazro ekonomikis saxelm-

wifo regulirebis keinzianur

Teoriasa da politikaSi prin-

cipuli koreqtivebis Setanam,

romelic eyrdnoba rogorc

keinzianuri, ise neoklasikuri

midgomebis mniSvnelovani ele-

mentebis gaTvaliswinebas saxel-

mwifosa da bazris urTierTo-

baSi, axali sityva Tqva ekonomi-

kur TeoriaSi XX saukunis 90-----iani wlebidan. Camoyalibda axa-

li mimarTuleba ̀ neoklasikuri

sinTezis~ saxiT. igi gulisx-


113

mobs ekonomikuri dacemis piro-

bebSi keinzianuri, xolo eko-

nomikuri aRmavlobisas _ _ _ _ _ neo-

klasikuri meTodebis gamoy-

enebas. ̀ neoklasikuri sinTezis~

mamamTavrad aRiarebulia pol

samuelsoni.

XX saukunis 70-----iani wleb-

is II naxevridan dasavleTis

qveynebSi Tavi iCina saxelmwi-

fos metismeti Carevis uaryo-

fiTma Sedegebma, rasac mohyva

ekonomikuri zrdis Seneleba da

1974-----1975 wlebis krizisi, yve-

laze Zlieri 1929-----1933 wlebis

krizisis Semdeg. daiwyo kein-

zianuri Teoriis mowinaaRmde-

geTa Taviseburi ̀ renesansi~, xe-

lSemwyobi pirobebi Seiqmna neo-

klasikuri Teoriis aRorZineb-

isaTvis, romelic iTvaliswineb-

da makroekonomikuri regulire-

bis meqanizmis Sesustebis sa-

fuZvelze bazrisTvis meti Ta-

visuflebis miniWebisa da er-

Toblivi miwodebis gazrdas. am

mimarTulebam praqtikuli gamo-

yeneba pova dasavleTis qvey-

nebis ekonomikur politikaSi,

Tumca, ver moxerxda keinzia-

nuri Teoriis sruli diskredi-

tacia. neoklasikuri ekonomi-

kuri politikis gatarebam gamo-

iwvia saxelmwifos socialuri

xarjebis mniSvnelovani Semcir-

eba da seriozuli problemebi

Seqmna socialuri dacvis sfer-

oSi. gamoikveTa axali mimarTu-

lebis Seqmnis aucilebloba.

ekonomikaSi warmoqmnili

axali movlenebis gavleniT,

neoklasikosebma nawilobriv

Secvales TavianTi damokide-

buleba saxelmwifos mimarT.

maT aRiares ekonomikaSi sax-

elmwifos Carevis aucilebloba,

Tumca, igi regulirebis fu-

lad-----sakredito formiT Semo-

fargles. neoklasikuri Teori-

is ZiriTadi postulatebi

aisaxa aSS-----is prezidentis rei-

ganis politikaSi, romelsac

`reiganomika~ ewoda, xolo did

britaneTSi _ _ _ _ _ tetCeris mTav-

robis politikaSi, romelsac

tetCerizmi ewoda.

XX saukunis bolosa da

XXI saukunis dasawyisidan moy-olebuli, ganviTarebuli qvey-

nebis da, pirvel rigSi, aSS-----is

ekonomikur politikaSi `neo-

klasikuri sinTezis~ adgili Ta-

namedrove monetarizmma daikava.

ekonomikis regulirebis

keinzianuri modelis winaaRm-

deg gansakuTrebiT mwvaved

gailaSqra neoklasikuri mim-

dinareobis am yvelaze gavle-

nianma nairsaxeobam. milTon

fridmenisa da ̀ Cikagos skolis~

sxva warmomadgenlebis Teori-

aze morgebuli ekonomikuri

politika iTvaliswinebda mak-

roekonomikuri regulirebis

Sesustebasa da sabazro Zalebis

gaZlierebas, saxelmwifo so-


114

cialuri xarjebis Semcirebas

socialuri programebis Sekve-

cis, xelfasis minimaluri ga-

nakveTebis `gayinvisa~ da a.S.

gziT. maTi azriT, saxelmwifo

xarjebi, erTi mxriv, zrdis bi-

ujetis deficitsa da infla-

cias, meore mxriv ki, iwvevs

Sromis stimulirebisa da,

aqedan gamomdinare, warmoebis

zrdis dacemas. monetaristeb-

isaTvis bazari TviTregulire-

bis sistemaa, romelzedac zemo-

qmedeba SesaZlebelia ZiriTadad

fuladi masis moculobis regu-

lirebiT. ekonomikis stabili-

zaciisaTvis sakmarisia saxelm-

wifom gaataros aqtiuri fu-

ladi politika da SezRudos

ekonomikaSi Carevis yvela for-

ma, maT Soris, naklebad gamoiy-

enos sabiujeto-----sagadasaxado

berketebi.

`keinzianuri revoluciis~

sapirispiro neoklasikuri mim-

dinareobis am mimarTulebas

dasavleTSi `fridmenis anti-

keinzianur revoluciasac~ ki

uwodeben.

monetarizmis naklovanebeb-

ma msoflio ekonomikur poli-

tikaSi mokle periodSi iCina

Tavi. 2008 wels globaluri

finansuri krizisis warmoSobis

erT-----erTi mTavari mizezi swo-

red makroekonomikuri regu-

lirebis mkveTr SezRudvasa da

sabiujeto-----sagadasaxado reg-

ulirebis ukana planze gadaw-

evaSi mdgomareobs. amasTan, qvey-

nis fulad-----sakredito poli-

tikaSi sakredito regulireb-

is Sesustebam, TviTdinebaze

miSvebam da wina planze fu-

lis fenomenis wamowevam gza

gauxsna virtualur ekonomi-

kas, ramac msoflios finansuri

krizisisken ubiZga. amaSi frid-

menis monetaruli politikis

farTomasStabianma da upiro-

bo gamoyenebam udidesi roli

Seasrula. krizisi, pirvel yov-

lisa, ekonomikuri zrdis tem-

pebis Semcirebasa da erToblivi

moTxovnis dacemaSi gamoixata.

aseT situaciaSi wina planze

isev keinzianuri Teoriis pos-

tulatebma wamoiwia.

garda zemoaRniSnuli mim-

dinareobebisa, yuradRebas im-----

saxurebs ekonomikuri Teori-

is instituciur-----sociologiuri

mimdinareoba, romelic warmo-

iSva XIX saukunis bolos da

Camoyalibda XX saukunis 20-----30-----ian wlebSi. misi warmomad-

genlebi arian t. vebleni, v.

roSeri, g. Smoleri, v. zombar-

ti, j. gelbreiTi da sxvebi,

romelTa azriT mecnierul-----

teqnologiur progress evo-

luciis gziT mivyavarT ukon-

fliqto sazogadoebis Camoy-

alibebisaken. am mimdinareobis

safuZvelze warmoiSva indus-

triuli da postindustriuli


115

sazogadoebis Teoriebi, konver-

genciis Teoria da a.S.

neoinstitucionalizmi, rom-

lis mTavari warmomadgenlebi

arian r. kouzi, j. biukeneni da

sxvebi, aqcents socialur prob-

lemebze akeTebs. am Teoriis

safuZvelze garkveuli cv-

lilebebi moxda ganviTarebu-

li qveynebis ekonomikur poli-

tikaSi. dRis wesrigSi dadga

socialurad orientirebuli

ekonomikis socialur-----sabazro

ekonomikad gardaqmna.

amrigad, ekonomikurma Teo-

riam, romelic Caisaxa merkan-

tilizmis dros, momwifda fizi-

okratizmis periodSi, xolo

aRmocenda inglisuri klasikuri

politikuri ekonomiis Camoy-

alibebis safuZvelze, ganviTare-

bis metad rTuli da sain-

tereso gza ganvlo. misi gamoy-

enebis masStabebis zrdam xeli

Seuwyo da daaCqara kidec in-

dustriuli sazogadoebis tran-

sformacia ufro maRal isto-

riul fazaSi _ _ _ _ _ dasabami mis-

ca postindustriul eras. yura-

dReba gamaxvilda axali sa-

zogadoebis formirebaze, axal

sociumze, humanizaciis proces-

ebis gaRrmavebaze. dRis wes-

rigSi dadga samoqalaqo sazo-

gadoebis formireba. ekonomi-

kuri Teoria ki, rogorc mecni-

ereba sazogadoebis ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, iseve axa-

li amocanebis winaSe dadga.

XX saukunis bolo aTwle-

ulSi elviseburad ganviTare-

bulma movlenebma da proces-

ebma _ _ _ _ _ msoflio socialisturi

sistemis daSlam, komunisturi

reJimis kraxma, mravali qvey-

nis mier damoukideblobis mop-

ovebam da ganviTarebis axal

gzaze dadgomam sruliad axa-

li problemebis Teoriuli

gaazreba-----gaanalizebis aucile-

bloba daayena ekonomikuri

Teoriis winaSe.

ekonomikuri Teoria ar aris

kosmopolituri mecniereba.

ekonomikur TeoriaSi erovnuli

motivis, rogorc madominire-

beli faqtoris, Semotanis auci-

leblobas dRevandeli cxovre-

bac gvikarnaxebs. amasTan, dRes,

rodesac esoden swrafad mim-

dinareobs ekonomikis global-

izaciis procesi, gansakuTre-

bul mniSvnelobas iZens Tan-

amedrove sazogadoebis eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis analizi,

misi perspeqtivebis ganWvreta

da Sesabamisi strategiis Se-

muSaveba. ekonomikuri Teoria

aRniSnuli da sxva axali prob-

lemebis gaanalizebiTa da gada-

Wris gzebis ZiebiT kvlavac gam-

didrdeba axali ideebiT, mimar-

TulebebiT da iqneba sazoga-

doebrivi progresis damaCqare-

beli da Tanamonawile.

saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri


116

Teoriis, rogorc mecnierebis,

damkvidrebasa da ganviTarebas

saintereso istoria aqvs.

1918 wlis 26 ianvars (Zv.

st.) pirveli qarTuli univer-

sitetis daarsebisTanave mis er-

TaderT sibrZnismetyvelebis

fakultetTan, iv. javaxiSvil-

isa da f. gogiCaiSvilis mier

SemuSavebuli proeqtiT, Seiqm-

na ekonomikuri ganyofileba,

Camoyalibda politikuri eko-

nomiis kaTedra, romlis pirve-

li gamge 1923 wlis noembram-

de Tsu-----is erT-----erTi damaarse-

beli prof. filipe gogiCaiS-

vili iyo. politikuri ekonomiis

kurss, f. gogiCaiSvilTan er-

Tad, kiTxulobdnen prof. n.

qoiava, moskovidan mowveuli

prof. a. manuilovi, v. Tevzaia

da sxv. ekonomikuri Teoriis

ganviTarebisaTvis muSaoba far-

Tod gaiSala 1922 wlidan,

rodesac universitetSi poli-

tikuri ekonomiis kaTedris ba-

zaze daarsda socialur-----ekono-

mikuri fakulteti ekonomikuri

da iuridiuli ganyofilebebiT,

1931 wels ki calke Camoyal-

ibda ekonomikis fakulteti.

universitetSi, saswavlo-----

pedagogiurTan erTad, gansakuT-

rebuli yuradReba daeTmo sa-

mecniero-----kvleviT muSaobas, ra-

sac didad Seuwyo xeli 1944

wels saqarTvelos mecniereba-

Ta akademiis ekonomikis insti-

tutis daarsebam da sxva umaR-

les saswavleblebSi politi-

kuri ekonomiis kaTedrebis gax-

snam. am dros saqarTveloSi

moRvaweobdnen iseTi cnobili

mecnierebi, rogorebic iyvnen p.

guguSvili, g. gamyreliZe, b.

ramiSvili, i. bajaZe, i. miqelaZe,

v. CantlaZe, n. iaSvili, a. gok-

ieli, v. melqaZe, v. baxtaZe, g.

gvelesiani, a. gunia, a. fancxa-

va, a. nucubiZe da sxvebi. am

periodSi farTod gaiSala

muSaoba ucxouri ekonomikuri,

maT Soris Teoriuli litera-

turis Targmnisa da gamocemi-

saTvis, ekonomikuri termi-

nologiis SedgenisaTvis da a.S.

f. gogiCaiSvilma Targmna dev-

id rikardos `politikuri

ekonomiisa da dabegvris sa-

fuZvlebi~, adam smiTis ̀ gamokv-

leva xalxTa simdidris buneb-

isa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~, karl

marqsis ̀ kapitalis~ yvela tomi.

p. guguSvilma gamoaqveyna spe-

cialuri gamokvleva `ekonomi-

kuri terminologiis da mecni-

eruli TargmanisaTvis~ da p.

kuWaiZesTan erTad 1947 wels

gamosca `ekonomikis termino-

logia~ (rusul-----qarTuli da

qarTul-----rusuli). v. CantlaZem

1959 wels gamosca `sulxan-----

saba orbelianis ekonomikuri Se-

xedulebebi~, xolo 1979 wels

_ _ _ _ _ `finansebis Teoriis sakiTx-

ebi~.


117

didi wvlili miuZRvis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis politikuri ekonomi-

is (Semdgom _ _ _ _ _ ekonomikuri

Teoriis) kaTedras saqarTvelo-

Si ekonomistTa kadrebis mo-

mzadebaSi. aw gardacvlili

qarTveli mkvlevarebidan, gar-

da zemoT CamoTvlilisa, cno-

bilni arian s. beraZe, g. Wanuy-

vaZe, g. adeiSvili, g. megreliS-

vili, n. tyeSelaSvili, i. kod-

ua, i. qvaCaxia, g. baqraZe, g. mS-

vildaZe, l. xarazi, T. CikvaiZe,

d. qoriZe, g. basilaia, i. krav-

covi, j. CxikvaZe da sxvebi.

ekonomikurma Teoriam axa-

li Sinaarsi SeiZina XX sauku-nis 90-----iani wlebidan. wina plan-

ze wamoiwia sabazro ekonomikis

Teoriam. amasTan, revoluciurma

Zvrebma saqarTveloSi ekono-

mikur Teorias didi sazrunavi

gauCina. qarTvel mecnierTa

ZalisxmeviT arsebiTi cvlile-

bebi moxda saswavlo programeb-

sa da mecnieruli kvlevis me-

TodebSi. Seiqmna axali sax-

elmZRvaneloebi. j. kaxniaSvil-

ma makroekonomikur TeoriaSi

gamosca saxelmZRvanelo or

wignad: ̀ makroekonomika~ (1996)

da `makroekonomika: Teoria da

politika~ (1997); l. Ciqavas

avtorobiT gamovida damxmare

saxelmZRvanelo _ _ _ _ _ `ekonomiku-

ri Teoriis mokle kursi~

(1997); Tsu ekonomikuri Teo-

riis kaTedram, g. adeiSvilisa

da r. asaTianis redaqciiT, 1998

wels gamosca `ekonomikuri

Teoria~ _____ saxelmZRvanelo um-

aRlesi saswavleblebis ekono-

mikis fakultetis studenteb-

isaTvis da a.S.

monografiuli gamokvlevebi

gamosces: g. papavam (`sabazro

ekonomikaze saqarTvelos ga-

dasvlis safuZvlebi~, 1991); vl.

papavam (`saqarTvelos sabazro

ekonomikaze gadasvlis koncef-

cia~, 1991); r. asaTianma (`mom-

saxureba da sabazro sistema~,

1993); T. beriZem (`suvereni-

tetis ekonomikuri safuZvle-

bi: ekonomikisa da politikis

urTierTmoqmedebis axali as-

peqtebi~, rusul enaze, 1995);

g. malaSxiam (`metaekonomika~,

1996); vl. papavam (`sabazro

Tanasworobis doqtrina~, 1999);

n. WiTanavam (`gardamavali pe-

riodis socialur-----ekonomikuri

problemebi~, sam nawilad, 1997,

1999, 2001); 2001 wels daibe-

Wda T. basilias, a. silagaZis,

T. CikvaiZis monografia _____

`postsocialisturi transfor-

macia: saqarTvelos ekonomika

XXI saukunis mijnaze~; 2002

wels gamovida vl. papavas mono-

grafiuli gamokvleva `post-

komunisturi kapitalizmis po-

litikuri ekonomia da saqar-


118

Tvelos ekonomika~, 2005 wels

_ _ _ _ _ `postkomunisturi gar-

damavali periodis makroeko-

nomika~; 2006 wels gamoica l.

Ciqavas monografia _ _ _ _ _ ̀ inovaci-

uri ekonomika~, 2007 wels _

e. baraTaSvilis ̀ regionalizmi:

Teoria da praqtika~, 2008 wels

_ _ _ _ _ n. WiTanavasa da l. Takalan-

Zis `socialuri ekonomika~,

2009 wels _ _ _ _ _ r. asaTianis ̀ sa-

qarTvelos ekonomika: axali

epoqa~. I nawili, xolo 2010

wels _ _ _ _ _ ̀ globalizacia, ekono-

mikuri Teoria da saqarTvelo~.

2009 wels gamovida d. iako-

biZis `saqarTvelo da msof-

lio finansuri krizisi~, 2010

wels _ _ _ _ _ i. mesxias `regionuli

ekonomikuri politika~, 2010

wels _a. silagaZis ̀ ekonomiku-

ri doqtrinebi~, 2011 wels _

vl. papavas ̀ aratradiciuli eko-

nomiksi~, 2011 wels _ a. Tval-

WreliZis, a. silagaZis, g. qeSe-

laSvilisa da g. gegias ̀ saqar-

Tvelos socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis programa~ da a.S.

farTo muSaoba gaiSala ori-

ginaluri ekonomikuri leqsiko-

nebis gamocemis TvalsazrisiT.

am mxriv aRsaniSnavia: j. kax-

niaSvili. `sabazro ekonomikis

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni~, 1992;

r. asaTiani. èkonomiqsi~. gan-

martebiTi leqsikoni, 1996 (Igamocema), 2003 (II gamocema),

2006 (III gamocema); r. asaTiani.`Tanamedrove ekonomikis gan-

martebiTi leqsikoni~, 2009;

èkonomikisa da biznesis leqsi-

koni~, 2010. èkonomikuri

leqsikoni~. a. silagaZis xel-

mZRvanelobiT, 2001; èkonomi-

kuri da demografiuli termi-

nologia~ (rusul-----qarTuli da

qarTul-----rusuli). l. Ciqavas

saerTo redaqciiT, 2001;

èkonomikis enciklopediuri

leqsikoni~. a. silagaZis saer-

To redaqciiT, 2005 da sxv.

ucxouridan iTargmna cno-

bil avtorTa saxelmZRvaneloe-

bi ̀ ekonomiqsSi~, ramac Sinaar-

sobrivad gaamdidra ekonomiku-

ri Teoriis swavleba umaRles

saswavleblebSi da aamaRla

Teoriuli mimarTulebiT eko-

nomikuri procesebis kvleva.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia

saskolo saxelmZRvaneloebis

gamocema am dargSi. esenia: a.

silagaZe, e. meqvabiSvili, j. kax-

niaSvili. ̀ ekonomika~ (X klasi,

2005; XI klasi, 2005); r. asa-

Tiani. èkonomika _ _ _ _ _ keTili

jadoqari~ (V klasi, 2000); r.

asaTiani. èkonomika~ (VI kla-

si, 2004); r. asaTiani. ̀ ekonomi-

ka~ (VII klasi, 2005) da a.S.

ekonomikuri informa-ekonomikuri informa-ekonomikuri informa-ekonomikuri informa-ekonomikuri informa-

cia cia cia cia cia (economic information) - - - - - in-formacia saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis warmoebis, ganawileb-

ekonomikuri informaciaekonomikuri informaciaekonomikuri informaciaekonomikuri informaciaekonomikuri informacia

119

is, gacvlisa da moxmarebis pro-

cesebis Sesaxeb.

ekonomikuri kiberneti-ekonomikuri kiberneti-ekonomikuri kiberneti-ekonomikuri kiberneti-ekonomikuri kiberneti-

kakakakaka (economic cybernetics) - - - - - kiber-netikis mimarTuleba, romelic

am mecnierebis meTodebsa da

saSualebebs iyenebs ekonomikur

sistemebSi procesebis kvlevi-

sa da organizaciisaTvis.

ekonomikuri krizisiekonomikuri krizisiekonomikuri krizisiekonomikuri krizisiekonomikuri krizisi

(economic crisis) - - - - - ekonomikuriciklis erT-----erTi amosavali

faza, romelic vlindeba mo-

saxleobis msyidvelobiTunar-

ianobasTan SedarebiT saqonlis

WarbwarmoebaSi, warmoebrivi

simZlavreebis dautvirTaobaSi,

warmoebis moculobis mkveTr

dacemasa da umuSevrobis swraf

zrdaSi.

ekonomikuri politi-ekonomikuri politi-ekonomikuri politi-ekonomikuri politi-ekonomikuri politi-

ka ka ka ka ka (economic policy) - - - - - ekonomikismarTvis berketebisa da meTode-

bis erToblioba, ekonomikis mar-

Tvis sferoSi xelisuflebis

mier gatarebul RonisZiebaTa

sistema. moicavs sabiujeto-----

sagadasaxado, fulad-----sakredi-

to, sainvesticio, mecnierul-----

teqnologiur, sagareo-----ekono-

mikur politikasa da a.S.

ekonomikuri politikis xa-

siaTs gansazRvravs xelisuf-

lebis qceva qveynis ekonomi-

kasTan mimarTebaSi. es SeiZle-

ba iyos absoluturad Caurev-

loba qveynis ekonomikaSi (lais-

sez-faires) an uxeSi Careva masSida misi mkacri marTva (ro-

gorc damaxasiaTebelia admin-

istraciul-----mbrZanebluri eko-

nomikisaTvis), an kidev, xelisu-

flebis mier Sualeduri pozi-

ciis dakaveba da makroekono-

mikuri regulirebis mkacrad

gansazRvruli funqciebis Ses-

ruleba.

ekonomikuri politika Sei-

Zleba daiyos or ZiriTad saxed:

mikroekonomikur politikad,mikroekonomikur politikad,mikroekonomikur politikad,mikroekonomikur politikad,mikroekonomikur politikad,

romlis amocanaa resursebis

ganawilebis efeqtianobis sru-

lyofa da makroekonomikurmakroekonomikurmakroekonomikurmakroekonomikurmakroekonomikur

politikad,politikad,politikad,politikad,politikad, romlis ZiriTadi

amocanaa fasebis stabiluro-

bis uzrunvelyofa. ekonomikuri

politikis miznebidan gamom-

dinare, isini iyofa ufro mcire

nawilebad. magaliTad, mikro-

ekonomikuri politikis saz-

RvrebSi SeiZleba gamoiyos

regionuli politika, konkuren-

ciis dacvis politika da a.S.,

makroekonomikuri politikis

sazRvrebSi ki _ _ _ _ _ fiskaluri po-

litika, fulad-----sakredito poli-

tika da a.S.

ekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianoba

gauTvaliswinebeli statis-gauTvaliswinebeli statis-gauTvaliswinebeli statis-gauTvaliswinebeli statis-gauTvaliswinebeli statis-

tikuritikuritikuritikuritikuri organoebis mier Zi- organoebis mier Zi- organoebis mier Zi- organoebis mier Zi- organoebis mier Zi-

riTadi monacemebis Sekre-riTadi monacemebis Sekre-riTadi monacemebis Sekre-riTadi monacemebis Sekre-riTadi monacemebis Sekre-

bisbisbisbisbis sistemis naklovanebaTa sistemis naklovanebaTa sistemis naklovanebaTa sistemis naklovanebaTa sistemis naklovanebaTa

Sedegad Sedegad Sedegad Sedegad Sedegad (economic activity un-accounted by statistical organs due

ekonomikuri saqmianoba ekonomikuri saqmianoba ekonomikuri saqmianoba ekonomikuri saqmianoba ekonomikuri saqmianoba gauTvaliswinebeli...gauTvaliswinebeli...gauTvaliswinebeli...gauTvaliswinebeli...gauTvaliswinebeli...

120

to the shortcomings of the maindata consolidation system) – dau-

kvirvebadi ekonomikis nawili,

statistikuri sistemis gadauW-

reli problemaa, ris gamoc ar

aisaxeba mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-Si. zogjer mas

statistikur Crdilovan war-

moebas uwodeben da ganasxvave-

ben ekonomikur Crdilovan war-

moebisagan, romelic gamowve-

ulia ara ZiriTadi monacemeb-

is Sekrebis sistemis naklova-

nebebiT, aramed ekonomikuri

mizezebiT.

ekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistema

(economic system) - - - - - sakuTrebi-Ti da organizaciuli insti-

tutebis safuZvelze war-

moSobili urTierTobebis erT-

maneTTan dakavSirebuli da gan-

sazRvruli wesiT mowesrige-

buli ekonomikuri elementeb-

is erToblioba, mravalferovani

struqturuli elementebis

Serwyma mkafiod gamoxatul

erT mTelad, romlis TiToeul

nawils erTmaneTTan mimarTe-

baSi Tavisi Sesabamisi adgili

ukavia; qveyanaSi moqmedi princ-

i pebis, wesebisa da kanonmde-

blobiT ganmtkicebuli norme-

bis erToblioba, romelic war-

moebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa da

moxmarebis procesSi warmoqm-

nili ZiriTadi ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis formasa da

Sinaarss gansazRvravs. ekono-

mikur sistemaSi arsebuli

mizez-----Sedegobrivi kavSirebi

qvesistemebs qmnian, romlebsac

mTeli sistemis stabilurobasa

da mdgrad ganviTarebaSi gan-

sazRvruli roli akisriaT.

ekonomikuri sistemis realur

bunebasa da arss es kavSirebi

gansazRvraven.

ekonomikuri teritoriaekonomikuri teritoriaekonomikuri teritoriaekonomikuri teritoriaekonomikuri teritoria

(economic territory) - - - - - mocemuli

qveynis xelisuflebis mier

administraciulad marTvadi

teritoria, romelzec vrcelde-

ba am qveynis iurisdiqcia. mis

sazRvrebSi Tavisuflad gada-

adgildebian mocemuli qveynis

moqalaqeebi, agreTve Tavisu-

flad moZraobs saqoneli da

fuli. ekonomikur teritoria-

Si Sedis: sahaero sivrce; ter-

itoriuli anklavebi sazRvarg-

areT (e.i. zonebi, romlebsac

iyeneben mocemuli qveynis

samTavro dawesebulebebi aren-

dis an sakuTrebis uflebis

safuZvelze, saelCoebi, samec-

niero da samxedro bazebi); eqs-

teritoriuli anklavebi anu

qveynis kuTvnili teritoriis

nawili, romelic saerTaSoriso

xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad gam-

oiyeneba sxva qveynis dawese-

bulebebis mier (anklavSi Se-

maval miwaze an nagebobebze

sakuTrebis gadacemasTan dakav-

Sirebuli operaciebis nawil-

ekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistemaekonomikuri sistema

121

Si); navTobis, bunebrivi airisa

da a.S. maragebi qveynis gareT

mdebare teritoriul wylebSi,

Tu maTi damuSaveba xdeba qvey-

nis rezidentebis mier.

ekonomikur teritoriaSi ar

Sedis sxva qveynebis terito-

riuli anklavebi _ _ _ _ _ sakonsu-

loebi, saelCoebi, samecniero da

samxedro bazebi da a.S. agreTve

saerTaSoriso organizaciebi,

ganlagebuli mocemuli qveynis

teritoriaze.

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri

teritoria dReisaTvis gac-

ilebiT naklebia mis saerTa-

Sorisod aRiarebul terito-

riaze, ramdenadac saqarTvelos

iurisdiqcia ar vrceldeba afx-

azeTis, cxinvalis regionis, ax-

algorisa da kodoris xeobis

teritoriebze.

ekonomikuri treningiekonomikuri treningiekonomikuri treningiekonomikuri treningiekonomikuri treningi

(economic training) - - - - - kompiuter-izebuli TamaSi, romelic iZl-

eva mmarTvelobiTi zemoqmede-

bis SefasebiTi gaangariSebis

SesaZleblobas.

ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-ekonomikuri usafrTxo-

ebebebebebF (economic security) - - - - - ekono-mikis dacva im Sida da gare

negatiuri faqtorebisagan, rom-

lebic arRveven kvlavwarmoe-

biTi procesebis normalur fun-

qcionirebas, safrTxes uqmnian

qveynis resursul da mecnier-

ul-----teqnologiuri potencial-

is SenarCunebas, ekonomikis

mdgrad ganviTarebasa da so-

cialur orientirebulobas,

aferxeben ekonomikur zrdasa

da xels uSlian saxelmwifoe-

briobis ganmtkicebas.


ebis kriteriumebi ebis kriteriumebi ebis kriteriumebi ebis kriteriumebi ebis kriteriumebi (econom-ic security criteria) - - - - - ekonomikurisafrTxis ardaSveba zRvruli

sidideebis qvemoT; qveynis

uzrunvelyofa resursebiT;

ekonomikis damangreveli pro-

cesebis Tavidan acileba, dan-

akargebisa da riskis minimiza-

cia; ekonomikuri da social-

uri efeqtianobis amaRleba; cx-

ovrebis donisa da xarisxis

mkveTri gaumjobeseba; konkuren-

tunariani saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis warmoeba da a.S.


ebis strategia ebis strategia ebis strategia ebis strategia ebis strategia (economic se-curity strategy) - - - - - qveynis strate-gia sakmaod myari da mudmivad

ganviTarebadi ekonomikiT, rome-

lic iTvaliswinebs qveynis

kulturul-----istoriuli TviT-

myofadobis, misi tradiciebisa

da wes-----Cveulebebis dacvas,

ekonomikuri mTlianobisa da

ekonomikuri damoukideblobis

SenarCunebas, sazogadoebis so-

cialur-----ekonomikuri stabil-

urobisa da pirovnebis ganvi-

TarebisaTvis saTanado pirobe-

bis Seqmnas. misi ZiriTadi mi-

ekonomikuri usafrTxoekonomikuri usafrTxoekonomikuri usafrTxoekonomikuri usafrTxoekonomikuri usafrTxoebis strategiaebis strategiaebis strategiaebis strategiaebis strategia

122

marTulebebia: ekonomikis gan-

viTarebisadmi misadagebuli

struqturuli politikis ga-

tareba; ekonomikis prioritet-

uli dargebis gamoyofa da maT-

dami saxelmwifos mxardaWera;

erovnuli valutis simyaris

uzrunvelyofa; sakuTrebis

dacva.

ekonomikuri cikli ekonomikuri cikli ekonomikuri cikli ekonomikuri cikli ekonomikuri cikli (busi-ness cycle) - - - - - saqmiani aqtiuro-bis cikli, erTi krizisis daw-

yebidan meore krizisis dawye-

bamde drois periodi, romelic

iyofa oTx fazad: krizisi, depre-

sia, gacxoveleba, aRmavloba.

ekonomikuri ciklis cno-

bili mkvlevrebi arian: marqsi,

keinzi, hiksi, Sumpeteri, gudvi-----

ni da a.S.

ekonomikuri warmoebaekonomikuri warmoebaekonomikuri warmoebaekonomikuri warmoebaekonomikuri warmoeba

(economic production) - - - - - erovnulangariSTa sistemaSi (eas-----93)

rogorc sabazro, ise arasaba-

zro saqmianoba: 1. saqonlis

warmoeba; 2. sabazro momsax-

urebis warmoeba; 3. finansuri

saSuamavlo saqmianoba (bankeb-

is, sainvesticio fondebis,

sadazRvevo kompaniebisa da

a.S.); 4. arasabazro momsaxureba

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis or-

ganoebisadmi; 5. arasabazro mom-

saxureba arakomerciuli or-

ganizaciebisa da Sinameurneo-

bisadmi; 6. daqiravebul mosam-

saxureTa (mzareulebis, mZRo-

lebis, mebaReebisa da a.S.) mom-

saxureba; 7. garemos dacvis

mizniT gaweuli momsaxureba.

ekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuriekonomikuri wesrigiswesrigiswesrigiswesrigiswesrigis

politika politika politika politika politika (economic order pol-icy) – sabazro wesrigis poli-

tika, romelic gulisxmobs sax-

elmwifos mier konkurenciis

dacvis politikis Sexamebas sa-

zogadoebis socialuri dacvis

politikasTan, im CarCo pirobe-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT, romelsac

ekonomikuri wesrigis poli-

tika adgens. CarCo pirobebSi

Sedis: 1. qveyniqveyniqveyniqveyniqveynisssss instituci- instituci- instituci- instituci- instituci-

urururururiiiii mowyob mowyob mowyob mowyob mowyobaaaaa da, pirvel yov-

lisa, sakuTrebiT urTierToba-

Ta wesrigi; 2. konkonkonkonkonkurenciikurenciikurenciikurenciikurenciisssss

dacvidacvidacvidacvidacvisssss pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi, makroekono-

mikuri regulirebis priori-

tetebi (antimonopoliuri kanon-

mdeblobebis arseboba da misi

ganviTarebis done, gadasaxadeb-

is liberalizaciis done, sakre-

dito ganakveTebis sidide, bizne-

sis Tavisuflebis xarisxi, eko-

nomikur-samarTlebrivi sistemis

sandoobis xarisxi, agreTve mo-

cemul qveyanaSi kerZo seqtori

aris Tu ara politikuri ru-

pori, biznesis warmomadgenlebi

ikaveben Tu ara adgils xelisu-

flebaSi da a.S. 3. socialursocialursocialursocialursocialuriiiii

dacvidacvidacvidacvidacvisssss sistem sistem sistem sistem sistemaaaaa (sazogadoe-

brivi saqonlis warmoebis done

da xarisxi, mosaxleobis dacva

uaryofoTi eqsternaliebisagan,

ekonomikuri cikliekonomikuri cikliekonomikuri cikliekonomikuri cikliekonomikuri cikli

123

bunebrivi monopoliebis arsebo-

ba da masStabebi, samomxmareblo

kalaTis struqtura, saarsebo

minimumis Tanafardoba pensiebTan

da minimalur xelfasTan, komu-

naluri gadasaxadebis ganakveT-

ebi, socialuri dazRvevis sa-

marTlebrivi normebi da a.S.

bazari socialuri proble-

mebis mimarT araelastikuri da

daundobelia. Tu igi Tavis neba-

zea miSvebuli, uTuod ganapi-

robebs usamarTlobasa da siRa-

takes qveyanaSi, rac, saboloo an-

gariSiT, bumerangiviT ubrunde-

ba TviT mas (bazars), iwvevs stag-

nacias, romlis multiplikaci-

uri efeqti maRalia. es aisaxe-

ba umuSevrobis zrdaSi, ekono-

mikuri zrdis tempebis dacema-

Si, socialur afeTqebebsa da a.S.

aRniSnuli CarCo pirobebi

aRniSnavs mocemul qveyanaSi

ekonomikuri wesrigis politikis

ganviTarebis dones da upasu-

xebs kiTxvas: realurad arse-

bobs ki igi qveyanaSi Tu si-

namdvileSi aris Tvalis daxu-

Wvisa da misgan gaqcevis poli-

tika.

ekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikur-----maTematiku-maTematiku-maTematiku-maTematiku-maTematiku-

ri meTodebi ri meTodebi ri meTodebi ri meTodebi ri meTodebi (economic-math-ematical methods) - - - - - ekonomikis,maTematikisa da kibernetikis

mijnaze aRmocenebuli mecnier-

uli disciplinebis kompleqs-

Si moqceuli meTodebi.

ekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikur-----maTematikmaTematikmaTematikmaTematikmaTematikuuuuu -----

ri modelebi ri modelebi ri modelebi ri modelebi ri modelebi (economic-math-ematical models) - - - - - ekonomikuriobieqtebis, kanonzomierebebis,

kavSirebisa da procesebis aR-

weriloba maTematikuri niSneb-

is meSveobiT da maTi makav-

Sirebeli maTematikuri Tana-

fardobis erToblioba.

ekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikurekonomikur-----statistiku-statistiku-statistiku-statistiku-statistiku-

ri meTodebi ri meTodebi ri meTodebi ri meTodebi ri meTodebi (economic-statis-tical methods) - - - - - SemoRebul iqna

XVII saukuneSi ingliseli ekono-

mistis uiliam petis mier qvey-

nis meurneobis analizisaTvis.

igi pirveli Seecada Seefase-

bina inglisis, safrangeTisa da

holandiis erovnuli Semosava-

li da gamoekvlia arapirdapi-

ri gadasaxadebis gavlena eko-

nomikaze.

erovnuli angariSianobis

ganviTarebaSi didi roli Sea-

srula frangi ekonomistis Jan

batist seis `warmoebis faq-

torTa Teoriam~. warmoebis sami

faqtoris (miwa, Sroma, kapita-

li) garda, sei mniSvnelovan

rols aniWebda samewarmeo un-

ars. naSromSi `politikuri

ekonomiis sruli kursi~ (1828)

igi ayalibebda Tavis Sexed-

ulebebs amis Sesaxeb.

ekonomiqsi ekonomiqsi ekonomiqsi ekonomiqsi ekonomiqsi (economics) -----mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis

sabazro sistemaSi, sazogadoe-

bis usasrulo moTxovnilebeb-

ekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsiekonomiqsi

124

is maqsimaluri dakmayofileb-

is mizniT, SezRuduli resurse-

biT ra sazogadoebrivi for-

miT, ra gzebiT, rogor da visTvis

iwarmoos. igi sabazro ekonomi-

kis Teoriisa da praqtikis sin-

Tezia, praqtikiT gajerebuli,

masze orientirebuli Teoriaa.

ekonomiqsi ekonomikuri Teo-

riis kvlevis axali sferoa

(iseve rogorc saerTaSoriso

ekonomika, sazogadoebrivi seq-

toris ekonomika). warmoiSva da

ganviTarda sabazro ekonomikis

Camoyalibebisa da ganviTareb-

is kvaldakval, gansakuTrebu-

li ekonomikuri disciplinis

saxiT ki farTod gavrcelda

XX saukunis meore naxevridan.ekonomiqsi SezRuduli

resursebis marTvis meqanizmis

Semswavleli mecnierebaa (g.

menqiu).

ekonomiqsi, miuxedavad imi-

sa, rom im kanonzomierebebs ey-

rdnoba, romlebsac ekonomikuri

Teoria adgens, misgan garkveul-

wilad gansxvavebul xedvasac

emyareba, paradigmis Secvlas

gulisxmobs. ekonomiqsi ekono-

mikuri procesebisa da movle-

nebis analizisas mxolod SezRu-

duli resursebiT ifargleba.

misi laitmotivia am resurse-

bis sabazro sistemaSi efeqti-

anad gamoyenebis gzebis Zieba

da alternatiuli variante-

bidan optimaluri arCevanis

gakeTeba. ekonomikuri Teoriis

sagani ki gacilebiT farToa.

igi yvela funqcionaluri da

dargobrivi ekonomikuri mec-

nierebis safuZvelTa safuZve-

li da meTodologiuri bazaa.

ekonomikuri Teoria ar aris

moqceuli erTi ekonomikuri

sistemis CarCoebSi. igi sazoga-

doebis ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis kanonzomierebebsa da Tavi-

seburebebs swavlobs, ikvlevs

sxvadasxva ekonomikur siste-

maSi arsebiT mizez-----Sedegobriv

kavSirebs ekonomikur movle-

nebsa da procesebs Soris, ad-

gens zogad kanonzomierebebs,

ris safuZvelzec iZleva sa-

zogadoebis ganviTarebis stra-

tegiul mimarTulebebs, ekono-

mikis funqcionirebis obieqtur

mecnierul dasabuTebas. ekono-

mikuri Teoria yovelive amas

erT sistemaSi aqcevs. ekonomiq-

sis mizani ar aris mTlianad

sazogadoebis ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis kvleva. igi ar aris

erTiani sistema, mxolod am

sistemis nawilia, sabazro eko-

nomikaSi funqcionaluri kav-

Sirebis Semswavleli mecniere-

baa, ekonomikuri Teoria ki

ekonomikuri organizmis gene-

tikur kavSirebs swavlobs.

ekonomiqsi kmayofildeba

ekonomikuri cxovrebis zoga-


125

di analiziT. igi ar ikvlevs

ekonomikuri movlenebis siRrm-

iseul arss da sazogadoebis

socialuri stratifikaciis

mizezebs, ekonomikuri Teoria

ki ikvlevs yovelive amas.

ekonomiqsSi pragmatuli

miznebi wina planzea wamoweu-

li, ekonomikur TeoriaSi ki _____

Teoriul-----meTodologiuri. eko-

nomiqsi metwilad raodenobrivi

analizia, ekonomikuri Teoria

ki _ _ _ _ _ Tvisebrivi. ekonomiqsi

farTod iyenebs ekonometrikul

analizs. magram ekonomikuri

movlenebisa da procesebis ax-

snaSi maTematikuri modelebis

gamoyeneba ̀ wminda~ Teoriisagan

damoukideblad naklebad asax-

avs realobas. ekonomikuri Teo-

ria orientirebulia Semecneba-

ze, ekonomikuri movlenebis siR-

rmiseuli arsis gamovlenaze,

mizez-----Sedegobrivi kavSirebis

dadgenaze, maSin rodesac eko-

nomiqsi mTavar miznad ekono-

mikis marTvisaTvis praqtiku-

li rekomendaciebis SemuSave-

bas isaxavs. `ekonomikuri Teo-

ria ar aris uSualod same-

urneo politikaSi gamosayene-

beli mza rekomendaciebis kre-

buli, is aris inteleqtualuri

instrumenti, azrovnebis teqnika.

vinc mas flobs, yvelas exmareba

swori daskvnebis gamotanaSi~

(jon meinard keinzi).

ekonomiqsi ekonomikuri si-

namdvilis calkeuli fragmen-

tebisa da maTi Sesabamisi Te-

oriebis erTobliobaa. igi frag-

mentebidan qmnis ekonomikis

mTlian suraTs, ekonomikurma

Teoriam ki, piriqiT, mTliano-

bis adekvaturi suraTis meS-

veobiT unda asaxos ekonomiku-

ri sinamdvilis esa Tu is frag-

menti.

ekonomiqsi warmoebis gan-

viTarebis sakiTxebs danaxar-

jebisa da Sedegebis aspeqtiT,

sargeblianobis kuTxiT ganix-

ilavs, ekonomikuri Teoria ki

sazogadoebrivi warmoebis is-

toriuli ganviTarebis anal-

izs moicavs. ekonomiqsi gaur-

bis ekonomikuri sistemebis Se-

darebiT analizs da Seiswav-

lis erTi ekonomikuri siste-

mis sameurneo meqanizms. eko-

nomikuri Teoriis kvlevis erT-----

erTi mimarTuleba, meTodi ki

ekonomikuri sistemebis Sedar-

ebiTi analizia (kompartivizmi).

am mimarTulebis Sedegia in-

stituciuri Teoriebi (konver-

genciis, industriuli, postin-

dustriuli sazogadoebis)

Teoriebi. ekonomikur Teorias

ar ainteresebs adamianTa same-

urneo saqmianoba misi konkre-

tuli zedapiruli formiT, misi

mizania adamianTa ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis kanonebSi gar-

z


126

kveva, am kanonTa moqmedebis meqa-

nizmis Secnoba.

ekonomiqsi sakuTrebas gani-

xilavs rogorc adamianis damo-

kidebulebas nivTisadmi. ekono-

mikuri Teoria sakuTrebas gani-

xilavs rogorc adamianebs So-

ris urTierTobas, Camoyali-

bebuls resursebisa da misgan

Seqmnili dovlaTis miTvisebis

gamo. ekonomikuri Teoria xidia

warsulsa da momavals Soris.

igi arkvevs ekonomikuri mov-

lenis istoriul winapirobebs,

saidan da ra mizezebiT warmo-

iSva igi da ra Sedegebisaken

mivyavarT mis ganviTarebas. igi

gvexmareba tendenciebis dad-

genaSi da gviCvenebs, saiT da

rogor miemarTeba ekonomikuri

ganviTareba. amitomacaa, rom eko-eko-eko-eko-eko-

nomikuri Teoriisa da eko-nomikuri Teoriisa da eko-nomikuri Teoriisa da eko-nomikuri Teoriisa da eko-nomikuri Teoriisa da eko-

nomiqsis kvlevis sagnebi er-nomiqsis kvlevis sagnebi er-nomiqsis kvlevis sagnebi er-nomiqsis kvlevis sagnebi er-nomiqsis kvlevis sagnebi er-

TmaneTs kveTs da emTxvevaTmaneTs kveTs da emTxvevaTmaneTs kveTs da emTxvevaTmaneTs kveTs da emTxvevaTmaneTs kveTs da emTxveva

kidec, oRond Seswavlis ku-kidec, oRond Seswavlis ku-kidec, oRond Seswavlis ku-kidec, oRond Seswavlis ku-kidec, oRond Seswavlis ku-

Txe aqvT sxvadasxvagvari.Txe aqvT sxvadasxvagvari.Txe aqvT sxvadasxvagvari.Txe aqvT sxvadasxvagvari.Txe aqvT sxvadasxvagvari.

èkonomiqsis~ pirveli sa-

universiteto saxelmZRvanelo

1948 wels aSS-----Si gamosca pol

samuelsonma. es iyo periodi,

rodesac ukve momwifda niada-

gi ekonomikaSi momxdari revo-

luciuri cvlilebebis asaxvi-

saTvis, axali ekonomikuri mov-

lenebis axsnisaTvis. ̀ ekonomiq-

sis~, rogorc gansakuTrebuli

ekonomikuri disciplinis, far-

Tod gavrcelebasa da ganvi-

Tarebas xeli Seuwyo XX sauku-nis 60-----70-----iani wlebidan msof-

lio ekonomikaSi mimdinare

ekonomikuri procesebis diver-

sifikaciam, intensivobam da

masStaburobam.

XX saukunis bolo aTwle-

ulSi elviseburad ganviTare-

bulma movlenebma da proces-

ebma _ _ _ _ _ msoflio socialisturi

sistemis daSlam, komunisturi

reJimis kraxma, mravali qvey-

nis mier damoukideblobis mop-

ovebam da ganviTarebis axal

gzaze dadgomam Zveli da sru-

liad axali problemebis ax-

leburi Teoriuli gaazreba-----ga-

analizebis aucilebloba mo-

iTxova. am Tvisebrivad axali

problemebis gadaWra kacobri-

obis wina ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis klasikuri sqemis far-

glebs scildeba.

saqarTvelos sabazro eko-

nomikaze gadasvlis aucile-

blobam savsebiT kanonzomierad

èkonomiqsis~ saswavlo kur-

sis SemoReba moiTxova umaRles

saswavleblebSi, rasac mohyva

rogorc ucxouri saxelmZRv-

aneloebis qarTulad Targmna,

ise qarTuli Sesabamisi lit-

eraturis gamocema. saxeldo-

br, k. Rurwkaiam Targmna da

gamosca p. samuelsonisa da v.

nordhausis èkonomiqsi (XV


127

gamocema); makkonelisa da brius

èkonomiqsi~ (XI gamocema); s.fiSeris, r. dornbuSis, r.

Smalenzis èkonomiqsi~ (II ga-mocema). gamoqveynda mravali

saxelmZRvanelo da special-

uri literatura, romelTa

Soris aRsaniSnavia: èkonomiq-

si~. Semdgeneli p. leiaSvili.

Tb., `mecniereba~, 2003; m. gve-

lesiani. èkonomiqsi~. leqcie-

bis mokle kursi. Tb., `komen-

tari~, 2000; r. asaTiani. ̀ eko-

nomiqsi~. ganmartebiTi leqsiko-

ni. I, II, III gamocemebi, Tb., ga-momcemloba `siaxle~, 1996,

2003, 2006; a. silagaZe, j. kax-

niaSvili, e. meqvabiSvili. ̀ mik-

roekonomiqsi~. Tb., `Tbilisis

universitetis gamomcemloba~,

2006; r. asaTiani. ̀ ekonomikuri

Teoria da ekonomiqsi: erTianoba

da gansxvaveba~. Tb., gamomcem-

loba `siaxle~, 2005 da a.S.

elastikuri moTxovnaelastikuri moTxovnaelastikuri moTxovnaelastikuri moTxovnaelastikuri moTxovna

(elastic demand) - - - - - moTxovna,

romelsac aqvs tendencia, Se-

icvalos fasebis umniSvnelo

cvlilebis Sesabamisad.

elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba (elastici-ty) - - - - - procentebSi gamoxatuli

cvlileba erTi cvladisa pro-

centebSi gamoxatuli meore cv-

ladis cvlilebis pasuxad.

maCvenebeli, romelic axasiaTebs

moTxovnis an miwodebis cvale-

badobis xarisxs erTi rome-

lime faqtoris, magaliTad, fa-

sis zemoqmedebiT.

moTxovnis fasismieri el-moTxovnis fasismieri el-moTxovnis fasismieri el-moTxovnis fasismieri el-moTxovnis fasismieri el-

astikuroba astikuroba astikuroba astikuroba astikuroba axasiaTebs Sesasy-

idi saqonlis an momsaxurebis

raodenobis cvalebadobis xa-

risxs misi fasis Secvlisas.

moTxovnis elastikuroba moTxovnis elastikuroba moTxovnis elastikuroba moTxovnis elastikuroba moTxovnis elastikuroba ni-

Snavs imas, rom fasis mcire-

odeni Secvla iwvevs im produ-

qciis raodenobis mniSvnelo-

van cvlilebas, romelzec aris

moTxovna. Tuki fasis Secvla

mxolod odnav cvlis saqon-

lis an momsaxurebis real-

izaciis raodenobas, maSin moTx-

ovna araelastikuria.

sabazro ekonomikis Teor-

iaSi gamoyofen èrTeuli ela-èrTeuli ela-èrTeuli ela-èrTeuli ela-èrTeuli ela-

stikurobis~ stikurobis~ stikurobis~ stikurobis~ stikurobis~ cnebas. igi gamo-

xatavs situacias, romlis dro-

sac fasis procentuli cvli-

leba saqonelze (momsaxureba-

ze) moTxovnis procentuli cv-

lilebis tolia. zogjer gam-

oiyeneba termini `savsebiT`savsebiT`savsebiT`savsebiT`savsebiT

araelastikuri moTxovna~araelastikuri moTxovna~araelastikuri moTxovna~araelastikuri moTxovna~araelastikuri moTxovna~,

rac imas niSnavs, rom saqon-

lis fasis cvlileba gavlenas

ar axdens masze moTxovnis mo-

culobaze. moTxovnis elas-moTxovnis elas-moTxovnis elas-moTxovnis elas-moTxovnis elas-

tikurobis koeficienti tikurobis koeficienti tikurobis koeficienti tikurobis koeficienti tikurobis koeficienti gam-

oixateba formuliT:

•••••moTxmoTxmoTxmoTxmoTx .

=

elastikurobaelastikurobaelastikurobaelastikurobaelastikuroba

cvlileba procentuli

fasis saqonlis garkveuli

cvlileba procentuli

moTxovnis saqonelze garkveul

128

moTxovnis elastikurobis

koeficients praqtikuli mniS-

vneloba aqvs xelfasis donis

gansazRvrisas. mag., vinaidan

soflis meurneobis produq-

ciaze moTxovna praqtikulad

araelastikuria, misi warmoeb-

is gadideba erTdroulad am-

cirebs fass erTeul prouq-

ciaze da, aqedan gamomdinare,

fermeris Semosavalsac, romlis

kompensirebac aucilebelia. sa-

kanonmdeblo gziT, wonasworo-

bis donis gauTvaliswineblad

xelfasis minimumis SemoRebam

SeiZleba gamoiwvios umuSevro-

bis zrda, gansakuTrebiT axal-

gazrdobaSi.

miwodebis fasismieri elmiwodebis fasismieri elmiwodebis fasismieri elmiwodebis fasismieri elmiwodebis fasismieri el-----

astikurobaastikurobaastikurobaastikurobaastikuroba imgvarad izomeba,

rogorc moTxovnis elastiku-

roba, oRond elastikurobis ko-

eficientis formulaSi garkve-

ul saqonelze moTxovnis pro-

centuli cvlilebis sididis

nacvlad Caismeba gasayidi

saqonlis miwodebis moculo-

bis procentuli cvlileba.

miwodebis elastikurobis

ZiriTadi faqtoria dro, rom-

lis ganmavlobaSic mwarmoebe-

li saTanado reagirebas axdens

misi produqciis fasebis Sem-

cirebasa Tu gadidebaze. gamo-

yofen umokles-, mokle- da

grZelvadian sabazro periods,

romlis ganmavlobaSic mwarmo-

ebels SeuZlia reagireba moax-

dinos koniunqturis cvlile-

baze.

eleqtronuli fuli eleqtronuli fuli eleqtronuli fuli eleqtronuli fuli eleqtronuli fuli (elec-tronic money, e-money) - - - - - kompiu-terebis meSveobiT mravali

sagadasaxado da saangariSs-

worebo operaciis Sesruleba,

sxvadasxva informaciis damuSa-

veba da gadacema sakredito

garigebebis, fuladi gadasaxa-

debisa da angariSsworebis Sesa-

xeb. amis Sedegad sul raRac

ramdenime wamSi SeiZleba infor-

maciis miReba im piris sabanko

angariSis Sesaxeb, romelmac

warmoadgina Ceki an eleqtronu-

li sakredito baraTi ama Tu

im saqonlis SesaZenad an ama

Tu im saxis momsaxurebis mis-

aRebad. eleqtronuli fulis

sistemas avsebs sabanko avto-

matebi, romlebic ganlagebulia

qalaqis sxvadasxva adgilas _____

miwisqveSa gadasasvlelebSi,

metros sadgurebTan da a.S.

maTi saSualebiT sabanko anga-

riSis mflobels SeuZlia neb-

ismier dros damoukideblad,

sabanko personalis monawile-

obis gareSe, CaerTos sabanko

kompiuterSi da Seasrulos ise-

Ti operaciebi, rogoricaa: fu-

lis Setana, gamotana da gada-

gzavna erTi angariSidan meore-

ze, kreditis miReba da a.S. dad-

genili limitis farglebSi.

eleqtronuli fulieleqtronuli fulieleqtronuli fulieleqtronuli fulieleqtronuli fuli

129

embargo embargo embargo embargo embargo (embargo) [<esp.embargo-----akrZalva] - - - - - saxelm-

wifo xelisuflebis mier saqon-

lis, oqros, fasiani qaRaldebi-

sa da a.S. sazRvargareT gatanis

an sazRvargareTidan Semotanis

akrZalva an savaWro urTier-

Tobis mTlianad aRkveTa ama Tu

im qveyanasTan ekonomikuri da

politikuri mosazrebiT.

emisia emisia emisia emisia emisia (emission) [laT. emis-sio-----gamoSveba] - - - - - sabanko da saxa-zino bileTebis, qaRaldis fuli-

sa da fasiani qaRaldebis mimoq-

cevaSi gaSveba. emisiis Sede-

gad miRebuli saxelmwifo Se-

mosavlebi ganisazRvreba am fu-

lis msyidvelobiT unarsa da

mis gamoSvebaze gaweul xar-

jebs Soris sxvaobiT. vTqvaT,

saxelmwifom ganaxorciela 100

mln dolaris emisia. am fu-

lis gamoSvebasTan dakavSire-

bulma xarjebma Seadgina 1 mln

dolari, e.i. erT weliwads

aseTma operaciam saxelmwifos

misca 99 mln dolaris Semo-

savali. Semdgom weliwads emisi-

is xarjebi gaorkecda (xel-

fasisa da a.S. zrdis safuZ-

velze) da fasebi gaizarda

100%-----iT, e.i. orjer. aseT

SemTxvevaSi 100 mln dolaris

msyidvelobiTi unari gautol-

deba wina wlis 50 mln dola-

ris msyidvelobiT unars. Se-

sabamisad, saxelmwifos Semo-

savali Semcirdeba 48 mln

dolaramde.

fasiani qaRaldebis emisia

SeiZleba iyos rogorc saxel-

mwifo sesxis obligaciebis, ise

kerZo kompaniebis mier aqciebi-

sa da obligaciebis gamoSveba.

emisiuri mogeba emisiuri mogeba emisiuri mogeba emisiuri mogeba emisiuri mogeba (annulmis-sion profit) – mogeba, romelsac

iReben safinanso-sakredito da-

wesebulebebi (bankebi da a.S.)

fasiani qaRaldebis emitenteb-

sa da maT myidvelebs Soris Sua-

mavali momsaxurebisaTvis.

emisiuri Semosavali emisiuri Semosavali emisiuri Semosavali emisiuri Semosavali emisiuri Semosavali (an-nulmission income) - - - - - aqcioneru-li sazogadoebis Semosavali,

romelic iqmneba aqciis nomina-

lur da sabazro kursebs So-

ris sxvaobiT. aqciis kursi Se-

iZleba iyos nominalze maRali

an dabali. Tu kursi maRalia,

maSin aqcionerTa sazogadoeba

iRebs emisiur Semosavals. am

ukanasknelis gansazRvrisas

iTvaliswineben aqciis damza-

debisa da realizaciis xar-

jebs. mag., 10 aTasi aqciis dam-

zadebaze, roca erTi aqciis no-

minaluri Rirebuleba 1000

frankia, daixarja 100 aTasi

franki, xolo safondo birJaze

gaiyida 1360 frankis kursiT.

sabrokero kantorisaTvis 70

aTasi frankis odenobis kurta-

Jis gadaricxvis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT, emisiuri Semosavali

emisiuri Semosavaliemisiuri Semosavaliemisiuri Semosavaliemisiuri Semosavaliemisiuri Semosavali

130

Seadgens 3430000 franks (1360-----

1000 = 360 X 10000 = 3600000-----100000-----

70000). emisiuri Semosavali

gadadis aqcionerTa sazogadoe-

bis sarezervo fondSi.

emitenti emitenti emitenti emitenti emitenti (emitter) [laT.

emittere - - - - - gamoSveba] - - - - - iuridi-uli piri an saxelmwifo or-

gano, romelic axorcielebs

emisias.

emitireba emitireba emitireba emitireba emitireba (issue of mon-ey (securities) [laT. emittere -----ga-moSveba] - - - - - fulisa da fasiani

qaRaldebis mimoqcevaSi gaSve-

ba, emisiis ganxorcieleba.

engelisengelisengelisengelisengelis kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni(Engel’slaw) - - - - - moxmarebis empiriuli

kanoni, dadgenili ernst enge-

lis mier. kanonis idea mdgo-

mareobs imaSi, rom erovnuli

Semosavlis nawili, daxarju-

li kvebis produqtebze, keTil-

dReobis kargi indikatoria. rac

ufro mcirea es nawili, miT

ufro maRalia keTildReoba.

engelis koeficienti engelis koeficienti engelis koeficienti engelis koeficienti engelis koeficienti (En-gel’s coefficient) - - - - - koeficienti,romelic gviCvenebs, rom rac

ufro izrdeba moTxovna dov-

laTze, Semosavlis zrdasTan

SefardebiT, miT ufro elas-

tikuria es moTxovna. cnobil-

ma germanelma statistikosma,

e. engelma pirvelma gamoikv-

lia kavSiri myidvelTa Semo-

savlebsa da samomxmareblo

xarjebis struqturas Soris.

man daadgina Semosavlebis do-

nis mixedviT sxvadasxva saxis

dovlaTze moTxovnis moculo-

bis funqcionaluri damokide-

bulebis cvalebadoba. engelis

azriT, moTxovna pirveladi

moxmarebis sagnebze, maT Soris,

tradiciuli saxis kvebis pro-

duqtebze (purze, kartofilze

da a.S.), garkveuli momentidan

CamorCeba Semosavlebis zrdas,

xolo kvebis iseT produqteb-

ze, rogoricaa zeTis xili, mce-

nareuli zeTi da a.S., agreTve

fufunebis sagnebi da momsaxu-

rebis mravali saxeoba _ _ _ _ _ Semo-

savlebis zrdis proporciulad

matulobs. Semosavlis cvli-

lebis erTeulze moTxovnis Se-

fardebiT cvlilebas man moTx-

ovnis elastikuroba uwoda. e.i.

moTxovnis elastikuroba udris

moTxovnis moculobis cvlile-

ba Sefardebuli Semosavlebis

cvlilebasTan.

endogenuri zrda endogenuri zrda endogenuri zrda endogenuri zrda endogenuri zrda (en-dogenous growth) - - - - - ekonomikurizrda warmoebis Sida (mag., mas-

Stabis efeqti, teqnologiis

srulyofa da a.S.) da ara gare,

egzogenuri (mag., mosaxleobis

ricxovnobis gadideba) faq-

torebis zemoqmedebiT.

endogenuri mtp endogenuri mtp endogenuri mtp endogenuri mtp endogenuri mtp (endoge-nous scientific technological prog-ress) [<berZ. endon - - - - - SigniT...

genos-----gvari, modgma] - - - - - endoge-

emitentiemitentiemitentiemitentiemitenti

131

nuri (Sinagani mizezebiT war-

moqmnili) teqnologiuri pro-

gresis warmoebrivi funqcia. igi

vlindeba Sromasa da kapitals

Soris Tanafardobis cvlile-

bebiT.

energotevadoba energotevadoba energotevadoba energotevadoba energotevadoba (energyintensity) – indikatori, rome-lic gamoxatavs pirveladi en-

ergiis gamoyenebis efeqtianobas

mTliani erovnuli produqtis

erTeulis warmoebisas.

erToblivi danaxarjebierToblivi danaxarjebierToblivi danaxarjebierToblivi danaxarjebierToblivi danaxarjebi

(gross expenses, expenditures) -----mudmivi da cvalebadi danax-

arjebis jami warmoebis yovel

konkretul doneze.

erToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebuli

mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba mosaxleoba (total employees)- - - - - dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba

plus samxedro mosamsaxureebi.

erToblivi miwodeba erToblivi miwodeba erToblivi miwodeba erToblivi miwodeba erToblivi miwodeba (ag-gregate supply) - - - - - qveyanaSi war-moebuli saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis jamuri Rirebuleba.

erToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebis

elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba (elasticity ofaggregate supply) - - - - - maCvenebeli,

romelic gamoxatavs ekonomi-

kaSi erToblivi miwodebis moc-

ulobis SemTviseblobas saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis fasebis

donis cvalebadobasTan. Tu

erToblivi miwodebis moculo-

bis procentuli mateba sWar-

bobs procentebSi gamoxatul

fasebis zrdas, maSin aseTi mi-

wodeba elastikuria (Es>1); TuerToblivi miwodebis moculo-

bis procentuli gadideba to-

lia procentebSi gamoxatuli

fasebis zrdisa, maSin miwodeb-

is elastikuroba 1-----is tolad

iTvleba (Es=1); miwodeba

araelastikuria, rodesac fase-

bis mateba sWarbobs erToblivi

miwodebis moculobis zrdas

(Es<1).erToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebiserToblivi miwodebis

mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi (aggregate supply curve)- - - - - mrudi makroekonomikuri mod-

elis grafikze, romelic asax-

avs ekonomikaSi saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis erToblivi mi-

wodebis dinamikas da gamoxat-

avs damokidebulebas fasebis

zrdasa da warmoebis moculo-

bas Soris. misi yoveli werti-

li gviCvenebs, Tu Sesabamisi

fasiT ra raodenobis wminda

erovnuli produqti SeiZleba

miewodos bazars.

erToblivi moTxovnaerToblivi moTxovnaerToblivi moTxovnaerToblivi moTxovnaerToblivi moTxovna

(aggregate demand) - - - - - qveynis re-aluri msyidvelobiTi unaris

maCvenebeli; erToblivi danax-

arjebi, romelSic Sedis sax-

elmwifo samomxmareblo xar-

jebi, kerZo seqtoris moxmare-

ba, Sejamebuli investiciebi da

eqsport-----importis danaxarje-

bis saldo.

erToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovniserToblivi moTxovnis

elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba elastikuroba (elasticity of ag-

erToblivi moTxovnis erToblivi moTxovnis erToblivi moTxovnis erToblivi moTxovnis erToblivi moTxovnis elastikurobaelastikurobaelastikurobaelastikurobaelastikuroba

132

gregate demand) - - - - - maCvenebeli, ro-

melic gamoxatavs ekonomikaSi

erToblivi moTxovnis moculo-

bis SemTviseblobas saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis fasebis do-

nis cvalebadobasTan. asaxavs

mocemul saqonelsa da momsax-

urebaze erToblivi moTxovnis

cvlilebas maTi fasis erTi

procentiT Secvlisas. Tu er-

Toblivi moTxovnis moculo-

bis procentuli zrda aRemate-

ba fasebis Semcirebis procen-

tul dones, maSin moTxovna

elastikuria (Ed>1). roca er-Toblivi moTxovnisa da faseb-

is cvlilebis maCveneblebi Tana-

baria (gamoxatuli procentu-

lad), moTxovnis elastikuro-

ba iTvleba 1-----is tolad (Ed=1);Tu fasebis Semcirebis procen-

tuli done aRemateba er-

Toblivi moTxovnis zrdas (%-----

Si), erToblivi moTxovna

araelastikuria (Ed<1). er-

Toblivi moTxovnis elas-

tikuroba farTod gamoiyeneba

fasebis donis Secvlis Sesax-

eb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas.


mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi (aggregate demand cur-ve) - - - - - mrudi makroekonomikurimodelis grafikze, romelic

gamoxatavs urTierTdamokide-

bulebas wminda erovnuli

produqtis moculobasa da

fasebis saerTo dones Soris.

misi yoveli wertili gviCvenebs,

ra raodenobis wminda erovnu-

li produqti SeiZleba gaiyi-

dos Sesabamisi fasiT. individ-

ualuri moTxovnis mrudisgan

gansxvavebiT, erToblivi moTx-

ovnis mrudi ar gamoxatavs

Canacvlebis efeqts, romlis

drosac mzardi fasi aqveiTebs

moTxovnas. am SemTxvevaSi mzar-

di fasi amcirebs produqciaze

moTxovnis wonasworobis dones

realuri fuladi masis kleb-

is gziT, rac iwvevs saprocen-

to ganakveTis zrdasa da in-

vesticiebis Semcirebas.

erToblivi SemosavalierToblivi SemosavalierToblivi SemosavalierToblivi SemosavalierToblivi Semosavali

(aggregate, gross income) - - - - - ix. er-ovnuli Semosavali.

erToblivi erToblivi erToblivi erToblivi erToblivi (agregatu-agregatu-agregatu-agregatu-agregatu-

lilililili) warmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqcia

(aggregate production function) -----funqcionaluri damokidebule-

ba mTels ekonomikaSi produ-

qciis nakadsa (Y), warmoebaSimTlian faqtobriv Sromis dan-

axarjebsa (L) da kapitals (K)

Soris. Cveulebriv es funqcia

gamoisaxeba ase:

Y=F(K, L).

formulaSi SeiZleba aisax-

os miwac, danaxarjebisa da te-

qnologiebis saxiT.

erToblivi xarjebi erToblivi xarjebi erToblivi xarjebi erToblivi xarjebi erToblivi xarjebi (ag-gregate expenses) - - - - - ekonomikaSisaqonelsa da momsaxurebaze ga-

weuli xarjebis mTliani Tanxa.

erToblivi moTxovnis mrudierToblivi moTxovnis mrudierToblivi moTxovnis mrudierToblivi moTxovnis mrudierToblivi moTxovnis mrudi

133

erTobliv xarjebSi (Y) Sedis

moxmareba (C), investiciebi (I),saxelmwifo xarjebi (G) plus

eqsports (X) minus importi

(M). formuliT gamoisaxeba ase:

Y = C+I+G+(X-----M) .

erToblivi xarjebis mocu-

loba gansazRvravs warmoebisa

da dasaqmebis moculobas. igi

SeiZleba sistematurad meryeo-

bdes fasebis saerTo donis

cvlilebebis gamo.

erTpirovnuli mflobe-erTpirovnuli mflobe-erTpirovnuli mflobe-erTpirovnuli mflobe-erTpirovnuli mflobe-

lobislobislobislobislobis firma firma firma firma firma (emfemfemfemfemf) (sole pro-prietorship firm, one man compa-ny) - - - - - biznesis erT-----erTi orga-nizaciuli forma, erTi piris

sawarmo, erTpirovnuli sakuT-

reba (sole proprietor ship). fir-mis sxva organizaciul formeb-

Tan SedarebiT, emfemfemfemfemf-----s bevri upi-

ratesoba da naklovaneba aqvs.

upiratesobaTagan SeiZleba gam-

oiyos Semdegi: firmis me-

sakuTres mTlianad ekuTvnis

mogeba da sargeblobs garkveu-

li sagadasaxado SeRavaTebiT.

amasTan, warmoebis organizaci-

is xarjebi firmaSi dabalia,

sawarmos simcire mesakuTres

saSualebas aZlevs kontaqti

daamyaros rogorc produqci-

is mwarmoeblebTan, ise gamsaRe-

blebTan da a.S. naklovanebebia:

1. kapitalis gafarToebis Sez-

Ruduli SesaZleblobebi; 2.

firmis mesakuTris SeuzRudavi

pasuxismgebloba sawarmos fi-

nansuri mdgomareobisaTvis

(sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT

mTeli misi qoneba SeiZleba

valis dafarvas moxmardes).

amasTan, emfemfemfemfemf-----is mesakuTre TviT

unda erkveodes yvela warmoe-

briv Tu finansur sakiTxSi da

flobdes mewarmeobis Cvevebs,

rac memkvidreobiT ar gadaicema.

erTpirovnuli mflobelobis

firma biznesis yvelaze meryevi

organizaciuli formaa.

erovnul angariSTa sis-erovnul angariSTa sis-erovnul angariSTa sis-erovnul angariSTa sis-erovnul angariSTa sis-

tematematematematema (eas) (System of National Ac-counts) - - - - - makroekonomikur maC-venebelTa sistema, romelic sa-

fuZvlad udevs qveynis ekono-

mikisa da `danarCen msofli-

osTan~ misi ekonomikuri kavSi-

rebis Seswavlas. igi ekonomikis

ganviTarebis maxasiaTebel indi-

katorTa gaangariSebisa da sis-

tematizaciis universaluri

meTodia, romelic gamoiyeneba

msoflios 150-----ze met qveyana-

Si. TFC moicavs ara mxolod

ekonomikis konsolidirebul

erovnul angariSebs, aramed

dargobriv, seqtorul da

ekonomikuri saqmianobis mixed-

viT angariSebsac. TFC-----is pirve-

li varianti Seiqmna 1953 wels.

praqtikuli gamocdisa da sru-

lyofis Semdeg, 1968 wels

damtkicda misi meore varian-

erovnul angariSTa siserovnul angariSTa siserovnul angariSTa siserovnul angariSTa siserovnul angariSTa sistematematematematema

134

ti, xolo `cisferi wignis~

saxelwodebiT saxelmZRvane-

lod gamovida 1969 wels. es

gamocema msoflioSi aRiarebul

iqna rogorc urTulesi siste-

ma. mis paralelurad evropis

rig qveynebSi moqmedebda Se-

darebiT gamartivebuli da de-

talizebuli evrostatis egid-

iT gamocemuli `integrirebu-

li ekonomikuri angariSebis

evropuli sistema~. 1993 wli-

dan msoflioSi standartul

saxelmZRvanelod dainerga TFC-----

is III varianti (easeaseaseaseas-93-93-93-93-93), romel-

ic gaeros statistikuri de-

partamentis, ekonomikuri Tan-

amSromlobisa da ganviTarebis

organizaciis statistikuri di-

reqtoratis, evrostatis, saer-

TaSoriso savaluto fondisa

da msoflio bankis statisti-

kuri samsaxurebis erToblivi

namuSevaria.

TFC-----is ZiriTadi principe-

bia: mTeli ekonomikis erT mTli-

anobaSi warmodgena; ekonomikis

seqtorebad dayofa; angariSeb-

ze ormagi Cawera; Sida da erov-

nuli ekonomikis gamijvna; Semo-

savlebisa da xarjebis mimdinare

da kapitalurad dayofa, msof-

lios qveynebis makroekonomikur

maCvenebelTa saerTaSoriso

Sesadarisobis uzrunvelyofa.

erovnul angariSTa siste-

ma iyofa erovnuli ekonomi-erovnuli ekonomi-erovnuli ekonomi-erovnuli ekonomi-erovnuli ekonomi-

kis angariSebad kis angariSebad kis angariSebad kis angariSebad kis angariSebad da sazRvar-sazRvar-sazRvar-sazRvar-sazRvar-

gareTis seqtoris angariSe-gareTis seqtoris angariSe-gareTis seqtoris angariSe-gareTis seqtoris angariSe-gareTis seqtoris angariSe-

bad. bad. bad. bad. bad. Tavis mzriv, erovnuli

ekonomikis angariSebSi Sedis:

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis an-

gariSi, warmoebis angariSi, Se-

mosavlebis formirebis angariSi,

Semosavlebis ganawilebis an-

gariSi, Semosavlebis gamoyenebis

angariSi, kapitalis angariSi,

finansuri angariSi. sazRvarg-

areTis seqtoris angariSebSi Se-

dis: saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

angariSi, pirveladi Semosavleb-

isa da mimdinare transferebis

angariSi, finansuri angariSi,

aqtivebis sxva cvlilebebis an-

gariSi, gadafasebis angariSi.

erovnuli angariSebi erovnuli angariSebi erovnuli angariSebi erovnuli angariSebi erovnuli angariSebi (na-tional accounts) - - - - - angariSebisa dasabalanso cxrilebis sistema,

romelic warmoadgens ekono-

mikis ganviTarebis raodenobriv

aRweras garkveul monakveTSi.

makroekonomikur analizSi gam-

oiyeneba krebsiTi erovnuli an-

gariSebi, romlebic gamoxata-

ven mepmepmepmepmep-----is Seqmnis, erovnuli

Semosavlis, kapitalwarmoqmnis

ganawilebisa da gamoyenebis

process, mocemuli qveynis eko-

nomikuri agentebis mier sxva

saxelmwifoebTan ganxorciele-

bul operaciebs.

erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-

bababababa (national accounting) - - - - - makro-ekonomikur maCvenebelTa siste-

erovnuli angariSebierovnuli angariSebierovnuli angariSebierovnuli angariSebierovnuli angariSebi

135

ma, gamoiyeneba qveynis ekonomi-

kur statistikaSi, asaxavs eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis (erovnu-

li Semosavlis, saboloo pro-

duqtis warmoebis, ganawilebis,

gadanawilebisa da moxmarebis,

agreTve erovnuli simdidris

formirebis) mniSvnelovan aspeq-

tebs. termini SemoiRo holan-

dielma ekonomistma ed. van

klifma XX saukunis 40-----50-----ianwlebSi. gaerom erovnuli an-

gariSianoba safuZvlad daudo

erovnul angariSTa standar-

tul sistemas.

erovnuli simdidre erovnuli simdidre erovnuli simdidre erovnuli simdidre erovnuli simdidre (na-tional wealth) - - - - - gansazRvruli pe-

riodisTvis finansuri da ara-

finansuri aqtivebis erToblioba,

romelic moicavs mocemuli

qveynis teritoriaze da mis

farglebs gareT wina Taobebis

mier Seqmnil materialur da

aramaterialur qonebas, agreTve

gamokvleul da ekonomikur

brunvaSi moqceul resursebs.

farTo gagebiT, erovnuli

simdidre aris Taobebis mier

SromiT Seqmnili da dagrovili

materialuri simdidre, warmoe-

bis procesSi CarTuli da aR-

ricxuli bunebrivi resursebi,

agreTve adamianiseuli kapita-

li (inteleqtualuri kapita-

li, dagrovili codna, gamocdi-

leba da a.S.). gamoiTvleba mim-

dinare da Sesadar fasebSi.

axasiaTebs qveynis socialur-----

ekonomikur mdgomareobas.

saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi

gamoiTvleba erovnuli simdi-----

dris rogorc mTliani mocu-----

loba, ise misi odenoba qveynis

erT mcxovrebze gaangariSebiT.

msoflio bankisa da gaeros

ganviTarebis programis Sefase-

biT, msoflio erovnuli sim-

didris struqturaSi bunebrivi

resursebi Seadgens 20,0%-----s,

dagrovili materialuri sim-

didre _ _ _ _ _ 16,0%-----s, xolo adami-

aniseuli kapitali _ _ _ _ _ 64,0%-----s.

Tanamedrove msoflios erov-

nuli simdidre (msoflio bankis

monacemebze dayrdnobiT), 550

trilion dolars Seadgens.

aqedan, 365 trilioni modis ad-

amianiseul kapitalze, materia-

lur kapitalze _ _ _ _ _ 95, xolo

bunebriv resursebze _ _ _ _ _ 90 tri-

lioni dolari.

erovnuli simdidre araTa-

nabaria sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.

misi naxevari modis `did Svi-

deulze~ _ _ _ _ _ aSS, didi britane-

Ti, safrangeTi, germania, ital-

ia, kanada, iaponia. danarCeni naxe-

vari nawildeba Semdegnairad:

opekis qveynebze modis 95 tri-

lioni dolari, dsT-----is qveynebze

80, danarCen qveynebze _ _ _ _ _ 100

trilioni dolari.

bunebrivi resursebiT msof-

lioSi yvelaze mdidari qveya-

erovnuli simdidreerovnuli simdidreerovnuli simdidreerovnuli simdidreerovnuli simdidre

136

na ruseTia. misi resursuli

potenciali, mosaxleobis erT

sulze gaangariSebiT, 2-----2,5-----jer

aWarbebs aSS-----is resursul po-

tencials, 6-----jer germaniisas da

18-----21-----jer _ _ _ _ _ iaponiisas. aSS-----is

erovnuli simdidre, mimdinare

fasebiT, daaxloebiT 24 tril-

ioni dolaris tolia.

erovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobis

rombirombirombirombirombi (national priority rhomb) –

maikl porteris daimondis mod-

eli, qveynis konkurentuli up-

iratesobis qvakuTxedi, aisaxe-

ba lokaluri konkurentuli

upiratesobis oTx determinan-

tSi, romlebic erTobliobaSi

warmoqmnian im specifikur gare-

mos, romelic xels uwyobs ax-

ali, konkurentunariani kompanie-

bis ̀ aRmocenebas~. saboloo an-

gariSiT yalibdeba is `saTa-

maSo veli~, romelsac konkuren-

tunariani qveyana qmnis saku-

Tari industriis ganviTarebi-

saTvis. es determinantebia:

1. faqtoruli pirobebi.1. faqtoruli pirobebi.1. faqtoruli pirobebi.1. faqtoruli pirobebi.1. faqtoruli pirobebi.

qveynis pozicia im warmoebis

faqtorebTan (kvalificiuri

samuSao Zala, teqnologiuri,

administraciuli da fizikuri

infrastruqtura, kapitalis

bazrebi, miwodebis pirobebi)

mimarTebaSi, romlebic aucile-

belia mocemuli dargis kon-

kurentunarianobisaTvis. Zalze

mniSvnelovania Tu ra tempiT

da ramdenad efeqtianad qmnis

da ganaaxlebs qveyana am faqto-

rebs konkurentul dargebSi.

magaliTad, kolejdamTavrebuli

muSaxeli ar ganapirobebs kon-

kurentul upiratesobas Tan-

amedrove pirobebSi. amisaTvis

igi specializebuli unda iyos

dargis konkretuli moTxovne-

bis Sesabamisad, rac venCurul

kapitalsa da stabilur inves-

ticiebs moiTxovs. konkuren-

tuli upiratesoba ukavSirde-

ba msoflio klasis moderni-

zebuli institutebis Seqmnasa

da maT mier warmoebuli bren-

dis Sedegia. mag., dania msof-

lio lideria diabetis kvl-

evasa da insulinis eqsportSi,

xolo niderlandi msoflio

lideria yvavilebis kultivi-

rebis, SefuTvisa da trans-

portirebis sferoSi.

2. moTxovnis pirobebi.2. moTxovnis pirobebi.2. moTxovnis pirobebi.2. moTxovnis pirobebi.2. moTxovnis pirobebi.

qveynis Sida bazarze mocemu-

li dargis produqciaze moTx-

ovnis raodenobrivi, gansakuTre-

biT ki, xarisxobrivi, Tvisebrivi

determinatebi;

3. qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan3. qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan3. qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan3. qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan3. qveyanaSi erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli saerTaSorisodakavSirebuli saerTaSorisodakavSirebuli saerTaSorisodakavSirebuli saerTaSorisodakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso

doneze konkurentunarianidoneze konkurentunarianidoneze konkurentunarianidoneze konkurentunarianidoneze konkurentunariani

dardardardardargebisa da damxmare sfe-gebisa da damxmare sfe-gebisa da damxmare sfe-gebisa da damxmare sfe-gebisa da damxmare sfe-

roebis arseboba;roebis arseboba;roebis arseboba;roebis arseboba;roebis arseboba;

4. kompaniis myari stra-4. kompaniis myari stra-4. kompaniis myari stra-4. kompaniis myari stra-4. kompaniis myari stra-

tegia, struqtura da konku-tegia, struqtura da konku-tegia, struqtura da konku-tegia, struqtura da konku-tegia, struqtura da konku-

rentuli garemo. rentuli garemo. rentuli garemo. rentuli garemo. rentuli garemo. qveyanaSi

erovnuli upiratesobis rombierovnuli upiratesobis rombierovnuli upiratesobis rombierovnuli upiratesobis rombierovnuli upiratesobis rombi

137

arsebuli pirobebi, romlebic

warmarTaven kompaniebis Seqm-

nas, organizebasa da marTvas,

agreTve metoqeobasa da konku-

renciis xasiaTs.....

erovnuli konkurentuli

upiratesobis rombi, rogorc

sistema, gavlenas axdens kom-

paniaTa konkurentunarianobis

iseT komponentebze, rogoricaa:

resursebis xelmisawvdomoba, da-

sabuTebuli uaxlesi informa-

ciis mopoveba, unar-Cvevebis aku-

mulireba, romelTa safuZvelze

kompaniebi acnobiereben ra mima-

rTulebiT warmarTon TavianTi

biznesi da miaRwion konkuren-

tul upiratesobas. porteris

azriT, kompaniebze ganxorcie-

lebuli sxvadasxva saxis ze-

wola aiZulebs maT miizidon

investiciebi da ganaxorcielon

inovaciebi. magaliTad, iaponel-

Ta cnobilma gancxadebam `Cven

varT kunZuli-saxelmwifo buneb-

rivi resursebis gareSe~ – kar-

gi samsaxuri gauwia maT qveya-

nas am naklovanebiT gamowveuli

araxelsayreli mdgomareoba kon-

kurentuli inovaciebis ganxor-

cilebiTa da informaciis swra-

fi mopovebis gziT bazris ufro

mdgradi segmentebis moZiebaSi

ucxoeli metoqeebisaTvis das-

wrebiT gadaefaraT.

amrigad, qveyanaSi Camoyali-

bebuli kompaniaTa konkurentu-

narianobis amaRlebis garemo

droTa ganmavlobaSi ganamtki-

cebs maT konkurentul upirate-

sobas. rodesac kompaniebi ara-

saxarbielo mdgomareobaSi aR-

moCndebian nedleulis simci-

ris, miwis maRali fasis, muSaxe-

lis deficitis gamo, imisaTvis

rom gauZlon konkurencias, isi-

ni adekvaturad reagireben baz-

ris moTxovnebze, rac gamoixa-

teba imaSi, rom mimarTaven war-

moebis modernizacias, nergaven

axal teqnologiebs, inovaciebs,

afuZneben Tanamedrove stra-

tegiebs da amiT qmnian axal

bazars. am SemTxvevaSi konkuren-

tuli brZolis modeli arafa-

sismier konkurenciaSi aisaxe-

ba, rac maRali xarisxis, teqno-

logiurad srulyofili saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis bazarze

miwodebaSi gamoixateba.

erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali erovnuli Semosavali (na-tional income) - - - - - erovnuli war-

moebidan miRebuli Semosavali;

ekonomikaSi yvela saxis Semo-

savlis jami; saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis fuladi Sefaseba, ro-

melic iqmneba qveyanaSi ekonomi-

kuri saqmianobis Sedegad. moi-

cavs xelfass, rentul Semo-

savals, korporaciebis Semosav-

lebs, wminda procentsa da sa-

kuTrebidan Semosavlebs. gamo-

iTvleba rogorc sxvaoba VTG-----is

sidides, ZiriTadi kapitalis

erovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavali

138

itvjcfdkt,bc vt'jlbitvjcfdkt,bc vt'jlbitvjcfdkt,bc vt'jlbitvjcfdkt,bc vt'jlbitvjcfdkt,bc vt'jlb

itvjcfdfkb lfcfmvt,blfy

itvjcfdfkb bylbdblefke-

hb vtofhvtj,blfy

rjvgfybbc v'kbfyb vjut,f

cf[tkvobaj cfofhvjt,bc

v'kbfyb vjut,f

htynf

gkec

gkec

gkec

gkec

40

5

5

5

5

moxmarebasa da arapirdapir ga-

dasaxadebze gaweul jamobriv

danaxarjebs Soris.

arsebobs sami midgoma erov-

nuli Semosavlis gansazRvri-

sadmi. pirveli midgomis pirveli midgomis pirveli midgomis pirveli midgomis pirveli midgomis mi-

xedviT, ekonomikuri saqmiano-

bisagan miRebuli Semosavlebi

iyofa mogebisgan Semosavlebad

da dasaqmebisgan Semosavlebad;

meore midgoma meore midgoma meore midgoma meore midgoma meore midgoma mdgomareobs

samomxmareblo da sainvesti-

cio xarjebis mTliani Tanxis

dajamebaSi; mesame midgomamesame midgomamesame midgomamesame midgomamesame midgoma

gulisxmobs qveynis ekonomikis

yvela seqtoris produqciis

Tanxis Sekrebas. Semosavleb-Semosavleb-Semosavleb-Semosavleb-Semosavleb-

is, xarjebisa is, xarjebisa is, xarjebisa is, xarjebisa is, xarjebisa da gamoSve-gamoSve-gamoSve-gamoSve-gamoSve-

buli produqciis moculo-buli produqciis moculo-buli produqciis moculo-buli produqciis moculo-buli produqciis moculo-

baze baze baze baze baze dafuZnebuli am sami mid-

gomidan gamomdinareobs ekonomi-

kuri agregatebis aRweris sx-

vadasxva meTodi, romlebic gam-

oiyeneba erovnuli Semosavlis

angariSis Sedgenisas. amis Sesa-

xeb naTel warmodgenas iZleva

qvemod moyvanili cxrili (cif-

rebi pirobiTia).

cxrilicxrilicxrilicxrilicxrili

erovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavalierovnuli Semosavali

njkbf

vbyec

njkbf

gkec

njkbf

gkec

gkec

gkec

njkbf

gkec

vbyec

vbyec

gkec

njkbf

gkec

v'kbfyb ibuf itvjcfdfkb

vfhfut,bc ufsdbht,bc uf-

vjmdb'fvlt

vfhfut,bc ufsdbht,f

v'kbfyb ibuf ghjlemnb

ovbylf itvjcfdfkb cfpq-

dfhufht' fhct,ekb mjyt-

,blfy

v'kbfyb thjdyekb ghj-

lemnb

[fh]t,bc vt'jlb[fh]t,bc vt'jlb[fh]t,bc vt'jlb[fh]t,bc vt'jlb[fh]t,bc vt'jlb

cfvjv[vfht,kj [fh]t,b

cfmjytkcf lf vjvcf[eht-

,fpt cf[tkvobaj jhufyjt-

,bc vbvlbyfht [fh]t,b

v'kbfyb iblf bydtcnbwb-

t,b sbhb'fl rfgbnfkib

vfhfut,bc abpbrehb vj-

wekj,bc uflblt,bc qbht-

,ekt,f lf lfev'fdht,t-

kb ofhvjt,f

th'j,kbdb ibuf [fh]t,b

cf,fphj afct,ib

tmcgjhnb lf itvjcfdfkb

cfpqdfhufht' fhct,ekb

mjyt,blfy

bvgjhnb lf itvjcfdkt,b

cfpqdfhufht' fhct,ekb

mjyt,blfy

fhfgbhlfgbhb uflfcf[flt,b

ce,cblbt,b


lemnb

ofhvjt,bcofhvjt,bcofhvjt,bcofhvjt,bcofhvjt,bcvjwekj,f'f vt'jlbvjwekj,f'f vt'jlbvjwekj,f'f vt'jlbvjwekj,f'f vt'jlbvjwekj,f'f vt'jlb

cjakbc vtehytj,f lf vhto-

dtkj,bc vjgjdt,b'b lfh-

ut,b

vhtodtkj,bc uflfvveif-

dt,tkb lfhut,b

60

15

45

5

50

35

10

10

5

60

10

15

10

5

50

5

20

139erou keneT j.erou keneT j.erou keneT j.erou keneT j.erou keneT j.

gkec

njkbf

gkec

njkbf

vbyec

njkbf

vjvcf[eht,f lf vityt,kj,f

v'kbfyb ibuf ghjlemnb

ovbylf itvjcfdfkb cfpqdfh-

ufht' fhct,ekb mjyt,blfy


lemnb

sbhb'flb rfgbnfkbc fvjh-

nbpfwbf

ovbylf thjdyekb ghj-

lemnb

20

45

5

50

10

40

xarjebis meTodis xarjebis meTodis xarjebis meTodis xarjebis meTodis xarjebis meTodis gamoye-

nebisas sabazro fasebiT jam-deba samomxmareblo da sain-

vesticio xarjebi erTobliviSida xarjebis misaRebad. ikribe-

ba mxolod saboloo dovla-Tis Rirebulebebi da gamoiri-

cxeba yvela xarji SualedurdovlaTze. amasTan, vinaidan sab-

oloo dovlaTze gavlenasaxdens gadasaxadebi, subsidie-

bi da xarjebi importze, mag-ram ar icvleba eqsportis Rire-

buleba, amitom am meTodiTmTliani erovnuli produqtis

misaRebad aucilebelia Ses-worebebis Setana aRniSnuli mo-

mentebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

warmoebis moculobaTawarmoebis moculobaTawarmoebis moculobaTawarmoebis moculobaTawarmoebis moculobaTa

meTodi meTodi meTodi meTodi meTodi ajamebs damatebul Ri-rebulebas warmoebis yvela sta-

diaze qveynis dargebsa da sa-warmoebSi. am damatebul Ri-

rebulebaTa jami iZleva mTlianSida produqts, romelic sazR-vargareT arsebuli sakuTre-

bidan wminda Semosavlis dama-tebiT gardaiqmneba mTlian erov-

nul produqtad.amrigad, samive meTodiT ga-

iangariSeba mTliani erovnuliproduqti, romelic, ZiriTadi

kapitalis amortizaciis gamo-qviTvis Semdeg, iZleva erovnul

Semosavals, anu ufro zustad,wminda erovnul produqts.

erou keneT jerou keneT jerou keneT jerou keneT jerou keneT j& (dab. 1921)

(Arrow Kennet J.) - - - - - amerikeli

erovnuli Semosavlis gan-sazRvra Semosavlebis meTo-Semosavlebis meTo-Semosavlebis meTo-Semosavlebis meTo-Semosavlebis meTo-diT diT diT diT diT ar daiyvaneba yvela Se-mosavlis martiv dajamebamde.

erovnuli Semosavali arisqveynis rezidentebis (korpo-raciebi da kerZo pirebi) Se-mosavlebis erToblioba, romel-sac iReben uSualod mimdinarewarmoebidan. igi moicavs war-moebis faqtorTa mflobeleb-is Semosavlebs da gamoricx-avs yvela im Semosavals, romel-ic ar SeiZleba Sefasdes ga-dasaxadebad mimdinare warmoe-brivi saqmianobisTvis. yvelafaqtoruli Semosavlis jamswarmoadgens mTliani Sida Se-mosavali, romelic maragebisgaZvirebiT gamowveuli cvli-lebebis Semdeg iZleva mTlianSida produqts. Tu amis Sem-deg mas daemateba wminda Semo-savali sazRvargareT arsebulisakuTrebidan, maSin saboloodmiiReba mTliani erovnuli Se-mTliani erovnuli Se-mTliani erovnuli Se-mTliani erovnuli Se-mTliani erovnuli Se-mosavali, romelic ufromosavali, romelic ufromosavali, romelic ufromosavali, romelic ufromosavali, romelic ufrocnocnocnocnocnobilia rogorc mTlibilia rogorc mTlibilia rogorc mTlibilia rogorc mTlibilia rogorc mTlianianianianiani

erovnuli perovnuli perovnuli perovnuli perovnuli produqtiroduqtiroduqtiroduqtiroduqti.

140

ekonomisti, jon hiksTan erTad

ekonomikaSi nobelis premiis

laureati (1972). gansakuTre-

buli wvlili miuZRvis ekono-

metrikis ganviTarebaSi. misi

naSromebi ZiriTadad eZRvneba say-

ovelTao wonasworobis siste-

mis analizs. naSromSi ̀ sazoga-

doebrivi arCevani da individ-

ualuri faseulobebi~ (1951)

ganixila keTildReobis ekono-

mikuri Teoriis dilema, romel-

ic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mo-

mxmarebelTa suverenitetis

pirobebSi SeuZlebelia gan-

sazRvro individualuri pri-

oritetebis Sesabamisi sazoga-

doebrivi prioritetebi. amit-

om SeuZlebelia sazogadoebrivi

keTildReobis funqciis Se-

muSaveba, romelic pozitiurad

dakavSirebuli iqneba individ-

ualur arCevanTan. sazogadoe-

bas ar SeuZlia SeimuSaos

koleqtiuri Sexeduleba imis

Sesaxeb, Tu ra surs mas.

erous ZiriTadi naSrome-

bia: `gamokvleva warmoebisa da

maragebis maTematikur Teoria-

Si~ (1958), `narkvevebi riskis

TeoriaSi~ (1970), ̀ konkurenciis

zogadi analizi~ (1971) (frenk

hanTan erTad) da a.S.

erouerouerouerouerou-----debrios modelidebrios modelidebrios modelidebrios modelidebrios modeli

(Arrow-----Debreus model) - - - - - nobe-lis premiis laureatebis k. ero-

usa da J. debrios mier Semu-

Savebuli konkurenciuli baz-

ris sayovelTao wonasworobis

ekonomikur-maTematikur Teore-

maze agebuli modeli, romelic

maT cal-calke daamuSaves, xolo

Semdeg erTobliv publikacia-

Si warmoadgines 1954 wels.

erouerouerouerouerou-----pratas koefici-pratas koefici-pratas koefici-pratas koefici-pratas koefici-

enti enti enti enti enti (Arrow-----Pratt coefficient) -----riskisgan gadaxris intensivo-

bis maCvenebeli, romlis sid-

ide ganisazRvreba rogorc sar-

geblianobis meore warmoebu-

li funqciis Tanafardoba zRv-

rul sargeblianobasTan.

etatizmi etatizmi etatizmi etatizmi etatizmi (etatism) [<frang.etat saxelmwifo] - - - - - politikuri

cneba, romelic gamoxatavs aq-

tiur Carevas sazogadoebis

ekonomikur saqmianobaSi.

efeqtiani moTxovna efeqtiani moTxovna efeqtiani moTxovna efeqtiani moTxovna efeqtiani moTxovna (ef-fective demand) - - - - - erToblivi

moTxovna saqonelsa da mom-

saxurebaze, uzrunvelyofili

maTi SeZenisTvis saWiro re-

sursebiT. igi gansxvavdeba po-

tenciuri moTxovnisagan, rome-

lic ukavSirdeba saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis SeZenis survils,

magram ar aris uzrunvelyo-

fili maTi SeZenisTvis saWiro

resursebiT da amitom ar Sei-

Zleba fasebis meqanizmis meS-

veobiT dayvanili iqnes momx-

mareblamde.

aseTi dayofa mniSvnelova-

nia imiT rom, vinaidan fasebis

erouerouerouerouerou-----debrios modelidebrios modelidebrios modelidebrios modelidebrios modeli

141

meqanizmi ar iZleva signals po-tenciuri moTxovnis Sesaxeb, ami-tom sabazro ekonomikaSi SeiZ-leba warmoiqmnas uwonasworoba.

efeqtianoba efeqtianoba efeqtianoba efeqtianoba efeqtianoba (efficiency) -----resursTa gamoyenebis Sefaseb-is kriteriumi. gamoiTvlebaresursebis gamoyenebiT miRe-buli Sedegis SefardebiT war-moebisa da realizaciis dan-axarjebTan. bazris efeqtianobamiiRweva maSin, roca resurse-bi imgvarad nawildeba, rom maTigamoyenebiT miiReba maqsimalu-rad SesaZlebeli wminda ekono-mikuri mogeba.

eqspatrianti eqspatrianti eqspatrianti eqspatrianti eqspatrianti (expatriante)----- farTo gagebiT, am terminSiigulisxmeba ucxoelebi, magramukanasknel periodSi SeimCnevatendencia misi ufro viwrogagebiT gamoyenebisa, ganviTare-buli qveynebidan ganviTarebadqveynebSi Camosul pirTa mimar-TebaSi. maTi samuSao, or qveya-nas Soris xelfasis doneebSisxvaobidan gamomdinare, Seda-rebiT maRalanazRaurebadia.

eqspluataciaeqspluataciaeqspluataciaeqspluataciaeqspluatacia (exploitation)– gamoiyeneba ori mniSvnelo-biT: pirveli gulisxmobs resur-sebis gamoyenebas, xolo meore_ daqiravebuli muSakis mierdaxarjuli Sromis anazRa-urebaSi damqiraveblis mierdaSvebul Secdomebs. amis ma-galiTia, rodesac damqiravebeligacilebiT naklebs uxdis da-qiravebuls, vidre misi Sromis

fasia.eqspluataciis es meore gan-

marteba ukavSirdeba karl mar-qsis zedmeti Rirebulebis Teo-rias. marqsis mixedviT zedme-ti Rirebulebis norma eqsplu-ataciis sazomia. aseTma for-mulirebam Tavi iCina Tanamed-rove ekonomikur terminebSic(j. robinsoni) rogorc sxva-obam daqiravebulis xelfassada misi zRvruli produqtisRirebulebas Soris.

eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti (export) - - - - - erTqveyanaSi warmoebuli saqonlisada momsaxurebis gatana sazR-vargareT sagareo bazrebze re-alizaciis mizniT. arsebobs xi-xi-xi-xi-xi-luli luli luli luli luli da uxilavi uxilavi uxilavi uxilavi uxilavi eqsporti.xilulia fizikurad xelSesa-xebi saqonlis eqsporti, xolouxilavi _ _ _ _ _ momsaxurebisa.

eqstrapolacia eqstrapolacia eqstrapolacia eqstrapolacia eqstrapolacia (extrapo-lation) [<laT. polatio] - - - - - Secvla,ganaxleba) _ _ _ _ _ 1. arsebuli mo-nacemebis safuZvelze ekonomi-kur maCvenebelTa mosalodne-li mniSvnelobebis gansazRvrawarsulSi maTi cvlilebebisgaTvaliswinebiT; 2. statisti-kuri kvlevisas movlenis erTnawilze dakvirvebis safuZvel-ze miRebuli daskvnebis gavr-celeba mis meore nawilze.

eqsteritoriuli orga-eqsteritoriuli orga-eqsteritoriuli orga-eqsteritoriuli orga-eqsteritoriuli orga-

nizaciebinizaciebinizaciebinizaciebinizaciebi da organoebi da organoebi da organoebi da organoebi da organoebi (ex-territorial organizations and bodies)- - - - - moicavs iseT saerTaSoriso

organizaciebs, rogoricaa gaer-

eqsteritoriuli orgaeqsteritoriuli orgaeqsteritoriuli orgaeqsteritoriuli orgaeqsteritoriuli organizaciebinizaciebinizaciebinizaciebinizaciebi da da da da da.. .. . .. . .. . .. . .

142

Tianebuli erebis organizacia

da misi specializebuli dan-

ayofebi, regionuli organoebi

da a.S., evrokavSiri, ekonomikuri

TanamSromlobisa da ganviTare-

bis organizacia, arabuli sax-

elmwifoebis liga, sabaJo Tan-

amSromlobis sabWo, saerTa-

Soriso savaluto fondi, ame-

rikuli saxelmwifoebis orga-

nizacia, afrikuli erTianobis

organizacia da sxv. rac Seex-

eba diplomatiur warmomadgen-

lobebsa da saelCoebs, isini

gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----is mixedviT

klasificirebulia qvejgufSi _____

`ucxouri saqmeebi~. es ukanas-

kneli, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobaSi Sedis.

eqsteritoriuli organi-

zaciebi da organoebi gaeros

ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----Si calke ganyofilebad

Sedis.

eqsteritoriuloba eqsteritoriuloba eqsteritoriuloba eqsteritoriuloba eqsteritoriuloba (exter-ritoriality) [<laT. exterritorialis] -----gansakuTrebuli uflebamosile-

bani (sacxovreblis xelSeux-

ebloba, begarisa da gadasaxa-

disagan ganTavisufleba da sxv.),

romlebsac saxelmwifo aniWebs

ucxoeTis diplomatiur war-

momadgenlebs.

eqsternalizacia eqsternalizacia eqsternalizacia eqsternalizacia eqsternalizacia (exter-nality) - - - - - firmis mier sakuTarisaWiroebisaTvis warmoebuli

momsaxurebis miyidva sxva kompa-

niebisaTvis. Cveulebriv, eqster-

nalizacia xorcieldeba fir-

mis SigniT qveganyofilebebis

an filialebis Seqmnis gziT.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu solidur

sabazro warmatebas miaRwevs,

aseT filials SeuZlia Tavad

gaxdes damoukidebeli firma.

mag., inglisis eqvsi wamyvani

firma, romlebic amJamad kom-

piuterul momsaxurebaSia spe-

cializebuli, adre am qveynis

transerovnuli korporaciebis

filialebad iTvleboda.

ejourti frensis isi-ejourti frensis isi-ejourti frensis isi-ejourti frensis isi-ejourti frensis isi-

drodrodrodrodro (1845_1926) (Edgeworth Fran-sis Ysidro) – oqsfordis univer-sitetis profesori 1891_1922

wlebSi, amave wlebSi ̀ ekonomi-

kuri Jurnalis~ gamomcemeli,

marJinalisti da ekonomikur-

maTematikuri skolis warmomad-

geneli. cnobilia agreTve ro-

gorc statistikuri meTodebis

mkvlevari. ejourtis naSrome-

bidan aRsaniSnavia: ̀ maTematikuri

fsiqologia~ (1881), `albaTo-

bisa da sargeblianobis gazomvis

meTodi~ (1888), `monopoliebis

Teoria~ (1897), ̀ ganawilebis Te-

oria~ (1904), ̀ statiebi politi-

kuri ekonomiis Sesaxeb~ (1925)

da a.S. misi gamokvlevebidan gan-

sakuTrebuli yuradReba daimsa-

xura indeqsebisa da sabanko saq-

mis maTematikuri modelirebisa-

dmi miZRvnilma publikaciebma.

eqsteritoriulobaeqsteritoriulobaeqsteritoriulobaeqsteritoriulobaeqsteritoriuloba

143valorizaciavalorizaciavalorizaciavalorizaciavalorizacia

vvvvvvagnervagnervagnervagnervagnerisisisisis kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni (Wagner’s

law) - - - - - hipoTeza, romelic wamo-

ayena XIX saukunis bolos ger-

manelma ekonomistma adolf vag-

nerma. misi azriT, samrewvelo

ganviTarebas Tan axlavs saxel-

mwifo xarjebis wilis zrda

mTlian erovnul produqtSi.

vagnerma Camoayaliba am movle-

nis sami ZiriTadi mizezi:

1. xarjebis SefardebiTi

zrda saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-

baze, kanonierebis da wesrigis

dacvaze, agreTve sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis kvalobaze ekonomi-

kuri saqmianobis regulirebaze;

2. moTxovnis elastikuroba

saxelmwifos kulturul da

saqvelmoqmedo saqmianobaze.

moTxovna aseTi saxis momsaxu-

rebaze izrdeba ufro swrafad,

vidre Semosavlebi;

3. ekonomikuri ganviTareb-

is kvalobaze samrewvelo mo-

nopoliebis zrda, romelic sax-

elmwifo kontrols moiTxovs.

vagneris winaswarmetyveleba

daadastura Semdgomma movle-

nebma, Tumca, im periodSi igi

gaxda mwvave kritikis obieqti.

vadiani anabari vadiani anabari vadiani anabari vadiani anabari vadiani anabari (time de-posits) - - - - - vadiani depoziti, dan-azogi, romelic Senaxulia bank-

Si gansazRvruli vadiT da am

vadis gasvlamde ar gaicema.

vadiani Tamasuqi vadiani Tamasuqi vadiani Tamasuqi vadiani Tamasuqi vadiani Tamasuqi (timebill) - - - - - Tamasuqi fiqsirebuli vadiT.

vakufi vakufi vakufi vakufi vakufi (wakuf) [arab. wakf]- - - - - uZravi an moZravi qoneba (aR-

mosavleTis zogierT qveyana-

Si), Sewiruli religiuri or-

ganizaciebisa da dawesebu-

lebebis sasargeblod.

valvacia valvacia valvacia valvacia valvacia (valuation) [<frang.evaluation Sefaseba) _ _ _ _ _ ucxourivalutis Rirebulebis gansaz-

Rvra ama Tu im saxelmwifos

erovnuli fuladi erTeuliT.

vali vali vali vali vali (debt) - - - - - valdebule-

ba, warmoqmnili fuladi saxs-

rebis, sesxis an saqonlis (mom-

saxurebis) kreditiT miRebis

safuZvelze, anu mogvianebiT

gadaxdis Sesaxeb. valis for-

ma damokidebulia garigebis

pirobebze. misi umetesoba iTva-

liswinebs procentis gadaxdas

garkveul periodSi, Cveulebriv,

dadgenil vadaSi. arsebobs va-

lis sxvadasxva saxe, maT Soris

yvelaze mniSvnelovania saxelm-

wifo vali, romelsac SeiZle-

ba hqondes sabazro forma, anu

SeiZleba misi yidva-----gayidva

gansazRvrul bazarze, magali-

Tad, iseTze, rogoricaa safon-

do birJa.

valorizacia valorizacia valorizacia valorizacia valorizacia (valorization)[<frang. valorisition] - - - - - saqonlis

fasis, fasiani qaRaldebis kur-

sis aweva saxelmwifo RonisZ-

144

iebebis daxmarebiT.

valrasi leon valrasi leon valrasi leon valrasi leon valrasi leon (1834-1910)

(Walras Leon) – warmoSobiT

frangi, 1870 wels gaxda loza-

nis universitetis politikuri

ekonomiis kaTedris pirveli

xelmZRvaneli. didi warmateba

moutana faseulobis Teoria-

Si zRvruli sargeblianobis

Teoriis damoukideblad Se-

muSavebam (1873), magram misi

uTvalsaCinoesi miRweva ekono-

mikur TeoriaSi iyo yvela baz-

ris momcveli sayovelTao wo-

nasworobis Teoriis Seqmna.

valrasma, maTematikuri aparatis

gamoyenebiT, warmoadgina bazris

idealuri modeli, romelic aer-

Tianebs warmoebis, gacvlis, kapi-

talisa da fulis Teoriebs

(1874-1877).

valuta valuta valuta valuta valuta (currency) [<ital.

valuta-----fasi, Rirebuleba] - - - - - qvey-nis fuladi erTeuli, romel-

ic monawileobs saerTaSoriso

ekonomikur gacvlaSi da dakav-

Sirebulia yovelgvar fulad

angariSsworebasTan saerTaSo-

riso urTierTobaSi. valutas

miekuTvneba agreTve saerTaSo-

riso saangariSsworebo fula-

di erTeulebi (mag., evro), rom-

lebic emitirebulia samTavro-

baTaSoriso savaluto-----safinan-

so organizaciebis mier.

sxvadasxva qveynis valute-

bi saerTaSoriso angariSswore-

baSi araTanabari zomiT gamo-

iyeneba, vinaidan am qveynebs msof-

lio safinanso gaerTianebis

mier aRiarebuli da dakanone-

buli konvertirebis sxvadas-

xva reJimi aqvT. amitom qvey-

nebis erTi jgufi (aSS, didi

britaneTi, iaponia, da sxv.) saer-

TaSoriso angariSsworebaSi iy-

enebs rogorc sakuTar erovnul

valutas, ise ucxoursac, ma-

Sin rodesac sxva saxelmwi-

foebi (maT Soris, saqarTvelo

da yofili sabWoTa kavSiris

sxva respublikebi) iZulebulni

arian saerTaSoriso angariSs-

worebaSi mxolod ucxouri

valutebi gamoiyenon.

saerTaSoriso savaluto

brunvaSi upiratesad monawi-

leobs sul ramdenime Tavisu-

flad konvertirebadi valuta,

romlebsac amJamad saerTa-

Soriso savaluto fondi mi-

akuTvnebs aSS-----is dolars, evros,

inglisur girvanqa sterlings

da iaponur iens. swored es

valutebi Seadgenen msoflio

savaluto rezervebis ZiriTad

masas. arsebobs agreTve sxva

Tavisuflad konvertirebadi

valutebi _ _ _ _ _ zogierTi qveynis

(Sveicariis, singapuris da sxv.)

erovnuli fuladi erTeulebi,

magram emisiis masStabis gamo

msoflioSi maTi raodenoba ar

aris sakmarisi saerTaSoriso

valrasi leonvalrasi leonvalrasi leonvalrasi leonvalrasi leon

145

sagadasaxado brunvis momsax-

urebisaTvis. msoflios mraval

qveyanaSi fuladi erTeulebi

an SezRuduli Seqcevadobisaa,

an mTlianad Seuqcevadi da mx-

olod savaluto kotirebis

meSveobiT ukavSirdeba savalu-

to sferos.

msoflio vaWrobasa da sae-----

rTaSoriso investirebaSi Zir-

iTadi (sarezervo) valutis

rols asrulebs aSS-----is dola-

ri (agreTve, evro), romlis wi-

ladac modis saerTaSoriso an-

gariSsworebisa da savaluto

rezervebis mniSvnelovani naw-

ili. nedleulis, energomatare-----

blebis, umetesi saxis mza na-

warmis msoflio fasebi dola-

rebSia fiqsirebuli.

valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-

lislislislislis indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi (Exchange MarketPressure Index - - - - - EMPI) - - - - - mokle-

vadiani saprocento ganakveTis,

saerTaSoriso rezervebisa da

gacvliTi kursis cvlilebis

saSualo Sewonili sidide. igi

mxolod ramdenime makroeko-

nomikur maCvenebels moicavs da

amis gamo, qveyanaSi mimdinare

yvela ekonomikur process

srulad ver aRwers. EMPI in-

deqsi 1996 wels SeimuSaves

eiCengrinma, rouzma da uaiploz-

ma. maRali indeqsi valutis ba-

zarze did zewolaze metyve-

lebs. EMPI gamoiTvleba Semde-

gi formuliT:

sadac ite - - - - - erovnuli valutis

nominaluri gacvliTi kursia

dolaris mimarT, iti da itr , Sesa-

bamisad, _ _ _ _ _ moklevadiani sapro-

cento ganakveTis da wminda

saerTaSoriso rezervebisa da

sarezervo fulis Sefardeba i-----uri qveynisaTvis; ii da ir aR-

niSnavs iti da itr saSualos, gansazRvravs zrdis temps. EMPI

indeqsi sakmaod mgrZnobiarea

globalur finansur bazrebze

mimdinare procesebis mimarT da

naTlad asaxavs krizisebis ̀ ga-

damdeb~ efeqts met-----naklebad

dakavSirebuli finansuri ba-

zrebis mqone qveynebs Soris.

mag., meqsikis krizisi 1994-----1995

wlebSi da misi gavlena laTi-

nuri amerikis qveynebze, ruse-

Tis krizisi 1998 wels da misi

gavlena postsabWoTa qveynebze

da a.S.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi EMPI

indeqsi urTierTdamokidebuleb-

is axsnis martivi meTodia. mag.,

EMPI indeqsis korelaciis koe-

ficienti saqarTvelosa da

TurqeTs Soris (0,555) ufro

maRalia, vidre saqarTvelosa

da ruseTs Soris (0,367). es

niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelos

ekonomikaze TurqeTis finan-

valutis bazarze zewolisvalutis bazarze zewolisvalutis bazarze zewolisvalutis bazarze zewolisvalutis bazarze zewolis indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi

),( iit rrY

)ii

it(iβ

iteα

itEMPI

146

suri krizisi, ruseTTan Sedar-

ebiT, ufro did gavlenas

axdens.

valutis bazari valutis bazari valutis bazari valutis bazari valutis bazari (curren-cy market) - - - - - meqanizmi, romelic

uzrunvelyofs valutebisa da

ucxour valutebSi gamoxatu-

li sagadasaxado dokumente-

bis _ _ _ _ _ Cekebis, Tamasuqebis, akre-

ditivebis da a.S. yidva-----gayid-

vas. es procesi xorcieldeba

valutebis gacvlis formiT da

moTxovna-----miwodebis safuZvelze

dadgenili kursis Sesabamisad.

valutis bazari, rogorc insti-

tuciuri meqanizmi, bankebis,

valutis birJebis, savaluto

ganyofilebebis, msxvili, pirv-

el yovlisa, transerovnuli kor-

poraciebis specializebuli sab-

rokero firmebis erTobliobaa.

savaluto operaciebis ZiriTad

nawils, centraluri bankis li-

cenziis safuZvelze, axorciele-

ben savaluto bankebi. rogorc

wesi, es aris Tanamedrove teq-

nikiT aRWurvili umsxvilesi

bankebi, romlebsac mraval qve-

yanaSi aqvT sakuTari ganyofi-

lebebi da valutis yidva-----gayid-

vis Sesaxeb garigebebs axor-

cieleben mTeli dRe-----Ramis gan-

mavlobaSi.

valutis bazris daniSnule-

baa sxvadasxva valutaSi saerTa-

Soriso angariSsworebis praq-

tikuli realizacia, saxelmwi-

fos, bankebis, sxvadasxva kor-

poraciebis savaluto rezerve-

bis diversifikacia, moTxovna-----

miwodebis safuZvelze valut-

is kursis dadgena, savaluto

riskis dazRvevasTan dakavSire-

buli operaciebis Catareba da

sxv.

valutis bazarze angariS-

sworeba xdeba naRdi (dauyovne-

beli), kombinirebuli da vadi-

ani gadaxdis formiT. savalu-

to operaciebSi naRdi formiT

angariSsworeba cnobilia ̀ spo-

tis~, vadiani garigeba _ _ _ _ _ ̀ for-

vardis~, xolo kombinirebuli

_ _ _ _ _ ̀ svopis~ saxelwodebiT. gar-

da amisa, valutis bazarze

sruldeba saarbitraJo opera-

ciebi, romlebic zrdis ten-

denciiT xasiaTdeba.

valutis birJa valutis birJa valutis birJa valutis birJa valutis birJa (currencystock market) [<laT. bursa - - - - - sa-fule] - - - - - bazris instituti, rom-lis meSveobiTac xdeba ucxo-

uri valutebis kursis (fasis)

kotireba.

rac Seexeba ucxouri valu-

tiT vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul

operaciebs, valutis birJaze ma-

Ti mxolod nawili sruldeba.

valutis birJis gansakuTre-

buli roli imaSi mdgomareobs,

rom am birJaze fiqsirdeba uc-

xouri valutebis oficialuri

kursi (oficialuri fasi), ro-

gorc safinanso da statisti-

valutis bazarivalutis bazarivalutis bazarivalutis bazarivalutis bazari

147

kuri gaangariSebebis sayovelao

masStabi, romelsac bazad iy-

eneben arasabanko seqtoris kli-

entebTan savaluto angariSs-

worebisas.

valutis birJis funqcion-

irebaSi mniSvnelovan rols as-

rulebs centraluri banki. Tu

romelime valutis kursis ze-

da zRvaris amaRlebis saSiS-

roeba warmoiqmneba, igi zrdis

am valutis miwodebas, magram

Tu, piriqiT, kursis dacemis

tendencia SeimCneva, centra-

luri banki yidulobs valu-

tas misi paritetis SenarCuneb-

isaTvis. centraluri bankis

`intervencia~ SeiZleba ganxor-

cieldes valutis birJis far-

glebs gareTac. es nakarnaxe-

via, pirvel yovlisa, oficialu-

ri kursis dadgenis saWiroebiT.

birJaze savaluto vaWro-

ba nebadarTulia mxolod devi-

zebiT da ara monetebiT an saxa-

zino bileTebiT. vaWrobis dam-

Tavrebisas birJaze cxaddeba

myidvelis, gamyidvelisa da sa-

Sualo kursebi. oficialur

biuletenSi, rogorc wesi, qvey-

ndeba mxolod myidvelisa da

gamyidvelis kursebi, rac klien-

tebTan angariSsworebis safuZ-

velia. Tu klienti valutas

yidulobs, maSin banki Tanxas

gaiangariSebs gamyidvelis kur-

siT, xolo Tu klienti valu-

tas mihyidis banks, maSin Tanxa

gamoiTvleba ufro dabali my-

idvelis kursiT. gamyidvelisa

da myidvelis kursebs Soris

sxvaoba daaxloebiT Seesabame-

ba savaluto operaciebze gawe-

ul danaxarjebs.

msoflioSi yvelaze cnobi-

lia germaniis, safrangeTis, bel-

giis, niderlandis valutis

birJebi. zog qveyanaSi aseTi bir-

Ja saerTod ar arsebobs, kurse-

bis kotireba ki sxvadasxvagva-

rad xdeba. mag., SveicariaSi

ucxouri valutebis kursebs

msxvili bankebi adgenen. aseve

xdeba did britaneTSic, sadac

presa aqveynebs cnobebs mxolod

yvelaze dabali da yvelaze

maRali kursebis Sesaxeb. skan-

dinaviis qveynebSi erovnul da

komerciul bankebs Soris winas-

war xdeba SeTanxmeba aSS-----is

dolarisa da britanuli gir-

vanqa sterlingis kursebis

Taobaze. italiaSi moqmedebs

ori sxvadasxva valutis birJa

gansxvavebuli kotirebiT. ita-

liis centraluri banki maTi

monawileobis safuZvelze ad-

gens kursis saSualo sidides,

romlis mixedviTac bankebi anga-

riSsworebas axdenen TavianT

klientebTan.

valutis blokireba valutis blokireba valutis blokireba valutis blokireba valutis blokireba (blo-cked currency) - - - - - sabanko angari-Sebze arsebuli ucxouri valu-

valutis blokirebavalutis blokirebavalutis blokirebavalutis blokirebavalutis blokireba

148

tis gamoyenebis akrZalva an Sez-

Rudva saxelmwifo xelisuf-

lebis organoebis mier.

valutis kalaTa valutis kalaTa valutis kalaTa valutis kalaTa valutis kalaTa (curren-cy basket) - - - - - erovnuli valute-

bis nakrebi, romelsac iyeneben

ucxouri valutebis kotirebi-

sas erovnuli an saerTaSoriso

koleqtiuri valutebis kur-

sis gansazRvrisaTvis, rac va-

lutebis msyidvelobiTi unarisa

da gacvlis saerTo ekonomikuri

pirobebis gavlenis gaTvalis-

winebis saSualebas iZleva.

valutis konvertirebavalutis konvertirebavalutis konvertirebavalutis konvertirebavalutis konvertireba

(convertion of currency) - - - - - erTi qvey-nis valutis gacvla sxva qvey-

nis valutaze moqmedi valut-

is kursis mixedviT, anu kon-

versiis ganxorcieleba.

valutis kursi valutis kursi valutis kursi valutis kursi valutis kursi (gacvligacvligacvligacvligacvli-----

TiTiTiTiTi kursi kursi kursi kursi kursi) (currency exchangerate) - - - - - erovnuli valutis er-

Teulis raodenoba, romelic

SeiZleba gaicvalos ucxouri

valutis erT an ramdenime er-

Teulze da, piriqiT, erTi fu-

ladi erTeulis fasi, romel-

ic gamosaxulia meore erTeu-

liT. sabazro ekonomikaSi gan-

isazRvreba moTxovna-----miwodeb-

is zemoqmedebiT da gamoxata-

vs ekonomikis mdgomareobas (maT

Soris, fasebis donesac).

arsebobs alternatiuli

Sexeduleba valutis kursze,

romelic gamomdinareobs mone-

taruli Teoriisagan. igi valu-

tis kurss ganixilavs rogorc

ara fass, romelic aTanabrebs

valutaze moTxovnisa da miwo-

zdebis nakadebs, aramed rogorc

ori valutis SefardebiT fass,

gamomdinare iqidan, rom nebis-

mieri faqtori, romelic gav-

lenas axdens fuladi erTeu-

lis Rirebulebaze, gavlenas

moaxdens mis gacvliT kursze.

rodesac valutis bazarze ar

xorcieldeba samTavrobo inter-

venciebi, kursi Tavisuflad

curavs, maRldeba an ecema,

mocemul valutaze awonas-

worebs moTxovna-----miwodebas.

intervenciebi SeiZleba iyos

sxvadasxva formis _ _ _ _ _ dawyebu-

li savaluto kontroliT,

damTavrebuli iseTi saqmiano-

biT, romelic uSualod ar Se-

dis sabazro operaciebSi, ma-

gram miznad isaxavs valutis

kursis stabilizacias.

breton-----vudsis sistemis

Sesabamisad XX saukunis 40-----

iani wlebis bolodan 70-----iani

wlebis dasawyisamde valutis

kursebs stabiluri SeTanxme-

buli paritetebi hqonda, Tum-

ca, SesaZlebeli iyo maTi cvli-

leba revalvaciisa da deval-

vaciis meSveobiT. centraluri

banki valutis yidvis an gay-

idvis gziT mastabilizebel

zemoqmedebas axdenda mis kur-

valutis kalaTavalutis kalaTavalutis kalaTavalutis kalaTavalutis kalaTa

149

sze ryevis pirobebSi. 1971

wels aseT maregulirebel sis-

temaSi uaris Tqmis Semdeg va-

lutis kursebi gaxda moqnili

regulirebis obieqti, romlis

drosac centraluri bankebis

Careva ufro aqtiuria arasa-

surveli ryevebis dasaZlevad.

valutis kursebis moqnili regu-

lirebis sistemas zogjer ̀ bin-

Zur~ curvasac ki uwodeben, vi-

naidan sakuTar valutis kursze

saxelmwifos zemoqmedeba xSir-

ad nakarnaxevia angarebiani mo-

tivebiT.

valutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacema

(currency depreciation) - - - - - erTi va-lutis Rirebulebis Semcire-

ba sxva valutasTan SedarebiT,

anu misi gacvliTi kursis kleba

mcuravi gacvliTi kursis piro-

bebSi. es movlena Tavisi Sede-

gebiT devalvaciis analogiuria.

valutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrda

(currency appreciation) - - - - - erTi

valutis Rirebulebis mateba

sxva valutasTan SedarebiT, anu

misi gacvliTi kursis zrda


bebSi. es movlena Tavisi Sede-

gebiT revalvaciis analogiuria.

varantivarantivarantivarantivaranti (warrant - - - - - mindo-biloba) - - - - - 1. notariulad damt-

kicebuli werilobiTi dokumen-

ti, romelsac gascems erTi piri

meore piris saxelze mesame pi-

rTan misi saxeliT samoqmedod.

mindobilobis wardgena SeiZle-

ba qonebrivi da sxva sakiTxeb-

is gadasawyvetad bankSi, sasa-

marTloSi, arbitraJSi, birJasa

da a.S.; 2. saqonlis ganma-

wesrigebeli dokumenti, rome-

lic SeiZleba gadavides xel-

idan xelSi indosamentis meS-

veobiT. masSi fiqsirebulia

warmomadgenlis uflebamosile-

ba awarmoos garigeba an eweo-

des sxva samarTlebriv saqmi-

anobas mrwmuneblis saxeliT.

vauCeri vauCeri vauCeri vauCeri vauCeri (voucher) [<ing.voucher werilobiTi garantia]- - - - - miznobrivi sagadasaxado sa-

Sualeba; dokumenti, romelic

adasturebs moqalaqis uflebas

saxelmwifo sakuTrebis priva-

tizebuli wilis (fuladi for-

miT), socialur-----sayofacxovrebo

momsaxurebis dadgenili mocu-

lobis da a.S. miRebaze.

saprivatizacio vauCeri aris

Ceki, romelic iZleva privatize-

buli saxelmwifo sawarmoebis

aqciebis SeZenis uflebas. ase-

Ti vauCeri misi moqmedebis mTe-

li vadis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba

gaiyidos nebismier kerZo pirze,

komerciul struqturasa Tu

sxva arasaxelmwifoebriv mesa-

kuTreze. gasayidi fasi SeiZleba

vauCeris sawyis, nominalur

fass daemTxves, aRematebodes

an masze naklebi iyos.

vaWroba vaWroba vaWroba vaWroba vaWroba (trade, merchandise) -----

vaWrobavaWrobavaWrobavaWrobavaWroba

150

saqonlis gacvla individebs an

jgufebs Soris, ganxorciele-

buli barteris meSveobiT an

uSualod fuliT. vaWrobis

upiratesobaa moxmarebisTvis xe-

lmisawvdomi dovlaTisa da

warmoebrivi saqmianobis spe-

cializaciis diapazonis gafar-

Toeba. vaWrobis gareSe indi-

videbma da jgufebma moTxov-

nilebebi unda daikmayofilon

sakuTari resursebiT. Tavisu-

fali vaWroba iwvevs Sromis

danawilebas, romelsac moaqvs

sargebloba misi yvela monawi-

lisaTvis.

vebleni torstein vebleni torstein vebleni torstein vebleni torstein vebleni torstein (1857-

1929) (Veblen Thorstein) – amerike-

li ekonomisti da sociologi,

Cikagos skolis profesori da

instituciuri ekonomikuri Teo-

riis TvalsaCino warmomadgene-

li. kapitalisturi sazogadoe-

bis instituciuri struqtur-

is Seswavlas miuZRvna: ̀ saqmiani

sawarmos Teoria~ (1904), ̀ mec-

nierebis adgili Tanamedrove

civilizaciaSi~ (1919), `absen-

teisturi sakuTreba~(1923),

`narkvevebi Cven cvalebad sa-

zogadoebriv wyobaze~ (1934)

da a.S.

veblens ekuTvnis rigi eko-

nomikuri terminis SemoReba da

originaluri ganmarteba. mag.,

demonstraciuli moxmareba,

rogorc STabeWdilebis moxdena

sazogadoebaze da ara ubra-

lod moxmareba, rogorc moTx-

ovnilebis dakmayofilebis sa-

Sualeba.

ZiriTad konfliqts vebleni

(marqsisgan gansxvavebiT) xedav-

da ara burJuaziasa da pro-

letariats Soris, aramed TviT-

dasaqmebulebs Soris, kerZod,

vinc `akeTebs~ fuls da vinc

kidev _ saqonels. veblenis

azriT, es konfliqti arsebobs

biznesmenebs Soris, romlebic

dainteresebulni arian warmoe-

bis finansuri mxariTa da moge-

biT, erTi mxriv, da sainJinro

da sxva kadrebs Soris war-

moebis efeqtianobiT (fizikuri

gamoxatulebiT), meore mxriv.

maT Soris konfliqti warmoiSva

am ukanasknelTa mudmivi ganax-

lebisaken miswrafebiT, rac au-

fasurebs biznesmenTa kapitalis

Rirebulebas. vebleni ikvlev-

da ̀ fuladi kulturis~ insti-

tutebs da asabuTebda, rom teq-

nologiebi am institutebis

ngreviT kidev ufro gaamwvavebs

arsebul konfliqts da gamoiw-

vevs sistemis kraxs.

veblenisveblenisveblenisveblenisveblenis efeqti efeqti efeqti efeqti efeqti (Vebleneffect) – movlena, romelic war-

moiSoba maSin, roca zogierT

saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fa-

sebis dacemisas momxmarebelTa

mniSvnelovani nawili fiqrobs,

rom es moxda xarisxis gauare-

vebleni torsteinvebleni torsteinvebleni torsteinvebleni torsteinvebleni torstein

151

sebis gamo da amitomac amcir-

ebs maT moxmarebas. fasebis

dacemiT erToblivi moTxovnis

Semcireba ewinaaRmdegeba moTx-

ovnis kanons. am movlenis gaan-

alizeba ukavSirdeba amerike-

li ekonomistisa da sociol-

ogis, ekonomikaSi instituci-

uri mimdinareobis erT-erTi

warmomadgenlis, torstein ve-

blenis saxels da cnobilia

veblenis efeqtis saxelwodebiT.

venCuruli kapitali venCuruli kapitali venCuruli kapitali venCuruli kapitali venCuruli kapitali (ven-ture capital) - - - - - kapitali, rome-

lic gamoiyeneba inovaciuri

proeqtebis, mecnierul-----teq-

nologiuri damuSavebebisa da

gamogonebebis dasafinanseblad

da dakavSirebulia did riskTan.

axali teqnologiebis da-

muSavebisa da danergvisas, mo-

salodneli Sedegebis naklebad

stabilurobis gamo, mas xSi-

rad ̀ sarisko kapitals~ uwode-

ben. venCuruli kapitalis da-

bandeba ZiriTadad xdeba mec-

nierebatevad dargebSi.

venCuruli operaciebivenCuruli operaciebivenCuruli operaciebivenCuruli operaciebivenCuruli operaciebi

(venture operations) [<ing. ventureriskis gaweva] - - - - - ZiriTadad in-ovaciuri bankebis mier mecnie-

rul-----teqnologiuri damuSave-

bebisa da gamogonebebis dafinan-

sebisa da dakreditebis mizniT

gatarebuli operaciebi. xasi-

aTdeba riskis maRali doniT.

venCuruli venCuruli venCuruli venCuruli venCuruli (sariskosariskosariskosariskosarisko) fir-fir-fir-fir-fir-

ma ma ma ma ma (venture firm) - - - - - mcire an saSu-alo sididis komerciuli or-

ganizacia, romelic uSualod

dakavebulia teqnikur siaxle-

Ta ganxilviT, SerCeviTa da

praqtikuli realizaciiT, mec-

nieruli gamokvlevebis da-

muSavebiT, garda amisa, afinan-

sebs da konsultaciebs uwevs

am siaxleTa mflobel kompanie-

bs. venCuruli firmebi Ziri-

Tadad msxvili kompaniebisagan

iReben SekveTebs.

virementi virementi virementi virementi virementi [<frang. vire-ment - - - - - moxveva] - - - - - sabanko op-

eracia, romlis drosac xdeba

erTi piris mimdinare anga-

riSidan meore piris angariSze

Tanxis gadatana.

vitaekonomikavitaekonomikavitaekonomikavitaekonomikavitaekonomika (vitalecono-my) – tradiciuli, sicocx-

lisunariani ekonomika, romel-

ic sabazro ekonomikis princi-

pebzea dafuZnebuli. masSi ar

arsebobs nekro- da zombieko-

nomika.

vitaekonomikis struqtura

aseTia: 1. saxelmwifo seqtorSi

arsebuli vitaekonomika; 2. pri-

vatizebuli vitaekonomika; 3. axa-

li investiciebiT Seqmnili vi-

taekonomikis kerZo seqtori.

saxelmwifo seqtorSi arsebu-

li vitaekonomikis naTeli ma-

galiTia energetika da mom-

saxurebis sferos rigi dar-

gebisa (transporti, kavSirgab-

vitaekonomikavitaekonomikavitaekonomikavitaekonomikavitaekonomika

152

muloba da a.S.). privatizaci-

is SemTxvevaSi isini da maT-

Tan erTad mrewvelobis upi-

ratesad mcire obieqtebi gar-

daiqmneba privatizebul vitaeko-

nomikad.

axali investiciebiT, sabaz-

ro ekonomikis principebze da-

yrdnobiT, mowinave da ara moZ-

velebuli, meoradi teqnolo-

giebiT Seqmnili vitaekonomika

qveynis ekonomikis yvelaze jan-

saRi nawilia. (v. papavav. papavav. papavav. papavav. papava. aratra-

diciuli ekonomiksi. Tbilisi,

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis in-

stitutis gamomcemloba, 2011).

viqselisviqselisviqselisviqselisviqselis kr kr kr kr kriiiiiterterterterteriumi iumi iumi iumi iumi (Vik-sel’s criterion) - - - - - saxelmwifos mi-

er gamoyenebuli saSemosavlo

dabegvris iseTi sistema, romel-

ic Tanabar zians ayenebs yve-

la moqalaqis materialur

keTildReobas; msoflio praq-

tikaSi kargad cnobili `saga-

dasaxado tvirTis ganawileb-

is kriteriumi~, romelic Sve-

di ekonomistis k. viqselis sax-

els atarebs. misi arsi mdgo-

mareobs SemdegSi: saxelmwifo

SeZlebulTa Semosavlebs ufro

maRal sagadasaxado ganakveTs

uwesebs, vidre Raribebisas. pro-

gresuli dabegvris aseTi ska-

la, jer erTi, xels uwyobs Se-

mosavlebis samarTlian gadan-

awilebas, xolo meore, zrdis

sabiujeto Senatanebs. amrigad,

sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis

amocanebis gadaWraSi bazris

SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi

warmoSobs saxelmwifo saga-

dasaxado regulirebis auci-

leblobas Semosavlebis gadana-

wilebaSi socialuri samarTli-

anobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT.

viqselis kriteriumiviqselis kriteriumiviqselis kriteriumiviqselis kriteriumiviqselis kriteriumi

153zombiekonomikazombiekonomikazombiekonomikazombiekonomikazombiekonomika

zzzzzzarali zarali zarali zarali zarali (Loss, Losses) -----

saxelmwifos, mewarmis, momxmare-

blis an Suamavlis materialuri,

qonebrivi da finansuri dana-

kargi, gamowveuli sameurneo-----

finansuri kavSirebis moSliT,

sasaqonlo da fuladi masis ba-

lansirebis darRveviT, stiqi-

uri ubedurebebiT, gaficvebiT,

uyairaTobiT, mflangvelobiT,

wundebuli produqciis gamoS-

vebiT, konfliqtebiT da sxv. sa-

zogadoebisaTvis didi zarali

moaqvs rekets, xelovnuri def-

icitis Seqmnas, momxmarebelTa

motyuebas, spekulacias, farul

ekonomikas da a.S. sawarmoebs

Soris xelSekrulebiT gaTval-

iswinebuli valdebulebis Seus-

ruleblobiT gamowveul za-

rals, rogorc wesi, anazRaurebs

valdebulebis damrRvevi mxare.

zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-

buleba buleba buleba buleba buleba (marginal damage cost)– rogorc wesi, garemos gaWuW-

yianebiT miyenebuli damatebi-

Ti zaralis Rirebuleba gamoxa-

tuli fuladi formiT. gare efeq-

tebis (eqsternaliebis) kerZo

SemTxveva. mag., mdinareebis, tbe-

bis, zRvebisa da a.S. navTobiT

gaWuWyianebis Sedegad komer-

ciuli meTevzeobisaTvis miyeneb-

uli damatebiTi zarali, rom-

lis zusti Sefaseba rTulia

da mxolod miaxloebiTia.

zaralis Rirebulebazaralis Rirebulebazaralis Rirebulebazaralis Rirebulebazaralis Rirebuleba

(damage cost) - - - - - fuladi formiT

gamoxatuli zaralis odenoba.

igi ZiriTadad garemos dabin-

ZurebiT miyenebuli zaralis ga-

momxatvelia. ekonomikur Teo-

riaSi garemos dabinZureba gani-

xileba rogorc gare efeqte-

bis (eqsternaliebis) kerZo Sem-

Txveva.

zarafxana zarafxana zarafxana zarafxana zarafxana (mint) - - - - - monete-bis, ordenebisa da sxva sax-

elmwifo niSnebis damamzadebe-

li saxelmwifo sawarmo.

zednadebi danaxarji zednadebi danaxarji zednadebi danaxarji zednadebi danaxarji zednadebi danaxarji (ov-erhead expense, charge) - - - - - sawar-mos marTvisa da sameurneo mom-

saxurebis danaxarji (adminis-

traciuli personalis Senax-

vis, Senoba-----nagebobebisa da in-

ventaris movla-----remontis, Sro-

mis usafrTxoebisa da sxv.). ema-

teba saqonlis sawarmoeblad an

momsaxurebis gasawevad saWiro

ZiriTad danaxarjs da masTan er-

Tad Sedis TviTRirebulebaSi.

zenormaluri mogeba zenormaluri mogeba zenormaluri mogeba zenormaluri mogeba zenormaluri mogeba (su-per-----normal profit) - - - - - ̀ mogebis~ si-

nonimi. Tu firmis mier miRebuli

mogeba aRemateba yvela alter-

natiul danaxarjs, maSin amboben,

rom igi iRebs zenormalur mo-

gebas.

zombiekonomikazombiekonomikazombiekonomikazombiekonomikazombiekonomika (zomby-economy) – Caisaxa XX sauku-

154

nis 90-ian wlebSi iaponiaSi,

arsebobs mxolod sabazro

urTierTobebis pirobebSi. misi

funqcionirebis sferoa zombi-

firmebi, xolo wyaroa dakred-

itebis SeRavaTiani sistema,

romelsac axorcieleben zom-

bibankebi (kreditebs aZleven

firmebs saSualo sabazroze da-

bali saprocento ganakveTiT).

aseTi bankebis ukan, rogorc wesi,

dgas mTavroba (samTavrobo

garantiebi da a.S.), rac, sabo-

loo angariSiT, iwvevs imas, rom

zombibankebi, garkveulwilad,

gadasaxadebis gadamxdelTa, e.i.

mosaxleobis xarjze funqcioni-

reben. aqedan gamomdinare, zom-

biekonomika, romelic tvirTad

awveba ekonomikis jansaR naw-

ils, zombifirmebis, zombibanke-

bisa da mTavrobis erToblivi

saqmianobis, maTi arajansaRi

urTierTobebis Sedegia.

zombiekonomikis warmoSoba

ukavSirdeba finansur kriziss,

rodesac sabanko krizisis Tavi-

dan asacileblad, xelsayreli

pirobebi iqmneba sabiujeto da-

finansebis gziT firmebis ga-

darCenisaTvis: finansuri krizi-

sis fonze, umuSevrobis gazr-

da da mosaxleobis cxovrebis

donis dacema mTavrobisagan lo-

gikurad moiTxovs aseT qmede-

bas. saxelmwifos mxridan fi-

nansuri mxardaWeris sistemis

SenarCunebas zombiekonomikis

struqturebi finansuri krizi-

sis daZlevis Semdegac cdilo-

ben.

zombiekonomika damaxasiaTe-

belia ara mxolod ganviTare-

buli, aramed ganviTarebadi qvey-

nebisTvisac.

zrdis indeqsi zrdis indeqsi zrdis indeqsi zrdis indeqsi zrdis indeqsi (growth in-dex) - - - - - mTel ekonomikaSi saqmia-

nobis saxeobebis mixedviT ga-

angariSebuli wina wlis woniT

Sewonili (laspeiresis) inde-

qsi.

zrdis tempi zrdis tempi zrdis tempi zrdis tempi zrdis tempi (growth rate)- - - - - ekonomikur analizSi far-

Tod gamoyenebuli maCvenebeli.

gamoxatavs drois garkveul

periodSi mocemuli sididis

raodenobrivi parametrebis cv-

lilebas procentebiT, gviCvenebs

ramdeni iyo da ramdeni gaxda.

`zusti momarTva~ `zusti momarTva~ `zusti momarTva~ `zusti momarTva~ `zusti momarTva~ (finetuning) – termini gamoiyeneba imsamTavrobo politikis mimarT,

romelic iTvaliswinebs dabeg-

vrasa an saxelmwifo xarjebSi

mcireodeni cvlilebebis Seta-

nas dasaqmebaze, erovnuli Se-

mosavlisa da fasebis doneze

zemoqmedebis mizniT.

zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-

anoba anoba anoba anoba anoba (marginal disutility) - - - - - dama-tebiTi antisargeblianoba, miRe-

buli ama Tu im cvladis mcire

cvlilebidan.

zrdis indeqsizrdis indeqsizrdis indeqsizrdis indeqsizrdis indeqsi

155

zRvruli erTeulizRvruli erTeulizRvruli erTeulizRvruli erTeulizRvruli erTeuli (mar-ginal unit) – raimis (mag., zRvru-li danaxarji, zRvruli produ-

qti, zRvruli mwarmoebluro-

ba, zRvruli sargeblianoba,

zRvruli Semosavali da a.S.)

damatebiTi erTeuli.

zRvruli zRvruli zRvruli zRvruli zRvruli (marJinalurimarJinalurimarJinalurimarJinalurimarJinaluri)

danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji (marginal cost, mar-ginal expense - - - - - MC) [<laT. mar-go kide, sazRvari, napiri] - - - - - war-moebis moculobis gansazRvris

erT-----erTi ZiriTadi kriteriumi.

saqonlis damatebiTi (zRvruli)

erTeulis warmoebisaTvis saWi-

ro damatebiTi danaxarji.

formuliT ase gamoianga-

riSeba:

X

CMC

sadac ΔΔΔΔΔ raime mcire cvlile-

baa, C - - - - - mTliani danaxarjebi,

xolo X - - - - - gamoSvebuli produ-

qciis moculoba. mewarme zr-

dis warmoebis masStabs, sanam

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis er-

Teulze zRvruli danaxarji

ar gauTanabrdeba sabazro fass.

Tu zRvruli danaxarji am fass

gadascda, mewarme zaraldeba da,

piriqiT, Tu igi sabazro fasze

naklebia, maSin mewarme damate-

biT mogebas iRebs.

zRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimaluri

fasi fasi fasi fasi fasi (marginal maximum price)- - - - - moTxovnis fasi, maqsimaluri

fasi, romlis zeviTac SeuZle-

belia sabazro fasis aweva.

zRvruli minimalurizRvruli minimalurizRvruli minimalurizRvruli minimalurizRvruli minimaluri

fasi fasi fasi fasi fasi (marginal low price) - - - - - miwo-debis fasi, minimaluri fasi,

romelze dablac SeuZlebelia

sabazro fasis dacema.

zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-

robarobarobarobaroba (marginal productivity) - - - - - war-moebis faqtorebiT (kapitali,

Sroma, miwa) Seqmnili zRvru-

li produqtis moculoba, ro-

melic, warmoebis danarCeni faq-

torebis ucvlelobis pirobebSi,

gamoxatavs mocemuli faqtoris

erTi erTeuliT gazrdis Sed-

egad miRebuli produqciis ma-

tebas.

zRvruli produqti zRvruli produqti zRvruli produqti zRvruli produqti zRvruli produqti (mar-ginal product) - - - - - damatebiTi pro-duqti, miRebuli resursebis

damatebiTi erTeulidan.

zRvruli produqtis Ri-zRvruli produqtis Ri-zRvruli produqtis Ri-zRvruli produqtis Ri-zRvruli produqtis Ri-

rebuleba rebuleba rebuleba rebuleba rebuleba (value of marginal) -----zRvruli fizikuri produqti,

gamravlebuli produqciis er-

Teulis fasze.

zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-

ba ba ba ba ba (marginal utility) - - - - - damatebiTisargeblianoba, miRebuli nebis-

mieri dovlaTis damatebiTi er-

Teulidan. maTematikurad gamo-

isaxeba ase:

X

UMU

^

sadac MU zRvruli sarge-

zRvruli sargeblianobazRvruli sargeblianobazRvruli sargeblianobazRvruli sargeblianobazRvruli sargeblianoba

156

blianobaa, X - - - - - saqonlis raode-

noba, Δ - - - - - cvlileba.

zRvruli sargeblianobis

kategoria wina planze wamoswia

da mecnierul brunvaSi Semo-

itana cnobilma ekonomikurma

mimdinareobam _ _ _ _ _ marJinalizmma.

zRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobis

Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (marginal revenue theory)- - - - - SromiTi Rirebulebis Teori-

isgan gansxvavebiT, faswarmo-

qmnis safuZvlad aRiarebs ara

Rirebulebas, aramed nivTis su-

bieqtur Sefasebas, sargeblia-

nobas, sameurneo kontrahente-

bis subieqtur-----fsiqologiur Se-

fasebas. igi asaxavs ekonomikur

kavSirebs, romlebic SeiZleba

CamovayaliboT ase: momxmarebe-

li _ _ _ _ _ moTxovnileba _ _ _ _ _ dovla-

Tis sargeblianoba _ _ _ _ _ fasi.

zRvruli sargeblianobis Teo-

riam farTo popularoba pova

mTel msoflioSi. am Teoriis

warmomadgenlebi (goseni, klarki,

jevonsi, valrasi, mengeri, viz-

eri, bem-----baverki, siCeli, edvardsi

da sxv.) uaryofen SromiTi Ri-

rebulebis Teorias da faswar-

moqmnaSi did mniSvnelobas niv-

Tisadmi ekonomikuri subieqtis

damokidebulebas aniWeben.

zRvruli SemosavalizRvruli SemosavalizRvruli SemosavalizRvruli SemosavalizRvruli Semosavali

(marginal revenue, income) - - - - - sa-qonlis damatebiTi erTeulis

gayidvis Sedegad miRebuli dam-

zRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobis TeoriaTeoriaTeoriaTeoriaTeoria

atebiTi Semosavali, e.i. zRvru-

li produqtiT miRebuli Se-

mosavali.

157Tavisufali bazris niSnebiTavisufali bazris niSnebiTavisufali bazris niSnebiTavisufali bazris niSnebiTavisufali bazris niSnebi

TTTTTTavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-

ba ba ba ba ba (history cost) - - - - - warmoebis faq-torTa Rirebuleba maTi SeZe-

nis momentSi, avansirebuli Rire-

buleba, romelic ar utolde-

ba aRdgeniT Rirebulebas, anu

warmoebis faqtorebis warmoe-

biT miRebul Rirebulebas.

Tavisufali bazris niS-Tavisufali bazris niS-Tavisufali bazris niS-Tavisufali bazris niS-Tavisufali bazris niS-

nebi nebi nebi nebi nebi (signs of free markets) – srul-

yofili bazari, romelic arc

erT qveyanaSi ar aris da arc

arasdros yofila. igi abstraq-

ciaa da SeiZleba mxolod misi

idealurad warmodgena.

ekonomikur literaturaSi

formulirebulia Tavisufali

bazris niSnebi, romlebic ganas-

xvaveben mas regulirebadi ba-

zrisagan.

Tavisufali bazris siste-

maSi ar rCeba adgili monopo-

liis nebismieri tipisTvis; gamo-

ricxulia inflacia, umuSev-

roba, krizisebi; misTvis damax-

asiaTebelia sakuTrebis nebis-

mieri forma, garda saxelmwifo

sakuTrebisa; Tavisufali bazris

arc erT monawiles ar Seu-

Zlia gavlena moaxdinos sxva

monawileTa mier miRebul gada-

wyvetilebebze. fasebis realuri

done naklebad aris damokide-

buli ekonomikur subieqtTa

neba-survilze da dgindeba ba-

zris meqanizmiT, faswarmoqmnaSi

sufevs sruli Tavisufleba.

Tavisufali bazrisTvis damax-

asiaTebelia: konkurenciis mona-

wileTa SeuzRudavi ricxovneba,

maTi Tavisuflad SeRweva baz-

arze da, aseve, Tavisufali ga-

mosvla iqidan; konkurenciis Ti-

Toeuli monawilis absolu-

turad sruli informireba fa-

sebis, moTxovnis, miwodebisa da

a.S. Sesaxeb; yvela saxis resur-

sis, maT Soris, materialuri,

SromiTi da finansuri resurse-

bis absoluturi mobiluroba;

erTsaxeliani produqciis abso-

luturi erTgvarovneba, rac gam-

oixateba, saxeldobr, savaWro

markebisa da produqciis xaris-

xis sxva maxasiaTeblebis uqon-

lobaSi da a.S.

nebismier realur, konku-

rentunarian bazars axasiaTebs

Tavisuflebis elementebi, mag-

ram igi srulyofilebas veras-

dros ver aRwevs. Znelia war-

movidginoT iseTi bazari, sa-

dac daculi iyos Tavisufali

bazrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli yve-

la niSani, Tundac is, rom ar

iyos monopoliuri warmonaq-

mnebi, romlebic aferxeben baz-

arze konkurencias, ar arsebob-

des savaWro markebi, adgili

ar hqondes umuSevrobas. nebis-

mier bazarze xdeba inflaciis

158

gavleniT sabazro procesebis

damaxinjeba, Tavisufali bazris

reJimidan gadaxra, Tumca, yove-

live es zRvardebulia. miuxe-

davad aRniSnuli deformacie-

bisa, moqmedebs sabazro meqa-

nizmi da fasebi icvleba moTx-

ovna-miwodebis zemoqmedebiT.

Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali (specialu-specialu-specialu-specialu-specialu-

ririririri) ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona (TezTezTezTezTez)

(tree economical area) - - - - - qveynisteritoriis is nawili, sadac

specialuri samarTlebrivi re-

Jimis safuZvelze iqmneba xel-

sayreli pirobebi sxvadasxvag-

vari sagareo-----ekonomikuri ope-

raciebisaTvis. misTvis damaxa-

siaTebeli niSania Tavisufali

an SeRavaTiani mewarmeoba,

romelic iZleva uaxlesi te-

qnologiis, nou-----haus SesaZenad

saWiro droisa da danaxarje-

bis mniSvnelovnad Semcirebis

saSualebas, xels uwyobs valu-

tis mozidvas saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis eqsportis xarjze

da zrdis ucxour kapitalda-

bandebebs.

arsebobs TezTezTezTezTez-----is sami tipi:

1. warmoebrivi zonebi; 2. Tavis-

ufali portebi da Tavisufali

vaWrobis zonebi; 3. saeqspor-

to mrewvelobis zonebi.

warmoebrivi zona _ warmoebrivi zona _ warmoebrivi zona _ warmoebrivi zona _ warmoebrivi zona _ Se-

mosazRvruli teritoria qvey-

nis SigniT, sadac wesdeba gan-

sakuTrebuli SeRavaTebi (da-

begvris, amortizaciis normis

da a.S. nawilSi) meurneobis

warmarTvisaTvis.

Tavisufal portsa Tavisufal portsa Tavisufal portsa Tavisufal portsa Tavisufal portsa (aero-

portSic) da Tavisufali vaW-da Tavisufali vaW-da Tavisufali vaW-da Tavisufali vaW-da Tavisufali vaW-

robis zonaSi robis zonaSi robis zonaSi robis zonaSi robis zonaSi Setanisas baJs

ar axdevineben, sanam saqoneli

sawyobSia da realizebuli ar

aris.

saeqsporto mrewvelobissaeqsporto mrewvelobissaeqsporto mrewvelobissaeqsporto mrewvelobissaeqsporto mrewvelobis

zonaSi zonaSi zonaSi zonaSi zonaSi ubaJod SeaqvT saqone-

li, sazRvargareT gasatanad

gamosaSvebi produqciisaTvis

saWiro saTadarigo nawilebi,

dasakompleqtebeli masalebi da

nakeTobebi.

ganasxvaveben agreTve Tavis-

ufali (erToblivi) mewarmeo-

bis zonebs da saeqsporto

ekonomikur zonebs.

Tavisufali vaWroba Tavisufali vaWroba Tavisufali vaWroba Tavisufali vaWroba Tavisufali vaWroba (freetrade) – sagareo-ekonomikuri po-litika, romlis mixedviTac sa-

xelmwifo ar ereva saerTaSo-

riso savaWro urTierTobebSi

tarifebis, kvotebisa da sxva

saSualebebis gamoyenebis gziT.

Tavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobis

zona zona zona zona zona (free trade area, zone) - - - - - qvey-nebis jgufi, romelSic gauqme-

bulia sabaJo da sxva savaWro

barierebi, Tumca, masSi Semava-

li TiToeuli qveyana atarebs

Tavis komerciul politikas am

jgufSi arSemaval qveynebTan.

Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali Tavisufali (erToblivierToblivierToblivierToblivierToblivi)

mewarmeobis zona mewarmeobis zona mewarmeobis zona mewarmeobis zona mewarmeobis zona (joint ven-

Tavisufali (specialuri) ekonomikuri ...Tavisufali (specialuri) ekonomikuri ...Tavisufali (specialuri) ekonomikuri ...Tavisufali (specialuri) ekonomikuri ...Tavisufali (specialuri) ekonomikuri ...

159

ture zone) - - - - - saxelmwifos ter-

itoriis is nawili, sadac iqm-

neba xelsayreli pirobebi er-

Toblivi samewarmeo saqmiano-

bisaTvis. aseT zonebSi SemoRe-

buli aqvT gansakuTrebuli

SeRavaTiani reJimi, rac xel-

sayrel pirobebs qmnis ucxouri

kapitalis investirebisaTvis.

ganaxvaveben mis sam tips: pirve-

li tipi gulisxmobs gansaz-

Rvrul teritoriaze special-

uri kanonmdeblobis SemoRebas,

romelic uzrunvelyofs meur-

neobriobis SeRavaTian reJims

adgilobrivi da ucxoeli eko-

nomikuri subieqtebisaTvis. sa-

gadasaxado sabaJo, savaluto,

sakredito da samarTlebrivi

reJimebi wesdeba subregioneb-

is ganviTarebis konkretuli

pirobebidan da amocanebidan ga-

momdinare. zonas marTavs adg-

ilobrivi xelisufleba; meore

tipi gulisxmobs mcire teri-

toriebze iseTi infrastruq-

turis Seqmnas, romelic saer-

TaSoriso moTxovnebs daakmay-

ofilebs. samarTlebrivi norme-

bi am zonaSi ganapirobebs ar-

sebiT SeRavaTebs ucxoeli in-

vestorebisaTvis, maTTvis gr-

Zelvadiani arendiT keTilmow-

yobili, informaciuli da sa-

transporto komunikaciebiTa da

aucilebeli servisiT aRWur-

vili teritoriebis gadacemas,

ucxouri kapitalis monawile-

obiT sawarmoTa ganlagebi-

saTvis; mesame tipi gulisx-

mobs naklebad aTvisebuli ter-

itoriebis koncesiis saxiT an

grZelvadiani arendiT gacemas.

am SemTxvevaSi zonas sameur-

neo mizniT iyeneben Sereuli

ti pis specialuri organiza-

ciebi (kompaniebi). meurneobri-

obis samarTlebrivi reJimi

maqsimalurad liberalizebu-

lia. igi umTavresad Semoifar-

gleba ekologiuri kanonmde-

blobiT da saerTaSoriso SeT-

anxmebebiT. saxelmwifo iRebs

mogebas saarendo gadasaxadis

saxiT da kompaniis erovnuli

nawilis Semosavlebidan, arse-

biT xarjebs ki ar gaiRebs. praq-

tikaSi vxvdebiT erTsa da imave

teritoriaze aRniSnuli zo-

nis samive tipis Sexamebas.

Tamasuqi Tamasuqi Tamasuqi Tamasuqi Tamasuqi (bill of exchange,draft, promissory note) [ger. wech-sel] - - - - - kanoniT dadgenili for-

mis werilobiTi sagadasaxado

valdebuleba, fuladi dokumen-

ti, msesxeblis mier gacemuli

kreditoris saxelze, romli-

Tac am ukanasknels eniWeba

ufleba, mosTxovos msesxebels

TamasuqSi miTiTebuli Tanxis

gadaxda gansazRvrul vadaSi

(ix. agreTve kambio).

saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi

Tamasuqi angariSsworebisa da

TamasuqiTamasuqiTamasuqiTamasuqiTamasuqi

160

komerciuli dakreditebis erT-----

erTi ZiriTadi saSualebaa.

Tamasuqi ori saxisaa: marti-

vi (ix.) da gadasapirebeli (ix.).

Tamasuqis diskonti Tamasuqis diskonti Tamasuqis diskonti Tamasuqis diskonti Tamasuqis diskonti (billdiscounting) - - - - - Tamasuqis ganaRde-ba bankebis an kerZo pirebis

mier misi vadis gasvlamde pro-

centis gamoqviTviT.

TamaSTa Teoria TamaSTa Teoria TamaSTa Teoria TamaSTa Teoria TamaSTa Teoria (theoryof games) - - - - - individualur ra-

cionalur gadawyvetilebaTa

Teoria, miRebuli am gadawyve-

tilebaTa Sedegebis Sesaxeb ara-

sakmarisi informaciis pirobeb-

Si. Tanamedrove TamaSTa Teo-

ria iwyeba f. neimanisa da o. mor-

genSternis naSromiT _ _ _ _ _ `TamaS-

Ta Teoria da ekonomikuri qce-

va~ (1944). igi ikvlevs indivi-

dualur gadawyvetilebaTa urTi-

erTgavlenas iseT daSvebisas,

romelic ukavSirdeba gadawyve-

tilebis miRebas riskis pirobebSi.

maSin, rodesac tradiciu-

li mikroekonomikuri Teoria

gvTavazobs gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebas gansazRvrulobis piro-

bebSi, TamaSTa Teoriis mixed-

viT racionalur individs gada-

wyvetilebis miReba uxdeba ga-

nusazRvrelobis, gaurkvevlo-

bis pirobebSi. Tu erTi indi-

vidis mogeba ganapirobebs me-

ore individis wagebas, maSin

amboben, rom es TamaSi aris nu-

lovani Tanxis. TamaSi SeiZle-

ba iyos kooperatiuli, roca

SesaZlebelia SeTanxmeba da

arakooperatiuli, roca War-

bobs antagonizmi.

TamaSTa Teoriam daamtki-

ca Tavisi sargeblianoba ekono-

mikuri qcevis iseTi aspeqteb-

is analizisas, rogoricaa bune-

brivi resursebisa da sazoga-

doebrivi saqonlis amowurva.

Targetireba Targetireba Targetireba Targetireba Targetireba (targeting) –centraluri bankis mizanmimar-

Tuli moqmedeba aucileblobis

SemTxvevaSi, mag., maRali infla-

ciis dros moaxdinos mimoqceva-

Si arsebuli fulis masis zr-

dis koreqtireba.

`TeTrsayeloianebi~ `TeTrsayeloianebi~ `TeTrsayeloianebi~ `TeTrsayeloianebi~ `TeTrsayeloianebi~ (whi-te-----collar workers) - - - - - arafizikuriSromiT dasaqmebuli muSakebi,

romelTa naxevarze meti Cab-

mulia informaciul momsaxure-

baSi. maT miakuTvneben ZiriTadad

gonebrivi SromiT dakavebul

muSakebs. `TeTrsayeloianebi~,

rogorc absoluturad, ise Se-

fardebiT, Warboben momsaxure-

bis sferoSi. amasTan, maTi wili

swrafi tempiT izrdeba maRal-

teqnologiur dargebSi _ _ _ _ _ eleq-

tronikaSi, Cqarosnul trans-

portSi, axali masalebis, samec-

niero mowyobilobebis warmoe-

baSi da a.S.

TviTdafinanseba TviTdafinanseba TviTdafinanseba TviTdafinanseba TviTdafinanseba (self-----fi-nance) - - - - - warmoebis gafarToebisdafinanseba mogebis an axali

Tamasuqis diskontiTamasuqis diskontiTamasuqis diskontiTamasuqis diskontiTamasuqis diskonti

161

aqciebis gamoSvebis xarjze.

`TiTqmis fuli~ `TiTqmis fuli~ `TiTqmis fuli~ `TiTqmis fuli~ `TiTqmis fuli~ (“almostmoney”) - - - - - aqtivebis erT-----erTisaxeoba, romelSic Sedis vadi-

ani anabrebis mTliani Tanxa,

arasaCeko Semnaxveli angariSebi

da im saxelmwifo fasiani

qaRaldebis mTliani moculo-

ba, romelic Ria bazarze Sei-

Zleba gaicvalos naRd fulze.

`TiTqmis fuli~ likviduri

aqtivia, vinaidan advilia misi

gacvla naRd fulze. Tumca

gacvlamde igi ver asrulebs mi-

moqcevis saSualebis funqcias

da amitom mas kvazifulsac

uwodeben.

`TiTqmis fuli~`TiTqmis fuli~`TiTqmis fuli~`TiTqmis fuli~`TiTqmis fuli~

162 iardiiardiiardiiardiiardi

iiiiiiardi iardi iardi iardi iardi (yard) - - - - - sigrZis er-

Teuli sazomTa inglisur sis-

temaSi, udris 3 futs, anu

97,44 sm-----s.

ìafi fuli~ ìafi fuli~ ìafi fuli~ ìafi fuli~ ìafi fuli~ (cheap mon-ey) - - - - - sakredito sistemis ise-Ti mdgomareoba, roca advilia

aiRo sesxad kapitali. es Se-----

saZlebelia dabali saproce-----

nto ganakveTis, sabanko sis-----

temis likvidurobis zrdis,

dakreditebis sferoSi SezRud-

vebis Sesustebisa da a.S. poli-

tikis ganxorcielebis pirobeb-

Si. ìafi fuli~ mosaxleobi-

saTvis kreditis xelmisawvdo-

mobis amsaxveli terminia.

imiji imiji imiji imiji imiji (image) - - - - - saqonlis,

momsaxurebis, sawarmos da a.S.

reputacia. is saqoneli (mom-

saxureba, sawarmo da a.S.), rom-

lis `saxemac~ momxmarebelTa

aRiareba moi pova, SemdgomSi

uzrunvelyofs momxmarebelTa

erTgulebas Sesabamisi safir-

mo da savaWro markebisadmi da

maT mtkice, myar mdgomareobas

bazarze.

importze gadasaxadi importze gadasaxadi importze gadasaxadi importze gadasaxadi importze gadasaxadi (sa-sa-sa-sa-sa-

importoimportoimportoimportoimporto baJi baJi baJi baJi baJi) (import duties) -----sazRvargareTidan Semotanil

saqonelze dawesebuli arapir-

dapiri gadasaxadis saxe; gamoi-

yeneba importis moculobisa da

struqturis regulirebisaTvis.

importi importi importi importi importi (import) - - - - - sxva qve-yanaSi warmoebuli saqonlis an

momsaxurebis Semotana da mox-

mareba mocemul qveyanaSi.

saqoneli xiluli importia,

momsaxureba ki _ _ _ _ _ uxilavi.

importis Senacvleba Siimportis Senacvleba Siimportis Senacvleba Siimportis Senacvleba Siimportis Senacvleba Si-----

ddddda warmoebiT a warmoebiT a warmoebiT a warmoebiT a warmoebiT (import substitu-tion) - - - - - erT-----erTi mTavari ganvi-Tarebis strategia ganviTare-

badi qveynebisaTvis. omis Sem-

dgom pirvel wlebSi mravali

ekonomisti da ganviTarebadi

qveynebis mTavrobebi industri-

alizaciis politikas miiCnevd-

nen ekonomikuri progresis

saukeTeso strategiad. am Tval-

sazrisiT yvelaze marTebuli

gza iyo importis Senacvleba

Sida warmoebiT, rac gulisx-

mobs sakuTari mrewvelobis

Seqmnas importuli kvotebiTa

da tarifebiT dacvis safuZ-

velze. iTvleboda, rom es pro-

cesi unda dawyebuliyo mrew-

velobis im dargebis ganviTare-

biT, romlebic awarmoeben sa-

momxmareblo saqonels. Semdeg

aqcenti gadatanil iqna kapi-

taluri saqonlis warmoebaze.

igulisxmeboda, rom am gziT

SesaZlebeli iqneboda impor-

tis Senacvleba Sida warmoe-

biT, rac xels Seuwyobda eko-

nomikur zrdas. ar gamoiricxe-

boda is varaudic, rom am

163

strategiis realizaciis Ziri-

Tadi xarjebi Tavis Tavze ganvi-

Tarebul qveynebs unda aeRoT.

am strategiis gamoyenebam mra-

val ganviTarebad qveyanas ara-

saxarbielo Sedegebi moutana.

sagadasaxdelo balansis mdgo-

mareoba aRniSnul qveynebSi

naklebad gaumjobesda, xolo

maTi damokidebuleba ganviTare-

bul saxelmwifoebze ar Sem-

cirebula. importis struq-

turaSi mza samomxmareblo

saqonlis wili Semcirda, man-

qana-----mowyobilobebisa da saTa-

darigo nawilebis ki gaizar-

da. warmoiqmna barierebi eqspor-

tisaTvis, vinaidan saeqsporto

saqonlis mwarmoebeli firmebi

iZulebulni gaxdnen adgilo-

brivi firmebisagan, romlebic

proteqcionistur pirobebSi

muSaobdnen, SeeZinaT nedleu-

li da masalebi msoflio done-

ze maRal fasebSi. am politi-

kam ganapiroba valutis kur-

sis gazrda, ramac Seamcira maTi

eqsportis efeqtianoba.

importirebisadmi mid-importirebisadmi mid-importirebisadmi mid-importirebisadmi mid-importirebisadmi mid-

rekileba rekileba rekileba rekileba rekileba (propensity to import)- - - - - importze gaweuli xarjebis

wilis zrda SemosavalSi.

inglisuringlisuringlisuringlisuringlisur-----amerikuli sko-amerikuli sko-amerikuli sko-amerikuli sko-amerikuli sko-

lislislislislis Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (the theory of english-----american school) - - - - - Rirebulebis

alternatiuli Teoria, romel-

ic wamoayena inglisur-----ameri-

kulma skolam. es skola Camoy-

alibda XIX saukunis bolos da

XX saukunis dasawyisSi. misifuZemdebelia cnobili inglise-

li ekonomisti alfred marSa-

li. am Teorias iziarebs pol

samuelsonic.

inglisur-----amerikulma sko-

lam Rirebulebis Teoriebis -----

SromiTi Rirebulebis Teoria

(ix.), zRvruli sargeblianobis

Teoria (ix.), warmoebis danax-

arjebis Teoria (ix.), moTxov-

na-----miwodebis Teoria (ix.) _____

SeerTebiT Seqmna Rirebulebis

axali Teoria, romelSic amo-

savalia moTxovna-----miwodebis ka-

noni. am ̀ axali Teoriis~ mixed-

viT saqonlis miwodebas gan-

sazRvravs warmoebis danaxar-

jebi, xolo moTxovnas _ _ _ _ _ saqon-

lis zRvruli sargeblianoba.

inglisur-----amerikuli sko-

lis Teoria yvelaze optima-

luria, igi obieqturi da subi-

eqturi faqtorebiT gansazRvris

Taviseburi sinTezia.

indemniteti indemniteti indemniteti indemniteti indemniteti (indemnity) -----zaralis anazRaureba, kompensa-

cia (rogorc wesi, saerTa-

Soriso samarTalSi).

indeqsacia indeqsacia indeqsacia indeqsacia indeqsacia (index-----linking,indexation) - - - - - fasebis indeqsiscvlilebis mixedviT kontraqte-

bis nominaluri Rirebulebis

periodulad gadasinjvis meqa-

nizmi, xelfasisa da sxva Semo-

indeqsaciaindeqsaciaindeqsaciaindeqsaciaindeqsacia

164

savlebis koreqtireba ekonomi-

kaSi fasebis saSualo donis

cvalebadobis Sesabamisad.

indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi (index) [<laT. in-dex maCvenebeli] - - - - - cifrobrivimaCvenebeli, romelic procen-

tobiT gamoxatavs warmoebis

moculobis, fasebis, sagareo

vaWrobisa da a.S. cvlilebebs&

individualuri mewar-individualuri mewar-individualuri mewar-individualuri mewar-individualuri mewar-

meoba meoba meoba meoba meoba (sole ownership) - - - - - same-

warmeo saqmianobis individu-

aluri gaZRola, mewarmeobis

umartivesi forma. individu-

aluri mewarmis qoneba ganuyo-

felia misi piradi qonebisagan,

xolo individualuri sawar-

mo ar aris iuridiuli piri.

indikaturi dagegmva indikaturi dagegmva indikaturi dagegmva indikaturi dagegmva indikaturi dagegmva (in-dicative planning) - - - - - erovnuli

ekonomikis saorientacio dageg-

mva saxelmwifo doneze, rome-

lic ar zRudavs erovnuli kapi-

talis uflebebs. masSi gan-

sazRvrulia qveynis socialur-----

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis pri-

oritetebis sistema da maTi

realizaciis gzebi. indikaturi

dagegmva koordinacias uwevs

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

yvela organos Sesabamis ko-

mpleqsur da urTierTdakavSi-

rebul RonisZiebebs.

indikaturi gegma moicavs:

1. qveynis socialur-----ekono-

mikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTad

strategiul miznebsa da amoca-

nebs; 2. prognozul-----analiti-

kur nawils; 3. sagegmo-----maregu-

lirebel nawils.

indikatur gegmaSi asaxulia

is konkretuli RonisZiebebi,

romlebmac unda uzrunvelyos

dasaxuli prognozuli parame-

trebis miRweva.

indosamenti indosamenti indosamenti indosamenti indosamenti (endorsement)[<frang. endossement <laT. in-dorsum zurgi]-----gadacemis war-

wera, _ _ _ _ _ warwera Tamasuqis, Cekis,

konosamentis da sxva fasiani

qaRaldebis meore mxareze, rom-

liTac dasturdeba am doku-

mentiT gansazRvruli ufleb-

is gadacema sxva pirisaTvis

(sxvagvarad _ _ _ _ _ Jiro).

indosanti indosanti indosanti indosanti indosanti (endorsee) [<germ.indossant]-----piri, romelic fasi-

ani qaRaldebis ukana mxareze

akeTebs gadacemis aRmniSvnel

warweras (sxvagvarad _ _ _ _ _ Jiran-

ti).

indosati indosati indosati indosati indosati (endorser) [<germ.indossant]-----piri, romlis sasarge-

blodac fasian qaRaldze ga-

keTebulia gadacemis warwera.

industria industria industria industria industria (industry) - - - - - ga-eros saerTaSoriso standartu-

li dargobrivi klasifikaciisa

da erovnul angariSTa siste-

mis mixedviT ekonomikis meo-

reuli seqtori (agraruli seq-

toris Semdeg), romelSic Se-

dis mrewveloba (Tavisi mom-

povebeli da gadammuSavebeli

indeqsiindeqsiindeqsiindeqsiindeqsi

165

dargebiT) da mSenebloba.

industriuli sazogado-industriuli sazogado-industriuli sazogado-industriuli sazogado-industriuli sazogado-

eba eba eba eba eba (industrial society) - - - - - sazo-gadoebis ganviTarebis stadia,

samrewvelo sazogadoeba, ro-

melmac Secvala agraruli sazo-

gadoeba, xolo XX saukunis60-----iani wlebidan gadaizarda

postindustriul sazogadoeba-

Si.

inercia inercia inercia inercia inercia (inertia) - - - - - ekono-mikuri maCveneblebis dinamika

mimdinare periodSi, dafuZne-

buli wina periodis tenden-

ciaze.

investirebisadmi mid-investirebisadmi mid-investirebisadmi mid-investirebisadmi mid-investirebisadmi mid-

rekileba rekileba rekileba rekileba rekileba (propensity to invest)-----erovnuli Semosavlis im wi-

lis zrda, romelic xmardeba

kapitaldabandebebs.

investicia investicia investicia investicia investicia (investment)[<laT. investire Semosvla]-----ker-Zo seqtoris an saxelmwifos

grZelvadiani kapitaldabande-

ba qveynis SigniT an sazRvarg-

areT: 1. dabandeba realur Zir-

iTad kapitalsa da materialur-----

sasaqonlo maragSi warmoebis

ganviTarebisaTvis; 2. dabande-

ba finansur aqtivebSi (de-

pozitSi, fasian qaRaldebSi) Se-

mosavlis miRebis mizniT.

investiciebi materialuri,

teqnikuri, finansuri da inte-

leqtualuri faseulobebis

grZelvadiani dabandebaa ekono-

mikuri saqmianobis sxvadasxva

sferoSi mogebis an social-

uri efeqtis miRebis mizniT.

Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi inves-

ticiebis didi nawili fasiani

qaRaldebiTaa warmodgenili.

portfelis investiciebiportfelis investiciebiportfelis investiciebiportfelis investiciebiportfelis investiciebi

fasian qaRaldebSi gaTval-

iswinebulia mxolod Semosav-

lis misaRebad, pirdapiri _pirdapiri _pirdapiri _pirdapiri _pirdapiri _

kompaniis mmarTvelobaSi monawi-

leobisaTvis. investiciebi Zvir-

fas liTonebSi, miwaze an sxva

uZrav qonebaSi xorcieldeba in-

flaciisa da fuladi reform-

isagan fuladi saxsrebis dac-

vis mizniT.

investiciebis sidide gan-

isazRvreba im proeqtebiT, rom-

lebic uzrunvelyofen dadeb-

iT wminda diskontirebul Rire-

bulebas an Semosavlebis Sida

ganakveTs. pirvel maCvenebels

ewodeba wminda diskontire-wminda diskontire-wminda diskontire-wminda diskontire-wminda diskontire-

bulibulibulibulibuli Rirebulebis kriteriu- Rirebulebis kriteriu- Rirebulebis kriteriu- Rirebulebis kriteriu- Rirebulebis kriteriu-

mimimimimi,,,,, xolo meores _ kapital xolo meores _ kapital xolo meores _ kapital xolo meores _ kapital xolo meores _ kapital-----

dabandebis zRvruli efeq-dabandebis zRvruli efeq-dabandebis zRvruli efeq-dabandebis zRvruli efeq-dabandebis zRvruli efeq-

tianobis kriteriumi.tianobis kriteriumi.tianobis kriteriumi.tianobis kriteriumi.tianobis kriteriumi.

investiciis bazari investiciis bazari investiciis bazari investiciis bazari investiciis bazari (Inves-tment market) - - - - - sainvesticio re-sursebze moTxovna-----miwodebis

formirebisa da sainvesticio

saqonlis yidva-----gayidvis sfe-

ro. investiciis bazari emsax-

ureba sainvesticio potencia-

lis mobilizeba-----organizebas, sa-

investicio saqonlis finansur,

materialur da inteleqtu-

investiciis bazariinvesticiis bazariinvesticiis bazariinvesticiis bazariinvesticiis bazari

166

alur uzrunvelyofas.

investori investori investori investori investori (investor) [<ing.investor meanabre]-----iuridiuli an

fizikuri piri, romelic axor-

cielebs investiciebs, abandebs

sakuTar, nasesx, an mozidul sax-

srebs investiciur proeqteb-

Si. investori Tavisi saxeliT

iZens fasian qaRaldebs.

sainvesticio kapitalis

formirebis mixedviT investori

SeiZleba iyos ori saxis: indiindiindiindiindi-----

vidualurividualurividualurividualurividualuri da instituciuri. da instituciuri. da instituciuri. da instituciuri. da instituciuri.

individualuri investori fa-

sian qaRaldebs iZens sakuTari

kapitaliT. mas bolo kredi-

tors uwodeben. instituciuri

investori fasian qaRaldebs

yidulobs ara imdenad sakuTa-

ri, ramdenadac moziduli fu-

liT, anu mis mier mobilizebu-

li bolo kreditorebis kapi-

taliT. igi Sualeduri rgolia

kapitalis mobilizaciasa da in-

vestirebaSi.

saxsrebis dabandeba fasian

qaRaldebSi SeiZleba iyos in-

stituciuri investoris, mag., ko-

merciuli bankis, sadazRvevo

organizaciis, sapensio fonde-

bis da a.S. Tavisufali saxsre-

bis droebiTi moTavseba, SeiZ-

leba iyos kapitalis mobili-

zaciis ZiriTadi mizani, mag., sa-

investicio kompaniebis, sainves-

ticio fondebis Seqmna.

investoris kategorias ar

miekuTvnebian brokerebi, rom-

lebic operaciebs awarmoeben

klientis xarjze.

dilerebi, romlebic saku-

Tari xarjiT awarmoeben opera-

ciebs, iyofian or kategoriad:

pirvelad da meorad dilere-

bad. pirveladi dilerebi baz-

arze avrceleben axal fasian

qaRaldebs da amiT emitenti-

saTvis qmnian damatebiT kapi-

tals, xolo meoradi dilere-

bi yiduloben da xelaxla yid-

ian mimoqcevaSi arsebul fasi-

an qaRaldebs da emitentisaTvis

ar axdenen axali kapitalis

mobilizacias. maTi meSveobiT

kapitali investorebs Soris

moZraobs.

inkasacia inkasacia inkasacia inkasacia inkasacia (collection) [ital.

incassare yuTSi Cawyoba]- - - - - bank-Si naRdi fulis miReba fasi-

ani qaRaldebiT; inkasos oper-

aciebis ganxorcieleba.

inkaso inkaso inkaso inkaso inkaso (encashment, collec-tion of payments) [ital. incas-so]-----sabanko operaciis saxeoba,romliTac banki saangariSswo-

rebo dokumentebis (Tamasuqis,

Cekis, da a.S.) safuZvelze kli-

entis davalebiT da mis an-

gariSze iRebs kuTvnil fulad

Tanxas mesame pirisagan. sain-

kaso operaciebis CatarebisaT-

vis banks sakomisio ekuTvnis.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi

sasaqonlo dokumentebis inkaso

investoriinvestoriinvestoriinvestoriinvestori

167

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom eqspor-

tiori avalebs Tavis banks, mi-

iRos gansazRvruli raodeno-

bis valuta importiorisagan,

am ukanasknelisaTvis sasaqon-

lo dokumentebis gadagzavnis

safuZvelze.

sainkaso operacia Sedgeba

oTxi etapisagan: 1. eqsportio-

ri gadascems Tavis banks sain-

kaso davalebas da sasaqonlo

dokumentebis danarTs, rasac

safuZvlad udevs eqsportio-

rsa da importiors Soris da-

debuli xelSekruleba; 2. eqs-

portioris banki sainkaso dava-

lebas sasaqonlo dokumenteb-

Tan erTad gadagzavnis impor-

tioris bankSi; 3. importioris

banki maT gadascems importio-

rs; 4. importioris banki im-

portiorisagan valutis miRe-

bis Semdeg gadagzavnis mas

eqsportioris bankis angariSze,

es ukanaskneli ki am Tanxas

Caricxavs eqsportioris an-

gariSze. sainkaso operaciebis

CatarebisaTvis banki iRebs sa-

komisios.

inovacia inovacia inovacia inovacia inovacia (innovtion) - - - - - axa-li teqnologiebis, Sromis or-

ganizaciisa da marTvis pro-

gresuli formebis danergva

warmoebaSi, produqciis axal

saxeobaTa aTviseba. es termini

xSirad gamoiyeneba sityva `ga-

mogonebis~ sinonimad da dakav-

Sirebulia warmoebrivi proces-

ebis teqnologiur srulyo-

fasTan, Tumca, inovacia ufro

farTo cnebaa, vidre gamogone-

ba. igi gamogonebis komerciul

gamoyenebas gulisxmobs.

inovacia ar aris erTjera-

di aqti, aramed igi saqmianobis

nebismier sferoSi ganviTareb-

is uwyveti procesia. amiT aix-

sneba TUV-----ebis, robotebis, ko-

mpiuterebis, mobiluri tele-

fonebisa da a.S. ramdenime Tao-

bis arseboba.

`inovacia~ pirvelad mec-

nierul brunvaSi Semoitana

iozef Sumpeterma. naSromSi

`ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Teo-

ria~ (1911) pirvelma gaaSuqa

inovaciuri procesebi da maTi

roli mogebis gadidebaSi.

inovaciuri banki inovaciuri banki inovaciuri banki inovaciuri banki inovaciuri banki (innova-tion bank) - - - - - komerciuli banki,

specializebuli inovaciuri

proeqtebis, e.i. sxvadasxva mec-

nierul-----teqnologiuri siaxlis

(dawyebuli sacdeli nimuSeb-

is daproeqtebidan da Seqmnidan,

damTavrebuli maTi masobrivad

danergviT) dafinansebasa da

dakreditebaze, romelTa vade-

bi, wesebi da pirobebi dgindeba

dasafinansebeli samuSaoebis

masStabis, stadiebisa da xasi-

aTis mixedviT. gamoiyeneba ro-

gorc moklevadiani, ise grZel-

vadiani dakrediteba. SesaZle-

inovaciuri bankiinovaciuri bankiinovaciuri bankiinovaciuri bankiinovaciuri banki

168

belia investiciuri dafinanse-

bac im kompaniebis aqciebis

SeZenis gziT, romlebic amuSave-

ben da nergaven raime mecnie-

rul-----teqnologiur ideas, ag-

reTve dakavebuli arian obli-

gaciebis xangrZlivi vadiT gavr-

celebiT, dasafinansebeli proeq-

tis ganxorcielebiT dainter-

esebul pirebs Soris.

inovaciuri banki sxva banke-

bisagan gamoirCeva Semdegi Ta-

viseburebebiT: sakredito da-

bandebis ukan dabrunebis maRa-

li riskiT; arsebiTi gansxvave-

biT ara mxolod vadebSi, aramed

sesxebis moculobaSi; meanabris

saxsrebis dacvis uzrunvel-

yofisaTvis damatebiTi garan-

tiebis aucileblobiT. ekonomi-

kis stabilizacia, kerZo seq-

torSi investiciuri aqtiuro-

bis amaRleba, privatizaciisa da

mewarmeobis ganviTareba gana-

pirobebs inovaciuri miznebi-

saTvis kreditze moTxovnis

gazrdas. Tavis mxriv, es proce-

si stimuls aZlevs ZiriTadi

kapitalis ganaxlebas da xels

uwyobs msoflio donesTan Se-

darebiT teqnologiebSi arse-

buli CamorCenis daZlevas.

inovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomika

(inovation economy) - - - - - axali ti-

pis civilizacia, codnaze da-

fuZnebuli ekonomika. emyareba

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axal

paradigmas, sadac inteleqtu-

aluri kapitali da informa-

cia warmoebis ganmsazRvreli

faqtorebia. inovaciuri ekono-

mika gulisxmobs warmoebaSi

Tvisebrivad axali teqnolo-

giebis (warmoebis kompiuter-

izacia, robotuli da lazer-

uli teqnika, bioteqnologia, nan-

oteqnologia, mikroprocesoru-

li teqnologia da a.S.) dan-

ergvas, ukidegano informaciis

velSi mudmivad yofnas.

inovaciuri ekonomika mo-

mavlis ekonomikaa. XXI sauku-nis dasawyisSi igi mxolod

formirebis procesSia. misi

konturebi gamoikveTa maRal-

ganviTarebul qveynebSi.

inJineringi inJineringi inJineringi inJineringi inJineringi (engineering)- - - - - saqmiani (warmoebrivi daniS-

nulebis) momsaxurebis erT-----

erTi saxeoba, inteleqtualuri

saqmianobis erToblioba, romel-

ic gulisxmobs komerciul sa-

fuZvelze ama Tu im sainJinro-----

sakonsultacio momsaxurebis

gawevas. inJinerings ewevian ro-

gorc specializebuli sainJin-

ro-----sakonsultacio firmebi, ise

samrewvelo, samSeneblo da sxva

kompaniebi.

inJineringis tipis momsaxu-

rebis mTel erTobliobas yofen

or jgufad: 1. produqciis war-

moebis procesis momzadebasTan

dakavSirebuli momsaxureba; 2.

inovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomikainovaciuri ekonomika

169

produqciis warmoebisa da re-

alizaciis procesis normaluri

msvlelobis uzrunvelyofasTan

dakavSirebuli momsaxureba.

pirvel jgufs miekuTvneba:

a) winasaproeqto momsaxure-

ba. masSi Sedis: socialur-----

ekonomikuri gamokvlevebi, to-

pografiuli gadaRebebi da adg-

ilmdebareobis dagegmareba;

niadagis gamokvleva; wiaRiseu-

lis Zieba, regionebis ganaSe-

nianebis, satransporto qselis

ganviTarebis gegmebis SemuSave-

ba; proeqtis teqnikur-----ekono-

mikuri dasabuTebulobis momza-

debisaTvis gamokvlevebis Cata-

reba da sxv., b) saproeqto mom-

saxureba, romelic, Tavis mxriv,

iyofa bazisur da detalur

(dawvrilebiT) inJineringad. ba-

zisur inJineringSi Sedis: wi-

naswari sainJineringo gamokv-

levebisa da proeqtebis, gener-

aluri gegmisa da Tanmxlebi

sqemebis, rekomendaciebis momza-

deba, proeqtebis Rirebulebis,

misi eqspluataciisa da Seqm-

nisaTvis saWiro xarjebis winas-

wari Sefaseba. detalur in-

JineringSi Sedis: a) proeqtis

detaluri gamokvleva, Semajame-

beli saarqiteqturo proeqtis

SemuSaveba, teqnikuri special-

istebis, mxazvelebisa da a.S.

momzadeba. igi moicavs obieq-

tis mSeneblobasTan dakavSire-

biT kontraqtis dadebisaTvis

gaweul samuSaoebs, romelSic

Sedis: sakontraqto dokument-

aciis momzadeba; auqcionis or-

ganizacia; winadadebebis Sefase-

ba; rekomendaciebis Sedgena;

kontraqtis dadeba; proeqtis

gaZRola-----zedamxedveloba; mSe-

neblobis marTva; samuSaos dam-

Tavrebis Sesaxeb sertifikatis

Sedgena da gacema, mSeneblobis

Sesaxeb teqnikuri daskvnis

gakeTeba; teqnikuri personalis

momzadeba; produqciis gasaRe-

bisaTvis xelsayreli pirobeb-

is Seqmna; b) specialuri mom-

saxureba, ganpirobebuli moce-

muli obieqtis Seqmnis konkre-

tuli problemebiT (narCenebis

utilizaciasTan dakavSirebu-

li sakiTxebis kvleva, iuridi-

uli procedurebi da a.S.).

sainJineringo momsaxureb-

is meore jgufs miekuTvneba:

warmoebis procesis marTvasa

da organizaciasTan dakavSire-

buli momsaxureba; mowyobi-

lobebis gamocdasTan dakavSire-

buli momsaxureba; obieqtis eqs-

pluataciasTan dakavSirebuli

momsaxureba (kadrebis SerCeva

da momzadeba, materialur-----te-

qnikuri momaragebis organiza-

cia, xelfasisa da samuSaoTa

struqturis dadgena, eqsploat-

aciis meTvalyureoba da sxv.);

kvalificiuri daxmareba dafi-

inJineringiinJineringiinJineringiinJineringiinJineringi

170

nansebis sakiTxSi (konsulta-

ciebi dafinansebis organiza-

ciaSi, Semosavlebisa da danax-

arjebis Sefaseba da rekomen-

daciebi maTi optimizaciis miz-

niT, konsultaciebi finansuri

politikis sakiTxSi da a.S.);

produqciis realizaciasTan da-

kavSirebuli momsaxureba (ba-

zrebis koniunqturis gamokvle-

va, reklamis organizaciaSi dax-

marebis gaweva, konsultaciebi

gasaRebis sferoSi da a.S.);

sainformacio uzrunvelyofis

sistemis, eleqtronul-----gamomTv-

leli teqnikis danergvasTan

dakavSirebuli momsaxureba.

sainJineringo momsaxureba

kvlavwarmoebadia. amiT igi gan-

sxvavdeba ̀ nou-----haus~, licenzi-

ebisa da teqnologiis sfero-

Si codnis sxva formebisagan.

institucionalizmi institucionalizmi institucionalizmi institucionalizmi institucionalizmi (in-stitutionalism) - - - - - mimdinareoba

ekonomikur TeoriaSi, romlis

warmomadgenlebi gansakuTre-

bul mniSvnelobas aniWeben in-

stitutebis rols ekonomikur

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi. in-

stitucionalizmi warmoiSva

XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da

XX saukunis dasawyisSi da

aisaxa amerikeli ekonomisteb-

is T. veblenis, j. komonsis, u.

mitCelisa da sxvaTa naSromebSi.

institucionalistebi akri-

tikeben sabazro ekonomikis av-

tomaturad regulirebis kon-

cefcias. maT ukana planze gadas-

wies ekonomikur urTierToba-

Ta subieqtebis kerZo intere-

sebis kvleva da upiratesobas

adamianTa qcevaSi sazogadoe-

briv motivebs aniWeben. dasav-

leT evropis qveynebSi insti-

tucionalizmi gavrcelda me-

ore msoflio omis Semdeg, ra-

Sic mniSvnelovani roli ekono-

mikis saxelmwifo regulireb-

is gaZlierebam Seasrula.

ìnstituciuri mibmis~ìnstituciuri mibmis~ìnstituciuri mibmis~ìnstituciuri mibmis~ìnstituciuri mibmis~

koncefcia koncefcia koncefcia koncefcia koncefcia (“institutional bind-ing” principle) - - - - - am koncefciasTanamedrove pirobebSi eyrdnoba

qveynis instituciuri ganvi-

Tareba, rogorc demokratizaci-

isa da ekonomikuri wesrigis

Camoyalibebis gamoxatuleba.

igi aqcents stabiluri da

qmediTi institutebis modelze

akeTebs. am procesis orienti-

rad saqarTvelom evrokavSiris

kanonmdebloba airCia, rac 1996

wels dafiqsirda partnioro-

bisa da TanamSromlobis xe-

lSekrulebaSi da sabolood

dadasturda 2004 wels evro-

pis samezoblo politikasTan

saqarTvelos mierTebiT. jer

kidev, 1997 wlis seqtemberSi

saqarTvelos parlamentma mi-

iRo dadgenileba, romlis

Tanaxmadac `saqarTvelos par-

lamentis mier 1998 wlis pir-

institucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmiinstitucionalizmi

171

veli seqtembridan miRebuli

yvela kanoni da normatiuli

aqti unda Seesabamebodes evro-

kavSiris mier dawesebul stan-

dartebsa da wesebs.~ am dad-

genilebis amoqmedeba SeiZleba

CaiTvalos saqarTvelos saka-

nonmdeblo sistemis evrokav-

Siris sakanonmdeblo sistemas-

Tan daaxloebis mimarTulebiT

gadadgmul mniSvnelovan nabi-

jad.

dRes saqarTvelos insti-

tuciuri ganviTarebis garkveul

CarCoebSi moqcevis procesi

axlosaa gerSenkronis konvergerSenkronis konvergerSenkronis konvergerSenkronis konvergerSenkronis konver-----

genciis TeoriasTan.genciis TeoriasTan.genciis TeoriasTan.genciis TeoriasTan.genciis TeoriasTan. evrokav-

Siri qveynebis erT-erTi yve-

laze ganviTarebuli nakrebia

msoflioSi, romelsac maRali

ekonomikuri da socialuri mwar-

moebluroba axasiaTebs.

instituciuri ganviTareba,

rogorc ekonomikuri qcevis we-

sebisa da normebis erToblio-

ba, urTulesi procesia, romel-

sac iseTi specialuri sakomu-

nikacio arxebis mobilizeba

sWirdeba, rogoric arasamTav-

robo organizaciebia. axali in-

stitutebi uzrunvelyofen sa-

bazro urTierTobebisa da bi-

znesis ganviTarebisTvis jan-

saRi samarTlebrivi da mareg-

ulirebeli garemos Seqmnas,

globalizaciis negatiuri ten-

denciebis aRmofxvras.

instituciuri umuSev-instituciuri umuSev-instituciuri umuSev-instituciuri umuSev-instituciuri umuSev-

roba roba roba roba roba (institutional unemployment)– qveyanaSi arsebuli susti in-

stitutebisa da Sromis bazris

mouqneli funqcionirebidan

gamomdinare vakanturi samuSao

adgilebis auTviseblobiT (maTi

arsebobis Sesaxeb mosaxleo-

bisaTvis informaciis miuwode-

blobis gamo) gamowveuli umu-

Sevroba.

inteleqtualuri sakuT-inteleqtualuri sakuT-inteleqtualuri sakuT-inteleqtualuri sakuT-inteleqtualuri sakuT-

reba reba reba reba reba (intellectual property) - - - - - so-cialur-----ekonomikuri da same-

urneo-----samarTlebrivi urTier-

Toba inteleqtualuri Sromis

produqtebis mflobelobas, gan-

kargvasa da gamoyenebaSi. in-

teleqtualuri sakuTrebis sa-

fuZvels Seadgens codna, in-

teleqti, gamocdileba da a.S.

inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis

obieqtebia: dapatentebuli cod-

na, aratrivialuri idea, teqni-

kuri siaxle, menejeris nova-

toruli gadawyvetileba da

sxv. inteleqtualuri sakuTre-

bis ekonomikuri realizaciis

formebia: kapitali, mogeba, Se-

mosavali, procenti da renta.

inflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia (inflation) [<laT.

inflatio gaberva] - - - - - mimoqcevis arx-ebSi Warbi qaRaldis fulisa

da dauxurdavebeli banknote-

bis dagroveba, rac iwvevs maT

gaufasurebasa (msyidvelobiTi

unaris dacemas) da fasebis

inflaciainflaciainflaciainflaciainflacia

172

saerTo donis zrdas. am pro-

cess Tan axlavs ucxouri va-

lutis kursis zrda da im qvey-

nis valutis kursis dacema, sa-

dac inflaciaa. inflaciis Zir-

iTadi ganmapirobebeli faqtore-

bia: 1. disproporciis warmoSoba

fulad da saqonlur masas So-

ris, fuladi masis dausaqon-

leba; 2. moxmarebis sagnebis

warmoebis CamorCena mosaxle-

obis moTxovnasTan SedarebiT.

Tu moTxovna win uswrebs mi-

wodebas, maSin warmoiqmneba

fuladi saxsrebis siWarbe,

saqonlis deficiti, rac xels

uwyobs fasebis zrdas; 3. baz-

arze iseTi saqonlis miwodeba,

romelzec moTxovna ar aris.

es garemoeba farulad gana-

pirobebs fulis gaufasurebas.

inflaciis dinamikaze did

gavlenas axdens iseTi faqtore-

bi, rogoricaa inflaciuri

molodini, sainvesticio nakadebi,

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis cvli-

leba, ekonomikis monetizaciis

done, gacvliTi kursis mosa-

lodneli dinamika, mSp-mSp-mSp-mSp-mSp-is zrdis

tempi da a.S. Tavis mxriv, am

faqtorebze garkveul zemo-

qmedebas axorcielebs centra-

luri banki Tavisi monetaru-

li instrumentebiT. am mizniT

igi iyenebs iseT arapirdapir

instrumentebs, rogoricaa bank-

TaSorisi kreditis ganakveTi,

savaldebulo rezervebis nor-

ma, fasiani qaRaldebis bazarze

saxelmwifo sagadasaxado val-----

debulebaTa yidva-----gayidvasTan

dakavSirebuli operaciebi da,

agreTve iyenebs iseT pirdapir

(administraciul) instrumen-

tebs, rogoricaa miznobrivi

dakrediteba, ̀ sakredito Weri~,

sargeblis ganakveTis donisadmi

pirdapiri kontroli da a.S.

inflaciuri procesebis da-

CqarebaSi mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebs savaluto, energeti-

kuli da sanedleulo krizi-

sebi, sasursaTo problemis mkveT-

rad gamwvaveba da a.S.

arsebobs zomieri, WenebiTi

(halopirebuli) da hiperinfla-

cia.

zomieria inflacia, zomieria inflacia, zomieria inflacia, zomieria inflacia, zomieria inflacia, ro-

desac gaufasureba SedarebiT

SeumCnevlad mimdinareobs. am

dros fasebis zrdis tempi

dabalia _ _ _ _ _ weliwadSi 10%-----ze

naklebi.

WenebiTia inflaciaWenebiTia inflaciaWenebiTia inflaciaWenebiTia inflaciaWenebiTia inflacia, ro-

ca qaRaldis fuli swrafad

ufasurdeba. am dros fasebi qa-

osuria da izrdeba weliwadSi

200%-----mde. warmoeba dezorga-

nizebulia. yvela cdilobs,

moimaragos saqoneli da Tavidan

moiSoros uvargisi qaRaldis

fuli. amis gamo iwyeba fulis

daCqarebuli materializacia

saqonelSi.

inflaciainflaciainflaciainflaciainflacia

173

hihihihihi perperperperperinflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia inflaciis

Zalze maRali donea. misi zr-

dis tempi Cveulebriv 200%-----

ze metia, zogjer ki weliwad-

Si ramdenime aseul procent-

sac aRwevs. hi perinflaciis

dros mimoqcevaSi gaSvebuli

fulis raodenoba da fasebi

astronomiuli tempebiT izr-

deba, fasebi da xelfasi katas-

trofulad scildeba erTma-

neTs. aseT pirobebSi cxovreb-

is donis dacemas yvelaze uz-

runvelyofili fenebic ki

grZnoben. hiperinflacia Zalian

iSviaTia, rac ar SeiZleba iTq-

vas Wenebadi inflaciis Sesax-

eb. es ukanaskneli arsebobs gan-

viTarebul qveynebSic ki, Tum-

ca, maTTvis metwilad damaxasi-

aTebelia zomieri inflacia.

zomier inflacias mZime eko-

nomikuri Sedegebi ar mosdevs,

maSin rodesac WenebiTi, gan-

sakuTrebiT ki, hiperinflacia

mTeli erovnuli meurneobis

qaoss iwvevs, ukiduresad am-

wvavebs sazogadoebaSi winaaRm-

degobebs, aferxebs kvlavwar-

moebis process, uaryofiT gav-

lenas axdens rogorc warmoe-

bis saerTo moculobaze (mak-

roekonomikuri efeqti), ise

resursebis ganawilebasa da

ekonomikur efeqtianobaze (mik-

roekonomikuri efeqti). gan-

sakuTrebiT mZimea inflaciis

socialuri Sedegebi. am dros

mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani naw-

ilis cxovrebis done mkveTrad

ecema, matulobs Semosavlebis

usamarTlo ganawileba, rac aaq-

tiurebs sazogadoebis socia-

lur-----politikur cxovrebas.

saqarTveloSi hiperinfla-

cia iyo 1993-----1994 wlebSi, ro-

ca Tviuri inflacia 50-----70%-----s

da mets Seadgenda.

inflaciis done inflaciis done inflaciis done inflaciis done inflaciis done (rate ofinflation) - - - - - fasebis donis zr-dis procentuli cvlileba

sabaziso periodTan SedarebiT.

inflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuli

wertili wertili wertili wertili wertili (critical point of in-flation) - - - - - axasiaTebs inflaci-

uri procesebisaTvis niSan-

dobliv moments, rodesac xde-

ba gadasvla erTi rigis mov-

lenebidan Tvisebrivad gansx-

vavebul meore rigis movle-

nebze. inflaciis kritikul

wertils SeiZleba hqondes ga-

moxatvis sxvadasxva forma. es

aris momenti, rodesac mimoqce-

vaSi arsebuli fulis msyidve-

lobiTi unari iwyebs dacemas,

e.i. raRac garkveuli momentidan,

miuxedavad fuladi Tanxis

zrdisa, mosaxleobas sul ufro

naklebi saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis SeZena SeuZlia. amrigad,

kritikuli wertili axasiaTebs

inflaciis gansazRvrul etaps,

rodesac iwyeba misi ukuSede-

inflaciis kritikuli wertiliinflaciis kritikuli wertiliinflaciis kritikuli wertiliinflaciis kritikuli wertiliinflaciis kritikuli wertili

174

gebis gamovlena. es momenti ar

aris erTdrouli aqti sxva-

dasxva sociauri jgufebisa da

saxelmwifosaTvis. muSebisa da

mosamsaxureebisaTvis igi infla-

ciis dawyebisTanave dgeba. male

maT wvrili mwarmoeblebi mih-

yvebian da SedarebiT gvian imave

mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian

msxvili sawarmoebis mflobel-

ni; kritikul wertilamde mi-

dis saxelmwifoc. garkveul mo-

mentSi saxelmwifo biujetis

xarji iwyebs swraf zrdas,

xolo Semosavlebi _ _ _ _ _ Semcir-

ebas. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelm-

wifo mimarTavs fulis axal

emisias. amrigad, inflacia, rode-

sac kritikul wertils miaR-

wevs, saxelmwifosTvis mZime

tvirTia. igi angrevs qveynis

ekonomikas da ekonomikuri cxov-

rebis dezorganizacias iwvevs.

amitom adre Tu gvian warmoiqm-

neba fuladi mimoqcevis sta-

bilizaciis aucilebloba.

inflaciis norma inflaciis norma inflaciis norma inflaciis norma inflaciis norma (infla-tion rate) - - - - - gamoxatavs drois

gansazRvrul periodSi faseb-

is saerTo donis matebis temps.

inflaciis norma udris nomi-

naluri fuladi masis matebis

temps minus fulze realuri

moTxovnis matebis tempi (ix.

inflaciis done).

inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-

bababababa (inflation targeting) – moneta-

ruli politikis gatareba, ro-

gorc mokle-, ise saSualova-

dian periodSi inflaciis sa-

mizne, dasaxuli donis misaRwe-

vad.

inflaciis tempi inflaciis tempi inflaciis tempi inflaciis tempi inflaciis tempi (rateof inflation) – fasebis donis

zrdis tempi. ganixilaven fase-

bis donis or sazoms: 1. mTliani

Sida produqtis deflators,

romelic gviCvenebs ekonomika-

Si warmoebuli saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis saSualo fass; 2.

samomxmareblo fasebis indeqss,

romelic gviCvenebs ekonomika-

Si moxmarebuli saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis saSualo fass.

inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-

di di di di di (inflation tax) - - - - - momxmareb-

lis mier faruli formiT gada-

xdili gadasaxadi iseT ekono-

mikur situaciaSi, rodesac

saxelmwifo inflaciis gamom-

wvev politikas atarebs: mimo-

qcevaSi uSvebs fulis damate-

biT raodenobas, ris safuZ-

velzec arapirdapiri gziT mo-

saxleobaSi krefs maTi Semo-

savlis garkveul nawils. aseT

xerxs mTavroba mimarTavs im

mizniT, rom mosaxleobis ndo-

ba ar dakargos, vinaidan in-

flaciuri gadasaxadi nakle-

bad sagrZnobia, vidre pirda-

pir gazrdili sagadasaxado ga-

nakveTi. xarjebis gadidebisa da

maTi dafarvisaTvis saxelmwi-

inflaciis normainflaciis normainflaciis normainflaciis normainflaciis norma

175

fom SeiZleba gazardos saga-

dasaxado ganakveTebi an dam-

atebiTi fuladi emisia ganax-

orcielos. emisiis Sedegad

fulis msyidvelobiTi unari

qveiTdeba, rac arsebiTad saga-

dasaxado ganakveTis gadidebis

tolfasia.

inflaciuri gadasaxadi in-

flaciis tempisa da realuri

fuladi maragebis namravlia.

inflaciuri ekonomikainflaciuri ekonomikainflaciuri ekonomikainflaciuri ekonomikainflaciuri ekonomika

(inflationary economy) - - - - - ekonomi-kas ewodeba inflaciuri, Tuki

adgili aqvs fasebis saerTo

donis permanentul zrdas. amas-

Tan, Tu fasebis zrda gamowve-

ulia ZiriTadi makroekonomi-

kuri Tanafardobebis (erTob-

livi moTxovna _ _ _ _ _ erToblivi

miwodeba, dagroveba-----moxmareba

da a.S.) disproporciiT, maSin

inflacias aqvs TviTgamaZlier-

ebeli xasiaTi.

inflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodini

(inflationary expectations) - - - - - ekono-mikuri subieqtis mier inflaci-

is SesaZlo tempebis Sefaseba

momavali droisaTvis. inflaci-

uri molodini garkveulwilad

firmebis, warmoebis muSakebis,

mTlianad mosaxleobis qcevis

erT-----erTi ganmsazRvreli faq-

toria. maRali inflaciuri

molodini aCqarebs inflaciur

process, dabali ki ramdenadme

anelebs inflaciis tempebs. Tu,

magaliTad, muSebi Semdegi

wlisTvis (an TvisTvis) faseb-

is momatebas elian, isini ze-

wolas axdenen mewarmeebze da

moiTxoven xelfasis momatebas

ise, rom igi ar CamorCebodes

Tundac inflaciis tempebs. Tu

mewarmeebi fasebis zrdis ten-

denciis SenarCunebas elian,

isini cdiloben moumaton fase-

bi warmoebul produqcias ise,

rom uzrunvelyon inflacia-

sTan SedarebiT mogebis win-

gamswrebi tempiT zrda da ar

ewinaaRmdegebian xelfasis ga-

didebas im imediT, rom mis ko-

mpensacias fasebis matebiT moax-

denen.

ekonomikur TeoriaSi ganas-

xvaveben inflaciuri molodi-

nis sam tips: eqstrapolaci-

urs, adaptiurs da racionalurs.

eqstrapolaciur-infla-eqstrapolaciur-infla-eqstrapolaciur-infla-eqstrapolaciur-infla-eqstrapolaciur-infla-

ciurciurciurciurciur molodinTan molodinTan molodinTan molodinTan molodinTan saqme gva-

qvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

ekonomikuri subieqtebi varau-

doben, rom inflaciis tempebi

momavalSi adrindelis toli

iqneba.

adaptiuri inflaciuriadaptiuri inflaciuriadaptiuri inflaciuriadaptiuri inflaciuriadaptiuri inflaciuri

molodini molodini molodini molodini molodini niSnavs imas, rom

ekonomikuri subieqtebi perspeq-

tivaSi inflaciis Sefasebisas

axdenen wina periodis inflaci-

is tempebis koreqtirebas da

aanalizeben daSvebul Secdo-

mebs. mag., ekonomikuri subieq-

inflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodiniinflaciuri molodini

176

ti, Tu maisSi inflaciis tem-

pebis Sefasebisas Secda da ver

Seafasa igi 5 procentuli pun-

qtiT, ivnisSi inflaciis maisis

faqtobriv tempebs gamoiyenebs.

Tu inflacia, vTqvaT, 25%-----s Sead-

gens, ekonomikuri subieqti mis

koreqtirebas moaxdens daSve-

buli Secdomis safuZvelze, e.i.

25%-----s daumatebs 5%-----s. amrigad,

inflaciuri molodini ivnisSi

30% iqneba.

racionalur inflaciurracionalur inflaciurracionalur inflaciurracionalur inflaciurracionalur inflaciur

molodins molodins molodins molodins molodins adgili aqvs im Sem-

TxvevaSi, rodesac ekonomikuri

subieqtebi maTTvis xelmisawv-

domi inflaciis safuZvelze

zustad gansazRvraven inflaci-

is tempebs momavali periodis-

aTvis da Sesabamis gadawyve-

tilebebs iReben.

inflaciuri molodinis pir-

veli ori tipi realuri xasiaTi-

saa, mesame ki garkveulwilad

Teoriuli abstraqciaa.

informaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetria

(asymetric information) - - - - - poten-ciur kontrahentebs Soris

SeTanxmebis dadebisaTvis auci-

lebeli informaciis uTanabro

ganawileba.

infrastruqtura infrastruqtura infrastruqtura infrastruqtura infrastruqtura (infra-structure) [<laT. intra-----qveS, struk-tura-----Sedgeniloba] - - - - - ama Tu imsistemis Semadgeneli nawili,

romelsac daqvemdebarebuli,

damxmare xasiaTi aqvs, magram

mTeli sistemis normalur fu-----

nqcionirebas ganapirobebs. in-

frastruqtura, farTo gagebiT,

uzrunvelyofs kvlavwarmoebis

procesis garegani pirobebis

Seqmnas. igi meurneobis gansa-

kuTrebuli sferoa, romelic

momsaxurebas uwevs rogorc

warmoebas, ise mimoqcevas.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi in-

frastruqtura iyofa oTx dar-

gobriv jgufad: 1. warmoebrivi

infrastuqtura; 2. socialuri

infrastruqtura; 3. instituci-

uri infrastruqtura; 4. eko-

logiuri infrastruqtura.

sabazro urTierTobis rTu-

li sistema moiTxovs Sesabam-

is infrastruqturas, romlis

gareSec civilizebuli bazre-

bis funqcionireba SeuZlebe-

lia. sabazro infrastruqtur-

aSi Sedis calkeuli bazrebis

farglebSi moqmedi speciali-

zebuli organizaciebi (saqon-

lisa da safondo birJebi, sak-

redito dawesebulebebi, sadaz-

Rvevo kompaniebi, brokerTa in-

stitutebi, marketinguli mom-

saxurebiT dakavebuli firmebi

da sxv.), romlebic mravalf-

erovnebiT gamoirCevian. maTi

meSveobiT bazrebi efeqtianad

arTmeven Tavs saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis ukmarisobas da, rac

mTavaria, xels uwyoben udefi-

cito ekonomikis Seqmnas.

informaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetriainformaciis asimetria

177

iiiiipoTeka poTeka poTeka poTeka poTeka (mortgage) - - - - - sesxi,gacemuli uZravi qonebis gi-

raoTi. dagiravebuli qoneba,

romelic uzrunvelyofs am

sesxs, mevalis xelSi rCeba.

iiiiipoTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekuri i i i i banki banki banki banki banki (mortgagebank) - - - - - sakredito dawesebuleba,

romelic gascems ipoTekur kre-

dits da uSvebs uZravi qone-

bis dagiravebiT uzrunvelyo-

fil giravnobis sigels.

iiiiipoTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekuri kri kri kri kri krediediediediediti ti ti ti ti (mor-tgage credit) - - - - - kreditis erT-----

erTi yvelaze adreuli forma,

sesxi, romelsac gascems i p-

oTekuri banki xangrZlivi va-

diT (10-----dan 15 wlamde) uZravi

qonebis (miwa, Senoba-----nagebobe-

bi) giraod datovebis safuZ-

velze.

iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-

na na na na na (irrational demand) - - - - - proble-

muri viTareba, rodesac arse-

bobs moTxovna iseT saqonelze

(Tambaqos nawarmze, alkohol-

ur sasmelze, narkotikul niv-

Tierebebze da a.S.), romelic

mavne gavlenas axdens rogorc

uSualod momxmarebelze, ise

mTel sazogadoebaze.

istoriuli modelebiistoriuli modelebiistoriuli modelebiistoriuli modelebiistoriuli modelebi (his-torical models) – modelebi, rom-

lebiTac, wonasworobis Teori-

uli modelebisgan gansxvave-

biT, SesaZlebelia realur si-

namdvileSi situaciebisa da

cvlilebebis gaanalizeba.

ìstoriuli skola~ ìstoriuli skola~ ìstoriuli skola~ ìstoriuli skola~ ìstoriuli skola~ (@his-torical school#) - - - - - XIX saukunisgermanel ekonomistTa jgufi,

romelTa gamokvlevebma, gan-

sakuTrebiT ki meTodologiam

Zlieri gavlena moaxdina ekono-

mikur mecnierebaze germanule-

novan qveynebSi. am skolis fu-

Zemdeblebi v. roSeri, b. hilde-

brandi, k. knisi da sxvebi aq-

cents istoriul aspeqtebze

akeTebdnen da Tvlidnen, rom

istoriul gamokvlevebs gada-

mwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs ama

Tu im movlenis ekonomikur

analizSi. isini akritikebdnen

klasikur skolas im Tvalsaz-

risiT, rom igi ekonomikur anal-

izSi aqcents ekonomikur kanon-

ebze akeTebda. istoriuli sk-

olis TvalsaCino warmomadgen-

lis g. Smoleris azriT, a. smiT-

ma da d. rikardom ekonomikuri

saqmianobis sfero Semofargles

mxolod kerZo interesebisa da

piradi sargeblobis poziciiT.

istoriuli skola sazoga-

doebis ganviTarebis ekonomikur

istorias ekonomikuri movle-

nebis mravalmxrivi aspeqtebis

kvlevis safuZvlad miiCnevda.

iuridiuli piri iuridiuli piri iuridiuli piri iuridiuli piri iuridiuli piri (juridical,legal person) - - - - - firma, organiza-cia, gaerTianeba da a.S., romelic

kanoniT iTvleba samoqalaqo sa-

marTlisa da valdebulebis

subieqtad, e.i. SeuZlia damo-

iuridiuli piriiuridiuli piriiuridiuli piriiuridiuli piriiuridiuli piri

178 ijaraijaraijaraijaraijara

ukideblad moipovos qonebrivi

ufleba, aiRos valdebulebebi

da iyos pasuxismgebeli sasamar-

Tlosa da arbitraJis winaSe.

yovel iuridiul pirs Tavisi

saxelwodeba aqvs. es statusi

SeiZleba hqondes sxvadasxva

saqvelmoqmedo, sazogadoebriv

da a.S. organizaciasac, romelTa

mizanic mogebis miReba ar aris.

ijara ijara ijara ijara ijara (lease) [arab. ijara-Tun _ _ _ _ _ gasamrjelo samuSao-

saTvis] - - - - - xelSekruleba, rom-

lis mixedviTac erTi mxare (me-

ijare) aZlevs Tavis qonebas

(miwas, Senoba-----nagebobebs, manqa-

na-----danadgarebsa da a.S.) meore

mxares (moijares) droebiT ufaso

sargeblobisaTvis. Sesrulebu-

li samuSaos Sedegad miRebu-

li Semosavali, arendisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, gadadis meijaris

(qonebis mesakuTris) sakuTreba-

Si, xolo es ukanaskneli samu-

Saos SesrulebisaTvis moijares

uxdis saijaro xelSekrulebiT

gaTvaliswinebuli odenobis

safasurs, gasamrjelos.

179kapitalis bazarikapitalis bazarikapitalis bazarikapitalis bazarikapitalis bazari

kkkkkkadastri kadastri kadastri kadastri kadastri (cadastre) [<berZn.katastichon furceli, reestri,

nusxa] - - - - - 1. im pirTa sia, rom-lebzec vrceldeba suladobri-

vi dabegvra; 2. cnobebis sistema-

tizebuli krebuli, romelic

dgeba Sesabamis obieqtze peri-

oduli an ganuwyveteli dak-

virvebis safuZvelze (mag., mi-

wis kadastri, wylis kadastri

da a.S.). sinon. reestri.

kalkulacia kalkulacia kalkulacia kalkulacia kalkulacia (calculation) [<laT.calculatio angariSi] - - - - - produqciiserTeulis TviTRirebulebis

gaangariSeba danaxarjebis sax-

eebis (kalkulaciis statieb-

is) mixedviT.

kambikambikambikambikambio o o o o (debtor’s bill) [<ital.

cambio daxurdaveba] - - - - - sesxis

baraTi, Tamasuqi.

kani riCard kani riCard kani riCard kani riCard kani riCard (1905-1989)

(Kahn Richard) – ingliseli

ekonomisti, 30-70-ian wlebSi

moRvaweobda kembrijis univer-

sitetSi, didi Rvawli miuZRvis

ekonomikuri mecnierebis ganvi-

TarebaSi. 1931 wels kanma eko-

nomikur TeoriaSi pirvelma

Semoitana ̀ multiplikatoris~

cneba, daadgina sazogadoebrivi

optimumis pirobebi keTildRe-

obis ekonomikur TeoriaSi. misi

naSromebidan gansakuTrebiT aR-

saniSnavia `rCeuli narkvevebi

dasaqmebisa da ekonomikuri

zrdis Sesaxeb~ (1973). kanis

ideebi farTod aisaxa j. kein-

zis, p. samuelsonis, a. hansenisa

da sxvaTa naSromebSi.

kapitali kapitali kapitali kapitali kapitali (capital) - - - - - farTogagebiT _ _ _ _ _ saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis warmoebisaTvis gamoye-

nebuli resursebi, warmoebis

faqtorebi. viwro gagebiT _____

warmoebis faqtorebis erT-----erTi

Semadgeneli nawili, warmoebis

saSualebis saxiT. kapitali

Sedgeba rogorc xangrZlivi

moxmarebis (ZiriTadi kapita-

li), ise warmoebis erTi cik-

lis manZilze moxmarebul (sa-

brunavi kapitali) warmoebrivi

saqonlisagan. es sityva gam-

oiyeneba agreTve finansuri

aqtivebis gamosaxatavad.

kapitalis bazari kapitalis bazari kapitalis bazari kapitalis bazari kapitalis bazari (capi-tal market) - - - - - finansuri resurse-biT (fuli, aqciebi, obligacie-

bi) vaWrobis, kapitalze moTx-

ovnisa da miwodebis formire-

bis sfero, romelic uzrunve-

lyofs fuladi saxsrebis aku-

mulaciasa da gadanawilebas,

ZiriTadi kapitalis moZraobas,

xels uwyobs mogebis maqsimi-

zaciasa da ekonomikaSi pro-

porciebis SenarCunebas.

kapitalis bazarze Tavs iy-

ris saxelmwifo da kerZo fir-

mebis fuladi danazogebi, rom-

lebic sakredito saSualebeb-

180

is saxiT warimarTeba kvlavwar-

moebis ganviTarebisaTvis. erT-

droulad kapitali Tavmoyril-

ia kreditoris xelSi fasiani

qaRaldebis saxiT.

kapitalis bazari moicavs

fasiani qaRaldebis bazars, sa-

Sualo da grZelvadiani kredi-

tis bazars, valutis bazris

gansazRvrul nawils da inves-

ticiis (maT Soris, ucxour-

is) bazars. kapitalis bazarze

operaciebis ZiriTadi saxeebia:

fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-----gay-

idva, sabanko sesxis, komerciu-

li da ipoTekuri kreditis mi-

Reba-----gacema. kapitalis bazarze

garigebis ZiriTadi instrumen-

tebia: depozituri serti-

fikatebi, sabanko aqceptebi da

a.S., xolo garigebis kontra-

hentebi _ _ _ _ _ safondo birJebi, sa-

dazRvevo, sabrokero da sadi-

lero kompaniebi, auditoruli

firmebi, komerciuli da sain-

vesticio bankebi, sapensio da

sainvesticio fondebi da sxv.,

romlebic safinanso-----sakredito

dawesebulebebis ganStoebul

qsels qmnian.

kapitalis bazari scilde-

ba calkeuli qveynebis saz-

Rvrebs da msoflio meurneo-

bis mniSvnelovan Semadgenel

nawils warmoadgens. igi did

rols asrulebs axali region-

uli ekonomikuri kompleqseb-

is SeqmnaSi, sagareo vaWrobasa

da saerTaSoriso angariSswore-

baSi. kapitalis msoflio baz-

arze kreditorisa da sesxis

amRebis rolSi ZiriTadad gamo-

dian msxvili transerovnuli

firmebi da bankebi, samTavrobo

da municipaluri organoebi,

saerTaSoriso savaluto da

safinanso organizaciebi (saer-

TaSoriso savaluto fondi,

msoflio banki, rekonstruqci-

isa da ganviTarebis erovnuli

banki).

kapitalis bazarze ZiriTadi

maCvenebelia procentis ganakve-

Ti. am ukanasknelis struqtu-

ra moicavs diskonts, kreditze

procentul ganakveTs, xazinis

Tamasuqs da sxv.

kapitalis gadacemaze ga-kapitalis gadacemaze ga-kapitalis gadacemaze ga-kapitalis gadacemaze ga-kapitalis gadacemaze ga-

dasaxadidasaxadidasaxadidasaxadidasaxadi (capital transfer tax) -----simdidris gadacemaze gadasax-

adi, romelic SemoiRes did bri-

taneTSi 1974 wels qonebaze

gadasaxadis nacvlad, xolo

1986 wels Seicvala memkvid-

reobaze gadasaxadiT.

kapitalis gadacemaze ga-

dasaxadi Sedgeba naCuqrobisa

da memkvidreobaze gadasaxade-

bisgan.

kapitalis dagrovebakapitalis dagrovebakapitalis dagrovebakapitalis dagrovebakapitalis dagroveba

(capital accumulation) - - - - - ZiriTa-di kapitalis dagroveba wmin-

da investiciebis xarjze.

kapitaltevadoba kapitaltevadoba kapitaltevadoba kapitaltevadoba kapitaltevadoba (capital

kapitalis gadacemaze gakapitalis gadacemaze gakapitalis gadacemaze gakapitalis gadacemaze gakapitalis gadacemaze gadasaxadidasaxadidasaxadidasaxadidasaxadi

181

coefficients) - - - - - kapitalis mocu-

lobis Sefardeba am kapital-

is gamoyenebiT gamoSvebuli

produqciis moculobasTan.

kapitalukugeba kapitalukugeba kapitalukugeba kapitalukugeba kapitalukugeba (capital-return) – kapitalis gamoyenebis

efeqtianobis, kapitaltevadobis

ukuproporciuli maCvenebeli.

gaiangariSeba gamoSvebuli mTli-

ani produqciis SefardebiT mis

sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli ka-

pitalis saSualo wliur Rire-

bulebasTan.

kapitaluri aqtivebi kapitaluri aqtivebi kapitaluri aqtivebi kapitaluri aqtivebi kapitaluri aqtivebi (ca-pitals assets) - - - - - aqtivebi, romle-

bic yoveldRiuri saqmiani ope-

raciebisas ar iyideba da ar

yiduloben, magaliTad, Senoba-----

nagebobebi, mowyobilobebi, miwa

da fasiani qaRaldebi.

kapitalSeiaraRebis kokapitalSeiaraRebis kokapitalSeiaraRebis kokapitalSeiaraRebis kokapitalSeiaraRebis ko-----

efiefiefiefieficienti cienti cienti cienti cienti (capital-----output ratio)- - - - - ekonomikuri zrdis TeoriaSi

_ _ _ _ _ saerTo kapitaluri maragis

Sefardeba wliur mTlian Sida

produqtTan.

karati karati karati karati karati (carat) – 1. ZvirfasiTvlebis masis sazomi (mag., in-

glisuri karati udris 205 mg-s.

parizis saerTaSoriso konvenci-

is gansazRvriT (1907) karati

udris 200 mg-s; 2. Zvirfasi

liTonebis sinjis sazomi erTe-

uli. mag., oqros inglisuri ka-

rati udris Senadnobis masis

1/24-s. Tavdapirvelad karati

Zveli berZnuli wonis erTeuls

warmoadgenda (udrida 0,189

grams), Sua saukuneebSi gavrce-

lebuli iyo axlo da Sua aRmo-

savleTis qveynebSic.

saqarTveloSi XI-XVIIss.-

Si cnobilia keratis (0,212 g),

xolo XVII-XVIII ss.-Si yira-

Tis (0,192 g) saxelwodebiT.

kerati Sedioda dramis woniT

sistemaSi da misi 1/12 anu

0,212g iyo. yiraTi Seadgenda

misxlis 1/24 anu 0,192 grams.

kargo kargo kargo kargo kargo (cargo) [<esp. cargodatvirTva] - - - - - sagareo-----savaWro

operaciebSi _ _ _ _ _ xomaldis tvir-

Ti; kargo-----gegma — xomaldze

tvirTis ganlagebis gegma; xom-

aldis tvirTis dazRveva.

karteli karteli karteli karteli karteli (cartel-----kartell) [<ital.cartello] - - - - - monopoliis erT-----erTi

ZiriTadi forma; mewarmeTa ga-

erTianeba, romlis monawilen-

ic erTmaneTs uTanxmdebian war-

moebis moculobaze, gasaRebis

bazrebze, gayidvis pirobebze,

fasebze, gadaxdis vadebze da

a.S. komerciuli (fasebis da-

weseba, produqciis gasaReba da

a.S.) da warmoebrivi damouki-

deblobis SenarCunebiT.

kasko kasko kasko kasko kasko (transport insurance)[<ital. casco] - - - - - gadasazidi sa-Sualebebis (gemebis, TviTmfri-

navebis, avtomobilebis, vagonebis,

cisternebisa da sxv.) dazRveva.

kafkafkafkafkaf-----i (cost and freight - - - - - CAF)- - - - - Rirebuleba da fraxti _____

kaf-ikaf-ikaf-ikaf-ikaf-i

182

saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi sazR-

vao gadazidvisas gayidvis sa-

baziso piroba, romelic iTval-

iswinebs eqsportioris valde-

bulebas, gadaitanos saqoneli

kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebul

navsadguramde, dafraxtos gemi

da dafaros masTan dakavSire-

buli xarjebi. importiori val-

debulia miiRos saqoneli SeT-

anxmebiT gaTvaliswinebul por-

tSi da dafaros mis gadmot-

virTvasTan dakavSirebuli xar-

jebi.

keTildReobis ekonomi-keTildReobis ekonomi-keTildReobis ekonomi-keTildReobis ekonomi-keTildReobis ekonomi-

kuri Teoria kuri Teoria kuri Teoria kuri Teoria kuri Teoria (welfare econo-mics) - - - - - ikvlevs qveynis ekonomi-

kuri mowyobis zemoqmedebas sa-

zogadoebis wevrTa keTildRe-

obaze. normatiuli aspeqtis

zogadi saxelwodeba. keTil-

dReobis ekonomikuri Teoria

iZleva politikur rekomenda-

ciebs. igi ZiriTadad eyrdnoba

paretos Teorias, romelsac

zogjer keTildReobis axal

ekonomikur Teoriasac ki uwo-

deben. misTvis, pigus Teoriisa-

gan gansxvavebiT, niSandobliv-

ia sargeblianobis raodenobrivi

gazomvis ideis uaryofa. zogi-

erTma ekonomistma wamoayena

winadadeba bergsonis sazogado-

ebrivi keTildReobis funqci-

is gamoyenebis Sesaxeb. igi as-

abuTebs sargeblianobis raode-

nobrivad gazomvis SesaZleblo-

bas. am funqciis formulireba

ukavSirdeba sazogadoebis miz-

nebs, romelSic sazogadoebrivi

keTildReobis done warmodge-

nilia rogorc resursebis alo-

kaciis funqcia.

keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-

lebelilebelilebelilebelilebeli programebi programebi programebi programebi programebi (welfarecontrol programs) - - - - - farTod gav-rcelebulia ganviTarebul qvey-

nebSi da Sedgeba siRaribissiRaribissiRaribissiRaribissiRaribis

daZlevisaken mimarTul dadaZlevisaken mimarTul dadaZlevisaken mimarTul dadaZlevisaken mimarTul dadaZlevisaken mimarTul da

sadazRvevo tisadazRvevo tisadazRvevo tisadazRvevo tisadazRvevo ti pis saxelmwi-pis saxelmwi-pis saxelmwi-pis saxelmwi-pis saxelmwi-

fo programebisaganfo programebisaganfo programebisaganfo programebisaganfo programebisagan.

siRaribesTan brZolis pro-

grama iTvaliswinebs mimdinare

saWiroebebs. daxmarebis miReb-

is ufleba damokidebulia Se-

mosavlebisa da danazogis si-

dideze.

sadazRvevo ti pis pro-

gramebi gaTvaliswinebulia imi-

saTvis, rom ojaxebma da calke-

ulma pirebma gansazRvrul piro-

bebSi SeinarCunon garkveuli

cxovrebis done. garda amisa,

arsebobs sakmaod farTo mas-

Stabis kerZo programebi _ _ _ _ _ ker-

Zo sapensio sistemebi, romlebic

finansdeba daqiravebulTa sax-

srebis xarjze.

siRaribesTan brZolisaTvis

gamoiyeneba kvebis talonebi. es

aris universaluri programa,

romelSic monawileobis ufle-

ba aqvs yvelas maT, romelTa

Semosavali dabalia siRaribis

keTildReobis ekonomikeTildReobis ekonomikeTildReobis ekonomikeTildReobis ekonomikeTildReobis ekonomikuri Teoriakuri Teoriakuri Teoriakuri Teoriakuri Teoria

183

oficialur monacemebze, siR-

aribis zRvarze.

aSS-----Si 1960-----iani wlebidan

cnobilia samedicino daxmare-

bis saxelmwifo socialuri

programa _ _ _ _ _ `medikeri~ (`medi-care~) da mosaxleobis nakle-

buzrunvelyofili fenebis dac-

vis socialuri programa _ _ _ _ _ ̀ me-

dikeidi~ (`medicade~). amJamadaSS-----Si socialur programebze

ixarjeba mTliani Sida produq-

tis 11%.

`keT`keT`keT`keT`keTildReobis saxelildReobis saxelildReobis saxelildReobis saxelildReobis saxelm-m-m-m-m-

wifos~ Teoria wifos~ Teoria wifos~ Teoria wifos~ Teoria wifos~ Teoria (“welfare sta-te” theory) - - - - - moicavs rogorc

ekonomikur, ise politikur, so-

cialur da a.S. aspeqtebs, ey-

rdnoba saxelmwifo seqtoris

im ZiriTad amocanebs, romlebic

man unda Seasrulos Tanamed-

rove ekonomikaSi. es aris sa-

zogadoebrivi saqonlis warmoe-

ba, sazogadoebis dacva uaryo-

fiTi gare efeqtebisagan (eqs-

ternaliebisagan), bunebrivi

monopoliebis CarTva makro-

ekonomikur regulirebaSi, sa-

bazro ekonomikis Tanmxlebi

uaryofiTi socialuri Sede-

gebis koreqtireba anu pare-

tos mixedviT gaumjobesebis

miRweva resursebis gadanaw-

ilebis gziT, rodesac erTi

individis (an individTa jgu-

fis) mdgomareoba umjobesde-

ba meore individis (an indi-

vidTa jgufis) mdgomareobis

gauaresebis gareSe.

`keTildReobis saxelmwi-

fos~ cneba SemoRebul iqna 1941

wels, rogorc faSisturi ger-

maniis militaristuli poli-

tikis alternativa. Tanamed-

rove `keTildReobis saxelm-

wifos~ sakanonmdeblo aqtebi

eyrdnoba t. h. marSalis `so-

cialuri moqalaqeobis~ koncef-

cias. am koncefciis mixedviT

saxelmwifom unda uzrunvely-

os Semosavlebis minimaluri

done, amasTan, socialuri dov-

laTi unda miawodos TiToeul

moqalaqes _ _ _ _ _ rogorc misi

politikuri uflebis ganxor-

cieleba da qvelmoqmedeba.

`keTildReobis saxelmwi-

fos~ Teoriis kvlevis centr-

Si dgas sazogadoebrivi xar-

jebisa da transferebis ganaw-

ilebisa da gadanawilebis meqa-

nizmi. sazogadoebrivi xarje-

bi iyofa sam ZiriTad jgufad:

pirveli, socialuri daxmareb-

is gaweva mosaxleobis im naw-

ilisaTvis, romelsac ar Seu-

Zlia damoukideblad Tavis rCe-

na; meore, avadmyofobisa da umu-

Sevrobis SemTxvevaSi savalde-

bulo dazRveva; mesame, socialu-

rad daucveli fenebis arsebo-

bisaTvis aucilebeli saqonl-

iTa da momsaxurebiT dakmay-

ofilebaze saxelmwifos mier

`keT`keT`keT`keT`keTildReobis saxelildReobis saxelildReobis saxelildReobis saxelildReobis saxelmwifos~ Teoriamwifos~ Teoriamwifos~ Teoriamwifos~ Teoriamwifos~ Teoria

184

pasuxismgeblobis aReba.

rodesac qveyanas udgas

saukeTeso periodi, zogierTi

adamiani ver axerxebs samuSaos

Sovnas, an sakmarisi fulis ga-

momuSavebas aucilebeli moTx-

ovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad

da moxucebulobisaTvis dasa-

zogad. nebismier droSi arian

moxucebi, invalidebi, avadmyo-

febi da sxva mizezebiT Sromis-

uunaroni. zogierTs ar gaumar-

Tlda dabadebidan da isini ver

floben verc fizikur da verc

gonebriv unars. cud droSi

bevri muSaki, romelsac Cveuleb-

riv Seswevs unari uzrunvel-

yos Tavisi Tavi da ojaxi, kar-

gavs samuSaos. uares droSi,

iseTSi, rogoric ekonomikuri

dacemis periodia, milionobiT

adamiani Ratakdeba zemoT Ca-

moTvlili an sxva mizezebiT.

ganviTarebuli qveynebi cdi-

loben ar dauSvan TavianTi mo-

saxleobis mniSvnelovani nawi-

lis gaRatakeba da miT umetes

maTi SimSiliT daxocva.

saxelmwifos aqtiuri mona-

wileoba socialur sferoSi

aucilebelia rogorc poli-

tikuri sicocxlisunarianobi-

saTvis, ise sabazro ekonomikis

funqcionirebisTvisac. am miz-

niT SemuSavebulia sxvadasxva

saxis socialuri dacvis pro-

gramebi, romelTac ZiriTadad

saxelmwifo afinansebs, Tumca,

zogierTi programa SeiZleba

dafinansdes kerZo wyaroebidan-

ac (ix. keTildReobis makon-

trolebeli programebi).

keinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinard (1883-----

1946) (Keynes John Maynard) -----XX saukunis gamoCenili ing-

liseli ekonomisti, Tanamed-

rove makroekonomikuri Teoriis

fuZemdebeli. praqtikuli saqmi-

anoba daiwyo 1906 wels kembr-

ijis universitetis damTavre-

bis Semdeg, rogorc saxelmwifo

moxelem. 1913-----1914 wlebSi iyo

samefo komisiis wevri indoeT-

is fulis mimoqcevisa da fin-

ansebis sferoSi, muSaobda xazi-

naSi, iyo misi mTavari warmo-

madgeneli parizis samSvidobo

konferenciaze. keinzi akritike-

bda omis Semdgomi reparaciis

(zaralis anazRaureba) maRal

dones germaniis mimarT. naS-

romSi ̀ versalis xelSekruleb-

is ekonomikuri Sedegebi~ (1919)

igi amtkicebda, rom reparaci-

is dadgenilma donem SeiZleba

daangrios germaniis ekonomika.

keinzma datova xazina da dai-

wyo pedagogiuri moRvaweoba kem-

brijis universitetSi, parale-

lurad agrZelebda sabirJo saq-

mianobas xitSi, TamaSobda lon-

donis birJaze, riTac didi sim-

didre daagrova. 1911 wlidan

keinzi iyo Jurnal `Economic

keinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinardkeinzi jon meinard

185

Jornal~-----is gamomcemeli. mis ad-

reul naSromebs ZiriTadad praq-

tikuli xasiaTi aqvT. isini

exeba didi britaneTis oqros

standartze dabrunebas (`mis-

ter CerCilis politikis ekono-

mikuri Sedegebi~, 1925), fulad

reformas did britaneTSi (`traq-

tati fuladi reformis Sesax-

eb~, 1923) da a.S.

keinzi makmilanis komisiis

wevri iyo da did gavlenas ax-

denda qveynis ekonomikur poli-

tikaze. man udidesi wvlili

Seitana breton-----vudsis konfer-

enciis muSaobaSi (1944) da


dis daarsebaSi. 1942 wels, ̀ in-

glisis bankis~ erT-----erTma di-

reqtorma, lord keinz til-

tonskis tituli miiRo.

keinzis fundamenturi naS-

romi ̀ dasaqmebis, procentisa da

fulis zogadi Teoria~ (1936)

axal etapad aris aRiarebuli

ekonomikuri azris istoriaSi.

ekonomikis saxelmwifo regu-

lirebis Teoriis SeqmniT kein-

zma revoluciuri gadatriale-

ba moaxdina ekonomikur azrov-

nebaSi. keinzianelebis saxiT

ekonomikur TeoriaSi gaCnda

axali mimdinareoba, ramac udi-

desi roli Seasrula msoflios

wamyvani qveynebis ekonomikur

politikaSi da sabazro regu-

lirebadi ekonomikis formire-

baSi.

savsebiT samarTlianad adam

smiTi iTvleba XVIII saukunisudides ekonomistad, karl mar-

qsi _ _ _ _ _ XIX saukunisa, xolo jon

meinard keinzs ekuTvnis XXsaukunis palma.

keinzianeloba keinzianeloba keinzianeloba keinzianeloba keinzianeloba (Keyne-sianism) - - - - - erT-----erTi ZiriTadimimarTuleba ekonomikur Teo-

riaSi, romelic aRmocenda mak-

roekonomikuri wonasworobis

keinzianuri Teoriidan da didi

roli Seasrula ekonomikuri

zrdis Tanamedrove Teoriebis

CamoyalibebaSi. am mimarTule-

bas safuZveli Cauyara XX sa-ukunis gamoCenilma inglisel-

ma ekonomistma jon meinard

keinzma, romlis Teoria Ziri-

Tadad aisaxa mis cnobil naS-

romSi `dasaqmebis, procentisa

da fulis zogadi Teoria~.

keinzianeloba warmoiSva

rogorc reaqcia 1929-----1933 wle-

bis msoflio ekonomikur kri-

zissa da misi Semdgomi perio-

dis depresiaze, rodesac ar

arsebobda stimulebi ara mar-

to axali investiciebisaTvis,

aramed kapitalis ganaxlebis-

Tvisac. keinzma Tavisi argu-

mentebi da daskvnebi daupir-

ispira klasikuri Teoriis ar-

gumentebsa da daskvnebs, rom-

lis postulatebi, misi azriT,

gamoiyeneba mxolod gansakuT-

keinzianelobakeinzianelobakeinzianelobakeinzianelobakeinzianeloba

186

rebul SemTxvevaSi _ _ _ _ _ rodesac

ekonomikuri situacia gamox-

atavs SesaZlo wonasworobis

saukeTeso SemTxvevas, keinzis

Teoria ki, ZiriTadad ekonomikis

krizisuli procesebis anal-

izs eZRvneba. igi umTavresad

ikvlevs sawarmoTa qronikuli

dautvirTaobis, masobrivi umu-

Sevrobisa da ekonomikuri zrdis

dabali tempebis gamomwvev mize-

zebs. amitom mas xSirad ̀ depre-

siuli~ an ̀ stagnaciuri~ ekono-

mikis Teorias uwodeben.

keinzis Teoriis centralu-

ri idea kvlevis makroekono-

mikuri meTodia, maSin rodesac

keinzianamdel ekonomikur Teo-

riaSi gabatonebuli iyo mik-

roekonomikuri midgoma. aqedan

gamomdinare, kvlevis centrSi

idga calkeuli firma, misi

danaxarjebis minimizaciisa da

mogebis, rogorc kapitalis da-

grovebis wyaros, maqsimizaciis

problema.

keinzianuri makroekonomi-

kuri TvalTaxedviT, erTi rome-

lime firmis ayvavebis pirobe-

bi SeiZleba ar emTxveodes mTe-

li ekonomikis ganviTarebis pi-

robebs. maT Soris warmoSobili

winaaRmdegobebis daZleva Sesa-

Zlebelia ara calkeuli firme-

bis mogebis maqsimizaciiT, ara-

med erovnuli ekonomikuri

proporciebis aRdgeniTa da

kvlavwarmoebis saerTo pirobe-

bis srulyofiT. keinzis azriT,

sazogadoebis yvela sasicocx-

lo problemis gadaWris gza

unda moiZebnos ara resurseb-

is miwodebaSi, aramed moTxov-

nis gazrdaSi, rac uzrunvely-

ofs am resursebis realiza-

cias. man wina planze daayena

`efeqtiani moTxovna~ da, aqedan

gamomdinare, realizaciis piro-

bebis regulirebis problema.

keinzma pirvelma ganixila

umuSevroba, rogorc ̀ efeqtiani

moTxovnis~ arasakmao donis Se-

degi. ekonomikur mecnierebaSi

man pirvelma gamoTqva azri, rom

`efeqtiani moTxovnis~ Seqmni-

saTvis aucilebelia ekonomikis

saxelmwifo regulireba, rom

saxelmwifom unda ikisros mak-

roproporciebis dacva, bazris

`Secdomebis gamosworebisaT-

vis~ man Tavis Tavze unda aiRos

mTeli ekonomikis masStabiT

danazogebsa da investiciebs

Soris balansirebis uzrunve-

lyofa. keinzis varaudiT, sax-

elmwifo, danaxarjebis gazrdiT

an gadasaxadebis SemcirebiT, an

orive am RonisZiebis SerwymiT,

SeZlebda gadaxdisunariani mo-

Txovnilebis amaRlebas da amiT

gaafarToebda warmoebas, romel-

ic ekonomikas daubrunebda srul

dasaqmebas. es iyo ̀ keinzianuri

revoluciis~ mTavari idea. kein-

keinzianelobakeinzianelobakeinzianelobakeinzianelobakeinzianeloba

187

zis makroekonomikuri wonas-

worobis Teoriam xeli Seuw-

yo ekonomikuri zrdis neokein-

zianuri koncefciis warmoSobas,

romelic ar aris misi identu-

ri.

omis Semdgom wlebSi, vi-

dre 70-----iani wlebis Sua xane-

bamde, ganviTarebuli qveynebis

ekonomikur politikaSi warma-

tebiT gamoiyeneboda ekonomikis

saxelmwifo regulirebis kein-

zianuri modeli. misi realuri

gansaxierebaa Sereuli, social-

urad orientirebuli sabazro

ekonomikis Seqmna germaniis fe-

deraciul respublikaSi, skan-

dinaviisa da dasavleTis sxva

ganviTarebul qveynebSi.

keinzianuri modeli keinzianuri modeli keinzianuri modeli keinzianuri modeli keinzianuri modeli (Ke-ynesian model) - - - - - jon meinard

keinzis mier XX saukunis 30-----ian wlebSi SemuSavebuli mod-

eli, miZRvnili am periodSi

ekonomikuri depresiisa da

umuSevrobis mizezebis axsni-

sadmi. mis mixedviT umuSevro-

bis mizezs warmoadgens arasak-

mao erToblivi moTxovna, rom-

lis daZleva SesaZlebelia sax-

elmwifo socialuri xarjebis

gazrdiT, gamouyenebeli da na-

klebad datvirTuli simZlav-

reebis amoqmedebis safuZvelze

axali samuSao adgilebis Se-

qmniT.

keinzis efeqti keinzis efeqti keinzis efeqti keinzis efeqti keinzis efeqti (Keynes

effect) - - - - - saqonelze moTxovnis

cvlileba fasebis saerTo do-

nis cvlilebis Sedegad. mag.,

fasebis saerTo donis Semcir-

eba zrdis fuladi naSTis re-

alur sidides, rac meti fu-

lis gamoyenebis SesaZleblo-

bas qmnis spekulaciuri oper-

aciebisaTvis. amis Sedegad ob-

ligaciebis Rirebuleba gaiz-

rdeba, xolo sargeblis ganakve-

Ti Semcirdeba, rac, Tavis mxriv,

investiciebis zrdis stimu-

lirebasa da saqonelze moTx-

ovnis gadidebas gamoiwvevs.

`kembrijis skola~ `kembrijis skola~ `kembrijis skola~ `kembrijis skola~ `kembrijis skola~ (@Cam-bridge School#) - - - - - cnobili ing-

liseli ekonomistis a. marSa-

lis naSromebis gavlenis ar-

ealSi myofi ekonomistTa jgu-

fi. Tavdapirvelad am skolis

warmomadgenlebi iyvnen a. pigu,

d. robertsoni da j.m. keinzi.

amasTan, keinzis mecnierulma

miRwevebma safuZveli Cauyara

kembrijis Tanamedrove skolas,

romelic kritikulad aris gan-

wyobili neoklasikuri Teori-

is, kerZod, p. samuelsonisa da

r. solous naSromebis mimarT

(es skola p. samuelsonsa da

r. solous dRes miiCnevs

neoklasikuri mimdinareobis

mTavar warmomadgenlebad). am

winaaRmdegobam warmoqmna dis-

kusia XX saukunis 30-----ian wleb-

Si da grZeldeba dResac.

`kembrijis skola~`kembrijis skola~`kembrijis skola~`kembrijis skola~`kembrijis skola~

188

Tanamedrove kembrijis sko-

las miaCnia, rom ekonomikur

modelSi gasaTvaliswinebelia

ara mxolod wminda ekonomikuri,

aramed istoriuli, sociolo-

giuri da fsiqologiuri faq-

torebi. am skolis TvalsaCino

warmomadgenlebi arian j. robin-

soni, n. kalori, l. kani, p. srafa

da sxvebi. amasTan, maT mimdevrebi

hyavT aSS-----Si, kanadaSi, itali-

asa da avstraliaSi.

kene fransua kene fransua kene fransua kene fransua kene fransua (1694-----1774)

(Quesnay Francois) - - - - - mTavari

figura XVIII saukunis frangekonomistTa Soris, cnobili

fiziokrati. kene specialobiT

eqimi iyo. misi ekonomikuri

Sexedulebebi ZiriTadad gan-

zogadebulia naSromSi `sami-

waTmoqmedo saxelmwifos eko-----

nomikuri politikis zogadi

principebi~ (1753), sadac kvle-

vis obieqtad aRiarebulia mi-

waTmoqmedeba, xolo erTaderT

nayofier sferod _ _ _ _ _ soflis

meurneoba. f. kenes gansakuTre-

biT gauTqva saxeli misma ̀ eko-----

nomikurma tabulam~ (1758), ro-----

melic qveynis ekonomikis gan-

viTarebisaTvis aucilebeli Zir-

iTadi ekonomikuri proporcie-

bis gamovlenis pirveli makro-

ekonomikuri modelia. rogorc

merkantilistebis oponentma, man

erT-----erTma pirvelma miuTiTa

soflis meurneobaSi Tavisufa-

li konkurenciis upirateso-

bis Sesaxeb. misi èkonomikuri

tabula~ warmoadgens gacvlis

sqemas miwaTmoqmedebs, sxva sa-

soflo-----sameurneo muSakebsa da

e.w. ùnayofo~ klasebs Soris.

kenes azriT, mxolod soflis

meurneobas SeuZlia awarmoos

produqcia moxmarebisTvis auci-

lebeli donis zeviT, amitomac

mxolod soflis meurneobaa

ekonomikis mamoZravebeli Zala.

èkonomikur tabulaSi~ naCve-

nebia Tu rogor nawildeba

`wminda produqti~ sam klass

Soris.

kenes `tabula~ arsebiTad

k. marqsis kvlavwarmoebis sqe-

misa da v. leontievis gaci-

lebiT rTuli modelis wina-

morbedia. kenes azriT, vinaidan

soflis meurneoba simdidris

erTaderTi wyaroa, SesaZlebe-

lia saxelmwifo finansebis gam-

artiveba mxolod sasoflo-

sameurneo gadasaxadis Semo-

RebiT. kenes moZRvrebam didi

gavlena moaxdina adam smiTis

Semoqmedebaze.

kerZo birJa kerZo birJa kerZo birJa kerZo birJa kerZo birJa (private stockexchange) - - - - - aqcionerTa kompa-nia an Caketili korporacia,

romlebSic garigebebis dadeba

mxolod maT wevr aqcionerebs

SeuZliaT. kerZo birJis wevrebi

Cveulebriv kapitalis dabandeb-

iT dividends ar iReben. maTi

kene fransuakene fransuakene fransuakene fransuakene fransua

189

mogeba warmoiqmneba im gasamr-

jelos xarjze, romelsac iRe-

ben klientebisagan garigebebis

dadebisaTvis, e.i. birJis wevrebi

brokeris rolSi gamodian.

kerZo danazogikerZo danazogikerZo danazogikerZo danazogikerZo danazogi (private sa-ve) – danazogi, romelsac qmni-

an momxmareblebi da maTi gan-

kargvadi Semosavlisa da sa-

momxmareblo xarjebis sxvao-

bis tolia. ufro konkretulad,

kerZo danazogi aris Semosavals

minus gadasaxadebi da minus mox-

mareba.

kerZo saqoneli kerZo saqoneli kerZo saqoneli kerZo saqoneli kerZo saqoneli (privateproperty, commodity) - - - - - yvela sa-

qoneli Tu momsaxureba, romel-

ic moeqceva sabazro meqaniz-

mis orbitaSi. moxmarebis xas-

iaTidan gamomdinare, `kerZo

saqoneli~, iseve rogorc `sa-

zogadoebrivi saqoneli~, iyo-

fa individualuri da koleq-

tiuri moxmarebis saqonlad.

individualuri moxmarebis ̀ ker-

Zo saqonels~ miekuTvneba: kveb-

is produqtebi, tansacmeli, say-

ofacxovrebo saqoneli da sxv.,

xolo koleqtiuri moxmarebi-

sas _ _ _ _ _ sazogadoebrivi kvebis

kerZo firmebis momsaxureba,

kerZo sahaero da saavtomobi-

lo gadazidva, kerZo Teatreb-

is, kinoTeatrebis, abanoebis mom-

saxureba da sxv.

kvazifuli kvazifuli kvazifuli kvazifuli kvazifuli (quasimoney)[<laT. quasi TiTqos, viTom]- - - - - fu-

ladi saxsrebi unaRdo for-

miT, romelic iricxeba komer-

ciul bankebSi vadian da Sem-

naxvel anabrebze.

kvota kvota kvota kvota kvota (quota) [<laT. quotuwili] - - - - - 1. nawili, wili, norma,

pai; sagadasaxado kvota _ _ _ _ _ da-

begvris gansazRvruli erTeul-

idan akrefili gadasaxadis si-

dide; 2. warmoebasa da gasaRe-

baSi _ _ _ _ _ wili, dadgenili sakar-

telo SeTanxmebis farglebSi

misi TiToeuli monawilisaTvis.

importuli kvotebi gamoiy-

eneba saqonlis sazRvargareT

SeZenis SesazRudad, xolo sae-

qsporto kvotebi _ _ _ _ _ nedleu-

lis mwarmoebeli qveynebis saeqs-

porto Semosavlis stabili-

zaciisa da miwodebis SezRud-

visaTvis fasebis SenarCunebis

mizniT.

kvotireba kvotireba kvotireba kvotireba kvotireba (quotation) - - - - - war-moebis, eqsportisa da impor-

tis SezRudva saxelmwifo or-

ganoebis mier. safuZvlad udevs

mocemuli qveynis valdebule-

bebi saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebeb-

Si, agreTve, erovnuli intere-

sebis dacvis aucilebloba.

qveynis SigniT makroekonomikur

regulirebaSi kvotireba gamo-

iyeneba moTxovnisa da miwode-

bis balansirebisaTvis.

klani klani klani klani klani (clan) [<kelt. clann]- - - - - viwro gagebiT _ _ _ _ _ Sotlandiel-

Ta da irlandielTa gvarovnu-

klaniklaniklaniklaniklani

190

li Temi; farTo gagebiT _ _ _ _ _ jgu-

fi an gvari naTesavebisa, rom-

lebic gaerTianebuli arian sa-

meurneo an sazogadoebrivi ur-

TierTobebiT. aqedan warmodgeba

sityva klanizmi, romelic gamo-

xatavs mimarTulebas sazoga-

doebaSi.

klasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomia

(classical dichotomy) - - - - - ekonomiku-ri cvladebis Teoriuli day-

ofa nominalur da realur si-

dideebad. ekonomikuri maxasi-

aTeblebi iyofa or jgufad (d.

iumi): pirvel jgufs Seadgens

nominaluri cvladebi, anu is

sidideebi, romlebic izomeba fu-

ladi erTeuliT, xolo meore

jgufs _ _ _ _ _ realuri cvladebi _____

sidideebi, romlebic izomeba

fizikuri erTeulebiT. mag.,

xorblis fasi nominaluri cv-

ladia, vinaidan fuladi erTeu-

liT gamoixateba, maSin rode-

sac xorblis mosavali _ _ _ _ _ re-

aluri cvladia, vinaidan cent-

nerebiTa da tonebiT izomeba.

analogiurad nominaluri mTli-

ani Sida produqti nominaluri

sididea, vinaidan zomavs ekonomi-

kaSi warmoebuli saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis Rirebulebas fu-

ladi erTeuliT, xolo realuri

mTliani Sida produqti re-

aluri sididea, vinaidan gamoxa-

tavs warmoebuli saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis mTlian raode-

nobas.

d. iumis azriT, klasikuri

dihotomia sasargebloa ekono-

mikis analizisaTvis, vinaidan

masSi moqmedi Zalebis erTi na-

wili zegavlenas axdens nomina-

lur, xolo meore nawili _____

realur cvladebze. saxeldobr,

igi amtkicebda, rom nominaluri

sidideebi fulad-----sakredito

sistemis cvlilebebis uSualo

zemoqmedebis qveSaa, xolo re-

aluri sidideebi _ _ _ _ _ ara. mag.,

fulis miwodebis cvlileba

uSualo zegavlenas axdens no-

minalur, magram ararealur eko-

nomikur sidideebze. Tu, vTq-

vaT, centraluri banki gaaor-

magebs ekonomikaSi fulis mi-

wodebas, amiT gaormagdeba fase-

bis done, aseve fuliT ga-

moxatuli xelfasi (nominalu-

ri xelfasi), agreTve sxva nomi-

naluri cvladebi, romelTac

aqvT RirebulebiTi gamoxatu-

leba, magram realuri cvlade-

bi, iseTebi, rogoricaa warmoe-

bis, realuri xelfasis done

da sargeblis realuri ganakve-

Ti _ _ _ _ _ darCeba ucvleli.

klasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuri

ekonomia ekonomia ekonomia ekonomia ekonomia (classical political econo-my) - - - - - liberaluri ekonomikuri

Teoria, romelic aRmocenda

XVIII saukunis 70-----ian wlebSi

da XX saukunis 30-----ian wle-

bamde safuZvlad edo wamyvani

klasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomiaklasikuri dihotomia

191

kapitalisturi qveynebis ekono-

mikur politikas. misi fuZem-

deblebi iyvnen ingliseli mec-

nierebi adam smiTi da devid

rikardo, Tumca, klasikuri eko-

nomikuri Teoria saTaves iRebs

uiliam petis Sexedulebebidan.

mis warmoSobas didad Seuwyves

xeli ingliselma filosofos-

ebma jon lokma (1632-----1704) da

devid iumma (1711-----1776), agreTve

ekonomistma delei norsma

(1641-----1691), xolo ganviTarebas

_ _ _ _ _ Jan-----batist seim (1767-----1832).

ekonomikuri Teoriis am fu-

Zemdebluri mimarTulebis la-

itmotivia _ _ _ _ _ ekonomikis lib-

eralizaciis, moTxovna-----miwode-

bis Sesabamisad Camoyalibebu-

li Tavisufali fasebis safuZ-

velze sabazro TviTregulire-

bis idea. es idea eyrdnoba a.

smiTis `uxilavi xelis~ Teo-

rias. am ideis mixedviT saxel-

mwifo ganixileba rogorc ̀ Ra-

mis daraji~, saxelmwifo saqmi-

anoba ki _ _ _ _ _ rogorc aramwarmo-

ebluri Sroma. klasikur ekono-

mikur Teorias wiTel zolad

gasdevs kerZo interesebis pri-

oriteti sazogadoebrivTan Se-

darebiT. misi yuradRebis centr-

Sia calkeuli firma, maTi dan-

axarjebis minimizaciisa da mo-

gebis maqsimizaciis problema.


nomia or saukuneze met xans

edo safuZvlad msoflios wamy-

vani qveynebis ekonomikur poli-

tikas. es iyo mikroekonomikuri

paradigmebisa da sazogadoe-

brivi keTildReobis individu-

aluri koncefciis batonobis

epoqa. misi ideologia adami-

ans ganixilavs, rogorc ekono-

mikur fenomens, rogorc war-

moebis saSualebas da ara ro-

gorc sazogadoebrivi warmoe-

bis mizans.


nomia ZiriTadad ikvlevs eko-

nomikuri zrdisa da ganviTare-

bis problemebs, agreTve swav-

lobs simdidris bunebasa da

wyaroebs, erovnuli produqtis

ganawilebas warmoebis faqto-

rebis mesakuTreebs Soris Sez-

Ruduli resursebisa da Tavi-

sufali konkurenciis pirobeb-

Si. igi aqcents akeTebs kapi-

talis dagrovebaze, bazrebis

gafarToebasa da Sromis dan-

awilebaze.


nomiis kvlevis sagania mikro-

ekonomikuri problemebic. d. ri-

kardom safuZveli Cauyara Sro-

miTi Rirebulebis Teorias. Ri-

rebulebis (faseulobis) kla-

sikuri Teoria aqcents Sro-

miT danaxarjebze akeTebs da

eyrdnoba SromiTi Rirebuleb-

is Teorias, maSin rodesac neo-

klasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria

klasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuri ekonomiaekonomiaekonomiaekonomiaekonomia

192

xazs usvams faseulobis subi-

eqtur aspeqtebs.

meTodologiis sakiTxebSi

klasikur-----liberaluri skola

or banakad gaiyo. erT banakSi

gaerTiandnen isini, vinc mxars

uWerda induqciur meTods, ma-

galiTad, a. smiTi, romelmac em-

piriuli wanamZRvrebis formu-

lirebiT gamoavlina empiriu-

li kanonebi. meore banakis yve-

laze TvalsaCino warmomadgene-

li iyo d. rikardo, romelic

mxars uWerda deduqciur me-

Tods. man hi poTezuri wan-

amZRvrebis safuZvelze gaake-

Ta Sesabamisi daskvnebi.

klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia (ekonomi-ekonomi-ekonomi-ekonomi-ekonomi-

kurikurikurikurikuri saqmianobis saqmianobis saqmianobis saqmianobis saqmianobis) (Activityclasification) [<laT. classis jgu-fi; facere keTeba]- - - - - warmoebriviekonomikuri saqmianobis saxee-

bis dayofa saerTo niSnebis

mqone jgufebad, mag., gaeros

yvela saxis ekonomikuri saqmi-

anobis saerTaSoriso stan-


ifikacia (ISIC), evropuli kav-

Siris ekonomikuri saqmianobis

mTavari samrewvelo klasifika-

cia (NACE) da a.S.

klasteri klasteri klasteri klasteri klasteri (cluster) - - - - - urTi-erTdamokidebuli kompaniebis

jgufi (mwarmoeblebi, mimwode-

blebi da sxv.) da masTan dakav-

Sirebuli organizaciebi (sax-

elmwifo marTvis organoebi, sa-

ganmanaTleblo dawesebulebe-

bi, infrastruqturis kompanie-

bi da a.S.), romlebic marTa-

lia funqcionireben sxvadasx-

va sferoSi, magram simbiozur

gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze.

klasterebi maRalteqnolo-

giuri parkebia (maT teqno-teqno-teqno-teqno-teqno-

parkebsac parkebsac parkebsac parkebsac parkebsac uwodeben), rom-

lebic udides rols asrule-

ben qveynis ekonomikur ganvi-

Tarebasa da konkurentuli up-

iratesobis mopovebaSi. amJamad

msoflioSi maRalteqnolo-

giuri warmoebiT pirvel aTeul-

Si Sedian: fineTi, aSS, SvedeTi,

iaponia, samxreTi korea, nider-

landi, didi britaneTi, kanada,

avstralia da singapuri. maT

mohyveba CineTi da indoeTi. rac

Seexeba ruseTs, samecniero po-

tencialis sakmaod maRali

donis miuxedavad, mas maRali

teqnologiebis msoflio baz-

arze mxolod 1%-----mde uWiravs.

teqnikur miRwevaTa indeq-

sis mixedviT saqarTveloSi ar-

sebuli mdgomareoba veraviTar

kritikas ver uZlebs. am maC-

veneblis mixedviT, msoflios

qveynebi dayofilia xuT jgu-

fad: liderebi (sul 18 qveya-

na), potenciuri liderebi (sul

19 qveyana), teqnologiebis di-

namikurad damnergavi qveynebi

(sul 26 qveyana), marginaluri

anu zRvarTan misuli qveynebi

klasifikacia (ekonomikuri saqmianobis)klasifikacia (ekonomikuri saqmianobis)klasifikacia (ekonomikuri saqmianobis)klasifikacia (ekonomikuri saqmianobis)klasifikacia (ekonomikuri saqmianobis)

193

sul (9 qveyana) da danarCeni

qveynebi. am yvelaze CamorCe-

nil jgufSia saqarTveloc, an-

golasTan, bangladeSTan, gvine-

asTan, ugandasTan da am donis

sxva qveynebTan erTad.

klebadi ukugebis kano-klebadi ukugebis kano-klebadi ukugebis kano-klebadi ukugebis kano-klebadi ukugebis kano-

ni ni ni ni ni (decreasing returns law of) -----kanoni, romelic gamoxatavs

urTierTdamokidebulebas cva-

lebad danaxarjebsa da war-

moebis moculobas Soris. war-

moebis moculobis garkveuli

mijnis iqiT cvalebadi danax-

arjebi ufro swrafad izrde-

ba, vidre produqciis moculoba,

e.i. produqciis damatebiTi er-

Teulis warmoebaze cvalebadi

danaxarjebis yoveli damatebiTi

erTeuli nakleb produqcias iZ-

leva. warmoebis danaxarjebsa

da Sedegebs Soris es urTierT-

damokidebuleba gamoixateba

klebadi ukugebis kanoniT.

kleitonis kanoni kleitonis kanoni kleitonis kanoni kleitonis kanoni kleitonis kanoni (ClaitonAct) - - - - - miRebul iqna aSS-----Si 1914

wels, miznad isaxavda, Sromis

kanonidan gamomdinare, anti-

trestul kanonmdeblobaSi ar-

sebuli darRvevebis konkret-

ul gansazRvras da maT aR-

mofxvras. kerZod, kanoni krZa-

lavda: 1. fasismier diskrimi-

nacias, romelic aferxebda kon-

kurencias da aZlierebda mo-

nopoliebs; 2. erTi kompaniis

mier meore kompaniis aqciebis

SeZenas, romelic mniSvnelovnad

amcirebda konkurencias da erT-

droulad ganapirobebda konku-

rent-----kompaniebSi erTi da igive

pirebis mier xelmZRvaneli

postebis dakavebas. igi gamor-

icxavda Sromis bazars anti-

trestuli kanonmdeblobis moq-

medebis sferodan.

klerki klerki klerki klerki klerki (clerk) [frang. clerc<laT. clericus sasuliero piri]-----saqmis mwarmoebeli parlamen-

tSi, sasamarTloSi, notariat-

Si, savaWro-----samrewvelo sawar-

moSi da a.S.

kliometria kliometria kliometria kliometria kliometria (cliometrics) -----`axali ekonomikuri Teoriis~

saxelwodeba, gamoyenebuli eko-

nometrikaSi ekonomikuri isto-

riis problemebis SeswavlisaT-

vis.

kliringi kliringi kliringi kliringi kliringi (clearing) [<ingl.

gawmenda] - - - - - unaRdo angariSs-

worebis sistema saSinao da

saerTaSoriso savaWro da sxva

operaciebisaTvis, dafuZnebuli

moTxovnisa da valdebulebis

urTierTCaTvlaze. ganasxvave-

ben sabanko da savaluto klisabanko da savaluto klisabanko da savaluto klisabanko da savaluto klisabanko da savaluto kli-----

ringsringsringsringsrings. sabanko kliringi gam-

oiyeneba qveynis SigniT (am for-

mas pirvelad inglisma mimar-

Ta XVIII saukuneSi) da war-moadgens bankebs Soris unaR-

do angariSsworebis sistemas,

xorcieldeba saangariSswore-

bo palatebis meSveobiT. saban-

kliringikliringikliringikliringikliringi

194

ko kliringi didad uwyobs

xels saCeko brunvis zrdas.

savaluto kliringi xorcield-

eba saxelmwifoebs Soris sak-

liringo SeTanxmebis formiT

da iTvaliswinebs urTierT-

davalianebis dafarvas.

komandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagoba

(limited partnership) - - - - - Sereuli am-

xanagobis saxeoba, romlis wev-

rebidan erT nawils aqvs Se-

uzRudavi pasuxismgebloba mTe-

li Tavisi qonebiT (komplemen-

tarebi), xolo meore nawils

_ _ _ _ _ SezRuduli pasuxismgebloba

Tavisi wvlilis farglebSi (ko-

manditebi).

komercia komercia komercia komercia komercia (commerce) [<laT.

commercium] - - - - - 1. vaWroba; 2.

saqmianoba, romelic mimarTu-

lia mogebis miRebisaken.

komercializacia komercializacia komercializacia komercializacia komercializacia (com-mercialization) - - - - - msxvili saxel-

mwifo monopoliebis gardaqmna

saxelmwifo-----aqcionerul sa-

zogadoebebad _ _ _ _ _ holdingebad.

igi, sakuTrebis formis Seucv-

lelad, sawarmoTa gansaxelm-

wifoebrivebis erT-----erTi gzaa.

komercializebuli sawarmoeb-

is aqciebis sakontrolo pake-

ti saxelmwifos xelSia. am sa-

warmoebSi dasaqmebulebs ufle-

ba aqvT SeRavaTian pirobebSi

SeiZinon maT mier gamoSvebu-

li aqciebis nawili. komercial-

izaciis process amerikelebi

korporatizacias korporatizacias korporatizacias korporatizacias korporatizacias uwodeben.

kombinireba kombinireba kombinireba kombinireba kombinireba (combine) –vertikaluri integrireba, erT

korporaciaSi sxvadasxva dar-

gis iseTi sameurneo obieqteb-

is gaerTianeba, romelSic urT-

ierTdakavSirebuli sawarmoo

procesebi xorcieldeba. amis Se-

degad korporaciaSi yalibde-

ba iseTi sawarmoo struqtura,

romelic ganapirobebs warmoe-

bis Tanmimdevrobas da uwyveto-

bas nedleulis mopovebidan da

gadamuSavebidan mza produqciis

gamoSvebamde.

komerciuli bankebis sa-komerciuli bankebis sa-komerciuli bankebis sa-komerciuli bankebis sa-komerciuli bankebis sa-

valdebulovaldebulovaldebulovaldebulovaldebulo rezervebi rezervebi rezervebi rezervebi rezervebi (com-mercial banks obligatory reserves)- - - - - komerciuli bankebis fula-

di Tanxa, romlis sesxad gace-

mis uflebac maT ara aqvT da

valdebulni arian iqonion Tavi-

anT angariSze centralur bankSi.

komerciuli banki komerciuli banki komerciuli banki komerciuli banki komerciuli banki (com-mercial bank) - - - - - univelsaluri

xasiaTis sakredito dawese-

buleba, finansuri Suamavali,

romelsac licenziiT gadacemu-

li aqvs sabanko operaciebis

ganxorcielebis ufleba. misi

ZiriTadi funqciebia depozite-

bis miReba, kreditebis gacema

da klientebis saangariSswore-

bo momsaxureba. Tumca komer-

ciuli bankebi didi xania aRar

ifarglebian zemoaRniSnuli

funqciebiT da sxva operacie-

komandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagobakomandituri amxanagoba

195

bsac asruleben. isini dakave-

bulni arian agreTve fasiani

qaRaldebis yidva-----gayidviT, sain-

formacio-----sakonsultacio mom-

saxurebiTa da a.S.

komerciuli bankebis siste-

maSi farTod gavrcelda mom-

saxurebis iseTi saxeobebi, ro-

goricaa lizingi da faqtor-

ingi.

komerciuli kreditikomerciuli kreditikomerciuli kreditikomerciuli kreditikomerciuli krediti

(commercial credit) - - - - - krediti, ro-melsac gamyidveli aZlevs my-

idvels im pirobiT, rom igi

nayidi saqonlis safasurs gan-

vadebiT gadaixdis. komerciu-

li krediti gaicema mimdinare

xarjebisaTvis erT wlamde va-

diT saTamasuqo kreditis an

Ria angariSis formiT.

saTamasuqo kreditis saTamasuqo kreditis saTamasuqo kreditis saTamasuqo kreditis saTamasuqo kreditis arsi

mdgomareobs SemdegSi: gamyid-

veli, saqonlis gayidvis Taobaze

SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, afor-

mebs gadasapirebel Tamasuqs da

warudgens myidvels, es ukanas-

kneli ki axdens mis aqceptire-

bas, anu iZleva werilobiT Tan-

xmobas, rom fuls gadaixdis

TamasuqSi miTiTebul vadebSi.

krediti Ria angariSiTkrediti Ria angariSiTkrediti Ria angariSiTkrediti Ria angariSiTkrediti Ria angariSiT

gulisxmobs SeTanxmebis safuZ-

velze gamyidvelis mier gay-

iduli saqonlis Rirebulebis

valis saxiT Caweras myidve-

lis angariSze, es ukanaskneli

ki kisrulobs valdebulebas,

dadgenil vadaSi dafaros kred-

iti. kreditis es forma far-

Tod gamoiyeneba saqonlis reg-

ularulad miwodebisas.

komerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianoba

(commercial activity) - - - - - gaeros

CCLR-----is erT-----erTi ganyofile-

bis Semadgeneli nawili; moi-

cavs kompiuterebTan dakavSire-

bul sxvadasxva saxis samuSa-

oebs (konsultaciebi teqnikuri

da programuli uzrunvelyofis

sakiTxebze, safinanso, statis-

tikuri da teqnikuri monace-

mebis damuSaveba da Senaxva, sa-

kancelario, sabuRaltro da

TUV-----is teqnikuri momsaxureba

da SekeTeba, kompiuterul te-

qnikasTan dakavSirebuli sxva

saqmianoba), gamokvlevebsa da

damuSavebebs (fundamenturi da

gamoyenebiTi gamokvlevebi, eqs-

perimentuli damuSavebebi), sx-

vadasxva komerciul saqmianobas

(samuSaoebi samarTlis, angari-

Sebis Sedgenis, sabuRaltro aR-

ricxvisa da reviziis sferoSi,

konsultaciebi dabegvris sak-

iTxebze, bazris koniunqturis

gamokvleva da sazogadoebrivi

azris Seswavla, konsultacie-

bi komerciisa da marTvis sak-

iTxebze), saqmianobas arqiteq-

turisa da samoqalaqo mSeneb-

lobis sferoSi da masTan da-

kavSirebul teqnikur konsul-

taciebs (saproeqto-----sakonstru-

komerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianobakomerciuli saqmianoba

196

qtoro, markSaideruli, geolo-

giur-----saZiebo, sainJinro sam-

uSaoebi da a.S.), yvela saxis

masalisa da produqtis teqni-

kur Semowmebasa da analizs,

im komerciul saqmianobas, ro-

melic ar Sedis sxva kategorie-

bSi (samuSao Zalis daqiraveba

da personaliT uzrunvelyofa,

gamoZiebasa da calkeuli pi-

rovnebis an qonebis dacvasTan

dakavSirebuli saqmianoba, Se-

nobis dasufTaveba-----dalagebasTan

dakavSirebuli momsaxureba, fo-

tografiuli samuSaoebi, sabro-

kero-----sakomisio operaciebi, inka-

sireba, gamofenebis organiza-

ciasTan dakavSirebuli momsax-

ureba, aqcioneruli saqmianoba,

saredaqcio saqmianoba da sxv.).

komivoiaJori komivoiaJori komivoiaJori komivoiaJori komivoiaJori (commercialtraveller) [<frang. commis voy-ageur] - - - - - 1. moxetiale vaWari;

2. savaWro firmis mogzauri ag-

enti, romelic myidvelebs ad-

gilze sTavazobs saqonels ni-

muSebisa da katalogebis mixe-

dviT.

kompanioni kompanioni kompanioni kompanioni kompanioni (partner) [frang.compagnon] - - - - - 1. firmis Tanam-flobeli; 2. firmaSi Seamx-

anagebuli piri.

kompensacia kompensacia kompensacia kompensacia kompensacia (compensation)[<laT. compensation - - - - - anazRau-reba] - - - - - zaralis, danakargebis,

damatebiTi xarjebis anazRau-

reba.

komparativizmi komparativizmi komparativizmi komparativizmi komparativizmi (compara-tivism) [comparativus SedarebiTi]- - - - - ekonomikuri sistemebis Se-

darebiTi analizi, ekonomikuri

Teoriis kvlevis erT-----erTi mi-

marTuleba, romelsac safuZve-

li Cauyares l. reineldma, d.

holdma, p. knirSma da a.S. far-

Tod damkvidrda XX saukunis30-----iani wlebSi aSS-----Si, germa-

niaSi, avstriaSi, norvegiasa da

sxva qveynebSi. am mimarTuleb-

is Sedegia instituciuri (kon-

vergenciis, industriuli, post-

industriuli sazogadoebisa da

a.S.) Teoriebi.

komplementari komplementari komplementari komplementari komplementari (limitedpartner) - - - - - amxanagobis sruli wev-

ri, romelic mis valdebulebe-

bze mTeli Tavisi mdgomareo-

biT, piradi qonebiT agebs pa-

suxs da SeuzRudav pasuxismge-

blobas atarebs.

konglomerati konglomerati konglomerati konglomerati konglomerati (conglom-erate) [<laT. conglomeratus Tav-moyrili, Segrovili] - - - - - ekonomi-kuri gaerTianebis erT-----erTi

forma, romelic warmoiSva XXsaukunis 50-----ian wlebSi; gaer-

Tianeba ekonomikis sxvadasxva

dargis sawarmoebisa, romlebic

erTmaneTTan pirdapiri warmoe-

brivi kooperaciiT ar arian da-

kavSirebulni, awarmoeben da yi-

dian farTo asortimentis saqo-

nels.

konglomeracia konglomeracia konglomeracia konglomeracia konglomeracia (conglo-

komivoiaJorikomivoiaJorikomivoiaJorikomivoiaJorikomivoiaJori

197

meration) [<laT. conglomerstioSequCeba] - - - - - calkeuli sagnebis

SekavSireba erT mTlianobad,

rodesac isini inarCuneben Ta-

vianT Tvisebebsa da niSnebs.

kondicia kondicia kondicia kondicia kondicia (condition) [<laT.

conditio] - - - - - norma, standarti, ro-melsac, saxelSekrulebo piro-

bebis Tanaxmad, unda Seesabame-

bodes esa Tu is saqoneli.

konvencia konvencia konvencia konvencia konvencia (convention) [<laT.

conventio xelSekruleba, SeT-

anxmeba] - - - - - saerTaSoriso xe-

lSekruleba ama Tu im spe-

cialur sakiTxze, mag., konven-

cia saavtoro uflebis Senar-

Cunebis Sesaxeb; sarkinigzo,

safosto-----satelegrafo konven-

cia da a.S.

konversia konversia konversia konversia konversia (conversion) [<laT.conversio gardaqmna, Secvla] -----samxedro warmoebis gardaqmna

samoqalaqo produqciis war-

moebad. arsebobs ekonomikuri

konversiis ufro farTo gage-

ba: mTeli sazogadoebrivi war-

moebis gardaqmna; samrewvelo

konversia _ _ _ _ _ mrewvelobis gar-

daqmna, profesiuli konversia-----

kadrebis momzadebis profil-

is Secvla; valutis konversia

_ _ _ _ _ erTi valutis gacvla meo-

reze moqmedi valutis kursis

mixedviT; sesxis konversia _____

adre gamoSvebuli sesxis Secv-

la axliT da a.S.

konvertirebadi obli-konvertirebadi obli-konvertirebadi obli-konvertirebadi obli-konvertirebadi obli-

gaciagaciagaciagaciagacia (convertible bond) - - - - - obli-

gacia, romlis mflobelsac

SeuZlia Seuferxeblad gacva-

los igi sxva aqciaze.

konvertirebadoba konvertirebadoba konvertirebadoba konvertirebadoba konvertirebadoba (conver-tibility) [<laT. convertere gada-qceva] - - - - - erovnuli valutis una-

ri, Tavisuflad gaicvalos ucx-

our valutaze yvela saxis ope-

raciis dros da nebismieri

formiT. valutis konvertire-

badobis xarisxi pirdapir damo-

kidebulia qveynis ekonomikur

potencialze, misi sagareo-----ek-

onomikuri saqmianobis masStab-

ze, Sida fuladi mimoqcevis

mdgradobaze, erovnuli bazris

ganviTarebis doneze da sxv.

valuta SeiZleba iyos sru-sru-sru-sru-sru-

lad konvertirebadi lad konvertirebadi lad konvertirebadi lad konvertirebadi lad konvertirebadi (Seqce-

vadi) _ _ _ _ _ rodesac mocemuli qvey-

nis valuta icvleba nebismier

ucxourze, nawilobriv kon-nawilobriv kon-nawilobriv kon-nawilobriv kon-nawilobriv kon-

vertirebadi vertirebadi vertirebadi vertirebadi vertirebadi (nawilobriv Se-

qcevadi) _ _ _ _ _ rodesac mocemu-

li qveynis valuta icvleba mxo-

lod zogierT ucxour valu-

taze da arakonvertirebadiarakonvertirebadiarakonvertirebadiarakonvertirebadiarakonvertirebadi

(Seuqcevadi) _ _ _ _ _ rodesac ama Tu

im qveynis fulad erTeuls

mTlianad SenarCunebuli aqvs

savaluto SezRudvebi da ar

icvleba sxva ucxour valutaze.

qarTuli fuladi erTeu-

li _ _ _ _ _ lari nawilobriv kon-----

vertirebadi valutaa.

koniunqtura koniunqtura koniunqtura koniunqtura koniunqtura (conjuncture)

koniunqturakoniunqturakoniunqturakoniunqturakoniunqtura

198

[<laT. conjyngere Sekvra, dakav-Sireba, SeerTeba] - - - - - 1. niSnebiserToblioba, romelic damaxa-

siaTebelia garkveul period-

Si ekonomikis mdgomareobi-

saTvis; 2. urTierTdakavSire-

buli pirobebis erToblioba,

Camoyalibebuli viTareba.

bazris koniunqtura _bazris koniunqtura _bazris koniunqtura _bazris koniunqtura _bazris koniunqtura _

drois garkveul periodSi

konkretul adgilze Camoyali-

bebuli saqonlis realizaciis

socialur-----ekonomikuri, savaWro-----

organizaciuli da sxva pirobe-

bi. damokidebulia mraval faq-

torze, romelTagan ZiriTadia:

momxmarebelTa fuladi Semo-

savlebi, saqonlis fasebi, sasa-

qonlo resursebis, maT Soris,

sasaqonlo maragis moculoba

da struqtura.

konkretuli bazris koniun-

qturis daxasiaTebisas yurad-

Reba, pirvel yovlisa, eqceva

moTxovnisa da miwodebis bal-

ansirebis xarisxs (dones). ko-

niunqturis Seswavla gulisx-

mobs sistematur dakvirvebas

bazarze moTxovna-----miwodebis

arsebul da SesaZlo gadaxre-

bze. moTxovnisa da miwodebis

mdgomareobidan gamomdinare,

ganasxvaveben xelsayrel da

araxelsayrel koniunqturas.

konkurenti konkurenti konkurenti konkurenti konkurenti (competitor)[<laT. concurreins gajibreba<concurrere Sejaxeba] - - - - - zogadi

cneba, romelic gamoiyeneba neb-

ismier dargSi: ekonomikaSi, xe-

lovnebaSi da a.S. konkurente-

bi SeiZleba iyvnen rogorc cal-

keuli pirebi, ise garkveuli

jgufebi, firmebi, romlebsac

aqvT TavianTi interesebi saqmi-

anobis nebismier sferoSi, mag-

ram erTdroulad dainterese-

buli arian saerTo miznis miR-

weviT. sityva ̀ konkurenti~ xSi-

rad ixmareba sameurneo saqmia-

nobaSi metoqeobis gamosaxatavad.

konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-

soba soba soba soba soba (competitive advantage) -----upiratesoba, romelsac kompa-

niebi inovaciebis danergvis gziT

aRweven. zogierT qveyanaSi yal-

ibdeba iseTi biznes-----garemo, ro-

melic SesaZleblobas aZlevs

kompaniebs swrafad danergon

siaxleebi da ufro ganviTard-

nen, vidre sxva qveynis kompanie-

bi. dRes qveynis ganviTarebis

strategiaSi yuradRebis cen-

trSia konkurenciis global-

izaciis, konkurenciisadmi glo-

baluri midgomis sakiTxi. kon-

kurenciis globalizacia kom-

paniebisagan moiTxovs axlebur

azrovnebas, informaciis yvela

doneze gafiltvras.

msoflio bazarze qveynis

konkurentul upiratesobas ga-

napirobebs mecnierebatevadi da

maRalteqnologiuri dargebi,

mowinave informaciuli da

konkurentikonkurentikonkurentikonkurentikonkurenti

199

telekomunikaciuri teqnolo-

giebi.

konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-konkurentuli upirate-

sobis Teoria sobis Teoria sobis Teoria sobis Teoria sobis Teoria (theory of com-petitive advantage) - - - - - Tanamedrovesagareo vaWrobaSi qveynis

konkurentunarianobis ganm-

sazRvreli Teoria, romelsac

TandaTan adgils uTmobs Se-

fardebiTi upiratesobis Teo-

ria. es axali Teoria gascda

warmoebis xarjebis analizs da

aqcents iseT faseulobebze ake-

Tebs, rogoricaa xarisxi, nou-----

hau, bazrisadmi axleburi mid-

goma, axali dizaini, axali sa-

xeobebis produqciis Seqmna da

a.S. msoflio ekonomikis ganvi-

Tarebis praqtika aCvenebs, rom

dRes yvelaze momgebiani is

dargebia, romlebic awarmoeben

informaciul teqnologiebs,

kavSirgabmulobis saSualebeb-

isa da telekomunikaciebis

mTel sistemas. maT warmatebas

msoflio bazarze, upirveles

yovlisa, ganapirobebs inovacie-

bis danergva da ara warmoebrivi

SesaZleblobebis zrda, inten-

siuri da araeqstensiuri war-

moeba. ganviTarebuli qveynebis

warmoebis matebis 75%-----dan

100%-----mde swored inovaciebis

gamoyenebiT miiRweva.

qveynis konkurentuli up-----

iratesobis misaRwevad XXIsaukune msoflios sTavazobs

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis axal

models. es modeli efuZneba

inovaciur ekonomikas, romel-

Sic ̀ pirveli violinos~ rols

inteleqtualuri kapitali as-

rulebs. konkurenciaSi upi-

ratesobas dRes aRwevs ara is,

vinc reagirebs bazris moTx-

ovnebze, aramed is, vinc qmnis

bazars, e.i. vinc bazars sTava-

zobs inovaciebs.

konkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianoba

(competitiveness) - - - - - 1. sabazro

urTierTobebis subieqtebis,

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Tvi-

seba konkurencia gauwios baz-

arze analogiuri Tvisebebis

mqone sabazro urTierTobebis

subieqtebs, saqonelsa da mom-

saxurebas. am Tvisebis Sefase-

ba maRali, saSualo da dabali

konkurentunarianobis gansxvave-

bis saSualebas iZleva;

2. qveynis umniSvnelovane-

si indikatori, romelic gansaz-

Rvravs TiToeuli qveynis adg-

ilsa da rols msoflio eko-

nomikaSi. miuxedavad konkuren-

tunarianobis bevri saerTo niS-

nisa, didi sxvaobaa qveyanaTa

konkurentunarianobis modelebs

Soris. mag., aSS-----ma msoflioSi

miaRwia konkurentunarianobis

zrdis yvelaze maRal tempebs

energetikaSi, telekomunikacie-

bSi, TviTmfrinavebis warmoeba-

Si da a.S. dRes msoflioSi

konkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianobakonkurentunarianoba

200

erT-----erT Zlier konkurentuna-

rian qveynad warmodgenilia

iaponia ekonomikis iseTi darge-

biT, rogoricaa teqnika da manqa-

naTmSenebloba.

is garemoeba, rom XXI sauku-ne aRiarebulia codnisa da in-

teleqtualuri kapitalis sa-

ukuned, mniSvnelovnad cvlis


safuZvlebs. imisaTvis, rom ko-

mpaniebi konkurentunarianebi

iyvnen, maT TavianTi produqcia

unda gayidon saerTaSoriso

sabazro qselis meSveobiT msof-

lios masStabiT. es aris didi

saTamaSo veli, romelsac kon-

kurentunariani qveyana ayali-

bebs Tavisi industriisTvis.

uaxloes warsulSi qvey-

nis konkurentunarianobas gan-

sazRvravdnen iseTi parametre-

biT, rogoricaa biujetis defi-

citi, procentis ganakveTi, va-

lutis kursis simyare, bune-

brivi simdidreebi, iafi samuSao

Zala, menejmentis gansxvavebu-

li praqtika da a.S. magram saer-

TaSoriso praqtika ar adas-

turebs am mosazrebaTa WeS-

maritebas. mag., riT SeiZleba

aixsnas iseTi qveynebis (iaponia,

samxreTi korea...) warmateba,

romlebic bunebrivi resurseb-

is mwvave deficits ganicdian,

an bunebrivi resursebiT mdi-

dari afrikis umetesi qveyneb-

is warumatebloba.

konkurentunarianoba iqmneba

ara gare, aramed Sida bazre-

bze. dRes konkurentunariano-

bis asamaRleblad kompaniebi

nergaven axal teqnologiebs,

afuZneben axal strategiebs, in-

vesticiebs deben axali unar-----

Cvevebis aTvisebasa da codnis

ganaxlebaSi. imisTvis, rom qvey-

ana konkurentunariani partnio-

ri gaxdes, man unda Seqmnas

axali inovaciuri sistema. dRes

msoflioSi Zalze popularu-

lia Semdegi mowodeba: ̀ dRevan-

deli inovaciebiT moaZveleT

Tqveni guSindeli produqcia~.

konkurencia konkurencia konkurencia konkurencia konkurencia (competition)[concurrere Sejaxeba, Setakeba]- - - - - 1. metoqeoba saukeTeso Sede-

gebis miRwevisaTvis; 2. brZo-

la kontrahentebs Soris saqon-

lis (momsaxurebis) warmoebi-

sa da realizaciis xelsayre-

li pirobebisaTvis; 3. sabazro

situacia, rodesac bazarze aris

mravali mwarmoebeli (gamyid-

veli) da mravali momxmarebe-

li (myidveli).

konkurencia qveynis ekono-

mikis ganviTarebisa da efeqti-

anobis amaRlebis umniSvnelo-

vanesi faqtoria.

konkurenciuli bazarikonkurenciuli bazarikonkurenciuli bazarikonkurenciuli bazarikonkurenciuli bazari

(competitive market) - - - - - bazari, sa-dac mravali wvrili gamyidve-

li da myidvelia. isini axor-

konkurenciakonkurenciakonkurenciakonkurenciakonkurencia

201

cieleben TavianT operaciebs

erTmaneTisgan damoukideblad

da ar SeuZliaT arsebiTi gav-

lena moaxdinon fasze.

konosamenti konosamenti konosamenti konosamenti konosamenti (bill of lading)[frang. connaissement] - - - - - xelw-

erili, romelsac gascems ge-

mis kapitani (an sazRvao sa-

transporto sawarmos agenti)

tvirTis zRviT gagzavnisa da

miRebis dasadastureblad.

konsaltingi konsaltingi konsaltingi konsaltingi konsaltingi (consulting)[<ingl. consulting - - - - - sakonsulta-

cio] - - - - - sammarTvelo konsul-

tireba, ganxorcielebuli spe-

cializebuli komerciuli

firmebis mier warmoebis mar-

Tvis organizaciisa da sru-

lyofis sferoSi axalSeqmni-

li sawarmoebis saqmianobis da-

fuZnebis, marketinguli kvle-

vis mizniT. sakonsaltingo fir-

mebi msxvili kompaniebis dakve-

TiT aanalizeben am kompaniebis

warmoebis organizaciisa da

marTvis Sesabamisobas, maTi

saqmianobis Sedegebs, SeimuSave-

ben rekomendaciebs maTi rent-

abelobis amaRlebisaTvis, konku-

rentunarianobis uzrunvelyo-

fisaTvis, adgenen maTi ganvi-

Tarebis grZelvadian koncef-

cias da biznes-----gegmas, amzade-

ben teqnikur-----ekonomikur das-

abuTebas Svilobili kompanie-

bis Sesaqmnelad da a.S. kon-

sultantebi Cveulebriv iseTi

specialistebi arian, romleb-

sac, Teoriul codnasTan er-

Tad, aqvT didi praqtikuli

gamocdileba menejmentis, mar-

ketingis da a.S. sferoSi. sa-

konsaltingo firmebTan erTad,

sammarTvelo konsultirebis

sferoSi momsaxurebas ewevian

sxvadasxva samecniero-----kvlevi-

Ti organizaciebi, romlebsac

am mizniT Camoyalibebuli aqvT

specialuri ganyofilebebi da

samsaxurebi. sakonsaltingo fir-

mebi momsaxurebas ewevian fas-

warmoqmnis sferoSi. fasebis

proeqtis SedgeniT isini monaw-

ileoben resursebis mimwodeb-

lebsa da produqciis damamza-

deblebs Soris, agreTve maT Sem-

kveTebTan xelSekrulebis dade-

baSi. sakonsaltingo firmebis

momsaxureba mniSvnelovnad am-

cirebs maRalkvalificiuri sa-

konsultacio daxmarebis miRe-

basTan dakavSirebul xarjebs.

konsaltingi, inJineringTan da

auditTan erTad, sabazro in-

frastruqturis aucilebeli

elementia.

konsignanti konsignanti konsignanti konsignanti konsignanti (consignor)[<laT. consignatio dokumenti] -----saqonlis mflobeli, romelic

sazRvargareT yidis saqonels

konsignatoris (komisioneris)

meSveobiT.

konsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli vali

(consolidated duty) - - - - - tradiciu-

konsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli valikonsolidirebuli vali

202

lad es termini gamoiyeneba

saxelmwifo valis im nawilis

gamosaxatavad, romelsac ara

aqvs dafarvis vadebi. amasTan,

ukanasknel periodSi misi gamoy-

eneba daiwyo ufro farTo mniS-

vnelobiT, saxeldobr, moicavs

vals saSualo da grZelvadi-

ani fasiani qaRaldebis for-

miT, anu mTel vals mimdinare

davalianebis garda.

konsorciumi konsorciumi konsorciumi konsorciumi konsorciumi (consortium)[<laT. consortium Tanamonawile-

oba]-----kompaniebis an bankebis

droebiTi SeTanxmeba, gaerTiane-

ba sesxis erToblivi gavrceleb-

isaTvis, farTo masStabis fin-

ansuri an komerciuli opera-

ciebis CatarebisaTvis, msxvili

samrewvelo mSeneblobis ganx-

orcielebisaTvis da a.S.

kontrahenti kontrahenti kontrahenti kontrahenti kontrahenti (counterpart)[<laT. contrahens momrigebeli]- - - - - 1. xelSekrulebis monawile

erTi mxare meoris mimarT; 2.

fizikuri an iuridiuli piri,

romelsac aRebuli aqvs xel-

Sekrulebidan gamomdinare esa

Tu is valdebuleba.

konfiskacia konfiskacia konfiskacia konfiskacia konfiskacia (confiscation)[<laT. confiscatio] - - - - - qonebis,

fulisa da sxva faseulobebis

iZulebiTi, usasyidlod CamorT-

meva da sasamarTlos gadawy-

vetilebiT an administraciu-

li aqtiT saxelmwifos sakuT-

rebaSi gadacema.

konfrontacia konfrontacia konfrontacia konfrontacia konfrontacia (confronta-tion) [laT. con winaaRmdeg + frons(frontis) jiqur, fronti] - - - - - wina-aRmdegoba, dapirispireba, Seja-

xeba (socialuri sistemebis, kla-

sTa interesebis, ideur-----poli-

tikuri principebis da a.S.).

koncentracia koncentracia koncentracia koncentracia koncentracia (concen-tration) [laT. concentratio <laT.

cone + centrum centri, Suagu-li] - - - - - Tavmoyra; warmoebis kon-warmoebis kon-warmoebis kon-warmoebis kon-warmoebis kon-

centraciacentraciacentraciacentraciacentracia _ _ _ _ _ mocemuli warmo-

ebis moculobis zrda masSi

warmoebis faqtorebis zrdis

kvalobaze.

koncentraciis agrega-koncentraciis agrega-koncentraciis agrega-koncentraciis agrega-koncentraciis agrega-

tulitulitulitulituli maCvenebeli maCvenebeli maCvenebeli maCvenebeli maCvenebeli (aggregateconcentration) - - - - - ekonomikis mo-cemul seqtorSi an mTel eko-

nomikaSi warmoebis ramdenime

umsxviles korporaciad kon-

centrirebis xarisxi.

koncerni koncerni koncerni koncerni koncerni (concern) - - - - - im sam-rewvelo, safinanso da savaWro

sawarmoebis gaerTianeba, rom-

lebic, samecniero-----teqnolo-

giuri, sainvesticio, safinanso,

sagareo-----ekonomikuri da sxva

funqciebis nebayoflobiTi cen-

tralizaciis safuZvelze, er-

Tobliv saqmianobas ewevian.

koncernis saqmianobis organi-

zaciisaTvis iqmneba mmarTve-

lobis sistema, romelsac kon-

cernis wevrebi nebayoflobiT

gadascemen TavianTi uflebamo-

silebisa da funqciebis naw-

konsorciumikonsorciumikonsorciumikonsorciumikonsorciumi

203

ils. koncernis wevrebi ar

SeiZleba erTdroulad Sediod-

nen sxva koncernebis Semadgen-

lobaSi.

koncesia koncesia koncesia koncesia koncesia (concession) [<laT.

concessio nebarTva, daTmoba] - - - - - 1.xelSekruleba, romlis safuZ-

velzec saxelmwifo saeqsplu-

ataciod gadascems kerZo me-

warmeebs, ucxour firmebs gan-

sazRvruli vadiT samrewvelo

sawarmoebs an miwis nakveTebs

sxvadasxva nagebobaTa mSeneb-

lobis, sasargeblo wiaRiseu-

lis mopovebisa da a.S. uflebiT;

2. sazRauri, romelsac bankebi

axlad gamoSvebuli fasiani

qaRaldebis gayidvis organize-

bisaTvis iReben.

koncesioneri koncesioneri koncesioneri koncesioneri koncesioneri (concessio-naire) - - - - - koncesiis mflobeli,

iuridiuli piri, romelmac mi-

iRo koncesia.

kooperacia kooperacia kooperacia kooperacia kooperacia (cooperation)[<laT. cooperatio TanamSromlo-

ba] - - - - - Sromis organizaciis for-ma, romlis drosac adamianTa

didi jgufi erToblivad mona-

wileobs erTsa da imave an gan-

sxvavebul, magram erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebul Sromis proces-

ebSi.

koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-

tikatikatikatikatika (coordination policy) – mone-taruli fiskaluri politika.

praqtikaSi monetaruli da fis-

kaluri politika xSirad erT-

droulad gamoiyeneba. maTi kom-

binacia cnobilia, rogorc mone-mone-mone-mone-mone-

tarul-fiskaluri koorditarul-fiskaluri koorditarul-fiskaluri koorditarul-fiskaluri koorditarul-fiskaluri koordi-----

nirebuli politika,nirebuli politika,nirebuli politika,nirebuli politika,nirebuli politika, an, ubra-

lod, koordinirebuli poli-

tika.

koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-

dididididi (correcting tax) – gadasaxa-di, dawesebuli uaryofiTi gare

efeqtebis mqone saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis warmoebisa da mis-

gan miRebuli zaralisaTvis. igi

ganapirobebs zRvruli kerZo

xarjis gazrdas zRvruli sa-

zogadoebrivi xarjis donemde.

Tumca praqtikaSi Zalze Zne-

lia zRvruli xarjis zusti

gaangariSeba. amitom koreqtire-

badi gadasaxadi yovelTvis ver

aRwevs mizans.

koreqtirebadi subsidiakoreqtirebadi subsidiakoreqtirebadi subsidiakoreqtirebadi subsidiakoreqtirebadi subsidia

(correcting subsidy) – subsidia, ga-cemuli dadebiTi gare efeqte-

bis mqone ekonomikuri dovla-

Tis mwarmoeblebisa da momxma-

reblebisTvis. misi mizania zRvru-

li kerZo xelsayrelobis mi-

axloeba sazogadoebriv zRvrul

xelsayrelobasTan.

korporacia korporacia korporacia korporacia korporacia (corporation,public company) [<saS. laT. cor-poratio gaerTianeba, sazogadoe-ba] - - - - - Tanamedrove mewarmeobis,biznesis erT-----erTi organiza-

ciuli forma. misi Tanamesa-

kuTrea aqciis mflobelTa mra-

valricxovani armia, romelsac

korporaciakorporaciakorporaciakorporaciakorporacia

204

akisria SezRuduli pasuxismge-

bloba korporaciis aqcionerul

kapitalSi Tavisi wilis ode-

nobis mixedviT. korporaciis

mTeli mogeba, romelic mis aq-

cionerebs ekuTvniT, iyofa or

nawilad. erTi nawildeba aqci-

is mflobelebs Soris dividen-

dis saxiT, meore ki xmardeba

reinvestirebas. am formis Ziri-

Tadi upiratesobaa fasiani qa-

Raldebis gamoSvebis gziT dam-

atebiTi kapitalis mobilizaci-

is SesaZlebloba. Tavis saqmi-

anobas korporacia warmarTavs

marTvis mecnierul meTodebsa

da profesiul menejerebze

dayrdnobiT. mas aqvs SesaZle-

bloba swrafad gadavides saqmi-

anobis erTi saxeobidan meo-

reze. korporacia inarCunebs

memkvidreobiTobas da misi ar-

seboba ar aris damokidebuli

aqciebis gayidvis gamo Tanam-

flobelTa Secvlaze. naklov-

anebebidan SeiZleba aRiniSnos

is, rom korporacia erTeul mo-

gebaze ixdis ufro maRal ga-

dasaxadebs, vidre firmis sxva

organizaciuli formebi. ibeg-

reba rogorc korporaciis mo-

geba, ise aqcionerTa dividendi.

korporaciis likvidaciis

SemTxvevaSi aqciis mflobeli

iRebs wils, romelic man Sei-

tana firmis aqcionerul kapi-

talSi.

korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-

ciaciaciaciacia (corporate bond) – firmebis,korporaciebis mier gamoSvebu-

li obligacia.

korufcia korufcia korufcia korufcia korufcia (corruption) [laT.

corruptio] - - - - - meqrTameoba; Tanam-debobis pirebis, sazogadoebrivi

da politikuri moRvaweebis mo-

syidva. Tanamdebobis pirebis

mier TavianTi uflebebis boro-

tad gamoyeneba piradi gamdi-

drebis mizniT.

kotireba kotireba kotireba kotireba kotireba (quotation) [<frang.secoter] - - - - - ucxouri valutebis,

fasiani qaRaldebis kursis an

saqonlis fasebis dadgena bir-

Jaze moqmedi sakanonmdeblo

normebisa da Camoyalibebuli

praqtikis Sesabamisad.

kouzi rokouzi rokouzi rokouzi rokouzi ronnnnnaaaaallllld d d d d (dab. 1910)

(Coase Ronald) – warmoSobiTingliseli, jer londonis sko-

lis, Semdeg ki Cikagos univer-

sitetis profesori, neokla-

sikuri mimdinareobis Tvalsa-

Cino warmomadgeneli, ekonomikis

dargSi nobelis premiis lau-

reati (1991) firmis Teoriasa

(`firmis buneba~, 1937) da gare

efeqtebis kvlevaSi Setanili

wvlilisaTvis. didia misi dam-

saxureba transaqciuli xarje-

bis Teoriis Seqmnasa da maTi

Semcirebis gzebis gamokvleva-

Si. statiaSi ̀ socialuri xar-

jebis problema~ (1960) kouzma

gaakeTa daskvnebi, romlebic

korporatiuli obligakorporatiuli obligakorporatiuli obligakorporatiuli obligakorporatiuli obligaciaciaciaciacia

205

dRemde cnobilia kouzis Teo-kouzis Teo-kouzis Teo-kouzis Teo-kouzis Teo-

remis remis remis remis remis saxelwodebiT.

kouziskouziskouziskouziskouzis Teo Teo Teo Teo Teorrrrrema ema ema ema ema (Coase’stheorem) – Teorema, romelic

efuZneba mtkicebas imis Sesaxeb,

rom gare efeqtebi (eqsterna-

liebi) im SemTxvevaSi ar gamo-

iwveven resursebis araraciona-

lur alokacias, Tu ar arsebobs

transaqciuli xarjebi.

krediti krediti krediti krediti krediti (credit, loan) [<laT.

creditum sesxi, vali <crederendoba] - - - - - 1. droebiT Tavisufa-li fuladi saxsrebis an saqon-

lis gacema valad gansazRvru-

li vadiT fiqsirebuli pro-

centis safasurad. kreditis

ZiriTadi formebia: aqcepturi,

aqceptur-----rambusnuli, i poTe-

kuri, komerciuli, reloveru-

li, sabanko, saerTaSoriso, sa-

eqsporto, savaluto, samomxmare-

blo. ganasxvaveben mokle- da

grZelvadian kredits. mokle-

vadiani krediti, rogorc wesi,

gaicema erT wlamde vadiT,

xolo grZelvadiani _ _ _ _ _ erT

welze meti vadiT da ZiriTa-

dad sainvesticio kapitalis sa-

xiT gamoiyeneba; 2. sabuRaltro

angariSis marjvena mxare. aq-

tiur angariSSi kreditSi Canaw-

eri niSnavs Semcirebas, anu

gasavals, xolo debetSi Canaw-

eri _ _ _ _ _ zrdas, anu Semosavals.

pasiur angariSSi ki, piriqiT,

kreditSi Canaweri niSnavs zr-

das, anu Semosavals, xolo de-

betSi Canaweri _ _ _ _ _ Semcirebas,

anu gasavals; 3. ndoba, ndobiT

sargebloba.

kreditis dafarvis piro-kreditis dafarvis piro-kreditis dafarvis piro-kreditis dafarvis piro-kreditis dafarvis piro-

bebi bebi bebi bebi bebi (credit terms) - - - - - 1. periodu-lad: Tvis, kvartlis, naxevari

an erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi; 2.

Tanabar nawilebad gadaxda:

ZiriTadi Tanxisa da daricxu-

li procentebis gadaxda Tana-

bari odenobiT daTqmuli va-

dis ganmavlobaSi; 3. mzardi

jamiT gadaxda: valis dafarvi-

saTvis daTqmul periodSi yov-

el momdevno wels gadasaxadi

Tanxis wilis gazrda; 4. naS-

Tis erTjeradi dafarva. fulis

saboloo gadaxda vadis dad-

gomisas. Cveulebriv gadasaxde-

li Tanxa valis saerTo raode-

nobis 15-----25%-----s ar aRemateba.

kreditis racionirebakreditis racionirebakreditis racionirebakreditis racionirebakreditis racionireba

(credit rationing) - - - - - ekonomikuripolitikis instrumenti, romel-

ic gulisxmobs sabanko kredi-

tis normirebul ganawilebas.

kreditis sididis Sez-kreditis sididis Sez-kreditis sididis Sez-kreditis sididis Sez-kreditis sididis Sez-

Rudva Rudva Rudva Rudva Rudva (credit ceiling) - - - - - fula-

di politikis instrumenti,

romelsac iyenebs centraluri

banki komerciul bankebze gasa-

cemi kreditis sididis SezRud-

vis oficialurad dawesebis

safuZvelze.

kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-

fafafafafa (collateral security) - - - - - ix. girao.

kreditis uzrunvelyofakreditis uzrunvelyofakreditis uzrunvelyofakreditis uzrunvelyofakreditis uzrunvelyofa

206

kreditori kreditori kreditori kreditori kreditori (creditor) [laT.

creditor] - - - - - sesxis gamcemi iuri-diuli an fizikuri piri, rome-

lic valad iZleva raime Tanxas.

kukis koeficienti kukis koeficienti kukis koeficienti kukis koeficienti kukis koeficienti (Cookeratio) – komerciuli bankebisa

da sxva sakredito dawesebule-

bebis gadaxdisunarianobis koe-

ficienti, romelic moiTxovs

8%-iani donis Tanafardobas

sakuTar kapitalsa da aqtivebs

Soris.

kumulacia kumulacia kumulacia kumulacia kumulacia (cumulation) [<laT.cumulatio gadideba, dagroveba,

Tavmoyra] - - - - - dasazRvevi an daz-Rveuli obieqtebis Tavmoyra

gansazRvrul, Semofarglul

sivrceSi, teritoriaze, erT

sawarmoSi, sadazRvevo kompa-

niaSi, portSi, gemze, sawyobSi

da a.S.

kumulaciuri zrdis in-kumulaciuri zrdis in-kumulaciuri zrdis in-kumulaciuri zrdis in-kumulaciuri zrdis in-

deqsideqsideqsideqsideqsi (cumulative index of growth)- - - - - ekonomikuri saqmianobis re-

aluri zrdis maCvenebeli saan-

gariSo wlis dasawyisidan

kvartalebis mixedviT wina

wlis Sesabamis periodTan Se-

darebiT.

kumulaciuri kenWisyrakumulaciuri kenWisyrakumulaciuri kenWisyrakumulaciuri kenWisyrakumulaciuri kenWisyra

(cumulative voting) - - - - - kenWisyra aq-cionerTa saerTo krebaze, rome-

lic nebas rTavs aqcioners, zo-

gierTi sakiTxis gadawyvetas mxa-

ri dauWiros ara erTi, aramed

ramdenime xmiT, im pirobiT, rom

sxva sakiTxebze kenWisyraSi mo-

nawileobas ar miiRebs.

kupiura kupiura kupiura kupiura kupiura (denomination) - - - - - no-minaluri Rirebuleba, romel-

ic aRniSnulia qaRaldis ful-

ze, banknotebze, obligaciebze

da sxva fasian qaRaldebze,

agreTve TviT es qaRaldis fuli,

banknoti, obligacia da sxv.

kuponi kuponi kuponi kuponi kuponi (coupon) - - - - - 1. fulis

Semcvleli surogati; 2. fasi-

ani qaRaldis nawili, mosaWre-

li taloni, romelic xelwe-

rilis nacvlad banks waredg-

ineba sargeblis an dividendis

misaRebad.

kuponiani obligacia kuponiani obligacia kuponiani obligacia kuponiani obligacia kuponiani obligacia (cou-pon bond) – obligacia, romel-

ic eqvemdebareba mravaljerad

gadaxdas dafarvamde da erT

gadaxdas ganaRdebis dros.

kurtaJi kurtaJi kurtaJi kurtaJi kurtaJi (courtage) [frang.courtage komerciuli gasamrje-

lo] - - - - - gasamrjelo, romelsac

iRebs makleri birJis wevrebi-

sagan _ _ _ _ _ brokerebisagan, dile-

rebisagan, maT Soris garigebe-

bis dafiqsirebisaTvis. kurtaJi

gaicema operaciis ganxorciele-

bis Semdeg, rogorc wesi, ori-

ve mxridan Tanabari odenobiT.

mag., Tu kurtaJi 0,4%-----s Sead-

gens, maSin TiToeuli mxare

0,2%-----s ixdis.

kreditorikreditorikreditorikreditorikreditori

207laferis efeqtilaferis efeqtilaferis efeqtilaferis efeqtilaferis efeqti

llllllagi lagi lagi lagi lagi (lag) - - - - - drois garkve-

uli monakveTi mizez-----Sedego-

briv kavSirSi myof movleneb-

sa da procesebs Soris. gamoxa-

tavs problemis arsebobis aRi-

arebasa da ama Tu im maregu-

lirebeli meqanizmis amoqmede-

bis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis

miRebas Soris drois Sualeds.

“LAISSEZ-----FAIRE” (̀ dae, wavi-

des Tavisi gziT~) _ _ _ _ _ Tavisufa-

li bazris ideologia, ekonomika

saxelmwifos Caurevlobis

gareSe; ekonomist-----klasikosTa

Sexeduleba, romlis Tanaxma-

dac saxelmwifo rac SeiZleba

naklebad unda ereodes ekono-

mikis funqcionirebis proces-

Si da gadawyvetilebebis miRe-

ba bazars ekisrebodes. adam smi-

Tis azriT, saxelmwifos roli

unda Semoifarglos mxolod

kanonierebisa da wesrigis dac-

viT (1), erovnuli Tavdacvis

uzrunvelyofiT (2) da sazoga-

doebrivi saqonlis warmoebiT

(3), riTac naklebad aris dain-

teresebuli kerZo biznesi. igi

saxelmwifos prerogativaa.

laJi laJi laJi laJi laJi (agio) [<ital. laggio]-----1. qaRaldis fulSi gamoxatu-

li oqros sabazro fasis zrda

qaRaldis fulis raodenobas-

Tan SedarebiT; 2. fasiani qa-

Raldebisa da fulis niSnebis

sabirJo (sabazro) kursis ama-

Rleba maT nominalur Rire-

bulebasTan SedarebiT. angari-

Soben procentobiT (igivea, rac

aJio).

latarea latarea latarea latarea latarea (Lottery) - - - - - mosax-leobis fuladi saxsrebis neba-

yoflobiTi mozidva saxelmwi-

fos, Sesabamisi organizaciebis,

an saqvelmoqmedo sazogadoe-

bebis mier latariis bileTeb-

is gayidvis gziT, ris Sedega-

dac Semosuli saxsrebis nawi-

lis gaTamaSeba xdeba fuladi

an nivTobrivi mogebis saxiT

da eZleva `bednieri bileTis~

mflobelebs.

laferis efeqti laferis efeqti laferis efeqti laferis efeqti laferis efeqti (Laffercurve effects) - - - - - gamoiyeneba imisdasamtkiceblad, rom sagadasax-

ado ganakveTis Semcireba, sab-

oloo angariSiT, iwvevs saer-

To sagadasaxado Senatanebis

ara Sekvecas, aramed gadide-

bas. aqedan gamomdinareobs das-

kvna: sagadasaxado tvirTis ra-

dikaluri Semsubuqeba ekono-

mikuri zrdis stimulirebasTan

erTad saxelmwifo Semosavleb-

is problemebsac wyvets. es

princi pi safuZvlad daedo

mravali qveynis ekonomikur

politikas. igi warmatebiT gam-

oiyeneba dResac. postindus-

triul qveynebSi sagadasaxado

politika ekonomikuri ganvi-

208

idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sa-

gadasaxado ganakveTis nulidan

100%-----mde zrdis kvalobaze sa-

gadasaxado Senatanebi gaizrde-

ba nulidan raRac maqsimalur

(M) donemde, Semdeg ki iwyebs

dacemas nulame, vinaidan gada-

saxadebis ufro maRali ganakve-

Ti aferxebs ekonomikur aqti-

urobas da, maSasadame, iwvevs

sagadasaxado bazis Sekvecas.

leveriji leveriji leveriji leveriji leveriji (leverage) - - - - - mik-roekonomikuri maCvenebeli, ro-

melic gamoxatavs Tanafardobas

nasesx da sakuTar saxsrebs So-

ris da adgens firmis mTel sa-

investicio kapitalSi (fasiani

qaRaldebis CaTvliT fiqsire-

buli procentiT) grZelvadiani

davalianebis wils. am maCveneb-

liT aqcenti keTdeba sainves-

ticio kapitalis struqtura-

Si grZelvadiani davalianebis

wilze, rogorc erT-----erT mniS-

vnelovan parametrze. rac ufro

maRalia misi wili, miT ufro

maRalia firmis levereji da,

aqedan gamomdinare, masTan dakav-

Sirebuli sainvesticio riski;

2. kreditis gamoyeneba piradi

spekulaciuri SesaZleblobeb-

is gasafarToeblad.

liberalizacia liberalizacia liberalizacia liberalizacia liberalizacia (liberal-ization) - - - - - ekonomikis ganTavisu-fleba mbrZaneblur-----adminis-

traciuli mmarTvelobisagan da

misi marTva `uxilavi xeliT~,

Tarebis saxelmwifo stimu-

lirebis mTavari instrumenti

gaxda. misi damaxasiaTebeli Tvi-

sebaa dabegvris ganakveTis dife-

rencirebuli Semcireba (pirv-

el yovlisa, mogebidan). sax-

elmwifoebi cdiloben, ise aagon

sagadasaxado politika, rom

waaxalison korporaciebi dan-

azogebis warmoebaSi dabandeb-

isTvis, rac, Tavis mxriv, er-

Toblivi investiciebis zrdas

ganapirobebs. marTalia, dabeg-

vris liberalizacia Tavdapir-

velad amcirebs saxelmwifo bi-

ujetis Semosavlebs, magram

grZelvadiani Sedegebi sruli-

ad gansxvavebulia _ _ _ _ _ igi zrdis

biujetSi Senatanebs da, maSasa-

dame, amuxruWebs inflacias, am-

cirebs deficits. es movlena

aRmoaCina amerikelma ekonomis-

tma a. laferma da ekonomikur

literaturaSi cnobilia la-

feris efeqtis saxelwodebiT.

laferis mrudi laferis mrudi laferis mrudi laferis mrudi laferis mrudi (Laffercurve) - - - - - mrudi, romelic gamox-

atavs kavSirs sagadasaxado ga-

nakveTebsa da sagadasaxado Se-

natanebis moculobas Soris,

asaxavs iseT sagadasaxado ga-

nakveTs (nulidan 100%-----mde),

romlis drosac sagadasaxado

Senatanebi maqsimums aRwevs.

atarebs cnobili ekonomistis,

miwodebis Teoriis mimdevris

a. laferis saxels. ZiriTadi

laferis mrudilaferis mrudilaferis mrudilaferis mrudilaferis mrudi

209

rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos uxe-

Si Carevis aRkveTasa da ekonomi-

kur saqmianobaze SezRudvebis

moxsnas, Tavisufali faswarmo-

qmnis damkvidrebas, mewarmeobi-

saTvis farTo damoukideblo-

bis miniWebasa da a.S.

fasebis liberalizacias

uwodeben fasebis ganTavisu-

flebas saxelmwifos `marwux-

ebisagan~ da maT Tavisufal sa-

bazro fasebze gadasvlas.

liga liga liga liga liga (league) - - - - - kavSiri,

gaerTianeba (saxelmwifoebis,

organizaciebis, pirebis).

lizingi lizingi lizingi lizingi lizingi (lease) - - - - - komerci-uli saqmianobis forma, saaren-

do operaciebis nairsaxeoba,

romelic gulisxmobs manqaneb-

is, mowyobilobebis, satranspor-

to saSualebebis, warmoebiTi

daniSnulebis nagebobebis grZel-

vadian arendas 3-----dan 9 wlam-

de an zogjer ufro xangr-

Zlivi vadiT (10-----dan 15 wlam-

de). firma-----arendatori Tanda-

TanobiT faravs davalianebas

am mowyobilobaTa gamoyenebis

mixedviT. salizingo kontraq-

tis vadis gasvlis Semdeg aren-

dators SeuZlia SeiZinos mow-

yobilobebi narCeni Rirebuleb-

is gadaxdis kvalobaze, dados

axali SeTanxmeba an materia-

luri faseulobebi daubrunos

salizingo kompanias.

liTonis fuli liTonis fuli liTonis fuli liTonis fuli liTonis fuli (coinage)_ _ _ _ _ fulis liTonur-----Weduri

forma, liTonis monetebisgan

Semdgari naRdi fulis nawili,

romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa

srulfasovan oqrosa da ver-

cxlis monetebad da arasrul-

fasovan (bilonur) xurda li-

Tonis monetebad. es ukanaskne-

li qaRaldis fulis nair-

saxeobaa, romlis nominaluri

Rirebuleba aRemateba mis Si-

nagan Rirebulebas (TviT liTo-

nis Rirebulebasa da misi moW-

ris xarjebs). nominalur Rire-

bulebasTan erTad masze aRbe-

Wdilia uflebrivi statusis

damadasturebeli warwerebi.

stabiluri politikuri siste-

mis mqone qveynebSi, rogorc wesi,

liTonis fulis gamoSvebas ar-

egulirebs saxelmwifo.

likviduri aqtivebi likviduri aqtivebi likviduri aqtivebi likviduri aqtivebi likviduri aqtivebi (liqu-id assets) - - - - - advilad realize-

badi saxsrebi _ _ _ _ _ moklevadiani

saxelmwifo fasiani qaRalde-

bi, mimdinare angariSebi, naRdi

fuli, romelsac ar moaqvs Se-

mosavali sargeblis saxiT.

likviduri bazari likviduri bazari likviduri bazari likviduri bazari likviduri bazari (liqu-idity market) - - - - - bazari, sadac ga-rigebebi yidva-----gayidvis Sesa-

xeb yovelgvari SezRudvebis

gareSe xorcieldeba.

likviduri saxsrebi likviduri saxsrebi likviduri saxsrebi likviduri saxsrebi likviduri saxsrebi (me-ans of liquidity) _ _ _ _ _ naRdi fula-

di saxsrebi, bankSi mimdinare

likviduri saxsrebilikviduri saxsrebilikviduri saxsrebilikviduri saxsrebilikviduri saxsrebi

210

angariSze arsebuli naSTi, ad-

vilad realizebadi fasiani

qaRaldebi, sabrunavi kapital-

is elementebi da sxv., romel-

Ta gamoyenebac SeiZleba sesx-

is aRebisas nakisri valdebule-

bebis Sesasruleblad.

likviduri `xafangi~ likviduri `xafangi~ likviduri `xafangi~ likviduri `xafangi~ likviduri `xafangi~ (li-quidity trap) - - - - - ekonomikis mdgo-mareoba, rodesac nominaluri

saprocento ganakveTi nulis

tolia da romlisTvisac dama-

xasiaTebelia metismetad daba-

li sainvesticio aqtiuroba. am-

gvari mdgomareoba iqmneba ma-

Sin, rodesac mosaxleoba upi-

ratesobas aniWebs likviduri

saxsrebis dagrovebas, rac kre-

ditze procentis ganakveTis

Semcirebis saSualebas iZleva.

likviduroba likviduroba likviduroba likviduroba likviduroba (liquidity) -----1. ekonomikuri maCvenebeli,

romelic gamoxatavs sxvadasxva

aqtivis fulad gardaqmnis Sesa-

Zleblobas. aqtivebis gadaxdis

saSualebad gamoyenebis unari

maTi nominaluri Rirebulebis

Seucvlelad; 2. firmis (ko-

mpaniis, bankis da a.S.) unari,

droulad Seasrulos Tavisi

valdebulebebi. likvidurobis

dones gansazRvravs advilad

realizebadi aqtivebis xvedri-

Ti wona, kreditebis operatiu-

li mobilizebis SesaZleblobebi,

davalianebis odenobisa da

konkretul momentSi firmis

gankargulebaSi arsebuli lik-

viduri saxsrebis Tanafardo-

ba da sxv. firmis uunaroba

gadasaxadebis droulad gada-

xdisa da savalo valdebule-

bebis dafarvaSi warmoebrivi

ciklis darRvevaze metyvelebs.

gasaRebis siZneleebi da war-

moebis dautvirTaoba firmas

aiZulebs aiRos metismetad di-

di kreditebi, rac auaresebs

mis likvidurobas.

likvidurobis koefici-likvidurobis koefici-likvidurobis koefici-likvidurobis koefici-likvidurobis koefici-

enti enti enti enti enti (coefficient of liquidity) -----Tanafardoba kompaniebis fu-----

ladi saxsrebisa da swrafad

realizebadi aqtivebis (aqcie-

bis, obligaciebis da a.S.) ode-

nobasa da maTi moklevadiani

valdebulebebis Tanxas Soris.

gviCvenebs firmebis faqtobriv

SesaZleblobas, daTqmul vadebSi

Seuferxeblad Seasrulon (ga-

daixadon) yvela valdebule-

ba.

likvidurobis norma likvidurobis norma likvidurobis norma likvidurobis norma likvidurobis norma (liqu-idity rate) - - - - - naRdi fulis, debi-

toruli davalianebisa da ad-

vilad realizebadi fasiani

qaRaldebis dajamebuli sid-

ide, gayofili moklevadian val-

debulebebze.

limiti limiti limiti limiti limiti (limit) - - - - - zRvruli

odenoba, dadgenili raodeno-

brivi SezRudva yidvis, gayid-----

vis, kreditis gacemis, garigeb-

is moculobis gansazRvris,

likviduri `xafangi~likviduri `xafangi~likviduri `xafangi~likviduri `xafangi~likviduri `xafangi~

211

saqonlis eqsport-----importis,

savaluto operaciebisa da a.S.

Sesaxeb.

listingi listingi listingi listingi listingi (listing) - - - - - safon-do birJis kotirebis siaSi fa-

siani qaRaldebis Setanis pro-

cedura da maTi emitentis

sameurneo da safinanso mdgo-

mareobis kontroli safondo

birJis moTxovnaTa Sesabamiso-

bis gaTvaliswinebiT. listing-

is meSveobiT sabirJo vaWroba-

ze daiSveba mxolod is fasi-

ani qaRaldi, romelic gaivlis

eqspertizas xarisxsa da saime-

doobaze.

licenzia licenzia licenzia licenzia licenzia (license) [<laT.

licentia ufleba, nebarTva] - - - - - 1.

oficialuri nebarTva, gacemu-

li saxelmwifos mier zogier-

Ti saxis sameurneo saqmiano-

bis warmoebisaTvis, sagareo-----

savaWro operaciebis CaTvliT.

licenzia saqonlis ama Tu im

jgufis gansazRvruli raode-

nobis eqsportze an importze

saxelmwifo kontrolis erT-----

erTi formaa; 2. patentiT da-

culi gamogonebis, teqnologi-

is gamoyenebis uflebis gacema

gansazRvruli vadiT _ _ _ _ _ sapat-

ento licenzia.

salicenzio SeTanxmebis moq-

medebis vada damokidebulia mra-

val faqtorze. aqedan aRsa-

niSnavia: patentebis moqmedebis

vadebi da am patentebis raode-

noba, licenziis asaTviseblad

saWiro dro, salicenzio obieq-

tis moralurad cveTis vadebi,

sagadasaxado pirobebi, analogi-

ur an msgavs produqciaze sxva

SeTanxmebaTa pirobebi da a.S.

saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi

gamoiyeneba salicenzio SeTan-

xmebis sami ZiriTadi saxe: mar-mar-mar-mar-mar-

tivi,tivi,tivi,tivi,tivi, gansakuTrebuli da sru- gansakuTrebuli da sru- gansakuTrebuli da sru- gansakuTrebuli da sru- gansakuTrebuli da sru-

li.li.li.li.li.

martivi saxis salicenzio

SeTanxmebisas licenziari gas-

cems da, amave dros, TviTonac

itovebs gamogonebis an `nou-----

haus~ gamoyenebis uflebas. am-

asTan, mas SeuZlia es ufleba

sxva dainteresebul pirebsac

gadasces analogiuri pirobebiT.

gansakuTrebuli saxis sal-

icenzio SeTanxmebisas licen-

ziats eZleva gamogonebis gamoy-

enebis gansakuTrebuli ufle-

ba da licenziars ukve aRar

SeuZlia sxva pirebs an firmebs

misces igi analogiuri pirobe-

biT. sruli saxis salicenzio

SeTanxmebisas licenziari mTli-

anad licenziats uTmobs ga-

momgoneblis yvela uflebas xe-

lSekrulebis moqmedebis mTe-

li vadis ganmavlobaSi.

salicenzio obieqti Sei-

Zleba iyos teqnologiuri xa-

siaTis nebismieri damuSaveba,

masala Tu Senadnobi, nivTiereba,

mkurnalobis meTodi, sasargeb-

licenzialicenzialicenzialicenzialicenzia

212

lo wiaRiseulis mopovebis wesi,

organizaciuli, finansuri, mmar-

TvelobiTi xasiaTis cnobebi da

a.S. licenziis gayidvis nebar-

Tvis misaRebad aucilebelia

Sesabamisi dokumentebis momza-

deba, romelTagan ZiriTadia

salicenzio pasporti, gayidvis

mizanSewonilobis teqnikur-----

ekonomikuri dasabuTeba da sa-

reklamo teqnikuri aRweris

proeqti.

licenziari licenziari licenziari licenziari licenziari (licensor) -----gamogonebis, teqnologiuri

codnis da a.S. mesakuTre iu-

ridiuli piri, romelic li-

cenziatze gascems licenzias

gansazRvrul farglebSi Tavi-

si uflebebis gamoyenebisaTvis.

licenziati licenziati licenziati licenziati licenziati (licensee) [<laT.licentiatus daSvebuli] - - - - - iurid-iuli piri, romelic licen-

ziarisgan SeiZens licenzias

misi gansazRvrul farglebSi

gamoyenebis uflebisaTvis.

lozanis skola lozanis skola lozanis skola lozanis skola lozanis skola (LousanneSchool) – SveicariaSi lozanis

universitetSi arsebuli ekono-

mikuri azris skola, romel-

sac didi Rvawli miuZRvis

maTematikuri meTodebis gamoye-

nebiT sabazro ekonomikaSi ba-

zris ekonomikur agentTa ur-

TierTdamokidebulebis axsnaSi.

j. hiksi, k. erou da f. hani

didad arian davalebulni sayo-

velTao wonasworobis Teori-

iT TavianTi winamorbedebis, lo-

zanis skolis TvalsaCino war-

momadgenlebis l. valrasisa da

v. paretos Semoqmedebisadmi.

lombardi lombardi lombardi lombardi lombardi (pawnshop) -----sakredito dawesebuleba, ro-

melic gascems sesxs moZravi

qonebis dagiravebis safuZvelze.

es qoneba inaxeba lombardSi. pir-

velad daarsda safrangeTSi

XV saukuneSi.lorencis mrudi lorencis mrudi lorencis mrudi lorencis mrudi lorencis mrudi (Lorents

curve) - - - - - grafiki, romelic gviC-

venebs Semosavlebis ganawile-

baSi uTanabrobis xarisxs mo-

saxleobis jgufebis mixedviT

da realuri Semosavlebis mru-

dis gadaxris sidides absolu-

turi Tanasworobis mrudisgan.

ix. agreTve jinis koeficienti.

loti loti loti loti loti (lot) [holand. loodpartia, seria] - - - - - 1. sazomi er-Teuli sabirJo garigebisas. ro-

gorc wesi, gamoiyeneba masSta-

bur garigebebSi. safondo bir-

Jebze ganasxvaveben srul da

arasrul lots. sruli lotisruli lotisruli lotisruli lotisruli loti

Seicavs sarealizacio fasiani

qaRaldebis yoveli birJisTvis

mkacrad gansazRvrul raode-

nobas (mag., niu-----iorkis safon-

do birJaze 100 cali fasiani

qaRaldi Seadgens erT partias,

romelic miRebulia am birJaze

garigebis erTeulad). arasru-arasru-arasru-arasru-arasru-

li lotili lotili lotili lotili loti fasiani qaRaldebis

is partiaa, romelic ar fiq-

licenziarilicenziarilicenziarilicenziarilicenziari

213

sirdeba da Cveulebriv mcire

garigebebSi gamoiyeneba; 2.

saqonlis partia, misi mTliani

raodenobis nawili, romelic

iyideba xelSekrulebiT.

luisluisluisluisluis-----feisfeisfeisfeisfeis-----reinisis moreinisis moreinisis moreinisis moreinisis mo-----

delidelidelidelideli (Levis-----Fei-----Ranis model) -----umuSevrobis ekonomikuri mod-

eli ganviTarebad qveynebSi,

romelic Seqmna luisma 1954-----

1958 wlebSi da ganaviTares

feim da reinisma 1964 wels.

modelSi dasabuTebulia ekono-

mikis samrewvelo da sasof-

lo-----sameurneo seqtorebad day-

ofis aucilebloba da ganxi-

lulia maT Soris samuSao Za-

lis moZraobis problemebi. sa-

soflo-----sameurneo seqtorSi,

romelic awarmoebs arsebobi-

saTvis aucilebel saSualebebs,

aris Warbi samuSao Zala, rome-

lic TandaTanobiT gadaadgild-

eba samrewvelo seqtorSi. am

ukanasknelis mier samuSao Za-

lis STanTqma damokidebulia

kapitalis dagrovebis tempze

da, Sesabamisad, mogebis don-

eze. luisi ganixilavda xel-

fasis dones mrewvelobaSi mud-

miv sidided, romelic dakav-

Sirebulia saarsebo minimumTan

sasoflo-----sameurneo seqtorSi,

sruli dasaqmeba ki miiRweva

maSin, rodesac Warbi samuSao

Zala gadava sasoflo-----sameur-

neodan samrewvelo raionebSi

da mas mTlianad STanTqavs

mrewveloba. am modelma mniS-

vnelovani wvlili Seitana qa-

laqisa da soflis urTierTo-

bis problemebis garkvevaSi, amas-

Tan, empiriulma gamoTvlebma uar-

yo misi ori ZiriTadi debule-

ba: pirveli, rogorc wesi, sa-

soflo-----sameurneo raionebSi

ar aris maRali umuSevroba sam-

rewvelo raionebTan SedarebiT;

meore, mrewvelobaSi xelfasi

ar aris mudmivi sidide da ganu-

wyvetliv izrdeba, rac mniS-

vnelovnad gansxvavdeba xelfasis

donisagan soflis meurneoba-

Si.

luisluisluisluisluis-----feisfeisfeisfeisfeis-----reinisis moreinisis moreinisis moreinisis moreinisis modelidelidelidelideli

214 maastrixtis xelSekrulemaastrixtis xelSekrulemaastrixtis xelSekrulemaastrixtis xelSekrulemaastrixtis xelSekrulebababababa

mmmmmmaastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-

bababababa (Maastricht treaty) – 1993 wlis1 noembris xelSekruleba, rom-

lis safuZvelze evropuli ga-

erTianebis (EC) bazaze SeiqmnaevrokavSiri.

maklermaklermaklermaklermakleri i i i i (broker, jobber) [<germ.makler] - - - - - Suamavali, rwmunebu-

li garigebebis dadebisas safon-

do, saqonlis da valutis bir-

Jebze. safondo birJaze fasi-

ani qaRaldebis makleri vaWro-

bis monawilea, romelic afiq-

sirebs garigebebs safondo bir-

Jis wevrebs _ _ _ _ _ brokerebsa da

dilerebs Soris. vaWrobaze

makleris daSveba ganisazRvre-

ba Sesabamis birJaze miRebuli

konkretuli meqanizmiT. amitom

maklerebi yvela safondo birJa-

ze ar arian. makleris Semosa-

vals _ _ _ _ _ kurtaJs Seadgens bir-

Jis im wevrebis mier gadaxdili

Tanxa, romelTa garigebebsac igi

afiqsirebs. birJaze makleri

moqmedebs rogorc rwmunebuli

da ar SeiZleba uSualod monawi-

leobdes garigebaSi Tavisi sax-

eliTa da Tavisi xarjiT. sa-

birJo maklerad muSaobisaTvis

saWiroa specialuri kursebis

gavla, praqtikuli gamocdileba

da saxelmwifo licenzia.

makroekonomika makroekonomika makroekonomika makroekonomika makroekonomika (macro-

economics) [<berZn. macros gr-Zeli, didi]- - - - - 1. qveynis mTliani

meurneoba; gamoxatavs ekonomi-

kis zogad mdgomareobas, gan-

icdis sabiujeto-----safinanso,

sakredito-----fuladi da sxva

samTavrobo politikis gavlenas;

2. ekonomikuri Teoriis ganyo-

fileba ekonomikis, rogorc

erTiani mTlianis, warmarTvis

Sesaxeb. swavlobs ekonomikis

cikluri meryeobis mizezebs,

urTierTdamokidebulebas sa-

warmoebisa da dasaqmebis di-

namikas Soris, inflacias, umu-

Sevrobas, ekonomikur zrdasa da

sxva makroekonomikur proble-

mebs. sapirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ mikroeko-

nomika.

makroekonomikuri igimakroekonomikuri igimakroekonomikuri igimakroekonomikuri igimakroekonomikuri igi-----

veveveveveoba oba oba oba oba (income identity) - - - - - makro-ekonomikuri damokidebuleba,

romelic axasiaTebs warmoebu-

li erToblivi Semosavlebis

igiveobas moxmarebulTan.

makroekonomikuri maC-makroekonomikuri maC-makroekonomikuri maC-makroekonomikuri maC-makroekonomikuri maC-

veneblebi veneblebi veneblebi veneblebi veneblebi (macroeconomic in-dicators) - - - - - maCvenebelTa (indika-

torTa) sistema, romelic gam-

oiyeneba qveynis mTeli ekono-

mikis, msxvilmasStaburi ekonomi-

kuri movlenebisa da procese-

bis Sesaswavlad. masSi Sedis:

1. ekonomikuri zrdis indika-

torebi (mTliani Sida produ-

qti, mTliani erovnuli produ-

qti, erovnuli Semosavali,

215

ekonomikis mTliani mogeba, eko-

nomikis wminda mogeba, mTliani

erovnul danazogi, wminda erov-

nuli danazogi da a.S.); 2. qvey-

nis bunebriv-----resursuli da

mecnierul-----teqnologiuri po-

tencialis indikatorebi (re-

sursebiT qveynis uzrunvely-

ofis done da xarisxi, ara-

kvlavwarmoebadi bunebrivi re-

sursebis upirates gamoyeneba-

ze gadasvlis teqnologiuri

uzrunvelyofis done da xaris-

xi da a.S.); 3. erovnuli ekonomi-

kis mdgradi ganviTarebis don-

eze damokidebuli indikator-

ebi (inflaciis done da tempi,

umuSevrobis norma, erovnuli

valutis stabilurobis done,

savaluto rezervis odenoba,

jinis koeficienti (anu Semo-

savlebis ganawilebaSi uTanab-

robis xarisxi), sakuTrebis

pluralizmis xarisxi, faru-

li ekonomikis masStabebi, sax-

elmwifo valis odenoba da

a.S.).

makroekonomikuri pomakroekonomikuri pomakroekonomikuri pomakroekonomikuri pomakroekonomikuri poli-li-li-li-li-

tika tika tika tika tika (macroeconomic policy) -----ekonomikis saxelmwifo regu-

lirebis RonisZiebaTa erTob-

lioba, mimarTuli qveynis mdgra-

di ganviTarebis miRwevisa da

SenarCunebisaken ekonomikis

cikluri meryeobis Senelebis,

inflaciuri da deflaciuri

procesebis aRmofxvris, Semo-

savlebis ganawilebaSi mkveTri

uTanabrobis daZlevis, sazoga-

doebrivi saqonlis warmoebis,

urayofiTi gare efeqtebis nive-

lirebis, umuSevrobis Semcir-

ebisa da ekonomikuri zrdis

safuZvelze. am mizniT saxelm-

wifos ekisreba alokaciuri,

gadamanawilebeli da stabili-

zaciis funqciebis Sesruleba.

makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-

lizacializacializacializacializacia (macroeconomic stabi-lisation) - - - - - ekonomikis normaluri

funqcionirebis Semadgeneli

nawili, romlis gareSe insti-

tuciuri, mikro-----, mezo-, makro-----

da megaekonomikuri procesebi

deformirebul xasiaTs iRebs.

ganmsazRvreli adgili uWiravs

ekonomikis sistemuri gardaqm-

nebis struqturaSi. ekonomikis

konversiis procesSi masze mniS-

vnelovnad aris damokidebuli

qveynis instituciuri gardaqm-

nebi (sakuTrebis gansaxelmwi-

foebriveba, sabazro infrastru-

qturis Camoyalibeba, resurse-

bis, saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis bazrebis formireba, axali

sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna da

sxv.), mikroekonomikuri gardaqm-

nebi (fasebis liberalizacia,

ekonomikis demonopolizacia, an-

timonopoliuri regulireba da

sxv.) da megaekonomikuri gar-

daqmnebi (sagareo-----ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis liberalizacia,

makroekonomikuri stamakroekonomikuri stamakroekonomikuri stamakroekonomikuri stamakroekonomikuri stabilizaciabilizaciabilizaciabilizaciabilizacia

216

Caketili ekonomikidan Ria

ekonomikaze gadasvla da sxv.).

mag., makroekonomikuri arasta-

bilurobis pirobebSi sabazro

infrastruqturis institute-

bi aSkara, daufarav spekulaci-

ur orientacias iRebs, fasebis

liberalizacia SeiZleba hiper-

inflaciaSi gadaizardos da a.S.

Tavis mxriv, makroekonomikuri

stabilizacia SeuZlebelia in-

stituciuri, mikro-, mezo- da

megaekonomikuri gardaqmnebis

gareSe ganxorcieldes. Caketi-

li ekonomikis pirobebSi, saba-

zro urTierTobebisa da Sesa-

bamisi institutebis gareSe, igi

direqtiul-----centralizebul

formas iRebs.

makroekonomikuri stabili-

zacia didad aris damokidebu-

li im modelis prioritetze,

romelic qveyanam airCia gar-

damaval ekonomikaSi, sistemuri

gardaqmnebis sawyis etapze.

msoflio ekonomikam am Tval-

sazrisiT Tanamedrove pirobeb-

Si wina planze e.w. `Sokuri

Terapiisa~ da gradualisturi

modelebi wamowia.

cnobilia makroekonomikuri

stabilizaciis Semdegi Ziri-

Tadi tipebi: ooooorTodoqsuli,rTodoqsuli,rTodoqsuli,rTodoqsuli,rTodoqsuli,

heterodoqsuli da struq-heterodoqsuli da struq-heterodoqsuli da struq-heterodoqsuli da struq-heterodoqsuli da struq-

turul-warmoebrivi.turul-warmoebrivi.turul-warmoebrivi.turul-warmoebrivi.turul-warmoebrivi.

orTodoqsul midgomaSi aq-

centi keTdeba saxelmwifo bi-

ujetis deficitis Semcireba-

ze rogorc saxelmwifo xar-

jebis (saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-

bis, Tavdacvis, socialuri

dacvis xarjebis, saxelmwifo

transferebis, subsidiebis, kapi-

taldabandebebisa da a.S.) Sem-

cirebis gziT, ise saSemosavlo

bazis gadidebiT. es ukanaskne-

li miiRweva sagadasaxado poli-

tikis gamkacrebiT, sagadasaxa-

do SeRavaTebis SemcirebiTa da

gadasaxadebis gadidebis gziT,

privatizaciidan miRebuli Se-

mosavlebis gazrdiTa da a.S.

mkacr sabiujeto politi-

kas Tan axlavs fulad-----sakredi-

to politikis gamkacrebac, rac

`Zviri fulis~ politikaSi`Zviri fulis~ politikaSi`Zviri fulis~ politikaSi`Zviri fulis~ politikaSi`Zviri fulis~ politikaSi

aisaxeba. igi gamoixateba fu-

lis miwodebis SezRudviT an

SewyvetiT (risi erTaderTi

gzac fulis emisiasTan erTad,

komerciuli bankebis rezerve-

bis Semcirebaa), centraluri

bankis kreditebis SemcirebiT,

saprocento ganakveTis amaRle-

biT (rac amcirebs komerciu-

li bankebis dainteresebas, gaz-

ardon TavianTi rezervebi cen-

traluri bankisgan sesxis aReb-

is meSveobiT), bankTaSorisi

sarezervo normis gadidebiT

(rac avtomaturad amcirebs ko-

merciuli bankebis rezervebs),

safondo bazarze saxelmwifo

fasiani qaRaldebis gayidviTa

makroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabimakroekonomikuri stabilizacializacializacializacializacia

217

da a.S.


zaciis orTodoqsuli tipis-

Tvis damaxasiaTebelia ekonomi-

kuri stabilizatorebis (e.w.

`Ruzis~) arCevis ori gza. pirv-

el SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTde-

ba mimoqcevaSi erovnuli fu-

lis SezRudvaze, e.i. `fuladfuladfuladfuladfulad

RuzazeRuzazeRuzazeRuzazeRuzaze~, romelsac safuZvlad

monetaruli meTodebi udevs.

igi emyareba mkacr sabiujeto,

sagadasaxado, fulad-----sakredi-

to politikas ̀ mcuravi~ gacv-

liTi savaluto kursis piro-

bebSi, rodesac antiinflaciuri

RonisZiebebi dayvanilia er-

Toblivi moTxovnis Semcirebasa

da fuladi masis SezRudvaze.

meore SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keT-

deba savaluto kursis stabi-

lizaciaze fiqsirebuli kur-

sis da savaluto `derefnis~

dadgenis gziT, e.i. `savalu-savalu-savalu-savalu-savalu-

to Ruzazeto Ruzazeto Ruzazeto Ruzazeto Ruzaze~. es RonisZiebebi

xels uwyobs inflaciuri mo-

lodinis Semcirebas, bazris sub-

ieqtebis ekonomikuri qcevis

winaswar ganWvretasa da a.S.

am SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTde-

ba ucxour valutaze, pirvel

yovlisa, aSS-----is dolarze da

gacvliTi valutis kursis sta-

bilur SenarCunebaze.

amrigad, makroekonomikuri

stabilizaciis orTodoqsuli

tipi, erTi mxriv, monetaruli

(`fuladi Ruza~) politikis,

xolo, meore mxriv, fiqsirebu-

li savaluto kursis (`savalu-

to Ruza~) gamomxatvelia. igi

warmoSobs iseT mniSvnelovan

problemebs, rogoricaa: dabali

sainvesticio da saqmiani aqti-

uroba, mecnierul-----teqnolo-

giuri potencialis Sesusteba,

saSinao bazarze samamulo war-

moebis produqciis wilis dace-

ma, sagadasaxado bazis Sekveca,

qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxo-

ebis Sesusteba, saxelmwifo

biujetis saSemosavlo nawilis

Semcireba da a.S.

heterodoqsuli midgo-heterodoqsuli midgo-heterodoqsuli midgo-heterodoqsuli midgo-heterodoqsuli midgo-

ma ma ma ma ma aqcents akeTebs Semosav-

lebisa da fasebis `gayinvaze~,

rac ekonomikur Teoriasa da

praqtikaSi finansuri stabili-

zaciis `mesame Ruzis~ saxel-

wodebiTaa cnobili. es midgo-

ma, gansakuTrebiT ̀ Sokis~ for-

miT, iZleva antiinflaciur

efeqts, magram warmoqmnis nega-

tiur Sedegebsac: qreba war-

moebis ganviTarebis stimule-

bi, Cndeba sasaqonlo defici-

tis warmoqmnis saSiSroeba,

xdeba fasismieri impulsebis de-

formacia da a.S.


zaciis mesame varianti _ struq-_ struq-_ struq-_ struq-_ struq-

turulturulturulturulturul-warmoebrivi stabili--warmoebrivi stabili--warmoebrivi stabili--warmoebrivi stabili--warmoebrivi stabili-

zacia zacia zacia zacia zacia aris gradualizmis vari-

anti, romelic ̀ Sokisagan~ gan-


218

sxvavebiT xorcieldeba Tanda-

TanobiT, evoluciurad. misi

damaxasiaTebeli niSnebia: sax-

elmwifos mxardaWera ara mxo-

lod regulirebis aprobirebu-

li meTodebis gamoyenebiT, ara-

med sainvesticio da progre-

suli struqturuli politikis

gatarebiT, saxelmwifos mier

ekonomikis sakvanZo sferoebis

marTvis SenarCunebiT, warmoeb-

is modernizaciiT, adgilobriv

mwarmoebelTa dacviT, mecnier-

uli gamokvlevebis waxalise-

biTa da a.S.

struqturul-----warmoebrivi

stabilizacia finansuri sta-

bilizaciis mizniT iTvaliswi-

nebs ara erToblivi moTxovnis

SezRudvas, aramed mis stimu-

lirebas, rogorc Sinameur-

neobebis, ise firmebis mimarT.

es varianti ekonomikis konver-

siis TvalsazrisiT, ̀ Sokuri Te-

rapiis~ antipodia, xolo makro-

ekonomikuri stabilizaciis

TvalsazrisiT, orTodoqsuli

da geterodoqsuli stabili-

zaciis antipodi.

makrostabilizaciis am mo-

delSi garkveulwilad gaer-

Tianebulia rogorc keinzianuri,

ise neoklasikuri Teoriebis

ZiriTadi postulatebi da igi

amiTac imsaxurebs yuradRebas.

struqturul-----warmoebrivi

stabilizaciis nimuSia iaponia,

romelmac ukanasknel period-

Si aqtiuri mizanmimarTuli

politika gaatara ekonomikis

struqturuli gardaqmnebis

TvalsazrisiT. amis magaliTad

Tanamedrove CineTic gamodge-

ba, romelic sabazro sawyiseb-

ze axorcielebs warmoebriv-----eko-

nomikuri potencialis mZlavr

modernizacias.

aqtiuri struqturuli,

warmoebrivi da sainvesticio

politika ganapirobebs, ekonomi-

kuri potencialis ganaxlebi-

sa da datvirTvis mizniT, war-

moebis xarjebis Semcirebisa da

produqciis xarisxis amaRlebis

safuZvelze samamulo warmoe-

bis produqciis konkurentunar-

ianobis amaRlebas, erToblivi

miwodebis zrdas, rac iwvevs

antiinflaciur efeqts. paral-

erulad xorcieldeba erTob-

livi moTxovnis zrda, rac

erTdroulad socialuri prob-

lemebis gadaWris sawindaria.

aRniSnuli efeqtis Sedegad

struqturul-----warmoebrivi sta-

bilizaciis programebi iwvevs

sakredito SezRudvebis Ser-

bilebas, damatebiTi fuladi

emisiis SesaZleblobas. es in-

flaciis zrdis saSiSroebas

warmoqmnis, Tumca, misi Sekave-

ba SesaZlebelia inflaciis kon-

trolis gaZlierebiT, rac gam-

oixateba bunebrivi monopolie-


219

bis produqciaze fasebis kon-

troliT, unaRdo angariSswore-

bis formebis ganviTarebiT da,

saerTod, makroekonomikuri di-

namikisadmi mudmivi yuradRebiT.

amasTan, aseTi gziT warmoSo-

bili inflacia moklevadiania.

igi mxolod sawyis etapze vlin-

deba, xolo Semdeg, warmoebis

gamococxlebisa da aRmavlobis

safuZvelze, TandaTan qreba.

amrigad, amgvari gziT miR-

weuli finansuri stabiliza-

cia arsebiTad gansxvavdeba li-

beralur-----monetaristuli poli-

tikisagan. rac mTavaria, igi

iZleva samamulo produqciiT

bazris gajerebis SesaZleblo-

bas, amasTan, qveynis ekonomikuri

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa

da erovnuli ekonomikis ̀ saned-

leulo danamatad~ gardaqmnis

ardaSvebis garantias.

saqarTveloSi ekonomikis

konversiis makroekonomikuri

politika orientirebulia mak-

roekonomikuri stabilizaciis

orTodoqsul tipze. es aris

liberalur-----monetaristuli

politika, romelic ̀ Zviri fu-

lis~ politikaSi aisaxa. mas

win uZRoda sabazro ekonomi-

kaze gadasvlis ̀ Sokuri~ gza, ro-

melic Semdgom TviT postva-

Singtonis konsensusmac ki uary-

ofiTad Seafasa. makroekono-

mikuri stabilizaciis gradu-

alisturi gziT ganxorcieleb-

is SesaZleblobebi saqarTvelom

xelidan gauSva.

mandelmandelmandelmandelmandel-----flemingis mode-flemingis mode-flemingis mode-flemingis mode-flemingis mode-

lilililili (Mundell-----Fleming model) - - - - - 1. RiaekonomikaSi saqonlisa da finan-

suri bazrebis erTdrouli wo-

nasworobis modeli; 2. erTma-

neTisgan damoukideblad ori

ekonomistis mier SemuSavebu-

li modeli, romelic gviCvenebs,

rom rogorc fiskaluri, ise

fulad-----sakredito politikis-

agan miRebuli efeqti damok-

idebulia savaluto kursebis

reJimze. kapitalis absolu-

turi mobilurobis daSvebisas,

modeli gviCvenebs fulad-----sak-

redito politikis araefeqti-

anobas valutis fiqsirebuli

kursis pirobebSi da fiskaluri

politikisa _ _ _ _ _ valutis gacv-

liTi kursis pirobebSi.

`̀̀̀̀mankieri wre~ mankieri wre~ mankieri wre~ mankieri wre~ mankieri wre~ (“viciouscircles”) - - - - - termini, romelic

Cveulebriv axasiaTebs ganvi-

Tarebadi qveynebis ekonomikur

mdgomareobas. iTvleba, rom am

qveynebis ekonomika, sadac iwar-

moeba mxolod arsebobisaTvis

aucilebeli saSualebebi, ar

eqvemdebareba gardaqmnas, vinaid-

an dabalia warmoebis mTliani

moculoba da sarezervo ma-

ragebi umniSvneloa an, saer-

Tod, ar iqmneba. aqedan gamom-

dinare, moxmarebis Semdeg ar

`̀̀̀̀mankieri wre~mankieri wre~mankieri wre~mankieri wre~mankieri wre~

220

arsebobs nameti kapitalis

dagrovebisaTvis, romlis gare-

Sec naklebad SesaZlebelia

warmoebis gadideba. am `manki-

eri wris~ gasaRebi kapitalis

dagrovebaa. Tu qveyana SeZlebs

Tavi daaRwios am wres, maSin

warmoiqmneba sawinaaRmdego

procesi. rogorc ki daiwyeba

kapitalis dagroveba, warmoeb-

is moculoba izrdeba, xolo

Semdeg iwyebs zrdas Semosav-

lebic, romelic qmnis namets

investirebisa da dagrovebi-

saTvis.

mamamamamanqanaTmSenebloba nqanaTmSenebloba nqanaTmSenebloba nqanaTmSenebloba nqanaTmSenebloba (mecha-nical enjeneering) - - - - - gadammuSave-beli mrewvelobis dargTa ko-

mpleqsi. moicavs: zogad man-

qanaTmSeneblobas, satranspor-

to manqanaTmSeneblobas, radi-

oeleqtronul, eleqtroteqni-

kur, xelsawyoTmSenebel mrewve-

lobas, sasoflo-----sameurneo man-

qanaTmSeneblobas, dazgaTmSe-

neblobas, energetikul manqanaT-

mSeneblobasa da a.S.

manqanuri warmoeba manqanuri warmoeba manqanuri warmoeba manqanuri warmoeba manqanuri warmoeba (me-chanized production) - - - - - industri-uli warmoebis materialuri

safuZvlis Seqmnis mniSvnelo-

vani stadia, ris safuZvelzec

manufaqtura (xeliT Sromaze

dafuZnebuli warmoeba) Seicv-

ala fabrikiT. warmoiSva sam-

rewvelo gadatrialebis Sede-

gad XVIII saukunis II naxevar-

Si. manqanuri warmoebis Semdgo-

mi safexuri ukavSirdeba mec-

nierul-----teqnikur revolucias,

romelic saTaves iRebs XXsaukunis II naxevridan.

maragebSi investiciamaragebSi investiciamaragebSi investiciamaragebSi investiciamaragebSi investicia (in-ventory investment) - - - - - maragebisdagroveba im SemTxvevaSi, rode-

sac warmoeba aRemateba gayid-

vaTa faqtobriv moculobas. Tu

warmoebis moculoba gayidvis

moculobaze dabalia, maragebi

mcirdeba. xSirad aseTi inves-

ticiebi gauTvaliswinebelia da

buferis rols asrulebs ga-

moSvebis moculobasa da gay-

idvis ganusazRvrel moculo-

bas Soris.

maragimaragimaragimaragimaragi (stock) – mocemuli

TariRisaTvis ekonomikur brun-

vaSi CarTuli aqtivi da valde-

buleba.

maregulirebeli saxel-maregulirebeli saxel-maregulirebeli saxel-maregulirebeli saxel-maregulirebeli saxel-

mwifomwifomwifomwifomwifo komisia komisia komisia komisia komisia (regulatory statecommission) - - - - - iqmneba im dargeb-sa da sferoebSi, sadac arse-

bobs monopoliis gansakuTrebu-

li saxeoba _ _ _ _ _ bunebrivi mono-

polia. sadReisod igi bunebrivi

monopoliebis saxelmwifo reg-

ulirebis nacadi institutia.

maregulirebeli komisieb-

is samSobloa aSS. Semdeg maT

iwyes gavrceleba sxva qveyneb-

Si, Tumca, bevr qveyanaSi (did

britaneTSi, argentinaSi, nor-

vegiaSi, SvedeTSi da a.S.) isi-

mamamamamanqanaTmSeneblobanqanaTmSeneblobanqanaTmSeneblobanqanaTmSeneblobanqanaTmSenebloba

221

ni gvian Seiqmna. dRes aseTi

komisiebi postkomunisturi qve-

ynebis did nawilSic (ungreTi,

poloneTi, makedonia, rumineTi,

slovakeTi, CexeTi, ruseTi, bal-

tiispira qveynebi, yazaxeTi da

a.S.) aris Seqmnili.

saqarTveloSi pirveli ma-

regulirebeli komisia Seiqmna

energetikaSi 1996 wels ekono-

mikis saministrosTan, xolo 1997

wlidan igi dRemde damoukide-

blad funqcionirebs. romelic

funqcionirebs. 1997 wels Se-

iqmna transportisa da fasi-

ani qaRaldebis maregulirebeli

erovnuli komisiebi, romlebic

gauqmda 2007 wels. amJamad gar-

da energetikisa, aseTi komisia

moqmedebs komunikaciebis sfero-

Si, romelic Seiqmna 2000 wels.

`marTvadi~ kapitalizmi`marTvadi~ kapitalizmi`marTvadi~ kapitalizmi`marTvadi~ kapitalizmi`marTvadi~ kapitalizmi

(“managerial” kapitalism) – Tana-medrove kapitalizmSi iseTi

tendenciebis ganviTareba, eko-

nomikis iseTi organizacia, ro-

melSic arsebiT rolsa da sak-

vanZo funqciebs umsxvilesi ko-

rporaciebi asruleben, xolo

resursebis gamoyeneba xorci-

eldeba menejerTa jgufis mier

resursebis mesakuTreTagan gan-

calkevebiT da mniSvnelovan-

wilad maTi kontrolis gareSe.

aseTi situacia ar aris niSan-

doblivi korporatiuli kapi-

talizmisTvis, vinaidan mene-

jerebs SeiZleba saxelmwifosa

da sazogadoebis miznebisagan

gansxvavebuli miznebi hqondeT.

am tendenciebis gamovlenaSi

mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZR-

viT j. gelbreits, a. berlisa

da sxva cnobil ekonomistebs.

marketingi marketingi marketingi marketingi marketingi (marketing) [<mar-ket bazari, gasaReba]-----komerciu-li saqmianobis RonisZiebaTa

sistema, romelic bazris Ses-

wavliTa da samomxmareblo

moTxovnaze aqtiuri zemoqme-

debiT, fasis sworad dadgeniT,

saqonlis moraluri cveTis

prognoziT, sareklamo strate-

giiTa da a.S. ganapirobebs war-

moebuli saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis Seuferxebel gasaRebas.

igi moicavs: 1. saqonelsa da

momsaxurebaze rogorc arse-

buli, ise potenciuri moTxov-

nis yovelmxriv Seswavlas ba-

zris kompleqsuri gamokvlev-

iTa da misi ganviTarebis prog-

nozirebiT; 2. samecniero-----kvlev-

iTi saqmianobisa da sacdel-----

sakonstruqtoro damuSavebis

organizacias; 3. produqciis

(momsaxurebis) gasaRebis siste-

misa da meTodebis organizaci-

asa da srulyofas; 4. firmis

saqmianobis regulirebas, dafi-

nansebis koordinirebas, warmoe-

bis dagegmvas, produqciis Se-

fuTvas, mis transportirebas,

teqnikur momsaxurebas (saga-

marketingimarketingimarketingimarketingimarketingi

222

rantios, gayidvis Semdgoms,

servisuls), yvela donis muSak-

Ta momzadebasa da kvalifikaci-

is amaRlebas, sareklamo stra-

tegias da a.S.

gamoyenebis arealis mixed-

viT gamoyofen marketingis Sem-

deg saxeebs: Sida marketingi;

pirdapiri investiciebis mar-

ketingi; eqsportuli da impor-

tuli marketingi; marketingi

saqonlis (momsaxurebis) saxeo-

baTa mixedviT; arakomerciuli

saqmianobis marketingi; saerTa-

Soriso marketingi.

marketingis garemo marketingis garemo marketingis garemo marketingis garemo marketingis garemo (mar-keting environment) - - - - - gamoyofenxuT ZiriTad komponents, rom-

lebic marketingis sistemaze

axdenen rogorc dadebiT, ise

uaryofiT gavlenas. es kompo-

nentebia: ekonomika, politika, de-

mografia, samarTali, kultura.

markireba markireba markireba markireba markireba (labeling) – sai-dentifikacio pirobiTi aRniS-

vna, romelic keTdeba tvirTze

(yuTze, tomaraze) da moicavs

informacias, romelic aucile-

belia tvirTis gadatanisa da

myidvelisaTvis Casabareblad.

saTanado markirebis ararse-

bobam SesaZlebelia damzRvevs

CamoarTvas dazRvevis anazRau-

rebis miRebis ufleba.

markovici hari markovici hari markovici hari markovici hari markovici hari (1927) (Mar-kovitz Harry) – amerikeli ekono-

mist-finansisti, finansuri mar-

Tvis Teoriisa da praqtikis

erT-erTi fuZemdebeli, ekono-

mikis dargSi nobelis premiis

laureati (1990) m. milerTan

(Miller) da u. SarpTan (Sharpe)erTad, finansuri riskebis mar-

TvaSi Setanili novatoruli

wvlilisaTvis.

XX saukunis 50-ian wleb-

Si markovicis naSromebma safuZ-

veli Cauyara portfelis (port-folio) Tanamedrove Teorias. Tav-dapirvelad man SeimuSava port-

felis arCevis Teoria, romel-

Sic warmodgenilia korpora-

ciebis mier sainvesticio fasi-

ani qaRaldebis SerCevis Ziri-

Tadi principebi. es Teoria sa-

investicio sferoSi menejer-

Ta normatiuli modeli gaxda.

markovicis ZiriTadi naS-

romebia: `portfelis arCeva:

investirebis efeqtiani diver-

sifikacia~(1959) (“Portfolio se-lection: Efficient Diversification ofInvestment”) da `portfelis

arCevisas saSualosa da dis-

persiis (saSualosgan gadaxris

_ r.a.) analizi da kapitalis

bazrebi~(1987)(“Mean-VarianceAnalysis in Portfolio Choice andCapital Markets”).

marJa marJa marJa marJa marJa (margin, spread) [<frang.marge kide, are]-----sxvadasxva maC-venebels (fasebs, procentul

ganakveTebs, fasiani qaRaldeb-

is kursebs da a.S.) Soris sxva-

marketingis garemomarketingis garemomarketingis garemomarketingis garemomarketingis garemo

223

obis gamomxatveli sidide. mag.,

safondo birJaze fasiani qaRal-

debis gayidvisas marJa aris

sxvaoba myidvelis fassa da gam-

yidvelis fass Soris. gamoiye-

neba savaWro, sabirJo, sadazRve-

vo da sabanko praqtikaSi.

marJinalizmi marJinalizmi marJinalizmi marJinalizmi marJinalizmi (marginal-ism) [<frang. margina ukidure-si, zRvruli]----- erT-----erTi mim-dinareoba, meTodologiuri prin-

cipi, romlis ZiriTadi meTo-

debi da instrumentebi gamoiy-

eneba neoklasikur ekonomikur

TeoriaSi. igi iTvaliswinebs

ekonomikuri movlenebisa da

procesebis kvlevaSi zRvruli

sidideebis gamoyenebas, efuZne-

ba raodenobriv analizs da

iyenebs ekonomikur-----maTematikur

meTodebs. marJinalizmi saqon-

lis Rirebulebas (faseulobas)

gansazRvravs im sasargeblo

efeqtiT, romelic mas moaqvs

momxmareblisaTvis. aqedan ga-

momdinare, igi upirispirdeba

klasikuri skolis SromiTi

Rirebulebis Teorias. marJi-

nalizmi moicavs zRvruli sar-

geblianobis, zRvruli mwarmoe-

blurobis, zRvruli xarjebi-

sa da a.S. Teoriebs. ZiriTadi

marJinalisturi koncefciebi

gamoiyeneba moTxovnis, fasis,

sabazro wonasworobisa da a.S.

TeoriebSi.

marJinalizmma farTo gan-

viTareba pova XIX saukunismeore naxevarSi h. klarkis, f.

ejuorTis, i. fiSeris, a, marSa-

lis, v. paretos, l. valrasis,

k. viqselisa da sxvaTa naS-

romebSi. am Teoriam TvalsaCi-

no roli Seasrula ekonomikuri

azris ganviTarebaSi da `mar-mar-mar-mar-mar-

Jinalisturi revoluciisJinalisturi revoluciisJinalisturi revoluciisJinalisturi revoluciisJinalisturi revoluciis~

saxeliTaa cnobili.

martivi Tamasuqi martivi Tamasuqi martivi Tamasuqi martivi Tamasuqi martivi Tamasuqi (promis-sory note) - - - - - valdebuleba gan-

sazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdis

Sesaxeb garkveuli drois gan-

mavlobaSi. martivi Tamasuqi

moicavs: 1. dasaxelebas _____

`Tamasuqi~, romelic CarTulia

teqstSi im enaze, romelzec

es dokumentia Sedgenili; 2.

martiv dapirebas gansazRvru-

li Tanxis gadaxdis Sesaxeb,

rac arafriT ar aris Sepirobe-

buli; 3. gadaxdis vadis mi-

TiTebas; 4. im adgilis aRniS-

vnas, sadac Tanxa unda gadaix-

adon; 5. im piris dasaxelebas,

visTvis an visi brZanebiTac unda

gadaixadon; 6. Tamasuqis Sedge-

nis TariRisa da adgilis mi-

TiTebas; 7. Tamasuqis gamcemi

piris xelmoweras.

gadasapirebeli Tamasuqis-

agan gansxvavebiT, martiv Tama-

suqSi ar aris miTiTebuli gad-

amxdeli. martiv Tamasuqs ga-

mowers da xels awers mevale.

marqsi karl marqsi karl marqsi karl marqsi karl marqsi karl (1818-----1883)

marqsi karlmarqsi karlmarqsi karlmarqsi karlmarqsi karl

224

(Marx Karl) _ _ _ _ _ germaneli filo-

sofosi, ekonomisti, sociolo-

gi, istorikosi da politolo-

gi. swavlobda bonis, berlinisa

da ienis universitetebSi. ien-

is universitetis filosofiis

doqtori aqtiurad Caeba poli-

tikur brZolaSi. misi pirveli

statiebi gamoqveynda `reinis

gazeTSi~, sadac igi politikur

ganyofilebas xelmZRvanelob-

da.

marqsma Tavisi cxovrebis

udidesi nawili ukidures siR-

aribeSi gaatara. 1849 wlidan

cxovrobda inglisSi da Tavisi

megobrisa da kolegis engel-

sis finansuri daxmarebiT mra-

valricxovan ojaxs inaxavda.

marqsma uaryo hegelis ko-----

nservatuli politikuri filo-

sofia da ganaviTara misi di-

aleqtikuri meTodi. kapitaliz-

mis ganviTarebis kanonebi ax-

sna naSromSi `kapitali~ (I t. _1867, II t. _ 1885 da III t. _1894). meore da mesame tomebi

gamovida engelsis redaqciiT.

ekonomikis sferoSi marqsis

sxva mniSvnelovani naSromebia

`zedmeti Rirebulebis Teorie-

bi~ (sam nawilad, 1905-----1910)

da ̀ politikuri ekonomiis kri-

tikisaTvis~ (1859).

ekonomikis dargSi mecnier-

uli miRwevebiT marqsi aRiare-

bulia msoflios udides moaz-

rovned, miuxedavad imisa, rom

misma zogierTma daskvnam ver

pova praqtikuli aRiareba.

marqsistuli ekonomikuri

moZRvrebis RerZia Rirebulebisa

da zedmeti Rirebulebis Teo-

riebi. marqsma gacvlis proce-

sis ganviTarebis safexurebi,

rogorc istoriulisa da lo-

gikuris asaxva, detalurad ga-

aanaliza `kapitalis~ pirvel

tomSi.

engelsTan erTad, marqsma

dawera `komunisturi partiis

manifesti~ (1848), sadac ganx-

ilulia komunisturi sazoga-

doebis principebi. es naSromi

gaxda saprogramo dokumenti

im saxelmwifoebisTvis, rom-

lebic Seecadnen aeSenebinaT so-

cialisturi sazogadoeba. mar-

qsis saxelTan aris dakavSire-

buli miwasa da sxva warmoeb-

is saSualebebze kerZo sakuTre-

bis gauqmeba da sazogadoebis

TiToeuli wevris Tanabari uf-

lebiT sazogadoebrivi sakuT-

rebis centralizebuli marTvis

safuZvelze saxelmwifo tipis

ekonomikis Seqmna. sakuTrebiT

urTierTobebs marqsi aniWebda

pirvelxarisxovan mniSvnelobas

da miiCnevda warmoebiTi urT-

ierTobebis dedaarsad. k. marq-

sis mixedviT, antagonizmi war-

moiqmneba sakuTrebiTi urTier-

Tobebis wiaRSi, amitom kerZo

marqsi karlmarqsi karlmarqsi karlmarqsi karlmarqsi karl

225

kapitalistur sakuTrebaze da,

aqedan gamomdinare, eqsploat-

aciaze dafuZnebuli kapital-

izmis kraxi gardauvalia. k.

marqsma Rrmad Seiswavla adre-

uli kapitalizmis buneba, ma-

gram ver SeZlo ganeWvrita misi

momavali bedi da aRmoCnda ko-

munisturi sazogadoebis Sesa-

xeb cru warmodgenebis tyveo-

baSi.

maSin, rodesac fulis wa-----

rmoSobis racionaluri konce-----

fcia fuls Zveli kanonmdebleb-

is genialuri Canafiqrisa da,

aqedan gamomdinare, Zveli kanon-

mdeblobis nayofad Tvlis (fu-

lis warmoSobisadmi subieq-

tur-----fsiqologiuri midgoma _____

idea, romelic fulis wa-----

rmoSobas ukavSirebs adamianebs

Soris SeTanxmebis Sedegs),

pirvelad aristotelesTan gvx-

vdeba (Àðèñòîòåëü. Íèêîìà-õîâà ýòèêà. Ñî÷. Ò. 4. Ì., 1983,ñ. 156-157) da ganuyoflad

batonobda XVIII saukunis bo-lomde. evoluciuri koncef-

cia fulis warmoSobas ekono-

mikur urTierTobaTa ganviTare-

bis obieqtur procesad miiC-

nevs. marTalia, evoluciuri

koncefcia saTaves a. smiTisa

da d. rikardosgan iRebs, ma-

gram am mimarTulebis fuZem-

deblad aRiareben k. marqss, ro-

melsac mxars uWeren p. samu-

elsoni, v. nordhausi, r. bari

da sxva cnobili mecnierebi.

marSali alfred marSali alfred marSali alfred marSali alfred marSali alfred (1842-----

1924) (Marshall Alfred) _ _ _ _ _ ing-liseli ekonomisti (ganaTlebiT

maTematikosi), kembrijis uni-

versitetis profesori (1885-----

1908). miuxedavad imisa, rom

zRvruli analizis fuZemdebe-

li iyo, arasdros ar uaryof-

da Tavis kavSirs inglisur

klasikur ekonomikur skolas-

Tan. man daarsa inglisur-----ame-

rikuli skola da XX sauku-nis dasawyisSi wamoayena al-

ternatiuli Rirebulebis (fa-

seulobis) Teoria, romelic in-

glisur-----amerikuli skolis Te-

oriis saxeliTaa cnobili.

marSalma Rirebulebis sxva

Teoriebis (SromiTi Rirebuleb-

is Teoria, warmoebis danaxar-

jebis Teoria, moTxovna-----miwode-

bis Teoria) SeerTebiT Seqmna

Rirebulebis axali Teoria,

romelSic amosavali postula-

tia moTxovna-----miwodebis kano-

ni. am Teoriis mixedviT saqon-

lis miwodebas gansazRvravs

warmoebis danaxarjebi, xolo

moTxovnas _ _ _ _ _ saqonlis zRvru-

li sargeblianoba. amrigad,

aRniSnul TeoriaSi gaTval-

iswinebulia rogorc imaTi

Tvalsazrisi, vinc Rirebule-

bas obieqturi faqtorebiT gan-

sazRvravs, ise imaTic, vinc maT

marSali alfredmarSali alfredmarSali alfredmarSali alfredmarSali alfred

226

subieqturi faqtorebiT gan-

sazRvravs. maSasadame, Rire-Rire-Rire-Rire-Rire-

bulebis marSaliseuli Teo-bulebis marSaliseuli Teo-bulebis marSaliseuli Teo-bulebis marSaliseuli Teo-bulebis marSaliseuli Teo-

ria obieqturi da subieqturia obieqturi da subieqturia obieqturi da subieqturia obieqturi da subieqturia obieqturi da subieqtu-----

ri faqtorebiT Rirebuleb-ri faqtorebiT Rirebuleb-ri faqtorebiT Rirebuleb-ri faqtorebiT Rirebuleb-ri faqtorebiT Rirebuleb-

is gansazRvris Taviseburiis gansazRvris Taviseburiis gansazRvris Taviseburiis gansazRvris Taviseburiis gansazRvris Taviseburi

sinTezia.sinTezia.sinTezia.sinTezia.sinTezia. igi asabuTebs Rire-

bulebasa da sargeblianobas

Soris funqcionalur kavSirs

da fass, rogorc saqonlis sa-

yidlad gadaxdil fulis rao-

denobas, ganixilavs Rirebuleb-

isa da sargeblianobis er-

Tobliobad.

a. marSalis naSromebis fun-

damenturi idea mdgomareobs

imaSi, rom moTxovna da miwodeba

gansazRvraven wonasworobis sa-

bazro fasebs. igi akritikebda

rogorc klasikur, ise avstri-

ul skolebs da asabuTebda, rom

isini calmxrivad ganixilavd-

nen faswarmoqmnas. marSali

amtkicebda, rom rogorc moTx-

ovna, ise warmoebis danaxarje-

bi mniSvnelovan rols asrule-

ben wonasworobis fasebis for-

mirebaSi.

alfred marSalma SemoiRo

moTxovnisa da miwodebis elas-

tikurobis cnebebi, leon val-

rasTan erTad Seqmna moTxov-

na-----miwodebis martivi modeli,

romelmac didi roli Seasru-

la bazris funqcionirebis me-

qanizmis garkvevaSi. man xidi

aago klasikur (obieqtur) da

neoklasikur (subieqtur) Te-

oriebs Soris. misi ZiriTadi

naSromebia: ̀ ekonomiqsis princi-

pebi~ (1890), `industria da

vaWroba~ (1919), ̀ fuli, kredi-

ti da komercia~ (1923) da sxv.

marSalis naSromebma udidesi

roli Seasrules ara mxolod

qveynis ekonomikuri politikis

marTvaSi, aramed Tanamedrove

mikroekonomikis formirebaSic.

marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-

ba ba ba ba ba (Marshall-Lerner condition) –piroba, romelic ori ekono-

mistis _ alfred marSalisa da

aba lerneris saxels atarebs,

gulisxmobs gaufasurebis Sem-

deg savaWro balansis gaum-

jobesebisaTvis eqsportis gazr-

dasa da importis Semcirebas,

raTa moxdes importis fasis

zrdis kompensireba. aqedan

daskvna: realuri gaufasureba,

saboloo angariSiT, wminda

eqsportis zrdas iwvevs.

masStabiT ganpirobebu-masStabiT ganpirobebu-masStabiT ganpirobebu-masStabiT ganpirobebu-masStabiT ganpirobebu-

li ekonomia li ekonomia li ekonomia li ekonomia li ekonomia (economies ofscale) - - - - - ekonomia, romelic mi-

iRweva grZelvadian periodSi

warmoebis moculobis gadide-

bis pirobebSi saSualo mTliani

danaxarjebis SemcirebiT.

masStabis efeqti masStabis efeqti masStabis efeqti masStabis efeqti masStabis efeqti (returnsto scale) - - - - - warmoebis moculo-

bis cvlilebis koeficienti yve-

la gamoyenebuli resursis ra-

odenobis cvlilebisas. Tuki,

marSal_lerneris piromarSal_lerneris piromarSal_lerneris piromarSal_lerneris piromarSal_lerneris pirobababababa

227

magaliTad, rogorc resursebi

orkecdeba, imave odenobiT iz-

rdeba warmoebis moculoba, ma-

Sin amboben, rom masStabis ef-

eqts ar hqonia adgili, Tuki

warmoebis moculoba izrdeba

orjer ufro naklebad, maSin

uaryofiTi masStabis efeqts aqvs

adgili, xolo Tu igi izrdeba

orjer ufro metad, maSin _____

dadebiTi masStabis efeqts. es

movlena unda ganvasxvaoT mx-

olod erTi resursis cvlileb-

is SemTxvevisgan, romelic, sab-

oloo angariSiT, gamoxatavs

klebadi ukugebis kanons. mzar-

di masStabis efeqts (increas-ing returns to scale) adgili aqvs

im SemTxvevaSi, roca firmis gr-

Zelvadiani saSualo danaxar-

jebi ecema gamoSvebuli produ-

qciis zrdis paralelurad.

matebis tempi matebis tempi matebis tempi matebis tempi matebis tempi (rate of growth)- - - - - gviCvenebs mocemuli sidide

procentuli gamoxatulebiT

ramdeniT gaizarda saanalizo

periodSi. matebis tempi aris

zrdis temps minus 100%.

materialuri momsaxu-materialuri momsaxu-materialuri momsaxu-materialuri momsaxu-materialuri momsaxu-

reba reba reba reba reba (material service) - - - - - Sro-

mis specifikuri ekonomikuri

forma, romlis sasargeblo

efeqtic materializebul mom-

saxurebaSi vlindeba. saerTa-

Soriso dargobrivi klasifika-

toris mixedviT, materialuri

momsaxureba or jgufad iyo-

fa: pirveli jgufi ukavSirde-

ba produqtebis moZraobas uSu-

alod materialuri dovlaTis

warmoebis procesSi, xolo me-

ore _ _ _ _ _ sakuTriv warmoebis ga-

reT materialuri dovlaTis

moZraobas. pirvel jgufSi Se-

dis: satvirTo transporti, war-

moebrivi daniSnulebis kavSir-

gabmuloba, sabiTumo vaWroba,

sasawyobo meurneoba, eleqtro-----,

gaz- - - - - da wyalmomarageba, war-

moebrivi daniSnulebis remon-

ti, saqmiani da sainformacio-----

sakonsultacio momsaxureba,

safinanso-----sakredito momsaxure-

ba. meore jgufs miekuTvneba:

sacalo vaWroba, sazogadoe-

brivi kveba, sayofacxovrebo

saqonlisa da piradi moxmare-

bis sagnebis SekeTeba, teqnikuri

momsaxureba, sabinao-----komu-

naluri momsaxureba, kavSirgab-

muloba mosaxleobis momsax-

urebis nawilSi, samgzavro

transporti. aseTi dayofa ram-

denadme pirobiTia, vinaidan

arsebobs momsaxurebis saxeebi,

romlebic SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT

rogorc erT, ise meore jgufs.

mag., saqmiani da sainformacio-----

sakonsultacio momsaxureba ar

SeiZleba mTlianad ekuTvnodes

materialuri momsaxurebis pir-

vel jgufs, vinaidan masSi Se-

dis momsaxurebis iseTi saxee-

bic, romlebic logikurad ma-

materialuri momsaxurebamaterialuri momsaxurebamaterialuri momsaxurebamaterialuri momsaxurebamaterialuri momsaxureba

228

terialuri momsaxurebis meore

jgufSi unda Sediodes, ker-

Zod, samomxmareblo saqonlis

arendasTan dakavSirebuli sal-

izingo momsaxureba da a.S.

materialuri stimuli-materialuri stimuli-materialuri stimuli-materialuri stimuli-materialuri stimuli-

reba reba reba reba reba (material stimulation) - - - - - war-moebis muSakTa Sromisadmi waxa-

lisebis ekonomikuri formebisa

da meTodebis sistema, maTi

SromiTi aqtiurobisa da dain-

teresebulobis amaRleba war-

moebis saboloo Sedegebis gaum-

jobesebisaTvis.

materialurmaterialurmaterialurmaterialurmaterialur-----nivTobri-nivTobri-nivTobri-nivTobri-nivTobri-

vi warmoebis sfero vi warmoebis sfero vi warmoebis sfero vi warmoebis sfero vi warmoebis sfero (mate-rial production area, tangible assets)- - - - - erovnuli ekonomikis im darg-

Ta erToblioba, romlebic awar-

moeben materialur dovlaTs

nivTobrivi produqtisa da en-

ergiis formiT. gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----

is struqturaSi, romelic war-

modgenilia sami seqtoris saxiT,

pirveli ori seqtori Seadgens

materialur-----nivTobrivi warmoe-

bis sferos, xolo mesame _____

momsaxurebis sferos.

materialur-----nivTobrivi war-

moebis sfero oTx ganyofile-

bas moicavs. aqedan pirvel se-

qtorSi Sedis erTi ga-----nyofile-

ba: 1. soflis meurneoba, sa-

tyeo meurneoba, nadiroba da

meTevzeoba. meore seqtori mo-

icavs danarCen sam ganyofile-

bas: 2. samTomopovebiTi mre-----

wveloba; 3. gadammuSavebeli

mrewveloba; 4. mSenebloba.

mdare saqoneli mdare saqoneli mdare saqoneli mdare saqoneli mdare saqoneli (inferiorgood) - - - - - saqoneli, romelzec, sxva

Tanabar pirobebSi, moTxovna

mcirdeba Semosavlis zrdasTan

erTad.

mdgradi ganviTareba mdgradi ganviTareba mdgradi ganviTareba mdgradi ganviTareba mdgradi ganviTareba (sus-tainable development) – ekonomi-kis iseTi mdgomareoba, roca

gamoSveba, kapitali da efeq-

tiani Sroma (Sroma gamravle-

buli teqnologiis doneze)

erTnairi tempiT anu dabalan-

sebulad izrdeba. am SemTxveva-

Si gamoSveba kapitaliTa da ef-

eqtiani SromiT warmoebuli sa-

qoneli an momsaxurebaa. mdgrad

mdgomareobaSi erT muSakze ga-

moSvebisa da erT muSakze kap-

italis zrdis tempi teqnolo-

giuri progresis zrdis tem-

pis tolia, anu gamoSveba da

kapitali imave tempiT izrde-

ba, rogoriTac efeqtiani samu-

Sao Zala.

mdgrad mdgomareobaSi ga-

moSvebis zrdis tempi dazogvis

normaze damokidebuli ar aris,

Tumca, dazogvis normis zrda

mdgrad mdgomareobaSi efeqtian

muSakze zrdis gamoSvebis moc-

ulobas.

rodesac ekonomika mdgrad

mdgomareobaSia, mas axasiaTe-

ben rogorc dabalansebuli

zrdis traeqtoriaze myof eko-

materialuri stimulimaterialuri stimulimaterialuri stimulimaterialuri stimulimaterialuri stimulirebarebarebarebareba

229

nomikas.

mdgradi zrda mdgradi zrda mdgradi zrda mdgradi zrda mdgradi zrda (steady growth)- - - - - ekonomikis dinamikuri mdgo-

mareoba, rodesac ganviTareba

xdeba mudmivi proporciuli tem-

pebiT. ekonomikuri zrdis Teo-

ria ikvlevs mdgradi ekonomi-

kuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblo-

bebs.

megaekonomika megaekonomika megaekonomika megaekonomika megaekonomika (megaeco-nomics) - - - - - saerTaSoriso ekono-mikuri urTierTobebi da maTi

Semswavleli saerTaSoriso eko-

nomika. ikvlevs saerTaSoriso

masStabiT iseT globalur

problemebs, rogoricaa saer-

TaSoriso vaWroba, saerTa-

Soriso savaluto urTierTo-

bebi, saerTaSoriso sakredito

urTierTobebi da a.S.

mezoekonomika mezoekonomika mezoekonomika mezoekonomika mezoekonomika (mesoeco-nomics) - - - - - qveynis ekonomikis qve-sistemebis (infrastruqturis,

saTbob-----energetikis, momsaxure-

bis sferos da a.S.) ekonomika.

Seiswavlis ekonomikis qvesiste-

mebs seqtoruli ekonomikis sa-

xiT.

melqaZe valeriani melqaZe valeriani melqaZe valeriani melqaZe valeriani melqaZe valeriani (1912-----

1981) (Melkadze Valerian) _ _ _ _ _ sa-qarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-

is wevr-----korespondenti (1979),

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-

tori (1972), profesori (1977),

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premi-

is laureati mecnierebisa da

teqnikis dargSi (1975). daam-

Tavra Tsu ekonomikis fakul-

teti (1937). 1946-----1948 wleb-

Si muSaobda saqarTvelos mec-

nierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis

institutSi, paralelurad Tbi-

lisis saxelmwifo universite-

tSi kiTxulobda leqciebs.

1948-----1963 wlebSi imyofeboda

partiul da xelmZRvanel sam-

uSaoebze. iyo saqarTvelos cen-

traluri statistikuri sam-

marTvelos ufrosi (1958-----1960),

Tsu-----is ekonomikis fakultetis

dekani (1960-----1963), saqarTve-

los saxelmwifo sagegmo ko-

mitetTan arsebuli saxalxo

meurneobis, dagegmvisa da mar-

Tvis samecniero kvleviTi in-

stitutis damaarsebeli da

direqtori (1963-----1981). v. mel-

qaZem saqarTveloSi safuZveli

Cauyara ekonomikuri mecniere-

bis axal dargs _ _ _ _ _ regionalur

ekonomikas; SeimuSava Sidares-

publikuri teritoriuli erTe-

ulebis mixedviT erovnuli

Semosavlis analizuri kvle-

vis meTodi; originaluri naS-

romebi Seqmna ekonomikis mar-

Tvis, prognozirebis, warmoebis

specializaciisa da kompleq-

suri ganviTarebis probleme-

bze. ZiriTadi Sromebia: ̀ kanon-

zomierebebi saqarTvelos erov-

nuli Semosavlis warmoebaSi.~

Tb., 1974 (rusul enaze); ̀ saqar-

Tvelos ekonomikis ganviTare-

melqaZe valerianimelqaZe valerianimelqaZe valerianimelqaZe valerianimelqaZe valeriani

230

bis kompleqsuri programa~. Tb.,

1975; ̀ saqarTvelos sazogadoe-

brivi produqtisa da erovnu-

li Semosavlis regionaluri

struqtura~. Tb., 1978.

mengeri karlmengeri karlmengeri karlmengeri karlmengeri karliiiii (1840-1921)

(Menger Carl) – avstrieli eko-

nomisti, avstriuli ekonomi-

kuri skolis fuZemdebeli.

zRvruli sargeblianobaze age-

buli faseulobis Teoriis erT-

erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgene-

li (misgan damoukideblad es

Teoria Seqmnes agreTve jevon-

sma da valrasma). saqonlis fa-

seulobas gansazRvravs misi sar-

geblianoba da ara warmoebis

danaxarjebi – es Teza safuZ-

vlad daedo mengeris Semoqmede-

bas, riTac igi (iseve rogorc

bevr sxva ekonomists) daupir-

ispirda inglisuri klasikuri

skolis warmomadgenlebs.

dovlaTis zRvruli sar-

geblianobis SefasebaSi menge-

ri did mniSvnelobas aniWebda

mis iSviaTobas. rodesac dov-

laTis raodenoba izrdeba,

zRvruli sargeblianoba mcir-

deba. mengeris mier damtkice-

bulma am damokidebulebam

klebadi zRvruli sargebli-klebadi zRvruli sargebli-klebadi zRvruli sargebli-klebadi zRvruli sargebli-klebadi zRvruli sargebli-

anobisanobisanobisanobisanobis kanonis saxelwodeba kanonis saxelwodeba kanonis saxelwodeba kanonis saxelwodeba kanonis saxelwodeba

miiRo.

mengers ekuTvnis agreTve

faqtoruli Semosavlebis gana-

wilebis Teoria.

menejeri menejeri menejeri menejeri menejeri (manager) [ingl.

manager<manage marTva] - - - - - war-moebis marTvis specialisti,

mmarTveli, romelsac qiraobs

saxelmwifo, kompania an kerZo

mewarme.

menejerizmi menejerizmi menejerizmi menejerizmi menejerizmi (managerial-ism) - - - - - Tanamedrove ekonomikuriTeoria, romlis mixedviTac war-

moebis kontroli kerZo me-

sakuTreebisagan gadadis da-

qiravebuli mmarTvelebis _ _ _ _ _ me-

nejerebis xelSi.

menejmenti menejmenti menejmenti menejmenti menejmenti (management)[<ingl. management marTva,gamgebloba] ----- warmoebis marTva,warmoebis principebis, meTode-

bis, saSualebebisa da formeb-

is erToblioba, gamoyenebuli


lebisa da mogebis gadidebis

mizniT. menejmenti oTxi fun-

qciisgan Sedgeba: dagegmva, or-

ganizacia, motivacia da kon-

troli. ganasxvaveben saerTosaerTosaerTosaerTosaerTo

da funqciur menejments.da funqciur menejments.da funqciur menejments.da funqciur menejments.da funqciur menejments. saer-

To menejmenti gulisxmobs

mTlianad firmis marTvas, fun-

qciuri menejmenti ki dakavSire-

bulia firmis calkeuli qve-

sistemebis marTvasTan. am qve-

sistemebis (SromiTi resurse-

bi, finansebi, uSualod warmoe-

bis procesi da sxv.) urTierT-

dakavSirebuli funqcionireba

funqciuri menejmentis prerog-

ativaa.

mengeri karlimengeri karlimengeri karlimengeri karlimengeri karli

231

menejmenti, rogorc saba-

zro meurneobis gaZRolis ax-

ali mimarTuleba, warmoebis

marTvis xelovnebisa da mec-

nierebis sinTezia. igi efuZne-

ba mmarTvelobiT saqmianobaSi

Tanamedrove formebis, meTode-

bis, principebisa da saSuale-

bebis gamoyenebas. menejmenti,

rogorc codnis specialuri

dargi, damoukidebel mecnier-

ul disciplinad Camoyalibda

XX saukunis 40-----ian wlebSi.

menejmentis areali Semoi-

fargleba mxolod biznes-----saqmi-

anobiT, amitom igi gansxvavde-

ba marTvisagan, romelSic sax-

elmwifoebrivi marTva igulis-

xmeba.

meoradi resursebi meoradi resursebi meoradi resursebi meoradi resursebi meoradi resursebi (secon-dary resources) - - - - - erTjeradad

gamoyenebuli materialuri re-----

sursebi an warmoebis narCene-

bi, romlebic gamoiyeneba sxva

warmoebaSi.

meoreuli bazari meoreuli bazari meoreuli bazari meoreuli bazari meoreuli bazari (sec-ondary market) - - - - - mimoqcevaSi

gaSvebuli fasiani qaRaldebis

yidva-----gayidva dilerebis an bro-

kerebis mier.

meoreuli Sromis bazarimeoreuli Sromis bazarimeoreuli Sromis bazarimeoreuli Sromis bazarimeoreuli Sromis bazari

(secondary labor market) – Sro-mis bazari, sadac xelfasebi

dabalia, Sromis pirobebi cudi,

droebiTi daTxovnebi ki maRa-

li. igi pirveladi Sromis ba-

zris sapirispiroa.

merkantilizmi merkantilizmi merkantilizmi merkantilizmi merkantilizmi (mercan-tilism) [<ital. mercante vaWari,movaWre] - - - - - pirveli ekonomikuri

mimarTuleba, mimdinareoba,

romelic savaWro burJuaziis

interesebs gamoxatavda XV-----

XVII saukuneebSi. am moZRvreb-is principi aseTi iyo: mogeba

warmoiqmneba mimoqcevis sfer-

oSi. fulis sazRvargareT ga-

tana amcirebs qveynis simdi-

dres, Semotana ki _ _ _ _ _ amdidrebs.

am princi pidan gamomdinare,

adrindeli merkantilizmisadrindeli merkantilizmisadrindeli merkantilizmisadrindeli merkantilizmisadrindeli merkantilizmis

(aRmocenda XV saukunis uka-

nasknel mesamedSi, arsebobda

XVI saukunis Sua periodamde)warmomadgenlebs (u. stafor-

di, g. skarufi, d. santisi da

sxv.) qveynis simdidris zrdis

aucilebel pirobad miaCndaT

aqtiuri fuladi balansi, gvi-gvi-gvi-gvi-gvi-

andeli merkantilizmis andeli merkantilizmis andeli merkantilizmis andeli merkantilizmis andeli merkantilizmis (gan-

viTarda XVI saukunis Sua peri-odidan, ayvavebas miaRwia XVIIsaukuneSi, daSla daiwyo XVIIIsaukunidan, XVIII saukunis me-ore naxevarSi Seicvala fizi-

okratizmiT) warmomadgenlebs

(T. meni, a. sera, a. monkretieni

da sxv.) ki _ _ _ _ _ aqtiuri savaWro

balansi. XVIII saukunis Sua

xanebSi ekonomistTa yuradRebam

mimoqcevis sferodan warmoeb-

is sferoSi gadainacvla. mer-

kantilizmi Seicvala fiziokra-

tizmiT.

merkantilizmimerkantilizmimerkantilizmimerkantilizmimerkantilizmi

232

merkantiluri merkantiluri merkantiluri merkantiluri merkantiluri (mercan-tile) [<ital. mercante vaWari,movaWre] - - - - - 1. savaWro, komerci-uli; 2. vaWruli, mewvrilma-

nuri.

meryevi fasi meryevi fasi meryevi fasi meryevi fasi meryevi fasi (sliding price)----- xelSekrulebis moqmedebis

ganmavlobaSi cvalebadi fasi.

aseT SemTxvevaSi xelSek-

rulebiT saboloo fass ar

adgenen, mxareebi Tanxmdebian

mxolod misi dadgenis wesze.

meryevi fasis saxesxvaobaa fasi

Semdgomi fiqsaciiT.

metraJi metraJi metraJi metraJi metraJi (metric area) (frang.metrage) - - - - - 1. raimes sigrZe, ga-moxatuli metrebSi; 2. raimes

farTobi, gamoxatuli kvadrat-

ul metrebSi.

mewarme mewarme mewarme mewarme mewarme (entrepreneur) - - - - - pi-ri, romelic samewarmeo saqmi-

anobas eweva. ekonomikur analiz-

Si mewarmis saqmianoba ganix-

ileba rogorc warmoebis damo-

ukidebeli faqtori. mewarmeebs

eniWebaT pasuxismgebloba eko-

nomikuri gadawyvetilebisaTvis:

ra awarmoon, ra raodenobiT,

warmoebis ra meTodiT. vinaid-

an gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da

warmoebuli saqonlis realiza-

cias Soris arsebobs garkveu-

li dro, mewarme valdebulia

gaakeTos moTxovnis progonozi.

es moTxovna gamomdinareobs

iqidan, rom mewarmeobas axlavs

riski, romelic dakavSirebulia

am periodSi moTxovnis ryevebT-

an. individualur firmebSi me-

warme erTdroulad iRebs Tavis

Tavze sawarmos finansur risks

da mtkice pasuxismgeblobas

firmis marTvis TvalsazrisiT.

aqcionerul kompaniebSi es ori

funqcia dayofilia aqcionereb-

sa, e.i. mesakuTreebsa (romlebic

ewevian finansur risks) da

direqtorTa sabWos (romlebic

faqtobrivad marTaven firmas)

Soris.

mewarmeoba mewarmeoba mewarmeoba mewarmeoba mewarmeoba (entrepreneur-ship) - - - - - Semosavlis, mogebis miRe-

bisaTvis gamiznuli fizikuri

an iuridiuli pirebis damouki-

debeli, kanoniT nebadarTuli

samewarmeo (sameurneo) saqmi-

anoba, romelic xorcieldeba

sakuTari saxeliT, finansuri

riskiTa da qonebrivi pasux-

ismgeblobiT.

mTliani gamoSveba mTliani gamoSveba mTliani gamoSveba mTliani gamoSveba mTliani gamoSveba (grossoutput) - - - - - drois garkveul pe-

riodSi qveyanaSi warmoebuli

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis er-

Toblioba sabazro fasSi.

mTliani damatebiTi Ri-mTliani damatebiTi Ri-mTliani damatebiTi Ri-mTliani damatebiTi Ri-mTliani damatebiTi Ri-

rebuleba rebuleba rebuleba rebuleba rebuleba (gross value added)- - - - - sxvaoba mTlian gamoSvebasa

da Sualedur moxmarebas Soris.

mTliani danazogi mTliani danazogi mTliani danazogi mTliani danazogi mTliani danazogi (grosssavings) - - - - - mTliani gankargvadi

Semosavlis nawili. miiReba

danazogisgan ZiriTadi kapita-

lis moxmarebis gamoklebiT.

merkantilurimerkantilurimerkantilurimerkantilurimerkantiluri

233

mTliani danaxarji mTliani danaxarji mTliani danaxarji mTliani danaxarji mTliani danaxarji (totalcost - - - - - TC) - - - - - firmis mier pro-duqciis warmoebaze gaweuli

danaxarjebis erToblioba, gamo-

xatuli fuladi formiT. fir-

mam Tavisi SesaZleblobebi ba-

zris moTxovnas unda Seufar-

dos, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

miaqcios warmoebis danaxarje-

bis Semcirebas. amitom man unda

gansazRvros ra unda awarmoos,

ramdenad konkurentunariani iq-

neba misi produqcia, ra fasad

SeiZens warmoebriv resursebs,

ra daujdeba kvalificiuri

samuSao Zalis daqiraveba da

a.S. minimaluri danaxarjebiT

maqsimaluri Sedegis miRweva

firmis saqmianobis laitmotivia,

romelSic erT-----erTi ganmsaz-

Rvreli roli mTlian danaxar-

jebs ekuTvnis.

mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-

zogi zogi zogi zogi zogi (gross national savings) -----gankargulebaSi darCenili mTli-

ani erovnuli Semosavlis nawi-

li, romelic ar Sedis saboloo

moxmarebaSi.

mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-

duqti duqti duqti duqti duqti (mepmepmepmepmep) (gross national prod-uct - - - - - GNP) - - - - - makroekonomikurimaCvenebeli, romelic gamoxat-

avs erovnuli ekonomikis fun-

qcionirebis saboloo Sedegebs

gansazRvrul periodSi (Tve,

kvartali, weli) da warmoad-

gens sabazro fasebiT pirve-

ladi Semosavlebis (Sromis

anazRaureba, mogeba, warmoeba-

ze gadasaxadebi, sakuTrebidan

miRebuli Semosavlebi _ _ _ _ _ sarge-

beli, dividendi, renta da a.S.)

jams, miRebuls mocemuli qvey-

nis rezidentebis mier maTi

pirdapiri Tu arapirdapiri

monawileobiT Tavisi qveynis

mepmepmepmepmep-----isa da sxva qveynebis mepmepmepmepmep-----

is warmoebaSi. mepmepmepmepmep, rogorc wesi,

metia mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----ze im pirveladi Se-

mosavlebis jamiT, romelic

miRebulia mocemuli qveynis

rezidentebis mier sazRvarga-

reT. amasTan, igi ar moicavs

ararezidentebis Semosavlebs

mocemuli qveynis ekonomikur

teritoriaze.

mep mep mep mep mep udris sabazro faseb-

Si mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----s plus Sromis anazRa-

urebis jami, sakuTrebidan Se-

mosavlebi, samewarmeo Semosava-

li miRebuli `danarCeni msof-

liodan~, minus maTi Sesabamisi

nakadebi gadaxdili `danarCeni

msofliosaTvis~.

1968 wlamde VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----s mTli-

ani erovnuli Semosavali ewo-

deboda. raodenobrivi Tanafar-

dobis TvalsazrisiT, VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----sa da

mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----s Soris gansxvaveba didi

ar aris. rogorc wesi, ganvi-

Tarebuli qveynebisaTvis igi

1%-----s ar aRemateba. VTG VTG VTG VTG VTG SeiZ-

leba gaizomos erovnuli war-

moebiT, SemosavlebiTa da sab-

mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)mTliani erovnuli produqti (mep)

234

oloo moxmarebiT.

warmoebiT gazomili warmoebiT gazomili warmoebiT gazomili warmoebiT gazomili warmoebiT gazomili VTG

udris gansazRvrul periodSi

qveynis seqtor-----rezidentebis

mier warmoebuli saqonlisa da

gaweuli momsaxurebis erTob-

liv sabazro Rirebulebas Sua-

leduri moxmarebis gamoklebiT.

SemosavlebiT gazomiliSemosavlebiT gazomiliSemosavlebiT gazomiliSemosavlebiT gazomiliSemosavlebiT gazomili

VTG aris faqtoruli Semosav-

lebis jami, miRebuli Sida war-

moebidan xelfasis, procenti-

sa da firmis mogebis saxiT,

agreTve sazRvargareTis seq-

tor-----rezidentebis wminda faq-

toruli Semosavlebi.

saboloo moxmarebiT ga-saboloo moxmarebiT ga-saboloo moxmarebiT ga-saboloo moxmarebiT ga-saboloo moxmarebiT ga-

zomili zomili zomili zomili zomili VTG im saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis erToblivi saba-

zro Rirebulebaa, romelsac

iZenen Sinameurneobebi (haus-

holdebi), firmebi da mTavrobebi

ZiriTadi kapitaldabandebebisa

da ararealizebuli produqciis

naSTis CaTvliT.

VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----is gazomvis samive me-

Todi erTsa da imave raodeno-

briv Sedegs iZleva.

mepmepmepmepmep-----is gamoucxadebeliis gamoucxadebeliis gamoucxadebeliis gamoucxadebeliis gamoucxadebeli

deflatoris fasebis indeq-deflatoris fasebis indeq-deflatoris fasebis indeq-deflatoris fasebis indeq-deflatoris fasebis indeq-

si si si si si (GNP implicit price deflator) -----maCvenebeli, romelic gamoxa-

tavs mimdinare fasebSi VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----is

Sefardebas Sesadar fasebSi

VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----Tan, anu Tanafardobas nomi-

nalur da realur VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----ebs So-

ris.

VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----is doneTa daSori-is doneTa daSori-is doneTa daSori-is doneTa daSori-is doneTa daSori-

SorSorSorSorSoreba eba eba eba eba (sxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaoba) (GNP

gap) - - - - - potenciuri da realuri


doneebis erTmaneTisagan mow-

yveta.

mepmepmepmepmep-----is indeqsi is indeqsi is indeqsi is indeqsi is indeqsi - - - - - defla-defla-defla-defla-defla-

torebi torebi torebi torebi torebi (GNP deflators) - - - - - inde-qsTa jgufi, romelsac iyeneben

VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----is maCvenebelTa agebisaTvis

Sesadar fasebSi. masSi Sedis:

fasebis agregatuli indeqsi,

VTGVTGVTGVTGVTG-----is gamoucxadebeli defla-

toris fasebis indeqsi, fasebis

jaWvuri indeqsi, samomxmareb-

lo fasebis indeqsi, mwarmoe-

belTa fasebis indeqsi, agreTve,

specialurad agebuli indeqsebi.

mTliani investiciamTliani investiciamTliani investiciamTliani investiciamTliani investicia (grossinvestment) - - - - - ekonomikaSi inves-ticiebis mTliani moculoba

drois garkveul monakveTSi. igi

Sedgeba wminda investiciebisa

da im investiciebisagan, rom-

lebic gamoiyeneba mwyobridan

gamosuli ZiriTadi kapitalis

Sesacvlelad.

mTliani mogeba mTliani mogeba mTliani mogeba mTliani mogeba mTliani mogeba (gross pro-fit) - - - - - sawarmos mogebis mTliani

Tanxa daqviTvasa da gadaricx-

vamde. igi damatebuli Rire-

bulebis is nawilia, romelic

rCeba mewarmeebs daqiravebuli

muSakebis Sromis anazRaureb-

is, warmoebasa da importze

wminda gadasaxadebTan dakav-

Sirebuli xarjebis gamoqviTvis

mepmepmepmepmep-----is gamoucxadebeli is gamoucxadebeli is gamoucxadebeli is gamoucxadebeli is gamoucxadebeli deflatoris deflatoris deflatoris deflatoris deflatoris ...............

235

Semdeg. mTliani mogeba wminda

mogebisa da ZiriTadi kapitalis

moxmarebis jamia.

mTliani Semosavali mTliani Semosavali mTliani Semosavali mTliani Semosavali mTliani Semosavali (grossincome) - - - - - ekonomikuri maCvene-beli, romelic mogebasTan er-

Tad gamoxatavs sawarmos war-

moebrivi da safinanso-----sameur-

neo saqmianobis saboloo Sede-

gebs. ganisazRvreba, rogorc

sxvaoba saqonlis gayidvidan

miRebul fulad amonagebsa da

am saqonlis warmoebaze gaweul

materialur danaxarjebs Soris.

mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-

ti ti ti ti ti (VVVVVSpSpSpSpSp) (gross domestic product----- GDP) - - - - - makroekonomikuri indi-katori, qveynis Sida ekonomikis,

erovnuli Semosavlebis anga-

riSSi erToblivi gamoSvebis

yvelaze ganzogadebuli maCve-

nebeli, ekonomikuri aqtiuro-

bis sazomi, romelic gamoxat-

avs gansazRvruli drois gan-

mavlobaSi, rogorc wesi, erTi

wlis ganmavlobaSi mocemuli

qveynis ekonomikur teritori-

aze (ix.) rezidentebisa da ara-

rezidentebis mier warmoebu-

li saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

erTobliv sabazro Rirebule-

bas. VTG VTG VTG VTG VTG amosaval makroekono-

mikur maCveneblad iTvleba gae-

ros erovnuli angariSebis sis-

temaSi. masze orientirebulia

axali erovnuli angariSebis

sistema.

1990-ian wlebamde qveynebis

umravlesoba erToblivi aqtive-

bis mTavar sazomad iyenebda mTli-

an erovnul produqts. 1990-iani

wlebidan am ukanasknelis adgils

ikavebs mTliani Sida produqti.

mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-is gaanalizeba xdeba ro-

gorc warmoebis, ise Semosav-

lebis mxridan.

mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-Si warmoebis mxridan

Sedis: piradi samomxmareblo

xarjebi; grZelvadiani da mok-

levadiani saqoneli, momsaxureba,

mTliani kerZo Sida investicie-

bi ZiriTad kapitalSi, arasabi-

nao investiciebi, Senoba-nage-

bobebi, mowyobilobebi da pro-

gramuli uzrunvelyofa, binaT-

mSenebloba, saxelmwifo Sesy-

idvebi, erovnuli Tavdacva, eqs-

porti, importi, wminda eqspor-

ti, biznesis sasaqonlo-materi-

aluri maragebis cvlileba.

Semosavlebis mxridan mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-

Si aisaxeba danarCeni msofli-

odan faqtoruli Semosavali da

gamoakldeba danarCeni msofli-

osTvis faqtoruli Semosavali,

ris Sedegadac miiReba mTli-

ani erovnuli produqti.

mTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani Siddddda produqa produqa produqa produqa produq-----

tititititis deflatori s deflatori s deflatori s deflatori s deflatori (gross dome-stic product deflator) - - - - - Tanafar-doba VIGVIGVIGVIGVIG-----is nominalur zrda-

sa da realur zrdas Soris. gar-

kveuli drois ganmavlobaSi

warmoebuli saboloo produq-

mTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani Siddddda produqa produqa produqa produqa produqtititititis deflatoris deflatoris deflatoris deflatoris deflatori

236

tis (saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis) fasebis cvlilebis sazomi.

mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-mTliani Sida produq-

tis struqturatis struqturatis struqturatis struqturatis struqtura (structure ofgross domestic production) – mox-marebis, fiqsirebuli investi-

ciebis, saxelmwifo xarjebis, ma-

ragebSi investiciebisa da wmin-

da eqsportis jami. aqedan, mox-mox-mox-mox-mox-

marebamarebamarebamarebamareba mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-is yvelaze didi

komponentia. igi moicavs yve-

la im saqonelsa da momsax-

urebas, romelsac momxmareblebi,

vTqvaT, 1 wlis manZilze Sei-

Zenen. fiqsirebulifiqsirebulifiqsirebulifiqsirebulifiqsirebuli inves- inves- inves- inves- inves-

ticiebiticiebiticiebiticiebiticiebi arasabinao investicie-

bisa da binaTmSeneblobaSi in-

vesticiebis jamia; saxelm-saxelm-saxelm-saxelm-saxelm-

wifo xarjebiwifo xarjebiwifo xarjebiwifo xarjebiwifo xarjebi gulisxmobs

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sax-

elmwifo Sesyidvebs; marageb-marageb-marageb-marageb-marageb-

Si investiciebiSi investiciebiSi investiciebiSi investiciebiSi investiciebi warmoebasa

da gayidvebs Soris sxvaobaa.

Tu warmoeba aWarbebs gayidvas,

maSin maragebSi investiciebi

dadebiTia, xolo Tu warmoeba

gayidvebze naklebia, maSin mara-

gebSi investiciebi uaryofiTia.

wminda eqsportiwminda eqsportiwminda eqsportiwminda eqsportiwminda eqsporti eqsportsa

da imports Soris sxvaobaa. Tu

eqsporti aWarbebs imports, ma-

Sin qveyanas aqvs dadebiTi sava-

Wro saldo, xolo Tu eqsporti

importze naklebia, maSin adgi-

li aqvs savaWro deficits.

midrekileba danazogi-midrekileba danazogi-midrekileba danazogi-midrekileba danazogi-midrekileba danazogi-

sadmi sadmi sadmi sadmi sadmi (propensity to the savings)

- - - - - Semosavlis gadidebis kvalo-

baze danazogis wilis gadide-

ba. ix. universaluri fsiqolo-

giuri kanoni ekonomikaSi.

midrekileba importi-midrekileba importi-midrekileba importi-midrekileba importi-midrekileba importi-

rebisadmi rebisadmi rebisadmi rebisadmi rebisadmi (propensity to im-port) - - - - - importze gaweuli xarje-

bis wilis zrda SemosavalSi.

midrekileba investire-midrekileba investire-midrekileba investire-midrekileba investire-midrekileba investire-

bisadmi bisadmi bisadmi bisadmi bisadmi (propensity to invest) -----erovnuli Semosavlis is wili,

romelic xmardeba kapitalda-

bandebebs.

midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-

sadmi sadmi sadmi sadmi sadmi (propensity to consume) -----samomxmareblo xarjebis wilis

zrda SemosavalSi.

miznobrivi miznobrivi miznobrivi miznobrivi miznobrivi (saorienta-saorienta-saorienta-saorienta-saorienta-

ciociociociocio) fasi fasi fasi fasi fasi (quide price) - - - - - gamo-iyeneba evrokavSiris qveynebSi

ama Tu im produqciaze gada-

saxadis sididis gansazRvri-

saTvis erTiani sasoflo-----same-

urneo politikis gatarebis miz-

niT.

mikroekonomika mikroekonomika mikroekonomika mikroekonomika mikroekonomika (micro-economics) [<berZn. mikros pat-ara] - - - - - 1. erovnuli meurneobis

nawilis (seqtoris, dargis,

sawarmos) ekonomika; 2. ekono-

mikuri Teoriis ganyofileba,

romelic Seiswavlis calkeu-

li sameurneo erTeulebis _____

Sinameurneobis (hausholdis

blokis), biznesis blokis, sam-

Tavrobo dawesebulebebis saqmi-

anobas.

mTliani Sida produqmTliani Sida produqmTliani Sida produqmTliani Sida produqmTliani Sida produqtis struqturatis struqturatis struqturatis struqturatis struqtura

237

mimdinare angariSi mimdinare angariSi mimdinare angariSi mimdinare angariSi mimdinare angariSi (cur-rent account) – 1. bankis angariSi,romelic emsaxureba fuladi

saxsrebis Senaxvasa da angariS-

sworebas (ZiriTadad Cekebis

meSveobiT. mimdinare angariSe-

bia, aseve, sawarmoebisa da fil-

ialebis samewarmeo saqmianobis

mimdinare operaciebis gansax-

orcieleblad bankSi gaxsnili

angariSi; 2. angariSi, romel-

sac uxsnis banki Tavis mudmiv

klientebs, maT Soris urTierT-

angariSsworebisaTvis.

mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-

do do do do do (current account balance) –wminda gadaxdebis jami danar-

Ceni msofliosTvis da danar-

Ceni msofliosgan. Tu wminda

gadaxdebi danarCeni msoflios-

gan dadebiTia, qveyanas mimdinare

angariSis proficiti aqvs, xolo

Tu is uaryofiTia, qveyanas mim-

dinare angariSis deficiti aqvs.

mimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebuli

fuli fuli fuli fuli fuli (money in circulation) -----saxelmwifos mier mimoqcevaSi

gaSvebuli qaRaldisa da liTo-

nis uprocento fulis niSnebi.

mindobiloba mindobiloba mindobiloba mindobiloba mindobiloba (warrant) -----ix. varanti.

minimaluri mogeba minimaluri mogeba minimaluri mogeba minimaluri mogeba minimaluri mogeba (mini-mal profit) – mogebis qveda zRva-ri, romelic aucilebelia fir-

mis funqcionirebisa da Senar-

CunebisaTvis, gakotrebis Tavidan

acilebis mizniT.

minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-

lololololo biujeti biujeti biujeti biujeti biujeti (minimum consumersbudget) - - - - - ZiriTadi fiziolo-

giuri da socialur-----kultu-

ruli moTxovnilebebis dakmay-

ofilebisaTvis aucilebeli

kvebis produqtebis, arasasur-

saTo saqonlis, momsaxurebis Se-

jamebuli Rirebuleba erT

sulze gaangariSebiT weliwadSi

(an TveSi). gamoiTvleba samomx-

mareblo kalaTis safuZvelze

da sacalo fasebisa da tarife-

bis donis gaTvaliswinebiT. ro-

gorc wesi, minimaluri samomx-

mareblo biujeti weliwadSi

erTxel unda gadaisinjos sa-

momxmareblo fasebis indeqsis

gaTvaliswinebiT, xolo biuje-

tis struqturisa da Rire-

bulebis Sesaxeb monacemebi _____

regularulad unda qveynde-

bodes. minimaluri samomxmare-

blo biujeti SeiZleba ganxi-

lul iqnes rogorc adamianis

normaluri cxovrebis qveda

zRvari, anu SefardebiTi (da

ara absoluturi) siRatakis

done.

minimaluri xelfasi minimaluri xelfasi minimaluri xelfasi minimaluri xelfasi minimaluri xelfasi (qua-ranteed (minimum) wage) - - - - - kano-niT dadgenili yvelaze daba-

li Sromis anazRaureba.

miqelaZe irakli miqelaZe irakli miqelaZe irakli miqelaZe irakli miqelaZe irakli (1902-----

1986) (Mikeladze Irakli) - - - - - saqar-Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-

is akademikosi (1969), ekonomi-

miqelaZe iraklimiqelaZe iraklimiqelaZe iraklimiqelaZe iraklimiqelaZe irakli

238

kur mecnierebaTa doqtori (1961),


saxelmwifo premiis laureati

mecnierebisa da teqnikis dargSi

(1972), saqarTvelos mecniere-

bis damsaxurebuli moRvawe

(1962). 1925 wels daamTavra

Tsu socialur-----ekonomikuri

fakulteti. iyo Tsu saxalxo

meurneobis dagegmvis, Semdgom-

Si, mrewvelobisa da soflis

meurneobis ekonomikis kaTedris

gamge (1937-----1977), ekonomikis

fakultetis dekani (1954-----1956),

saqarTvelos ssr ministrTa

sabWosTan arsebuli saxelm-

wifo sagegmo komitetis Tavmj-

domaris moadgile (1956-----1968),

1960 wlidan moadgile minis-

tris statusiT.

i. miqelaZis kvlevis Ziri-

Tadi sfero moicavda mrewvelo-

bis ekonomikas. misi naSromebi

exeba qveynis meurneobis dageg-

mvis Teoriul da praqtikul

sakiTxebs, ekonomikis special-

izaciisa da kompleqsuri gan-

viTarebis, tempebis, proporcie-

bisa da struqturis, eleqtro-

energetikis funqcionirebis,

Sromis teritoriuli da dar-

gobrivi danawilebis proble-

mebs. ZiriTadi naSromebia: `sa-

qarTvelos saxalxo meurneo-

bis specializacia da kompleq-

suri ganviTareba~. moskovi, 1964

(rusul enaze); `saqarTvelos

mrewvelobis ekonomikis sakiTx-

ebi~. Tb., 1977; ̀ teritoriuli

dagegmvis problemebi~. Tb., 1980.

miwa miwa miwa miwa miwa (land) - - - - - es termini ga-moiyeneba ekonomikaSi ara mxo-

lod dedamiwis zedapiris im

nawilis aRsaniSnavad, romel-

ic ar aris dafaruli wyliT,

aramed rogorc bunebrivi re-

sursi, romlis gamoyeneba Sesa-

Zlebelia warmoebaSi. amitom

miwa, Cveulebriv, ganisazRvreba

rogorc warmoebis faqtori.

miwis gadasaxadi miwis gadasaxadi miwis gadasaxadi miwis gadasaxadi miwis gadasaxadi (landtax) - - - - - gadasaxadi, romelic am-

oiReba fizikuri an iuridiu-

li pirebis sakuTrebaSi arse-

bul miwis farTobze.

miwis renta miwis renta miwis renta miwis renta miwis renta (land rent) -----miwis mesakuTris Semosavali,

romelic uSualod ar ukav-

Sirdeba mis warmoebriv saqmi-

anobas da mas igi miwis gamoye-

nebis uflebis gacemisaTvis

iRebs. miwis renta miwis, ro-

gorc bunebrivi resursis, gamoye-

nebisgan miRebuli mogebis naw-

ilia.

miwodeba miwodeba miwodeba miwodeba miwodeba (supply) - - - - - eko-

nomikuri kategoria da bazris

mniSvnelovani elementi _____

saqonlis, momsaxurebis, samuSao

Zalis, fulisa da a.S. is er-

Toblioba, romelic bazarzea

mocemul momentSi. moicavs or

elements: 1. ama Tu im saqon-

lis gasxvisebisaTvis mzadyof-

miwamiwamiwamiwamiwa

239

nas; 2. pirobebs, romliTac mwar-

moebeli Tanaxmaa gayidos Tavisi

saqoneli. miwodebis ZiriTadi

wyaroebia saqonlis warmoeba,

misi importi, sasaqonlo mara-

gi da a.S. miwodeba piradi da

sazogadoebrivi interesebis

dakmayofilebis materialuri

safuZvelia.

miwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikuri

Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (supply-----side economics)- - - - - doqtrina, romelSic aqcen-

ti keTdeba imaze, rom erovnu-

li warmoebis zrdis mTavari

ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi,

rogorc grZelvadian, ise mok-

levadian periodebSi, ekonomi-

kaSi Sromisa da kapitalis

alokacia da efeqtiani gamoy-

enebaa. amis Sesabamisad yura-

dRebaa gamaxvilebuli im wina-

aRmdegobebze, romlebic xels

uSlis warmoebis faqtorebis

miwodebasa da maT efeqtian

gamoyenebas. praqtikaSi es niS-

navs imas, rom gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba eqceva erToblivi

miwodebis mrudis mdgomareobas,

nawilobrivi umuSevrobis bune-

brivi donis ganmsazRvrel faq-

torebs da ara efeqtiani moTx-

ovnis moklevadian dones, ro-

gorc es miRebulia keinzianuri

moTxovnis TeoriaSi. miwodeb-

is Teoriis mixedviT, ekonomi-

kuri zrdis mTavari Semaferx-

ebeli faqtorebia Sromisa da

investirebisadmi stimulireb-

is ararseboba, romlebic, Tavis

mxriv, ukavSirdeba gadasaxade-

bis araadekvatur struqturas,

agreTve im instituciur bari-

erebs, romlebic aferxeben

resursebis efeqtian alokacias.

am Teoriidan gamomdinare, re-

komendaciebi mdgomareobs ga-

dasaxadebis Semcirebasa da

konkurenciis gaZlierebaSi.

miwodebis ekonomikuri Teo-

ria safuZvlad daedo aSS-----is

ekonomikur politikas gasuli

saukunis 80-----iani wlebis dasa-

wyisSi, konservatoruli admin-

istraciis arCevis Semdeg, reiga-

nis prezidentobis periodSi.

igi ekonomikur politikaSi or-

Todoqsuli klasikuri ekonomi-

kuri Teoriis dabrunebis naTe-

li magaliTia da Tanamedrove

Teoriis _ _ _ _ _ `axali klasikuri

makroekonomikis~ Semadgeneli

nawili.

miwodebis inflacia miwodebis inflacia miwodebis inflacia miwodebis inflacia miwodebis inflacia (sup-ply-----push inflation) - - - - - warmoebis

xarjebis zrdiT gamowveuli

inflacia, rac fasebis saerTo

donis zrdaSi vlindeba.

miwodebis mrudi miwodebis mrudi miwodebis mrudi miwodebis mrudi miwodebis mrudi (sup-ply curve) - - - - - mrudi, romelic

gamoxatavs damokidebulebas mi-

wodebis fassa da miwodebis

moculobas Soris. igi asaxavs

gamyidvelTa sabazro qcevas. mi-

wodebis mrudis yoveli werti-

miwodebis mrudimiwodebis mrudimiwodebis mrudimiwodebis mrudimiwodebis mrudi

240

li gviCvenebs mocemuli saqon-

lis im raodenobas, romlis

warmoebazec mwarmoeblebi Ta-

naxma arian Sesabamisi fasiT.

miwodebis fasi miwodebis fasi miwodebis fasi miwodebis fasi miwodebis fasi (supplyprice) - - - - - minimaluri (zRvruli)

fasi, romelze dablac ar Sei-----

Zleba sabazro fasi daeces. es

warmoebas ararentabelurs gax-

dis, rac ewinaaRmdegeba mimwode-

belTa ekonomikur interesebs.

mwarmoeblebi jer kidev Tanaxma

arian am fasad gayidon saqoneli.

miwodebis Soki miwodebis Soki miwodebis Soki miwodebis Soki miwodebis Soki (supplyshock) - - - - - makroekonomikaSi war-moebis danaxarjebis an mwar-

moeblurobis moulodneli

cvlileba, romelic mniSvnelo-

van da Sokisebur gavlenas ax-

dens erTobliv miwodebaze. mi-

wodebis Sokis Sedegad xdeba

realuri VIGVIGVIGVIGVIG-----isa da fasebis

donis uecari cvlileba.

mogeba mogeba mogeba mogeba mogeba (profit) - - - - - sxvaoba fir-mis erTobliv Semosavlebsa da

danaxarjebs Soris (rodesac

erToblivi Semosavali sWar-

bobs danaxarjebs). makroeko-

nomikaSi mogebis gaangariSebi-

sas masSi SeaqvT mogeba saku-

Tari kapitalidan, xolo sases-

xo kapitalze sargeblis sid-

ide danaxarjebSi Sedis.

mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)

norma norma norma norma norma (rate of return) – fizikurian finansuri kapitalis (aseve,

adamianiseuli kapitalisac)

warmoebaSi (metwilad biznes-

Si) dagrovebidan miRebuli Se-

mosavali, wili kapitaldaban-

debidan. mogebis norma, rogorc

wesi, ganisazRvreba wminda moge-

bis SefardebiT sainvesticio

kapitalTan.

modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli (model) – ekonomi-kuri analizis amsaxveli sqe-

ma, (formaluri an araforma-

luri), romelic realuri sam-

yaros sirTuleebisgan abstra-

hirebis mcdelobaa. modeli, gan-

saxilveli ekonomikuri sis-

temis maxasiaTeblebis gaT-

valiswinebiT, qveyanaSi arsebu-

li organizaciuli, teqnikuri

da a.S. urTierTkavSirebis ax-

snis saSualebas iZleva, rac

xels uwyobs ekonomikuri mov-

lenebisa da procesebis gaana-

lizebasa da mis safuZvelze

ekonomikuri prognozebis Se-

muSavebas.

moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna moTxovna (demand) - - - - - ga-

daxdisunariani moTxovnileba,

fuliT uzrunvelyofili moTx-

ovnileba. moTxovna aris bazar-

ze arsebuli moTxovnilebis

gamovlenis forma da misi ganm-

sazRvreli. igi Seicavs or

elements: 1. moTxovnilebas anu

ama Tu im saqonlis SeZenis

survils; 2. fulad saxsrebs,

rac individs aqvs mocemuli

saqonlis SesaZenad.

moTxovnamoTxovnamoTxovnamoTxovnamoTxovna-----miwodebis Te-miwodebis Te-miwodebis Te-miwodebis Te-miwodebis Te-

miwodebis fasimiwodebis fasimiwodebis fasimiwodebis fasimiwodebis fasi

241

oria oria oria oria oria (the theory of demand andsupply) - - - - - am Teoriis warmo-----

madgenlebi (g. makleodi, d.

lodlerdeli da sxvebi) Rire-

bulebas aigiveben fasTan da

mas gansazRvraven moTxovna-----mi-

wodebis TanafardobiT. maTi

azriT, Rirebulebis regula-

tori sabazro pirobebia.

moTxovnis inflacia moTxovnis inflacia moTxovnis inflacia moTxovnis inflacia moTxovnis inflacia (de-mand-----push inflation) - - - - - erToblivi

moTxovnis zrdiT gamowveuli

inflacia, rac fasebis saerTo

donis zrdaSi vlindeba.

moTxovnis mrudi moTxovnis mrudi moTxovnis mrudi moTxovnis mrudi moTxovnis mrudi (demandcurve) - - - - - moTxovnis funqciis

grafikuli ilustracia. mru-

di, romelic gamoxatavs damok-

idebulebas moTxovnis fassa

(sabazro fassa) da moTxovnis

moculobas (gansazRvruli saqon-

lis raodenoba, romelzec aris

moTxovna) Soris. igi momxmare-

belTa sabazro qcevis gamomx-

atvelia. moTxovnis mrudis

yoveli wertili gviCvenebs

garkveuli saqonlis im raode-

nobas, romlis yidvac surT mo-

mxmareblebs Sesabamisi fasiT.

moTxovnis regulirebamoTxovnis regulirebamoTxovnis regulirebamoTxovnis regulirebamoTxovnis regulireba

(regulation of demand) - - - - - erTobli-

vi moTxovnis regulireba fu-

lad-----sakredito da fiskaluri

politikis meSveobiT.

moTxovnis fasi moTxovnis fasi moTxovnis fasi moTxovnis fasi moTxovnis fasi (cost of de-mand) - - - - - ukiduresad maRali

(zRvruli) fasi, romlis zevi-

Tac sabazro fasi veRar aiw-

evs. momxmareblebi jer kidev

Tanaxma arian am fasad SeiZ-

inon erTeuli saqoneli. igi

ganisazRvreba momxmarebelTa

SemosavlebiT da arsebiTad

gamoxatavs SesaZeni dovlaTis

zRvrul sargeblianobas.

moklevadiani obligaciamoklevadiani obligaciamoklevadiani obligaciamoklevadiani obligaciamoklevadiani obligacia

(short-term bond) – obligacia,

romlis dafarvis vada maqsi-

mum erTi welia.

momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba (service, main-tenance) - - - - - Sromis ekonomikuriforma, ekonomikuri kategoria,

romelic gamoxatavs urTier-

Tobas Sromis sargeblianobis

safuZvelze. momsaxurebis sa-

sargeblo efeqti vlindeba ma-

terialuri da aramaterialuri

momsaxurebis saxiT. gamoyofen

momsaxurebis Semdeg jgufebs:

a). warmoebaze orientirebuli

(am jgufSi Sedis saqmiani mom-

saxurebisa da materialuri

dovlaTis warmoebis momsaxure

sxva dargebi); b). savaWro; g).

piradi da d). socialuri mom-

saxureba.

yvela saxis ekonomikuri

saqmianobis saerTaSoriso stan-


ifikaciis mixedviT, momsaxurebis

mkveTrad gansxvavebuli dargebi

qmnian momsaxurebis sferos.

momsaxurebis bazari momsaxurebis bazari momsaxurebis bazari momsaxurebis bazari momsaxurebis bazari (ser-vices market) - - - - - materialuri da

momsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazari

242

aramaterialuri momsaxurebis

yidva-----gayidvis aqtebis erTob-

lioba.

ekonomikur urTierTobebSi

momsaxurebis mravali saxe gam-

oiyeneba. ukanasknel periodSi

mniSvnelovnad ganviTarda misi

iseTi saxeebi, rogoricaa ̀ nou-----

hau~ da salicenzio momsaxu-

reba, inJineringi, lizingi, faq-

toringi, forfeitingi, satrans-

porto, turistuli, sadazRve-

vo momsaxureba da a.S. saba-

zro urTierTobebi sul ufro

ikidebs fexs ganaTlebaSi, jan-

mrTelobis dacvaSi, fizkul-

turasa da sportSi. amitom

momsaxurebiT vaWroba, Sesabam-

isad, calkeul, ufro viwro

bazrebad iyofa.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi mec-

nierul-----teqnologiuri progre-

sis swrafma tempma kolosa-

lurad gazarda moTxovna ro-

gorc materialur, ise arama-

terialur momsaxurebaze, daaC-

qara specializebuli servisuli

firmebis Camoyalibeba. maT

ikisres is funqciebi, romleb-

sac winaT TviT samrewvelo

kompaniebi asrulebdnen. servi-

seuli biznesis masStabebis ga-

farToebam da momsaxurebis

speqtris ganuwyvetelma ganax-

lebam mkveTrad gazarda mom-

saxurebis moxmareba. momsaxu-

rebis iseTma seqtorebma, rogori-

caa sabanko saqme, dazRveva,

ganaTleba, reklama, sasastum-

ro da sarestorno biznesi,

bazrebis gamokvleva, sainfor-

macio servisi, konsultaciebi

marTvis sakiTxebSi, msxvili kor-

poraciebis Stab-----binebis mowy-

oba da maTi momsaxureba, tur-

izmi da a.S., ekonomikisaTvis

strategiuli mniSvneloba SeiZ-

ina. gaizarda momsaxurebis

wili piradi moxmarebis stru-

qturaSi. ukanasknel periodSi

aSS-----Si igi Seadgens saSualod

31%-----s, inglisSi _ _ _ _ _ 37%-----s, Sve-

deTSi _ _ _ _ _ 41%-----s da a.S. msof-

lioSi es maCvenebeli yvelaze

maRalia iaponiaSi _ _ _ _ _ 52,7%.

servisuli saqmianobis gan-

viTarebis mTavar wyarod teqno-

logiuri siaxleni iqca. amJa-

mad yvelaze dinamikuri is

dargebia, romlebic bazars mow-

inave sainformacio teqnologi-

iT warmoebul momsaxurebas awv-

dian da TviTon informaciiT

vaWroben. teqnikurma siaxleebma,

sainformacio momsaxurebaze mo-

Txovnis naxtomiseburma zrdam,

kerZo korporaciebis sasarge-

blod ekonomikis saxelmwifo

regulirebis cvlilebebma ga-

napiroba eleqtronuli infor-

maciis giganturi bazris Seqm-

na. informaciuli servisi eko-

nomikis mesameuli seqtoris yve-

laze dinamikuri nawili gax-

momsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazarimomsaxurebis bazari

243

da. kompiuterul avtomatiza-

cias informaciis damuSave-

basTan dakavSirebuli saqmiano-

bis moculobisa da, Sesabamis-

ad, am dargSi dasaqmebulTa

(`TeTrsayeloianebis~) ricxvis

zrda mohyva. Zalze gaizarda

sainformacio produqciis `sa-

qonluroba~, Camoyalibda didi

moculobis damoukidebeli ba-

zrebi, xolo firmebma daiwyes

farTomasStaburi `eqsternal-

izacia~.

momsaxurebis marketinmomsaxurebis marketinmomsaxurebis marketinmomsaxurebis marketinmomsaxurebis marketin-----

gisgisgisgisgis saerTaSoriso modelebi saerTaSoriso modelebi saerTaSoriso modelebi saerTaSoriso modelebi saerTaSoriso modelebi

(International models of marketingservices) – Teoriuli modele-

bi, koncefciebi. saTaves iRebs

XX saukunis 70-iani wlebidan

da im movlenis gamoZaxilia,

romelic `momsaxurebis seq-

toris revoluciis~ saxel-

wodebiTaa cnobili. am perio-

didan moyolebuli ganviTare-

bul qveynebSi farTod gavr-

celda jer ratmelis modeli

(1974), Semdeg meigliesa da lan-

greardis modeli (1976), gren-

roosis modeli, bitneris mode-

li, kotleris modeli da a.S.

sxvadasxva principze agebul

modelebSi naCvenebia, realur

da momsaxurebis seqtorebs So-

ris arsebul funqcionalur

gansxvavebebTan erTad, saerTo

struqturuli da konceptua-

luri niSnebi. TiToeuli avto-

ri aRiarebs momsaxurebis mar-

ketingis marTvisaTvis damate-

biTi strategiebis (Sida da in-

teraqtiuli marketingebis)

gamoyenebis aucileblobas.

miuxedavad momsaxurebis

marketingis saerTaSoriso mod-

elebis simravlisa, Teoriuli

sakiTxebi dRemde diskusiis

sagania da dasrulebuli Teo-

ria dRemde ar arsebobs. amis

erT-erTi mTavari mizezi Tan-

amedrove msoflioSi momsax-

urebis farTo diversifikaciaa.

momsaxurebis sfero momsaxurebis sfero momsaxurebis sfero momsaxurebis sfero momsaxurebis sfero (ser-vices sphere, sector) - - - - - erovnuli

ekonomikis im dargTa da ekono-

mikuri saqmianobis im saxeoba-

Ta erToblioba, romlebic awar-

moeben materialur da arama-

terialur momsaxurebas. mom-

saxurebis sfero gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----

is mixedviT, ekonomikis mesa-

meuli seqtoria. pirvelad se-

qtorad aRiarebulia soflis

meurneoba (masTan erTad: nad-

iroba, satyeo meurneoba da

meTevzeoba), xolo meoreulad

_ _ _ _ _ industria (samTomopovebi-

Ti da gadammuSavebeli mrew-

veloba, mSenebloba). amasTan, me-

sameul seqtorSi gaTval-

iswinebulia momsaxurebis mx-

olod ̀ xiluli~ saxeebi, rom-

lebic ekonomikis ganviTarebis

kvalobaze calke, damoukidebel

dargebad da qvedargebad Camoy-

momsaxurebis sferomomsaxurebis sferomomsaxurebis sferomomsaxurebis sferomomsaxurebis sfero

244

alibda. masSi ar Sedis mom-

saxurebis is `uxilavi~ saxee-

bi, romlebic Serwymulia meur-

neobis pirveladi da meoreu-

li seqtorebis uSualo ekono-

mikur saqmianobasTan. esenia: sam-

marTvelo samsaxuris, firmeb-

is, sakonstruqtoro, saproeq-

to ganyofilebebis momsaxureba,

saqarxno mecniereba, muSakTa

Sidawarmoebrivi swavleba da

a.S.

ekonomikis mesameuli seq-

toris mkveTrad gansxvavebul

dargTa erT sferoSi gaer-

Tianebas ganapirobebs is gare-

moeba, rom maTSi dasaqmebulTa

Sromis sasargeblo efeqti mom-

saxurebis saxiT vlindeba.


bis sistemis klasifikaciaSi,

saxeldobr, `ekonomikuri sax-

eebis produqciis klasifika-

ciaSi~ momsaxurebis sfero day-

ofilia sabazro da arasaba-

zro momsaxurebad, romlebic,

Tavis mxriv, iyofa oTx jgu-

fad: 1. sabazro momsaxurebis

mwarmoebeli dargebi, anu saba-

zro dargebi; 2. arasabazro

momsaxurebis mwarmoebeli sax-

elmwifo mmarTvelobis orga-

noebis dargebi; 3. arasabazro

momsaxurebis kerZo arakomer-

ciuli organizaciebis darge-

bi; 4. dargebi, romlebic Sedgeba

saojaxo meurneobis mier war-

moebuli sxvadasxva saxis ara-

sabazro momsaxurebisagan.

momsaxurebis sferos ase-

Ti dayofa saSualebas aZlevs

statistikur organoebs, am niS-

nis mixedviT awarmoon gaan-

gariSebebi. mag., XXI saukunisdasawyisSi sabazro momsaxure-

bis xvedriTi wona evropuli

gaerTianebis eqvsi wamyvani qvey-

nis (didi britaneTis, safrange-

Tis, italiis, gfr-----is, holandi-

is) erTobliv damatebul Rire-

bulebaSi Seadgenda 50%-----s, ma-

Sin rodesac gadammuSavebeli

mrewvelobis xvedriTi wona

mxolod 30%-----s udrida.

monetarizmi monetarizmi monetarizmi monetarizmi monetarizmi (monetarism) -----erT-----erTi ZiriTadi makroeko-

nomikuri Teoria, romelic ikv-

levs fulis mravalwaxnagovan

aspeqtebs da mis gavlenas erov-

nul ekonomikaze. monetaruli

Teoriis warmomadgenlebi (m.

fridmeni, f. keigani, a. melt-

ceri, f. haieki da sxv.) icaven

debulebas ekonomikuri siste-

mis TviTregulirebis Sesaxeb,

xolo ekonomikis arastabil-

urobas fuladi sistemis mer-

yeobiT xsnian.

termini monetarizmi Semo-

iRo karl brunerma 1968 wels

da Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneba im

Sexedulebis gamosaxatavad,

romlis momxreebic Tvlian, rom

erToblivi fuladi Semosavlis

monetarizmimonetarizmimonetarizmimonetarizmimonetarizmi

245

donis cvlilebas ZiriTadad

ganapirobebs fuladi masis mocu-

lobis cvlileba.

monetarizmis fuZemdeblad

aRiarebulia milTon fridmeni,

romelmac Tavis naSromebSi _____

`fulis raodenobrivi Teoria.

axali formulireba~, `fulis

mimoqcevis istoria amerikis

SeerTebul StatebSi 1867-----1960

wlebSi~ (a. SvarcTan erTad)

_ _ _ _ _ daasabuTa fulis axali ro-

li Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi, fu-

lad-----sakredito regulirebis

prioriteti ekonomikis stabi-

lizaciaSi.

monetarizmi fulis raode-

nobrivi Teoriis saxeSecvlili

variantia. misi arsi gamoix-

ateba SemdegSi: fuli sabazro

meurneobis mTavari mamoZrave-

beli Zalaa. mimoqcevaSi arse-

buli fulis raodenoba ganm-

sazRvrel zemoqmedebas axdens

warmoebis dinamikasa da faseb-

is doneze. amitom ekonomikis

stabilizaciisaTvis sakmarisia

saxelmwifom gaataros aqti-

uri fuladi politika da ar

gamoiyenos sabiujeto-----sagada-

saxado berketebi. centralurma

bankma zemoqmedeba unda moax-

dinos fulad miwodebaze. fu-----

ladi masis matebis tempi we-

liwadSi ar unda aRematebodes

3-----5%-----s. winaaRmdeg SemTxveva-

Si kerZo mewarmeobis meqanizmi

daingreva da inflacia gaizrde-

ba. ekonomikaze saxelmwifos

zemoqmedeba Semoifargleba fu-

ladi masis mudmivi zrdis tem-

pebis SenarCunebiT.

monetarizmi daupirispir-

da keinzianelobas da igi `an-

tikeinzianur revoluciad~ aris

aRiarebuli. fridmeni da `Cik-

agos skolis~ sxva warmomad-

genlebi, keinzisagan gansxvave-

biT, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos

Carevis winaaRmdegni arian. maTi

azriT, saxelmwifos social-

uri danaxarjebi, erTi mxriv,

zrdis biujetis deficitsa da

inflacias, meore mxriv, Sro-

mis stimulebis dacemiT aqvei-

Tebs warmoebis efeqtianobas.

monetaristebisaTvis ekonomika,

pirvel yovlisa, aris bazari,

xolo bazari _ TviTregulire-

badi sistema, romelzedac ze-

moqmedeba SesaZlebelia upi-

ratesad fuladi masis mocu-

lobis regulirebiT.

XX saukunis 90-----iani wle-----

bis II naxevridan monetarizmisafuZvlad daedo aSS-----isa da

msoflios mravali qveynis

ekonomikur politikas. bolo

periodSi monetaruli Teori-

is naklovanebebma Tavi iCina

msoflio ekonomikur politika-

Si. globaluri finansuri

krizisis warmoSobis erT-----erT

mTavar mizezs swored m. frid-

monetarizmimonetarizmimonetarizmimonetarizmimonetarizmi

246

menis monetarul Teorias ukav-

Sireben. qveynis fulad-----sakredi-

to politikaSi sakredito

regulirebis Sesustebam, sabi-

ujeto-----sagadasaxado reguli-

rebis ignorirebam, wina planze

fulis fenomenis wamowevam gza

gauxsna virtualur ekonomikas

da msoflios finansuri krizi-

sisken ubiZga, rasac mohyva eko-

nomikuri zrdis tempebis Sene-

leba da erToblivi moTxovnis

dacema.

monetarizmis `inteleqtu-

alurma kolafsma~ kiTxvis qveS

daayena neoliberaluri ekono-

mikuri politika. aseT situa-

ciaSi wina planze isev kein-

zianuri Teoriis postulatebma

wamoiwia.

monopolia monopolia monopolia monopolia monopolia (monopoly) [berZ.monos erTi, pole vyidi] - - - - - 1. war-moebis, vaWrobis, rewvis da a.S.

gansakuTrebuli ufleba, romel-

ic ekuTvnis erT pirs, pirTa

gansazRvrul jgufs an sax-

elmwifos; 2. msxvil mewarme-

Ta gaerTianeba, romelic war-

moiqmneba warmoebisa da kapi-

talis koncentraciisa da cen-

tralizaciis safuZvelze. mo-

nopoliis ZiriTadi saxeebia:

karteli, sindikati, tresti,

koncerni, konsorciumi, kon-

glomerati; 3. sabazro situa-

cia, rodesac bazarze aris erT-

saxovani produqciis erTi mwar-

moebeli (gamyidveli, mimwode-

beli) da mravali momxmarebe-

li, myidveli. (sapirispiroa _____

monopsonia). Tu bazarze erTi

gamyidveli da erTi myidvelia,

maSin saqme gvaqvs ormxriv mo-

nopoliasTan. aseT situacias

absolutur monopolias uwo-

deben, Tumca, rogorc srulyo-

fili konkurencia, aseve, abso-

luturi monopolia ar gvx-

vdeba realur cxovrebaSi.

monopolizacia monopolizacia monopolizacia monopolizacia monopolizacia (monop-olization) - - - - - monopoliis damyare-

bis procesi.

monopolisti monopolisti monopolisti monopolisti monopolisti (monopo-list) - - - - - 1. monopoliis mflobe-

li; 2. monopolisturi kapi-

talis warmomadgeneli.

monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-monopoliuri konkuren-

ciaciaciaciacia (monopolistic competition) -----arasrulyofili konkurenciis

forma. monopoliuri konkuren-

ciis Teoria Seqmnes e. Cember-

linma (`monopoliuri konkuren-

ciis Teoria~, 1933) da j. ro-

binsonma (`arasrulyofili kon-

kurenciis ekonomikuri Teor-

ia~, 1933).

bazris faqtobrivi stru-

qtura ar Seesabameba mis uki-

dures situaciebs _ _ _ _ _ monopo-

lias an srulyofil konkuren-

cias. firmebi, romlebic awar-

moeben msgavs, magram araiden-

tur produqcias, muSaoben mo-

nopoliuri konkurenciis piro-

monopoliamonopoliamonopoliamonopoliamonopolia

247

bebSi. produqciis diferenci-

acia firmebs aniWebs monopo-

liuri Zalauflebis element-

ebs _ _ _ _ _ yoveli maTganisaTvis

moTxovnis mruds aqvs uary-

ofiTi daxriloba, amitomac

firmas SeuZlia gavlena moax-

dinos sabazro fasze. magram

zemogebis xangrZlivad miReb-

is SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia

dargSi Tavisuflad SeRwevis

gamo, vinaidan axal firmebs Seu-

ZliaT SeimuSaon da awarmoon

erTi da imave produqciis sx-

vadasxva marka analogiuri war-

moebis danaxarjebis pirobeb-

Si. aqedan gamomdinare, nebis-

mieri moklevadiani mogeba qreba

grZelvadian periodSi axali

konkurentebis warmoqmniT.


ciis Teoria ciis Teoria ciis Teoria ciis Teoria ciis Teoria (theory of mono-polistic competition) - - - - - sabazro

qcevis modeli, Seqmnili e. Cem-

berlinisa da j. robinsonis

mier 1933 wels. mis mixedviT,

bazris faqtobrivi struqtu-

ra ar Seesabameba Tavisufali

konkurenciis an monopoliebis

ukidures situaciebs. msgavsi,

magram araidenturi produqci-

is mwarmoebeli firmebi muSa-

oben monopoliuri konkurenciis

pirobebSi da SeuZliaT saba-

zro fasebze aqtiuri zemo-

qmedeba. magram zemogebis xan-

grZlivad miRebis SesaZlebloba

gamoricxulia dargSi Tavisu-

fali SeRwevis gamo. aqedan ga-

momdinare, nebismieri mokleva-

diani mogeba qreba grZelvadi-

an periodSi axali konkurenciis

warmoqmniT.

monopsonia monopsonia monopsonia monopsonia monopsonia (monopsony) -----sabazro situaciis erT-----erTi

saxeoba, rodesac bazarze aris

mravali gamyidveli da erTi

myidveli. sapirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ mono-

polia. Tu bazarze aris ramde-

nime gamyidveli da erTi myidve-

li, maSin monopsonia SezRu-

dulia.

moraluri cveTa moraluri cveTa moraluri cveTa moraluri cveTa moraluri cveTa (ob-solescence) - - - - - ZiriTadi kapitalis

Rirebulebis Semcireba: a). teq-

nikuri progresis safuZvelze

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis zr-

dis Sedegad; b). ufro sru-

lyofili, ekonomikurad gaum-

jobesebuli manqana-----danadgare-

bis warmoebiT moqmedi manqana-----

danadgarebis daZveleba da maTi

fizikurad gacveTamde warmoe-

bidan gandevna.

mosalodneli inflaci-mosalodneli inflaci-mosalodneli inflaci-mosalodneli inflaci-mosalodneli inflaci-

is done is done is done is done is done (expected rate of inflati-on) - - - - - inflaciis done, romel-

ic momavali periodisTvis aris

mosalodneli arsebuli so-

cialur-----ekonomikuri infor-

maciis safuZvelze.

mosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinare

diskontirebuli Rirebule-diskontirebuli Rirebule-diskontirebuli Rirebule-diskontirebuli Rirebule-diskontirebuli Rirebule-

ba ba ba ba ba (net present value) – momaval-

mosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinare diskontirebuli .diskontirebuli .diskontirebuli .diskontirebuli .diskontirebuli .... .. .. .. .

248

Si gansaxorcielebeli opera-

ciebis dRevandeli Rirebule-

ba. am SemTxvevaSi momavalSi

gadaxdis fasi dRevandeli fu-

ladi erTeuliT ganisazRvre-

ba, sityva ̀ diskontirebuli~ ki

aRniSnavs im faqts, rom mo-

mavali wlis Rirebuleba dis-

kontirebulia.

mosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialuri

dacva dacva dacva dacva dacva (social security, welfare) -----kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicebuli

ekonomikuri, samarTlebrivi da

socialuri garantiebis mizno-

brivi sistema, romelic mo-

qmedebs destabilizaciis faq-

torebis, pirvel yovlisa, umu-

Sevrobis, inflaciis, siRatakis

winaaRmdeg. igi ise unda aigos,

rom Sromis demotivizacia ar

gamoiwvios.

moqmedebis lagi moqmedebis lagi moqmedebis lagi moqmedebis lagi moqmedebis lagi (actionlag) - - - - - drois Sualedi politi-

kur gadawyvetilebasa (gansa-

kuTrebiT makroekonomikaSi) da

mis ganxorcielebas Soris. Cve-

ulebriv moqmedebis lags win

uZRvis gadawyvetilebis lagi.

es ukanaskneli politikuri

lagis Semadgeneli nawilia.

moqnili valutis kur-moqnili valutis kur-moqnili valutis kur-moqnili valutis kur-moqnili valutis kur-

si si si si si (flexible exchange rate) - - - - - sx-vadasxva qveynis valutebis

gacvliTi kursis gansazRvris

sistema, romlis drosac valu-

tis kursi yalibdeba umTavre-

sad sabazro Zalebis zemo-

qmedebiT, e.i. moTxovna-----miwode-

bis safuZvelze da ara saxel-

mwifos mier. zogjer mas mcu-

ravi valutis kursis sistema-

sac uwodeben. rodesac saxel-

mwifo uars ambobs valutis

kursis funqcionirebaSi ama Tu

im saxiT Carevaze, am sistemas

mcuravi valutis kursis wminda

sistemas uwodeben.

moqnili fasi moqnili fasi moqnili fasi moqnili fasi moqnili fasi (flexible pri-ces) - - - - - fasi, romelic advilad

icvleba ekonomikaSi erToblivi

moTxovnis cvlilebisas.

moxalise eqspermoxalise eqspermoxalise eqspermoxalise eqspermoxalise eqspertttttTa sa-Ta sa-Ta sa-Ta sa-Ta sa-

erererererTaSoriso korpusi (mesk)TaSoriso korpusi (mesk)TaSoriso korpusi (mesk)TaSoriso korpusi (mesk)TaSoriso korpusi (mesk)

(International Corps of VolunteersExperts) - - - - - arakomerciuli da

arasaxelmwifoebrivi organiza-

cia, romelic mowodebulia

mravalmxrivi daxmareba gauwios

sustad ganviTarebul qveynebs

socialur-----ekonomikur sfero-

Si. mesk mesk mesk mesk mesk Seiqmna 1969 wels da

amJamad 12 aTasze met eqspert-----

specialists iTvlis. mas afi-

nanseben aSS-----is saerTaSoriso

ganviTarebis saagento, sxvadas-

xva qveynis mTavrobebi, 200-----ze

meti umsxvilesi korporacia

da sxv. meskmeskmeskmeskmesk exmareba kerZo

da saxelmwifo struqturebs,

gansakuTrebiT janmrTelobis

dacvis, kulturis, ganaTlebis

dawesebulebebs sabazro urT-

ierTobebze gadasvlaSi. igi afi-

nansebs ekonomikis ganmsazRvrel

mosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialuri dacvadacvadacvadacvadacva

249

dargebSi progresis daCqareb-

is proeqtebs. mniSvnelovania

meskmeskmeskmeskmesk-----is saqmianoba marketing-

is sferoSi. igi investiciebiT

didad uwyobs xels mcire da

saSualo biznesis ganviTare-

bas. meskmeskmeskmeskmesk-----ma saqarTvelosTan

TanamSromloba daiwyo 1993

wlis ivlisidan.

moxmareba moxmareba moxmareba moxmareba moxmareba (consumption) -----kvlavwarmoebis ciklis bolo

stadia, saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis gamoyenebis procesi

warmoebrivi da arawarmoebrivi

(saboloo) moxmarebis saxiT.

moxmareba damokidebulia

rogorc simdidreze, ise mim-

dinare Semosavalze (mosalod-

neli SromiTi Semosavlidan ga-

dasaxadebis gadaxdis Semdeg

darCenili Rirebuleba).

mrewveloba mrewveloba mrewveloba mrewveloba mrewveloba (industry) -----gaeros saerTaSoriso stan-

dartuli dargobrivi klas-

ifikaciisa da erovnul angariS-

Ta sistemis mixedviT, ekonomikis

meoreuli seqtoris _ _ _ _ _ indus-

triis umsxvilesi Semadgene-----

li nawili, romelic, Tavis mxriv,

iyofa mopovebiT da dammuSave-

bel mrewvelobad.

msoflimsoflimsoflimsoflimsoflio o o o o bazarbazarbazarbazarbazari i i i i (Worldmarket) - - - - - saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis saerTaSoriso gacv-

lis sfero, romelic efuZneba

Sromis saerTaSoriso danaw-

ilebas. im qveynebis bazrebis

erToblioba, romlebic erT-

maneTTan arian dakavSirebulni

sasaqonlo-----ekonomikuri urT-

ierTobebiT. msoflio bazarma

wanamZRvrebi Seqmna msoflio

meurneobis warmoSobisaTvis.

msoflio bazris ganviTarebis

done gamoxatavs warmoebis in-

ternacionalizaciis dones.

msoflimsoflimsoflimsoflimsoflio o o o o banki banki banki banki banki (WorldBank) - - - - - aerTianebs gaeros sis-temaSi Semaval saerTaSoriso

finansuri organizaciis xuT

jgufs. esenia: rekonstruqci-

isa da ganviTarebis saerTa-

Soriso banki (aerTianebs 185

qveyanas), ganviTarebis saerTa-

Soriso asociacia (aerTianebs

166 qveyanas), saerTaSoriso fi-

nansuri korporacia (aerTianebs

179 qveyanas), mravalmxrivi in-

vestirebis garantiis saagento

(aerTianebs 172 qveyanas) da

sainvesticio davebis gadaWris

saerTaSoriso centri (aer-

Tianebs 143 qveyanas). am xuT

jgufs hyavs saerTo xelmZRva-

neloba da aqvs saerTo mizani

_ _ _ _ _ ganviTarebadi qveynebis fin-

ansuri daxmareba da cxovreb-

is donis amaRleba. saqarTve-

lo xuTive jgufis wevria.

msoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikuri

fofofofoforumi rumi rumi rumi rumi (World Economic Forum- WEF) – Camoyalibda 1971 wels

evropuli menejmentis foru-

mis saxiT, romlis ZiriTadi mi-

msoflio ekonomikuri forumimsoflio ekonomikuri forumimsoflio ekonomikuri forumimsoflio ekonomikuri forumimsoflio ekonomikuri forumi

250

zani iyo amerikuli menejmen-

tis meTodebis damkvidreba ev-

ropul kompaniebSi. 1987 wels,

funqciebis gafarToebasTan

dakavSirebiT Seecvala saxel-

wodeba da msoflio ekono-

mikuri forumi ewoda.

msoflio meurneoba msoflio meurneoba msoflio meurneoba msoflio meurneoba msoflio meurneoba -----

(world economy) - - - - - msoflios yve-

la qveynis erovnul meurneo-

baTa erToblioba, maTi ekonomi-

kuri urTierTkavSiri, romel-

ic moicavs sagareo vaWrobas,

kapitalis gatanas, samuSao Za-

lis (SromiTi resursebis) mig-

racias, saerTaSoriso ekonomi-

kuri organizaciebis Seqmnas,

samecniero-----teqnologiuri in-

formaciis gacvlas, ekonomikuri

xelSekrulebebis dadebasa da

a.S. Tanamedrove pirobebSi glo-

baluri problemebis gamwvave-

bam gaaZliera msofliomeurneo-

brivi kavSirebi.

msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-

tema tema tema tema tema (world monetary system) -----saerTaSoriso savaluto urT-

ierTobis organizaciis for-

maTa erToblioba, romelic

moicavs fulad-----sakredito mi-

moqcevas qveynis SigniT da

saerTaSoriso angariSsworeb-

is sferos. man Tavis ganviTare-

baSi ganvlo oTxi etapi. pirve-pirve-pirve-pirve-pirve-

li etapi li etapi li etapi li etapi li etapi iwyeba XIX saukuni70-----iani wlebidan da grZelde-

ba pirvel msoflio omamde. igi

cnobilia oqros standartis

Tavdapirveli formis _ oqro-_ oqro-_ oqro-_ oqro-_ oqro-

moneturimoneturimoneturimoneturimoneturi standartis standartis standartis standartis standartis saxiT.

es ukanaskneli gulisxmobda: 1.

oqros monetebis Tavisufal

moWras; 2. Rirebulebis niSne-

bis Tavisufal gadaxurdavebas

oqros monetebze; 3. oqros Ta-

visufal eqsport-----imports. va-

lutis Seqcevadobis srulyo-

fili xasiaTi, rac gamoixate-

boda erTi qveynis valutis fiq-

sirebuli paritetis mixedviT

gacvlaSi ara mxolod sxva va-

lutaze, aramed oqrozec, oq-----

romoneturi standartis krax-

amde SemorCa.

pirveli msoflio omis Sem-

deg ekonomikis swrafma aRmav-

lobam bevr qveyanaSi (inglisi,

safrangeTi, germania da a.S.)

aRadgina valutis srulyofili

Seqcevadoba ara oqros mon-

etebSi, aramed oqros zodebSi.

Camoyalibda oqros standart-

is meore forma _ oqrozodu-_ oqrozodu-_ oqrozodu-_ oqrozodu-_ oqrozodu-

ri standartiri standartiri standartiri standartiri standarti, romelic moq-

medebda XX saukunis 30-----ian

wlebamde. es periodi msoflio

savaluto sistemis ganviTare-

bis meore etapiameore etapiameore etapiameore etapiameore etapia, romlisTvi-

sac damaxasiaTebelia Rirebu-

lebis niSnebis gadaxurdaveba

oqros zodebze. zogierT qvey-

anaSi (metwilad koloniur qvey-

nebSi), oqros fondis simciris

gamo, SemoiRes oqrodevizurioqrodevizurioqrodevizurioqrodevizurioqrodevizuri

msoflio meurneobamsoflio meurneobamsoflio meurneobamsoflio meurneobamsoflio meurneoba

251

standartistandartistandartistandartistandarti, romelic Ziri-

Tadad iTvaliswinebda banknote-

bis ucxour valutaze gadax-

urdavebas. rogorc oqrozo-

duri, ise oqrodevizuri stan-

dartis dros nebadarTuli iyo

Tavisufali eqsport-----importi.

msoflio savaluto sistemis

organizaciis es axali tipi iu-

ridiulad gaformda 1922 wels

genuis saerTaSoriso konfer-

enciaze. mis safuZvels oqros

zodebi da devizebi Seadgenda.

valutis srulyofili Se-

qcevadoba (e.i. oqros stan-

dartuli sistema) gagrZelda

1929-----1933 wlebis msoflio

ekonomikur krizisamde. `didi

depresiis~ wlebma mZlavri dar-

tyma miayena oqros standarts

da sabolood dausva wertili

mis arsebobas. daiwyo msof-

lio savaluto sistemis kriz-

isi, rac gamoixata savaluto

SezRudvebis SemoRebiT, oqros

Tavisufali gatana-----Semotanis

akrZalviT, sxvadasxva qveynis

valutebis gaufasurebiT da a.S.

meore msoflio omma kidev uf-

ro gaaRrmava genuis savalu-

to sistemis krizisi.

msoflio savaluto siste-

mis mesame etapi mesame etapi mesame etapi mesame etapi mesame etapi ukavSirdeba

breton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savaluto

sistemis sistemis sistemis sistemis sistemis Seqmnas. igi iuridi-

ulad gaformda breton-----vud-

sis (aSS-----is kurorti) cnobil

konferenciaze, romelmac gan-

sazRvra axali msoflio sava-

luto sistemis Semdegi Ziri-

Tadi funqciebi: 1) oqrosavalu-

to standartis SemoReba; 2)

fiqsirebuli savaluto kurse-

bis daweseba; 3) msoflio sa-

valuto-----sakredito sistemis

Seqmna. breton-----vudsis savalu-

to sistemis SeqmniT safuZve-

li Caeyara sxvadasxva qveynis

savaluto kavSirebis saxelmwi-

foTaSoris regulirebas. Seiqm-

na erovnuli valutebis urT-

ierTgacvlis anu urTierTkon-

vertirebis samarTlebrivi me-

qanizmi. savaluto rezervs oq-

rosTan erTad wamyvani valute-

bic Seadgenda. msoflio sava-

luto meqanizmis ganmsazRvre-

li ZiriTadad amerikuli dola-

ri gaxda. mas daekisra mTa-

vari sarezervo valutis roli.

amasTan, 60-----ian wlebSi stabi-

luri kursi daimkvidra gfr-----is

markam da iaponurma ienma.

breton-----vudsis konferenci-

is gadawyvetilebiT Seiqmna


di da rekonstruqciisa da gan-

viTarebis saerTaSoriso banki.

70-----iani wlebis dasawyisSi

transnacionaluri kapitalis

Camoyalibebam gaaZliera msof-

lio kapitalisturi meurneo-

bis internacionalizacia. aSS-----

ma Sewyvita dolaris oqroze

msoflio savaluto sismsoflio savaluto sismsoflio savaluto sismsoflio savaluto sismsoflio savaluto sistematematematematema

252

gacvla oficialuri fasebiT,

ris gamoc saerTaSoriso sava-

luto meqanizmis ZiriTadi rgo-

lebi mwyobridan gamovida. dai-

wyo msoflio savaluto siste-

mis krizisi, ramac dRis wes-

rigSi daayena misi reformis

aucilebloba. breton-----vudsis

savaluto sistemam arseboba

Sewyvita.

1976 wlidan msoflio sa-

valuto sistemis ganviTareba-

Si daiwyo meoTxe etapi. meoTxe etapi. meoTxe etapi. meoTxe etapi. meoTxe etapi. ia-

maikis qalaq kingstonSi gani-

sazRvra axali msoflio sava-

luto sistemis konturebi. sa-

erTaSoriso savaluto fondis

gadawyvetilebiT 1978 wels

gauqmda oqros pariteti.

oqro, romelic savaluto

sistemaSi XX saukunis 70-----ianwlebamde mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebda, gamoidevna saerTa-

Soriso angariSsworebis sfer-

odan. miRebul iqna gadawyveti-

leba misi saboloo demoneti-

zaciis Sesaxeb. mTavari valu-

tis statusi mieniWa amerikul

dolars, xolo ganmsazRvreli

roli _ _ _ _ _ saerTaSoriso savalu-

to fondsa da msoflio banks.

dolari, faqtobrivad, darCa

saerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo

da sarezervo saSualebad. es

ZiriTadad ganapiroba aSS-----is

udidesma ekonomikurma poten-

cialma da msoflioSi misma yve-

laze didma oqros maragma (mso-

flioSi arsebuli oqros ma-

ragis 35,8 aTasi tonidan 8,14

aTasi tona aSS-----ze modis).

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom Tan-

amedrove msoflio savaluto

sistemas dolaris standart-

sac uwodeben. iamaikis sava-iamaikis sava-iamaikis sava-iamaikis sava-iamaikis sava-

luto sistemaSi luto sistemaSi luto sistemaSi luto sistemaSi luto sistemaSi axali savalu-

to reJimis damyarebiT dakanon-

da mcuravi gacvliTi kursi.

amis gamo, amJamindeli savalu-

to sistema cnobilia mcuravi

kursis sistemis saxelwodebiT.

msoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro orga-ga-ga-ga-ga-

nizacianizacianizacianizacianizacia-----msomsomsomsomso (world trade orga-nization-----WTO) - - - - - ix. tarifebisada vaWrobis Sesaxeb genera-

luri SeTanxmeba.

msoflio fasi msoflio fasi msoflio fasi msoflio fasi msoflio fasi (world mar-ket price) - - - - - fasi, romelic gamo-

iyeneba msoflio bazarze saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis reali-

zaciisas. saerTaSoriso vaWro-

bis praqtikaSi msoflio fasi

Cveulebriv aris ama Tu im saxis

saqonlis umsxvilesi gamyid-

velebisa da myidvelebis gari-

gebis an ZiriTadi msoflio

savaWro centrebis (mag., Cika-

gos savaWro birJis, niu-----iorkis

bambis birJis, londonis lion-

is birJis da a.S.) fasi. Tana-

medrove msoflio bazrisaTvis

damaxasiaTebelia erTsa da imave

saqonelze mravalgvari fasi,

rac ganpirobebulia ekonomi-

msoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro ormsoflio savaWro organizaciaganizaciaganizaciaganizaciaganizacia

253

kuri, politikuri da sxva xa-

siaTis faqtorebiT (sabaJo da

sagadasaxado barieri, saxelm-

wifo proteqcionizmi, vaWro-

bis gansakuTrebuli pirobebi

Tavisufal ekonomikur zonaSi).

amitom garkveul periodSi ama

Tu im regionSi gansazRvrul

saqonelze realuri fasi Sei-

Zleba arsebiTad gansxvavde-

bodes msoflio fasisagan.

arsebobs msoflio fasis

ramdenime saxeoba: savaWro gari-

gebebisas _ _ _ _ _ fasebi Tavisuflad

konvertirebadi valutis gada-

xdiT; savaWro garigebebisas _____

fasebi arakonvertirebadi valu-

tis gadaxdiT; kliringuli

SeTanxmebis fasebi; arasavaWro

operaciebis fasebi; transfer-

uli fasebi.

`msxverplis`msxverplis`msxverplis`msxverplis`msxverplis~~~~~ norma norma norma norma norma (sacri-fice ratio) – Warbi umuSevrobiswliuri erTeulis odenoba, ro-

melic saWiroa inflaciis 1%_iT

Semcirebis misaRwevad.

mtacebluri, damangre-mtacebluri, damangre-mtacebluri, damangre-mtacebluri, damangre-mtacebluri, damangre-

veli faswarmoqmna veli faswarmoqmna veli faswarmoqmna veli faswarmoqmna veli faswarmoqmna (preda-tory pricing) - - - - - fasebis droebi-Ti dacema warmoebis danaxar-

jebze dabla, konkurenciis Sevi-

wroebis an Sesustebis mizniT.

aseTi praqtika damaxasiaTebe-

lia, rogorc wesi, msxvili

mravalprofiliani an ramden-

ime bazarze momuSave firmebi-

saTvis, romlebsac SeuZliaT

gauZlon fasebis xangrZliv

Semcirebas produqciis erT sa-

xeobaze an fasebis dacemas erT

bazarze sxva produqciaze an

sxva bazarze zaralis kompen-

saciis gziT, mogebis zrdis mo-

lodiniT mas Semdeg, rogorc

ki konkurentebi iqnebian Seviw-

roebulni da Sesustebulni.

mtkice fasi mtkice fasi mtkice fasi mtkice fasi mtkice fasi (fixed, firm price)- - - - - ucvleli fasi xelSekruleb-

is dadebis momentidan misi

moqmedebis mTeli periodis gan-

mavlobaSi. moklevadian perspeq-

tivaSi erToblivi moTxovnis

cvlilebebi masze gavlenas ar

axdens. grZelvadian garigebebSi

mxareebi Cveulebriv gaurbian

mtkice fasebs, riTac cdiloben

Seamciron danakargebi sabazro

fasebis Secvlis SemTxvevaSi.

mtkice fasebis daweseba xel-

sayrelia gamyidvelisaTvis fa-

sebis dacemisas, xolo myidve-

lisaTvis _ _ _ _ _ fasebis gazrdisas.

mudmivi danaxarji mudmivi danaxarji mudmivi danaxarji mudmivi danaxarji mudmivi danaxarji (fixedcost) - - - - - danaxarji, romlis moc-

ulobac ar icvleba warmoebis

moculobis cvlilebis propor-

ciulad. es is danaxarjia, ro-

melic moklevadian periodSi

ar SeiZleba gadiddes an Sem-

cirdes produqciis gamoSveb-

is gadidebis an Semcirebis

proporciulad. mudmiv danax-

arjs firma gaiRebs maSinac,

roca warmoeba ar funqcioni-

mudmivi danaxarjimudmivi danaxarjimudmivi danaxarjimudmivi danaxarjimudmivi danaxarji

254

rebs. mas miekuTvneba: rentuli

gadasaxadi, sesxze sargebeli,

sadazRvevo Senatanebi, dacvis,

Senobis ganaTebis danaxarjebi,

administraciuli xarjebi da

a.S.

multimultimultimultimultiplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatorrrrri i i i i (mul-tiplier) [<laT. multiplicator mamrav-li] - - - - - koeficienti (K), romel-

ic gamoxatavs garkveul raode-

nobriv Tanafardobas funqcio-

nalurad erTmaneTze damokide-

bul or an met cvalebad eko-

nomikur sidides Soris. er-

Toblivi moTxovnis matebis erT

erTeulze erToblivi miwode-

bis cvlilebis koeficienti.

dasaqmebis multidasaqmebis multidasaqmebis multidasaqmebis multidasaqmebis multi plika-plika-plika-plika-plika-

tori tori tori tori tori gamoxatavs raodenobriv

Tanafardobas erToblivi dasaq-

mebis namatsa da investiciebis

namats Soris.

investiciis multiinvesticiis multiinvesticiis multiinvesticiis multiinvesticiis multi pli-pli-pli-pli-pli-

katori katori katori katori katori asaxavs raodenobriv

Tanafardobas Semosavlebisa da

investiciebis namats Soris. Tu

investiciis moculoba izrde-

ba, Semosavali matulobs im si-

didiT, romelic K-----jer meti

iqneba investiciis namatze. mag.,

Tu investiciis 10 mln dola-

riT zrda iwvevs Semosavlis

zrdas 40 mln dolariT, maSin

multiplikatori 4-----is toli

iqneba.

Semosavlis multiSemosavlis multiSemosavlis multiSemosavlis multiSemosavlis multi plika-plika-plika-plika-plika-

tori tori tori tori tori gamoxatavs raodenobriv

damokidebulebas Semosavlebis

namatsa da investiciebis gan-

sazRvrul sidides Soris. Se-

mosavlebis namati udris in-

vesticiebis namats, gamravle-

buls multiplikatorze. for-

muliT gamoixateba ase:

iwkYW &

multimultimultimultimultiplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoruli ef-ruli ef-ruli ef-ruli ef-ruli ef-

eqti eqti eqti eqti eqti (multiplier effect) - - - - - realu-

ri investiciebis an erToblivi

moTxovnis sxva komponentebis

cvalebadobisas realuri er-

Toblivi moTxovnis sididis

ufro mniSvnelovani cvlileb-

is efeqti. mag., rodesac sabiu-

jeto politika iwvevs ekono-

mikis subieqtebis Semosavleb-

is zrdas, Sesabamisad izrdeba

samomxmareblo xarjebic.

municimunicimunicimunicimunicipalizacia palizacia palizacia palizacia palizacia (muni-cipalization) [<laT. municipiumTviTmmarTveli Temi] - - - - - saxelm-

wifo xelisuflebis mier ker-

Zo pirTaTvis sakuTrebis Camo-

rTmeva da gadacema qalaqis an

soflis TviTmmarTvelobisaTvis

_ _ _ _ _ municipalitetisaTvis.

municimunicimunicimunicimunicipalipalipalipalipaliteti teti teti teti teti (munici-pality) [<laT. municipium TviT-mmarTveli Temi] - - - - - 1. adgilob-

rivi TviTmmarTvelobis orga-

no, agreTve Senoba, romelic am

organos ukavia; 2. dabali admi-

nistraciul-----teritoriuli er-

Teuli avstraliaSi, venesuela-

multimultimultimultimulti plikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatorrrrriiiii

255

sa da zogierT sxva qveyanaSi.

myidvelis bazari myidvelis bazari myidvelis bazari myidvelis bazari myidvelis bazari (buy-er’s market) - - - - - situacia bazarze,rodesac miwodeba aRemateba

moTxovnas, ris gamoc fasi ecema

da gamyidvelebs uWirT produ-

qciis realizacia.

mcire biznesi mcire biznesi mcire biznesi mcire biznesi mcire biznesi (small busi-ness) - - - - - sabazro struqturis

mniSvnelovani elementi, same-

warmeo saqmianobis yvelaze

moqnili da dinamikuri forma,

romelic wvrili mewarmeobis

principebzea dafuZnebuli da

warmodgenilia umciresi da

mcire firmebis saxiT. misi gan-

viTareba jansaRi sabazro gare-

mos formirebis aucilebeli

pirobaa. mcire sawarmoTa sim-

ravle xels uwyobs konkuren-

ciis warmoqmnas, monopolizmis

aRmofxvras, axali samuSao adg-

ilebis Seqmnas, yvela saxis

resursis, maT Soris, SromiTi

resursebis racionalur gamoy-

enebas, nedleulis wyaroebTan

da gasaRebis bazrebTan siax-

lovis Sedegad satransporto

xarjebis minimumamde dayvanas,

rogorc qalaqSi, ise soflad

Tanamedrove standartebisa da

cxovrebis stilis gavrcele-

bas, rac, saboloo angariSiT,

ganapirobebs msxvili saqalaqo

aglomeraciis zrdis SezRud-

vas (saqarTvelos sinamdvile-

Si swored mcire biznesis gan-

viTarebas unda davukavSiroT

mravali miviwyebuli soflis

aRdgena-----ganviTarebis sakiTxi).

mcire biznesis safuZvelze

warmoqmnili ekonomikuri agen-

tebis simravle mosaxleobisaT-

vis ufro xelmisawvdoms xdis

samomxmareblo saqonelsa da

momsaxurebas. yovelive es, er-

Tad aRebuli, myar safuZvels

qmnis socialuri ganviTarebi-

saTvis. amitom aris, rom mTel

msoflioSi aRiniSneba mcire bi-

znesis swrafi ganviTareba,

Tumca, ar SeiZleba misi abso-

lutizeba da panacead miCneva.

mcire bizness ar Seswevs

Zala ZviradRirebuli ekonomi-

kuri problemebis gadaWrisaT-

vis. mcire biznesi Zalze mgrZno-

biarea bazris koniunqturis cv-

lilebisadmi. masze zogjer ga-

manadgurebel gavlenas axdens

ekonomikis ganviTarebis cik-

luri xasiaTi. mcire biznesis

warmarTvaSi erT-----erTi mniS-

vnelovani problemaa kreditze

procentis ganakveTis done.

saqme isaa, rom mcire firmebi

gamudmebiT ganicdian kapitalis

naklebobas da msxvil kompani-

ebze metad arian damokidebu-

li mimdinare brunvis dakred-

itebaze. bankebi ki saerTod

gaurbian maT dakreditebas an

cdiloben gaweuli riskisaTvis

am firmebisagan, rogorc nak-

mcire biznesimcire biznesimcire biznesimcire biznesimcire biznesi

256

lebad saimedo msesxeblebisa-

gan, kompensacia miiRon Cveu-

lebrivze maRali procentis

dawesebiT. biznesis mcire mas-

Stabi wvril sawarmoebs ar

aZlevs saSualebas, gamoiyenon

kapitalis mozidvis sxva wya-

roebi, magaliTad, gamouSvan

aqciebi. maT uWirT iseTi in-

vestorebis moZebna, romlebic

dainteresebulni iqnebian Ta-

vianTi saxsrebis am firmebis

saqmeSi dabandebiT. mcire bi-

znesis problemebs kidev ufro

arTulebs inflaciuri proces-

ebis gaZliereba, kerZod, faseb-

is zrdis gamo matulobs ful-

ze moTxovna. inflaciis dros

mcire sawarmoebs ar SeuZli-

aT kontroli gauwion Tavian-

Ti produqciis sabazro fase-

bisa da danaxarjebis dones, rac

bevrad ufro xelmisawvdomia

msxvili firmebisaTvis. yovelive

amis gamo, mcire firmebi xSir-

ad ver uZleben konkurencias

da kotrdebian. mag., didi bri-

taneTis dasaqmebis saministros

monacemebiT, mcire firmebis ̀ si-

cocxlis saSualo xangrZlivo-

ba~ 7 welia.

aRniSnuli naklovanebebis

miuxedavad, mcire biznesis uar-

yofiT mxareebs udavod sWar-

bobs dadebiTi, ramac Tanamed-

rove msoflio ekonomikaSi Sesa-

Zlebeli gaxada gigantebisa da

mcire firmebis Tanaarseboba.

am ukanasknelTa sicocxlisu-

narianobas didad uwyobs xels

maT dasacavad gamiznuli saxel-

mwifo politika, romelic gu-

lisxmobs sagadasaxado, sakre-

dito da sxva SeRavaTebs, te-

qnikur da sakonsultacio mom-

saxurebas da a.S. mcire biznessmcire biznessmcire biznessmcire biznessmcire bizness

icavs mcire da saSualo sa-icavs mcire da saSualo sa-icavs mcire da saSualo sa-icavs mcire da saSualo sa-icavs mcire da saSualo sa-

warwarwarwarwarmoTa msoflio asocia-moTa msoflio asocia-moTa msoflio asocia-moTa msoflio asocia-moTa msoflio asocia-

cia .cia .cia .cia .cia .

amrigad, mcire biznesis si-

cocxlisunarianobaze gansakuT-

rebul gavlenas axdens Semde-

gi xuTi ZiriTadi faqtori: 1.

sabazro koniunqturis mdgo-

mareoba; 2. kreditze procen-

tis ganakveTis done; 3. . . . . kapita-

lis mozidvis SesaZleblobebi;

4. inflaciis tempebi; 5. bizne-

sis samTavrobo reglamentacia.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi umcir-

es, mcire, saSualo da msxvil

sawarmoTa kriteriumebi gansx-

vavebulia. erT-----erTi yvelaze

gavrcelebuli kriteriumia

dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba, rome-

lic sxvadasxva parametriT xa-

siaTdeba. mag., aSS-----Si umcire-

sad iTvleba firma, romelSic

10 kacamdea dasaqmebuli, mcired

_ _ _ _ _ 10-----dan 500 kacamde, xolo

msxvil firmad _ _ _ _ _ 500 da meti

dasaqmebuli. italiaSi umcir-

es firmaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba

sawarmoebi, sadac 1-----dan 20-----mde


257

kaci muSaobs, mcire sawarmoebSi

dasaqmebulia 20-----dan 100-----mde

kaci, saSualoSi 100-----dan 500-----

mde, xolo msxvil firmebSi _____

500 da meti. safrangeTSi sawar-

mo, sadac 10-----mde kacia dasaqme-

buli umciresi firmaa, 10-----dan

50 kacamde _ _ _ _ _ mcire, 50-----dan

500-----mde saSualo, 500 da meti

_ _ _ _ _ msxvili. did britaneTSi

mcire firmebs miekuTvneba sa-

warmo, sadac dasaqmebulia 1-----dan

100-----mde kaci, saSualos _ _ _ _ _ 100-----

dan 500-----mde. gfr-----Si mcired

iTvleba sawarmo dasaqmebul-

Ta ricxovnobiT 1-----dan 50 ka-

camde, xolo saSualos mi-

akuTvneben iseT firmebs, sadac

50-----idan 500-----mde kaci muSaobs.

saqarTveloSi mcires mie-

kuTvneba firma, romelSic 20-----

mde kacia dasaqmebuli, xolo

saSualowliuri brunva 500

aTas laramdea, saSualos mie-

kuTvneba 20-----dan 100-----mde kaci

(saSualowliuri brunva 500

aTasidan 1,5 mln laramde), msx-

vils _ _ _ _ _ 100 da meti (saSualo-

wliuri brunva 1,5 mln lari

da meti).

ukanasknel periodSi, gan-

sakuTrebiT 80-----iani wlebidan,

ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekono-

mika wvrili mewarmeobis swrafi

zrdiT xasiaTdeba. mag., aSS-----Si

mcire bizness eweva firmebis

99%, romelTa wiladac modis


40%, maT Soris, momsaxurebis

sferoSi _ _ _ _ _ 81%; iaponiaSi sul

iTvlian 9 mln firmas, aqedan,

85%-----mde mcirea. mcire bizness

iq eweva dasaqmebulTa 3/4; saf-rangeTSi gansakuTrebiT gavr-

celebulia umciresi firmebi.

isini Seadgenen sawarmoTa saer-

To raodenobis 96,6%-----s, mcire

sawarmoebi _ _ _ _ _ 2,8%-----s, saSualo

_ _ _ _ _ 0,5%-----s (e.i. sul umcires,

mcire da saSualo firmebze

modis 99,9%), xolo msxvili

kompaniebi _ 0,1%-----s; italiaSi

yovel 15 kacze modis erTi

mcire an umciresi firma; bri-

tanul ekonomikaSi swrafad vi-

Tardeba mikrobiznesi. erTka-

ciani sawarmo sakmaod mraval-

ricxovani kategoriaa didi bri-

taneTis dasaqmebis struqtur-

aSi, gansakuTrebiT momsaxure-

bis sferoSi. es Tavisebureba

damaxasiaTebelia SvedeTisaT-

visac, sadac momsaxurebis seq-

toris zogierT dargSi fir-

mebis naxevarze meti erTi kac-

iTaa warmodgenili. germaniaSi

mcire biznesi sameurneo gan-

viTarebis stabilizaciisa da

socialuri amocanebis gada-

WrisaTvis gamiznuli programe-

bis realizaciis ZiriTadi gzaa.

am saqmiT momsaxurebis sfer-

oSi dakavebulia momuSaveTa

75%; ukanasknel periodSi didi


258

gaqaneba mieca mcire biznesis

ganviTarebas samxreT koreaS-

ic. bolo aTwleulSi am ti-

pis sawarmoTa ricxvi firmeb-

is saerTo raodenobaSi 9-----idan

62%-----mde gaizarda. ukanasknel

periodSi es procesi saqarTve-

loSic daiwyo. bolo monace-

mebiT, mcire sawarmoTa ricxv-

ma 17 aTass gadaaWarba, xolo

saSualo sawarmoTa ricxvma _____

3 aTass.

mcire privatizacia mcire privatizacia mcire privatizacia mcire privatizacia mcire privatizacia (smallprivatisation) - - - - - saxelmwifo sa-

kuTrebis kerZo sakuTrebad

gardaqmna vaWrobis, sazogadoe-

brivi kvebisa da sayofacxovre-

bo momsaxurebis sferoSi,

agreTve mrewvelobisa da sxva

dargebis mcire sawarmoebSi.

mcire privatizacia, rogorc

wesi, mokle droSi xorcield-

eba, rasac uzrunvelyofs Ro-

nisZiebaTa kompleqsis gamoyeneba

saboloo SedegebiT privati-

zaciis monawileTa materi-

aluri dainteresebisaTvis.

SromiT koleqtivebs eZlevaT

finansuri SeRavaTebi sawarmoTa

SesaZenad. mcire privatizaci-

is principebi iTvaliswinebs

diferencirebul midgomas sapri-

vatizacio sawarmoebisadmi ise-

Ti monacemebis mixedviT, rogor-

icaa farTobi, ZiriTadi kapi-

talis Tavdapirveli Rirebule-

ba, dasajdomi adgilebis raode-

noba da sxv. mcire privati-

zaciis obieqtebs miekuTvneba:

150 kv. m-----ze naklebi farTobis

mqone maRaziebi, sazogadoebrivi

kvebis sawarmoebi, sadac 50-----ze

naklebi dasajdomi adgilia, pa-

vilionebi, fardulebi, kioskebi,

savaWro avtomatebi da sxva

wvrili obieqtebi. mcire priva-

tizacia formdeba myidvelebsa

da gamyidvelebs Soris yidva-----

gayidvis xelSekrulebis dade-

biT.

`mcire qveynebi~ `mcire qveynebi~ `mcire qveynebi~ `mcire qveynebi~ `mcire qveynebi~ (small coun-tries) - - - - - Ria erovnuli ekonomi-

kebi, romlebic zogierTi sax-

is saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

fasebis gansazRvrisas msoflio

bazris fasebs iyeneben. erTsa

da imave qveyanas SeuZlia ukar-

naxos msoflio bazars fasebi

saqonlis calkeul jgufebze

da warmoadgendes `mcire qvey-

anas~ saqonlis sxva jgufebze

msoflio fasebis formirebi-

sas anu miiRos sxvis mier dad-

genili msoflio fasebi.

mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-

si si si si si (floating exchange rate) - - - - - gacv-liTi kursi, romelic valutis

bazarze centraluri bankis in-

tervenciis gareSe, moTxovna_

miwodebis safuZvelze ganisaz-

Rvreba. valutis kursis mar-

Tvis meTodi. gamoiyeneba saer-

TaSoriso savaluto fondis mi-

er gamocxadebuli valutebis

mcire privatizaciamcire privatizaciamcire privatizaciamcire privatizaciamcire privatizacia

259

oficialuri kursis regulire-

bisaTvis. qveynebs aqvT ufleba,

Secvalon gacvliTi kursi Sida

bazris gawonasworebis mizniT.

mwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebis

indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi (producer price index)- - - - - maCvenebeli, romelic gamox-

atavs Sualeduri moxmarebis

nedleulze, masalebsa da sxva

saqonelze fasebis cvaleba-

dobis saSualo dones sabaziso

periodTan SedarebiT. gamoiy-

eneba VTG-----is maqsimalurad deta-

lizebuli komponentebis Sesa-

dar fasebSi gasaangariSeblad.

mwarmoeblis fasi mwarmoeblis fasi mwarmoeblis fasi mwarmoeblis fasi mwarmoeblis fasi (pro-ducer price) - - - - - fasi, romelic

moicavs saqonlis (momsaxure-

bis) sabaziso fass, yvela ara-

pirdapir gadasaxads (damate-

bul Rirebulebaze gadasaxadis

garda) da gamoricxavs subsi-

diebs.

mwarmoebluroba mwarmoebluroba mwarmoebluroba mwarmoebluroba mwarmoebluroba (pro-ductivity) - - - - - warmoebis realuri

moculobis damokidebuleba

gamoyenebuli resursebis rao-

denobis mimarT. gamoiTvleba

formuliT:

K

QE

^

sadac E mwarmoeblurobaa, Q -----

warmoebis realuri moculoba,

K - - - - - danaxarji. produqciis er-

Teulze danaxarjis Semcireba

iwvevs mwarmoeblurobis ga-

didebas da, piriqiT.

mwarmoeblurobis zrda kap-

italisa da Sromis gamoyeneb-

is efeqtianobis zrdis Sede-

gia, Tumca, xSirad SeuZlebe-

lia kapitalisa da Sromis mwar-

moeblurobis gamijvna. praq-

tikaSi es termini, Cveulebriv,

gamoiyeneba Sromis mwarmoe-

blurobasTan mimarTebaSi.

mwarmoeblurobis Teo-mwarmoeblurobis Teo-mwarmoeblurobis Teo-mwarmoeblurobis Teo-mwarmoeblurobis Teo-

riebi riebi riebi riebi riebi (theory of productivity) -----ekonomikuri Teoriebi, rom-

lebic ganixilaven warmoebisa

da ganawilebis urTierTmoqmede-

bas, mis Sedegebs da gavlenas

warmoebis monawileebze. Tavda-

pirvelad gamodioda warmoe-warmoe-warmoe-warmoe-warmoe-

bisbisbisbisbis faqtorTa Teoriebis faqtorTa Teoriebis faqtorTa Teoriebis faqtorTa Teoriebis faqtorTa Teoriebis (J.b.

sei, f. bastia da sxv.) saxiT,

romelTa mixedviT warmoebis

TiToeuli faqtori (Sroma, kapi-

tali, miwa) monawileobs sa-

zogadoebrivi produqtis Seq-

mnaSi da, Sesabamisad, Semosaval-

ic nawildeba xelfasis, mogeb-

is da rentis saxiT. XIX sauku-nis bolos amerikeli ekono-

mistis j.b. klarkis mier Se-

muSavebul iqna zRvruli mwar-zRvruli mwar-zRvruli mwar-zRvruli mwar-zRvruli mwar-

moeblurobis Teoria.moeblurobis Teoria.moeblurobis Teoria.moeblurobis Teoria.moeblurobis Teoria. Tavda-

pirvelad warmoiSva rogorc Ri-

rebulebis Seqmnisa da ganawi-

lebis Teoria, meore msoflio

omis Semdeg ki man biZgi misca

ekonomikuri zrdis neoklasi-

kuri Teoriis ganviTarebas.

mwarmoeblurobis Teomwarmoeblurobis Teomwarmoeblurobis Teomwarmoeblurobis Teomwarmoeblurobis Teoriebiriebiriebiriebiriebi

260

nnnnnnavTobis eqsportiorinavTobis eqsportiorinavTobis eqsportiorinavTobis eqsportiorinavTobis eqsportiori

qveynebis organizacia qveynebis organizacia qveynebis organizacia qveynebis organizacia qveynebis organizacia (Or-ganization of Petroleum ExportingCountries - - - - - OPEC) - - - - - saerTa-

Soriso oligopoliuri orga-

nizacia, romelic daarsda 1960

wels da aerTianebs ̀ mesame sam-

yaros~ navTobis eqsportior 13

qveyanas. esenia: venesuela, sau-

dis arabeTi, alJiri, nigeria,

libia, quveiTi, arabeTis gaer-

Tianebuli saamiroebi, irani,

erayi, ekvadori, katari, gaboni

da indonezia. organizaciis

mTavari mizania navTobis mop-

ovebis koordinacia, eqsporti-

ori qveynebisaTvis navTobze

fasismieri politikisa da war-

moebrivi strategiis SemuSaveba.

amasTan, igi iTvaliswinebs kred-

itebis micemiT arawevri ganvi-

Tarebadi qveynebisaTvis finan-

suri daxmarebis gawevas, ro-

gorc sagadasaxdelo balansis

deficitis dasafaravad, ise gan-

viTarebis proeqtebis dasafin-

anseblad.

organizaciis gavlena mkveT-

rad daeca 80-----iani wlebis me-

ore naxevridan, rodesac msof-

lioSi gaizarda navTobis mi-

wodeba arawevri qveynebidan.

naturaluri meurneobanaturaluri meurneobanaturaluri meurneobanaturaluri meurneobanaturaluri meurneoba

(subsistence economy) - - - - - meurneo-

bis tipi, romlis drosac Sro-

mis produqtebi iwarmoeba TviT

mwarmoebelTa moTxovnilebebis

dasakmayofileblad da ara

gasayidad.

naRdi bazari naRdi bazari naRdi bazari naRdi bazari naRdi bazari (spot mar-ket) - - - - - bazari, sadac xorcielde-

ba saqonliT an valutiT vaWro-

ba dauyovnebeli miwodebiT. ase-

Ti bazrebi unda ganvasxvaoT

fiuCersuli an forvarduli ba-

zrebisagan, sadac ideba kon-

traqtebi samomavlod, rome-

liRac TariRisTvis miwodeba-

ze. saqonlis bazrebze fasebs

uwodeben `naRd fasebs~ _____

`naRd kurss~ an `spot kurss~.

nacionalizacianacionalizacianacionalizacianacionalizacianacionalizacia (nationa-lization) – kerZo sakuTrebis sa-xelmwifo sakuTrebad gardaqmna

anu privatizaciis sawinaaRmde-

go procesi.

negocianti negocianti negocianti negocianti negocianti (merchant) -----biTumad movaWre, komersanti,

romelic monawileobs saerTa-

Soriso vaWrobis operaciebSi.

nekroekonomikanekroekonomikanekroekonomikanekroekonomikanekroekonomika (necroeco-nomy) – ekonomikis paTolo-

giuri, SeiZleba iTqvas, mkvdari

nawili, romelic mcdari gziT

ganviTarebuli komunisturi da

amJamad postkomunisturi qvey-

nebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.

nekroekonomika marTalia axor-

cielebs miwodebas, magram mis

mier warmoebuli produqcia

arakonkurentunariania (dabalx-

navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organi...navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organi...navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organi...navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organi...navTobis eqsportiori qveynebis organi...

261

arisxiani an ZviradRirebuli)

saerTaSoriso standartebTan

SedarebiT. amitom aseT produ-

qciaze ar arsebobs moTxovna,

Tumca, ramdenadac alogikurad

unda mogveCvenos, mTavrobis

xelSewyobiT arsebobs miwodeba

(warmoeba).

nekroekonomika funqcioni-

rebs rogorc saxelmwifo, ise

kerZo seqtorebis gadammuSave-

beli mrewvelobis msxvil da

saSualo sawarmoebSi.

rogorc cnobili mecnieri

da ekonomikis eqsperti v. pa-

pava aRniSnavs, ̀ iq warmoebuli

produqti, saxeobaTa daniS-

nulebidan gamomdinare, Sefase-

bulia rogorc strategiuli,

Tumca, arakonkurentunariano-

bis gamo, es sawarmoebi bazris

pirobebSi mkvdaria~ (v. papa-v. papa-v. papa-v. papa-v. papa-

va.va.va.va.va. aratradiciuli ekonomik-

si. Tbilisi, 2011).

nekroekonomikisadmi saxel-

mwifo mxardaWeris politika

xels uSlis aRniSnul qveynebs

ganTavisufldnen am aratradi-

ciuli ekonomikisagan. privati-

zaciis procesma kidev ufro

daamZima igi, vinaidan saxelm-

wifo sakuTrebidan kerZo

sakuTrebaSi gadasvla sulac

ar niSnavs aseTi, bazris araade-

kvaturi sawarmoebis avtoma-

tur amoqmedebas. reformebis

sawyis etapze, investirebisgan

izolirebulad, privatizaciis

warumateblobis erT-erTi mTa-

vari mizezi esec iyo, rac gan-

sakuTrebiT mcire postkomu-

nisturi qveynebisTvis gaxda

TvalCenili. ix. rutina.

neoglobalizmi neoglobalizmi neoglobalizmi neoglobalizmi neoglobalizmi (neoglo-balism) – (neoglobalism) ----- ameriku-li doqtrina, romelic cno-

bilia ̀ reiganis doqtrinis~ sa-

xelwodebiT, Seiqmna XX sauku-nis 80-----iani wlebis Sua peri-

odSi da iTvaliswinebs aSS-----is

gavlenas ̀ mesame samyaros~ qvey-

nebze. iTvaliswinebs msoflios

qveynebsa da regionebSi mim-

dinare socialur-ekonomikuri,

politikuri, mecnierul-teqno-

logiuri da a.S. procesebis

unifikacias (erTian sistemaSi

moqcevas), mis safuZvelze axa-

li msoflio wesrigis gansaz-

Rvras, romelSic dominirebu-

li pozicia aSS-s ukavia, Tum-

ca, 1997 wlidan am procesSi

monawileobs `Crdiloatlan-

tikuri partniorobis sabWos~

gafarToebis safuZvelze Seqm-

nili `evroatlantikuri Tan-

amSromlobis sabWos~ sxva um-

sxvilesi qveynebic.

neokeinzianeloba neokeinzianeloba neokeinzianeloba neokeinzianeloba neokeinzianeloba (Neo-----Keynesianism) - - - - - erT-----erTi Ziri-Tadi mimarTuleba ekonomikur

TeoriaSi, ekonomikis saxelm-

wifo regulirebis Tanamedrove

Teoria, romelic aRmocenda XX

neokeinzianelobaneokeinzianelobaneokeinzianelobaneokeinzianelobaneokeinzianeloba

262

saukunis 50-----ian wlebSi kein-

zianelobis safuZvelze da misi

modernizebuli formaa. neokein-

zianelebma (domari, kaldori,

harodi, felneri, robinsoni, ham-

bergi, hanseni da sxv.) keinzis

Teoria gamoiyenes, rogorc

placdarmi, meTodologiuri

safuZveli axali procesebis

analizisaTvis, ekonomikis sax-

elmwifo regulirebis axali

meTodebis dasabuTebisaTvis.

keinzis Teoriaze dayrdnobiTa

da, amave dros, misi kritikiT,

maT Seqmnes sruliad axali

koncefcia. neokeinzianelebi as-

abuTeben im saxelmwifo orga-

noebis saqmianobis centrali-

zebuli koordinaciis aucile-

blobas, romlebic ekonomikis

grZelvadiani ̀ dagegmvis~ safuZ-

velze zemoqmedebas axdenen

qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze.

saqme exeba indikatur dagegm-

vas, romelic ar zRudavs ker-

Zo kapitalis suverenul ufle-

bebs. neokeinzianelebi di-

namikuri wonasworobis piro-

bad erovnuli Semosavlis mate-

bis myar temps miiCneven, xolo

erovnuli Semosavlis zrdas

mxolod kapitalis dagroveb-

is funqciaSi xedaven, danarCen

faqtorebs ki (dasaqmebis ga-

didebas, mowyobilobaTa gamoye-

nebis xarisxs, warmoebis orga-

nizaciis srulyofas da sxv.)

mTlianad gamoricxaven.

neokeinzianeloba upiris-

pirdeba neoklasikur mima-

rTulebas: pirveli yuradRebas

amaxvilebs moTxovnaze, meore

_ _ _ _ _ miwodebaze. neokeinzianele-

bi moiTxoven ekonomikuri zr-

dis eqstensiuri faqtorebis

stimulirebas saxelmwifo xar-

jebis gadidebis safuZvelze,

xolo neoklasikosebi, piriqiT,

saxelmwifo saxsrebis ekonomi-

is aucileblobaze miuTiTeben

da xazs usvamen intensiuri faq-

torebis mniSvnelobas ekono-

mikuri zrdis tempebis amaR-

lebaSi. ekonomikis stabiliza-

ciaSi neokeinzianelebi upirate-

sobas aniWeben sabiujeto-----sa-

gadasaxado regulirebis in-

strumentebis gamoyenebas, xolo

neoklasikosebi _ _ _ _ _ fulad-----

sakredito sistemas.

neoklasikuri ekonomi-neoklasikuri ekonomi-neoklasikuri ekonomi-neoklasikuri ekonomi-neoklasikuri ekonomi-

kurikurikurikurikuri Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (neoclassic econo-mic theory) - - - - - ekonomikuri Teo-riis erT-----erTi ZiriTadi mima-

rTuleba. warmoiSva XIX sauku-nis 70-----ian wlebSi. mis saTa-

veebTan idgnen k. mengeri, f.

vizeri, e. bem-----baverki (avstri-

uli skola), u. jevonsi, l.

valrasi, v. pareto (maTematiku-

ri skola) j. b. klarki (zRvru-

li mwarmoeblurobis ameriku-

li skola). neoklasikurma mi-

marTulebam dasrulebuli saxe

neoklasikuri ekonomineoklasikuri ekonomineoklasikuri ekonomineoklasikuri ekonomineoklasikuri ekonomikurikurikurikurikuri Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria

263

a. marSalis (kembrijis skola)

naSromebSi miiRo. misi Tanamed-

rove warmomadgenlebi arian j.

hiksi (didi britaneTi), r. so-

lou, m. brauni (aSS) da sxvebi.

neoklasikuri ekonomikuri

Teoria eyrdnoba XX saukunismarJinalizmis ZiriTad me-

Todebsa da instrumentebs. igi

warmoiSva, pirvel yovlisa,

SromiTi Rirebulebis Teoriis

kritikuli gadasinjvis safuZ-

velze. avstriuli da maTema-

tikuri skolis warmomadgenleb-

ma, agreTve j. b. klarkma, dasa-

bami misces zRvruli sargeb-

lianobis Teorias. pirveli

ekonomikur-----maTematikuri mode-

li, romelSic zRvruli sarge-

blianoba fasis erTaderT sa-

fuZvlad aris miCneuli, Seqmna

jevonsma. mogvianebiT es kon-

cefcia ganaviTara valrasma sa-

yovelTao ekonomikuri wonas-

worobis modelis asagebad.


riis zogadma principebma Sem-

dgomi ganviTareba pova klarkis

zRvruli mwarmoeblurobis Te-

oriaSi.

neoklasikur Teorias se-

riozuli dartyma miayena kein-

zianelobis warmoSobam. kein-

zianelebis kritikisa da ekono-

mikaSi warmoqmnili axali moTx-

ovnilebebis gavleniT, neokla-

sikuri mimarTulebis mimdevreb-

ma gadasinjes zogierTi Zveli

koncefcia da nawilobriv Sec-

vales TavianTi damokidebule-

ba saxelmwifos mimarT. isini

aRiareben ekonomikaSi saxelm-

wifos Carevis aucileblobas

sabazro Zalebis Tavisufali

moqmedebis uzrunvelyofisaT-

vis. amasTan, neoklasikuri mi-

marTulebis Tanamedrove war-

momadgenlebic, keinzianelebisa-

gan gansxvavebiT, uaryofen sax-

elmwifo kontrols kvlavwar-

moebis procesebisadmi, gansa-

kuTrebiT saxelmwifo xarjeb-

is zrdisadmi da moiTxoven

ekonomikaSi Carevis Semofar-

gvlas regulirebis fulad-----

sakredito formebiT.

ukanasknel periodSi ekono-

mikis regulirebis keinzianuri

modelis winaaRmdeg gansakuTre-

biT mwvaved gailaSqra neokla-

sikuri mimarTulebis erT-----erTma

yvelaze gavlenianma nairsaxe-

obam _ _ _ _ _ monetarizmma. misi mTa-

vari warmomadgenelia amerikeli

ekonomisti m. fridmeni. am mim-

dinareobas dasavleTSi ̀ frid-

menis antikeinzianur revolu-

ciasac~ ki uwodeben. monetar-

istebi ekonomikur ganviTare-

baSi gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas

fulad sferos aniWeben, mak-


mTavar pirobad Tvlian mimoq-

cevaSi fuladi masis myar zr-

neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria

264

das wliurad 3-----5%-----is fargleb-

Si da moiTxoven ekonomikaSi

saxelmwifos Carevis yvela

formis mkveTr SezRudvas.

arsebiTi evolucia ganica-

da zRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobis

TeoriamTeoriamTeoriamTeoriamTeoriam. faswarmoqmnis pro-

cesebis analizis aucileblo-

bam mis warmomadgenlebs ukar-

naxa, uareyoT am procesebis

axsna mxolod sargeblianobis

subieqturi faqtoris safuZ-

velze. amis Sedegad yuradRebis

centrma sargeblianobidan fas-

warmoqmnis faqtorebis komp-

leqsze gadainacvla. amaSi gan-

sakuTrebiT didi roli Seas-

rula a. marSalma. man kvlevis

centrSi moaqcia fasebis for-

mireba sxvadasxva bazarze mo-

Txovnisa da miwodebis urTi-

erTmoqmedebis gavleniT. amasTan,

igi im azris iyo, rom sargeb-

lianoba fasebis gansazRvraSi

SeiZleba mTavar rols asru-

lebdes drois mcire monakveT-

Si, magram xangrZlivi periodi-

saTvis upirveles mniSvnelobas

iZens warmoebis danaxarjebi.

marSalis moZRvrebidan iRebs

saTaves agreTve Tanamedrove

neoklasikuri mimarTulebis ori

ganStoeba _ _ _ _ _ firmis Teoria da

keTildReobis Teoria. zRvru-

li sargeblianobis Teoria ar-

sebiTad samomxmareblo arCev-

nis TeoriaSi gadaizarda, amas-

Tan, amosavalma debulebebma

kardinaluri cvlilebebi gani-

cada.

zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-zRvruli mwarmoeblu-

robis Teoria robis Teoria robis Teoria robis Teoria robis Teoria Tavdapirvelad

warmoiSva rogorc Rirebulebis

Seqmnisa da ganawilebis Teor-

ia, meore msoflio omis Semdeg

ki man biZgi misca ekonomikuri

zrdis neoklasikuri Teoriis

ganviTarebas. amasTan, neoklasi-

kosebma yuradReba gaamaxviles

makroekonomikuri meTodebis

analizze. maT mTavar miznad

iqca ekonomikis balansirebu-

li zrdis pirobebis analizi,

agreTve ekonomikuri zrdis

calkeuli faqtorebis rolis

Sefaseba, ramac warmoebrivi

funqciebis kvlevis ganviTare-

ba ganapiroba.

neoklasikuri principebis

realizaciis axali sfero teq-

nologiuri cvlilebebis anu

teqnikuri progresis Teoteqnikuri progresis Teoteqnikuri progresis Teoteqnikuri progresis Teoteqnikuri progresis Teo-----

ria ria ria ria ria gaxda. am Teoriis mimdev-

rebi arian r. solou, m. brauni

da sxv.

ekonomikaSi mimdinare teq-

nikur cvlilebebs warmoebrivi

funqciebis parametrebis cvli-

lebebs ukavSireben. neoklasi-

kurma mimarTulebam, keinziane-

lobasTan erTad, safuZveli

Cauyara ̀ neoklasikur sinTezs~,

romelmac farTo ganviTareba

pova ekonomikuri zrdis Teo-

neoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teorianeoklasikuri ekonomikuri Teoria

265

riaSi.

`neoklasikuri sinTezi~`neoklasikuri sinTezi~`neoklasikuri sinTezi~`neoklasikuri sinTezi~`neoklasikuri sinTezi~

(@neoclassical synthesys#) - - - - - kein-zianuri da neoklasikuri Se-

xedulebebis Taviseburi sin-

Tezi anu rogorc keinzianuri,

ise neoklasikuri midgomebis

mniSvnelovani elementebis gaT-

valiswineba saxelmwifosa da

bazris urTierTobaSi. neokla-

sikuri sinTezi makroekonomi-

kuri wonasworobisa da erovnu-

li Semosavlis zrdis koncef-

cias aerTianebs neoklasikuri

Teoriis CarCoebSi Camoyali-

bebul faswarmoqmnisa da Semo-

savlis ganawilebis zogad kon-

cefciasTan. igi gulisxmobs

ekonomikuri dacemis pirobeb-

Si moTxovnis regulirebis kein-

zianuri meTodebis gamoyenebas

da, piriqiT, sawarmoo sim-

Zlavreebisa da samuSao Zalis

arsebuli rezervebis amowur-

visas warmoebrivi potencial-

is zrdis yovelmxriv stimu-

lirebas. neoklasikuri sinTezi

wina planze problemaTa or

jgufs ayenebs: ekonomikis di-

namikuri (mdgradi) wonasworo-

bisa da potenciuri SesaZle-

blobebis zrdis problemebs,

romelTa gadaWraSi makroeko-

nomikur proporciebs ganmsaz-

Rvrel rols aniWebs.

ukanasknel periodSi gan-

viTarebuli qveynebis ekonomi-

kaSi makroekonomikuri regu-

neoliberalizmineoliberalizmineoliberalizmineoliberalizmineoliberalizmi

lirebis ̀ tradiciulma model-

ma~ arsebiTi cvlilebebi gani-

cada. gamoikveTa sabazro siste-

mis ganviTarebis axali mima-

rTulebebi, romlebic atareben

ara koniunqturul, aramed gr-

Zelvadiani tendenciebis xasi-

aTs. XX saukunis 80-----ian wleb-

Si maT ekonomikur ganviTare-

bas safuZvlad daedo ̀ neokla-

sikuri sinTezi~, romelic erT

aTeul welze met xans gamo-

iyeneboda warmatebiT am qvey-


neoliberalizmi neoliberalizmi neoliberalizmi neoliberalizmi neoliberalizmi (neolibe-ralization) - - - - - neoklasikuri da tra-

diciuli liberalizmis baza-

ze, istoriuli skolis gavlen-

iT XX saukuneSi aRmocenebuli

ekonomikuri doqtrina, romel-

ic farTod gavrcelda germa-

niaSi, II msoflio omis Semdeg

ki sxva qveynebSic. igi keinzia-

nelobis paralelurad warmo-

iSva rogorc ̀ did depresiaze~

reaqcia. am mimdinareobis mamam-

Tavaria valter oikeni.

keinzianelobisgan gansxvave-

biT, neoliberalizmi kapital-

izmis krizisis mTavar mizezs

ekonomikis monopolizacias ukav-

Sirebs, xolo gamosavals konku-

renciis TamaSis wesebis dadge-

nasa da mis ganviTarebaSi xedavs.

neoliberalizmSi centraluri

adgili ar uWiravs marJina-

lizms, samagierod, yuradRebaa

gamaxvilebuli saxelmwifos

266

rolze socialuri sakiTxebis

mogvarebaSi.

neoliberalizmis erT-erTi

TvalsaCino mimarTulebaa ordo-ordo-ordo-ordo-ordo-

liberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmiliberalizmi. ordolibera-

lebma (v. oikeni, v. riopke, l.

erhardi, a. miuler-armaki, a. ri-

ustovi da a.S.) ekonomikur po-

litikaSi gamohyves Semdegi mi-

marTulebebi: 1. saxelmwifo da

kerZo sakuTrebis Tanafardobis

regulireba; 2. konkurentuli

wesrigis damyareba, monopoli-

isa da konkurenciis regulire-

ba; 3. samewarmeo kanonmdeblo-

bis Seqmna; 4. ekonomikuri zr-

dis regulireba. maT gamijnes

ordoliberaluri ideebi kapi-

talizmisa da socializmis sxva

analogiuri ideebisgan da `me-

same gzis~ koncefcia airCies.

maTi azriT, Zlieri saxelmwi-

fos winapirobaa ekonomikuri

wesrigis politikis damyareba,

antimonopoliuri samsaxuris

meSveobiT konkurenciis Tavisu-

flebis principiT moqmedeba.

neto neto neto neto neto (net)[<laT. netto -----wminda] - - - - - saqonlis sufTa wona

taris, SefuTvis gareSe. sapir-

ispiroa _ _ _ _ _ bruto.

netonetonetonetoneto-----balansi balansi balansi balansi balansi (trade bal-ance) - - - - - eqsportisa da importistolobis amsaxveli balansi.

niuniuniuniuniu-----iorkis safondo bir-iorkis safondo bir-iorkis safondo bir-iorkis safondo bir-iorkis safondo bir-

Ja Ja Ja Ja Ja (New York stock exchange) -----aSS-----is mTavari safondo bazari,

sadac 1000-----ze meti dasaxelebis

fasiani qaRaldis kotireba xdeba.

novacia novacia novacia novacia novacia (novation) [<laT.

novatio ganaxleba, Secvla] - - - - - val-

debulebis gauqmeba mxareTa Se-

Tanxmebis safuZvelze misi axa-

li valdebulebiT Secvlis gziT.

nominaluri gacvliTinominaluri gacvliTinominaluri gacvliTinominaluri gacvliTinominaluri gacvliTi

kursi kursi kursi kursi kursi (nominal exchange rate) -----Tanafardoba erovnuli da ucxo-

uri valutebis erTeulebis ra-

odenobas Soris, romlis safuZ-

velzec angariSsworeba SeiZle-

ba moxdes rogorc fiqsirebu-

li, ise mcuravi kursis mixedviT.

nominaluri mTliani Si-nominaluri mTliani Si-nominaluri mTliani Si-nominaluri mTliani Si-nominaluri mTliani Si-

dadadadada produqti produqti produqti produqti produqti (nominal gross do-mestic product) - - - - - warmoebuli

saboloo produqtis mTliani

raodenobis mis mimdinare fase-

bze namravlTa jami. igi mTliani

Sida produqtis deflatorisa

da realuri mTliani Sida pro-

duqtis namravlis tolia. zr-

dis tempis TvalsazrisiT, nom-

inaluri mTliani Sida produq-

tis zrdis tempi inflaciis

tempisa da realuri mTliani

Sida produqtis zrdis tempis

jamis tolia.

nominaluri fasi nominaluri fasi nominaluri fasi nominaluri fasi nominaluri fasi (nomi-nal price) - - - - - pirobiTi fasi, ro-melic ganisazRvreba sabirJo

vaWrobis centrebSi informaci-

is arqonis SemTxvevaSi realur

garigebebze gamyidvelTa dauk-

mayofilebeli miwodebis an

myidvelTa moTxovnis monace-

mebis Sefasebis safuZvelze.

netonetonetonetoneto

267

nominaluri Rirebulebanominaluri Rirebulebanominaluri Rirebulebanominaluri Rirebulebanominaluri Rirebuleba

(par value) – 1. korporaciis wes-debaSi erT aqciaze mikuTvnebu-

li Tanxa, romelic sertifikat-

Sia miTiTebuli da warmoad-

gens aqciaze kanonier wils.

nominaluri Rirebuleba aq-

cioneruli kapitalis angariSSi

Casaweri Tanxaa, romelic, Cveu-

lebriv, erTi aqciis sabazro

fasze dabalia; 2. oficialurad

gamocxadebuli Rirebuleba,

romelic miTiTebulia fulis

niSnebze, fasian qaRaldebze,

banknotebsa da monetebze.

nominaluri `Ruza~ nominaluri `Ruza~ nominaluri `Ruza~ nominaluri `Ruza~ nominaluri `Ruza~ (no-minal ànchor~) _ _ _ _ _ makroekono-mikuri maCvenebeli, romelic gan-

sazRvrul doneze fiqsirdeba.

stabilizaciis programebis gan-

xorcielebisas nominaluri ̀ Ru-

zis~ saxiT xSirad gamoiyeneba

fiqsirebuli valutis kursi.

nominaluri cvladebinominaluri cvladebinominaluri cvladebinominaluri cvladebinominaluri cvladebi

(nominal variables) - - - - - fuladi er-

TeulebiT gazomili sidideebi

(ix. klasikuri dihotomia).

nominaluri xelfasi nominaluri xelfasi nominaluri xelfasi nominaluri xelfasi nominaluri xelfasi (no-minal wage) - - - - - xelfasi fulad

gamoxatulebaSi.

norTi duglas sesilinorTi duglas sesilinorTi duglas sesilinorTi duglas sesilinorTi duglas sesili

(daib. 1920) (Douglas Cecil North)- - - - - amerikeli ekonomisti, klio-

metrikis (ekonomikuri istori-

is Semswavleli disciplina)

erT-----erTi fuZemdebeli, nobelis

premiis laureati robert fo-

gelTan erTad (1993) naSrome-

bisaTvis axali ekonomikuri is-

toriis sferoSi. man vaSington-

Si Camoayaliba politikuri eko-

nomiis centri, romelic iqca

axali ekonomikuri istoriis

kvlevis centrad. norTis naS-

romebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsa-

niSnavia ìnstitutebi, insti-

tucionaluri cvlilebebi da

ekonomikis funqcionireba~

(1990), romelSic dasabuTebu-

lia institutebis roli eko-

nomikis ganviTarebaSi, simdid-

ris zrdasa da siRaribis da-

ZlevaSi. garda amisa, d. nor-

Tis naSromebidan aRsaniSnavia:

`dasavleTis samyaros aRmavlo-

ba: axali ekonomikuri isto-

ria~ (1973), èkonomikuri is-

toriis struqtura da moZ-

raoba~ (1981) da sxv.

normaluri mogeba normaluri mogeba normaluri mogeba normaluri mogeba normaluri mogeba (nor-mal profit) - - - - - minimaluri mogeba,

romelic unda miiRos firmam

saqmianobis gasagrZeleblad. Tu

mTliani amonagebi ubralod fa-

ravs yvela alternatiul dana-

xarjs adgili aqvs mogebis nu-

lovan dones. normaluri moge-

bisgan ganasxvaveben zenorma-

lur mogebas.

normaluri saqonelinormaluri saqonelinormaluri saqonelinormaluri saqonelinormaluri saqoneli

(normal good) - - - - - saqoneli, ro-

melzec, sxva Tanabar pirobeb-

Si, moTxovna izrdeba Semosav-

lis zrdasTan erTad.

normatiuli ekonomiku-normatiuli ekonomiku-normatiuli ekonomiku-normatiuli ekonomiku-normatiuli ekonomiku-

ri Teoria ri Teoria ri Teoria ri Teoria ri Teoria (normative econom-

normatiuli ekonomikuri Teorianormatiuli ekonomikuri Teorianormatiuli ekonomikuri Teorianormatiuli ekonomikuri Teorianormatiuli ekonomikuri Teoria

268

ics) - - - - - ekonomikuri Teoriis nawi-li, ekonomikuri analizis is

tipi, romelic Seiswavlis, ram-

denad efeqtiania esa Tu is eko-

nomikuri pirobebi da politi-

ka, upasuxebs kiTxvas _ _ _ _ _ `ra

unda iyos~ da ara _ _ _ _ _ ̀ ra aris~

normatiuli ekonomikuri Teo-

ria iZleva samomavlo reko-

mendaciebs. igi principulad

gansxvavdeba pozitiuri ekono-

mikuri Teoriisagan, romelic

swavlobs ekonomikas iseTs, ro-

goric aris faqtobrivad. nor-

matiuli ekonomikuri Teoria

eyrdnoba pozitiur ekonomikur

Teorias da faqtebze dayrd-

nobiT upasuxebs iseT kiTxvebs,

rogoricaa: vin unda uzrunve-

lyos samuSao adgilebi _____

sazogadoebrivma seqtorma Tu

kerZo seqtorma (biznesma)? ra

gziT unda Semcirdes sabiu-

jeto deficiti _ _ _ _ _ maRali be-

garis SemoRebiT Tu saxelm-

wifo xarjebis SemcirebiT?

`nou`nou`nou`nou`nou-----hau~ hau~ hau~ hau~ hau~ (“know-----how”)[<ingl. know-----how vici rogor]- - - - - warmoebis saidumloebaTa

amsaxveli ganzogadebuli ter-

mini, mTlianad an nawilobriv

konfidencialuri (saidumlod

gasandobi) codnis, teqnolo-

giuri, ekonomikuri, administra-

ciuli, finansuri xasiaTis cno-

bebis erToblioba, romelTa ga-

moyeneba gansazRvrul upirate-

sobebs aniWebs maT mimReb pi-

`nou-hau~`nou-hau~`nou-hau~`nou-hau~`nou-hau~

rovnebas Tu firmas. `nou-----hau~

daupatentebeli licenziaa. uf-

lebrivi dacvis arqonam gan-

sazRvra ̀ nou-----haus~ xelSekru-

lebis specifika, romelic Sei-

cavs specialur punqts gada-

cemuli informaciis konfiden-

cialurobis dacvisa da misi

darRvevis SemTxvevaSi zaralis

anazRaurebis Sesaxeb. ̀ nou-----hau~

(iseve rogorc licenzia) aris

realizacia warmoebrivi daniS-

nulebis arakvlavwarmoebadi

codnisa, romelsac flobs gamy-

idvelTa SezRuduli raodenoba.

aseT SemTxvevaSi yidva-----gayid-

vis obieqti xdeba ara codnis

gamoyenebis uzrunvelyofi-

saTvis gaweuli momsaxureba,

aramed TviT codna, rogorc mo-

nopoliuri saqoneli. amis Sed-

egad, `nou-----haus~ fasi monopo-

liuria da ganisazRvreba masze

moTxovna-----miwodebis Tanafar-

dobiT.

numizmati numizmati numizmati numizmati numizmati (numismatist) [<laT.numisma moneta] - - - - - piri, romel-

ic misdevs numizmatikas. mon-

etebisa da medlebis Semgrove-

beli an mcodne.

numizmatika numizmatika numizmatika numizmatika numizmatika (numismatics)[<laT. ix. numizmati] - - - - - mon-

etebis Semswavleli damxmare

istoriuli disciplina. numiz-

matikaSi Sedis bonistika, ag-

reTve medlebis, ordenebis, Je-

tonebisa da a.S. Seswavla.

269

oooooobligacia obligacia obligacia obligacia obligacia (bond) [<laT.

obligation valdebuleba] - - - - - 1. gan-sazRvruli vadiT gamoSvebu-

li myari kursis mqone fasiani

qaRaldi, romelic Seicavs mi-

TiTebul droSi sesxis dafar-

visa da procentis yovelwli-

uri gadaxdis valdebulebas;

sagadasaxado valdebuleba, rom-

lis mixedviTac kreditori

yovelwliurad iRebs Semo-

savals fiqsirebuli procen-

tis saxiT. obligaciebs uSve-

ben saxelmwifo da aqcioner-

Ta sazogadoebebi; 2. fiqciuri

kapitalis erT-----erTi forma.

overdrafti overdrafti overdrafti overdrafti overdrafti (overdraft) -----sabanko dakreditebis sistema,

pirvelad gamoyenebuli Sot-

landiuri bankebis mier, rom-

lis mixedviTac msesxebels

eZleva ufleba, gamoweros Ceki

Tavisi sabanko angariSis bal-

anss zemoT ricxuli Tanxidan

specialurad SeTanxmebul ode-

nobamde da gadaixados yovel-

dRiuri procenti am Tanxidan.

banks SeuZlia moiTxovos an

ar moiTxovos kreditis uzrun-

velyofa.

oligopolia oligopolia oligopolia oligopolia oligopolia (oligopoly)[<berZn. oligos mcire, umniSvne-lo poleo vyidi] - - - - - 1. ekonomikiserT romelime dargSi ramden-

ime msxvili firmis batonoba;

2. ekonomikuri situacia, rode-

sac bazarze ramdenime mwar-

moebeli (gamyidveli) da mrava-

li momxmarebelia (myidvelia).

Tu bazarze ramdenime gamyid-

veli da ramdenime myidvelia,

maSin saqme gvaqvs ormxriv oli-

gopoliasTan. sapirispiroa _____

oligopsonia.

oligopsonia oligopsonia oligopsonia oligopsonia oligopsonia (oligopsony)- - - - - ekonomikuri situacia, rode-

sac bazarze ramdenime myidve-

li da mravali gamyidvelia. sa-

pirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ oligopolia.

omologacia omologacia omologacia omologacia omologacia (omologation)- - - - - bazris moTxovnebTan produ-

qciis Sesabamisobis Semowmeba,

bazris mdgomareobis analizi

da Sefaseba. produqciis Se-

faseba xdeba misi ZiriTadi

parametrebis _ xarisxis, fasis,teqnikur-----ekonomikuri maCveneb-

lebis da a.S. mixedviT. omo-

logacia xorcieldeba sxvada-

sxva meTodiT: saqonlis sacde-

li partiebis realizaciiT, po-

tenciuri myidvelebis gamok-

iTxviT, specialistTa saeqsper-

to Semowmebis safuZvelze da

sxv. msxvili firmebi omologa-

ciis Casatareblad iyeneben Tavi-

anTi distribiutorebis qsels.

operatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingi

(operating lease) - - - - - manqanebisa damowyobilobebis arenda 3-----dan

9 wlamde vadiT, arendis peri-

operatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingioperatiuli lizingi

270

odSi maTi nawilobrivi amor-

tizaciiT.

operaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarze

(open-market operation) – centra-luri bankis mier fulis mi-

wodebis cvlilebis (zrda an

Semcireba) ganxorcieleba sax-

elmwifo yidva-gayidvis gziT.

Tuki centralur banks surs

ekonomikaSi arsebuli fulis

raodenoba gazardos, maSin is

yidulobs obligaciebs, mimo-

qcevaSi zrdis fulis raode-

nobas. Tuki centralur banks

surs ekonomikaSi fulis raode-

noba Seamciros, igi yidis mis

xelT arsebul obligaciebs,

riTac mimoqcevidan amoiRebs

fulis garkveul raodenobas.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi adgili aqvs

Ria bazarze eqspansiur ope-Ria bazarze eqspansiur ope-Ria bazarze eqspansiur ope-Ria bazarze eqspansiur ope-Ria bazarze eqspansiur ope-

raciebsraciebsraciebsraciebsraciebs (vinaidan fulis mi-

wodebis eqspansias axdens),

xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ RiaRiaRiaRiaRia

bazarze SemzRudvel opera-bazarze SemzRudvel opera-bazarze SemzRudvel opera-bazarze SemzRudvel opera-bazarze SemzRudvel opera-

ciebs ciebs ciebs ciebs ciebs (vinaidan centraluri

banki fulis miwodebas zRu-

davs, amcirebs).

eqspansiuri operaciebi Ria

bazarze obligaciebis fasebis

zrdasa da saprocento ganakve-

Tis Semcirebas ganapirobebs.

SemzRudveli operaciebi Ria

bazarze obligaciebze fasebis

Semcirebasa da saprocento

ganakveTis zrdas ganapirobebs.

opcioni opcioni opcioni opcioni opcioni (option) - - - - - riskis

dazRvevis erT-----erTi forma, kon-

traqti, romlis Tanaxmadac my-

idvels eniWeba ufleba (da ara

valdebuleba), SeTanxmebuli

fasiT drois gansazRvrul

monakveTSi, momavalSi iyidos

saqoneli an fasiani qaRaldi.

Tu, vTqvaT, fasiani qaRaldis

sabazro fasi izrdeba, maSin

myidveli sargeblobs dadebu-

li kontraqtiT da yidulobs

mas sabazroze dabal fasad. Tu

sabazro fasi ecema, maSin myi-

dveli dadebuli kontraqtiT

ki ar sargeblobs, aramed fa-

sian qaRaldebs yidulobs ba-

zarze kontraqtSi gaTvalis-

winebulze iafad. am SemTxvevaSi

igi agebs im Tanxas, rac kontraq-

tis dadebisas daxarja, magram

daculia riskisagan.

xelSekrulebas gayidvaze

put-ofcioniput-ofcioniput-ofcioniput-ofcioniput-ofcioni ewodeba, xolo

yidvaze _ kol-ofcioni._ kol-ofcioni._ kol-ofcioni._ kol-ofcioni._ kol-ofcioni. xSi-

rad maT uwodeben mokled _____

`put~ da `kol~.

ormagi Sromis bazariormagi Sromis bazariormagi Sromis bazariormagi Sromis bazariormagi Sromis bazari

(dual labor market) – Sromis ba-zari, romelic aerTianebs pirve-

lad da meoreul Sromis ba-

zrebs.

ormxrivi monopoliaormxrivi monopoliaormxrivi monopoliaormxrivi monopoliaormxrivi monopolia (bila-teral monopoly) – bazris funq-cionirebis forma, sabazro

situacia, rodesac bazarze mo-

cemuli saqonlis (momsaxure-

bis) erT myidvels upirispird-

operaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarzeoperaciebi Ria bazarze

271

eba mxolod erTi gamyidveli.

oukenisoukenisoukenisoukenisoukenis kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni kanoni (Okun’slaw) - - - - - kanoni, romelic atarebs

amerikeli ekonomistis artur

oukenis (1928-----1980) saxels,

gamoxatavs urTierTdamokide-

bulebas mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----is ciklur rye-

vadobasa da umuSevrobis dones

Soris. am kanonis mixedviT,

umuSevrobis 1%-----iT zrda iwvevs

faqtobrivi mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----is 3%-----iT Sem-

cirebas da, piriqiT, faqtobrivi

mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----is 3%-----iT gazrda iwvevs

umuSevrobis 1%-----iT Semcire-

bas. amJamad, axali empiriuli

monacemebis safuZvelze, es

Tanafardobaa 2 : 1.

oferta oferta oferta oferta oferta (offer) [<laT. of-fertus winadadebis SeTavazeba]-----1. garigebis Sesaxeb winadade-

bis formaluri SeTavazeba ama

Tu im pirisTvis yvela auci-

lebeli pirobis miTiTebiT; 2.

garkveuli formis oficialuri

ganacxadi sakonkurso vaWroba-

Si monawileobis Sesaxeb. vaWro-

bis organizatori (Cveulebriv,

tenderis komiteti) TviTon

adgens ofertis formas, sa-

konkurso vaWrobaSi monawile-

obisaTvis aucilebel moTx-

ovnebs, saWiro dokumentebis sias

da ugzavnis mas oferentebs _____

vaWrobaze mowveul kompaniebs,

firmebs. rogorc wesi, ofer-

tis wardgenis vadaa sami Tve,

zogjer ki metic.

oficialuri monetariz-oficialuri monetariz-oficialuri monetariz-oficialuri monetariz-oficialuri monetariz-

mismismismismis done done done done done (offfical level of moneta-rism) - - - - - fuladi masis Sefarde-

ba mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----Tan. misi zRvruli norma

30%-----ia. ganviTarebul qveyneb-

Si es maCvenebeli 100%-----ze me-

tia (mag., iaponiaSi 110-----112%-----

ia), xolo ganviTarebad qvey-

nebSi _ _ _ _ _ 40%.

ofSoruli biznesi ofSoruli biznesi ofSoruli biznesi ofSoruli biznesi ofSoruli biznesi (offsho-re business) - - - - - gadasaxadebis Tavi-dan acilebisa (an Semcirebis)

da mogebis gazrdis mizniT

ganxorcielebuli biznesi moce-

muli iurisdiqciis farglebs

gareT. ofSoruli biznesis Ca-

moyalibeba-----ganviTarebaSi aqti-

uri roli Seasrula didma

britaneTma. Tanamedrove of-

Soruli biznesis safuZvlebi

Seqmnilia britaneli iuriste-

bis, bankirebis, damzRvevebisa da

sxvaTa mier.

ofSoruli biznesis ganvi-

Tarebis xelSemwyob faqtor-

Ta Soris gansakuTrebuli ad-

gili informaciul teqnolo-

giebs ukavia. maTi CamoyalibebiT

amaRlda ofSoruli struqtu-

rebis funqcionirebis efeqti-

anoba, radgan internetis meS-

veobiT erT qveyanaSi registri-

rebuli, meore (an ramdenime)

qveyanaSi moqmedi, mesame qveya-

naSi sabanko angariSis mqone

kompaniebisa da meoTxe qveya-

naSi mcxovrebi mesakuTris kav-

ofSoruli biznesiofSoruli biznesiofSoruli biznesiofSoruli biznesiofSoruli biznesi

272

SirurTierToba araviTar prob-

lemas ar warmoadgens.

ofSoruli zona ofSoruli zona ofSoruli zona ofSoruli zona ofSoruli zona (offsho-re zone) - - - - - TezTezTezTezTez-----is gansakuTre-

buli saxeoba, romelSic kon-

centrirebulia sabanko da sa-

dazRvevo biznesi. maTi meSve-

obiT xorcieldeba sainvesti-

cio, satrasto da konsaltin-

guri saqmianoba, eqsport-----impor-

tis operaciebi, agreTve opera-

ciebi uZravi qonebiT.

ofSoruli zonebi, Cveu-

lebriv, mcire qveynebi da teri-

toriebia. isini ZiriTadad gan-

lagebulia zRvis sanapiroebsa

da ganviTarebuli saerTaSo-

riso turizmis adgilebSi, ax-

orcieleben ucxouri kapital-

is mozidvis politikas, rom-

lis gasatareblad gamoiyeneba

sagadasaxado da sxva saxis Se-

RavaTebi.

ofSoruli zonebi funq-

cionireben Sesabamisi iuris-

diqciiT, romlis safuZvelzec

maT garkveuli specializacia

da statusi aqvT. ofSoruli

zonis statuss gansazRvravs

misi finansur-----ekonomikuri saq-

mianobis Sinaarsi, romlis mi-

xedviT ofSoruli iurisdiq-

ciebi iyofa 4 jgufad:

I jgufSi Sedis sagadasax-ado oazisebi, 100%-----iani of-

Sorebi, romlebic axorciele-

ben ucxouri sakredito kapi-

talis mozidvis politikas sa-

gadasaxado da sxva SeRavaTe-

biT. es jgufi warmodgenilia

mcire kunZulovani saxelmwi-

foebiT an TviTmarTvadi teri-

toriebiT. masSi Sedis karibis

regionis ofSoruli zonebi,

romelTa umravlesoba didi

britaneTis yofili koalicie-

bia (mag., britanuli virjiniis,

bermudis, kaimanis da sxva kun-

Zulebi), agreTve evropuli sa-

gadasaxado navsayudlebi;

II jgufSi Sedis saqmiano-bis calkeul saxeebze SeRava-

Tiani sagadasaxado reJimis

mqone ofSoruli iurisdiqciebi.

masSi Semavali ofSoruli fir-

mebi gadasaxads ixdian minima-

luri ganakveTiT da maTi saqmi-

anoba kontrols eqvemdebare-

ba. ZiriTadad am jgufSi Se-

dis niderlandis, luqsembur-

gis, Sveicariis holdinguri kom-

paniebi da sainvesticio fond-

ebi, salicenzio da servisuli

firmebi;

III jgufSi Sedis qveynis

SemadgenlobaSi arsebuli of-

Soruli reJimis mqone adminis-

traciul-----teritoriuli war-

monaqmnebi (ofSoruli terito-

riebi). am jgufis ofSorebi

ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia

federaluri wyobis mqone qvey-

nebisaTvis (mag., aSS-----Si delave-

ris, vaiomingisa da nevadis Sta-

ofSoruli zonaofSoruli zonaofSoruli zonaofSoruli zonaofSoruli zona

273

tebi, SveicariaSi _ _ _ _ _ neSteli,

friburgi, cugi);

IV jgufSi Sedis aratrad-iciuli ofSoruli zonebis un-

iversaluri ofSoruli iuris-

diqciebi (mag., irlandia, kvip-

rosi, malta).

ofSoruli zonebis SerCe-

visas gansakuTrebuli yuradRe-

ba eqceva gadasaxadebis dones,

angariSgebis aucileblobas, or-

magi dabegvris Tavidan acilebis

Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas, konfiden-

cialobas. maTi gaTvaliswinebiT

ofSoruli zonebi iyofa sam

jgufad:

pirveli jgufis ofSoru-

li zonebi xasiaTdeba dabegvris

dabali doniT, aRricxvis arar-

sebobiT da konfidencialobis

maRali doniT. am jgufSi Se-

dis `mesame samyaros~ patara

qveynebi. es ofSorebi cnobil-

ia `qoqosis ofSorebis~ sax-

elwodebiT. esenia: bahamis, kaim-

anis, panamis, britanuli virji-

niis kunZulebi, meni, terksi, kai-

kosi da sxv. am zonebSi ko-

mpaniebi gadasaxadebs ar ixdi-

an, magram gaTvaliswinebulia

yovelwliuri fiqsirebuli mo-

sakrebeli.

meore jgufis ofSorebSi

dawesebulia sagadasaxado Se-

RavaTebi, amasTan, aucilebelia

finansuri angariSgeba. am jguf-

Si Sedis kviprosi, aSS-----is de-

laverisa da vaiomingis Statebi.

mesame jgufSi Sedis is

qveynebi, romlebic formalu-

rad ar miekuTvneba ofSorul

zonebs, magram maTi sagadasax-

ado kodeqsi iTvaliswinebs

dabal dabegvras. es qveynebia:

avstria, didi britaneTi, bel-

gia, luqsemburgi, niderlandi,

Sveicaria da sxv.

ofSoruli kompania ofSoruli kompania ofSoruli kompania ofSoruli kompania ofSoruli kompania (of-fshore company) - - - - - firma, romel-

ic mTlianad Tavisufldeba ga-

dasaxadebisagan, an sargeblobs

mniSvnelovani sagadasaxado Se-

RavaTebiT. igi, rogorc wesi,

ar SeiZleba iyos Tavisi ofi-

cialuri iurisdiqciis rezi-

denti, e.i. ararezidentulia im

teritoriaze, sadac registr-

irebulia. aqedan warmodgeba

termini offshore, rac `napirsgareT~ saqmianobas gulisxmobs.

es imas niSnavs, rom misi mar-

Tvis centri sazRvargareT mde-

bareobs. aRniSnuli termini

pirvelad gamoiyenes did bri-

taneTSi, sadac igi amave dros

niSnavs saqmianobas `sazRvris

gareT~.

ofSoruli kompaniis nebi-

smieri komerciuli operacia

unda xorcieldebodes iuris-

diqciis zRvars iqiT, sadac reg-

istrirebulia kompania. igi ix-

dis mxolod yovelwliur sare-

gistracio gadasaxads. aseT kom-

ofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompania

274

paniebSi gamartivebulia sar-

egistracio procedura da mmar-

Tveloba, ar xorcieldeba sava-

luto kontroli. maT ar mo-

eTxovebaT auditoruli Semow-

meba, minimumamdea dayvanili

safinanso angariSgeba.

ofSoruli kompaniis mflo-

beloba xorcieldeba anonimu-

robisa da konfidencialuro-

bis maRali garantiiT, rac gan-

mtkicebulia sayovelTao ufle-

baTa normebiT da im kanonmde-

blobiT, sadac registrirebu-

lia igi. ofSorul kompanias

SeiZleba hqondes warmomadgen-

lobebi da filialebi sazR-

vargareTac. ukanasknel peri-

odSi ofSoruli momsaxureb-

is maregulirebeli kanonmde-

bloba sul ufro moqnili xdeba.

am bolo dros yuradRebas ip-

yrobs dabegvris ̀ mcocavi~ ska-

lis mqone saerTaSoriso ko-

mpaniebis gamoCena, romelTaT-

visac gadasaxads adgenen Semo-

savlebis wyaros Sesabamisad.

Semosavalze gadasaxadi tra-

diciul kompaniebTan Sedare-

biT bevrad naklebia ofSoru-

li kompaniis mimarT, an saer-

Tod ar arsebobs. isini SeRa-

vaTiani sagadasaxado reJimiT

sargebloben.

ofSoruli tipis firmebis

ricxvs miekuTvneba agreTve ko-

mpaniebi `kerZo~ ofSoruli

reJimiT. saqme exeba iseT kom-

paniebs, romelTa ofSoruli

operaciebi ganTavisuflebulia

gadasaxadebis nawilisagan. amg-

vari kompaniebi registrirebu-

lia, magaliTad, SveicariaSi. am

qveynis kanonmdebloba gansaz-

Rvruli tipis firmebs ofSo-

ruli saqmianobis ganxorcie-

lebis nebas rTavs.

ofSoruli firmebis fin-

ansuri momsaxurebisTvis iqm-

neba ofSoruli bankebi, sxva-

dasxva saxis safinanso kompanie-

bi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom zo-

gierT qveyanaSi arsebobs `an-

tiofSoruli~ kanonmdebloba,

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri ur-

TierTobebis rTul sistemaSi

ofSoruli biznesis potencia-

li sakmaod didia. kerZod,

ofSoruli kompaniis mflobels

eniWeba ucxouri kompaniis sax-

eliT xelmoweris ufleba, misi

sabanko angariSis operatiuli

marTvis nebarTva, ucxouri ko-

mpaniis saxeliT xelSekrulebis

dadebis SesaZlebloba, Svilo-

bili kompaniebisa da sazRvarg-

areT Tavisi warmomadgenlobe-

bis Seqmnis ufleba da a.S. of-

Soruli firmis SeqmniT misi

mflobelisaTvis xelmisawvdomi

xdeba safinanso da sainvesti-

cio momsaxurebiT sargeblo-

ba. mag., farTod aris daner-

ofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompaniaofSoruli kompania

275

gili ofSoruli firmis meS-

veobiT, korporaciul-----debeturi

da sakredito-----sabanko baraTe-

bis gaxsna.

ofSoruli kompaniebis re-

gistraciis forma ganisazRvre-

ba inglisur-----saqsonuri da fran-

ko-----germanuli samarTlebrivi

sistemebiT.

inglisur-----saqsonuri samar-

Tlebrivi sistemis organiza-

ciuli formebia: individu-

aluri sawarmo, sruli part-

nioroba, SezRuduli part-

nioroba, kerZo kompania, saja-

ro kompania (korporacia), saer-

TaSoriso biznesis kompania.

franko-----germanuli samarT-

lebrivi sistemis organizaciu-

li formebia: individualuri sa-

warmo, sruli amxanagoba, koman-

dituri amxanagoba, daxuruli

aqcioneruli sazogadoeba, Ria

aqcioneruli sazogadoeba, saer-

TaSoriso biznesis kompania.

ofSoruli kompaniis reg-

istracia xorcieldeba mocemu-

li qveynis kanonmdeblobis

safuZvelze

oqros bazari oqros bazari oqros bazari oqros bazari oqros bazari (gold mar-ket) - - - - - bazari, sadac oqros yid-ian da yiduloben monetebisa

da zodebis saxiT. oqros baz-

ari arsebobs yvela mTavar fi-

nansur centrSi, niu-----iorkis

gamoklebiT, Tumca oqroTi Se-

uzRudavi vaWroba yvela qveya-

naSi ar xorcieldeba.

oqros pariteti oqros pariteti oqros pariteti oqros pariteti oqros pariteti (goldenparity) - - - - - Tanafardoba sxvadasx-va qveynis valutebs Soris

oqros woniTi raodenobis,

oqros Semcvelobis mixedviT.

oqros pariteti gauqmda 1978

wels (ix. msoflio savaluto

sistema).

`oqros saukunis~ zrdaoqros saukunis~ zrdaoqros saukunis~ zrdaoqros saukunis~ zrdaoqros saukunis~ zrda

(“golden age” growth) - - - - - balan-

sirebuli zrda ekonomikuri

zrdis TeoriaSi, rodesac

ekonomikuri zrdis garantire-

buli tempi sruli dasaqmebis

pirobebSi bunebrivi zrdis

tempis tolia. termini SemoiRo

joan robinsonma, romlis azri-

Tac, aseTi situacia warmoiqm-

neba ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos

Caurevlobis pirobebSi.

oqros tezavracia oqros tezavracia oqros tezavracia oqros tezavracia oqros tezavracia (hoar-ding of gold) - - - - - 1. oqros dagrovebaganZis saxiT; 2. qveynis oqros

maragis Seqmna; 3. fulis da-

groveba mimoqcevidan misi amo-

RebiT.

oqros tezavraciaoqros tezavraciaoqros tezavraciaoqros tezavraciaoqros tezavracia

276 pablisitipablisitipablisitipablisitipablisiti

ppppppablisiti pablisiti pablisiti pablisiti pablisiti (publicity) - - - - - rek-

lama, popularoba; saqonelmi-

moqcevis arxebSi informaciis

gavrceleba saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis da maTi mwarmoebe-

li firmebis Sesaxeb moTxov-

nis stimulirebis mizniT; pro-

pagandistuli kampania.

pai pai pai pai pai (share) - - - - - wili fuladi

Senetanis saxiT firmis kapital-

Si fizikuri an iuridiuli pi-

rebis mier.

panama panama panama panama panama (panama) - - - - - Tanamde-bobis pirebis mosyidvasTan

dakavSirebuli msxvili TaRli-

Toba.

papava vladimeri papava vladimeri papava vladimeri papava vladimeri papava vladimeri (daib.

1955)(Papava Vladimer) - - - - - saqar-Tvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli

akademiis wevr-----korespondenti

(1997), ekonomikur mecniereba-

Ta doqtori (1990), profesori

(1995), saqarTvelos strate-

giisa da saerTaSoriso urTi-

erTobaTa kvlevis fondis mTa-

vari mecnier-----TanamSromeli.

daamTavra Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis sainJinro-----eko-

nomikuri fakulteti ekonomi-

kuri kibernetikis specialobiT

(1977), ssrk mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis centraluri ekonomikur-----

maTematikuri institutis aspi-

rantura (moskovi, ruseTi, 1982).

iyo saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa

akademiis ekonomikisa da samar-

Tlis institutis umcrosi mec-

nier-----TanamSromeli (1977-----1978);

ssrk mecnierebaTa akademiis

centraluri ekonomikur-----maTema-

tikuri institutis staJiori-----

mkvlevari (1978-----1979); sa-


is ekonomikisa da samarTlis

institutis umcrosi (1982),

ufrosi (1982-1987), wamyvani

(1987-1989), mTavari (1989-

1991) mecnier-TanamSromeli;

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa aka-

demiis paata guguSvilis saxe-

lobis ekonomikis institutis

direqtori (1991-----1996); saqar-

Tvelos ekonomikis ministri

(1994-----2000); saqarTvelos pre-

zidentis saparlamento mdiv-

nis moadgile (2000-----2001);

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetis makroekonomikis kaT-

edris gamge (2003-----2005); jons

hopkinsis saxelobis univer-

sitetis saerTaSoriso urTier-

TobaTa skolis, centraluri

aziisa da kavkasiis institu-

tis miwveuli mkvlevari (2005-----

2006); saqarTvelos parlamen-

tis wevri da safinanso-----sabiu-

jeto komitetis Tavmjdomaris

moadgile (2004-----2008). 2001

wlidan aris saqarTvelos stra-

tegiisa da saerTaSoriso urT-

ierTobaTa kvlevis fondis mTa-

vari mecnier-----TanamSromeli. da-

culi aqvs sakandidato dis-

277

ertacia Temaze: ̀ regionis sam-

Seneblo kompleqsis modelireba

saxalxo meurneobis ganviTare-

bis erTian ekonomikur-----maTema-

tikur modelTa sistemaSi~

(1982), sadoqtoro _ _ _ _ _ ̀ sazoga-

doebrivi warmoebis produqti-

uloba da misi dargTaSorisi

analizi~ (1989).

v. papava aris 200-----mde sa-

mecniero naSromis _ monogra-fiebis, saxelmZRvaneloebisa da

statiebis avtori, maT Soris:

`sazogadoebrivi warmoebis

produqtiuloba da dargTa-

Sorisi balansis modelebi~

(rusul enaze, Tbilisi, `mec-

niereba~, 1989); `saqarTvelo

sabazro ekonomikis gzaze~ (qar-

Tul da rusul enebze, Tbili-

si, `mecniereba~, 1995); `saer-

TaSoriso savaluto fondi

saqarTveloSi: miRwevebi da

Secdomebi~ (rusul enaze, Tbi-

lisi, ìmperiali~, 2000);

`postkomunisturi kapitaliz-

mis politikuri ekonomia da sa-

qarTvelos ekonomika~ (qarTul

enaze, Tbilisi, `pdp~, 2002);

`saerTaSoriso savaluto fon-

dis brwyinvaleba da siRatake

postkomunistur saqarTvelo-

Si~ (inglisur enaze, laredo

(aSS), `vi pabliSkomi~, 2003);

`safinanso globalizacia da

postkomunisturi saqarTvelo~

(Tanaavtori vefxia Coxeli,

inglisur enaze, niu-----iorki,

àiuniversi~, 2003); `makro-

ekonomikuri regulirebis me-

Todebi da modelebi~ (Tanaav-

torebi iuri ananiaSvili, ia-

kob mesxia, avTandil silagaZe,

giorgi wereTeli. qarTul

enaze, Tbilisi, `mecniereba~,

2003); `centraluri kavkasia

da saqarTvelos ekonomika~

(Tanaavtorebi Teimuraz beri-

Ze da eldar ismailovi, rusul

enaze, baqo (azerbaijani), ̀ nur-

lani~, 2004); `postkomunis-

turi gardamavali periodis

makroekonomika~ (qarTul enaze,

Tbilisi, ̀ Tbilisis universite-

tis gamomcemloba~, 2005);

`postkomunisturi kapitaliz-

mis politikuri ekonomiis

narkvevebi~ (Tanaavtori Teimu-

raz beriZe, rusul enaze, mosk-

ovi (ruseTi), ̀ delo i servis~,

2004); `nekroekonomika: post-

komunisturi kapitalizmis

politikuri ekonomia~ (ingli-

sur enaze, niu-----iorki, àiuni-

versi~, 2005); `centraluri

kavkasia: geopolitikidan geoeko-

nomikamde~ (Tanaavtori eldar

ismailovi, rusul enaze, stok-

holmi, ̀ saispresi~, 2006); ̀ cen-

traluri kavkasia: geopolit-

ekonomikuri narkvevebi~ (Tanaav-

tori eldar ismailovi, ingli-

sur enaze, stokholmi, ̀ saispre-

si~, 2006); ̀ centraluri kavka-

sia: istoria, politika, ekono-

mia~ (Tanaavtori eldar is-

papava vladimeripapava vladimeripapava vladimeripapava vladimeripapava vladimeri

278

mailovi, rusul enaze, moskovi

(ruseTi), `misli~, 2007); “ga-

dasaxadebi, moTxovna da mi-

wodeba: lafer-keinzianuri sin-

Tezi” (Tanaavtori iuri ana-

niaSvili, Tbilisi, “siaxle”,

2009); centraluri kavkazia

(geopolitekonomiuri narkvevi)

(Tbilisi, ̀ siaxle”, 2009); ̀ Savi

zRvis regionis kompleqsuri

ekonomikuri ganviTareba: globa-

luri finansuri da ekonomikuri

krizisis zegavlena” (inglisur

enaze, aTeni, Savi zRvis Sems-

wavleli saerTaSoriso centri,

2010); `centraluri evraziis

axlebuli geopolitikuri ga-

azreba” (Tanaavtori eldar is-

mailovi, inglisur enaze, vaSin-

gtoni, jon hopkinsis univer-

siteti, 2010; rusul enaze,

stokholmi, ̀ saispresi~, 2010);

`lafer-keinzianuri sinTezi da

makroekonomikuri wonasworo-

ba” (Tanaavtori iuri ananiaS-

vili, rusul enaze, stokholmi,

`saispresi~, 2010); `nekroe-

konomikis zombireba (global-

uri finansur-ekonomikuri

krizisis zegavlena Savi zRvis

regionis qveynebze)” (Tbilisi,

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis gamomcemloba,

2010); `aratradiciuli eko-

nomiksi” (Tbilisi, paata gugu-

Svilis ekonomikis institut-

is gamomcemloba, 2011) da sxv.

v. papava aris Semdegi akad-

emiebis, sazogadoebebisa da

asociaciebis wevri: ekonomikuri

Teoriis miRwevebis sazogadoeba

(aSS, 1990), danaxarjebi-----gamoS-

vebis saerTaSoriso asociacia

(avstria, 1992), informatizaci-

is saerTaSoriso akademia (gae-

ro, 1994), saqarTvelos ekono-

mikur mecnierebaTa akademia

(saqarTvelo, 1994), niu-----iorkis

mecnierebaTa akademia (aSS, 1995),

dasavleTis saerTaSoriso eko-

nomikuri asociacia (aSS, 1996),

mecnierebis, ganaTlebis, mrew-

velobisa da xelovnebis saer-

TaSoriso akademia (aSS, 1997),

samefo ekonomikuri sazogadoe-

ba (didi britaneTi, 1997), saer-

TaSoriso atlantikuri ekono-

mikuri sazogadoeba (aSS, 1998),

ludvig fon mizesis institu-

ti (aSS, 2006), amerikis ekono-

mikuri asociacia (aSS, 2006),

centraluri evraziis Semswav-

leli sazogadoeba (aSS, 2006),

SedarebiTi ekonomikuri kvleve-

bis evropuli asociacia (ita-

lia, 2006), amerikis politikur

mecnierebaTa asociacia (aSS,

2006), politikur da social-

ur mecnierebaTa amerikis aka-

demia (aSS, 2006).

sxva saqmianoba: Jurnal ̀ sa-


is macne~ – ekonomikis seria,

mTavari redaqtori (1992-----

2005), saqarTvelos swavlul

eqspertTa sabWos ekonomikis

papava vladimeripapava vladimeripapava vladimeripapava vladimeripapava vladimeri

279

seqciis Tavmjdomare (1992-----

2003), saqarTvelos preziden-

tis ekonomikuri sabWos wevri

(1993-----2003, 2005 wlidan dRem-

de), msoflio bankis alterna-

tiuli mmarTveli (aSS, 1994-----

2000), Jurnal `gardamavali

ekonomikis problemebis~ red-

kolegiis wevri (aSS, 1997

wlidan dRemde), Jurnal `sa-

zogadoeba da ekonomikis~ red-

kolegiis wevri (ruseTi, 1998

wlidan dRemde), saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademi-

is samecniero ekonomikuri sa-

bWos Tavmjdomare (2002 wl-

idan dRemde), Jurnal ̀ kavkasia

da globalizaciis~ redkolegi-

is wevri (SvedeTi, 2006 wli-

dan dRemde), demokratiuli

gardaqmnebis proeqtis trans-

atlantikuri mmarTveli jgu-

fis wevri, (aSS, 2006 wlidan

dRemde), jon hopkinsis univer-

sitetis centraluri aziisa da

kavkasiis institutis da stok-

holmis usafrTxoebisa da gan-

viTarebis politikis institu-

tis, abreSumis gzis Semswav-

leli programis erToblivi

transatlantikuri samecniero

centris asocirebuli ufrosi

mecnier-----TanamSromeli (aSS-----Sve-

deTi, 2006 wlidan dRemde), so-

cialuri da ekonomikuri kvle-

vebis centris mrCevelTa sab-

Wos wevri (poloneTi, 2007 wl-

idan dRemde).

jildoebi: saqarTvelos

ganaTlebis saministros res-

publikuri premiis laureati

wignisaTvis ̀ samrewvelo sawar-

mos organizacia da dagegmva~

(Tanaavtori giorgi papava, 1987),


saqarTvelos saxelmwifo premi-

is laureati naSromTa cikli-

saTvis ̀ makroekonomikuri reg-

ulirebis meTodebi da modele-

bi (TanaavtorobiT, 2004), sa-

qarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-

nuli akademiis filipe gogiCai-

Svilis saxelobis premiis lau-

reati monografiisTvis `nek-

roekonomika: postkomunisturi

kapitalizmis politikuri eko-

nomia~ (2008).

paralogizmi paralogizmi paralogizmi paralogizmi paralogizmi (paralogism)[berZ. paralogismos] - - - - - winaswar-ganzraxulad daSvebuli logi-

kuri Secdoma, rogorc kanone-

bisa da dadgenili wesebis dar-

Rvevis Sedegi. axlosaa sofiz-

mTan.

paretoparetoparetoparetopareto-----gaumjobeseba gaumjobeseba gaumjobeseba gaumjobeseba gaumjobeseba (Pare-to-----improvement) - - - - - resursebis

iseTi gadanawileba, rodesac

ekonomikuri agentebis erTi

nawilis keTildReobis zrda ar

amcirebs meore nawilis keTil-

dReobis dones. paretos Teo-

ria aRiarebulia keTildReo-

bis axal ekonomikur Teoriad.

pareto vilfredo pareto vilfredo pareto vilfredo pareto vilfredo pareto vilfredo (1848-----

1923) (ParetoVilfredo) - - - - - italie-

li ekonomisti da sociologi,

pareto vilfredopareto vilfredopareto vilfredopareto vilfredopareto vilfredo

280

romelmac farTo ganaTleba mi-

iRo maTematikis sferoSi, saer-

Tod, sabunebismetyvelo da teq-

nikur mecnierebebSi. 1892 wels

gaxda leon valrasis memkvidre

lozanis universitetis ekono-

mikis kaTedris xelmZRvanelis

postze. 1896-----1899 wlebSi

kiTxulobda politikuri eko-

nomiis kurss. didi wvlili

miuZRvis ekonomikur TeoriaSi

statistikisa da maTematikuri

modelebis gamoyenebaSi. naSrom-

Si ̀ politikuri ekonomiis sax-

elmZRvanelo~ (1906) pareto

uaryofda kardinaluri sarge-

blianobis koncefcias, gacvlis

optimaluri pirobebis kvleva-

Si iyenebda ganusazRvrelobis

mrudebs, romlebic mecnierul

brunvaSi pirvelad Semoitana

ejuorTma. paretom Seqmna ke-

TildReobis ekonomikuri Teo-

riis safuZvlebi, riTac didi

wvlili Seitana ekonomikuri

mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi.

paretos optimumi paretos optimumi paretos optimumi paretos optimumi paretos optimumi (((((Pare-to optimum) - - - - - resursebisa da

mza produqciis iseTi ganawi-

leba, rodesac ar xdeba gada-

nawileba imgvari saxiT, rac

gaaumjobesebda erTi individis

mdgomareobas sxvaTa mdgomare-

obis gauaresebis xarjze. es

koncefcia ekuTvnis vilfredo

paretos da atarebs mis sax-

els. keTildReobis ekonomikuri

Teoriis mniSvnelovani nawili

dakavSirebulia im pirobebis

analizTan, romelTa SemTxveva-

Sic SeiZleba paretos opti-

mumis miRweva. miuxedavad am

ukanasknelis didi Teoriuli

daniSnulebisa, paretos krite-

riumis praqtikuli gamoyeneba

Zalze SezRudulia, vinaidan igi

miuRebelia im alternativebis

SerCevisas, romelic gulisx-

mobs erTi individis mdgomar-

eobis gaumjobesebas sxvaTa

xarjze. gamomdinare iqidan, rom

nebismier ekonomikur politi-

kas moaqvs ziani adamianTa ama

Tu im jgufisaTvis, es gare-

moeba seriozulad zRudavs

paretos optimumis praqtikul

gamoyenebas. am SezRudvis ga-

dasalaxavad zogierTi ekono-

misti cdilobs samarTliani ga-

nawilebis koncefciiT, an ko-

mpensaciis kriteriumebis gamoye-

nebiT Seavsos da ganamtkicos

paretos optimumi.

`parizis klubi~ `parizis klubi~ `parizis klubi~ `parizis klubi~ `parizis klubi~ (@ParisClub#) - - - - - araformaluri organi-

zacia, romlis CarCoebSi kred-

itori-----qveynebi awarmoeben mo-

laparakebebs movale-----qveynebTan

saxelmwifo valis pirobebisa

da struqturis cvlilebebis

gadasinjvasTan dakavSirebiT.

parizis klubs ara hyavs mud-

mivi wevrebi. igi Riaa yve-

lasTvis, visac moswons misi

praqtikuli saqmianoba da

muSaobis pirobebi.

paretoparetoparetoparetoparetosssss optimumioptimumioptimumioptimumioptimumi

281

pariteti pariteti pariteti pariteti pariteti (parity) [<laT.

paritas (paritatis) Tanasworoba] -----1. toloba, tolfasovneba, Ta-

nasworoba, Tanabari mdgomare-

oba; 2. Tanafardoba sxvadasx-

va qveynis valutebs Soris maTi

msyidvelobiTi unaris mixed-

viT (msyidvelobiTunarianobis

pariteti).

partnioroba partnioroba partnioroba partnioroba partnioroba (partnership) -----firmis erT-----erTi organizaci-

uli forma, romelic aerTianebs

ori an meti sameurneo subieq-

tis kapitals. arsebobs part-

niorobis ori saxe: generaluri

da SezRuduli.

generaluri partniorobageneraluri partniorobageneraluri partniorobageneraluri partniorobageneraluri partnioroba

gulisxmobs firmis yvela val-

debulebaze misi TiToeuli me-

sakuTris SeuzRudav pasux-

ismgeblobas. mag., firmis ga-

kotrebis SemTxvevaSi kompan-

ioni, romelsac ekuTvnis fir-

mis sakuTrebis 1%, iseve pasu-

xismgebelia, rogorc is, visac

danarCeni 99% ekuTvnis.

SezRuduli partnioro-SezRuduli partnioro-SezRuduli partnioro-SezRuduli partnioro-SezRuduli partnioro-

bisas bisas bisas bisas bisas valdebulebebze pasux-

ismgebloba ganisazRvreba kom-

panionebs Soris iuridiulad

gaformebuli xelSekrulebis

Sesabamisad.

parcela parcela parcela parcela parcela (parcel) [<frang.parcelle nawilaki] - - - - - miwis mcirenakveTi, romelzec meurneobas

ewevian.

pasivi pasivi pasivi pasivi pasivi (passive voice, liability)- - - - - 1. sawarmos valebisa da val-

debulebebis erToblioba (sa-

pirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ aqtivi); 2. dana-

xarjis gadameteba Semosavle-

bze; 3. buRaltruli balansis

marjvena mxare, romelic aRni-

Snavs sawarmos saSualebebis war-

moqmnisa da dafinansebis wyaro-

ebs.

pasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelo

balansi balansi balansi balansi balansi (unfavourable pay bal-ance) - - - - - sagadasaxdelo balan-

si, romelSic qveynis mier sazR-

vargareT gaweuli xarjebi da

gadasaxdelebi aRemateba sazR-

vargareTidan Semosul fulad

saSualebebs.

pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-

sisisisisi (unfavourable trade balance) -----savaWro balansi, romelSic im-

porti aRemateba eqsports.

patenti patenti patenti patenti patenti (patent) [<laT.

patens (patentis) Ria, aSkara] -----oficialuri mowoba, gacemuli

kompetenturi saxelmwifo or-

ganoebis mier gamomgoneblis an

im piris saxelze, romelsac

gamomgonebelma dauTmo Tavisi

gamogoneba. es mowmoba mflo-

bels aniWebs gansakuTrebul

monopoliur uflebas akontro-

los Tavisi gamogonebis gamoye-

neba drois gansazRvrul peri-

odSi (vTqvaT, 20 wlis manZi-

lze) da miiRos garkveuli saz-

Rauri Tavisi gamogonebisaTvis.

paternalizmi paternalizmi paternalizmi paternalizmi paternalizmi (paternal-ism) [<laT. paternus mamobrivi]- - - - - ideologiuri doqtrina war-

paternalizmipaternalizmipaternalizmipaternalizmipaternalizmi

282

moebaSi dasaqmebulTa mimarT

mesakuTris damokidebulebis

Sesaxeb da am doqtrinis Sesa-

bamisi RonisZiebebis gatarebis

politika.

pauperi pauperi pauperi pauperi pauperi (pauper) [<laT.

pauper Rataki] - - - - - maTxovari, ar-sebobis saSualebebs yvela

mxriv moklebuli adamiani.

pauSaluri Tanxa pauSaluri Tanxa pauSaluri Tanxa pauSaluri Tanxa pauSaluri Tanxa (sum to-tal) (germ. pauschal) - - - - - erTianadaRebuli mTliani Tanxa, misi

Semadgeneli nawilebis difer-

enciaciis gareSe; mag., savaWro

garigebisas gansazRvruli mom-

saxurebisaTvis dawesebuli Tan-

xa da a.S.

pensia pensia pensia pensia pensia (pension) - - - - - sapensio,sadazRvevo da sxva fondebidan

gacemuli regularuli fula-

di Tanxa im moqalaqeebze, rom-

lebsac SeusruldaT sapensio

asaki, agreTve invalidobasTan

an marCenalis dakargvasTan

dakavSirebiT, aseve, zogierT

sxva SemTxvevaSic. igi, rogorc

wesi, arsebobis ZiriTadi wyaroa

da ar eqvemdebareba dabegvras.

peti uiliam peti uiliam peti uiliam peti uiliam peti uiliam (1623-----1687)

(Petty William) - - - - - ingliseli ekon-

omisti da mravalmxriv gans-

wavluli mecnieri. klasikuri

politikuri ekonomiis mamamTa-

vari. petim jer medicina Seis-

wavla leidenis, parizisa da

oqsfordis universitetebSi,

xolo 1649 wels oqsfordis

universitetSi fizikis doq-

toris xarisxi miiRo, 1651

wels ki anatomiisa da musikis

profesori gaxda. petis spe-

cialuri ekonomikuri ganaTleba

ar hqonia. sabunebismetyvelo

mecnierebaSi SemuSavebuli me-

Todologia da principebi mas

ekonomikis Rrmad SeswavlaSic

daexmara. petis didi damsax-

urebaa is, rom man pirvelma

miaqcia yuradReba simdidris

or faqtors _ _ _ _ _ Sromasa da mi-

was. igi simdidris wyarod mi-

iCnevda ara mimoqcevis, aramed

mTlianad warmoebis sferos.

peti aRniSnavda: `Sroma mamaa

da uaqtiuresi wyaro simdid-

risa, xolo miwa dedaa misi~.

petim pirvelma daayena sakiTxi

diferenciuli rentisa da mi-

wis fasis Sesaxeb. man gan-

sazRvra Rirebuleba, rogorc

daxarjuli Sromis Sedegi, da-

adgina raodenobrivi damokide-

buleba Rirebulebis sididesa

da Sromis mwarmoeblurobas

Soris, magram Rirebulebis si-

didis gazomvas cdilobda mx-

olod ori faqtoriT: miwiTa

da SromiT. igi sazogadoebis

ekonomikur ganviTarebas ganixi-

lavda ekonomikur kanonebTan

damokidebulebaSi, Tumca, aigi-

vebda sazogadoebriv, ekonomi-

kur da bunebis kanonebs, ganixi-

lavda maT rogorc mudmivsa

da Seucvlels.

petis kalams ekuTvnis Sem-

pauperipauperipauperipauperipauperi

283

degi naSromebi: `traqtati ga-

dasaxadebisa da mosakrebleb-

is Sesaxeb~ (1662), ̀ irlandiis

politikuri anatomia~ (1672),

`politikuri ariTmetika~ (1683),

`zogi ram fulis Sesaxeb~ (1682),

`sityva brZenTaTvis~ (1662) da

a.S.

pigu artur pigu artur pigu artur pigu artur pigu artur (1877-----1959)(Pigou Arthur) - - - - - cnobili ingli-

seli ekonomisti. 1908-----1944

wlebSi kembrijis universitet-

Si iyo ekonomikis kaTedris xe-

lmZRvaneli. didi Rvawli mi-

uZRvis dabegvris Teoriis gan-

viTarebaSi. pigum safuZveli

Cauyara gare efeqtebis (eqster-

naliebis) Teorias. uaryofiTi

gare efeqtebis neitralizaci-

is piguseul meTods pigus ga-

dasaxadi ewoda.

paretos keTildReobis eko-

nomikuri Teoriisagan gansxvave-

biT, pigu amtkicebda, rom vi-

naidan gadanawileba ar amcir-

ebs mTlian Semosavals, xolo

zRvruli sargeblianoba Semo-

savlis klebadi funqciaa, ami-

tom simdidris gadacema mdi-

drebisagan RaribebisTvis gazr-

dis saerTo keTildReobas.

pigus naSromebi fulisa da

Semosavlebis TeoriaSi _ _ _ _ _ `da-

saqmebis Teoria~ (1933) da

`dasaqmeba da wonasworoba~

(1941) _ _ _ _ _ ZiriTadad asaxaven da-

saqmebisa da Semosavlebis kla-

sikuri Teoriis Sinaarss. amis

gamo, keinzis mxridan kritika

umTavresad pigus daatyda Tavs.

miuxedavad amisa, man Seqmna

sruli dasaqmebis miRwevis

meqanizmi keinzianuri sistemis

CarCoebSi. am meqanizmma miiRo

pigus efeqtis saxelwodeba. igi

mdgomareobs SemdegSi: arasru-

li dasaqmebis pirobebSi fase-

bis dacema zrdis naRdi fu-

lis raodenobas. es iwvevs sa-

qonelze moTxovnis zrdas da Se-

sabamisad, dasaqmebis gadidebas.

pigus mtkicebiT, fasebis

zrdasa da, aqedan gamomdinare,

sabazro wonasworobis darRve-

vas Tan sdevs momxmarebelTa

Sesabamisi sabazro qceva: mim-

dinare moTxovnis xarjze fu-

ladi Semosavlebis tezavrire-

buli nawilis gadideba. amas

mohyveba moxmarebisaTvis gan-

kuTvnili fuladi Semosavlebis

odenobis Semcireba, rac uary-

ofiT gavlenas moaxdens mim-

dinare moTxovnaze, gamoiwvevs

fasebis Semcirebas da sabazro

wonasworobis aRdgenas. fuladi

Semosavlebis gamoyenebis sf-

eroSi moqmedi meqanizmis gare

efeqti, romelic aisaxeba eko-

nomikuri wonasworobis Senar-

CunebaSi, atarebs a. pigus sax-

els da cnobilia pigus efeq-pigus efeq-pigus efeq-pigus efeq-pigus efeq-

tis tis tis tis tis saxelwodebiT.

pigus naSromebidan, agreTve

aRsaniSnavia: `simdidre da ke-

TildReoba~ (1912), ̀ keTildRe-

pigu arturpigu arturpigu arturpigu arturpigu artur

284

obis ekonomika~ (1921), `nar-

kvevebi gamoyenebiT ekonomikur

TeoriaSi~ (1923), ̀ samrewvelo

ryevebi~ (1927), ̀ sruli dasaq-

mebidan gadaxra~ (1945) da a.S.

pigus gadasaxadi pigus gadasaxadi pigus gadasaxadi pigus gadasaxadi pigus gadasaxadi (Pigouiantax) - - - - - gadasaxadi, dawesebuli

uaryofiTi gare efeqtebis (eqs-

ternaliebis) koreqtirebisa da

nivelirebisaTvis. pigus gada-

saxadiT ibegreba aseTi gare efeq-

tis warmomqmneli. amasTan, ga-

dasaxadis odenoba unda gani-

sazRvros imgvarad, rom gare

efeqtis kerZo danaxarjebi sazo-

gadoebrivi xarjebis toli iyos.

piki piki piki piki piki (peak) - - - - - warmoebis aRmav-lobis zeda wertili, romelic

xasiaTdeba ekonomikuri zrdis

umaRlesi tempiT. pikis Semdeg

iwyeba warmoebis dacema.

pinta pinta pinta pinta pinta (pint) - - - - - moculobisa

da tevadobis erTeuli aSS-----Si,

did britaneTsa da zogierT

sxva qveyanaSi; did britaneT-

Si 1 p = 1/8 galons anu 0,568

litrs; aSS-----Si ganasxvaveben

Txevad pintas (udris 1/8 ame-rikul galons, anu 0,473 litrs)

da fxvier pintas (utoldeba

1/64 amerikul buSels, Tavis

mxriv, buSeli udris 0,551

litrs).

piradi momsaxureba piradi momsaxureba piradi momsaxureba piradi momsaxureba piradi momsaxureba (per-sonal service) - - - - - momsaxurebis issaxeebi, romlebic uSualo ze-

moqmedebas axdenen adamianze.

am jgufSi pirobiTad Sedis mom-

saxurebis sferos Semdegi dar-

gebi: ganaTleba, xelovneba, kul-

tura, janmrTelobis dacva, say-

ofacxovrebo momsaxureba, so-

cialuri uzrunvelyofa, fiz-

kultura da sporti, rekreaci-

uli momsaxureba, Sinamosamsa-

xureTa momsaxureba.

piradi Semosavali piradi Semosavali piradi Semosavali piradi Semosavali piradi Semosavali (perso-nal income) - - - - - calkeuli fizi-

kuri pirebis Semosavali gada-

saxadebis gadaxdamde. Sedgeba

xelfasisa da damatebiTi Semo-

savlebisagan _ dividendis, sar-

geblis, rentis, premiis, trans-

feris CaTvliT. ganasxvaveben no-

minalur Semosavals, romelic

gaiangariSeba uSualod fulad

formaSi da realur Semosavals,

romelic gaiangariSeba fasebis

doniT fulis msyidvelobiTuna-

rianobis gaTvaliswinebiT.

pirdapiri gadasaxadipirdapiri gadasaxadipirdapiri gadasaxadipirdapiri gadasaxadipirdapiri gadasaxadi

(direct tax) - - - - - regularuli saga-

dasaxado anaricxi, romelsac

mocemuli qveynis fizikuri da

iuridiuli pirebi uxdian sax-

elmwifos (xelisuflebis adg-

ilobriv organoebs) Semosav-

lis yvela saxidan, mogebisa da

sakuTrebidan miRebuli Semo-

savlebis CaTvliT. pirdapir

gadasaxadebs miekuTvneba moge-

baze gadasaxadi, saSemosavlo

gadasaxadi, qonebis gadasaxadi

da a.S.

pigus gadasaxadipigus gadasaxadipigus gadasaxadipigus gadasaxadipigus gadasaxadi

285

pirvepirvepirvepirvepirveladi bazari ladi bazari ladi bazari ladi bazari ladi bazari (prima-ry market) - - - - - bazari, sadac fasianqaRaldebs yidian maTi emiten-

tebi.

pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-

lilililili (senior mortgage) - - - - - uZravi qo-nebis uzrunvelyofili nawili,

romelic valis daubruneblo-

bis SemTxvevaSi kreditors

aZlevs upirates uflebas da-

giravebuli qonebis gayidvis

Sedegad misaReb Senatanebze.

pirobiTi prognozi pirobiTi prognozi pirobiTi prognozi pirobiTi prognozi pirobiTi prognozi (con-ditional forecast) - - - - - samomavlo

ekonomikuri movlenebis ganWvre-

ta, gamoxatuli gansazRvruli

formiT.

plastikuri baraTi plastikuri baraTi plastikuri baraTi plastikuri baraTi plastikuri baraTi (plas-tic card) - - - - - yvela saxis sagadasax-

delo baraTi _ _ _ _ _ sabanko-----sakre-

dito, debitoruli, samgzavro

da a.S.

plebisciti plebisciti plebisciti plebisciti plebisciti (plebiscite) [<laT.plebiscitum xalxis gadawyveti-

leba] - - - - - saerTo-----saxalxo kenWis-

yra, referendumi.

plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-

rarararara (plebiscite’s dictatorship) - - - - - sa-xelmwifo mmarTvelobis iseTi

meqanizmi, romlis drosac Cveu-

lebrivad tardeba arCevnebi,

oRond im gansxvavebiT, rom

mmarTvel fenebs an, ufro swo-

rad, ramdenime mmarTvel pirs

yovelTvis aqvT arCevnebSi sa-

surveli Sedegis miRwevis re-

aluri SesaZlebloba.

pozitivizmi pozitivizmi pozitivizmi pozitivizmi pozitivizmi (positivism) -----

ekonomikuri mecnierebis filoso-

fia, filosofiuri doqtrina,

romelic amtkicebs, rom daskvne-

bi, romlebic ar SeiZleba Semow-

mebuli iyos empiriulad, meti

rom ara vTqvaT, aramecnierulia.

pozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuri

Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (positive economics) -----ekonomikuri Teoriis nawili da

ekonomikuri analizis is tipi,

romelic eyrdnoba faqtebiT

ganmtkicebul debulebebsa da

daskvnebs. igi swavlobs ekonomi-

kas iseTs, rogoric aris, upa-

suxebs kiTxvas _ _ _ _ _ `ra aris~ da

ara kiTxvas _ _ _ _ _ `ra unda iyos~.

normatiuli ekonomikuri Teori-

isagan gansxvavebiT, pozitiuri

ekonomikuri Teoria ar iZleva

samomavlo rekomendaciebs. igi

normatiuli ekonomikuri Teo-

riis sayrdenia, faqtobrivi

mtkicebiT upasuxebs iseT kiTx-

vebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, mo-

saxleobis ramdeni procentia

umuSevari.

polisi polisi polisi polisi polisi (policy) [<ital. po-lizza xelwerili, qviTari] - - - - - mow-moba, gacemuli sadazRvevo kom-

paniis mier fizikuri an iuri-

diuli piris saxelze, romel-

mac am kompaniaSi raime daaz-

Rvia. Seicavs dazRvevis Sesaxeb

dadebuli xelSekrulebis piro-

bebs.

politikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomia

(political economy) - - - - - mecniereba,romelic saTaves iRebs XVIII

politikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomiapolitikuri ekonomia

286

saukunis ukanasknel mesamedSi

klasikur-----liberaluri ekono-

mikuri mimdinareobis warmo-

Sobis safuZvelze klasikuri

politikuri ekonomiis saxiT,

Tumca, es saxelwodeba pirvelma

SemoiRo frangma a. monkretienma,

rodesac gamosca naSromi `po-

litikuri ekonomiis traqtati~

(1615).


nomiis aRmocenebiT mecniereb-

is erTian sistemas gamoeyo

ekonomika, rogorc damoukide-

beli mecniereba. klasikurma

politikurma ekonomiam cod-

nis mTel arsenals sakvlevi

problemis irgvliv mouyara

Tavi, siRrmiseulad gaaanaliza

da erTian sistemaSi moaqcia.

amasTan, man mecnieruli kvle-

vis sfero gaafarTova da ar

Semoifargla mxolod soflis

meurneobiT, mecnierulad daas-

abuTa, rom simdidris wyaro

unda veZioT ara mimoqcevaSi

(merkantilisturi midgoma) an

mxolod miwaTmoqmedebaSi (fiz-

iokratuli midgoma), aramed

mTlianad warmoebaSi. klasiku-

ri politikuri ekonomia Tavi-

si masStabebiTa da mecnieru-

li siRrmiT, realuri ekonomi-

kuri movlenebisa da amocaneb-

is adekvaturi axsniTa da sis-

temuri midgomiT WeSmarit mec-

nierebad Camoyalibda, romelic

saukunenaxevarze met xans (XVIII

saukunis 70-----iani wlebidan XXsaukunis 30-----ian wlebamde) sa-

fuZvlad edo msoflios wamy-

vani kapitalisturi qveynebis

ekonomikur politikas.


nomiis bazaze aRmocenda sxva-

dasxva ekonomikuri mimdinare-

oba. erT-----erTi aseTi mimdinar-

eobaa marqsistuli politikuri

ekonomia, romelmac farTod

moikida fexi da saprogramo

dokumentad iqca socialistu-

ri sazogadoebis aSenebis msur-

veli qveynebisaTvis. marqsis-

tulma politikurma ekonomi-

am, erTi mxriv, klasikuri poli-

tikuri ekonomiis mier gamokv-

leuli zogierTi Teoria ga-

naviTara da gaaRrmava, meore

mxriv ki, klasikuri politikuri

ekonomiisgan gansxvavebuli Te-

oria Seqmna. marqsistuli poli-

tikuri ekonomiis kvlevis sa-

gani warmoebiT urTierTobaTa

ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebia.

marqsistul politikur

ekonomias daukavSirda leni-

nis Teoria, ris safuZvelzec

Camoyalibda marqsistul-----leni-

nuri politikuri ekonomia. es

ukanaskneli ori nawilisgan

Sedgeba. pirveli nawilia kapi-

talizmis, xolo meore _ _ _ _ _ soci-

alizmis politikuri ekonomia.

kapitalizmis politikuri eko-

nomia agebulia marqsis moZRvre-

baze, ZiriTadad marqsis `kapi-

polisipolisipolisipolisipolisi

287

talze~, romelSic gaanalize-

bulia imdroindeli kapital-

izmis ekonomikuri sistema. mas

agvirgvinebs leninis imperial-

izmis Teoria. meore nawili _____

socializmis politikuri eko-

nomia xotbas asxams da ikvlevs

im socializms, romelic arse-

bobda komunistur qveynebSi.

XX saukunis 90-----iani wle-

bis dasawyisidan marqsistul-----

leninurma politikurma eko-

nomiam, romelic safuZvlad edo

sabWoTa kavSirisa da sxva ko-

munisturi qveynebis ekonomikur

politikas, adgili dasavlur

Teoriebs dauTmo.

Tanamedrove dasavlur li-

teraturaSi termini _ _ _ _ _ ̀ poli-

tikuri ekonomia~ gulisxmobs

im politikuri faqtorebis kv-

levas, romlebic moqmedeben

qveynis ekonomikur politika-

ze. ̀ axali politikuri ekono-

mia~ Seiswavlis politikisa da

ekonomikis urTierTmoqmedebis

kanonzomierebebs, urTierTkav-

Sirs politikuri saqmianobis

praqtikul aspeqtebsa da wmin-

da ekonomikur Teorias Soris.

posesia posesia posesia posesia posesia (possessoin) [laT.

possessio] - - - - - miwis arenduli mflo-

beloba.

postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-

gadoeba gadoeba gadoeba gadoeba gadoeba (postindustrial society)– es termini samecniero brun-

vaSi Semoitana amerikelma mec-

nierma daniel belim. naSromSi

`postindustriuli sazogadoe-

bis momavali~ (1973) man Camo-

ayaliba postindustriuli sa-

zogadoebisTvis damaxasiaTebe-

li Semdegi xuTi niSani: 1. ma-

terialur-nivTobriv warmoe-

basTan SedarebiT, momsaxureb-

is sferos wingamswrebi tem-

piT ganviTareba; 2. teqnologi-

ebisa da teqnologiuri Sefase-

bebis gansakuTrebuli rolis

warmoCena; 3. axali `inteleq-

tualuri~ teqnologiebis Seq-

mna; 4. dasaqmebis struqtura-

Si profesiul-teqnikuri per-

sonalis upiratesobis zrda;

5. Teoriuli codnis, rogorc

siaxleebis danergvisa da ekono-

mikuri politikis Camoyalibebis

safuZvlis, rolis amaRleba.

postindustriul sazogadoebaSi,

sadac socialuri problemebi

ukeTesad wydeba, belis ganmarte-

biT, mTavaria ara Zlieri kunTe-

bi, aramed codna da informacia.

saqme isaa, rom XX sauku-

nis 60-iani wlebidan aSS-sa da

dasavleT evropis qveynebis eko-

nomikaSi (iaponiaSi ki 70-iani

wlebidan) gamoikveTa axali Ta-

visebureba _ mecnierul-teqni-

kuri progresis ZiriTad mimar-

TulebaTa farTod danergva,

ramac daaCqara momsaxurebis

sferos ekonomikis mesameul

seqtorad Camoyalibeba, misi

xvedriTi wonis arsebiTi ga-

dideba sazogadoebriv warmoe-

postindustriuli sazopostindustriuli sazopostindustriuli sazopostindustriuli sazopostindustriuli sazogadoebagadoebagadoebagadoebagadoeba

288

basa da moxmarebis struqtur-

aSi. yvela ZiriTadi maCvenebliT,

maT Soris dasaqmebulTa ricx-

ovnebiT, man win gauswro mate-

rialur-nivTobriv warmoebas da

gadaiqca ekonomikis umsxviles

seqtorad. warmoebis procese-

bis avtomatizaciam, energiis axa-

li wyaroebisa da bioteqnolo-

giis gamoyenebam, mikroeleqtro-

nikisa da telekomunikaciuri

teqnikis miRwevaTa aTvisebam

Tvisebrivad axali etapi Seqm-

na ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. sa-

warmoo Zalebis arnaxulma prog-

resma gamoiwvia kapitalizmis

transformacia axal sazogado-

ebaSi, Seqmna ganviTarebis Sem-

dgomi, ufro maRali safexuri.

winaindustriuli sazogadoeba

Secvala industriulma, xolo

es ukanaskneli _ postindus-

triulma. ganviTarebul qveyneb-

Si daiwyo maRali masobrivi

moxmarebis xana, rac gamoixa-

ta SemdegSi: a. mkveTrad gaizar-

da im umaRlesi xarisxis saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis masobrivi

moxmareba, romlebic winaT xel-

misawvdomi iyo mxolod mosax-

leobis Zalze mcire nawilisaT-

vis; b. sagrZnoblad Semcirda

siRaribe; g. mosaxleobis 10%-

ma fufunebis dones miaRwia

(winaT igi xelmisawvdomi iyo

erTeulebisTvis). masobriv mox-

marebaze gadasvlas mohyva prog-

resuli ukuSedegebi qveynis eko-

nomikis ganviTarebaSi.

potenciuri mep potenciuri mep potenciuri mep potenciuri mep potenciuri mep (potentialGNP, potential output) - - - - - VTG, rom-

lis warmoebac SeiZleba arse-

buli kapitaluri resursebisa

da samuSao Zalis pirobebSi.

potenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebis

moculoba moculoba moculoba moculoba moculoba (potential output) -----firmis, dargis, seqtoris an

mTlianad ekonomikis maqsimalu-

rad SesaZlebeli warmoebis

moculoba, gansazRvruli war-

moebis faqtorebis uzrunvel-

yofiT. sxvaoba potenciur da

faqtobriv warmoebis mocu-

lobebs Soris Warbi simZlav-

reebis tolia.

prezentanti prezentanti prezentanti prezentanti prezentanti (presenter)[<laT. praesentans warmomdge-ni] - - - - - Tamasuqis warmomdgeni.

prezentacia prezentacia prezentacia prezentacia prezentacia (presentation)[<laT. presentatio] - - - - - 1. firmis,saqonlis da a.S. wardgena misi

gacnobis an reklamis mizniT;

2. gadasapirebeli Tamasuqis

wardgena trasatisaTvis, pir-

isTvis, romelic valdebulia

es Tamasuqi gaanaRdos.

preiskuranti preiskuranti preiskuranti preiskuranti preiskuranti (price-----cur-rent) [<frang. prix - - - - - fasi corantmimdinare] - - - - - sxvadasxva saxis

produqtis, saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis fasebis cnobari.

preferencia preferencia preferencia preferencia preferencia (preference)[<laT. praeferre - - - - - upiratesobisminiWeba] - - - - - 1. upiratesoba, SeRa-vaTi, SeRavaTiani sabaJo gada-

potenciuri meppotenciuri meppotenciuri meppotenciuri meppotenciuri mep

289

saxadebi, dadgenili saxelmwi-

fos mier zogierTi qveynis yve-

la an calkeuli saxis saqonel-

ze, rac sxva qveynebis produ-

qciaze ar vrceldeba; 2. savaW-

ro SeRavaTi, dawesebuli saer-

TaSoriso xelSekrulebis safuZ-

velze qveynebs Soris vaWro-

bis gafarToebis mizniT.

privatizacia privatizacia privatizacia privatizacia privatizacia (privatizati-on) [<laT. privatus - - - - - kerZo] - - - - - sa-xelmwifo sakuTrebis gardaqmna

personificirebul kerZo sakuT-

rebad.

privilegiuri aqcia privilegiuri aqcia privilegiuri aqcia privilegiuri aqcia privilegiuri aqcia (pre-ference share) - - - - - aqcia garantire-buli fiqsirebuli dividendis

miRebis uflebiT. mis mflo-

bels xmis micemis ufleba ara

aqvs da amdenad, ar monawile-

obs aqcioneruli sazogadoeb-

is marTvaSi.

prprprprprinciinciinciinciincipali pali pali pali pali (principal) [<laT.principalis mTavari] - - - - - 1. mTavari,ZiriTadi mevale valdebule-

baSi; 2. piri, romlis saxeli-

Tac moqmedebs agenti.

prprprprprinciinciinciinciincipi pi pi pi pi - - - - - `vinc abinZu-`vinc abinZu-`vinc abinZu-`vinc abinZu-`vinc abinZu-

rebs, is ixdis~ rebs, is ixdis~ rebs, is ixdis~ rebs, is ixdis~ rebs, is ixdis~ (polluter paysprinciple) - - - - - idea, romlis arsi

mdgomareobs imaSi, rom vinc ab-

inZurebs garemos, man unda gada-

ixados am qmedebisaTvis. ro-

gorc ekonomikuri TanamSrom-

lobisa da ganviTarebis orga-

nizaciam ganacxada, am princips

Seesabameba pigus gadasaxadi,

agreTve nebismieri gadasaxadi

an mosakrebeli, romelic astim-

ulirebs garemos dabinZurebis

Semcirebis RonisZiebebs.

prognozireba prognozireba prognozireba prognozireba prognozireba (forecast-ing) _ _ _ _ _ mecnierulad dasabuTe-

buli msjeloba, daskvnebi qveynis

momavali ekonomikis an misi

calkeuli sferoebis SesaZle-

beli mdgomareobis, agreTve ama

Tu im donis miRwevis alter-

natiuli gzebis, meTodebisa da

vadebis Sesaxeb.

programuli biujetiprogramuli biujetiprogramuli biujetiprogramuli biujetiprogramuli biujeti

(programme budget) _ _ _ _ _ mTavro-bis mier dasaxuli prioritete-

bis misaRwevad gansaxorciele-

beli RonisZiebebis, programeb-

is, mosalodneli Sedegebisa da

Sefasebis indikatorebis er-

Toblioba. sainvesticio xasi-

aTis programuli biujeti kap-kap-kap-kap-kap-

italuri biujetia.italuri biujetia.italuri biujetia.italuri biujetia.italuri biujetia.

progresiuli gadasaxa-progresiuli gadasaxa-progresiuli gadasaxa-progresiuli gadasaxa-progresiuli gadasaxa-

di di di di di (progressive tax) - - - - - gadasaxa-di, romlis saSualo ganakveT-

ic izrdeba Semosavlis zr-

dasTan erTad. progresiuli

gadasaxadi SeiZleba arsebob-

des danaxarjebzec, roca sa-

gadasaxado ganakveTi izrdeba

samomxmareblo danaxarjebis

zrdis kvalobaze.

dasavleTis qveynebis sagada-

saxado sistemebis umravlesoba-

Si gadasaxadebi progresiulia.

produqti produqti produqti produqti produqti (product) [<laT.

productus warmoebuli] - - - - - Sromismaterialuri (nivTobrivi) an

produqtiproduqtiproduqtiproduqtiproduqti

290

aramaterialuri (mecnieruli

aRmoCena, idea da a.S.) Sedegi.

produqcia produqcia produqcia produqcia produqcia (product) [laT.

productic, producire mzadeba, keTe-ba] - - - - - msoflioSi, qveyanaSi, meur-

neobis dargSi, sawarmoSi, cal-

keuli muSakebis mier drois

gansazRvrul monakveTSi war-

moebuli produqtebis erTob-

lioba.

produqciis gamoSvebaproduqciis gamoSvebaproduqciis gamoSvebaproduqciis gamoSvebaproduqciis gamoSveba

(output) - - - - - resursebis dovlaT-

ad gardaqmnis saboloo pro-

cesi. ar aris aucilebeli pro-

duqciis gamoSveba zustad emTx-

veodes sargeblianobis momtan

dovlaTs: produqcia SeiZleba

flobdes nulovan da zogjer

uaryofiT sabazro fassac ki.

ar aris aucilebeli pro-

duqcias hqondes nivTobrivi for-

ma. samedicino da saganmanaT-

leblo momsaxurebac produq-

ciaa. pirveli jandacvis indust-

riis Sedegia, xolo meore _ _ _ _ _ ga-

naTlebis sistemis saqmianobisa.

producenti producenti producenti producenti producenti (producer)[<laT. producens (prodocentis)mwarmoebeli] - - - - - mwarmoebeli; ama

Tu im saqonlis mwarmoebeli

qveyana.

prolongacia prolongacia prolongacia prolongacia prolongacia (prolonga-tion) [<laT. prologare gagrZele-

ba] - - - - - xelSekrulebis, sesxis,

Tamasuqisa da a.S. moqmedebis

vadis gagrZeleba.

promesa promesa promesa promesa promesa (promise) [<frang.promesse dapireba] - - - - - 1. doku-

menti, romlis Tanaxmadac mo-

mgebiani sesxis, obligaciis an

latariis bileTis mflobeli

(promesis gamyidveli) valde-

bulebas iRebs, garkveul fasSi

dauTmos sxva pirs Tavisi moge-

ba; 2. obligaciis gamyidvelis

valdebuleba, gadacvalos ob-

ligacia sxva obligaciaze misi

tiraJis gasvlis SemTxvevaSi.

prompti prompti prompti prompti prompti (prompt) - - - - - saswra-fod dadebuli Carteri.

proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-

di di di di di (proportional tax) - - - - - gadasaxa-di, romlis saSualo ganakveTi

Semosavlis miuxedavad ucvle-

li rCeba.

proteqcionizmi proteqcionizmi proteqcionizmi proteqcionizmi proteqcionizmi (protec-tionism) [frang. protectionnisme<laT. protectio dafarva] - - - - - sax-elmwifos ekonomikuri politi-

ka, romlis mizania erovnuli me-

urneobis dacva ucxouri kon-

kurenciisagan saimporto saqo-

nelze maRali baJis SemoRebiT,

garkveuli saxis saqonlis Semo-

tanis SezRudviT an akrZalviT.

proficiti proficiti proficiti proficiti proficiti (surplus) - - - - - biu-jetis dadebiTi saldo, biuje-

tis Semosavlis gadameteba xar-

jze. proficitis dros mTavro-

ba Warb fulad saxsrebs iyenebs

Tavisi davalianebis dasafaravad.

procenti procenti procenti procenti procenti (interest) [<laT.

procentum yovel asze] - - - - - 1. ricx-vis measedi, aRiniSneba niSniT

-%-%-%-%-%; 2. Semosavali, romelsac

mesakuTre iRebs gadasaxadis

produqciaproduqciaproduqciaproduqciaproduqcia

291

saxiT fizikuri da iuridiuli

pirebisagan Tavis sakuTrebaSi

arsebuli obieqtebis gamoyeneb-

isaTvis; 3. sasesxo procenti,

sargebeli, romelsac iRebs

kreditori gacemul sesxze.

procentis procentis procentis procentis procentis (sargeblissargeblissargeblissargeblissargeblis)

ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi (interest rate) - - - - - kre-ditis an sasesxo kapitalis

gamoyenebisaTvis dawesebuli ga-

dasaxadis procentuli maCvene-

beli, romelic gamoxatavs gas-

esxebuli fuladi niSnis er-

Teulze SemoRebuli wliuri

gadasaxadis odenobas. mas awes-

rigeben bankebi maT mier war-

moebul operaciebze (mokleva-

diani an grZelvadiani dakred-

iteba, anabrebi da sxv.) dade-

bul sakredito SeTanxmebebSi.

procentuli ganakveTi Sei-

Zleba iyos mcocavi an fiq-

sirebuli mTeli vadis ganmav-

lobaSi. misi sidide, wminda pro-

centis garda, damokidebulia

kreditoris danaxarjebisa da

riskis safasurze. rac ufro sa-

riskod miaCnia kreditors kre-

ditis gacema, miT ufro maRa-

lia procentis norma Tanabar

pirobebSi. procentuli ganakve-

Tis norma mewarmisaTvis infor-

maciis mniSvnelovani wyaroa.

igi yalibdeba fulis bazarze.

procentis norma damokide-

bulia: a). fuladi saxsrebis

miwodebis sidideze, anu im

droebiT Tavisufal fulad

procentis realuri gaprocentis realuri gaprocentis realuri gaprocentis realuri gaprocentis realuri ganakveTinakveTinakveTinakveTinakveTi

saxsrebze, romlebic Tavs iyris

fulis bazarze; b). saqonlis

fasebze. rac ufro maRalia

fasebis mosalodneli zrda, miT

ufro maRalia procentis norma.

procentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluri

ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi ganakveTi (nominal interest) -----fulis raodenoba, romelic

gadaxdilia sasesxo fuladi

niSnis erTeulze garkveul pe-

riodSi (Tve, weli); procen-

tis ganakveTi, romlis mixed-

viTac dairicxeba aqtivebis no-

minaluri Rirebulebis namati

sadepozito angariSebsa da fa-

sian qaRaldebze; procentis

realuri ganakveTisa da infla-

ciis tempis jami. fiSeris ef-fiSeris ef-fiSeris ef-fiSeris ef-fiSeris ef-

eqtis eqtis eqtis eqtis eqtis mixedviT, procentis no-

minaluri ganakveTis dinamika

mTlianad emTxveva inflaciis

mosalodneli tempis dinamikas.

procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-

nakveTi nakveTi nakveTi nakveTi nakveTi (real interest rate) - - - - - 1.procentis ganakveTi, romlis

mixedviTac izrdeba aqtivebis

realuri Rirebuleba sadepozi-

to anagriSebsa da fasian qa-

Raldebze garkveul periodSi;

2. procentis minimaluri gana-

kveTi, koreqtirebuli mocemul

periodSi mosalodneli infla-

ciis tempis mixedviT; sxvaoba

procentis nominalur ganakveT-

sa da inflaciis temps Soris.

arsebobs mosalodneli mosalodneli mosalodneli mosalodneli mosalodneli (exante) da faqtobrivi faqtobrivi faqtobrivi faqtobrivi faqtobrivi (ex post)procentis realuri ganakveTi.

292 Jenevis konferenciaJenevis konferenciaJenevis konferenciaJenevis konferenciaJenevis konferencia

JJJJJJenevis konferencia Jenevis konferencia Jenevis konferencia Jenevis konferencia Jenevis konferencia (Ge-

neva Conference) - - - - - ix. tarife-bisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb gene-

raluri SeTanxmeba.

Jenevis raundiJenevis raundiJenevis raundiJenevis raundiJenevis raundi(Geneva ro-und) - - - - - tarifebisa da vaWro-bis Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-

xmebis CarCoebSi savaWro mo-

laparakebebis pirveli (1947)

da meoTxe (1955-1956) raun-

debis farTod gavrcelebuli

saxelwodeba.

Jiranti Jiranti Jiranti Jiranti Jiranti (endorsee) [<ital.

girante<girare gadagzavna (Tanx-is)] - - - - - igivea, rac indosanti.

Jirati Jirati Jirati Jirati Jirati (endorser) - - - - - igivea,rac indosati.

Jiro Jiro Jiro Jiro Jiro (endorsement) [<ital.

giro brunva, mimoqceva] - - - - - 1. unaRdoangariSsworebis erT-----erTi for-

ma; 2. igivea, rac indosamenti.

JiroangariSsworeba JiroangariSsworeba JiroangariSsworeba JiroangariSsworeba JiroangariSsworeba (giroaccount) - - - - - unaRdo angariSs-

woreba, romelsac awarmoeben

bankebi erTi angariSidan meo-

reze Tanxis gadaricxviT. igi

gamoiyeneba agreTve unaRdo an-

gariSsworebis mTeli sistemis

aRsaniSnavad.

JiroCeki JiroCeki JiroCeki JiroCeki JiroCeki (giro cheque) -----Ceki, romelic Seicavs Cekis

mflobelis nebarTvas misi

JiroangariSidan Cekis amRebis

angariSze gansazRvruli Tanxis

gadaricxvis Sesaxeb. JiroCeki

gamoiyeneba mxolod unaRdo

angariSsworebisas erTi bankis

farglebSi, sadac gaxsnilia

orive mxaris JiroangariSi.

Jirocentrali Jirocentrali Jirocentrali Jirocentrali Jirocentrali (girocen-tral) - - - - - sakredito dawesebule-

ba, romelic komunaluri Sem-

naxveli bankebisTvis centra-

luri bankis funqciebs asru-

lebs. yvelaze farTod gavr-

celebulia germaniaSi.

293

rrrrrra, rogor, visTvis ra, rogor, visTvis ra, rogor, visTvis ra, rogor, visTvis ra, rogor, visTvis (what,

how, for whom) - - - - - ekonomikuri

organizaciis sami ZiriTadi

problema, triada. `ra`ra`ra`ra`ra~ _ _ _ _ _ es

aris kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu

ra saxis da ra raodenobis

saqoneli an momsaxureba unda

vawarmooT SezRuduli resur-

sebis pirobebSi. `rogor`rogor`rogor`rogor`rogor~ _____

es aris kiTxva imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ra teqnologiiT vawarmooT

es saqoneli an momsaxureba,

xolo ̀ visTvis`visTvis`visTvis`visTvis`visTvis~ _ _ _ _ _ es aris kiTx-

va imis Sesaxeb, Tu samomxmare-

blo dovlaTi rogor ganaw-

ildes mocemul sazogadoeba-

Si. ix. sabazro ekonomika.

rantie rantie rantie rantie rantie (rentier) (frang. ren-tier) - - - - - piri, romlisTvisac Semo-

savlis wyaroa sesxad gacemu-

li kapitalis procenti (sarge-

beli) an fasiani qaRaldebidan

miRebuli Semosavali.

racionaluri molodi-racionaluri molodi-racionaluri molodi-racionaluri molodi-racionaluri molodi-

nis Teoria nis Teoria nis Teoria nis Teoria nis Teoria (rational expecta-tions theory) - - - - - Teoria, romlis

Tanaxmadac mwarmoeblebi da mo-

mxmareblebi _ _ _ _ _ biznesisa da

hausholdis blokebi arsebu-

li socialur-----ekonomikuri in-

formaciis safuZvelze yvelaze

racionalurad gegmaven Tavi-

anT ekonomikur qcevas. isini

varaudoben, rom fulad-----sakre-

dito da sabiujeto politika

garkveul gavlenas moaxdens

ekonomikaze da, xelmZRvanelo-

ben ra sakuTari gamorCenis

surviliT, iseT RonisZiebebs mi-

marTaven, romlebic am poli-

tikas araefeqtians xdis.

racionaluri spekula-racionaluri spekula-racionaluri spekula-racionaluri spekula-racionaluri spekula-

ciuri `sapnis buSti~ ciuri `sapnis buSti~ ciuri `sapnis buSti~ ciuri `sapnis buSti~ ciuri `sapnis buSti~ (ratio-nalistic speculative “bubble”) –aqciis fasis iseTi dinamika,

rodesac finansuri investorebi

gamoxataven mzadyofnas, aqcie-

bSi mis namdvil Rirebulebaze

meti gadaixadon, im molodiniT,

rom ̀ sapnis buSti~ ibereba, ami-

tom aqciebi gaagrZelebs ga-

farToebas, rac investorebs ma-

Ti aqciebis ufro maRal fasad

gayidvis saSualebas miscemda.

sinamdvileSi es aqciebi SeiZle-

ba `cxeli~ (zedmetad Sefase-

buli) gaxdes. aqciebis fasis

aseT gadaxras maTi namdvili Ri-

rebulebidan axireba ewodeba.

realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-

si si si si si (real exchange rate) - - - - - gacvli-

Ti kursi, romelic iTvalis-

winebs ori Sesabamisi qveynis

fasebis doneTa Tanafardobas.

gaiangariSeba nominaluri gacv-

liTi kursis gayofiT Sesadar

qveynebSi fasebis indeqsebis

Tanafardobaze.

realuri realuri realuri realuri realuri mTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani Sidadadadada

produqti produqti produqti produqti produqti (real gross domesticproduct) - - - - - saboloo produqtis

realuri realuri realuri realuri realuri mTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani SimTliani Sidadadadada produqti produqti produqti produqti produqti

294

mTliani raodenobis mis mud-

miv (da ara mimdinare) fasebze

namravlTa jami. realuri mTli-

ani Sida produqti gamoSvebis

maCvenebelia. masSi cvlilebe-

bi mxolod saqonlis raodeno-

baSi cvlilebebs asaxavs.

realuri Semosavali realuri Semosavali realuri Semosavali realuri Semosavali realuri Semosavali (realincome) - - - - - saqonlisa da momsa-

xurebis raodenoba, romlis Se-

Zenac SeuZlia individs, ojaxs

an firmas TavianTi fuladi

SemosavlebiT, an kidev, fula-

di Semosavali, romelic ko-

reqtirebulia fasebis indeqsiT.

realuri cvladebi realuri cvladebi realuri cvladebi realuri cvladebi realuri cvladebi (realvariables) - - - - - naturaluri erTe-

ulebiT gazomili sidideebi (ix.

klasikuri dihotomia).

realuri xelfasi realuri xelfasi realuri xelfasi realuri xelfasi realuri xelfasi (realwage) - - - - - nominaluri xelfasi,

koreqtirebuli fasebis cvale-

badobis donis mixedviT. gai-

zomeba im saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis RirebulebiT, romel-

Ta SeZena SesaZlebelia am xel-

fasiT.

registri registri registri registri registri (register) [<laT.

registrum> sia, CamonaTvali] - - - - - 1.Canawerebis wigni, saaRricxvo

dokumenti Sesabamisi siiT,

romelsac samarTlebrivi mniS-

vneloba aqvs. mag., komerciuli

registri, romelSic Setanil-

ia yvela komerciuli banki;

kreditorebis registri, romel-

Sic Seitaneba ipoTekuri kre-

ditis kreditorebi; uZravi

qonebis registri, romlis Tanax-

madac ganisazRvreba uZravi

qonebis konkretuli obieqtis

flobis ufleba; fasiani qaRal-

debis registri, romelSic

SeaqvT cnobebi firmis yvela

fasiani qaRaldis Sesaxeb; 2.

specialuri organo, romelic

marTvis specialur dargSi ze-

damxedvelobis funqcias asru-

lebs.

regionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomikaregionuli ekonomika

(regional economics) - - - - - ekonomi-kuri analizis nawili, romel-

ic Seiswavlis ekonomikuri saq-

mianobis teritoriul ganlage-

bas da regionebs Soris ekono-

mikuri aqtiurobis doneTa So-

ris gansxvavebas. igi ikvlevs

mikro- - - - - da makroekonomikur

problemebs.

regionuli makroekonomi-regionuli makroekonomi-regionuli makroekonomi-regionuli makroekonomi-regionuli makroekonomi-

kis kis kis kis kis farglebSi, rogorc wesi,

xorcieldeba sxvadasxva re-

gionebis SedarebiTi analizi,

xolo TviT regionebi ganixi-

leba rogorc erTgvarovani eko-

nomikuri erTeulebi. regionu-

li makroekonomika moicavs erov-

nuli ekonomikis farglebSi sxva-

dasxva regionTa ekonomikuri

zrdisa da umuSevrobis, war-

moebis faqtorTa moZraobisa da

a.S. problemebs.

regionuli mikroekonomi-regionuli mikroekonomi-regionuli mikroekonomi-regionuli mikroekonomi-regionuli mikroekonomi-

ka ka ka ka ka upiratesad dakavSirebulia

realuri Semosavalirealuri Semosavalirealuri Semosavalirealuri Semosavalirealuri Semosavali

295

konkretul ekonomikur obieq-

tebs Soris urTierTzemoqmede-

bis sakiTxebis kvlevasTan. igi

Seiswavlis adgilmdebareobis

gavlenas ekonomikur saqmianoba-

ze da ar ganixilavs region-

ebs rogorc erTgvarovan erTe-

ulebs. didi da patara qalaqe-

bis Taviseburebebis kvlevisTvis

gamoiyeneba termini _ _ _ _ _ `qalaqe-

bis ekonomika~.

regresi regresi regresi regresi regresi (regress, recourse)[laT. regressus dabruneba, ukansvla] - - - - - 1. ganviTarebis ufro ma-Rali formidan dabalze gada-

svla, ukan svla, cvlileba uare-

sisaken (sapirispiroa -----progre-

si); 2. zaralis anazRaurebis

moTxovna, romelsac erTi piri

warudgens meores.

regresiuli gadasaxadiregresiuli gadasaxadiregresiuli gadasaxadiregresiuli gadasaxadiregresiuli gadasaxadi

(regressive tax) - - - - - gadasaxadi, rom-lis saSualo ganakveTic Se-

mosavlis zrdasTan erTad ece-

ma. arapirdapiri gadasaxadebis

umravlesoba regresiulia.

reestri reestri reestri reestri reestri (register) (laT.

regictrin) - - - - - ix. kadastri.reeqsporti reeqsporti reeqsporti reeqsporti reeqsporti (reexport) [laT.

reexsportore] - - - - - adre importire-buli saqonlis gatana (gada-

muSavebis gareSe) mesame qveya-

naSi.

revalvacia revalvacia revalvacia revalvacia revalvacia (revaluation)[re + <frang. evalastion Sefase-ba] - - - - - sxvagvarad _ _ _ _ _ valorizacia,

revalorizacia _ _ _ _ _ fulad erTe-

ulSi oqros Semcvelobis an

misi kursis oficialuri gazr-

da sxva qveynebis valutebTan Se-

darebiT.

vinaidan Tanamedrove piro-

bebSi fuls aRar aqvs oqroSem-

cveloba, amJamad revalvacia

gulisxmobs mxolod fulis

kursis oficialur gazrdas

sxva qveynebis valutebTan Se-

darebiT.

saqme isaa, rom iamaikis sa-

valuto sistemis Camoyalibeb-

is (1976) Semdeg, CCA-----is ga-----

dawyvetilebiT, 1978 wels ga-

uqmda oqros pariteti (Tana-

fardoba sxvadasxva qveynis

valutebs Soris oqros won-----

iTi raodenobis, oqros Semcv-----

elobis mixedviT). oqro, rome-----

lic savaluto sistemaSi XXsaukunis 70-----ian wlebamde mni-----

Svnelovan rols asrulebda,

gamoidevna saerTaSoriso anga-----

riSsworebis sferodan. miiRes

gadawyvetileba misi saboloo

demonetizaciis Sesaxeb. mTavari

valutis statusi amerikul

dolars mieniWa. revalvacia gu-

lisxmobs fulis msyidvelo-

biTi unaris amaRlebas garkve-

ul donemde. es done SeiZleba

iyos iseTive, rogoric inflaci-

is dasawyisSi; SeiZleba iyos

ufro maRali, vidre im momen-

tSi, rodesac inflaciam maqsi-

mums miaRwia. amrigad, reval-

revalvaciarevalvaciarevalvaciarevalvaciarevalvacia

296

vacia qaRaldis fulis infla-

ciamdeli Rirebulebis Tanda-

TanobiTi aRdgenis procesia,

rac faqtobrivad valutis

kursis amaRlebas niSnavs. mag.,

1961 wels moxda dasavleT-

germanuli markis revalvacia.

misi oqroSemcveloba gaizar-

da 0,211588-----dan 0,222168 gram

wminda oqromde, ris Sedegad

aSS-----is dolaris mimarT am fu-

lis kursi, nacvlad 4,2 markisa,

gaxda 4 marka.

revalvacia ekonomikis reg-

ulirebis erT-----erTi saSuale-

baa, Tumca, saerTaSoriso sava-

luto praqtikaSi igi iSviaT

movlenas warmoadgens. es imiT

aixsneba, rom qveyana, romelic

valutis revalvacias axor-

cielebs, sxva qveynebTan Sedar-

ebiT, araxelsayrel mdgomare-

obaSi ayenebs Tavis Tavs sa-

gareo vaWrobis, ucxouri kap-

italis mizidvisa da saerTa-

Soriso turizmis sferoSi. es

gamoixateba SemdegSi: 1. reval-

vacia mocemuli qveynis valu-

tis kursis aweviT sxva sax-

elmwifoebis valutebTan Seda-

rebiT iwvevs ucxour valutaSi

saeqsporto saqonlis fasebis

zrdas, riTac amcirebs qveynis

konkurentunarianobas msoflio

bazarze, aferxebs saqonlis

eqsports. rac Seexeba saqon-

lis imports, revalvacia, piri-

qiT, amcirebs masze sakuTar

valutaSi gamoxatul fasebs,

riTac zrdis moTxovnas im-

portul saqonelze da, saer-

Tod, imports; 2. mocemuli qvey-

nis revalvirebul valutasa da

sxva qveynebis valutebs Soris

warmoqmnili axali savaluto

pariteti araxelsayrels xdis

ucxouri kapitalis dabandebas

am qveyanaSi, vinaidan valuteb-

is gacvlisas maTi mflobele-

bi adgilobrivi valutiT nak-

leb Tanxas iReben. meore mxriv,

qveynebisTvis, romlebmac Tavi-

anTi valutis revalvacia moax-

dines, kapitalis eqsporti uf-

ro xelsayrelia, vinaidan iqm-

neba ucxouri valutis Sedare-

biT iafad yidvis SesaZleblo-

ba; 3. revalvacia amcirebs qvey-

nis Semosavals saerTaSoriso

turizmis sferoSi, vinaidan

ucxoel turistebs am qveyana-

Si mogzauroba Zviri ujdebaT,

da piriqiT, stimuls aZlevs

adgilobriv turistebs sazR-

vargareT mogzaurobisTvis, rad-

gan maTTvis ucxouri valuta

iafi xdeba.

revalvacia inflaciis wina-

aRmdeg brZolis erT-----erTi sa-

Sualebaa. ucxouri valutis mo-

Zalebis SezRudviT igi garkve-

ulwilad xels uwyobs mimo-

qcevaSi fuladi masis zrdis

SeCerebas da amis safuZvelze

revalvaciarevalvaciarevalvaciarevalvaciarevalvacia

297

fasebis matebis Senelebas. fase-

bis zrdas aferxebs agreTve

revalvaciis Sedegad importze

gaweuli xarjebis Semcireba.

sapirispiroa _ _ _ _ _ devalvacia.

reversi reversi reversi reversi reversi (reversion) - - - - - qone-bis dabruneba Tavdapirveli

mflobelisaTvis.

revizia revizia revizia revizia revizia (revision, audit) -----rwmunebuli saxelmwifo or-

ganos mier sawarmos, dawese-

bulebis an Tanamdebobis pire-

bis sameurneo-----safinanso saqmi-

anobis Semowmeba muSaobaSi na-

klovanebebis gamovlenisa da da-

Zlevis mizniT, agreTve maTi mo-

qmedebis kanonierebisaTvis.

revokacia revokacia revokacia revokacia revokacia (revocation) -----Cekis gamcemis winadadeba gace-

muli Cekis gauqmebis Sesaxeb.

rezidenti rezidenti rezidenti rezidenti rezidenti (resident) [laT.

residens (residents) mjdomare] -----iuridiuli an fizikuri piri,

romelic registrirebulia an

xangrZlivad (1 welze met

xans) cxovrobs mocemul qvey-

anaSi. rezidentze srulad vr-

celdeba qveyanaSi arsebuli sa-

gadasaxado da sakanonmdeblo

reJimi.

reideri firma reideri firma reideri firma reideri firma reideri firma (raider firm)– firma, romelsac aqvs Sesa-

Zlebloba iyidos sxva kompa-

nia; reideri firma STanTqavs

sxva kompaniebs.

reiganomika reiganomika reiganomika reiganomika reiganomika (Reaganom-ics) - - - - - neoklasikuri Teoriebis,

pirvel yovlisa, miwodebis

Teoriisa da monetarizmis Zir-

iTadi debulebebis asaxva aSS-----

is prezident reiganis adminis-

traciis (1981-----1988) ekonomi-

kur politikaSi. reiganomika

moicavs ekonomikuri politikis

Semdeg ZiriTad mimarTulebebs:

1. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos

Carevis zrdis SeCerebas saxel-

mwifo xarjebis Semcirebis

safuZvelze; 2. saxelmwifo so-

cialuri xarjebis gazrdas; 3.

kerZo mewarmeobis saxelmwifo

regulirebis masStabis mniS-

vnelovan Semcirebas; 4. admin-

istraciis mier sarezervo sis-

temis waxalisebas fuladi ma-

sis zrdis tempis im doneze

SesanarCuneblad, romelic sak-

marisi iqneboda ekonomikuri

zrdis uzrunvelyofisaTvis; 5.

piradi saSemosavlo gadasaxa-

disa da korporaciebis moge-

baze gadasaxadis mkveTr Sem-

cirebas.

reimporti reimporti reimporti reimporti reimporti (reimport) [laT.

reimportate] - - - - - sazRvargareTidansamamulo warmoebis saqonlis

(gausaReblis, dawunebulis da

a.S., droebiT gatanilis, magal-

iTad, gamofenaze) ukan Semot-

ana.

rekambio rekambio rekambio rekambio rekambio (renewed bill) [ital.

recambio SebrunebiTi Tamasuqi]----- sxvagvarad retrata _ _ _ _ _ 1. Tama-

suqis moTxovna valdebuli piris

rekambiorekambiorekambiorekambiorekambio

298

mimarT, romelsac waradgens

gaprotestebuli Tamasuqis gam-

naRdebeli gadaxdili Tanxis,

procentis, sauravis (jarimis)

da gaprotestebasTan dakavSire-

buli xarjebis anazRaurebis

mizniT; 2. bankis angariSi inka-

sod miRebuli Tamasuqis gapro-

testebasTan dakavSirebuli xar-

jebis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb.

reketi reketi reketi reketi reketi (racketeering) - - - - - me-warmeebisagan fulis ukanono

gamoZalva SantaJis gziT.

rekviziti rekviziti rekviziti rekviziti rekviziti (requisite) [<laT.

requisitum saWiro, aucilebeli] -----dokumentebisaTvis kanoniT dad-

genili savaldebulo monaceme-

bi. Tu rekvizits Tundac erTi

monacemi aklia, mis mflobels

ufleba ara aqvs, daniSnulebi-

samebr gamoiyenos igi.

reklama reklama reklama reklama reklama (advertising) - - - - - in-formaciis wyaro potenciuri mo-

mxmareblisTvis xelmisawvdomi

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis fase-

bisa da Tvisebebis Sesaxeb. igi

zrdis sabazro informaciis na-

kadebs da xels uwyobs konku-

renciis ganviTarebas. reklama

firmis saqmianobis erT-----erTi

formaa, romelic mimarTulia

produqciis gayidvis moculo-

bis gadidebisaken. misi ZiriTadi

mizania momxmarebelTa raode-

nobis gadideba da amiT konkuren-

tebTan upiratesobis mopoveba

(romlebic upiratesobas miani-

Weben am firmis produqcias mis

konkurentebTan SedarebiT). Tan-

amedrove ekonomikur liter-

aturaSi reklamas ganixilaven

rogorc kapitaldabandebas. re-

klamis aqtivebi Sedis firmis

aranivTobrivi aqtivebis Rire-

bulebaSi.

rekonstruqciisa darekonstruqciisa darekonstruqciisa darekonstruqciisa darekonstruqciisa da

ganganganganganviTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-

so banki so banki so banki so banki so banki (International Bank forReconstruction and Development-----IBRD) - - - - - saerTaSoriso finansuri-----sakredito instituti, romlis

Stab-----bina vaSingtonSia. daars-

da 1945 wels saerTaSoriso

savaluto fondTan erTad da

gaeros breton-----vudsis konfer-

enciis gadawyvetilebiT (romel-

ic Catarda 1944 wlis ivlis-

Si). araoficialurad msoflio

bankad wodebul organizacias

1947 wels mieniWa gaeros spe-

cialuri organos statusi.

Tavdapirvelad banki dakave-

buli iyo kapitaluri resurse-

bis TavmoyriTa da ganawilebiT

omisSemdgomi evropis aRsadgenad.

aRdgenis evropuli programis

mTavari amocana iyo ganviTareb-

is monawile qveynebisaTvis Se-

RavaTiani sesxebis gacema 5 wlis

vadiTa da 15 wlis an meti xniT

dafarvis pirobiT. Tanamedrove

pirobebSi erT-----erTi mTavari

amocanaa ̀ mesame samyaros~ qveyne-

bis ganviTarebis dakrediteba.

reketireketireketireketireketi

299

bankis saqmianoba finansde-

ba monawile qveynebis Senataneb-

is xarjze (am qveynebis raode-

noba 1990 wels 153 iyo, amJa-

mad 185-----ia). banki agreTve ax-

orcielebs da koordinacias uw-

evs teqnikuri daxmarebis mrava-

li saxis programas. amasTan,

igi TanamSromlobs ganviTare-

bis problemebiT dakavebul sx-

vadasxva saerTaSoriso da re-

gionul organizaciebTan, xe-

lmZRvanelobs ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis institutebs, monaw-

ile qveynebis im samTavrobo

Cinovnikebis momzadebis saswav-

lo dawesebulebebs, romlebic

uSualod monawileoben ganvi-

Tarebis programebis Sefasebasa

da SesworebaSi. sesxebis gace-

masa da teqnikur daxmarebaSi

bankis saqmianobas avsebs kidev

sami organizaciis monawileo-

ba, esenia: saerTaSoriso finan-

suri korporacia, ganviTarebis

saerTaSoriso asociacia, mra-

valmxrivi investirebis garan-

tiis saagento, romlebic, Sesa-

bamisad, Seiqmnen 1956, 1960 da

1988 wlebSi.

remarka remarka remarka remarka remarka (remark) [frang.remarque] - - - - - SeniSvna, minawerian aRniSvna savaWro wignSi, an-

gariSSi da sxv.

remisia remisia remisia remisia remisia (remission) [<laT.

Semcireba] - - - - - komerciuli fas-

Camokleba angariSis mixedviT

gadasaxdeli Tanxis damrgva-

lebis mizniT.

remitenti remitenti remitenti remitenti remitenti (remitter) [<laT.

remittens (remittentis) gamgzavni]- - - - - fulis mimRebi gadasapirebe-

li TamasuqiT, e.i. piri, romel-

sac uxdian TamasuqSi aRniS-

nul Tanxas. remitenti SeiZle-

ba iyos rogorc mesame piri,

ise trasanti.

renovacia renovacia renovacia renovacia renovacia (renovation, re-newal) - - - - - fizikuri da moralu-

ri cveTis Sedegad warmoebidan

gamosuli manqana-----mowyobilobe-

bis, instrumentebis saamorti-

zacio anaricxebis xarjze Secv-

lis procesi.

renta renta renta renta renta (rent) [<laT. redditadabrunebuli] - - - - - 1. regularu-

li Semosavali kapitalidan,

qonebidan an miwis nakveTidan,

romelic ar ukavSirdeba misi

mimRebis samewarmeo saqmianobas;

2. yovelwliuri Tanxa, romel-

sac sadazRvevo kompania uxdis

dazRveuls.

rentabelobis norma rentabelobis norma rentabelobis norma rentabelobis norma rentabelobis norma (ope-rating ratio, profitability) - - - - - danaxar-jebis efeqtianobis erT-----erTi

ZiriTadi maCvenebeli. gaianga-

riSeba mogebis SefardebiT

warmoebrivi ZiriTadi kapital-

isa da normirebuli sabrunavi

saSualebebis jamTan.

rentingi rentingi rentingi rentingi rentingi (renting) - - - - - man-

qanebisa da mowyobilobebis mok-

levadiani arenda, arendatoris

rentingirentingirentingirentingirentingi

300

mier maTi Semdgomi gamosyid-

vis uflebis gareSe. arendis

gadasaxadi rentingis mixedviT

ufro maRalia, vidre finana-

suri lizingisa.

reparacia reparacia reparacia reparacia reparacia (reparation) [<laT.

reparatio aRdgena] - - - - - damarcxe-

buli saxelmwifos mier omiT

miyenebuli zaralis anazRau-

reba im saxelmwifosaTvis,

romelmac ganicada Tavdasxma.

reporti reporti reporti reporti reporti (contango; over-spot) - - - - - spekulaciuri sabirJo

garigeba fasiani qaRaldebis

bazarze. iTvaliswinebs fasi-----

ani qaRaldebis kursis amaR-

lebas sakurso sxvaobis miRe-

bis mizniT.

reprivatizaciareprivatizaciareprivatizaciareprivatizaciareprivatizacia (pre-priva-tization) – adre kerZo sakuTreba-Si arsebuli, Semdgom nacionali-

zebuli qonebis kvlav yofil

mesakuTreze kerZo sakuTreba-

Si dabruneba.

restanti restanti restanti restanti restanti (rest) – 1. balan-

sis Sedgenis Semdeg darCenili

firmis vali. 2. gauyidavi saqon-

lis naSTi.

restitucia restitucia restitucia restitucia restitucia (restitution) –1. qonebis dabruneba, romelic

aramarTlzomierad iyo mita-

cebuli da gatanili meomari

saxelmwifos mier mowinaaRm-

degis teritoriaze. 2. garige-

bis damdebi mxareebis mier xel-

SekrulebiT miRebuli fulisa

da saqonlis urTierT dabruneba

im SemTxvevaSi, roca garigeba

miCneulia baTilad. Tu saqon-

lis dabruneba naturaluri

saxiT SeuZlebelia, maSin misi

dabruneba fuladi saxiT xor-

cieldeba. Tu aRmoCndeba, rom

garigebis kanonierebis darRveva-

Si damnaSave erT-erTi mxarea,

restitucia calmxrivi xdeba,

e.i. saxsrebis dabrunebas mx-

olod damnaSave mxare axor-

cielebs.

restriqcia restriqcia restriqcia restriqcia restriqcia (restriction) [laT.restrictio SezRudva] - - - - - 1. monop-oliebis mier saqonlis war-

moebis, gayidvisa da eqsportis

SezRudva fasebis xelovnurad

gazrdis mizniT; 2. centraluri

bankis mier komerciul banke-

bze gasacemi kreditebis Sez-

Rudva, rac iwvevs samrewvelo

da savaWro sawarmoebis kred-

itebis saerTo Semcirebas, war-

moebis Sekvecas an misi zrdis

tempebis dacemas.

restruqturizacia restruqturizacia restruqturizacia restruqturizacia restruqturizacia (res-truqturing) – kontrolirebadi

programa, Sedgenili sawarmos

xelmZRvanelobis mier, romel-

ic mniSvnelovnad cvlis sawar-

mos saqmianobis sferos, an

saqmianobis warmarTvis xerx-

ebs. restruqturizaciis ma-

galiTebia aseve: saqmianobis

nawilis gayidva an Sewyveta;

saqmianobis daxurva romelime

qveyanaSi an regionSi; saqmi-

reperaciareperaciareperaciareperaciareperacia

301

anobis gadatana erTi qveynidan

an regionidan meore qveyanaSi

an regionSi; menejmentis stru-

qturis cvlileba; fundamen-

turi reorganizacia, romelic

arsebiT gavlenas moaxdens

sawarmos saqmianobis xasiaTsa

da mimarTulebaze. bolo xanebSi

es termini gamoiyeneba valebTan

mimarTebaSi _ valebis restru-

qturizacia, rac niSnavs axa-

li pirobebisa da vadebis gan-

sazRvras valis dafarvasTan mi-

marTebaSi.

resursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvis

mmmmmodeli odeli odeli odeli odeli (The circular - - - - - flow mo-del) - - - - - ekonomikis vizualuri mo-

deli, makroekonomikuri wre-

brunvis modeli, romelic

gviCvenebs, rogor moZraobs re-

sursebis nakadi Sinameurneobeb-

sa da firmebs Soris sxvadasxva

bazris (resursebis, saqonlis,

momsaxurebis) gavliT. sxvag-

varad, mas saqmiani aqtiuro-saqmiani aqtiuro-saqmiani aqtiuro-saqmiani aqtiuro-saqmiani aqtiuro-

bis Caketili wriuli naka-bis Caketili wriuli naka-bis Caketili wriuli naka-bis Caketili wriuli naka-bis Caketili wriuli naka-

dis modelsdis modelsdis modelsdis modelsdis models uwodeben.

retrata retrata retrata retrata retrata (renewed bill) (ital.ritratta) - - - - - igivea, rac rekambio.

refaqcia refaqcia refaqcia refaqcia refaqcia (discount) [frang.refoction] - - - - - fasis an wonis dak-leba saqonelze, romlis xaris-

xic xelSekrulebiT gaTvalis-

winebulze dabalia (ix. boni-

fikacia).

referendumi referendumi referendumi referendumi referendumi (referendum)[<laT. referendum is, rac unda

Seatyobinon] - - - - - saerTo-----saxalxo

kenWisyra saxelmwifoebrivi

mniSvnelobis mqone ama Tu im

sakiTxze.

referencia referencia referencia referencia referencia (reference) [<laT.referre vacnobeb] - - - - - daxasiaTeba,romelsac saqmian wreebSi ndo-

biT aRWurvili organizacia,

banki, aqcioneruli sazogadoe-

ba da a.S. aZlevs fizikur an

iuridiul pirs. masSi aRniS-

nulia im piris Tvisebebi da

kreditunarianoba, visac daxa-

siaTeba eZleva.

refinansireba refinansireba refinansireba refinansireba refinansireba (refinanc-ing) - - - - - Zveli grZelvadiani valis

dafarva axali grZelvadiani

sesxis daxmarebiT. vTqvaT, ko-

mpanias sami weli darCa xuTi

wliT aRebuli 50 aTasi dola-

ri kreditis (wliurad Tana-

bari gadaxdis pirobiT) dasa-

faravad. darCenili 30 aTasi

dolari man SeiZleba dafaros

axali xuTwliani obligacieb-

is gamoSvebis gziT.

recepisa recepisa recepisa recepisa recepisa (receipt) [laT.

recepisse<recipore miReba] - - - - - wi-naswari sazRvao xelwerili

(ix. konosamenti) saqonlis mi-

Rebis Sesaxeb.

recesia recesia recesia recesia recesia (recession) [laT.

recessus ukan daxeva] - - - - - ekonomikiszomieri dacema (uaryofiTi

zrda) an ekonomikuri zrdis

tempebis Seneleba. aisaxeba so-

cialuri Semosavlis Semcire-

recesiarecesiarecesiarecesiarecesia

302

basa da umuSevrobis donis amaR-

lebaSi.

rTuli procenti rTuli procenti rTuli procenti rTuli procenti rTuli procenti (com-pound, complex interest) - - - - - procen-tul Semosavalze daricxuli

procenti. am SemTxvevaSi pro-

centis ganakveTi gaiangariSeba

im Tanxidan, romelic moicav-

da adre daricxul procents.

mag., Tu investiciebma Seadgina

1, xolo procentis ganakveTi

r-is tolia, maSin erTi wlis gas-

vlis Semdeg Tanxa iqneba(1 x r).Tu miRebuli procenti amogebu-

li iqneba, maSin darCeba 1, rome-

lic Semdeg wels isev moitans

r procents, magram Tu darCeba(1 + r), maSin es Tanxa momdevnowels moitans (1 + r) x r pro-cents. meore wlis bolos

Tanxa iqneba (1 + r)+(1 + r) x r.rikardo devid rikardo devid rikardo devid rikardo devid rikardo devid (1772-----1823)

(Ricardo David) - - - - - ingliseli eko-

nomisti, romelmac novatoru-

li wvlili Seitana ekonomikis

ara erTi sferos kvlevaSi.

rikardos mTavari da cnobili

naSromia ̀ politikuri ekonomi-

isa da dabegvris safuZvlebi~

(1817), sadac man sxva sakiTxeb-

Tan erTad, absoluturi upira-

tesobis Teoriis ganviTarebis

safuZvelze, daamuSava Sefar-

debiTi upiratesobis Teoria.

rikardom 14 wlisam daiw-

yo muSaoba safondo birJaze

jer brokerad, xolo Semdeg

maklerad. 42 wlis asakSi man

didi simdidre daagrova, ra-

mac saSualeba misca mietove-

bina am sferoSi saqmianoba da

Tavisi SesaZleblobebi moesin-

ja literaturaSi, gansakuTre-

biT ki, ekonomikur mecnierebaSi.

ekonomikuri mecnierebisad-

mi rikardos interesis ga-

ZlierebaSi udidesi roli Sea-

srula a. smiTis naSromma _____

`gamokvleva xalxTa simdidris

bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~.

rikardos pirveli naSromi iyo

1809 wels gamoqveynebuli saga-

zeTo statia, romelic safuZ-

vlad daedo mis pirvel did

traqtats _ _ _ _ _ `oqros zodebis

maRali fasi~ (1810). am naSrom-

Si rikardo amtkicebda, rom mim-

dinare inflacia gamowveulia

fuladi masis SezRudviT da

`inglisis bankis~ warumateblo-

bis Sedegia.

rikardos didi wvlili

miuZRvis SromiTi Rirebuleb-

is Teoriis SeqmnaSi. Semdeg es

Teoria ganaviTara k. marqsma.

miuxedavad imisa, rom rikardo

xedavda siZneleebs SromiTi

danaxarjebiT Rirebulebis (fa-

seulobis) axsnaSi, igi eyrd-

noboda Sexedulebas, rom Sroma

xarjebisa da fasebis mTavari

Semadgenelia.

mecnierTa erTi nawili upi-

rispirdeba rikardos SromiTi

rTuli procentirTuli procentirTuli procentirTuli procentirTuli procenti

303

Rirebulebis Teorias da mas

empiriul Teoriad miiCnevs.

aRsaniSnavia, rom d. rikar-

dos `politikuri ekonomiisa

da dabegvris safuZvlebi~ in-

glisuridan qarTul enaze 1937

wels Targmna laipcigis uni-

versitetis kursdamTavrebul-

ma, cnobilma qarTvelma ekono-

mistma, profesorma fili pe

gogiCaiSvilma (rusul enaze

iTargmna mxolod oTxi wlis

Semdeg _ _ _ _ _ 1941 wels).

rikardorikardorikardorikardorikardo-----baros Teoremabaros Teoremabaros Teoremabaros Teoremabaros Teorema

(Ricardo-Barro proposition) - - - - - Teo-rema, romlis mixedviT, ekonomi-

kur aqtiurobaze zemoqmedebas

ar axdens arc biujetis defi-

citi da arc saxelmwifo vali.

es mosazreba cnobilia agreTve

rikardos ekvivalenturobis

saxelwodebiT.

robinsoni joan robinsoni joan robinsoni joan robinsoni joan robinsoni joan (1903-1983)

(Robinson Joan) – britaneli

ekonomisti, postkeinzianuri

periodis gavleniani Teoreti-

kosi, kembrijis universitetis

profesori (1931-1971), kembri-

jis skolis erT-erTi Tvalsa-

Cino warmomadgeneli. naSromiT

`arasrulyofili konkurenciis

ekonomikuri Teoria~ (1933)

mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana

srulyofili konkurenciis

koncefciaze agebuli faseulo-

bis Teoriis kritikasa da aras-

rulyofili konkurenciis Teo-

riaSi (misgan damoukideblad

msgavsi Teoria SeimuSava e.

Cemberlinma). robinsoni ganic-

dida k. marqsisa da j. keinzis

naSromebis gavlenas, akritikeb-

da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos

Caurevlobis (Laissez-Faire) Teo-rias, zRvrul sargeblianobaze

dafuZnebul Semosavlebis ga-

nawilebis neoklasikur Teor-

ias. mniSvnelovani wvlili

Seitana ekonomikuri zrdis

TeoriaSi.

j. robinsonis naSromebidan

aRsaniSnavia: ̀ narkvevi marqsis-

tuli ekonomikuri Teoriis Se-

saxeb~ (1942), ̀ ekonomikuri fi-

losofia~ (1962), ̀ ekonomikuri

zrdis Teoriis narkvevebi~

(1963), `ekonomikuri mecniere-

ba CixSi~ (1966), `Tavisufle-

ba da movaleoba~ (1970), ̀ eko-

nomikuri eresi~ (abdaubda _

r.a.) (1971) da a.S.

rodi rodi rodi rodi rodi (rod) - - - - - sigrZis erTe-uli sazomTa inglisur siste-

maSi; 1 rodi udris 51/2 iardsanu 5,0292 metrs.

roialti roialti roialti roialti roialti (royalties) - - - - - sali-

cenzio gasamrjelo periodu-

li gadaricxvis formiT li-

cenzirebuli teqnologiiT

damzadebuli produqciis gay-

idviT miRebuli Tanxidan.

roloveruli kreditiroloveruli kreditiroloveruli kreditiroloveruli kreditiroloveruli krediti

(roll-over credit) - - - - - iTvaliswinebs

procentis (sargeblis) ganakve-

roloveruli kreditiroloveruli kreditiroloveruli kreditiroloveruli kreditiroloveruli krediti

304

Tis periodul gadasinjvas. sax-

elSekrulebo vada iyofa mok-

le periodebad (3-----6 Tved),

xolo mtkice procentuli

ganakveTi dgindeba mxolod

pirvel etapze. yovel momdevno

etapze xdeba misi koreqtire-

ba fasebis, procentis ganakve-

Tisa da valutis kursis cv-

lilebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

roloveruli krediti Tavidan

acilebs sabazro risks rogorc

kreditors, ise msesxebels.

`romis klubi~ `romis klubi~ `romis klubi~ `romis klubi~ `romis klubi~ (“Club ofRome”) -----saerTaSoriso arasam-Tavrobo organizacia. daars-

da 1968 wels romSi. civili-

zebuli samyaros ganviTarebis

Tanamedrove tendenciebis sa-

fuZvelze igi ikvlevs sazoga-

doebis ganviTarebis global-

ur perspeqtivebs. ̀ romis klub-

Si~ gaerTianebuli arian mec-

nierebi, sazogadoebrivi da

politikuri moRvaweebi, klubis

damfinansebeli korporaciebi

da fondebis xelmZRvanelebi.

misi kvlevis mTavari mimarTule-

baa kacobriobis ganviTarebis

prognozi erTi saukunis ganmav-

lobaSi.

rudi rudi rudi rudi rudi (rood) - - - - - farTobis erTe-uli sazomTa inglisur siste-

maSi. 1r. udris 42 kv. rods anu

1011,71 m22222-s.

ruzis efeqti ruzis efeqti ruzis efeqti ruzis efeqti ruzis efeqti (Roosa ef-fect) - - - - - termini, romelic adre

gamoiyeneboda im movlenis asax-

snelad, rasac amJamad uwode-

ben `gayinvis~ efeqts. saxel-

wodeba warmodgeba amerikeli

bankirisa da ekonomistis rob-

ert v. ruzis gvarisgan, romel-

mac pirvelma miuTiTa am efeq-

tis mniSvnelobaze.

ruralizacia ruralizacia ruralizacia ruralizacia ruralizacia (ruraliza-tion) - - - - - urbanizaciis sapirispiroprocesi, rodesac xdeba mosax-

leobis gadanacvleba qalaqidan

soflad. Tanamedrove pirobeb-

Si damaxasiaTebelia ganviTare-

buli qveynebisaTvis (aSS, in-

glisi, safrangeTi da a.S.).

rutinarutinarutinarutinarutina (routines) – firma-Si Camoyalibebuli qcevis wesebi

da xerxebi, kvlavwarmoebis ma-

regulirebeli stereotipi, nek-

roekonomikis arsebobis mTavari

faqtori, romelic sawarmoebs

arsebuli ekonomikis reJimSi

muSaobas aiZulebs. amis gamo

maTi sawyobebi konkurentuun-

aro produqciiTaa gadavsebuli,

xolo saxelmwifo biujeti da

rigi sawarmoebisa urTierT-

davalebebis CaxlarTul qsel-

Sia gaxveuli.

aseT pirobebSi valebis Camo-

weris arsebuli meqanizmi is dam-

kvidrebuli rutinaa, romelic

periodulad vlindeba postko-

munistur qveynebSi ̀ sagadasaxa-

do amnistiis~ sxvadasxva for-

miT.

`romis klubi~`romis klubi~`romis klubi~`romis klubi~`romis klubi~

305sabaziso (amosavali) fasisabaziso (amosavali) fasisabaziso (amosavali) fasisabaziso (amosavali) fasisabaziso (amosavali) fasi

ssssssaarsebo minimumi saarsebo minimumi saarsebo minimumi saarsebo minimumi saarsebo minimumi (sub-

sistence level) - - - - - fuladi saxs-

rebis minimumi, rac aucilebe-

lia adamianis qmedunarianobis

SenarCunebisa da samuSao Za-

lis aRdgenisaTvis. igi sakma-

risi unda iyos muSakisa da

misi ojaxis wevrebis sazoga-

doebrivad aucilebeli moTx-

ovnilebebis dakmayofilebi-

saTvis sawarmoo Zalebis gan-

viTarebis donis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT. saarsebo minimumi gamo-

xatavs sazogadoebrivad auci-

lebeli cxovrebis donis qve-

da zRvars. sazogadoebis gan-

viTarebis mocemul pirobebSi

misi gansazRvris meTodika ef-

uZneba minimaluri samomxmareb-

lo biujetis (saarsebo minimu-

mis biujetis) Seqmnas, romelic

garkveuli sididis ojaxis an

erTi muSakis Semosavlebisa da

xarjebis balanss warmoadgens

(ix. samomxmareblo kalaTa).

saamortizasaamortizasaamortizasaamortizasaamortizaWBo anari-o anari-o anari-o anari-o anari-

cxebicxebicxebicxebicxebi (capital allowances) - - - - - Ziri-Tadi kapitalis cveTis kvalo-

baze misi Rirebulebis mza pro-

duqciaze gadatanis Sedegad

warmoebis danaxarjebSi Sesu-

li anaricxebi, romelic, am pro-

duqciis realizaciis Semdeg,

sxva danaxarjebTan erTad, ub-

rundeba sawarmos ZiriTadi ka-

pitalis fizikuri aRdgeni-

saTvis.

sabaziso punqti sabaziso punqti sabaziso punqti sabaziso punqti sabaziso punqti (basis po-int) - - - - - procentis measedi nawi-li; maCvenebeli, gamoyenebuli

procentul ganakveTebSi sxvao-

bis, fasiani qaRaldebiT miRe-

buli Semosavlebis cvlilebe-

bisa da a.S. daxasiaTebisTvis.

sabaziso sabaziso sabaziso sabaziso sabaziso (amosavaliamosavaliamosavaliamosavaliamosavali) fa-fa-fa-fa-fa-

sisisisisi (base price) - - - - - 1. fasi, romelic

gamoiyeneba bazisad ekonomikuri

maCveneblebis gaangariSebisas

saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi. sa-

fuZvlad udevs saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi (saeqsporto da saim-

porto) fasebis gansazRvras

mTel saqonelsa da mis calke-

ul jgufebze; 2. nawarmis fasi

garkveuli fiqsirebuli parame-

trebiT, romelic gamoiyeneba

nimuSad mocemuli produqci-

is sagareo vaWrobis fasis gan-

sazRvrisas; 3. msoflio sasa-

qonlo bazris fasi, romelic

amosavalia sakontraqto fase-

bis gansazRvraSi. mxareebi iT-

valiswineben agreTve sabaziso

xarisxidan dasaSveb gadaxrebs

da amitom aTanxmeben ara mxo-

lod sabaziso fasis sidides,

aramed fasze wanamatisa da fas-

daklebis odenobas xarisxis

amaRlebis an dacemis SemTxve-

vaSi, Sesabamisad wodebuls boni-

fikaciad da refaqciad.

306

sabazro ekonomika sabazro ekonomika sabazro ekonomika sabazro ekonomika sabazro ekonomika (mar-ket economy) - - - - - kapitalizmis

transformaciis, misi evolu-

ciuri ganviTarebis gziT war-

moqmnili Tvisebrivad axali

ekonomikuri sistema, romelic

myarad damkvidrda ganviTare-

bul qveynebSi gasuli sauku-

nis 60-----iani wlebidan. mis war-

moSobas safuZveli Cauyara

`keinzianurma revoluciam~,

rogorc 30-----iani wlebis Rrma

ekonomikuri krizisiT (`didi

depresiis~) wamoWrili mZime

socialur-----ekonomikuri prob-

lemebis Taviseburma gamoZax-

ilma da XX saukunis Sua xaneb-Si dawyebulma mecnierul-----te-

qnikurma revoluciam, romel-

sac Tan axlda momsaxurebis

mwarmoebeli dargebis swrafi

ganviTareba.

sxva ekonomikuri sisteme-

bisagan gansxvavebiT, sabazro

ekonomikis umniSvnelovanesi

Taviseburebaa sakuTrebis plu-

ralizmi anu sakuTrebis mra-

valformianoba, TiToeuli for-

mis Tanabari uflebiT.

sabazro ekonomika sabazro

meqanizmiT regulirebuli eko-

nomikuri urTierTobebis erTob-

liobaa, sadac sameurneo saqmi-

anobis koordinacia da misi mar-

Tva xorcieldeba konkurenci-

is pirobebSi bazrebis siste-

mis meSveobiT. aseTi tipis eko-

nomika TviTon adgens, sazoga-

doebam ra ra ra ra ra unda awarmoos (am

sakiTxs momxmareblebi wyveten

TavianTi gadaxdisunariani

moTxovnilebis mixedviT),

rogor rogor rogor rogor rogor unda awarmoos (amas

gansazRvraven mwarmoeblebi ma-

Rali Semosavlis miRebis mcde-

lobiT) da visTvis visTvis visTvis visTvis visTvis unda awar-

moos (es sakiTxi imaT sasarge-

blod wydeba, visac meti Semo-

savali aqvs). saboloo anga-

riSiT, sazogadoeba aRwevs ar-

sebuli resursebis efeqtian

gamoyenebas, SesaZlebeli xdeba

warmoebis optimaluri stru-

qturuli proporciebisa da

moculobis dadgena, yalibdeba

iseTi warmoebis wesi, romelic

uzrunvelyofs danaxarjebis

minimizaciasa da mogebis maq-

simizacias. amitom saxelmwi-

fos monawileoba ekonomikur

cxovrebaSi Zalze SezRudu-

lia. amasTan, sabazro ekonomi-

ka ̀ wminda~ saxiT, sadac avto-

maturad xdeba ZiriTadi ekono-

mikuri problemebis efeqtiani

gadawyveta, SeiZleba iTqvas, ar

arsebobs.

sazogadoebis ekonomikuri

qcevis zemoT ganxiluli mod-

eli sabazro ekonomikis Tavise-

buri abstraqtuli modelia,

romlis warmodgenac mxolod

Teoriulad SeiZleba. am mo-

dels uaxlovdeba mxolod Ta-

sabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomika

307

visufali konkurenciis ekono-

mika, sadac saxelmwifos roli

dayvanilia TiTqmis mxolod

kerZo sakuTrebis dacvasa da

iseTi samarTlebrivi struq-

turebis Seqmnamde, romlebic

Tavisufali bazrebis funqcion-

irebas uzrunvelyofen. realur

sabazro ekonomikaSi, bunebriv-

ia, gvxvdeba gadaxrebi idealuri

modelidan, kerZod, es gadaxrebi

aisaxeba: 1. sxvadasxva monopo-

liebis warmoqmnasa da funq-

cionirebaSi, romlebic faswar-

moqmnis deformacias iwveven da

aferxeben konkurenciis monaw-

ileTa Tavisufal SeRwevas ba-

zarze; 2. kapitalisa da Sromi-

Ti resursebis Tavisufali gada-

adgilebis SeferxebaSi; 3. in-

flaciaSi, romelic iwvevs sa-

bazro meqanizmis moqmedebis da-

maxinjebas; 4. ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis ciklurobaSi; 5. Se-

fardebiT WarbwarmoebaSi; 6. umu-

SevrobaSi, romelic aRemateba

bunebriv dones; 7. bazris ko-

niunqturis gansazRvrisas daS-

vebul SecdomebSi, romelTa

erT-----erTi mizezi sruli da

utyuari informaciis arqonaa

da a.S. garda amisa, sazoga-

doebaSi arsebobs bevri mwvave

problema, romelTa gadaWra

bazars ar SeuZlia. esenia: so-

cialuri problemebis (ganaTle-

ba, janmrTelobis dacva, kul-

tura, umuSevarTa Senaxva, xe-

lmokleTa daxmareba da sxv.)

kompleqsi, bunebis dacva, fun-

damenturi mecnierebis ganvi-

Tareba da a.S. amitom sameur-

neo cxovrebis koordinaciisa

da marTvisaTvis gamoiyeneba ara

mxolod bazris meqanizmi, ara-

med saxelmwifo regulirebac

iseTi berketebis meSveobiT,

rogoricaa gadasaxadebi da

samTavrobo xarjebi, fulad-----

sakredito politika, Semosav-

lebis regulireba, socialuri,

antimonopoliuri da sagareo-----

ekonomikuri politika. ekono-

mikuri cxovrebis stabiluro-

bis uzrunvelyofaSi saxelm-

wifos farTod monawileobis

magaliTad SeiZleba davasax-

eloT SvedeTi, sadac mTavroba

energiulad axorcielebs Se-

mosavlebis gadanawilebas (da-

begvris done mep-----is 50%-----s

Seadgens) da atarebs aqtiur

socialur politikas; iaponia,

romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia

saerTo-----saxelmwifoebrivi in-

dikaturi dagegmvis ganviTare-

buli sistema; ̀ axalindustri-

uli qveynebis~ ekonomika (ker-

Zod, samxreT koreis ekonomikur

zrdaze mniSvnelovani zemo-

qmedeba moaxdina mTavrobis mier

momzadebulma sameurneo gan-

viTarebis xuTwlianma indika-

turma gegmebma) da sxv., mag-

sabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomikasabazro ekonomika

308

ram saxelmwifos monawileoba

ekonomikur cxovrebaSi Sesa-

Zlebelia mxolod garkveul

sazRvramde, romlis iqiTac

ekonomikaSi arsebobas wyvets

sabazro meqanizmi. saxelmwifo,

gadasaxadebis saSualebiT, pro-

centis ganakveTiT, saxelmwifo

xarjebiT, SeRavaTebiTa da a.S.

mxolod institutebisa da in-

dividuumebis ekonomikuri qce-

vis wesebs adgens, magram maT

saqmianobaSi TviTon ar ereva,

ar angrevs sabazro meqanizms,

piriqiT, mas aZlevs SesaZle-

blobas, gansazRvros fasebi,

resursebis gamoyenebis mima-

rTulebebi. amrigad, ekonomikas

`sabazro~ SeiZleba vuwodoT,

Tu sabazro meqanizmis yvela

rgoli muSaobs.

sabazro infrastruqtu-sabazro infrastruqtu-sabazro infrastruqtu-sabazro infrastruqtu-sabazro infrastruqtu-

rarararara (market infrastructure) - - - - - saxel-

mwifo da komerciuli sawar-

moebis, dawesebulebebisa da or-

ganizaciebis erToblioba, rome-

lic uzrunvelyofs saqonlis,

momsaxurebis, kapitalis, samu-

Sao Zalisa da a.S. bazrebis nor-

malur funqcionirebas. am ba-

zrebis momsaxurebis formebi

sxvadasxvagvaria.

saqonlis bazris infrast-

ruqturaSi Sedis sabiTumo da

sacalo vaWrobis mTeli qse-

li _ _ _ _ _ maRaziebi, univermaRebi,

universamebi da a.S., agreTve, au-

qcionebi, bazrobebi, komerciu-

li saSuamavlo centrebi da

saqonlis birJebi, specialuri

saxelmwifo organoebi: antimo-

nopoliuri komiteti, fasebis

kontrolis inspeqcia, sakon-

traqto sistemis dawesebule-

bebi da sxv. sagareo vaWrobas

aqvs Tavisi infrastruqtura,

romelSic Sedis komerciuli

centrebi, savaWro-----samrewvelo

palatebi, sagamofeno pavilion-

ebi, savaWro saxlebi da a.S.

kapitalis bazris infras-

truqtura moicavs mTel sa-

banko sistemas, maT Soris, ko-

merciul bankebs, safondo bir-

Jebs, valutis birJebs, sabro-

kero da sadazRvevo kompaniebs,

holdingebs da a.S. masSi Sedis

agreTve saauditoro firmebi,

romlebic komerciul sawyise-

bze axorcieleben sxvadasxva

safinanso-----sakredito momsaxure-

bas, rigi saxelmwifo organoe-

bisa: fasian qaRaldebze kon-

trolis inspeqcia, saxelmwifo

qonebis fondi da sxv.

Sromis bazari aseve moiTx-

ovs Sesabamis infrastruqtu-

ras, romelSic Sedis Sromis

birJebi, samuSao Zalaze moTx-

ovna-----miwodebis Seswavlis, ka-

drebis gadamzadebis, migraci-

is regulirebisa da sxva sax-

elmwifo sistemebi.

sabazro infrastruqtur-

is zogierTi rgolis daniS-

nulebaa ara calkeuli bazre-

sabazro infrastruqtusabazro infrastruqtusabazro infrastruqtusabazro infrastruqtusabazro infrastruqturarararara

309

bis, aramed mTeli sabazro meur-

neobis momsaxureba. esaa: gamy-

idvelTa da myidvelTa iurid-

iuli momsaxureba, satranspor-

to-----sasawyobo sistema, sainfor-

macio da sareklamo momsaxu-

reba da a.S.

sabazro momsaxureba sabazro momsaxureba sabazro momsaxureba sabazro momsaxureba sabazro momsaxureba (mar-ket service) - - - - - momsaxureba, rome-lic iyideba sabazro fasiT da

erTeuli momsaxurebis mwarmo-

ebeli resursebi (50 procen-

ti da meti) iqmneba momsaxu-

rebis realizaciiT miRebuli

amonagebidan.


bis sistemis klasifikaciis

mixedviT, sabazro momsaxure-

bas miekuTvneba: narCenebis (jar-

Tis, makulaturis, Cvrebis da

a.S.) utilizaciasTan dakav-

Sirebuli momsaxureba; avto-

mobilebis, motociklebis, say-

ofacxovrebo saqonlisa da

piradi moxmarebis sagnebis

remontTan dakavSirebuli mom-

saxureba; sabiTumo da saca-

lo vaWrobis, komerciuli Sua-

mavlobis, sabinao meurneobisa

da sazogadoebrivi kvebis sawar-

moebis, sarkinigzo transpor-

tisa da Tanmxlebi momsaxure-

ba, saqalaqo transportis

(metros, tramvais xazebisa da

regularuli saavtobuso mi-

mosvlis CaTvliT), saqalaqTa-

Soriso samgzavro da satvir-

To saavtomobilo transpor-

tis, milsadeni transportis,

sxva saxis saxmeleTo trans-

portis (funikuliori, sabagi-

ro gza), wylis transportis,

sazRvao da sahaero transpor-

tis, damxmare satransporto,

satransporto saagentoebisa da

satransporto Suamavlebis

momsaxureba; sasawyobo momsax-

ureba; kavSirgabmulobis, safi-

nanso, sadazRvevo dawesebule-

bebis momsaxureba (savaldebu-

lo socialuri dazRvevis gar-

da); sawarmoebisaTvis gaweu-

li saqmiani momsaxureba (sa-

finanso da sadazRvevo agen-

tebis, iuristebis, konsultan-

tebis momsaxureba gadasaxade-

bisa da marTvis sferoSi, sarek-

lamo momsaxureba, monacemebis

damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli

momsaxureba; moZravi qonebis

arendasTan dakavSirebuli mom-

saxureba; sabazro momsaxure-

ba ganaTlebisa da mecnieruli

kvlevis sferoSi (umaRlesi

saswavleblebi, zogadsagan-

manaTleblo skolebi, profesi-

ul-----teqnikuri saswavleblebi,

skolamdeli dawesebulebebi,

samecniero-----kvleviTi dawese-

bulebebi); sabazro momsaxureba

janmrTelobis dacvis sfero-

Si (saavadmyofoebi, klinikebi,

sanatoriumebi, samedicino per-

sonalis kerZo praqtika); sa-

sabazro momsaxurebasabazro momsaxurebasabazro momsaxurebasabazro momsaxurebasabazro momsaxureba

310

bazro momsaxureba dasvenebi-

sa da kulturis sferoSi, pi-

radi momsaxureba xelovnebis,

literaturisa da a.S. sfero-

Si; nagvis gatanasTan, sanitar-

iasa da dalagebasTan dakav-

Sirebuli sabazro momsaxure-

ba; turistuli bazebis, pro-

fesiuli, komerciuli da same-

warmeo gaerTianebebis momsaxu-

reba; samrecxaoebis, qimwmendis,

saparikmaxeroebis, silamazis

salonebis, fotostudiebis da

sxva piradi momsaxureba; saqor-

wino da damkrZalavi saagentoe-

bis momsaxureba, mkiTxaoba da a.S.

sabazro momsaxureba dam-

axasiaTebelia materialuri

momsaxurebisaTvis, Tumca, naw-

ilobriv, aramaterialurSic

gamoiyeneba, maSin rodesac ara-

sabazro momsaxureba niSan-

doblivia ZiriTadad aramate-

rialuri momsaxurebisaTvis.

sabazro fasi sabazro fasi sabazro fasi sabazro fasi sabazro fasi (market price)- - - - - fasi, romelic yalibdeba ba-

zarze moTxovnisa da miwodeb-

is gavleniT da gasayidi saqon-

lis (momsaxurebis) erTeulze

subieqturi sargeblianobis

mixedviT. masSi, garda warmoe-

bis danaxarjebisa da mogebisa,

Sedis arapirdapiri gadasaxa-

debi da wvrilmani gasamrje-

lo. sabazro fasi is faqto-

brivi fasia, romelsac myidvele-

bi ixdian saqonlis (momsax-

urebis) SesaZenad.

sabalanso angariSi sabalanso angariSi sabalanso angariSi sabalanso angariSi sabalanso angariSi (ba-lance account) - - - - - buRaltruli

aRricxvis angariSi, romlis

maCveneblebi aisaxeba buRal-

trul balansSi, Tumca, es ar

niSnavs imas, rom sabalanso

muxlebis saxelwodeba unda

Seesabamebodes balansis mux-

lebis saxelwodebas. erTi sa-

balanso angariSis monacemebi

SeiZleba aisaxos balansis ram-

denime muxlSi.

sabalanso mogeba sabalanso mogeba sabalanso mogeba sabalanso mogeba sabalanso mogeba (balan-ce profit) - - - - - sawarmos mogebis mTli-

ani Tanxa, miRebuli warmoebrivi

saqmianobis yvela saxidan da

asaxuli mis balansSi.

sabalanso Rirebulebasabalanso Rirebulebasabalanso Rirebulebasabalanso Rirebulebasabalanso Rirebuleba

(bookvalue) - - - - - aqtivebis Rirebu-leba, romelic Setanilia ko-

mpaniis sabuRaltro wignSi

(Cveulebriv amortizaciis gamo-

qviTviT).

sabanko aqcepti sabanko aqcepti sabanko aqcepti sabanko aqcepti sabanko aqcepti (bank-er’s acceptance) - - - - - msxvili banke-

bis mier aqceptirebuli gada-

sapirebeli Tamasuqi. Tamasu-

qis aqceptirebisaTvis banki

iRebs sakomisios.

sabanko krediti sabanko krediti sabanko krediti sabanko krediti sabanko krediti (bankcredit) - - - - - bankis mier akumulire-

buli Tavisufali fuladi sax-

srebisa da sakuTari kapitalis

gacema klientebze droebiTi

sargeblobisaTvis. xorcield-

eba sesxis gacemis, bankis mier

sabazro fasisabazro fasisabazro fasisabazro fasisabazro fasi

311

klientis Tamasuqis diskon-

tirebis, Tamasuqis Rirebuleb-

is klientis angariSsworebis

angariSze moTavsebisa Tu sxva

formiT. sagareo vaWrobaSi

sabanko kreditis formebia:

forfeitingi, aqcepturi kred-

iti, aqceptur-----rambusnuli kred-

iti da sxv.

sabanko likviduri saxsabanko likviduri saxsabanko likviduri saxsabanko likviduri saxsabanko likviduri sax-----

srebi srebi srebi srebi srebi (bank liquidity resources)- - - - - Sedgeba naRdi fulis, mok-

iTxvamde anabrebis angariSebze

arsebuli naSTis, sxvadasxva

moklevadiani (erT Tvemde)

depozitebis, kerZo da saxelm-

wifo fasiani qaRaldebis, ko-

merciuli Tamasuqisa da bank-

is sxva advilad realizebadi

saxsrebisagan.

sabanko rezervebi sabanko rezervebi sabanko rezervebi sabanko rezervebi sabanko rezervebi (bankreserves) - - - - - sabanko Senatanebisis nawili, romelsac banki ina-

xavs naRdi fulis saxiT, agreT-

ve centralur bankSi Setanili

uprocento depozitebi.

sabanko sesxi sabanko sesxi sabanko sesxi sabanko sesxi sabanko sesxi (bank loan) -----bankis fuladi saxsrebi, gace-

muli kreditis saxiT procen-

tis gadaxdis wesiT. ganasx-

vaveben mokle-, saSualo- da

grZelvadian sesxebs.

sabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobis

sabWo sabWo sabWo sabWo sabWo (Customs Cooperative Con-sil) - - - - - Seiqmna 1950 wels saba-

Jo saqmianobis srulyofis

mizniT. Tavdapirvelad sabWo

funqcionirebda rogorc sakon-

sultacio organo. amasTan, igi

qmnida sabaJo TanamSromlobis

proeqtebs, Sesabamis organiza-

ciebs awvdida informacias sa-

baJo procedurebis Sesaxeb da

axorcielebda zedamxedvelo-

bas saerTaSoriso normebis

dacvis mizniT. garda amisa,

sabWo, romelic 1985 wels ukve

aerTianebda 85 qveyanas, teqni-

kur daxmarebas uwevda im gan-

viTarebad qveynebs, romlebic

cdilobdnen TavianTi sabaJo

tarifebis sistema gardaeqmnaT

briuselis satarifo klasi-

fikaciis Sesabamisad.

sabaJo kaSiri sabaJo kaSiri sabaJo kaSiri sabaJo kaSiri sabaJo kaSiri (CustomsUnion) - - - - - qveynebis jgufi, ro-melTa SigniT likvidirebulia

sabaJo SezRudvebi. es qveynebi

atareben SeTanxmebul sagareo

savaWro politikas sxva qvey-

nebTan da adgenen saerTo sa-

gareo sabaJo tarifs importze,

Tumca, satarifo ganakveTi sxva-

dasxva saqonelze SeiZleba gan-

sxvavebuli iyos.

sabiTumo vaWroba sabiTumo vaWroba sabiTumo vaWroba sabiTumo vaWroba sabiTumo vaWroba (wholesale trade) - - - - - Sida vaWrobis for-ma, romelic gulisxmobs mwar-

moebeli sawarmoebis mier sa-

momxmareblo saqonlis didi

partiebiT gayidvas sacalo

vaWrobis sawarmoebze, an war-

moebis saSualebebis nawilis

miyidvas am produqciis momx-

sabiTumo vaWrobasabiTumo vaWrobasabiTumo vaWrobasabiTumo vaWrobasabiTumo vaWroba

312

marebeli sawarmoebisaTvis.

sabiTumo fasi sabiTumo fasi sabiTumo fasi sabiTumo fasi sabiTumo fasi (whole-sale price) - - - - - fasi, romliTac sa-

kuTrebis nebismieri formis

mqone sawarmo an gamsaRebeli

organizacia Tavisi produqci-

is realizacias axdens msxvili

partiebiT, biTumad gasayidi sa-

qonlis fasi. Cveulebriv, fasi

saqonlis did partiebze Seda-

rebiT naklebia, vidre mcireze

da sagrZnoblad dabalia saca-

lo fasze. ganasxvaveben sawar-

mos sabiTumo fassa da mrewv-

elobis sabiTumo fass.

sabirJo saqoneli sabirJo saqoneli sabirJo saqoneli sabirJo saqoneli sabirJo saqoneli (com-modity exchange, commodity mar-ket) - - - - - masobrivi warmoebis stan-dartuli da erTsaxovani saqo-

neli, romlis realizaciac SeiZ-

leba didi partiebiT nimuSebis

an teqnikuri dokumentebis mi-

xedviT. sabirJo saqonelia: xor-

bali, simindi, Svria, zeTisxilis

zogierTi produqti, feradi li-

Toni (spilenZi, alumini da sxv.),

samasale merqnis zogierTi sa-

xeoba, energomatareblebis naw-

ili (navTobi, saTbobi, mazuTi,

gazi propani da a.S.), bamba, Sa-

qari, kakao, cocxali da daklu-

li rqosani pirutyvi da sxv.

sabiujetosabiujetosabiujetosabiujetosabiujeto-----sagadasaxa-sagadasaxa-sagadasaxa-sagadasaxa-sagadasaxa-

dododododo politika politika politika politika politika (fiscal policy) - - - - - sa-xelmwifo xarjebis, sagadasaxa-

do ganakveTisa da saxelmwifo

sesxebis donis regulirebis

politika ekonomikuri aqti-

urobis saerTo doneze zemo-

qmedebis mizniT.

sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-sabiujeto federaliz-

mi mi mi mi mi (budget federalism) - - - - - centr-sa da regionebs Soris sabiu-

jeto mowyobis forma, ara mx-

olod finansuri resursebis,

aramed sagadasaxado uflebam-

osilebisa da sabiujeto poli-

tikisadmi politikuri pasux-

ismgeblobis ganawileba. sabi-

ujeto federalizmi aris da-

begvrisa da saxelmwifo xar-

jebis sistema, romelic gulisx-

mobs Semosavlebis miRebasa da

xarjebis marTvaSi garkveuli

uflebebis micemas saxelmwifo

mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva do-

neebisTvis _ _ _ _ _ centraluri, re-

gionuli da adgilobrivi or-

ganoebisTvis. sabiujeto fed-

eralizmi asaxavs qveynis fin-

ansuri sistemis funqcionire-

bis wess.


mis modelebi mis modelebi mis modelebi mis modelebi mis modelebi (budget feder-alism models) - - - - - arsebobs decen-tralizebuli da kooperaciu-

li modelebi. decentralize-decentralize-decentralize-decentralize-decentralize-

buli modelis buli modelis buli modelis buli modelis buli modelis damaxasiaTe-

beli niSnebia: 1. xelisuflebis

saxelmwifo organoebis sami

mTavari funqciidan _ _ _ _ _ stabili-

zaciuri, distribuciuli da

alokaciuri funqciebidan _____

pirveli oris mikuTvneba xeli-

sabiTumo fasisabiTumo fasisabiTumo fasisabiTumo fasisabiTumo fasi

313

suflebis centraluri organo-

ebisaTvis, xolo mesamis _ _ _ _ _ xe-

lisuflebis samive dones So-

ris ganawileba; 2. xelisufle-

bis sxvadasxva doneTa Soris

sagadasaxado uflebamosilebis

dayofa zemoaRniSnuli fun-

qciebis ganawilebis Sesabami-

sad. kooperaciuli modeliskooperaciuli modeliskooperaciuli modeliskooperaciuli modeliskooperaciuli modelis

ZiriTadi niSnebia: 1. regionu-

li xelisuflebis SedarebiT

farTo monawileoba erovnuli

Semosavlis gadanawilebasa da

makroekonomikur stabilizacia-

Si; 2. regionuli xelisufleb-

is rolis amaRleba sagadasaxa-

do Semosavlebis gadanawilebis

sistemaSi; 3. horizontaluri

sabiujeto gamoTanabrebis aq-

tiuri politikis gatareba,

centris pasuxismgeblobis am-

aRleba regionebis saxelmwifo

dafinansebis, teritoriebis

socialur-----ekonomikuri ganvi-

TarebisaTvis, rac ganapirobebs

centris mxridan kontrolis

gaZlierebasa da regionuli xe-

lisuflebis damoukideblobis

garkveul SezRudvas.

sablanko indosamentisablanko indosamentisablanko indosamentisablanko indosamentisablanko indosamenti

(endorsement) - - - - - gadacemis aRm-niSvneli warwera beneficiaris

saxelis miuTiTeblad.

saboloo moxmareba saboloo moxmareba saboloo moxmareba saboloo moxmareba saboloo moxmareba (finalconsumption) - - - - - saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis saboloo gamoyenebis

procesi.

saboloo produqti saboloo produqti saboloo produqti saboloo produqti saboloo produqti (end-product) - - - - - saboloo gamoyenebi-

saTvis da ara Semdgomi gada-

muSavebisaTvis warmoebuli

produqti.

sabrokero firma sabrokero firma sabrokero firma sabrokero firma sabrokero firma (bro-kerage firm) - - - - - saSuamavlo fir-

ma, romelic specializebulia

saSuamavlo sabirJo operacie-

bze.

sabrunavi kapitali sabrunavi kapitali sabrunavi kapitali sabrunavi kapitali sabrunavi kapitali (cur-rent capital) - - - - - kapitalis is nawi-

li, romelic warmoebas emsax-

ureba erTi ciklis manZilze

da misi Rirebuleba mTlianad

gadadis mza produqciis Rire-

bulebaSi.

sagadasaxado ganakveTisagadasaxado ganakveTisagadasaxado ganakveTisagadasaxado ganakveTisagadasaxado ganakveTi

(tax rate) - - - - - Semosavlebis, samom-

xmareblo xarjebis an mogebis

procentuli wili, romelsac

saxelmwifos uxdis yvela iu-

ridiuli da fizikuri piri, Tuki

maT qveynis kanonmdeblobis

Sesabamisi dabegvra exebaT.

sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-

li li li li li (tax proceeds, tax income) -----Semosavali, romelic miiReba da-

matebuli Rirebulebis gadax-

didan, aqcizidan, mogebis gada-

saxadidan da a.S., romelzec

dawesebulia sagadasaxado ka-

nonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebu-

li garkveuli sagadasaxado

ganakveTi.

sagadasaxdelo balansisagadasaxdelo balansisagadasaxdelo balansisagadasaxdelo balansisagadasaxdelo balansi

(balance of payments) - - - - - qveynis

sagadasaxado balansisagadasaxado balansisagadasaxado balansisagadasaxado balansisagadasaxado balansi

314

transaqciebi danarCen msof-

liosTan, romelic moicavs

rogorc rogorc savaWro, ise

finansur nakadebs, dajamebuli

angariSebis saxiT. statisti-

kuri angariSi, romelic gamox-

atavs Tanafardobas qveynis

mier sazRvargareTidan miRebul

fulad Semosavlebsa da sxva

qveynebisaTvis gadaxdil gada-

saxdelebs Soris drois garkve-

ul monakveTSi. masSi asaxulia

ekonomikuri operaciebis erTob-

lioba erovnul ekonomikasa da

danarCen samyaros Soris.

arsebobs aqtiuri da pasi-

uri sagadasaxdelo balansebi.

termini _ _ _ _ _ sagadasaxdelo bal-

ansi gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva mniS-

vnelobiT. maT Soris yvelaze

gavrcelebulia `sabazro saga-

dasaxdelo balansi~ da `saan-

gariSsworebo sagadasaxdelo

balansi~. pirveli termini ga-

moxatavs mimdinare Tanafar-

dobas gadasaxdelebis or na-

kads Soris _ _ _ _ _ qveyanaSi Semo-

sul da misgan gasul nakadebs

Soris. meore termini _ _ _ _ _ saanga-

riSsworebo sagadasaxdelo ba-

lansi _ _ _ _ _ statistikuri anga-

riSia. igi aRricxavs ekonomi-

kuri operaciebis erTobliobas

erovnul ekonomikasa da dan-

arCen samyaros Soris drois

garkveuli periodis ganmavlo-

baSi, anu asaxavs saqonlis, mom-

saxurebis, finansuri aqtivebi-

sa da valdebulebebis nakadeb-

is moZraobas erovnul ekonomi-

kasa da sazRvargareTs Soris.

sagadasaxdelo balansi are-

gistrirebs operaciebs qveynis

rezidentebsa da arareziden-

tebs Soris. struqturulad

igi Sedgeba sami ZiriTadi an-

gariSisagan. esenia: mimdinare an-

gariSi, kapitalis angariSi da

finansuri angariSi.

mimdinare angariSi moicavs

savaWro balanss, Semosavlis ba-

lanssa da mimdinare transfe-

rebs.

kapitalisa da finansuri

angariSi moicavs: kapitalur

transferebs, pirdapir investi-

ciebs, portfelis investicieb-

sa da sxva investiciebs.

monacemebi sagadasaxdelo

balansis Sesaxeb gvaZlevs sa-

Sualebas warmodgena viqoni-

oT qveynis ekonomikis mdgo-

mareobaze, vinaidan isini asax-

aven qveynis finansur mdgomar-

eobas saerTaSoriso bazarze.

dadebiTi sagadasaxdelo bal-

ansi metyvelebs imaze, rom

garkveuli drois periodSi

qveynis ekonomikaSi Semodis

imaze meti fuli, vidre gadis

imave periodSi.

sagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansis

aqtiuri saldo aqtiuri saldo aqtiuri saldo aqtiuri saldo aqtiuri saldo (trade surplus)- - - - - 1. rezidentebsa da ararezi-

sagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansissagadasaxdelo balansis aqtiuri aqtiuri aqtiuri aqtiuri aqtiuri ...............

315

dentebs Soris mimdinare op-

eraciebis, kerZod, realuri

ekonomikuri faseulobebis gacv-

lis saldo. igi gviCvenebs Tu

ramdenad meti realuri ekono-

mikuri faseulobebi warudgines

rezidentebma ararezidentebs;

2. eqsportis gadameteba impor-

tze.

sagadasaxdelo balan-sagadasaxdelo balan-sagadasaxdelo balan-sagadasaxdelo balan-sagadasaxdelo balan-

sississississis pasiuri saldo pasiuri saldo pasiuri saldo pasiuri saldo pasiuri saldo (savaW-savaW-savaW-savaW-savaW-

ro balansis deficitiro balansis deficitiro balansis deficitiro balansis deficitiro balansis deficiti )

(trade deficit) - - - - - 1. gviCvenebs re-----zidentebsa da ararezidentebs

Soris mimdinare periodSi

ekonomikuri faseulobebis gacv-

lis saldos, kerZod, Tu ramde-

nad meti realuri ekonomikuri

faseulobebi warudgines ara-

rezidentebma rezidentebs; 2.

importis gadameteba eqsportze.

sagareo vali sagareo vali sagareo vali sagareo vali sagareo vali (externaldebt) - - - - - mocemuli qveynis mier

saerTaSoriso safinanso or-

ganizaciebidan, ucxouri qvey-

nebis mTavrobebisgan da komer-

ciuli daproeqtebis insti-

tutebidan miRebuli ucxour

valutaSi denominirebuli aq-

tivebi, romlebic am qveyanas

aZlevs investirebisa da mox-

marebis imaze met SesaZleblo-

bas, vidre misi ekonomika qmnis.

nebismieri qveynisTvis sagareo

valis mozidva Semdegi ori

faqtoriT ganisazRvreba: 1. ra

raodenobis ucxouri kapitalis

aTviseba SeuZlia qveyanas; 2.

ra raodenobis valis momsax-

ureba SeuZlia qveyanas riskis

gareSe. sagareo valis gan-

sazRvrisaTvis, oqros rezervis

garda, gamoiyeneba Semdegi Ziri-

Tadi maCveneblebi: 1. sagareo va-

lis Sefardeba VIG-----Tan; 2. saga-

reo valis Sefardeba eqsport-

Tan; 3. sagareo valis momsaxu-

rebisTvis gadasaxdelebis saer-

To Tanxis Sefardeba eqsport-

Tan da saxelmwifos Semosav-

lebTan: 4. saprocento Tanxis

Sefardeba eqsportTan; 5. saga-

reo sesxebis wili biujetis

deficitis dafinansebaSi. aqedan

gamomdinare, arsebobs Sesabamisi

kriteriumebi, romelTac unda

Seesabamebodes sagareo valis

parametrebi.

sagareo vaWroba sagareo vaWroba sagareo vaWroba sagareo vaWroba sagareo vaWroba (foreigntrade) - - - - - saxelmwifos social-

ur-----ekonomikuri da politikuri

ganviTarebis donis mniSvnelo-

vani indikatori, saerTaSoriso

ekonomikuri urTierTobebis

erT-----erTi ZiriTadi forma.

moicavs saqonlis eqsportsa da

imports.

sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-

si si si si si (balance of foreign trade) -----qveynis sagadasaxdelo balan-

sis nawili, romelSic asaxulia

saqonlis sazRvargareT gata-

nasa Tu SemotanasTan dakav-

Sirebuli operaciebi, anu `xi-

sagareo vaWrobis balansagareo vaWrobis balansagareo vaWrobis balansagareo vaWrobis balansagareo vaWrobis balansisisisisi

316

luli~ eqsporti da importi.

sagareo vaWrobis balansi ̀ ux-

ilavi~ operaciebis angariSTan

(momsaxurebis eqsporti da im-

porti) erTad qmnis mimdinare

operaciebis balanss.

sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-

mikuri efeqti mikuri efeqti mikuri efeqti mikuri efeqti mikuri efeqti (economic ef-fect of foreign trade) - - - - - sxvaoba im-portis misaRebad gamiznuli

produqciis samamulo warmoe-

bisa da saeqsporto saqonlis

warmoebis danaxarjebs Soris.

sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-

tika tika tika tika tika (foreign trade policy) - - - - - qve-yanaSi miRebuli sagareo vaWro-

bis regulirebis wesi. saxelm-

wifo politika, romelic ze-

gavlenas axdens sagareo vaWro-

baze gadasaxadebiT, subsidie-

biT, eqsportisa da importis

SezRudvebiTa da a.S. misi erT-----

erTi ukiduresi SemTxvevaa

Tavisufali vaWrobis politi-

ka, xolo meore _ _ _ _ _ avtarkiis

politika. am ukidures SemTxve-

vebs Soris arsebobs sxvadasxva

xarisxis proteqcionizmi, rome-

lic realizdeba tarifebis,

kvotebis, savaluto kontroli-

sa da a.S. meSveobiT.

sagiravno furceli sagiravno furceli sagiravno furceli sagiravno furceli sagiravno furceli (mor-tgage) - - - - - fasiani qaRaldis nair-

saxeoba, romelsac uSvebs i po-

Tekuri banki grZelvadiani sesx-

is gasacemad uZravi qonebis

dagiravebis safuZvelze.

sadazRvevo kompania sadazRvevo kompania sadazRvevo kompania sadazRvevo kompania sadazRvevo kompania (in-surace company) - - - - - organizacia,romelic eweva momsaxurebas

dazRvevis sferoSi da gamo-

dis Tavisi klientebis qonebi-

sa da sicocxlis damzRvevis

rolSi. sadazRvevo kompania

Tavis Tavze iRebs valdebule-

bas, sxvadasxva gauTvaliswine-

beli viTarebisas anu sadazRve-

vo SemTxvevisas aunazRauros

klientebs zarali. sakuTrebis

formis mixedviT, sadazRvevo

kompania SeiZleba iyos saxelm-

wifo, saxelmwifo-----komerciuli,

aqcioneruli, kooperaciuli da

kerZo. sabazro sistemaSi am

kompaniebis sxvadasxva varian-

tis Tanaarseboba warmoqmnis

sadazRvevo bazars, sadac yal-

ibdeba konkurencia sadazRve-

vo kompaniebs Soris. saxelm-

wifo, rogorc wesi, wamyvan

rols asrulebs savaldebulo

dazRvevis momsaxurebis bazarze,

romelic moicavs moxucebulo-

bis (sapensio uzrunvelyofa),

invalidobis, avadmyofobis,

umuSevrobis da a.S. dazRve-

vas. amasTan, bolo xans SeimC-

neva kerZo sadazRvevo kompanie-

bis aqtiuri SeWra savaldebu-

lo dazRvevis momsaxurebis ba-

zarze. isini Cveulebriv upi-

ratesobas aniWeben nebayoflo-

biT sadazRvevo momsaxurebas.

vinaidan dasavleTSi sadazRvevo

sagareo vaWrobis ekonosagareo vaWrobis ekonosagareo vaWrobis ekonosagareo vaWrobis ekonosagareo vaWrobis ekonomikuri efeqtimikuri efeqtimikuri efeqtimikuri efeqtimikuri efeqti

317

momsaxurebaze arsebobs myari

da maRali moTxovna rogorc

kompaniebis, ise mosaxleobis

mxridan, sadazRvevo biznesi

kapitalis dabandebis Zalze

momgebiani formaa. sadazRvevo

kompaniebis Semosavali iqmneba

rogorc sadazRvevo gadasax-

delebis Tanxidan, ise sadazRve-

vo polisebis gayidviT. mTlian

Semosavals gamoklebuli sadaz-

Rvevo anazRaureba, sadazRvevo

agentebisa da brokerebis sa-

komisio gasamrjelo da sxva

xarjebi Seadgens kompaniis

mogebas. sadazRvevo kompanieb-

is droebiT Tavisufali fu-

ladi saxsrebi investirdeba

kerZo kompaniebis aqciebsa da

obligaciebSi, daideba de-

pozitze komerciul bankebSi.

sadazRvevo kompaniebis umrav-

lesobis saqmianobis ZiriTadi

saxea komerciuli riskis, sax-

eldobr, sakredito riskis

dazRveva. moTxovna momsaxure-

bis am saxeze ganpirobebulia

imiT, rom bankebi uars amboben

kreditebis gacemaze sadazRvevo

kompaniebis garantiis gareSe:

krediti gaicema sadazRvevo

polisis giraos an mzRvevelis

sagarantio werilis safuZ-

velze. sadazRvevo kompania

iRebs valdebulebas, gadauxde-

lobis SemTxvevaSi vali Tvi-

Ton aanazRauros. am gziT banki

Tavs izRvevs sakredito risk-

isagan da Tavisufldeba kli-

entis gadaxdisunarianobis do-

nis dazustebisagan. piradi

dazRvevis sferoSi yvelaze

gavrcelebuli formebia samed-

icino dazRveva, sicocxlis

progresuli dazRveva, inflaci-

isagan anabrebis dacvis siste-

mebi da sxv.

sadepozito sertifi-sadepozito sertifi-sadepozito sertifi-sadepozito sertifi-sadepozito sertifi-

kati kati kati kati kati (depositary certificate) -----fulad-----sakredito regulire-

bis axali instrumenti, erovnu-

li valutiT denominirebuli

fasiani qaRaldi, romelsac

aramaterializebuli forma

aqvs da fasiani qaRaldebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli yvela funqci-

iTaa aRWurvili. Tavisi likvi-

duri xasiaTidan gamomdinare,

fasiani qaRaldis es axali

saxeoba bazris kontrahentebs

gacilebiT met SesaZleblobebs

sTavazobs TavianTi saxsrebis

uriskod dabandebis Tval-

sazrisiT. sadepozito serti-

fikati mniSvnelovan rols

asrulebs qveyanaSi fulis ba-

zris ganviTarebisaTvis, vinaidan

komerciul bankebs eZlevaT

SesaZlebloba meorad bazarze

ivaWron am instrumentiT.

saqarTvelos erovnulma

bankma, `holandiuri daavadeb-

is~ Semdgomi gamwvavebis risk-

is Tavidan acilebis mizniT, Sem-

sadepozito sertifikatisadepozito sertifikatisadepozito sertifikatisadepozito sertifikatisadepozito sertifikati

318

oiRo sadepozito sertifikate-

bi. maTi gamoSveba emsaxureba

Warbi fulis sterilizaciasa

da ucxouri kapitalis nakade-

bis uaryofiTi efeqtebis gan-

muxtvas.

saemisio banki saemisio banki saemisio banki saemisio banki saemisio banki (bank ofissue) - - - - - saxelmwifo sakredi-

to dawesebuleba, centraluri

banki, romelsac miniWebuli aqvs

sabanko bileTebis (banknotebis)

gamoSvebis, fulis mimoqcevis,

kreditis, savaluto kursis

regulirebisa da kontrolis,

oficialuri oqros savaluto

rezervis dacvis monopoliuri

ufleba.

saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-

sworebissworebissworebissworebissworebis banki banki banki banki banki (Bank for Inter-national Settlements - - - - - BIS) - - - - - cen-traluri bankebis saerTaSo-

riso savaluto-----sakredito or-

ganizacia. daarsda 1830 wels

q. bazelSi (Sveicaria).

saerTaSoriso ekono-saerTaSoriso ekono-saerTaSoriso ekono-saerTaSoriso ekono-saerTaSoriso ekono-

mikuri urTierTobebmikuri urTierTobebmikuri urTierTobebmikuri urTierTobebmikuri urTierTobebB (in-ternational economic relations) -----sxvadasxva qveyanas Soris Camo-

yalibebuli ekonomikuri urTi-

erTobebi saerTaSoriso vaWro-

bis, saerTaSoriso savaluto,

sakredito da a.S. sferoebSi.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobasaerTaSoriso vaWrobasaerTaSoriso vaWrobasaerTaSoriso vaWrobasaerTaSoriso vaWroba

(international trade) - - - - - saqonliTa

da momsaxurebiT vaWroba qvey-

nebs Soris. saerTaSoriso anu

sagareo vaWroba, saSinao vaWro-

bisagan gansxvavebiT, gulisx-

mobs sxvadasxva valutis gamoy-

enebas da regulirdeba tarife-

bis, kvotebis da savaluto kon-

trolis meSveobiT.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ar-

sebobas ganapirobebs qveynebs

Soris xarjebSi gansxvaveba da

gansazRvruli saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis ararseboba zogi-

erT qveyanaSi. SefardebiTi upi-

ratesobis Teoriidan gamomdi-

nare, zog SemTxvevaSi es gan-

sxvaveba aris ara absoluturi,

aramed SefardebiTi upirate-

sobis gamomxatveli.

saerTaSoriso kredi-saerTaSoriso kredi-saerTaSoriso kredi-saerTaSoriso kredi-saerTaSoriso kredi-

ti ti ti ti ti (international credit) - - - - - kredi-ti, romelic gamoiyeneba sxva-

dasxva qveynis firmebsa da sax-

elmwifoebs Soris sakredito

urTierTobebSi. arsebobs ko-

merciuli, sabaJo da saxelm-

wifo kreditis saxiT.

saerTaSoriso savalu-saerTaSoriso savalu-saerTaSoriso savalu-saerTaSoriso savalu-saerTaSoriso savalu-

to fondi to fondi to fondi to fondi to fondi (ssfssfssfssfssf) (internationalmonetary fund) - - - - - Seiqmna 1945

wels breton-----vudsSi, savalu-

to-----safinanso sakiTxebisadmi

miZRvnil gaeros konferenciaze

miRebuli SeTanxmebis (1944)

ratifikaciis Sedegad. fondi

gaxda gaeros specialuri or-

gano. misi Tavdapirveli amocana

iyo valutebis kursebis saer-

TaSoriso sistemis regulire-

ba, mogvianebiT ki man moaxdina

saemisio bankisaemisio bankisaemisio bankisaemisio bankisaemisio banki

319

Tavisi saqmianobis modificir-

eba. CCA-----is ZiriTadi amocanebia:

saerTaSoriso savaluto Tan-

amSromlobis stimulireba, saer-

TaSoriso vaWrobis balansire-

buli ganviTarebisaTvis xelSew-

yoba, monawile qveynebisadmi

daxmareba maTi sagadasaxdelo

balansis deficitis koreqtire-

basa da valutis kursis sta-

bilizaciis miRwevaSi.

fondis mier Seqmnili bre-

ton-----vudsis saerTaSoriso sava-

luto sistema eyrdnoboda

valutis fiqsirebuli kursis

politikas, savaluto SezRud-

vebis akrZalvas, valutebis kon-

vertirebadobisa da saerTaSo-

riso gadasaxadebis mravalmx-

rivi sistemis ganviTarebas. va-

lutebis kursi eyrdnoboda pa-

ritetul sistemas, romelic mo-

nawile qveynebisgan moiTxovda

maTi valutebis kursis meryeo-

bis SezRudvas plus-----minus er-

Ti procentis farglebSi (gamo-

xatuli dolarebSi). misi uSu-

alo konvertireba xdeboda

oqroSi fiqsirebuli kursiT.

aSS-----is mier 1971 wels miRe-

buli gadawyvetilebis kvalda-

kval _ _ _ _ _ SeeCerebinaT dolaris

konvertirebadoba oqroSi, aTi

qveynis (aSS, kanada, didi brit-

aneTi, safrangeTi, iaponia, gfr,

belgia, italia, SvedeTi, nider-

landi, agreTve Sveicaria (fon-

dis asocirebuli wevri) mTav-

robebma amave wels miiRes ̀ smiT-

sonovis SeTanxmeba~, romelic

iTvaliswinebda dolaris aT-

procentian devalvacias, yve-

la valutis kursis gadasin-

jvas da maTi meryeobis ufro

farTo sazRvrebis dadgenas.

1973 wels dolaris Semdgomi

devalvaciis Semdeg regulire-

badi paritetis sistemaze uari

Tqves agreTve evropuli gaer-

Tianebis qveynebma da SemoiRes

TavianTi valutebis mcuravi

kursi dolarTan mimarTebaSi.

breton-----vudsis sistemis krizi-

sis kvaldakval, 1972 wels

ssfssfssfssfssf-----ma mis mier Camoyalibebul

saerTaSoriso savaluto siste-

mis reformis komitetSi Seimu-

Sava rekomendaciebis kompleq-

si, romelic miiRes 1976 wels

iamaikis SeTanxmebis farglebSi.

fondi Tavis saqmianobas

afinansebs monawile qveynebis

Senatanebisa da sesxebis safuZ-

velze. Senatanebis sidide,

gacemuli nasesxobis special-

uri wesis mixedviT, ganisazR-

vreba TiToeuli monawile qvey-

nis kvotebis damdgeni sistemiT.

es ukanaskneli eyrdnoba moce-

muli qveynis erovnul Semosa-

vals, savaluto rezervebsa da

sxva ekonomikur indikatorebs.

monawile qveynebis kvotebi, ro-

melic sistematurad gadais-

saerTaSoriso savalusaerTaSoriso savalusaerTaSoriso savalusaerTaSoriso savalusaerTaSoriso savaluto fondi to fondi to fondi to fondi to fondi (((((ssfssfssfssfssf)))))

320

injeba da icvleba, gansazRvravs

agreTve mocemuli qveynis sesx-

ebis aRebis uflebas rogorc

regularul, ise specialur kre-

ditebze.

kreditebis gacemasTan er-

Tad CCA-----is meore mniSvnelo-

vani amocanaa valutis kurse-

bis sferoSi monawile qveyneb-

is politikisTvis Tvalyuris

devneba msoflio doneze Tan-

mimdevruli makroekonomikuri

politikis SenarCunebisaTvis.

saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-

delo sistemadelo sistemadelo sistemadelo sistemadelo sistema (international pay-ment system) – zogadi terminiim meTodebisa, romelTa saSu-

alebiT xorcieldeba saerTa-

Soriso finansuri operaciebi

sxvadasxva qveynis rezident-

ebs Soris sxvadasxva erovnul

valutaSi. moicavs savaluto

kontrolsa da saerTaSoriso

likvidurobasTan dakavSirebul

problemebs.

saerTaSoriso finansu-saerTaSoriso finansu-saerTaSoriso finansu-saerTaSoriso finansu-saerTaSoriso finansu-

ri korporaciari korporaciari korporaciari korporaciari korporacia (InternationalFinance Corporation) - - - - - Seiqmna

1956 wels msoflio bankis ope-

raciebis mxardasaWerad. gas-

cems kredits ganviTarebadi qvey-

nebis kerZo samewarmeo struq-

turebze, upirveles yovlisa,

mrewvelobaSi.

`saerTo bazari~ `saerTo bazari~ `saerTo bazari~ `saerTo bazari~ `saerTo bazari~ (Com-mon Market) - - - - - evrokavSiris wi-namorbedi; daarsda 1957 wels

saerTo (evropuli) bazris sax-

elwodebiT safrangeTis, bel-

giis, gfr-----is, italiis, luqsem-

burgisa da niderlandis mTav-

robebis mier xelmowerili ro-

mis xelSekrulebis safuZvel-

ze. iTvaliswinebda sabaJo kav-

Siris Seqmnas, kapitalisa da

samuSao Zalis Tavisufal gada-

adgilebas, saerTo sasoflo-----

sameurneo da satransporto

politikis SemuSavebas. 1973

wels daemata dania, irlandia

da didi britaneTi, 1982 wels

_ _ _ _ _ saberZneTi, xolo 1986 wels

_ _ _ _ _ portugalia da espaneTi.

1967 wels saerTo bazari Seer-

wya naxSirisa da foladis ev-

ropul gaerTianebebs (EASC)da atomuri energiis sferoSi

evropuli gaerTianebis (EAEC)struqturebs, ris safuZvelzec

Camoyalibda evropuli gaerTi-

aneba, xolo 1993 wlis bolos

evrogaerTianebam miiRo evrokav-

Siris saxelwodeba.

saeqsporto krediti saeqsporto krediti saeqsporto krediti saeqsporto krediti saeqsporto krediti (ex-port credit) - - - - - krediti, romelic

gaicema sazRvargareTis qvey-

nebis iuridiul an fizikur pi-

rebze saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis eqsportis dafinansebis

mizniT.

saeqsporto lizingi saeqsporto lizingi saeqsporto lizingi saeqsporto lizingi saeqsporto lizingi (ex-port lease) - - - - - manqanebis, mowyobi-lobebisa da sxva qonebis aren-

da, gacemuli ucxoel iuridi-

saerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo sistemasaerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo sistemasaerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo sistemasaerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo sistemasaerTaSoriso sagadasaxdelo sistema

321

ul an fizikur pirebze.

savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-

bis norma bis norma bis norma bis norma bis norma (srnsrnsrnsrnsrn) (norm of oblig-atory reserves) - - - - - fuladi Tanxa,

romlis sesxad gacemis ufle-

bac komerciul bankebs ara aqvT

da romelic TavianT angariSze

unda iqonion centralur bankSi.

inflaciur situaciaSi, rode-

sac aucilebelia mimoqcevaSi

fuladi masis zrdis Seneleba,

centraluri banki amaRlebs

srnsrnsrnsrnsrn-----s; rodesac aucilebelia

mimoqcevaSi fulis raodeno-

bis gazrda, centraluri banki

dabla swevs srnsrnsrnsrnsrn-----s da amis

safuZvelze SesaZleblobas

aZlevs komerciul bankebs, Ta-

vianTi saxsrebis droebiT ̀ gay-

inuli~ nawili kreditad aq-

cion.

savaldebulo socialu-savaldebulo socialu-savaldebulo socialu-savaldebulo socialu-savaldebulo socialu-

ririririri dazRveva dazRveva dazRveva dazRveva dazRveva (obligatory socialinsurance) - - - - - mosaxleobis mate-

rialuri uzrunvelyofis sax-

elmwifo sistema. gulisxmobs

dazRvevas droebiT Sromisuuna-

robis, moxucebulobis, invali-

dobis, marCenalis dakargvis,

ubeduri SemTxvevisa da umu-

Sevrobis gamo. masSi SeiZleba

Sevides riskis ufro konkre-

tuli saxeebi, gamowveuli Se-

mosavlebis dakargviT daqirave-

bis, droebiTi Sromisuunaro-

bis da a.S. gamo. eyrdnoba Se-

sabamis kanons da vrceldeba

mTel mosaxleobaze. xorcield-

eba xelfasis fondidan anar-

icxebis xarjze. savaldebulo

socialuri dazRveva calke

ganyofilebad Sedis gaeros

CCLR-----is mesame variantis struq-

turaSi.

savaluto anazRaurebasavaluto anazRaurebasavaluto anazRaurebasavaluto anazRaurebasavaluto anazRaureba

(currency self-----repayment) - - - - - sawar-moTa da organizaciaTa saga-

reo-----ekonomikuri saqmianobis

princi pi, romelic iTvalis-

winebs maTi danaxarjebis valu-

tiT anazRaurebas sakuTari sa-

valuto Semosavlebidan.

savaluto arbitraJisavaluto arbitraJisavaluto arbitraJisavaluto arbitraJisavaluto arbitraJi

(currency arbitrage) - - - - - ucxouri

valutis yidva erT valutis

bazarze imavdroulad meoreze

misi gayidvis mizniT, sxvadasxva

bazarze valutis kursis sx-

vaobis safuZvelze mogebis mis-

aRebad.

savaluto dempingi savaluto dempingi savaluto dempingi savaluto dempingi savaluto dempingi (cur-rency dumping) - - - - - saqonlis ga-

tana gaufasurebuli valutis

mqone qveynidan mtkice an nak-

lebad gaufasurebuli valu-

tis mqone qveyanaSi msoflio

fasze dabali fasiT.

savaluto intervenciasavaluto intervenciasavaluto intervenciasavaluto intervenciasavaluto intervencia

(currency intervention) - - - - - valut-

is bazarze saxelmwifos mier

erovnuli valutis yidva-----gay-

idva mis gacvliT kursze zemo-

qmedebis mizniT.

savaluto kliringi savaluto kliringi savaluto kliringi savaluto kliringi savaluto kliringi (cur-

savaluto kliringisavaluto kliringisavaluto kliringisavaluto kliringisavaluto kliringi

322

rency clearing) - - - - - samTavrobaTa-Soriso SeTanxmeba Semxvedri

moTxovnebisa da valdebule-

bebis urTierTCaTvlis Sesaxeb,

saqonlis miwodebisa da gaweu-

li momsaxurebis Rirebulebi-

Ti tolfasovnebis safuZvelze.

savaluto kontroli savaluto kontroli savaluto kontroli savaluto kontroli savaluto kontroli (ex-change control) - - - - - sistema, rom-lis farglebSic saxelmwifo

axorcielebs ucxouri valu-

tisa da oqros kontrols yve-

la an zogierT im operaciaze,

romelSic monawileobs am qvey-

nis moqalaqe. savaluto kon-

troli gamoiyeneba sagadasaxde-

lo balansis dasacavad, agreTve

valutis kursis dacemis Tavi-

dan asacileblad savaluto

operaciebis sruli Tavisuf-

lebis pirobebSi. savaluto

kontroli pirvelad SemoiRes

did britaneTSi 1939 wels.

1950 wels igi sagrZnoblad Se-

sustda, xolo mTlianad lik-

vidirebul iqna 1979 wels, ro-

desac uaryves ucxour valu-

tasTan da oqrosTan dakavSire-

buli yvela SemzRudavi Ronis-

Zieba.

savaluto krediti savaluto krediti savaluto krediti savaluto krediti savaluto krediti (fo-reign exchange loan) - - - - - ucxourivalutiT aRebuli krediti.

savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-

pi~ pi~ pi~ pi~ pi~ (“SWAP” currency operations)- - - - - operacia, romelic gulisx-

mobs erT-----erTi valutis gayi-

dvas gansazRvruli drois Sem-

deg imave raodenobiTa da gari-

gebis momentSi fiqsirebuli

kursiT ukan dabrunebis piro-

biT.

savaluto pozicia savaluto pozicia savaluto pozicia savaluto pozicia savaluto pozicia (cur-rency position) - - - - - ucxour valu-

taze bankis moTxovnebisa da

valdebulebebis Tanafardoba.

Tu isini tolia, savaluto

pozicia iTvleba daxurulad

(Caketilad), xolo sxva SemTx-

vevaSi _ _ _ _ _ Riad.

savaluto rezervi savaluto rezervi savaluto rezervi savaluto rezervi savaluto rezervi (ex-ternal reserve) - - - - - saerTaSoriso

doneze aRiarebuli sagadasaxde-

lo saSualeba, gamiznuli sa-

gareo sagadasaxdelo defici-

tis dasafaravad da sakuTari

valutis kursis cvlilebebis

kontrolis RonisZiebebis uz-

runvelsayofad. aseT rezervs

warmoadgens ZiriTadad oqro

da is ucxouri valuta (valu-

tebi), romelic farTod gamo-

iyeneba saerTaSoriso vaWrobasa

da angariSsworebaSi. istori-

ulad mTavari valutebi iyo

girvanqa sterlingi da aSS-----is

dolari. girvanqa sterlingis,

rogorc savaluto rezervis,

roli Zlier daeca XX sauku-nis 60-----ian wlebSi, xolo

dolari isev rCeba mTavar saer-

TaSoriso sarezervo valutad.

2002 wlis 1 ianvridan saer-

TaSoriso sarezervo valutis

savaluto kontrolisavaluto kontrolisavaluto kontrolisavaluto kontrolisavaluto kontroli

323

rols, dolarTan erTad, as-

rulebs evroc.

savaluto rezervis mniS-

vneloba gansakuTrebiT izrde-

ba maSin, rodesac qveyana ax-

orcielebs savaluto kursis

stabilizacias. am mizniT igi

unda iyos mzad ganaxorcie-

los intervencia valutis ba-

zrebze Tavisi valutis kur-

sis SenarCunebisaTvis. am Ronis-

Ziebis gasatareblad ki qveya-

nas unda hqondes savaluto re-

zervi.

savaluto riski savaluto riski savaluto riski savaluto riski savaluto riski (risk ofcurrency depreciation) - - - - - savalu-

to danakargebis saSiSroeba,

romelic warmoiqmneba sagareo-----

savaWro, sakredito da savalu-

to operaciebis Catarebisas da

ukavSirdeba ucxouri valut-

is kursis cvlilebebs.

savaluto salaro savaluto salaro savaluto salaro savaluto salaro savaluto salaro (cur-rency fund) - - - - - qveynis fuladi

gadasaxadebisa da Senatanebis

erToblioba, gamoxatuli ucxo-

ur valutaSi.

savaluto sistema savaluto sistema savaluto sistema savaluto sistema savaluto sistema (ex-change system) - - - - - valutis flo-

basa da gankargvasTan dakav-

Sirebuli ekonomikuri urTier-

Tobebis organizaciuli for-

ma, romelic moicavs fulad-----

sakredito mimoqcevas qveynis

SigniT da saerTaSoriso an-

gariSsworebis sferos. igi ay-

alibebs im maregulirebel gare-

mos, romlis farglebSic sax-

elmwifo axorcielebs savalu-

to politikas. savaluto urT-

ierTobis sistemaSi mniSvnelo-

van rols asrulebs valutis

kursis gansazRvris reJimi, misi

koreqtirebisa Tu cvlilebis

wesi, saxelmwifo da saerTa-

Soriso organoebis saqmiano-

bis gaTvaliswineba savaluto

regulirebis sferoSi da sxv.

saerTaSoriso angariSswo-

rebis sferoSi istoriulad

yvelaze mniSvnelovania oqros

standartis, breton-----vudsisa da

Tanamedrove (iamaikis) savalu-

to sistemebi.

savaluto spekulaciasavaluto spekulaciasavaluto spekulaciasavaluto spekulaciasavaluto spekulacia

(currency speculations) - - - - - bankeb-is, firmebis, iuridiuli da

fizikuri pirebis mier ganx-

orcielebuli operacia, romel-

ic iTvaliswinebs mogebis miRe-

bas sxvadasxva dros an sxva-

dasxva bazarze valutis kur-

sis cvlilebis Sedegad, agreTve

winaswari ganzraxviT savalu-

to risks.

savaluto fari savaluto fari savaluto fari savaluto fari savaluto fari (currencyboard) - - - - - erovnuli valutis fiq-

sirebuli kursiT mibma rome-

lime stabilur valutaze an va-

lutaTa kalaTaze da misi gacv-

la maTze avtomatur reJimSi,

yovelgvari SezRudvebis gareSe.

valutebis gacvliTi opera-

ciebis Seuferxebeli ganxor-

savaluto farisavaluto farisavaluto farisavaluto farisavaluto fari

324

cieleba da, saerTod, savalu-

to faris institutis SemoReba

mocemul qveyanaSi moiTxovs: 1.

ucxouri valutis did raode-

nobas. rogorc wesi, ucxouri

valutis rezervi emitirebu-

li fulis 100%-----ze meti unda

iyos; 2. ucxouri valutis Se-

modinebisa da savaluto rezer-

vis stabiluri wyaros arse-

bobas; 3. aradeficituri saxel-

mwifo biujetis uzrunvelyofi-

saTvis efeqtiani fiskaluri

politikis gatarebasa da makro-

ekonomikuri stabilizaciis fon-

dis Seqmnas, vinaidan defici-

turi biujeti SeuZlebels

xdis savaluto faris meqaniz-

mis amoqmedebas.

savaluto faris institu-

tis Seqmna zRudavs xelisu-

flebis diskreciul uflebebs

da gamoricxavs mavne praqti-

kas damaxasiaTebels gansakuT-

rebiT gardamaval periodSi

myofi qveynebisaTvis _ _ _ _ _ centra-

luri bankis mier mTavrobi-

saTvis sesxis micemas, vinaidan

centraluri bankis institu-

tis Canacvleba xdeba savalu-

to faris institutiT. Tumca

centralur banks aqvs qveyana-

Si zomieri inflaciis Senar-

Cunebis bevrad meti berketi

da garantia, vidre mTavrobas,

romelic xdeba erTaderTi pa-

suxismgebeli savaluto faris

pirobebSi. savaluto fari ai-

Zulebs mTavrobas uari Tqvas

deficitur saxelmwifo biu-

jetze (hqondes mcireodeni

proficiti mainc) da gaata-

ros makroekonomikuri stabi-

lizaciis RonisZiebebi. meore

mxriv, savaluto faris reJi-

mis pirobebSi komerciuli ban-

kebi amkacreben sakredito po-

litikas, rac saqmian aqtiuroba-

ze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens.

savaluto faris meqanizmi

gamoyenebul iqna XX saukunis90-----ian wlebSi hiperinflaci-

is dros braziliaSi, meqsikaSi,

estoneTSi, litvaSi. aRniSnulma

institutma didi roli Seas-

rula am periodSi inflaciis

tempebis mniSvnelovan Semcire-

basa da makroekonomikuri pro-

cesebis regulirebaSi.

saqarTveloSi 1992-----1994

wlebSi, rodesac mZvinvarebda

hiperinflacia, miuxedavad im-

isa, rom arsebobda savaluto

faris meqanizmis SemoRebis idea,

igi ar iqna gamoyenebuli, vi-

naidan qveyana ver akmayofileb-

da am institutis zemoT xsene-

bul moTxovnebs.

savaluto SezRudva savaluto SezRudva savaluto SezRudva savaluto SezRudva savaluto SezRudva (ex-change restrictions) - - - - - saxelmwi-

fos mier sakanonmdeblo an

administraciuli gziT savalu-

to operaciebis SezRudvis

mizniT gatarebul RonisZieba-

savaluto SezRudvasavaluto SezRudvasavaluto SezRudvasavaluto SezRudvasavaluto SezRudva

325

Ta sistema, gamoiyeneba sagada-

saxdelo balansis gawonas-

worebis, qveynis valutis kur-

sis dacvisa da savaluto re-

sursebis koncentraciisaTvis.

iTvaliswinebs: 1. oqros, fula-

di niSnebisa da fasiani qaRal-

debis sazRvargareT gatanas,

gzavnilebisa da fuladi gada-

saxadebis regulirebas; 2. ucxo-

uri valutis Tavisuflad yid-

va-----gayidvis akrZalvas; 3. ucxo-

uri valutis aucileblad

Cabarebas centralur bankSi da

gacvlas erovnul valutaze

oficialuri kursiT. savalu-

to SezRudva savaluto poli-

tikis Semadgeneli nawilia,

romelic pasiurs xdis saga-

dasaxdelo balanss da iwvevs

oqros rezervebis Semcirebas.

am dros ucxouri valutiT Ca-

satarebeli operaciebi Tavs iy-

ris centralur bankSi. ucxou-

ri valutiT gamoxatuli sa-

telegrafo gzavnilebi, Cekebi,

Tamasuqebi, sagadasaxado valde-

bulebebi am bankis meSveobiT

iyideba.

savaluto Sesworeba savaluto Sesworeba savaluto Sesworeba savaluto Sesworeba savaluto Sesworeba (cur-rency reservation) - - - - - piroba saer-TaSoriso vaWrobaSi, sakredito

an sxva SeTanxmebaSi, romelic

iTvaliswinebs fuladi gadasax-

adis gadasinjvas valutis kur-

sis cvlilebis proporciulad,

valutis gaufasurebis risk-

isagan eqsportis an kredi-

toris dazRvevis mizniT.

savaWro balansi savaWro balansi savaWro balansi savaWro balansi savaWro balansi (balanceof trade) - - - - - saqonlis eqsportisa

da importis balansi, romelic

gamoxatavs sasaqonlo opera-

ciebis dadebiT an uaryofiT

saldos saangariSo periodis

bolos.

savaWro balansis dadesavaWro balansis dadesavaWro balansis dadesavaWro balansis dadesavaWro balansis dade-----

bibibibibiTi saldo Ti saldo Ti saldo Ti saldo Ti saldo (trade surplus) -----situacia saangariSo periodis

bolos, rodesac eqsportiT

miRebuli Sejamebuli Semosav-

lebi aRemateba importze gawe-

ul xarjebs.

savaWro balansis defi-savaWro balansis defi-savaWro balansis defi-savaWro balansis defi-savaWro balansis defi-

citi citi citi citi citi (deficit of the trade balan-ce) - - - - - situacia saangariSo peri-odis bolos, rodesac Sejame-

buli danaxarjebi importze

aRemateba eqsportiT miRebul

Semosavlebs.

savaWro barieri savaWro barieri savaWro barieri savaWro barieri savaWro barieri (tradebarrier) - - - - - savaWro proteqcio-nizmi, anu saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis gacvlis SezRudva

baJis, kvotis, savaluto kon-

trolis saSualebiT.

savaWro marka savaWro marka savaWro marka savaWro marka savaWro marka (trade mark)- - - - - savaWro sawarmos saxelwode-

ba, niSani _ _ _ _ _ simbolo an emble-

ma. safirmo markisagan gansx-

vavebiT, nawarmi savaWro mar-

kiT SeiZleba gaiyidos mxolod

im sawarmos savaWro qselidan,

romlis markiTac aris gamoS-

savaWro markasavaWro markasavaWro markasavaWro markasavaWro marka

326

vebuli saqoneli.

savaWro saxli savaWro saxli savaWro saxli savaWro saxli savaWro saxli (trade hou-se) - - - - - specializebuli firma, ro-

melic vaWrobs erTi an ram-

denime saxis saqonliT, klient-

Ta davalebiT an Tavisi fuliT.

sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-

gigigigigi (public save) – sxvaoba wmin-da gadasaxadebsa (gadasaxade-

bi transferis gamoklebiT) da

saxelmwifo xarjebs Soris. sa-

zogadoebrivi danazogi dade-

biTia da saxelmwifo biujeti

proficituri, Tu gadasaxade-

bi saxelmwifo xarjebs aRema-

teba; sazogadoebrivi danazo-

gi uaryofiTia da saxelmwifo

biujeti deficituri, Tu ga-

dasaxadebi saxelmwifo xarje-

bze naklebia.

sazogadoebrivi mecni-sazogadoebrivi mecni-sazogadoebrivi mecni-sazogadoebrivi mecni-sazogadoebrivi mecni-

erebebierebebierebebierebebierebebi (social sciences) - - - - - yove-li mecniereba bunebis an sa-

zogadoebis ganviTarebis kanon-

zomierebebs swavlobs. TiTo-

eul maTgans Tavisi Tavisebu-

rebebi aqvs. amitom aseT mraval-

ferovan samyaros ara erTi, ara-

med bevri sxvadasxva mecniereba

Seiswavlis. bunebis saidumloe-

bebs sabunebismetyvelo mecnier-

ebebi (astronomia, biologia,

fizika da a.S.) ikvlevs, xolo

sazogadoebis ganviTarebas, sa-

zogadoebaSi mimdinare proces-

ebs _ _ _ _ _ sazogadoebrivi mecnier-

ebebi. maT ricxvs ekonomikuri

mecnierebebic miekuTvneba. gar-

da ekonomikisa, sazogadoebis

ganviTarebis sxvadasxva mima-

rTulebas Seiswavlis istoria,

samarTalmcodneoba, enaTmecni-----

ereba, sociologia da a.S.

ekonomikur mecnierebas gan-

sakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs

sazogadoebriv mecnierebebs So-

ris. es aixsneba misi kvlevis

sferos ganmsazRvreli roliT.

amitomacaa, rom mas sazogado-

ebriv mecnierebaTa mefed aRi-

areben.

sazogadoebrivi opti-sazogadoebrivi opti-sazogadoebrivi opti-sazogadoebrivi opti-sazogadoebrivi opti-

mumi mumi mumi mumi mumi (social optimum) - - - - - sazoga-----doebis resursebis iseTi gan-

lageba, warmoebisa da produ-

qciis ganawilebis iseTi stru-----

qtura, romelic `saukeTesoa~

dasaxuli miznebis misaRwevad.

es cneba farTod gamoiyeneba

keTildReobis ekonomikur Teo-

riaSi, rodesac ganixileba arCe-

vani sxvadasxva situacias So-

ris, romelTaganac TiToeuli

optimaluria paretos mixed-

viT (e.i. TiToeul am situa-

ciaSi erTi individis keTil-

dReobis zrda ar aqveiTebs me-

oris keTildReobis dones). sa-

zogadoebrivi optimumi aris sa-----

zogadoebrivi keTildReobis

funqcia, gamoxatos sazogado-

ebis keTildReoba mTlianad,

iseve, rogorc misi Semadgene-

li individebisa. paretos mixed-

savaWro saxlisavaWro saxlisavaWro saxlisavaWro saxlisavaWro saxli

327

viT, yvela optimaluri situ-

aciidan SeiZleba airCes sauke-

Teso, romelic warmoadgens sa-

zogadoebriv optimums.

sazogadoebrivi sargebsazogadoebrivi sargebsazogadoebrivi sargebsazogadoebrivi sargebsazogadoebrivi sargeb-----

lobalobalobalobaloba ganaTlebisgan ganaTlebisgan ganaTlebisgan ganaTlebisgan ganaTlebisgan (socialreturns to education) - - - - - damatebiTisargebloba ganaTlebisgan, sxva

damatebiT SemosavlebTan er-

Tad. saxelmwifom unda gan-

sazRvros ganaTlebis faseulo-

ba iseT mniSvnelovan sferoeb-

Si, sadac Semosavali ganaTleb-

isgan ar eqvemdebareba raode-

nobriv Sefasebas (demokratia

da piradi Tavisufleba, sazoga-

doebis socialuri sijansaRe,

magaliTad, danaSaulis Semcir-

ebis SesaZlebloba da sazoga-

doebrivi wesrigis SenarCuneba

da sxv.) da ara mxolod gaiT-

valiswinos ganaTlebisgan mTli-

ani Semosavlebi da ganaTleba-

ze saxelmwifo Tu kerZo xar-

jebi. garda amisa, Zalze mniS-

vnelovania ganaTlebis wvlili

ekonomikur zrdaSi, gansakuTre-

biT maSin, roca investiciebi

ganaTlebaSi iseTi fondebidan

gaicema, romelTa gamoyeneba

sxva SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebeli

iqneboda moxmarebisTvis.

sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-

li li li li li (public goods) - - - - - is saqoneli

da momsaxureba, romlebsac

saxelmwifo moaqcevs arasaba-

zro seqtorSi, sadac naTlad

aris gamokveTili ekonomikuri

sivrcis arqona da bazris uun-

aroba. es gamowveulia rogorc

politikuri, socialuri da

sxva mizezebiT, ise sabazro

meqanizmis moqmedebis sazRvre-

bis SezRudviT. sazogadoebrivi

saqoneli gamoirCeva iseTi niS-

nebiT, rogoricaa: ganuyoflo-ganuyoflo-ganuyoflo-ganuyoflo-ganuyoflo-

ba, moxmarebis koleqtiuriba, moxmarebis koleqtiuriba, moxmarebis koleqtiuriba, moxmarebis koleqtiuriba, moxmarebis koleqtiuri

xasiaTi, maRali socialurixasiaTi, maRali socialurixasiaTi, maRali socialurixasiaTi, maRali socialurixasiaTi, maRali socialuri

daniSnuleba da sakuTreb-daniSnuleba da sakuTreb-daniSnuleba da sakuTreb-daniSnuleba da sakuTreb-daniSnuleba da sakuTreb-

is saxelmwifo formis up-is saxelmwifo formis up-is saxelmwifo formis up-is saxelmwifo formis up-is saxelmwifo formis up-

iratesi xvedriTi wonairatesi xvedriTi wonairatesi xvedriTi wonairatesi xvedriTi wonairatesi xvedriTi wona. gar-

da amisa, igi TiTqmis yvela mo-

mxmareblisaTvis Tanabrad xe-

lmisawvdomia, rac misi miTvise-

bisas gamoricxavs metoqeobas,

e.i. erTi individis mier sa-

zogadoebrivi saqonlis mox-

mareba ar zRudavs mis mox-

marebas sxva individis mier.

moxmarebis xasiaTidan gamom-

dinare, sazogadoebrivi saqoneli,

iseve rogorc kerZo saqoneli,

iyofa individualuri da koleq-

tiuri moxmarebis saqonlad.

pirvels miekuTvneba, magaliTad,

saxelmwifo savaWro monopo-

liebis saqoneli (marili, Tam-

baqo da sxv.), xolo meores _

socialur-----kulturuli momsa-

xureba, saxelmwifo mmarTvelo-

bis, uSiSroebis organoebis

(erovnuli Tavdacvis, sazoga-

doebrivi wesrigis dacvis, sax-

anZro dacvis) momsaxureba,

sazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonelilililili

328

erovnuli sainformacio siste-

ma, erTiani energetikuli siste-

ma, komunikaciis erovnuli qse-

li, fundamenturi mecniereba,

amindis erovnuli samsaxuri,

erovnuli parlamenti da sxv.

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis

mTeli diapazoni SeiZleba sam

kategoriad daiyos: pirvel ka-

tegorias Seadgens wminda sa-wminda sa-wminda sa-wminda sa-wminda sa-

zogadoebrivi saqonelizogadoebrivi saqonelizogadoebrivi saqonelizogadoebrivi saqonelizogadoebrivi saqoneli, rom-

lis Sinagani specifikac gamor-

icxavs miwodebis sabazro for-

mas. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis yve-

la zemoT CamoTvlili niSani.

wminda sazogadoebrivi saqon-

lis ekonomikuri miTvisebis

formaa saxelmwifo sakuTreba

da, Sesabamisad, sayovelTao

ufaso sargeblobis iuridiu-

li ufleba. masze sazogadoe-

brivi moTxovnilebis dakmay-

ofileba saxelmwifos prerog-

ativaa. meore kategorias ekuTv-

nis Sereuli sazogadoebri-Sereuli sazogadoebri-Sereuli sazogadoebri-Sereuli sazogadoebri-Sereuli sazogadoebri-

vivivivivi saqoneli saqoneli saqoneli saqoneli saqoneli, romelic Ziri-

Tadad eqceva sabazro meqaniz-

mis gavlenis qveS, magram misi

miwodebisas bazari avlens Ta-

vis arasrulyofilebas. mas

axasiaTebs sazogadoebrivi sa-

qonlis iseTi niSnebi, rogori-

caa moxmarebis koleqtiuri da

Tanabari xasiaTi, maRali so-

cialuri daniSnuleba, magram

ar axasiaTebs moxmarebisagan

ganuyofloba, ris gamoc zogjer

kerZo saqonlisken gadaixreba.

amitom Sereuli sazogadoeb-

rivi saqoneli (ganaTleba, jan-

mrTelobis dacva da sxv.), erTi

mxriv, qmnis ekonomikis arasabaz-

ro seqtors, romelic ar eqvem-

debareba bazris kanonebs da

mosaxleobas eZleva ufasod an

dabali, dotaciuri fasiT, me-

ore mxriv ki, wminda sabazro

urTierTobaSi CaerTvis da ba-

zris kanonebs emorCileba. am-

rigad, mis mimarT gamoiyeneba

miTvisebis rogorc ufaso, ise

fasiani forma. am SemTxvevaSi

bazari arasrulyofilia, anu

SedarebiT uunaroa da ekonomi-

kaSi saxelmwifos roli gam-

oixateba iseTi problemebis

gadaWriT, romelTa mimarTac

sabazro meqanizmi uZluria.

ganviTarebuli qveynebis praq-

tikaSi efeqtianad gamoiyeneba

Sereuli sazogadoebrivi saqo-

neli, romelic gulisxmobs sa-

zogadoebrivisa da kerZos Tana-

arsebobasa da am ukanaskneli-

sadmi saxelmwifos mxardaWera-

sa da daxmarebas. mesame kate-

gorias Seadgens is saqoneli

da momsaxureba, romlisTvisac,

misi Taviseburebebidan da ba-

zris teritoriuli SezRudu-

lobidan gamomdinare, bunebrivibunebrivibunebrivibunebrivibunebrivi

monopolia monopolia monopolia monopolia monopolia gardauvalia. amas-

Tan, Teoriulad is kvazisazoga-

sazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonesazogadoebrivi saqonelilililili

329

doebrivi saqonelia. am kate-

gorias miekuTvneba energo-----,

Tbo-----, wyal- - - - - da gazmomarageba,

sarkinigzo mimosvla, safosto,

satelegrafo da satelefono

kavSirgabmuloba da sxv.

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis

es kategoriebi mTlianobaSi qm-

nian mkveTrad gamoxatul speci-

fikur saxes, romelic maT kerZo

saqonlisagan ganasxvavebs.

sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-sazogadoebrivi seqto-

ri ri ri ri ri (public sector) - - - - - saxelmwifo

sakuTrebaSi arsebuli ekono-

mikis nawili, romelic gansx-

vavdeba kerZo sakuTrebaSi ar-

sebulisagan. igi ar SeiZleba

ganisazRvros rogorc sazoga-

doebrivi saqonlis mwarmoebe-

li seqtori, Tumca, Cveulebriv,

sazogadoebrivi saqoneli Zir-

iTadad swored saxelmwifo

seqtorSi iwarmoeba. sazogadoe-

brivi seqtoris sidides gan-

sazRvravs ekonomikis naciona-

lizaciis done da xelisu-

flebis politikuri neba. ami-

tom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi misi

wili ekonomikaSi gansxvavebu-

lia. mag., did britaneTSi jan-

dacvis sistema ZiriTadad sax-

elmwifos sakuTrebaa, xolo

aSS-----Si misi mniSvnelovani naw-

ili kerZo sakuTrebaSia.


ris ekonomika ris ekonomika ris ekonomika ris ekonomika ris ekonomika (economy ofpublic sector) - - - - - ekonomikuri mec-

nierebis axali dargi, romlis

warmoSoba sabazro ekonomikis

formirebis kvaldakval moxda

XX saukunis meore naxevridan,gansakuTrebiT, 60-----iani wlebidan

da amis pioneri aSS iyo. am

periodidan moyolebuli, kapi-

talizmis transformaciis Sed-

egad kerZo kapitalisturi sa-

kuTrebis batonobaze dafuZneb-

uli ekonomikuri sistemis axal

TvisebriobaSi gadazrdam tra-

eqtoria Seucvala msoflios

ganviTarebas. sakuTrebis plu-

ralizmze dafuZnebuli saba-

zro sistemis ZiriTad maxasi-

aTeblad, bazris principebis

realizaciasTan erTad, social-

uri orientacia iqna aRiarebu-

li, ramac, Tavis mxriv, daadas-

tura ekonomikis saxelmwifo

regulirebis aucileblobis

Sesaxeb keinzianuri Teoriis

siswore. saxelmwifom Tavis

Tavze aiRo bazris `Secdome-

bis~ gamosworeba, rac humaniza-

ciis msoflio procesis safuZ-

veli gaxda. socialurad ori-

entirebuli sabazro ekonomikis

formireba drois moTxovna iyo,

metic, igi Tanamedrove msof-

lios ganviTarebis mniSvnelo-

van tendenciad iqca da msof-

lios axali wesrigisa da samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis garanta-

daa aRiarebuli. am garemoebam

xeli Seuwyo zneobrivi faseu-

sazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomikaris ekonomika

330

lobebis wina planze wamowevas,

romelmac Camoitova manamde

fesvebgadgmuli, socialuri in-

stinqtebiT ganpirobebuli mo-

Txovnilebebi da maTze maRla

dadga. Camoyalibda ori tipis

sazogadoeba _ _ _ _ _ Caketili da Ria.

Caketili _ _ _ _ _ totalitaruli sa-

zogadoeba, romlis pirobebSi

pirovneba koleqtivis msxver-

plad iqca da Ria _ _ _ _ _ humanuri

sazogadoeba, romelic demokra-

tiuli faseulobebis ganviTare-

bis sawindaria. ukanasknel pe-

riodSi msoflioSi social-

urobis tendenciis gaZliere-

bam kanonzomieri xasiaTi mi-

iRo, metic, socialurma orien-socialurma orien-socialurma orien-socialurma orien-socialurma orien-

taciamtaciamtaciamtaciamtaciam sabazro ekonomika po- sabazro ekonomika po- sabazro ekonomika po- sabazro ekonomika po- sabazro ekonomika po-

litikurad sicocxlisuna-litikurad sicocxlisuna-litikurad sicocxlisuna-litikurad sicocxlisuna-litikurad sicocxlisuna-

riani gaxada.riani gaxada.riani gaxada.riani gaxada.riani gaxada.

ekonomikisaTvis sicocx-

lisunarianobis miniWebaSi udi-

desi roli 50-----ian wlebSi daw-

yebulma mecnierul-----teqnikur-

ma revoluciam Seasrula, ro-

melmac gamoiwvia sazogadoe-

brivi warmoebis struqturu-

li gardaqmnebi, momsaxurebis

warmoebrivi dargebis daCqare-

buli ganviTareba da moamzada

pirobebi industriuli sazoga-

doebis postindustriulSi ga-

dazrdisaTvis. msoflios ekono-

mikuri ganviTarebis axal is-

toriaSi revoluciur maxasi-

aTeblad warmoCnda momsaxure-

bis seqtoris wilis upirate-

si zrda danarCen or seqtor-

Tan SedarebiT. es mniSvnelo-

vani Teoriuli paradigmebi

realurad aisaxa ekonomikaSi

mimdinare procesebSi da safuZ-

vlad daedo gaeros saerTa-

Soriso standartul dargobriv

klasifikaciasa da erovnul

angariSTa sistemas. postin-postin-postin-postin-postin-

dutriuli sazogadoebis Ca-dutriuli sazogadoebis Ca-dutriuli sazogadoebis Ca-dutriuli sazogadoebis Ca-dutriuli sazogadoebis Ca-

moyalibebiT daiwyo axalimoyalibebiT daiwyo axalimoyalibebiT daiwyo axalimoyalibebiT daiwyo axalimoyalibebiT daiwyo axali

era kacobriobis istoria-era kacobriobis istoria-era kacobriobis istoria-era kacobriobis istoria-era kacobriobis istoria-

Si. es axali msoflio wes-Si. es axali msoflio wes-Si. es axali msoflio wes-Si. es axali msoflio wes-Si. es axali msoflio wes-

rigisa da samoqalaqo sazo-rigisa da samoqalaqo sazo-rigisa da samoqalaqo sazo-rigisa da samoqalaqo sazo-rigisa da samoqalaqo sazo-

gadoebis mSeneblobis dasa-gadoebis mSeneblobis dasa-gadoebis mSeneblobis dasa-gadoebis mSeneblobis dasa-gadoebis mSeneblobis dasa-

wyisi iyo.wyisi iyo.wyisi iyo.wyisi iyo.wyisi iyo.

am istoriul wiaRsvlebSi,

naxtomisebr sazogadoebriv

progresSi udidesi roli Sea-

srula ekonomikurma Teoriam,

rogorc sazogadoebrivma mec-

nierebam. swored ̀ didi depresi-

is~ Semdgom periodSi j. m. ke-

inzis makroekonomikuri regu-

lirebis Teoriam udidesi roli

Seasrula ekonomikisaTvis so-

cialuri rolis miniWebasa da

ekonomikuri zrdis Tanamedrove

Teoriebis CamoyalibebaSi.

am obieqturma wanamZRvrebma

safuZveli Cauyares sazogado-sazogado-sazogado-sazogado-sazogado-

ebrivi seqtoris ekonomikisebrivi seqtoris ekonomikisebrivi seqtoris ekonomikisebrivi seqtoris ekonomikisebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis

warmoSobasa da ganviTare-warmoSobasa da ganviTare-warmoSobasa da ganviTare-warmoSobasa da ganviTare-warmoSobasa da ganviTare-

bas. bas. bas. bas. bas. ekonomikuri mecnierebis

arc erTi dargisTvis ar aris

niSandoblivi iseTi Zlieri in-


331

tegrirebuli sawyisi, rogoric

ekonomikuri Teoriis (kerZod,

makroekonomikuri Teoriis) am

axali ganStoebis _ _ _ _ _ sazoga-

doebrivi seqtoris ekonomiki-

sTvisaa. ekonomikisTvis so-

cialuri orientaciis miniWe-

biT wina planze sazogadoe-

brivi interesebi wamoiwia da

man gazarda saxelmwifos roli

qveynis makroekonomikur regu-

lirebaSi. im fundamenturi

problemebis gadasawyvetad, ro-

melic sabazro ekonomikis cno-

bili treadiT _ _ _ _ _ ̀ ra~ ̀ rogor~

`visTvis~ gamoixateba, sakmari-

si ar aris mxolod moTxovniT

gamoxatuli individualuri mo-

mxmareblebis interesebis gaTva-

liswineba. aucilebelia sazoga-

doebrivi interesebis dacvac,

raSic gadamwyvet rols sax-

elmwifo asrulebs (amitomacaa,

rom ekonomikur literatura-

Si sazogadoebrivi seqtoris

ekonomika zogjer gaigivebulia

saxelmwifo seqtoris ekonomi-

kasTan).


ris ekonomika Seiswavlisris ekonomika Seiswavlisris ekonomika Seiswavlisris ekonomika Seiswavlisris ekonomika Seiswavlis

sazogadoebrivi moTxovni-sazogadoebrivi moTxovni-sazogadoebrivi moTxovni-sazogadoebrivi moTxovni-sazogadoebrivi moTxovni-

lebebis maqsimalurad dak-lebebis maqsimalurad dak-lebebis maqsimalurad dak-lebebis maqsimalurad dak-lebebis maqsimalurad dak-

mayofilebis mizniT saxelm-mayofilebis mizniT saxelm-mayofilebis mizniT saxelm-mayofilebis mizniT saxelm-mayofilebis mizniT saxelm-

wifo seqtorSi arsebuliwifo seqtorSi arsebuliwifo seqtorSi arsebuliwifo seqtorSi arsebuliwifo seqtorSi arsebuli

SezRuduli resursebis ef-SezRuduli resursebis ef-SezRuduli resursebis ef-SezRuduli resursebis ef-SezRuduli resursebis ef-

eqtianad gamoyenebis gzeb-eqtianad gamoyenebis gzeb-eqtianad gamoyenebis gzeb-eqtianad gamoyenebis gzeb-eqtianad gamoyenebis gzeb-

sasasasasa da optimaluri arCevanis da optimaluri arCevanis da optimaluri arCevanis da optimaluri arCevanis da optimaluri arCevanis

problemas. problemas. problemas. problemas. problemas. am resursebis ra-

cionalur gamoyenebaze didad

aris damokidebuli qveynis

ekonomikis mdgomareoba, gan-

sakuTrebiT is, Tu ramdenad

aris igi socialurad orien-

tirebuli.

sazogadoebrivi seqtoris

ekonomikis kvlevis sferoSia

moqceuli ekonomikis arasaba-

zro seqtoric, rac, bazris na-

klovanebebidan gamomdinare,

uSualod ukavSirdeba sazoga-

doebrivi saqonlis warmoebas,

gare efeqtebis gazomvasa da

bunebrivi monopoliebis arse-

bobis aucileblobis dasabuTe-

bas, romelTa gareSe zedmetia

saubari socialur reformebze.

saxelmwifosadmi erT-----erTi

mkacri moTxovnaa alokaciuri

funqciis Sesruleba, rac ukav-

Sirdeba gansazRvruli saxis

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis war-

moebas, anu dasavleTSi sakmaod

aprobirebuli sazogadoebrivi

saqonlis warmoebas, romelic

ar SeiZleba sabazro fasiT

miewodos mosaxleobas. WeSmar-

iti socialuri reformebi iw-

yeba maSin, rodesac saxelmwifo

SeimuSavebs qveynis interese-

bidan gamomdinare kanonmdeblo-

bas (maT Soris, antimonopoli-

ursac), moqnili fiskaluri da

fulad-----sakredito politikis

gatarebiT, konkurenciis dacviT,


332

jansaRi sainvesticio klimatis

SeqmniT, mcire biznesis waxa-

lisebiT da, saerTod, mosaxle-

obis saqmiani aqtiurobis gaz-

rdiT moaxdens sabazro uwo-

nasworobis minimizacias, iseT

mimarTulebas miscems bazars,

romelic ganapirobebs pirovneb-

is SesaZleblobaTa realiza-

cias. es problemebic, romel-

Ta gadaWrasac socialurad

orientirebuli sabazro ekono-

mikisaken mivyavarT, sazogadoe-

brivi seqtoris ekonomikis kvle-

vis sferoa.

saxelmwifo xarjebis poli-

tikaSi centraluri adgili sa-

zogadoebaSi socialuri sta-

bilurobis uzrunvelyofis sa-

kiTxebs uWiravs. socialur

sferoSi aqtiuri rolis Ses-

rulebiT, saxelmwifo ̀ keTil-

dReobis saxelmwifos~ niSnebs

iZens. mosaxleobis saSualo

fenis gaZlierebiT mcirdeba

lobizmis negatiuri Sedegebis

masStabebi, Cqardeba ekonomikis

institucionalizmis procesi,

izrdeba kerZo struqturebis

socialuri pasuxismgebloba,

viTardeba samoqalaqo TviTSeg-

neba, farTovdeba TviTmmar-

TvelobiTi struqturebi da

Zlierdeba demokratia. samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis insti-

tutebisa da humanizaciis pro-

cesebis gaZlierebiT warmoSo-

bili axali problemebi amdid-

rebs sazogadoebrivi seqtoris

ekonomikis Sinaarss.

ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis

strategiaSi gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba eqceva ekonomikuri

usafrTxoebis kriteriumebisa

da parametrebis SemuSavebas,

rac sazogadoebrivi seqtoris

ekonomikis prerogativaa.

gadasaxadebi, rogorc eko-

nomikis stimulirebisa da regu-

lirebis umniSvnelovanesi ber-

keti da sabiujeto Semosav-

lis ZiriTadi wyaro, wina plan-

ze ayenebs dabegvris Teoriis

sakiTxebs gadasaxadebisa da

ekonomikuri efeqtianobis urT-

ierTqmedebis WrilSi da sax-

elmwifos rols optimaluri

dabegvris funqcionirebaSi. am

kuTxiTac gadasaxadebis mra-

valwaxnagovani fenomeni sazo-

gadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis

kvlevis sferoa.

saxelmwifo biujetis defi-

citis globaluri problema

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

aniWebs saxelmwifo xarjebis

optimaluri gadanawilebis sa-

kiTxs. amasTan dakavSirebiT,

metad aqtualuria sabiujeto

federalizmis sakiTxebis kvl-

eva, romelic sazogadoebrivi

seqtoris ekonomikis Seswavlis

erT-----erTi sferoa. misi kvle-

vis sferoa agreTve keTildRe-


333

obisa da Semosavlebis gadan-

awilebis problemebic, rom-

lebic, Tavis mxriv, moicaven

siRaribisa da minimaluri so-

cialuri garantiebis, inflaci-

isa da mosaxleobis Semosav-

lebis gaufasurebis, qvelmo-

qmedebis, mecnierebisa da ga-

naTlebis saxelmwifo dafin-

ansebis da saxelmwifos mier

mecnierebis stimulirebis sak-

iTxebs.

sabazro ekonomikaze gar-

damavali periodis problemebi

kidev ufro afarToebs sazoga-

doebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis

sakvlev areals.

amasTan dakavSirebiT, didi

yuradReba eqceva sazogadoe-

brivi seqtoris ekonomikis ze-

moT CamoTvlili zogadsakaco-

brio amocanebis ganxorcieleb-

is Taviseburebebis Seswavlas

sabazro sistemaze gardamava-

li ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi.

sazogadoebrivi seqtoris

ekonomika, rogorc saswavlo dis-

ciplina, farTod dainerga mra-

vali qveynis umaRles saswav-

leblebSi, gamovida cnobil mec-

nierTa (J. stiglicis, a. ant-

kinsonis, m. ringkvistis, l. ia-

kobsonis, e. Jilcovisa da a.S.)

saxelmZRvaneloebic. postkomu-

nistur qveynebSi, magaliTad

ruseTSi, ukrainaSi, baltii-

spireTisa da aRmosavleT evro-

pis qveynebSi daiwyo metad

saWiro da drois moTxovniT

warmoSobili ekonomikuri mec-

nierebis am axali dargis aq-

tualuri problemebis kvleva

da sauniversiteto swavleba-

Si danergva, xolo saqarTvelo-

Si jerjerobiT saTanadod ver

ikidebs fexs.

saqarTveloSi sazogadoe-

brivi seqtoris ekonomikis kv-

leva da Sesabamisi rekomenda-

ciebis xelisuflebisaTvis mi-

wodeba garkveul wvlils Seit-

ans qveynis aRmSeneblobis saqme-

Si.


ris ekonomikis mkvlevar-ris ekonomikis mkvlevar-ris ekonomikis mkvlevar-ris ekonomikis mkvlevar-ris ekonomikis mkvlevar-

Ta asociacia Ta asociacia Ta asociacia Ta asociacia Ta asociacia (Association forStudies of Public Economy -----ASPE) - - - - - dafuZnda 2000 wlis

2-----3 ivniss sankt-----peterburgSi

sazogadoebrivi seqtoris re-

formirebisadmi miZRvnil mesa-

me saerTaSoriso konferenciaze.

ASPE sazogadoebrivi organiza-ciaa, romlis mizania sazogado-

ebrivi seqtoris ekonomikuri

problemebis Seswavla. igi ara-

formaluri gaerTianebaa, rome-

lic Tavis saqmianobas axasi-

aTebs stokholmis universi-

tetisa da sankt-----peterburgis

saxelmwifo universitetis er-

Toblivi proeqtis CarCoebSi da

iTvaliswinebs: yovelwliur

saerTaSoriso samecniero kon-

sazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtosazogadoebrivi seqtoris ekonomikis ...ris ekonomikis ...ris ekonomikis ...ris ekonomikis ...ris ekonomikis ...

334

ferenciis organizebas; asoci-

aciis samecniero moxsenebebis

gamoqveynebas; seminarebis mow-

yobas; ucxoeli specialiste-

bis leqciebis organizebasa da

a.S.

sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-

ma ma ma ma ma (metric system of measures) -----erTeulTa sistema, romelsac

safuZvlad udevs metri (si-

grZis erTeuli) an kilogrami

(masis erTeuli).

saTavo kompania saTavo kompania saTavo kompania saTavo kompania saTavo kompania (parentcompany) - - - - - deda-----kompania didi,rogorc wesi, transerovnuli

korporaciisa, romelic flobs

masSi Semavali Svilobili kom-

paniebisa da sxva qveganyofile-

bebis aqciebis sakontrolo pa-

ketebs. saTavo kompania tran-

serovnuli korporaciis Stab-----

binaa, romelic strategiuli

marTvis funqciebs asrulebs

iseT sferoebSi, rogoricaa war-

moeba, gasaReba, finansebi, mec-

nieruli kvleva da sxv., Tumca,

Svilobil kompaniebs sawarmoo

sagamsaReblo saqmianobis op-

eratiuli sakiTxebis gadaWra-

Si damoukidebloba aqvT mini-

Webuli.

saTamaSo biznesi saTamaSo biznesi saTamaSo biznesi saTamaSo biznesi saTamaSo biznesi (gamb-ling industry) - - - - - biznesi, romlis

mizania, TamaSebis industriis

safuZvelze azartuli TamaSe-

bis organizebiT, mogebis miReba.

saimporto inflacia saimporto inflacia saimporto inflacia saimporto inflacia saimporto inflacia (im-ported inflation) - - - - - inflacia, rome-

lic gamowveulia gare faq-

torebiT _ _ _ _ _ qveyanaSi ucxouri

valutis Warbi mozidviTa da

importis fasebis zrdiT.

sainvesticio banki sainvesticio banki sainvesticio banki sainvesticio banki sainvesticio banki (in-vestment bank) - - - - - specialuri sa-

kredito instituti, romelic

axdens grZelvadiani sasesxo

kapitalis mobilizacias da Sem-

deg gascems mas obligaciebis

an sxva saxis sasesxo valdebu-

lebaTa gamoSvebisa da gavrce-

lebis gziT.

sainvesticio kapitalisainvesticio kapitalisainvesticio kapitalisainvesticio kapitalisainvesticio kapitali

(investment capital) - - - - - drois xan-grZlivi periodiT investici-

ebSi dabadebuli kapitali.

sainovacio banki sainovacio banki sainovacio banki sainovacio banki sainovacio banki (innova-tion bank) - - - - - specializebuli sak-

redito dawesebuleba, romelic

Seqmnilia Soreul efeqtze gaT-

vlili sarisko produqtebis

dasakrediteblad. ZiriTadad

awarmoebs teqnologiuri pro-

gresis, uaxlesi damuSavebebi-

sa da siaxleebis dakreditebas.

sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-sainformacio teqnolo-

giebigiebigiebigiebigiebi (information technologies- IT) – axali, mzardi saeqspor-

to dargi mTel msoflioSi,

romelic udides rols asru-

lebs Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi.

erTi mxriv, Tavad qmnis saeqs-

porto produqcias, meore mxriv

ki, warmoadgens yvela dargis

mecnieruli kvlevebisa da te-

qnologiuri infrastruqtur-

is elements.

sazomTa metruli sistesazomTa metruli sistesazomTa metruli sistesazomTa metruli sistesazomTa metruli sistemamamamama

335

personaluri kompiutere-

bis masobrivma moxmarebam sain-

formacio teqnologiebi ganviTa-

rebul qveynebSi sul sxva mas-

Stabebze gaiyvana, bevri qvey-

nis kompaniebs Seuqmna special-

izaciisa da momsaxurebis in-

ternacionalizaciis SesaZleb-

lobebi. naklebad ganviTarebu-

li qveynebisTvis aRmocenda

axali tipis bazari, romelic

ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: 1. ITservisebis autsorsingi da 2.

sainformacio teqnologiebiTa

da komunikaciebiT aRWurvili

biznesprocesebis autsorsingi.

IT servisebis autsors- servisebis autsors- servisebis autsors- servisebis autsors- servisebis autsors-

ingsingsingsingsings miekuTvneba programireba,

sistemebis integracia, progra-

muli gamoyenebebis testireba,

IT infrastruqtura da misi

momsaxureba, IT konsaltingi,

monacemebis damuSaveba da mo-

nacemTa mxardaWeris momsaxure-

ba, kontentis menejmenti da

ganviTareba da a.S.

sainformaciosainformaciosainformaciosainformaciosainformacio teqnolo- teqnolo- teqnolo- teqnolo- teqnolo-

giebiTa da kogiebiTa da kogiebiTa da kogiebiTa da kogiebiTa da komunikaciebiTmunikaciebiTmunikaciebiTmunikaciebiTmunikaciebiT

aRWurvili bizaRWurvili bizaRWurvili bizaRWurvili bizaRWurvili biznesprocesebisnesprocesebisnesprocesebisnesprocesebisnesprocesebis

autsorsingia: autsorsingia: autsorsingia: autsorsingia: autsorsingia: qolcentrebi

(momxmareblebTan dakavSirebis

centrebi), momxmarebelTa kav-

Siris (Semavali da gamavali

kavSirebis) centrebi, Sida

ofisis momsaxureba (monacem-

Ta bazis Seqmna, kadrebis admi-

nistrirebis mxardaWera, xelfa-

sebis gacema, finansebi) da a.S.

IT autsorsingis bazris seg-mentze gamudmebiT mZafrdeba

konkurencia. sul ufro meti

qveyana, maT Soris, ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis dabal safexurze

myofi qveynebic, cdiloben Cae-

ban am globalur biznesSi.

sainformacio teqnologie-

bis bazris moculobam 2010

wels trilion dolars gada-

aWarba, zrdis tempi ki 2011

wlisTvis 7%-ze maRalia. anal-

itikuri kompania `gartneris~

mixedviT, mosalodnelia, rom ITservisebis autsorsingis bazris

moculobam 2011 wlis bo-

losTvis 313,2 mlrd dolars

miaRwios, rac 6,9% zrdaa 2010

welTan SedarebiT.

saqarTvelo dgams pirvel

nabijebs sainformacio teqnolo-

giebis ganviTarebis gzaze. qvey-

nis IT servisebis bazarze mcireda saSualo zomis 20-mde ko-

mpaniaa. yvelaze didi kompaniebi,

rogoricaa alta da UGT (200TanamSromliT), bazarze damkvid-

rebisaTvis mimarTaven diversi-

fikaciis strategias da ITservisebTan erTad sTavazoben

kompiuterul da eleqtronul

teqnikas. zogadad, qarTuli

kompaniebi warmodgenilia Sem-

degi produqtebiTa da servise-

biT: safinanso institutebisa

da sxva dargebis didi kompanie-

sainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnologiebigiebigiebigiebigiebi

336

bisaTvis integrirebuli mza

gadawyvetilebebis (SAP, ERP,CRM) morgeba da danergva, mar-

tivi programuli gadawyveti-

lebebis SemuSaveba mcire firme-

bisaTvis (sabuRaltro prog-

ramebi, klientTa momsaxureba),

veb-produqtebis SemuSaveba, do-

kumentaciis menejmenti, qselis

dizaini da administrireba. ba-

zarze arsebuli kompaniebidan,

mxolod erTi-ori asrulebs

ucxour dakveTebs. umniSvnelo

raodenobis SekveTebi modis ad-

gilobrivi biznesidan da mTav-

robidan IT konsaltingze da

strategiis SemuSavebaze. qar-

Tul bazarze ZiriTadad domi-

nirebs saxelmwifo dakveTebi.

saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da

mdgradi ganviTarebis saminis-

troSi 2010 wels Seiqmna spe-

cialuri infokomunikaciebis sam-

marTvelo, romlis amocanaa ̀ sa-

informacio-satelekomunikacio

teqnologiebis sferoSi sax-

elmwifo politikis ZiriTadi

mimarTulebebisa da Sesabamisi

sakanonmdeblo-normatiuli ba-

zis gansazRvra da monitorin-

gi... sainformacio-satelekomu-

nikacio teqnologiebis qseleb-

isa da saSualebebis ganviTare-

bis mokle-, saSualo- da gr-

Zelvadiani strategiisa da pri-

oritetis gansazRvra da maTze

dafuZnebuli programebis Se-

muSaveba, ganxorcieleba da mo-

nitoringi.~ saqarTvelos eko-

nomikisa da mdgradi ganviTare-

bis saministros veb-gverdi:

http://www.economy.ge/?category=20&lang=geo


giebigiebigiebigiebigiebisssss dargis Rirebuleba- dargis Rirebuleba- dargis Rirebuleba- dargis Rirebuleba- dargis Rirebuleba-

Ta jaWviTa jaWviTa jaWviTa jaWviTa jaWvi (information technolo-gies) – asaxavs sainformacio te-qnologiebSi maTi komponente-

bis, procesebisa da servisebis

meSveobiT Seqmnil Rirebule-

bas, romlis saboloo momxma-

rebelia mosaxleoba, maT Soris,

kerZo da samTavrobo seqtorebi,

sxva IT servisebi, marketingi, kon-saltingi da a.S.

IT strategiis SemuSaveba

biznesisaTvis yvelaze ZviradRi-

rebulia da warmoadgens am

jaWvis zeda nawils, sadac iqm-

neba Rirebulebis 50-55%. Sem-

deg modis programuli uzrun-

velyofis aplikaciebis (gamoy-

enebaTa) dizaini, SemuSaveba da

danergva, sistemebis integra-

cia, romlebzedac Rirebulebis

30_35%-mde nawildeba, dabolos,

qselisa da satelekomunikacio

infrastruqturis administr-

ireba, risTvisac darCenilia

Rirebulebis 10-15%.

rogorc wesi, ganviTareba-

di qveynebis IT kompaniebis po-zicionireba xdeba IT autsors-ingis mcire Rirebulebis ser-

sainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnolosainformacio teqnologiebigiebigiebigiebigiebisssss dargis dargis dargis dargis dargis.... . .. . .. . .. . .

337

visebis segmentze. bazris moTx-

ovnis (ZiriTadad warmodgeni-

li ganviTarebuli qveynebis ko-

mpaniebis moTxovniT) Seswav-

la xdeba IT konsaltinguri

kompaniis mier, romelic aseve

ganviTarebul qveyanaSia da

ugzavnis programuli uzrun-

velyofis ukve mza specifika-

ciebs ofSorul kompaniebs.

`ekonomistis dazvervis

jgufis~ (EIU) monacemebiT bo-

lo ori wlis ganmavlobaSi ta-

ivani, indoeTi, korea, singapu-

ri, israeli sakmaod win wai-

wia RirebulebaTa jaWvSi. es

gamowveulia samecniero-kvlevi-

Ti da axali produqciis gan-

viTarebis (R&D) xarjebis zr-

diT, rac sabolood aisaxa ITpatentebis generaciis indeqsis

momatebaSi. taivani, israeli da

singapuri am maCvenebliT pir-

vel xuTeulSi Sevida aSS-Tan

erTad..... Tu 4-5 wlis win indo-

eTi da CineTi iRebdnen SekveT-

ebs mxolod programuli gamoy-

enebebis menejmentSi, programe-

bis kodirebaSi, testirebaSi, in-

frastruqturis menejmentSi,

amJamad isini ufro rTul da

ZviradRirebul SekveTebs iReben

aplikaciebis zeda donis diza-

insa da SemuSavebaSi. am seg-

mentSi ruseTis, baltiispire-

Tis qveynebisa da belarusis

ramdenime kompania warmatebu-

lad uwevs maT konkurencias.

ufro dabal RirebulebaTa

segmentSi, sadac sruldeba

mcire momsaxureba Rirebulebis

dizainSi, sistemebis integra-

ciaSi, infrastruqturis mene-

jmentSi konkurencia gacilebiT

ufra mZafria da ZiriTadad

warmodgenilia indoeTisa da

CineTis ufro dabalanazRau-

rebiani IT kadrebiT. am samu-Saoebze ar modis Seqmnili Ri-

rebulebis meoTxedic ki anu da-

axloebiT es aris 200 mili-

ardiani bazari msoflio mas-

StabiT, sadac Sesvlas cdilobs

bevri ganviTarebadi qveyana.

saTanado kvalifikaciis ka-

drebis nakleboba imdenad mwva-

vea yvela qveyanaSi, TviT indoeT-

Sic ki, rom danarCen qveynebs

gza exsnebaT, raTa maTac miiRon

SekveTebi. yvela ganviTarebadi

qveynis kompania, romelic ukve

damkvidrda dabali Rirebulebis

segmentze, cdilobs win wai-

wios RirebulebaTa jaWvSi.

sakvanZo kompetenturo-sakvanZo kompetenturo-sakvanZo kompetenturo-sakvanZo kompetenturo-sakvanZo kompetenturo-

bis bis bis bis bis Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (core competencetheory) – konkurenciis Teoria,romelic asaxavs im axal tenden-

cias, romelic yalibdeba kom-

paniebSi koleqtiuri codnis

saxiT. urTierTTanamSromlobis

principze agebuli sakvanZo ko-

mpetenturoba xels uwyobs ko-

mpaniebs arsebuli samewarmeo

sakvanZo kompetenturobis sakvanZo kompetenturobis sakvanZo kompetenturobis sakvanZo kompetenturobis sakvanZo kompetenturobis TeoriaTeoriaTeoriaTeoriaTeoria

338

Tvisebebis koordinirebasa da

ganviTarebaSi, inovaciebze ori-

entirebuli, mudmivad cvale-

badi teqnologiuri nakadebis

integrirebaSi.

es termini pirvelad gamo-

qveynda 1990 wels `HarwardBusiness Review~-Si harvardis

biznesskolis warmomadgenlebis

s. prahaladisa da m. hamelis

statiaSi _ ̀ sakvanZo kompeten-

turoba da organizacia~.

sakompensacio garige-sakompensacio garige-sakompensacio garige-sakompensacio garige-sakompensacio garige-

ba ba ba ba ba (compensatory transaction) -----yidva-----gayidvis xelSekrulebis

forma. gamoiyeneba sagareo vaW-

robaSi da iTvaliswinebs saqo-

nelTa urTierTmiwodebas Tana-

bari fasiT. barterisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, sakompensacio gari-

geba moiTxovs SeZenili saqon-

lis Rirebulebis nawilobriv

mainc dafarvas.

sakredito baraTi sakredito baraTi sakredito baraTi sakredito baraTi sakredito baraTi (cre-dit card) - - - - - plastikuri baraTi,

saxelobiTi fuladi dokumen-

ti, gacemuli sakredito dawese-

bulebis mier, romelic aZlevs

mis mflobels uflebas SeiZi-

nos saqoneli an momsaxureba

naRdi fulis gadaxdis gareSe.

sakredito fuli sakredito fuli sakredito fuli sakredito fuli sakredito fuli (creditmoney) - - - - - saemisio bankebis miergamoSvebuli fasiani qaRalde-

bi, romelic Seicavs gansazRv-

ruli Tanxis gadaxdis valde-

bulebebs. misi saxeebia: Tama-

suqi, banknoti, sabanko Ceki, ob-

ligacia da sxv.

sakuTreba sakuTreba sakuTreba sakuTreba sakuTreba (property, own-ership) - - - - - adamianTa Soris sa-zogadoebriv-----ekonomikuri urT-

ierTobebis gamomxatveli kat-

egoria; warmoebis, ganawilebis,

gacvlisa da moxmarebis pro-

cesSi Camoyalibebuli obieq-

turi kavSirebis sistema, mate-

rialuri dovlaTis miTvisebis

gansazRvruli socialur-----eko-

nomikuri forma. sakuTreba sa-

zogadoebis ganviTarebis ga-

momxatveli kategoriaa da ise-

Tive cvalebadia, rogorc sa-

zogadoebis ekonomikuri stru-

qtura.

adamiani bunebas iyenebs ara

rogorc cxoveli, romelic euf-

leba bunebis naboZebs da iT-

visebs mas bunebasTan urTier-

Tobis gacnobierebis gareSe, ara-

med masTan eqceva ekonomikuri

sistemiT ganpirobebul urTier-

TobaSi garkveuli sazogadoe-

brivi formiT.

ekonomiqsi sakuTrebas gani-

xilavs rogorc adamianis damo-

kidebulebas nivTisadmi. amis

sapirispirod ekonomikuri Teo-

ria sakuTrebas ganixilavs, ro-

gorc adamianebs Soris urTi-

erTobas, Camoyalibebuls resu-

rsebisa da maTi meSveobiT Seq-

mnili dovlaTis miTvisebis gamo.

sakuTrebis realizaciis

sakompensacio garigebasakompensacio garigebasakompensacio garigebasakompensacio garigebasakompensacio garigeba

339

formebia: sargebloba, mflo-sargebloba, mflo-sargebloba, mflo-sargebloba, mflo-sargebloba, mflo-

beloba, gankargva beloba, gankargva beloba, gankargva beloba, gankargva beloba, gankargva (srulisrulisrulisrulisruli

sakuTrebasakuTrebasakuTrebasakuTrebasakuTreba). . . . . sargeblobis uf-

leba warmoebis saSualebebis

an sxva qonebis eqspluataci-

isa da misgan sargeblobis miRe-

bis SesaZleblobas iZleva;

mflobelobis ufleba warmoe-

bis saSualebebis an sxva qone-

bis faqtobrivad dauflebisa

da sakuTar mflobelobaSi qo-

nis SesaZleblobaa. mflobelo-

ba moicavs sargeblobas, ro-

gorc daqvemdebarebul martiv

moments. gankargvis (sruli sa-

kuTrebis) ufleba mesakuTres

SesaZleblobas aZlevs imoqme-

dos Tavis Sexedulebisamebr da

TviTon gansazRvros sakuTre-

bis obieqti: Tavis sakuTrebaSi

daitovos Tu gaasxvisos, gayi-

dos. sruli sakuTreba moicavs

sargeblobasa da mflobelobas.

sakuTrebis ufleba sakuTrebis ufleba sakuTrebis ufleba sakuTrebis ufleba sakuTrebis ufleba (pro-perty rights) - - - - - ufleba, romelic

gansazRvravs resursebis, mate-

rialur-----nivTobrivi dovlaTi-

sa da momsaxurebis gamoyeneb-

is nebarTvas. sakuTrebis ufle-

ba aqtivebze moicavs maT gamoye-

nebas, formisa da Sinaarsis

Secvlas, agreTve uflebis ga-

dacemas maTi gayidvis gziT.

aqtivebze sakuTrebis ufleba

ar aris SeuzRudavi, vinaidan

arsebobs kanoniTa da xelSek-

rulebis pirobiT gansazRvru-

li SezRudvebi.

sakuTrebis uflebis dac-sakuTrebis uflebis dac-sakuTrebis uflebis dac-sakuTrebis uflebis dac-sakuTrebis uflebis dac-

va va va va va (protection of property rights) –gulisxmobs qveyanaSi kargi

politikuri sistemis arsebobas,

rodesac Tanamdebobis pirs ar

SeuZlia moqalaqeTa sakuTre-

bis konfiskacia an mitaceba.

es niSnavs jansaR sasamarTlo

sistemas, sadac dava swrafad

da samarTlianad wydeba. sakuT-

rebis dacva niSnavs iseTi kanone-

bis SemoRebas, romlebic mimar-

Tulia safondo bazarze insai-

deruli vaWrobis winaaRmdeg;

es niSnavs iseTi sapatento

kanonebis amoqmedebas, romlebic

stimuls miscemda firmebs Se-

eqmnaT axali produqcia; es

niSnavs antimonopoliuri kano-

nebis arsebobas, romlebic xels

Seuwyobda konkurentuli baz-

ris Camoyalibebasa da monopo-

liuri bazris likvidacias.

saldo saldo saldo saldo saldo (saldo) [<ital. sal-do angariSi, naSTi] - - - - - sxvaoba

sawarmos fulad Semosavleb-

sa da danaxarjebs Soris drois

gansazRvrul monakveTSi; saer-

TaSoriso vaWrobaSi _____ sxvao-

ba qveynis eqsportisa da im-

portis Rirebulebas Soris

(savaWro balansis saldo). sa-

erTaSoriso sagadasaxado an-

gariSsworebaSi _ _ _ _ _ sxvaoba qvey-

nis sazRvargareTul gadasax-

delebsa da Semosavlebs Soris

saldosaldosaldosaldosaldo

340

(sagadasaxdelo balansis sal-

do).

salicenzio sistema salicenzio sistema salicenzio sistema salicenzio sistema salicenzio sistema (li-cencing system) - - - - - sagareo vaWro-bis operaciebis regulireba

saqonlis Semotanasa da gata-

naze saxelmwifo nebarTvisaTvis

(licenziebis gacemiT).

samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero-----teqnikuriteqnikuriteqnikuriteqnikuriteqnikuri

TanamSromloba TanamSromloba TanamSromloba TanamSromloba TanamSromloba (scientific-technical cooperation) - - - - - saerTaSo-riso ekonomikuri TanamSrom-

lobis forma, moicavs: erTobliv

samecniero damuSavebebs, licen-

ziebiT vaWrobas, msxvili teq-

nologuri proeqtebis ganxor-

cielebas, obieqtebis erTobliv

mSeneblobas, erovnuli kadrebis

momzadebas, religiur-----saZiebo

samuSaoebis warmoebasa da a.S.

samecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecnierosamecniero-----teqnikuriteqnikuriteqnikuriteqnikuriteqnikuri

progresi progresi progresi progresi progresi - - - - - stp stp stp stp stp (scientific-tech-nical progress) - - - - - mecnierebisa dateqnikis erTiani, urTierTgan-

pirobebuli, Tanmimdevruli gan-

viTareba. stpstpstpstpstp-----is I etapi ukav-Sirdeba manufaqturul warmoe-

bas (XVI-XVIII ss.), II etapi _____manqanuri industriis ganviTare-

bas (XVIII s.-----is bolodan), IIIetapi _ _ _ _ _ samecniero-----teqnikur

revolucias (XX s.-----is 50-----ianiwlebidan), romlis safuZvelze

moxda sazogadoebrivi warmoe-

bis arnaxuli diversifikacia.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi samec-

niero-----teqnologiuri progre-

si stpstpstpstpstp-----is ganviTarebuli for-

maa.

samTomopovebiTi mrew-samTomopovebiTi mrew-samTomopovebiTi mrew-samTomopovebiTi mrew-samTomopovebiTi mrew-

veloba veloba veloba veloba veloba (mining industry) - - - - - sa-sargeblo wiaRiseulis mopove-

bisa da gamdidrebis dargTa

kompleqsi. masSi Sedis: saTbo-

bis warmoeba (mrewveloba), sam-

Toqimiuri da samTomadneulis

mrewveloba, mineraluri nedle-

ulis da araliTonuri nedleu-

lis (almasi, grafiti, asbesti,

qarsi, kvarciti, dolomiti, min-

eraluri samSeneblo masalebi,

cecxlgamZle da sxva Tixebi

da a.S. mopoveba.

samisamarTo sia samisamarTo sia samisamarTo sia samisamarTo sia samisamarTo sia (mailinglist) - - - - - saqonlis an momsaxure-

bis potenciur myidvelTa mis-

amarTebis sia, romelic dgeba

pirdapiri safosto reklamis me-

TodiT sareklamo an sainforma-

cio masalebis dagzavnis mizniT.

samomxmareblo kalaTasamomxmareblo kalaTasamomxmareblo kalaTasamomxmareblo kalaTasamomxmareblo kalaTa

(basket of goods, consumer’s bas-ket) - - - - - adamianis ZiriTadi fizi-ologiuri da socialur-----kul-

turuli moTxovnilebebis da-

sakmayofileblad aucilebeli

samomxmareblo saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis nakrebi. warmoad-

gens bazas minimaluri samomx-

mareblo biujetis, minimaluri

xelfasis, pensiis, daxmarebis,

stipendiisa da a.S. gansazRvri-

saTvis.

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

salicenzio sistemasalicenzio sistemasalicenzio sistemasalicenzio sistemasalicenzio sistema

341

nakrebi sxvadasxva socialur-----

demografiuli jgufisaTvis

diferencirebulia da damoki-

debulia ekonomikis realur

SesaZleblobebze. samomxmare-

blo kalaTaSi Sedis saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis sxvadasxva na-

krebi: puri da purproduqtebi,

xorci da xorcis produqtebi,

rZe da rZis produqtebi, kver-

cxi, Tevzi da Tevzis produq-

tebi, kartofili, bostneuli,

xili, zeTi, margarini, karaqi,

Saqari da sakonditro nawarmi,

sxva produqtebi; tansacmeli,

TeTreuli, fexsacmeli; wamali,

sanitariisa da higienis sagne-

bi; aveji, kulturul-----sayofacx-

ovrebo da sameurneo daniS-

nulebis sagnebi; sacxovrebe-

li bina, komunaluri momsa-

xureba; kulturul-----saganma-

naTleblo momsaxureba; sayofa-

cxovrebo momsaxureba; trans-

porti, kavSirgabmuloba; skola-

mdeli dawesebulebebis momsa-

xureba.

samomxmareblo kalaTis Se-

faseba xdeba sapreiskuranto

fasebiT gansazRvruli peri-

odiT. samomxmareblo kalaTa-

Si Sesuli saqonlisa da momsa-

xurebis asortimenti asaxavs

xalxis cxovrebis dones. rac

ufro mravalferovania `kala-

TaSi~ Semavali kvebis pro-

duqtebisa da arasasursaTo sa-

qonlis CamonaTvali, miT ufro

maRalia cxovrebis done.

samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-

ti ti ti ti ti (consumer credit) - - - - - samomx-mareblo saqonlis SesaZenad

gacemuli moklevadiani kredi-

ti. kreditorebi SeiZleba iyos:

bankebi, lombardebi, gamqirave-

beli punqtebi, sacalo vaWro-

bis obieqtebi, firmebi da sxv.

samomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebis

indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi (consumer price index) -----maCvenebeli, romelic asaxavs sa-

qonlisa da momsaxurebis fase-

bis saSualo cvlilebis gav-

lenas fiqsirebul samomxmareb-

lo kalaTaze. igi gamoiyeneba

ekonomikaSi fasebis cvlile-

bis da masTan dakavSirebuli

procesebis analizisa da prog-

nozisaTvis. gaiangariSeba 1917

wlidan da qveyndeba yovelTvi-

urad. gamoiyeneba moxmarebis

saSualo fasis anu cxovrebis

Rirebulebis gazomvisaTvis.

samomxmareblo xarjebisamomxmareblo xarjebisamomxmareblo xarjebisamomxmareblo xarjebisamomxmareblo xarjebi

(consumer expenditures) - - - - - moxma-rebaze gaweuli xarjebi. makro-

ekonomikaSi moicavs Sinameur-

neobaTa yvela saboloo dan-

axarjs, garda sacxovrebeli

binis mSeneblobis an yidvi-

saTvis gaweuli xarjebisa.

samoqalaqo sazogado-samoqalaqo sazogado-samoqalaqo sazogado-samoqalaqo sazogado-samoqalaqo sazogado-

eba eba eba eba eba (civil society) - - - - - samoqalaqo

mowyobis iseTi tipi, romelic

gamoirCeva demokratiis maRa-

samoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoeba

342

li doniT, politikuri, ekono-

mikuri, socialuri, kulturu-

li da a.S. urTierTobebis plu-

ralizmiT. safuZveli Caeyara

XX saukunis meore naxevridan,gansakuTrebiT misi ukanaskne-

li periodidan, rodesac civi-

lizebul qveynebSi axali msoaxali msoaxali msoaxali msoaxali mso-----

flio wesrigisflio wesrigisflio wesrigisflio wesrigisflio wesrigis damyarebis au-

cilebloba warmoiqmna.

axali dro yovelTvis war-

moqmnis Tavis prioritets. Tan-

amedroveobis aseTi priorite-

ti samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

mSeneblobaa. es procesi mniS-

vnelovanwilad ganapiroba mec-

nierul-----teqnologiuri progre-

sis safuZvelze msoflio war-

moebaSi mimdinare mZlavrma pro-

gresulma cvlilebebma, rac,

upirveles yovlisa, momsaxure-

bis sferos prioritetul gan-

viTarebaSi gamoixata. aranak-

lebi roli Seasrula axali

ekonomikuri Teoriebis Camoy-

alibebam da msoflioSi tonis

mimcemi qveynebis ekonomikur

politikaSi maTi gamoyenebis

masStabebis zrdam. msoflio

ekonomikurma ganviTarebam ax-

ali Tvisebrioba SeiZina. ker-

Zo kapitalisturi sakuTrebis

prioritetze dafuZnebulma

gabatonebulma urTierTobebma

evoluciuri gziT sakuTrebis

pluralizmze dafuZnebul ur-

TierTobebs dauTmo adgili.

sakuTrebis swored aseTma tran-

sformaciam gabatonebul ker-

Zo sakuTrebiT urTierTobebze

damyarebul kapitalizms traeq-

toria Seucvala da misi axal

TvisebriobaSi gadazrda daaC-

qara. Camoyalibda sabazro eko-

nomika, sadac `pirveli violi-

nos~ roli bazars daekisra.

kacobriobis ganviTarebis am

Tvisebriv naxtomSi yvelaze

mniSvnelovani iyo is, rom man

ekonomikas socialuri orien-

tacia SesZina.

bazarma sruliad sxva Si-

naarsi SeiZina. igi aRiarebul

iqna civilizaciis udides mo-

napovrad. sakuTrebiT urTier-

TobebSi ganxorcielebulma ra-

dikalurma da amave dros, uaR-

resad progresulma cvlile-

bebma, ekonomikis saxelmwifo re-

gulirebasTan erTad, ganapiroba

kacobriobis mravalsaukunovani

arsebobis manZilze pirvelad

bazris, rogorc meurneobis

efeqtiani meqanizmis Camoyali-

beba. aseTma bazarma, Sromis mo-

tivaciis efeqtiani sistema Seq-

mna da mewarmeobis ganviTare-

bas farTo SesaZleblobebi mis-

ca. man, horizontaluri kav-

Sirebis gafarToeba-----ganmtkice-

bis safuZvelze, sagrZnoblad

gaamartiva mmarTvelobis ier-

arqiuli struqtura, ganapiroba

kerZo da sazogadoebrivi in-

samoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoebasamoqalaqo sazogadoeba

343

teresebis daaxloeba da, sab-

oloo angariSiT, warmoqmna

iseTi obieqturi kanonzomiereba,

romelmac gamoxatuleba Tvise-

brivad sruliad axal ekono-

mikur zrdaSi pova. am gare-

moebam dasabami misca sazoga-

doebriv gardaqmnebs axal am-

pluaSi da dadebiTi gavlena

moaxdina Tanamedrove sazoga-

doebis potencialis zrdaze.

yuradReba gamaxvilda axali

sazogadoebis formirebaze, axal

sociumze, ramac xeli Seuwyo

sazogadoebrivi interesebis

wina planze wamowevas, kerZo

seqtoris socialuri pasuxis-

mgeblobis amaRlebasa da hu-

manizaciis procesebis gaRrma-

vebas. daiwyo socialurad da-

ucveli fenebis daxmarebisa da

qvelmoqmedebis organizacieb-

is farTod Seqmnis procesi.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba sax-

elmwifo socialuri dacvis

miznobriv programebs mieqca.

es programebi, romlebic sxvada-

sxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva dros

ganxorcielda, iTvaliswinebda

umuSevrobis dazRvevas, sapen-

sio uzrunvelyofas, avadmyo-

fobis gamo daxmarebas, warmoe-

baSi ubeduri SemTxvevis gamo

daxmarebas, samedicino dazRve-

vas an ufaso samedicino mom-

saxurebasa da a.S.

socialur sferoSi aqti-----

uri rolis SesrulebiT sa-----

xelmwifom `keTildReobis sa-----

xelmwifos~ niSnebi SeiZina. gan-

viTarebulma samyarom, SeiZ-----

leba iTqvas, miiRo axali drois

gamowveva. safuZveli Caeyara

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis for-----

mirebas. kacobriobis ganviTare-

bis ganvlil periodTan Se-----

darebiT, es iyo wingadadgmu-----

li nabiji da axali sityva

ufro maRali socialuri da

amave dros, msoflio wesrigis

damyarebis TvalsazrisiT.

ekonomikisTvis socialuri

orientaciis micema qveynis mS-

vidobiani da harmoniuli gan-

viTarebis sawindari da samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis safuZve-

lia.

samrewvelo cikli samrewvelo cikli samrewvelo cikli samrewvelo cikli samrewvelo cikli (busi-ness cycle) - - - - - ekonomikis ganviTa-rebis araregularuli ganmeore-

badi periodi. Sedgeba saerTo

saqmiani aqtiurobis aRmavlobi-

sa da dacemis periodebisagan.

samuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entonisamuelsoni pol entoni

(1915-----2009) (Samuelson, Paul A.)- - - - - XX saukunis cnobili amerike-

li ekonomist-----Teoritikosi,

masaCusetsis teqnologiuri

institutis profesori, eko-

nomikis dargSi nobelis premi-

is laureati (1970).

samuelsonis naSromebi mo-

icavs Tanamedrove Teoriuli

ekonomikuri mecnierebis TiTq-


344

mis yvela ganyofilebis far-

To speqtrs. miuxedavad imisa,

rom metad nayofieri avtoria,

man dawera mxolod ori wigni

_ _ _ _ _ `ekonomikuri analizis sa-

fuZvlebi (1948) da cnobili

saxelmZRvanelo `ekonomiqsi~

(1945). samuelsons mieniWa no-

belis premia im naSromebisaTvis,

romlebmac maTematikuri meTo-

debis gamoyenebaze dayrdnobiT

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula

ekonomikuri mecnierebis Teo-

riuli da meTodologiuri

donis amaRlebaSi.

saxelmwifo finansebissaxelmwifo finansebissaxelmwifo finansebissaxelmwifo finansebissaxelmwifo finansebis

TeoriaSiTeoriaSiTeoriaSiTeoriaSiTeoriaSi fuZemdebluri gax-

da samuelsonis saxelmwifo xar-

jebis wminda Teoria, romelic

exeba resursebis optimalur ga-

nawilebas rogorc kerZo, ise

sazogadoebriv saqonelTan mi-

marTebaSi.

samomxmareblo moTxov-samomxmareblo moTxov-samomxmareblo moTxov-samomxmareblo moTxov-samomxmareblo moTxov-

nis TeoriaSi nis TeoriaSi nis TeoriaSi nis TeoriaSi nis TeoriaSi samuelsonis

midgoma sapirispiro iyo im dros

damkvidrebuli midgomisa, rome-

lic mdgomareobda deduqciuri

meTodebis safuZvelze samomx-

mareblo qcevis Teoriis da-

muSavebaSi. momxmarebelTa qce-

vis damkvidrebis safuZvelze

gamovlenili upiratesobiT sam-

uelsonma gansazRvra samomx-

mareblo upiratesoba.

`keTildReobis ekonomi-`keTildReobis ekonomi-`keTildReobis ekonomi-`keTildReobis ekonomi-`keTildReobis ekonomi-

kurkurkurkurkur TeoriaSi~ TeoriaSi~ TeoriaSi~ TeoriaSi~ TeoriaSi~ cnobilia samu-

elsonis kriteriumi, romelic

gansazRvravs ama Tu im cv-

lilebis gavlenas keTildRe-

obis doneze. yvela danarCeni

kriteriumi am zogadi krite-

riumis kerZo SemTxvevaa.

ekonomikuri dinamikisekonomikuri dinamikisekonomikuri dinamikisekonomikuri dinamikisekonomikuri dinamikis

TeoriaSi TeoriaSi TeoriaSi TeoriaSi TeoriaSi samuelsonma gamoikv-

lia ekonomikuri sistemis cv-

lilebebi wonasworobis arar-

sebobis pirobebSi da ekonomikis

gadasvla erTi fazidan meore-

Si. man gansazRvra ekonomikuri

sistemis mdgradobis pirobebi,

romlebic xSirad emTxveva sta-

tikuri mdgradobis pirobebs.

statikursa da dinamikurs So-

ris formalur damokidebule-

bas samuelsonma Sesabamisobis

principi uwoda. Tavis naSrom-

Si `multiplikatoris anal-

izisa da aqseleraciis prin-

ci pis urTierTdamokidebule-

ba~ (1939) man gaaanaliza pro-

cesi, romelic safuZvlad dae-

do ekonomikuri ciklis ana-ekonomikuri ciklis ana-ekonomikuri ciklis ana-ekonomikuri ciklis ana-ekonomikuri ciklis ana-

lizslizslizslizslizs.

60-----ian wlebSi samuelsoni

icavda kapitalis neoklasikur

koncefcias (Tumca ver miaR-

wia srul warmatebas), agreTve

detalurad daamuSava ekonomi-

kuri efeqtianobis dinamikuri

pirobebi.

samuelsonma mniSvnelovani

wvlili Seitana saerTaSo-saerTaSo-saerTaSo-saerTaSo-saerTaSo-

riso ekonomikis TeoriaSiriso ekonomikis TeoriaSiriso ekonomikis TeoriaSiriso ekonomikis TeoriaSiriso ekonomikis TeoriaSi.


345

stolperTan erTad daamuSava

Teoria, romelsac maTi saxeli

mieniWa. am Teoriis mixedviT,

Tavisufali vaWroba amcirebs

SezRuduli warmoebis faqtore-

biT miRebul Semosavals. am de-

bulebidan gamomdinare, man ga-

moavlina warmoebis faqtorTa

fasebis gamoTanabrebis pirobebi

hekSer-----olinis sistemaSi. cno-

bilia misi klasikuri ganmarte-

ba `transferebis problemas-

Tan~ dakavSirebiT.

meore msoflio omis Sem-

deg, 50-----iani wlebis dasawyis-

Si, samuelsonma Tavisi gaxmau-

rebuli naSromis — ̀ ekonomiq-sis~ gamocemiT (romelic 1998

wels ukve meTeqvsmeted gam-

oica v. nordhausis Tanaavtoro-

biT) didi roli Seasrula eko-

nomikuri ganaTlebis sferoSi,

gansakuTrebiT keinzianurikeinzianurikeinzianurikeinzianurikeinzianuri

TeTeTeTeTeoriis ganzogadebaSioriis ganzogadebaSioriis ganzogadebaSioriis ganzogadebaSioriis ganzogadebaSi, stok-

holmis skolisa da sakuTari

Teoriebis Sesaxeb codnis gavr-

celebaSi. am periodidan moy-

olebuli `ekonomiqsi~ perma-

nentulad gamodis sxvadasxva

enaze, daistamba milionobiT

egzemplari. amiT pol samuel-

soni ara mxolod yvelaze gav-

leniani ekonomisti gaxda, ara-

med samecniero wreSi yvelaze

SeZlebulic.

samuSao dro samuSao dro samuSao dro samuSao dro samuSao dro (working time)- - - - - warmoebaSi dasaqmebuli mo-

saxleobis mier gamomuSavebu-

li saaTebis raodenoba.

samuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebissamuSao drois saaTebis

mmmmmTliani raodenoba Tliani raodenoba Tliani raodenoba Tliani raodenoba Tliani raodenoba (total wor-king hours) - - - - - samuSao drois sa-aTebis saSualo raodenoba gam-

ravlebuli dasaqmebuli mosax-

leobis ricxovnobaze.


saSualo raodenoba saSualo raodenoba saSualo raodenoba saSualo raodenoba saSualo raodenoba (averageworking hours) - - - - - samuSao droissaaTebis raodenoba, romlis gan-

mavlobaSic dasaqmebulia erTi

saSualo statistikuri muSaki.

samuSao Zala samuSao Zala samuSao Zala samuSao Zala samuSao Zala (labour force)- - - - - ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-

saxleobis mTliani raodenoba,

romelic moicavs dasaqmebulebs,

samxedro mosamsaxureebsa da

registrirebul umuSevrebs.

oficialur statistikaSi sam-

uSao Zalad ganisazRvreba ad-

amianTa is jgufi 16 wlidan

pensiaze gasvlis asakamde, rom-

lebic muSaoben an umuSevrebi

arian. samuSao Zalis katego-

rias ar miekuTvnebian studen-

tebi, pensionrebi, diasaxlisebi,

is pirebi, romlebmac dakarges

samuSaos Sovnis imedi da ami-

tom aqtiurad aRar eZeben mas.

samuSao Zalis wili samuSao Zalis wili samuSao Zalis wili samuSao Zalis wili samuSao Zalis wili (maC-maC-maC-maC-maC-

venebelivenebelivenebelivenebelivenebeli) (labour force partici-pation rate) - - - - - momuSaveTa da umu-SevarTa procenti Sromisuna-

riani asakis mqone mosaxleo-

bis mTlian ricxovnobaSi.

samuSao Zalis wili (maCvenebeli)samuSao Zalis wili (maCvenebeli)samuSao Zalis wili (maCvenebeli)samuSao Zalis wili (maCvenebeli)samuSao Zalis wili (maCvenebeli)

346

sanacia sanacia sanacia sanacia sanacia (sanitation) - - - - - 1. ban-kebis mier (xSirad saxelmwi-

fos monawileobiT) gatarebu-

li zomebis sistema (subsidie-

bi, SeRavaTiani kreditebi, Se-

RavaTiani dabegvra da a.S.) ga-

kotrebis Tavidan acilebisa da

konkurentunarianobis amaRleb-

is mizniT.....

2. saxelmwifo da sabanko

RonisZiebebis sistema sawarmoe-

bis gakotrebis Tavidan acilebi-

saTvis, maTi finansuri mdgoma-

reobis gaumjobesebisaTvis dak-

reditebis, reorganizaciis, ga-

mosaSvebi produqciis saxeobe-

bis SecvliT an sxva gziT.

sanqcia sanqcia sanqcia sanqcia sanqcia (sanction) [<laT.

sanctio umkacresi dadgenileba]- - - - - 1. ekonomikuri, finansuri,

samxedro RonisZiebebi gamoye-

nebuli saerTaSoriso samarTal-

Si im saxelmwifoebis winaaR-

mdeg, romlebmac daarRvies sa-

erTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi;

2. nebarTva, Tanxmoba, da-

dastureba, mowoneba.

3. iZulebiTi zemoqmedebis

RonisZiebebi sameurneo da fi-

nansuri saqmianobis normalu-

rad gaZRolis wesebis damr-

RvevTa mimarT. sanqciebi xorci-

eldeba saxelmwifo organoeb-

is, finansuri da sagadasaxado

organoebis, agreTve bankebis mxri-

dan. sanqciebi moicavs: saqmia-

nobis akrZalvas an SezRudvas,

materialuri da fuladi saSu-

alebebis amoRebas.

ganasxvaveben Semdegi sax-

is sanqciebs; 1). saxelSekrule-

bo (jarimebi, xelSekrulebiT

gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis Se-

usruleblobisaTvis; 2). sakre-

dito(sabanko), gamoiyeneba banke-

bis mier sakredito valdebule-

baTa darRvevis SemTxvevaSi; 3).

finansuri (finansur-sagadasax-

ado disciplinis darRvevisas).

saprivatizacio Ceki saprivatizacio Ceki saprivatizacio Ceki saprivatizacio Ceki saprivatizacio Ceki (pri-vatiozation check, voucher) - - - - - 1. miz-nobrivi daniSnulebis nomina-

luri Rirebulebis mqone saxel-

mwifo fasiani qaRaldi, rome-

lic gamoiyeneba rogorc saga-

damxdelo saSualeba sapriva-

tizacio obieqtebis SesaZenad.

sargeblianobis Teoriasargeblianobis Teoriasargeblianobis Teoriasargeblianobis Teoriasargeblianobis Teoria

(theory of utility) - - - - - Teoriuli mi-

marTuleba ekonomikur mecni-

erebaSi, romelic ganaviTares

avstriuli skolis warmomad-

genlebma XIX-XX saukuneebSi.eyrdnoba sargeblianobis bazi-

sur, subieqtur gagebas, rome-

lic aRiqmeba rogorc siamovneba,

romelsac adamiani iRebs dov-

laTis moxmarebis Sedegad. sar-

geblianobis Teoriis ZiriTadi

principi eyrdnoba klebadi zRv-

ruli sargeblianobis kanons,

romlis mixedviT sargeblia-

nobis mateba klebulobs erTi

erTeuli damatebiTi dovlaTis

sanaciasanaciasanaciasanaciasanacia

347

(sikeTis) miRebis Sedegad.

sarezervo valuta sarezervo valuta sarezervo valuta sarezervo valuta sarezervo valuta (reser-ve currency) - - - - - ucxouri valuta,

romelsac saxelmwifo inaxavs

rogorc Tavisi savaluto re-

zervebis nawils saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi gamosayeneblad. sare-

zervo valuta unda akmayofi-

lebdes Semdeg pirobebs: a). un-

da hqondes stabiluri Rire-

buleba; b). unda iyos im qvey-

nis valuta, romelic mniSvne-

lovan rols asrulebs saer-

TaSoriso vaWrobaSi; g). unda

iyos Tavisuflad konvertire-

badi. sarezervo valutis rols

umetesad asrulebs aSS dola-

ri, evro, girvanqa sterlingi

da Sveicariuli franki.

sarezervo normasarezervo normasarezervo normasarezervo normasarezervo norma (reserverate) – bankebis rezervebis (ro-melic warmodgenilia nawilo-

briv naRdi fulis saxiT, nawi-

lobriv ki centralur bankSi

mocemuli bankis angariSze) maT

saCeko depozitebTan Sefarde-

ba, rac, rogorc wesi, 10%_s

Seadgens. bankebi darCenil

90%_s sesxebis gasacemad an

obligaciebis SesaZenad iyeneben.

sareklamo saagento sareklamo saagento sareklamo saagento sareklamo saagento sareklamo saagento (ad-vertising agency) - - - - - Suamavali or-

ganizacia, romelic Tavis klien-

tebs uwevs momsaxurebas rek-

lamis dagegmvis, organizaciisa

da gamoyenebisaTvis, agreTve

presiT, radioTi da televizi-

iT misi gavrcelebisaTvis. sa-

reklamo saagentoebi arsebobs

masobrivi komunikaciebis saSua-

lebebis mflobelTa da klient-

Ta honorarebis sakomisio gasam-

rjelos xarjze.

sarisko kapitali sarisko kapitali sarisko kapitali sarisko kapitali sarisko kapitali (riskcapital) – kapitali, dabandebu-

li kompaniaSi gakotrebis ma-

Rali riskiT (albaTobiT), mag.,

venCuruli kapitali.

kompaniis finansuri kapita-

lis sxvadasxva forma riskis

sxvadasxva xarisxiT xasiaTdeba.

mag., kompaniis mogebis ganawi-

lebisas savalo valdebulebe-

bis mflobelebi, sargebloben ra

rigi upiratesobebiT, pirvel

rigSi iReben mogebis fiqsire-

bul procents da, aqedan gamom-

dinare, maTi kapitali atarebs

mcire risks; privilegiuri aqci-

is mflobelebi TavianT Semosa-

vals fiqsirebuli dividendis

saxiT meore rigSi iReben da

maTi kapitali SedarebiT ufro

maRali riskis matarebelia; Cve-

ulebrivi aqciis mflobelebi Ta-

vianT Semosavals sul bolos

iReben kompaniis darCenili mo-

gebidan, aqedan gamomdinare, maTi

kapitali yvelaze maRali riskis

Semcvelia. Tu kompaniaSi izr-

deba mogeba, maSin Cveulebrivi

aqciis mflobelTa Semosavali

izrdeba, vinaidan zemoT aRniS-

nuli fiqsirebuli procenti-

sarisko kapitalisarisko kapitalisarisko kapitalisarisko kapitalisarisko kapitali

348

sa da fiqsirebuli dividendis

gadidebis Semdeg, kompania maT

unawilebs darCenil qonebas.

arsebobs savaluto riski,

romelic dakavSirebulia ucx-

ouri valutis kursis moulod-

nel cvlilebasTan da adgili

aqvs sagareo vaWrobaSi, sakredi-

to da savaluto operaciebis

Catarebisas da a.S.

garda amisa, adgili aqvs ag-

reTve erovnuli valutis sa-

bazro Rirebulebis meryeobiT

gamowveul risks.

sakredito riski dakavSire-

bulia kreditebis daubruneb-

lobasTan xelSekrulebiT gaT-

valiswinebul vadaSi.

sabanko riskis erT-erTi sa-

xeobaa sargeblis riski, rome-

lic ganpirobebulia sargeblis

ganakveTebis gauTvaliswinebe-

li cvlilebebiT.

sarisko kapitali mWidro

kavSirSia samewarmeo riskTan,

romelic Tan axlavs firmis

yoveldRiur saqmianobas, misi

zogadi (corporate risk) da amavedros erT-erTi ZiriTadi riskia.

sasaqonlo niSani sasaqonlo niSani sasaqonlo niSani sasaqonlo niSani sasaqonlo niSani (trade-mark) - - - - - dadgenili wesiT reg-

istrirebuli, originalurad

gaformebuli grafikuli, asoe-

brivi an sxvagvari niSani. gam-

oiyeneba sxvadasxva sawarmoTa

mier warmoebuli erTgvarovani

saqonlis erTmaneTisagan gan-

sasxvaveblad. zogierT qveya-

naSi arsebobs savaWro niSnis

ori saxe: 1. savaWro marka (trademark) - - - - - niSani-----simbolo, sityva

an am ukanasknelTa SeerTeba,

romelic miuTiTebs saqonlis

mwarmoebelze; 2. savaWro sax-

elwodeba (trade name) - - - - - saqon-lis mwarmoeblis saxelwode-

ba, romelic ekuTvnis ara ga-

moSvebul produqcias, aramed

TviT firmas. sasaqonlo niSne-

bi daculia kanoniT.

sasaqonlosasaqonlosasaqonlosasaqonlosasaqonlo-----materialurimaterialurimaterialurimaterialurimaterialuri

maragi maragi maragi maragi maragi (inventories) - - - - - warmoebu-li, magram jer kidev gausaRe-

beli produqcia, romelic mwar-

moeblebisa da sabiTumo vaWro-

bis sawyobebSi inaxeba.

sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-

ri ri ri ri ri (credit market) - - - - - sakreditourTierTobebis specifikuri

sfero, sadac moTxovna-----miwode-

bis safuZvelze yalibdeba gari-

geba sesxad gasacem fulad kapi-

talze.

sasoflo dasaxleba sasoflo dasaxleba sasoflo dasaxleba sasoflo dasaxleba sasoflo dasaxleba (ru-ral settlement) - - - - - dasaxlebuli

punqti, romelic ar Seesabame-

ba mocemul qveyanaSi dadge-

nil saqalaqo dasaxlebis kri-

teriumebs. sasoflo dasaxleb-

is macxovreblebi ZiriTadad

dasaqmebulia soflisa da sa-

tyeo meurneobaSi, misdeven nad-

irobas, rewvas da a.S.

sasaqonlo niSanisasaqonlo niSanisasaqonlo niSanisasaqonlo niSanisasaqonlo niSani

349

sasoflosasoflosasoflosasoflosasoflo-----sameurneo lasameurneo lasameurneo lasameurneo lasameurneo la-----

gigigigigi (agricultural lag) - - - - - garRveva sa-soflo-----sameurneo warmoebis

faqtobriv da potenciur mocu-

lobebs Soris. ZiriTadad war-

moiqmneba ganviTarebad qveyneb-

Si. Tu soflidan qalaqSi gaz-

rdili migraciis gamo kvebis

produqtebisa da sasoflo-----

sameurneo nedleulis miwode-

ba ver akmayofilebs maTze

moTxovnas, maSin warmoiqmneba

am produqciis deficiti, rac

zrdis mis imports. es mZime

tvirTad awveba qveynis ekonomi-

kas da iwvevs mis Seferxebas.

satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-

jebi jebi jebi jebi jebi (transport costs) – xarjebi,romlebic dakavSirebulia tvir-

Tis gadazidvasTan erTi adgi-

lidan meoreze. moicavs ara mxo-

lod gadazidvis pirdapir dana-

xarjebs, romelic ganisazRvre-

ba manZiliT, aramed datvirTvis,

gadmotvirTvisa da sagzao mom-

saxurebis danaxarjebsac.

satransporto tvirT-satransporto tvirT-satransporto tvirT-satransporto tvirT-satransporto tvirT-

baraTi baraTi baraTi baraTi baraTi (way bill) - - - - - dokumenti,romelSic mocemulia sarkinig-

zo an saavtomobilo trans-

portiT gadasazidi saqonlis

aRwera; konosamentis analogi,

romelic fasiani qaRaldi ar

aris da romlis xelidan xelSi

gadacema ar SeiZleba.

sauravisauravisauravisauravisauravi (penalty tax) – sanq-cia fuladi jarimis saxiT,

romliTac jarimdebian fula-

di valdebulebebis aradrou-

li SesrulebisaTvis, vadis ga-

dacilebisaTvis. rogorc wesi,

sauravi wesdeba procentis sa-

xiT vadagadacilebul valde-

bulebebis Tanxaze da ericxeba

yoveli vadagadacilebuli dRi-

saTvis garkveuli periodis man-

Zilze, romlis Semdegac xdeba

erTjeradi jarimis gadaxda.

safaqturo fasi safaqturo fasi safaqturo fasi safaqturo fasi safaqturo fasi (invoiceprice) - - - - - fasi, romelic miTiTe-

bulia angariSSi (faqturaSi)

miwodebul saqonelze. miwode-

bis sabaziso pirobebis mixed-

viT, safaqturo fasSi SeiZle-

ba Sevides saqonlis gadazidvas-

Tan, datvirTva-----gadmotvirTvas-

Tan, dazRvevasTan, saeqsporto

baJis gadaxdasTan da a.S. dakav-

Sirebuli danaxarjebi.

safirmo marka safirmo marka safirmo marka safirmo marka safirmo marka (firm mark)- - - - - saxelwodeba an emblema, ro-

melic mocemuli saqonlis sxva

saqonlis masisagan gamoyofis

saSualebas iZleva. safirmo

marka saqonlis ̀ saxis~ ganuyo-

feli elementia (ix. imiji).

nawarmi, romelic Tavisi safir-

mo markis wyalobiT moipovebs

aRiarebas bazarze, mtkice pozi-

cias ikavebs. saqoneli safir-

mo markiT nebismieri savaWro

sawarmodan iyideba.

safondo birJa safondo birJa safondo birJa safondo birJa safondo birJa (stock ex-change) - - - - - fasiani qaRaldebis

safondo birJasafondo birJasafondo birJasafondo birJasafondo birJa

350

organizebuli meoreuli baz-

ari, romelic funqcionirebs

dadgenili wesebis mixedviT da

kotirebis meqanizmis meSveobiT

gansazRvravs birJaze mimoqce-

vadi fasiani qaRaldebis Ziri-

Tadi saxeobis _ _ _ _ _ aqciebisa da

obligaciebis sabazro kurss,

fass. safondo birJa avlens

fasian qaRaldebze moTxovnisa

da miwodebis dones da axdens

maTs koncentracias.

safondo birJaze aqciebi-

sa da obligaciebis kotirebi-

saTvis gaSveba xdeba emiten-

tisadmi konkretuli moTxov-

nis wayenebiT. birJaze fasiani

qaRaldebis gamotana SezRudu-

lia. msoflios udides birJe-

bze (niu-----iorkis, londonis,

tokios da a.S.) mimoiqceva

mxolod ramdenime umsxvilesi

aqcioneruli kompaniis aqciebi,

romlebic saerTod mimoqceva-

Si gaSvebuli aqciebis 75%-----ze

mets Seadgens. danarCeni ko-

mpaniebis finansuri aqtivebi

iyideba sxva safondo birJeb-

ze da maTs gareT.

kotirebuli aqciebis saer-

To Tanxisa da dadebuli gari-

gebebis moculobis mixedviT,

msoflioSi yvelaze didi safon-

do birJebia iaponiis, aSS-----is,

inglisisa da taivanis fasiani

qaRaldebis bazrebi. mag., niu-----

iorkis safondo birJaze dRe-

Si 160 mln-----ze meti aqcia mi-

moiqceva. safondo birJis yve-

laze gavrcelebuli modelia

anglo-----amerikuli-----korporaciu-

li.

safondo birJas aqcioner-

uli sazogadoebis iuridiuli

statusi aqvs. igi aerTianebs

Tanabaruflebian wevrebs, rom-

lebsac nayidi aqvT `adgili~

birJaze operaciebis warmoebi-

saTvis. mag., niu-----iorkis safon-

do birJaze erTi adgili 200

aTasi dolari Rirs.

safondo birJa TviTmmar-

TvelobiTi organizaciaa. misi

umaRlesi organoa sabirJo sab-

Wo. safondo birJis Semosav-

lebi iqmneba Sesasvleli da

sawevro Senatanebisagan, jarime-

bisa da sabirJo sakomisiosa-

gan. vaWrobis monawileni ari-

an brokerebi, dilerebi da Se-

sabamisi specialistebi. zogi-

erT birJaze vaWrobaSi sxva

Suamavlebic monawileoben, mag.,

maklerebi. rogorc wesi, fasi-

ani qaRaldebi iyideba `msxvil

lotebad~. brokeri an sabroke-

ro firma davalebas gadascems

Tavis warmomadgenels sabirJo

darbazSi, romelic garigebas

debs sxva brokerTan. garigeba

registrirdeba eleqtronuli

sistemiT. Tanxa aisaxeba sain-

formacio tabloze. mxareebs

Soris angariSsworeba xdeba

dadgenili drois mixedviT (mag.,

aSS-----Si _ _ _ _ _ 5 samuSao dRis gan-

safondo birJasafondo birJasafondo birJasafondo birJasafondo birJa

351

mavlobaSi). birJaze fasiani qa-

Raldebis fasi yalibdeba or-

magi auqcionis an ganacxadeb-

is ranJirebis mixedviT Sesasy-

idi (qveda zRvari) da gasayi-

di (zeda zRvari) fasis far-

glebSi. yoveli garigeba iTval-

iswinebs axal auqcions. sabir-

Jo fasi dReSi ramdenimejer

fiqsirdeba da yoveldRiurad

qveyndeba presaSi. safondo bir-

Jebis msoflio federacia da

birJebis evropuli TanamSrom-

lobis federacia safondo bir-

Jebis Sesaxeb cnobebis yovel-

wliur krebuls uSveben.

safraxto bazari safraxto bazari safraxto bazari safraxto bazari safraxto bazari (freightmarket) - - - - - satransporto pro-duqciis mimoqcevis sfero. ar-

sebobs Ria da daxuruli sa-Ria da daxuruli sa-Ria da daxuruli sa-Ria da daxuruli sa-Ria da daxuruli sa-

fraxtofraxtofraxtofraxtofraxto bazari. bazari. bazari. bazari. bazari. Ria bazarze

sazRvao gadazidvis fasi msof-

lio fass uTanabrdeba, Tavisuf-

lad wesdeba moTxovnisa da mi-

wodebis cvalebadobis gavlen-

iT. mis wilad modis saerTa-

Soriso sazRvao gadazidvis mo-

culobis araumetes 10-----15%-----isa.

tvirTis danarCeni raodenoba

gadaizideba daxuruli safrax-

to bazris meSveobiT, romelic

daculia Ria bazris zemoqmede-

bisagan specialuri saxelmwifo

aqtebiT.

safraxto ganakveTi safraxto ganakveTi safraxto ganakveTi safraxto ganakveTi safraxto ganakveTi (fre-ight rate) - - - - - sazRvao gadazidvisfasi, romelic moicavs danax-

arjebsa da saSualo mogebas.

safrontingo kompaniasafrontingo kompaniasafrontingo kompaniasafrontingo kompaniasafrontingo kompania

(fronting-company) - - - - - damzRvevikompania, romelic sxva kompa-

niis saxeliT gascems poliss

im pirobiT, rom aRebuli pa-

suxismgeblobis 100% iqneba

gadazRveuli meore kompania-

Si. am SemTxvevaSi safrontin-

go kompania itovebs iuridiul

pasuxismgeblobas damzRvevis

winaSe. safrontingo kompanias

aqvs ufleba miiRos sakomisio

frontingobisaTvis.

saqmiani aqtiurobis cisaqmiani aqtiurobis cisaqmiani aqtiurobis cisaqmiani aqtiurobis cisaqmiani aqtiurobis ci-----

kkkkkli li li li li (trade cycle) - - - - - ix. ekonomi-kuri cikli.

saqmiani TamaSi saqmiani TamaSi saqmiani TamaSi saqmiani TamaSi saqmiani TamaSi (businessgame) - - - - - sxvadasxva warmoebrivsituaciaSi realuri obieqtis

modelze sammarTvelo gadaw-

yvetilebaTa SemuSavebis imit-

aciis meTodi.

saqoneli saqoneli saqoneli saqoneli saqoneli (goods) - - - - - yvela-

feri, rac iyideba bazarze, e.i.

razec moTxovnaa. ufro zus-

tad, saqonelia Sromis produq-

ti, romelic akmayofilebs ada-

mianis raime moTxovnilebas da

warmoebulia gacvlisaTvis, ba-

zarze gasayidad. saqonlis spe-

cifikuri formaa momsaxureba.

saqonlis bazari saqonlis bazari saqonlis bazari saqonlis bazari saqonlis bazari (com-modity market) - - - - - materialur-----

nivTobrivi produqtebis yid-

va-----gayidvis aqtebis erToblio-

ba. saqonlis bazari moicavs war-

saqonlis bazarisaqonlis bazarisaqonlis bazarisaqonlis bazarisaqonlis bazari

352

moebis saSualebebisa (sawar-

mos Senoba-----nagebobebis, mowyo-

bilobebis, danadgarebis, nedleu-

lis, saTbobisa da a.S.) da sab-

oloo moxmarebis sagnebis (ro-

gorc yoveldRiuri, ise xangr-

Zlivi moxmarebis sagnebis)

farTo speqtrs da, Sesabamisad,

iyofa calkeul, ufro viwro

bazrebad. saboloo moxmarebis

sagnebis bazarze moTxovnis kon-

centraciis done gacilebiT

dabalia, vidre warmoebis sa-

Sualebebis bazarze. samagierod,

pirveli xasiaTdeba ufro ma-

Rali moTxovnis elastikuro-

biT. amasTan, saboloo moxmare-

bis sagnebis bazarze saqonlis

realizacias naklebi Sualedu-

ri rgoli sWirdeba, vidre war-

moebis saSualebebis bazarze.

saqonlis bazris koniunq-

turaze aqtiur zemoqmedebas

axdens fasebis done, fulis

mimoqcevis mdgomareoba, mosax-

leobis Semosavlebis dinamika,

sabanko procentis done, dakred-

itebis reJimi, dabegvris xasi-

aTi, sainvesticio bazris mdgo-

mareoba da sxv. didi mniSvnelo-

ba aqvs agreTve sagareo-----eko-

nomikur faqtors: sabaJo poli-

tikis liberalizacia da ucxo-

uri investirebisaTvis xel-

sayreli pirobebis Seqmna mniS-

vnelovnad uwyobs xels saqon-

lis bazris deficitis daZle-

vasa da inflaciis donis daqve-

iTebas.

saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-

snilobasnilobasnilobasnilobasniloba (openness in goods mar-kets) - - - - - firmebisa da sxva mo-mxmarebelTa alternatiuli

SesaZlebloba, gaakeTon arCe-

vani saqonlis SeZenisas.

saqonlis birJa saqonlis birJa saqonlis birJa saqonlis birJa saqonlis birJa (commo-dity exchange) [<laT. bursa safu-le] - - - - - saqonlis bazris infras-

truqturis mniSvnelovani rgo-

li, bazris instituti, romlis

amocanaa sabiTumo saqonlis baz-

ris funqcionirebisaTvis auci-

lebeli pirobebis Seqmna. saqon-

lis birJa sargeblobs iurid-

iuli piris uflebebiT. igi uz-

runvelyofs sabiTumo garige-

bebs da organizacias uwevs sa-

birJo vaWrobas, TviTon arc

vaWrobs da arc saSuamavlo

saqmianobas eweva. sabirJo gari-

gebebi ar SeiZleba daidos bir-

Jis saxeliT da mis xarjze.

amgvar garigebebs birJis wevrebi

deben. saqonlis birJis mosam-

saxureebi ar SeiZleba iyvnen

misi wevrebi, iseve, rogorc sax-

elmwifo xelisuflebisa da

mmarTvelobis organoebi, banke-

bi, sadazRvevo sainvesticio ko-

mpaniebi (Tumca am kompaniebs

ufleba aqvT iTvlebodnen saqon-

lis birJis safondo da savalu-

to ganyofilebebis wevrebad).

uZravi qoneba da inteleq-

saqonlis bazrebis gaxsaqonlis bazrebis gaxsaqonlis bazrebis gaxsaqonlis bazrebis gaxsaqonlis bazrebis gaxsnilobasnilobasnilobasnilobasniloba

353

tualuri sakuTreba ar aris

sabirJo saqoneli. sabirJo vaW-

robisas SeiZleba ganxorci-

eldes Semdegi garigebebi: rea-

luri saqonlis yidva _ dau-yovnebeli miwodebiT; realuri

saqonlis yidva _ ganvadebiT mi-wodebiT, e.i. momavali saqon-

lis, mag., momavali mosavlis

SeZena; saqonlis miwodebaze

standartuli kontraqtebis, e.i.

ara saqonlis, aramed saqonlis

miwodebis Sesaxeb kontraqte-

bis yidva; momavalSi kontraq-

tis dadebis uflebis yidva.

saqonlis birJaze myidve-

lebisa da gamyidvelebis saxe-

liTa da davalebiT moqmedeben

Suamavlebi _ sabrokero kan-

torebi, sabrokero firmebi da

damoukidebeli brokerebi, dil-

erebi. saqonlis birJaze fase-

bi Tavisuflad formirdeba

vaWrobis procesSi. fasebis do-

nis an misi sazRvrebis dadge-

na sabirJo vaWrobaSi akrZalu-

lia. saqonlis birJaze damo-

ukideblad gansazRvraven im ga-

dasaxdelebis sidides, romleb-

sac iReben sabirJo vaWrobis

monawileTagan gaweuli momsax-

urebisaTvis, Suamavlebisagan sa-

komisios saxiT, agreTve jari-

mas sabirJo vaWrobis wesebis

darRvevisaTvis da sxv.

ganasxvaveben specialize-

bul da universalur birJebs.

specializebuli birJebia: fera-

di liTonebis birJa, navTobis

birJa, bambis birJa da a.S.

saqonlis birJa gansazRvravs

sabirJo garigebebis (xelSek-

rulebebis) registraciisa da

gaformebis wesebs, agreTve san-

qciebs im monawileTa mimarT,

romlebic birJaze axerxeben ga-

rigebebis dadebas ̀ kulisebSi~,

e.i. Ria vaWrobis gverdis av-

liT.

sainformacio samsaxuris

swori organizaciis Sedegad

birJebi mdidar informacias

floben fasebis dinamikis, sx-

vadasxva saqonelze moTxovnisa

da miwodebis Sesaxeb. didi mniS-

vneloba eniWeba birJaze fase-

bis kotirebas, rasac axdens spe-

cialuri komisia wina vaWrobe-

bis Sedegebis mixedviT. komi-

sia gansazRvravs saqonlis ti-

pur, sacnobaro fass, romelic

gamoxatavs bazris koniunqtu-

ras vaWrobis dRes. mocemuli

saqonlis yidva-----gayidvis gari-

gebaTa simravlis SemTxvevaSi

ti puria dadebul garigebaTa

saSualo fasi. Tu garigebaTa

ricxvi mcirea, maSin tipuri

fasi ganisazRvreba specialuri

meTodikiT, romlis mizanic Sem-

TxveviTi faqtorebis gavlenis

gamoricxvaa. garda sainforma-

cio da saangariSsworebo mom-

saxurebisa, saqonlis birJa vaW-

saqonlis birJasaqonlis birJasaqonlis birJasaqonlis birJasaqonlis birJa

354

robis monawileebs aZlevs gar-

kveul garantiebs. saqonlis bi-

rJis saqmianoba, rogorc wesi,

regulirdeba kanoniT `saqon-

lis birJisa da sabirJo vaWro-

bis Sesaxeb~.

saqonlis miwodebis sa-saqonlis miwodebis sa-saqonlis miwodebis sa-saqonlis miwodebis sa-saqonlis miwodebis sa-

bazisobazisobazisobazisobaziso pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi (basis of deli-veries) - - - - - specialuri pirobebi

sagareo-----savaWro garigebebisas,

romelic gansazRvravs da erT-

maneTisagan gamijnavs saqonlis

gadazidvisas gamyidvelisa da

myidvelis valdebulebebs, amas-

Tan, adgens miwodebis vadebs

da saqonlis dazianebis an da-

kargvis SemTxvevaSi gamyidve-

lisgan myidvelze riskis gadas-

vlis moments.

saerTaSoriso savaWro pal-

atam (1953 da 1980 ww.) Sei-

muSava da gamouSva saqonlis

miwodebis sabaziso pirobebis

ganmartebiTi krebuli _ _ _ _ _ ̀ inko-

termsi~. masSi mocemulia 14

sabaziso pirobis ganmarteba.

aqedan yvelaze gavrcelebulia:

`sifsifsifsifsif~-----i, ̀ kafkafkafkafkaf~-----i, ̀ fobfobfobfobfob~-----i, ̀ fasfasfasfasfas~-----

i, `franko-----qarxana~, `franko-----

vagoni~, ̀ miwodeba sazRvramde~,

`miwodeba baJis gadaxdiT~,

`franko gadamzidi~ da a.S.

saqonlis xarisxi saqonlis xarisxi saqonlis xarisxi saqonlis xarisxi saqonlis xarisxi (qualityof products) - - - - - produqciis teqni-kur-----ekonomikuri da esTetikuri

Tvisebebis erToblioba, romelic

misi vargisianobis dones gan-

sazRvravs.

saqonlis Strixuli kodisaqonlis Strixuli kodisaqonlis Strixuli kodisaqonlis Strixuli kodisaqonlis Strixuli kodi

(bar-code of the goods) – Strix-uli niSnis dadeba saqonelze,

romlis mixedviTac dgindeba

saqonlis saxe, misi mikuTvneba

garkveul saqonlur jgufze,

xarisxobrivi maxasiaTeblebi da

a.S.

saqonlisa da momsaxure-saqonlisa da momsaxure-saqonlisa da momsaxure-saqonlisa da momsaxure-saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis balansi bis balansi bis balansi bis balansi bis balansi (balance of goodsand services) - - - - - saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis (turizmis, trans-

portisa da a.S.) eqsporti, im-

porti da saldo saangariSo

periodis ganmavlobaSi.

sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-

ba ba ba ba ba (general equilibrium) - - - - - situa-cia, rodesac qveyanaSi arsebu-

li yvela bazari erTdroulad

imyofeba wonasworobis mdgo-

mareobaSi, anu moTxovna da mi-

wodeba erTmaneTis tolia, xo-

lo fasebi da gamoSvebuli sa-

qonlis raodenoba _ ucvleli.

ekonomikuri sistemebis an-

alizisas tradiciulad gamoiy-

eneba ori midgoma.

pirveli midgoma, pirveli midgoma, pirveli midgoma, pirveli midgoma, pirveli midgoma, rome-

lic SedarebiT martivia, dakav-

Sirebulia a. marSalis saxel-

Tan, nawilobriv wonasworobis

analizTan da gulisxmobs eko-

nomikuri sistemis elementis,

mag., marcvleulis bazris wonas-

worobas.

meore midgoma meore midgoma meore midgoma meore midgoma meore midgoma gacilebiT

saqonlis miwodebis sasaqonlis miwodebis sasaqonlis miwodebis sasaqonlis miwodebis sasaqonlis miwodebis sabazisobazisobazisobazisobaziso pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi pirobebi

355

rTulia, rogorc konceptua-

luri, ise maTematikuri aparat-

is gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.

igi dakavSirebulia l. valra-

sis saxelTan da gulisxmobs

ekonomikuri sistemis, rogorc

mTlianis, SigniT warmoebuli

yvela saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis raodenobisa da fasebis gan-

sazRvras.

saSemosavlo gadasaxadisaSemosavlo gadasaxadisaSemosavlo gadasaxadisaSemosavlo gadasaxadisaSemosavlo gadasaxadi

(income tax) - - - - - rogorc wesi,

progresiuli gadasaxadi, rom-

liTac ibegreba daubegrav min-

imums zeviT fizikur pirTa

gasuli wlis erToblivi Se-

mosavlebi. aikrifeba erTjera-

di gadaxdis saxiT. misi ga-

nakveTi wliuri Semosavlis

sididis matebasTan erTad iz-

rdeba. saqarTveloSi 2005

wlis 1 ianvridan aRar arse-

bobs daubegravi minimumi, saSe-

mosavlo gadasaxadi aRar aris

progresiuli gadasaxadi, misi

ganakveTi iyo fiqsirebuli 12%.

2008 wlis 1 ianvridan gauqm-

da socialuri gadasaxadi, saSe-

mosavlo gadasaxadi gaxda 25%,

xolo 2009 wlis 1 ianvridan

_ _ _ _ _ 20%.

saSualo danaxarjisaSualo danaxarjisaSualo danaxarjisaSualo danaxarjisaSualo danaxarji (ave-rage cost - - - - - AC) - - - - - danaxarji pro-duqciis erTeulze. gamoiTvleba

mTliani danaxarjis (TC) gayo-

fiT warmoebuli produqciis

raodenobaze. saSualo danaxar-

ji iyofa mudmiv saSualo (AFC)

da cvalebad saSualo (AVC) da-

naxarjebad.

mudmivi saSualo danaxar-mudmivi saSualo danaxar-mudmivi saSualo danaxar-mudmivi saSualo danaxar-mudmivi saSualo danaxar-

ji ji ji ji ji gaiangariSeba mudmivi dana-

xarjis gayofiT warmoebuli

produqciis mTlian moculoba-

ze. formuliT gamoisaxeba ase:

Q

FCAFC .

cvalebadi saSualo dana-cvalebadi saSualo dana-cvalebadi saSualo dana-cvalebadi saSualo dana-cvalebadi saSualo dana-

xarxarxarxarxarji ji ji ji ji gaiangariSeba cvaleba-

di danaxarjis gayofiT warmo-

ebuli produqciis mTlian moc-

ulobaze. formuliT gamoisax-

eba ase:

Q

VCAVC .

saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-

gacia gacia gacia gacia gacia (medium-term bond) - - - - - ob-ligacia, romlis dafarvis vada

1-dan 10 wlamdea.

sacalo vaWroba sacalo vaWroba sacalo vaWroba sacalo vaWroba sacalo vaWroba (retail tra-de) - - - - - saqonlis mcire raodeno-

biT an calobiT uSualod mom-

xmarebelze miyidva.

sacalo fasi sacalo fasi sacalo fasi sacalo fasi sacalo fasi (retail price) -----wesdeba moxmarebisaTvis mcire

raodenobiT gasayid saqonelze.

sacalo fasebiT vaWroben ara

mxolod sacalo qselis pun-

qtebSi, aramed saamanaTo wesiT,

rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise saer-

TaSoriso bazarze. sacalo fasi

aisaxeba safirmo preiskuran-

tebSi, masobrivi myidvelisaTvis

sacalo fasisacalo fasisacalo fasisacalo fasisacalo fasi

356

gamiznul ilustrirebul kata-

logebSi. sacalo fasebis moZ-

raoba yovelTvis ar emTxveva

sabiTumo da sagareo-----savaWro

fasebisas. zogjer mas SeiZle-

ba sawinaaRmdego mimarTuleba

hqondes.

sacnobaro fasi sacnobaro fasi sacnobaro fasi sacnobaro fasi sacnobaro fasi (publi-shed price) - - - - - fasi, romelic qvey-

ndeba calkeul periodul gamo-

cemebSi (saerTo-----ekonomikur da

dargobriv JurnalebSi, biule-

tenebSi, gazeTebSi), preiskuran-

tebSi, gamomcemlobebis, saagen-

toebis, asociaciebis, msxvili

kompaniebis mier gamocemul ka-

talogebSi. Cveulebriv gamoiTv-

leba rogorc faqtobrivi gari-

gebebis gasaSualebuli sidide

gansazRvrul vadaSi saeqspor-

to Sefasebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

warmoadgens orientirs gari-

gebis dadebisas. amasTan, sac-

nobaro fasi SeiZleba arsebi-

Tad gansxvavdebodes saxelSek-

rulebosagan, rasac gansazRv-

ravs mocemuli saqonlis baz-

ris konkretuli pirobebi.

sawarmo sawarmo sawarmo sawarmo sawarmo (enterprise) – zoga-di saxelwodeba yvela im in-

stituciuri erTeulisa (kor-

poracia, arakomerciuli orga-

nizacia, Sinameurneoba da a.S.),

romelic awarmoebs saqonelsa

da momsaxurebas anu axorci-

elebs samewarmeo saqmianobas.

sawarmoo Zalebi sawarmoo Zalebi sawarmoo Zalebi sawarmoo Zalebi sawarmoo Zalebi (forces

of production) – samuSao Zalisa

da warmoebis saSualebebis

(romelic, Tavis mxriv, iyofa

1. Sromis sagnebad _ nedleu-

li, naxevarfabrikatebi, ZiriTadi

da damxmare masalebi da 2. Sro-

mis saSualebebad _ manqana-da-

nadgarebi, instrumentebi, mow-

yobilobebi, sawarmos Senoba-na-

gebobebi, da a.S.) erToblioba.

sawarmoo Zalebi, ganviTare-

bis doniT gansxvavebulia neb-

ismier sazogadoebaSi, yovel

etapze gansazRvravs ekonomikur

urTierTobaTa tips da war-

moadgens mocemuli sazogadoe-

bis realur ekonomikur safuZ-

vels.

sawarmoo Zalebi dasavlur

ekonomikur literaturaSi Zi-

riTadad formulirebulia ro-

gorc marqsistuli kategoria,

rac, misi Sinaarsidan gamomdi-

nare, ar Seesabameba sinamdviles

da moiTxovs dazustebas.

sawesdebo kapitali sawesdebo kapitali sawesdebo kapitali sawesdebo kapitali sawesdebo kapitali (no-minal capital) - - - - - fuladi saxs-

rebi an fuladi formiT gamo-

xatuli materialuri da arama-

terialuri faseulobebi, rom-

lebsac damfuZneblebi abande-

ben sawarmoTa Sesaqmnelad.

masSi Sedis: Senoba-----nagebobebi,

mowyobilobebi, bunebrivi resur-

sebiT sargeblobis ufleba, in-

teleqtualuri sakuTrebis obi-

eqtebi _ _ _ _ _ patentebi, licenzie-

sacnobaro fasisacnobaro fasisacnobaro fasisacnobaro fasisacnobaro fasi

357

bi, proeqtebi da a.S. sawesdebo

kapitali balansis pasivSi ai-

saxeba.

saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-

bi bi bi bi bi (treasury bills – T-bills) – obli-

gaciebi gamoSvebidan erT wlam-

de dafarvis vadiT. es diskonti-

rebuli obligaciebia da maT ga-

daxdis mxolod erTi vada aqvT.

saxazino obligacia saxazino obligacia saxazino obligacia saxazino obligacia saxazino obligacia (trea-sury bond) – obligacia, gamoSve-

bidan 10 welsa da meti dafar-

vis vadiT, xolo 1-dan 10 wlam-

de dafarvis vadiT saxazino

bileTi (treasury notes) ewode-ba. saxazino obligacia (aseve,

saxazino bileTi) kuponiani

obligaciebia.

saxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujeti

(state budget) - - - - - finansuri siste-mis centralizebuli fondi,

saxelmwifo Semosavlebisa da

xarjebis nusxa drois garkveu-

li periodisaTvis. masSi naCve-

nebia saxelmwifo Semosavleb-

is wyaroebi da saxsrebis xar-

jviTi arxebi. saxelmwifo bi-

ujets adgens mTavroba, miiRe-

ba da mtkicdeba umaRlesi sa-

kanonmdeblo organos mier.

saxelmwifo biujetis Se-

mosavali iqmneba Semdegi Ziri-

Tadi wyaroebis xarjze: pirda-

piri gadasaxadi mogebaze; Sro-

mis anazRaurebis sidideze da-

mokidebulebiT amoRebuli ga-

dasaxadi (maT Soris fizikuri

pirebis saSemosavlo gadasax-

adi); dRg-----ze gadasaxadi; aq-

cizi; licenzirebisa da reg-

istraciis mosakreblebi; saqo-

nelsa da momsaxurebaze gada-

saxadi; qonebaze gadasaxadi;

bunebrivi resursebis gamoye-

nebaze gadasaxadi; sagareo vaW-

robisa da sagareo-----ekonomikuri

operaciebis gadasaxadi (maT So-

ris, sabaJo gadasaxadi impor-

tze); specialuri gadasaxadi

ekonomikis mniSvnelovani darge-

bis stimulirebisaTvis (mizno-

brivi sabiujeto fondebidan);

sxva gadasaxadebi da mosakre-

blebi; arasagadasaxado Semo-

savlebi (Semosavlebi saxelm-

wifo mmarTvelobis subieqteb-

is saqmianobidan; saxelmwifo

qonebis, maT Soris, privatizaci-

idan miRebuli Semosavali, sax-

elmwifo maragebis realizaci-

idan miRebuli Semosavali; mi-

wisa da aramaterialuri resur-

sebis gayidvisgan miRebuli Se-

mosavali; kapitaluri trans-

ferebis Semosulobani arasax-

elmwifo wyaroebidan; adminis-

traciuli gadasaxdelebi; sa-

jarimo sanqciebi; specialur

momsaxurebaze mosakrebeli;

sagareo-----ekonomikuri saqmiano-

bisgan miRebuli Semosavlebi;

sagadasaxado organoebis anga-

riSze Semosulobani; sxva ara-

sagadasaxado Semosavlebi). au-

saxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujetisaxelmwifo biujeti

358

nazRaurebeli gadaricxvebi:

ararezidentebidan, saxelmwifo

arasabiujeto fondebidan, sax-

elmwifo sawarmoebidan da or-

ganizaciebidan.

saxelmwifo biujetis ga-

savlis (xarjebis) ZiriTadi ar-

xebia: saxelmwifo da adgilo-

brivi mmarTvelobis xarjebi;

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis xar-

jebi; saerTaSoriso saqmiano-

bis xarjebi; erovnuli Tav-

dacvis xarjebi; saxelmwifo

usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofisa

da samarTaldamcavi organoeb-

is xarjebi; mecnierebisa da mec-

nierul-----teqnikuri progresis

xelSewyobis xarjebi; mrewve-

lobis, energetikisa da mSeneb-

lobis xarjebi; socialuri

programebis dafinansebis xar-

jebi; garemosa da bunebrivi re-

sursebis dacvis xarjebi; sa-

bazro infrastruqturis gan-

viTarebis xarjebi; sagangebo

situaciebisa da stiqiuri ube-

durebebis Sedegebis likvidaci-

is xarjebi; ganaTlebis, kul-

turisa da jandacvis xarjebi;

saxelmwifo valis momsaxure-

bis xarjebi; miznobrivi sabiu-

jeto fondebi da a.S.

saxelmwifo dakveTa saxelmwifo dakveTa saxelmwifo dakveTa saxelmwifo dakveTa saxelmwifo dakveTa (sta-te order) - - - - - ekonomikuri da so-cialuri ganviTarebis nawili,

romelsac direqtiuli xasiaTi

aqvs. saxelmwifo am gziT zemo-

qmedebas axdens ekonomikaze. sa-

xelmwifo dakveTa eZlevaT ara

mxolod saxelmwifo, aramed

sakuTrebis sxva formiT arse-

bul sawarmoebsac. saxelmwifo

dakveTisas garantirebulia pro-

duqciis realizacia.

saxelmwifo vali saxelmwifo vali saxelmwifo vali saxelmwifo vali saxelmwifo vali (statedebt) - - - - - saxelmwifos mier aRe-

buli yvela sesxi, savalo val-

debulebaTa jami maTze sapro-

cento gadasaxdelebiT, romle-

bic mocemuli momentisTvis da-

faruli ar aris. arsebobs saxe-

lmwifo Sida da sagareo vali.

saxelmwifo Sida vali sa-

xelmwifos mier mosaxleobisa-

gan aRebuli valia. saxelmwifo

sagareo vali saxelmwifos mier

sazRvargareT, sxva qveynebisa-

gan aRebuli valia, romelic

gulisxmobs msesxebeli qvey-

nis savalo valdebulebas gam-

sesxebeli qveynis mimarT.

saxelmwifo moxmarebasaxelmwifo moxmarebasaxelmwifo moxmarebasaxelmwifo moxmarebasaxelmwifo moxmareba

(state consumption, expenditures)- - - - - saxelmwifo samomxmareblo

xarjebi. moicavs kerZo seqtor-

Si warmoebuli saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis saboloo moxmare-

bis garkveul nawils, sabiuje-

to dawesebulebebis Senaxvi-

saTvis, Tavdacvisa da socialu-

ri dazRvevisaTvis gaweul xar-

jebs.

saxelmwifo obligaciasaxelmwifo obligaciasaxelmwifo obligaciasaxelmwifo obligaciasaxelmwifo obligacia

(government bond) – mTavrobis an

saxelmwifo dakveTasaxelmwifo dakveTasaxelmwifo dakveTasaxelmwifo dakveTasaxelmwifo dakveTa

359

saxelmwifo dawesebulebebis

mier gamoSvebuli obligacia.

saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-

bababababa (state control) - - - - - saxelmwifos

mizanmimarTuli zemoqmedeba

ekonomikuri sistemis funq-

cionirebaze garkveuli proces-

ebis SenarCunebis, ekonomikuri

movlenebis Secvlis an maTi

urTierTkavSiris uzrunvely-

ofis mizniT. amisTvis gamoiy-

eneba RonisZiebaTa sistema, rom-

liTac SeiZleba sameurneo sub-

ieqtebis qcevis pirdapiri reg-

lamentireba an zemoqmedeba sa-

zogadoebriv warmoebaze ara-

pirdapiri gziT, ekonomikuri me-

Todebis sistemis meSveobiT.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gva-

qvs zemoqmedebis administraci-

ul meTodebTan, xolo meoreSi

_ _ _ _ _ ekonomikur regulatorebT-

an (fasi, gadasaxadebi, sabanko

procenti, preferenciebi, sanqcie-

bi da sxv).

saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-

do valdebuleba do valdebuleba do valdebuleba do valdebuleba do valdebuleba (state prom-issory note) - - - - - saxelmwifos vali

mosaxleobisadmi. mimoqcevaSi

gaSvebuli samTavrobo fasiani

qaRaldebis erToblioba. iyo-

fa sabazro da arasabazro kat-

egoriebad. sabazro kategorias

miekuTvneba xazinis Tamasuqi, sa-

Sualovadiani xazinis Tamasu-

qi da xazinis obligacia. ara-

sabazro sagadasaxado valde-

bulebebidan (arasabazro fasi-

ani qaRaldebi) yvelaze gavrce-

lebuli formaa Semnaxveli ob-

ligacia. am valdebulebebs

miekuTvneba agreTve samTavro-

bo angariSebis seriebi, ucxo-

uri samTavrobo seriebi, xel-

Sekrulebis adgilobrivi orga-

noebis seriebi da a.S.

saxelmwifo finansebisaxelmwifo finansebisaxelmwifo finansebisaxelmwifo finansebisaxelmwifo finansebi

(public finance) - - - - - tradiciuli

saxelwodeba mTavrobis saqmi-

anobisa fuladi saxsrebis akre-

fasa da xarjvasTan dakavSire-

biT. Cveulebriv aseTi saqmi-

anoba moicavs sul cota sam

funqcias: resursebis alokacias,

Semosavlebis ganawilebasa da

stabilizacias. saxelmwifo fi-

nansebi dakavSirebulia saxelm-

wifo seqtoris mravalmxriv

ekonomikur saqmianobasTan. uka-

nasknel periodSi didi mniS-

vneloba SeiZina saxelmwifo

xarjebisa da Sedegebis anal-

izma da gamosaSvebi produqciis

finansurma dagegmvam.

saxelmwifo Sesyidvasaxelmwifo Sesyidvasaxelmwifo Sesyidvasaxelmwifo Sesyidvasaxelmwifo Sesyidva

(government purchases) - - - - - saqon-lisa da momsaxurebis Sesyid-

va samTavrobo seqtoris mier,

rac gaTvaliswinebulia biuje-

tis gasavlis muxlebSi.

saxelmwifossaxelmwifossaxelmwifossaxelmwifossaxelmwifos ekonomiekonomiekonomiekonomiekonomikukukukuku-----

ririririri funqciebifunqciebifunqciebifunqciebifunqciebi (state function)– amerikeli ekonomistis r. mius-

gravis mier Camoyalibebuli

saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebisaxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebisaxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebisaxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebisaxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqciebi

360

tipologiiT, saxelmwifos eko-

nomikuri funqciebia: a). regu-regu-regu-regu-regu-

lirebislirebislirebislirebislirebis funqcia. funqcia. funqcia. funqcia. funqcia. ekonomikuri

politikiT saxelmwifo are-

gulirebs ekonomikur saqmia-

nobas anu misi funqciaa gamoas-

woros makroekonomikuri wonas-

worobis darRveva, rac gamoi-

xateba ekonomikuri zrdis

dacemaSi, umuSevrobis, infla-

ciis zrdaSi, sagadasaxdelo

balansis deficitsa da a.S.;

b). alokaciis funqciaalokaciis funqciaalokaciis funqciaalokaciis funqciaalokaciis funqcia. ga-

moixateba arasasaqonlo dov-

laTisa da momsaxurebis anu

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis war-

moebaSi (gzebi, sazogadoebrivi

ganaTeba, policia, Tavdacva da

a.S.). misi individualizacia

yidviT ar SeiZleba da eqvemdeba-

reba koleqtiur moxmarebas. sa-

xelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs

sazogadoebrivi saqonlis war-

moebas, misi dafinanseba ki um-

Tavresad saxelmwifo biujetiT

xorcieldeba; g). gadanawile-gadanawile-gadanawile-gadanawile-gadanawile-

bis funqciabis funqciabis funqciabis funqciabis funqcia. saxelmwifo sa-

zogadoebaSi arsebuli uTanas-

worobis Semcirebas ekonomi-

kur agentTa mkveTri Semosav-

lebis gadanawilebiT uzrun-

velyofs.

saxelmwifos likvidu-saxelmwifos likvidu-saxelmwifos likvidu-saxelmwifos likvidu-saxelmwifos likvidu-

ri ri ri ri ri saxsrebi saxsrebi saxsrebi saxsrebi saxsrebi (state liquidity of as-sets) ----- moicavs centraluri ban-

kisa da stabilizaciis fon-

dis rezervebs, romlebic aucile-

belia sazRvargareT dagegmili

sasaqonlo da sakredito ope-

raciebis momsaxurebisaTvis. ofi-

cialur rezervebs miekuTvneba

oqros maragi da konvertireba-

di ucxouri valuta, saerTaSo-

riso savaluto fondis wevri

qveynebis sarezervo pozicia

(fondis kapitalSi am qveyneb-

is Sesatani wili, romelic SeiZ-

leba gaasesxon) da saxelmwi-

foTaSoriso moklevadiani kre-

ditis specialuri saxe.

saxelmwifos fiasko saxelmwifos fiasko saxelmwifos fiasko saxelmwifos fiasko saxelmwifos fiasko (go-vernment failure) - - - - - situacia, rom-lis drosac samTavrobo poli-

tika iwvevs resursebis araefeq-

tian gamoyenebas.

saxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavali

fulis beWdvisgan fulis beWdvisgan fulis beWdvisgan fulis beWdvisgan fulis beWdvisgan (seigniorage)- - - - - wminda Senatani saxelmwifo

biujetSi, miRebuli mimoqceva-

Si damatebiTi fuladi saxs-

rebis gamoSvebis gziT. hiper-

inflaciis periodSi, intensi-

uri fuladi emisiis Sedegad,

aRwevs qveynis mTliani erovnu-

li produqtis moculobis

12%-----s.

saxelobiTi aqcia saxelobiTi aqcia saxelobiTi aqcia saxelobiTi aqcia saxelobiTi aqcia (reg-istered share, stock) - - - - - aqcia, rom-lis mflobeli miTiTebulia

aqciaze da mflobelis saxeliT

Setanilia aqcioneruli sa-

zogadoebis reestrSi. misi moZ-

raoba fiqsirdeba aqcioneruli

sazogadoebis aqciebis regis-

saxelmwifos likvidusaxelmwifos likvidusaxelmwifos likvidusaxelmwifos likvidusaxelmwifos likviduri ri ri ri ri saxsrebisaxsrebisaxsrebisaxsrebisaxsrebi

361

traciis blankze. aqcioneruli

sazogadoebis wesdeba SeiZle-

ba moicavdes damatebiT wesebs,

romlebic aregulireben sa-

zogadoebis mier gamoSvebuli

saxelobiTi aqciebis moZraobas.

sekvestri sekvestri sekvestri sekvestri sekvestri (sequester) - - - - - 1.

specialuri sabiujeto meqanizmi,

romelic gamoiyeneba biujetis

deficitis donis gadaWarbebis

SemTxvevaSi da gulisxmobs

biujetis xarjebis (garda dac-

viTi muxlebisa) proporciul

Semcirebas mimdinare finansuri

wlis darCenili drois ganmav-

lobaSi; 2. raime qonebiT sarge-

blobis an gankargvis akrZalva,

an kidev, SezRudva saxelmwifo

an sasamarTlo organoebis mier.

senioraJi senioraJi senioraJi senioraJi senioraJi (seigniorage) [<frang.seigniorage baJi fulis beWdvis

uflebisaTvis] - - - - - mogeba, romel-

sac xazina iRebs fulis ga-

moSvebis Sedegad. udris fu-

lis nominalur Rirebulebasa

da emisiis xarjebs Soris sxva-

obas. faqtobrivad, mosaxleo-

bis xelT arsebul fulze ga-

dasaxadi. hiperinflaciis piro-

bebSi saxelmwifos Semosavlis

mTavari wyaro.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi se-

nioraJi VIG-----is 1-----1,5%-----s Sead-

gens. inflaciur ekonomikebSi

igi did safrTxes qmnis, rad-

gan maRali inflacia naklebad

mimzidvels xdis valutas da

amcirebs senioraJiT misaReb mo-

maval Semosavals.

servituti servituti servituti servituti servituti (asement) – ka-noniT dadgenili an xelSek-

rulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli

ufleba miwis nakveTiTa da Se-

nobebiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb

im pirebis mxriv, romlebic maTi

mesakuTreebi ar arian, magram

iZulebulni arian mimarTon as-

seT sargeblobas obieqturi ga-

remoebebis gamo.

sertifikati sertifikati sertifikati sertifikati sertifikati (certificate)[<laT. certum-----swori, utyuari,

facere-----keTeba] - - - - - 1. safinanso

dokumenti, romliTac dastur-

deba, rom misi mflobeli aqci-

is, obligaciis da sxva fasiani

qaRaldebis mesakuTrea. serti-

fikati eZleva mesakuTres fa-

siani qaRaldebis sanacvlod,

romlebic inaxeba an sakredi-

to dawesebulebaSi, an fasiani

qaRaldebis depozitariumSi, an

kidev, daculia Canawerebis sax-

iT Sesabamisi dawesebulebebis

wignebSi (arasabazro fasiani

qaRaldebi); 2. dokumenti,

romelic adasturebs aqcioner-

uli sazogadoebis registra-

cias Sesabamis saxelmwifo sa-

finanso organoebSi; 3. sakredi-

to dawesebulebebis saanabro

mowmoba am dawesebulebaSi

fuladi saxsrebis deponireb-

is Sesaxeb (depozituri ser-

tifikati); gaicema meanabris

sertifikatisertifikatisertifikatisertifikatisertifikati

362

saxelze. masSi miTiTebulia

meanabris ufleba depozitze,

depozitis odenoba, misi vada

da procentis (sargeblis) si-

dide; 4. mTavrobis an xelisu-

flebis adgilobrivi organoe-

bis obligaciuri sesxebis sa-

xeoba, gamoSvebuli mcire kupi-

urebiT; Semnaxveli sertifikati,

romelsac avrceleben Semnax-

veli dawesebulebebi; 5. sadaz-

Rvevo sertifikati _ _ _ _ _ dokumen-

ti, romelsac gascems mzRve-

veli damzRvevis saxelze sa-

dazRvevo polisis nacvlad; 6.

sinjis sertifikati _ _ _ _ _ Zvirfa-

si liTonis sinjis damadas-

turebeli mowmoba; 7. sagareo

vaWrobis praqtikaSi _ _ _ _ _ doku-

menti, romelic adasturebs aq-

ceptis an sasaqonlo dokumen-

tebis gadaxdisaTvis aucile-

beli saqonlis ama Tu im parame-

trebs: xarisxis sertifikati,

saqonlis warmoebis serti-

fikati, wonis sertifikati da

a.S. bolo xans Zalze gaizar-

da saqonlis xarisxis serti-

fikatis mniSvneloba nawarmis

usafrTxoebis dacvis Tval-

sazrisiT. sertifikaciis saer-

TaSoriso da evropul centreb-

Si xarisxis sertifikatis miRe-

ba mniSvnelovani reklamaa da

xels uwyobs eqsportis gafar-

Toebas; 8. sainvesticio ser-

tifikati _ _ _ _ _ fasiani qaRaldi

`kapitaluri~ fasiani qaRalde-

bis jgufidan, romelic war-

moadgens wils sainvesticio

fondSi anu fasiani qaRaldeb-

is portfelSi. sainvesticio

sertifikatis mflobeli iRebs

gasaSualebul Semosavals sa-

investicio fondSi Tavisi wil-

idan, amasTan, igi daculia pro-

centTan, dividendTan da valu-

tis kursTan dakavSirebuli

riskisgan, romelic gansakuTre-

biT didia fasian qaRaldebSi

saxsrebis araprofesiuli da-

bandebisas, agreTve saxsrebis

investirebisas fasiani qaRalde-

bis erT romelime saxeobaSi.

sertifikacia sertifikacia sertifikacia sertifikacia sertifikacia (certifica-tion) [<laT. certum-----swori, utyu-

ari, facere-----keTeba] - - - - - rwmunebu-li organoebis mier standart-

ebis savaldebulo moTxovnebT-

an produqciis Sesabamisobis do-

kumenturi dadastureba.

sesxi sesxi sesxi sesxi sesxi (borrowing) - - - - - fuladi

saxsrebis miReba fizikuri da

iuridiuli pirebis, agreTve sa-

xelmwifos mier gansazRvru-

li vadiT da ukan dabrunebis

pirobiT. ganasxvaveben upro-upro-upro-upro-upro-

cento, SeRavaTian da komer-cento, SeRavaTian da komer-cento, SeRavaTian da komer-cento, SeRavaTian da komer-cento, SeRavaTian da komer-

ciuli pirobiT gacemul,ciuli pirobiT gacemul,ciuli pirobiT gacemul,ciuli pirobiT gacemul,ciuli pirobiT gacemul, ag-

reTve Sida da sagareo sesx-Sida da sagareo sesx-Sida da sagareo sesx-Sida da sagareo sesx-Sida da sagareo sesx-

ebs.ebs.ebs.ebs.ebs. sesxi farTod gamoiyeneba

saxelmwifos ekonomikur poli-

tikaSi. mag., ucxoeTis qveynebi-

sagan aRebuli kreditebiT iqm-

sertifikaciasertifikaciasertifikaciasertifikaciasertifikacia

363

neba saxelmwifos sagareo vali.

sesxebis repatriaciasesxebis repatriaciasesxebis repatriaciasesxebis repatriaciasesxebis repatriacia

(repatriation of loans) - - - - - qveyanaSiemitirebuli im obligaciebis

dabruneba, romlebic gavrcele-

buli iyo ucxoel msesxeblebs

Soris, am obligaciebis saxelm-

wifos an misi moqalaqeebis mi-

er gamosyidvis gziT.

seqtoruli ekonomikaseqtoruli ekonomikaseqtoruli ekonomikaseqtoruli ekonomikaseqtoruli ekonomika

(sectoral economy) - - - - - gansazRvru-li ekonomikuri niSnebiT cal-

keul seqtorebad dayofili

ekonomika. mag., dargobriv Wril-

Si _ _ _ _ _ agraruli seqtori, indus-

triuli seqtori, momsaxurebis

seqtori; sakuTrebis formebis

mixedviT _ _ _ _ _ saxelmwifo seq-

tori, kerZo seqtori, Sereuli

seqtori; rogorc sameurneo

saqmianobis, ise Teoriuli Tval-

sazrisiT _ _ _ _ _ mikroekonomika, me-

zoekonomika, makroekonomika,

megaekonomika.

svifti svifti svifti svifti svifti (swift) – saerTaSo-riso fuladi angariSsworebi-

sa da gadasaxdelebis ganxor-

cielebis avtomaturi sistema

kompiuterebisa da bankTaSorisi

telekomunikaciis gamoyenebiT.

svopi svopi svopi svopi svopi (swap) [<ing. swap gac-vla] - - - - - 1. erovnuli valutis

ucxourze gacvlis operacia gan-

sazRvrul vadaSi ukugacvlis

valdebulebiT. axorcieleben

centraluri bankebi; 2. fasi-

ani qaRaldebis erTdrouli

gacvliTi operacia.

svopingi svopingi svopingi svopingi svopingi (swapping) – fasi-ani qaRaldebis gayidva da TiT-

qmis imavdrouli yidva, rome-

lic xorcieldeba im mizniT,

rom Tavi aaridon fasiani qa-

Raldebis xangrZlivi vadiT

flobisaTvis dawesebul gada-

saxadebs.

sivrcobrivi koncentra-sivrcobrivi koncentra-sivrcobrivi koncentra-sivrcobrivi koncentra-sivrcobrivi koncentra-

ciisciisciisciisciis koeficienti koeficienti koeficienti koeficienti koeficienti (concentra-tion coefficient of space) - - - - - ekono-mikuri aqtiurobis geografiu-

li koncentraciis statisti-

kuri maCvenebeli, romelic mo-

qceulia raRac CarCoSi, mag., qvey-

nis masStabiT. dargis koncen-

traciis koeficienti SeiZle-

ba gamoiTvalos rogorc damok-

idebuleba qveynis regionebSi

am dargis ganawilebasa da raime

sxva maxasiaTeblis (mag., mo-

saxleobis simWidrove) ganaw-

ilebas Soris. Tu mrewvelo-

bis ganlagebis maCvenebeli mniS-

vnelovnad maRalia mosaxleo-

bis simWidrovis maCvenebelze,

maSin amboben, rom mrewvelo-

bas aqvs sivrcobrivi koncen-

tracia. sivrcobrivi koncen-

traciis koeficienti gamoisa-

xeba ase:

PijPajj ,

^

sadac Paj - - - - - a dargis procen-

tuli wilia j regionSi, xolo

sivrcobrivi koncentraciis koeficientisivrcobrivi koncentraciis koeficientisivrcobrivi koncentraciis koeficientisivrcobrivi koncentraciis koeficientisivrcobrivi koncentraciis koeficienti

364

Pij - - - - - i maxasiaTeblis (mag., mom-

saxurebis) procentuli wili

j regionSi. rodesac koefici-

enti nulis tolia, dargis ga-

nawileba mTlianad Seesabameba

mosaxleobis ganawilebas. rac

ufro maRalia koeficienti, miT

ufro maRalia dargis geografi-

uli koncentraciis done.

silagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandili (daib.

1954) (Silagadze Avtandil) ----- sa-qarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-

nuli akademiis wevr-----korespon-

denti (2001), ekonomikis mec-

nierebaTa doqtori (1989),


saxelmwifo premiis laureati


(2004). daamTavra Tsu ekono-

mikis fakulteti (1977), ilia

WavWavaZis saxelobis ucxo ena-

Ta saxelmwifo pedagogiuri in-

stitutis germanuli enis fa-

kulteti (1988). iyo Tsu sax-

alxo meurneobisa (SemdgomSi

saerTaSoriso ekonomikis) da

ekonomikur moZRvrebaTa isto-

riis kaTedris maswavlebeli

(1980-----1981), docenti (1981-----1990),

profesori (1990-----1994, 1998-----

2006), gamge (2004-----2006), Tsu

ekonomikis fakultetis dekani

(1986-----1992), proreqtori (1998-----

2006), saqarTvelos kontro-

lis palatis pirveli Tavmjdo-

mare (1992), saqarTvelos saxel-

mwifo qonebis marTvis minis-

tri (1992-----1998), saqarTvelos

ministrTa sabWos prezidiumis

wevri (1992-----1994), saqarTve-

los prezidentis ekonomikuri

sabWos wevri (1993-----1998), sa-

qarTvelos parlamentis wevri

(2004-----2008).

a. silagaZe aris 200-----ze

meti samecniero naSromis (maT

Soris gamoqveynebuli aSS-----Si,

germaniaSi, safrangeTSi...) avto-

ri da Tanaavtori, romelTa

umetesi nawili eZRvneba ekono-

mikisa da ekonomikuri azris is-

toriis, ekonomikuri Teoriis,

saerTaSoriso ekonomikis, gar-

damavali periodis ekonomikis,

Tanamedrove finansur-sakredi-

to seqtoris, saqarTvelos

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTa-

rebis problemebs. maT Soris

aRsaniSnavia: „ekonomikuri az-

ris istoriis zogierTi saki-

Txi~. Tb., 1996; „ekonomikuri

azris istoriis sakiTxebi~. Tb.,

2001; „ekonomikuri leqsiko-

ni~. Tb., 2001 (Tanaavtori, re-

daqtori); „postsocialisturi

transformacia: saqarTvelos

ekonomika XXI saukunis mij-

naze~. Tb., 2001 (Tanaavtori);

„makroekonomikuri regulire-

bis meTodebi da modelebi~. Tb.,

2003 (Tanaavtori); „ekonomikis

enciklopediuri leqsikoni~. Tb.,

2005 (Tanaavtori, redaqtori);

„buRaltruli aRricxvis gan-

silagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandili

365

martebiTi leqsikoni~. Tb., 2005

(Tanaavtori, redaqtori); „mec-

nierebis perpentuum mobile~.

Tb., 2005 (Tanaavtori); „ekono-

mikuri doqtrinebis saTaveeb-

Tan~. Tb., 2006 (Tanaavtori);

„mikroekonomiksi~. saxelmZRva-

nelo. Tb., 2006 (Tanaavtori);

„merkantilisturi ekonomikuri

doqtrina~. Tb., 2007; „ekono-

mikuri doqtrinebi Sua saukune-

ebSi~. Tb., 2007; „finansuri po-

litikis ganviTareba saqar-

TveloSi~. potsdamis univer-

siteti, germania, 2007 (Tanaav-

tori); „adam smiTis ekonomi-

kuri doqtrina~. Tb., 2008;

„postkomunisturi finansuri

politika~. Tb., 2008 (Tanaav-

tori); „Tanamedrove finansur-

monetaruli aspeqtebi saqar-

TveloSi~. potsdami, 2008 (Ta-

naavtori); „liberalizmis eko-

nomikuri doqtrinebis war-

moSoba~. Tb., 2008; „postkomu-

nisturi finansur-----savaluto

politikis winaaRmdegobebi~.

niu-----iorki, 2009 (Tanaavtori);

„fiziokratuli ekonomikuri

doqtrinebi~. Tb., 2009; „saqar-

Tvelos Tanamedrove saxelmwi-

fo finansebi~. kalifornia, 2010;

„ekonomikuri doqtrinebi”. Tb.,

2010; „ekonomikuri doqtrineb-

is aspeqtebi saqarTveloSi”.

kalifornia, 2010; „saqarTve-

los socialur-ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis programa”. Tb.,

2011 _ igive inglisur enaze:

http://ifsdeurope.com (Tanaavto-ri). misi TanaavtorobiTa da

redaqtorobiT momzadda: „eko-

nomika~. saxelmZRvanelo X kla-

sisaTvis, 2001-----2005; „ekonomi-

ka~. saxelmZRvanelo XI klasi-

saTvis, 2001-----2005;

a. silagaZe aris kalifor-

niis (aSS) mecnierebaTa akademi-

is, ganaTlebisa da industriis

saerTaSoriso akademiis akademi-

kosi (1996), ruseTis federaci-

is ekonomikur mecnierebaTa da

samewarmeo saqmianobis saerTa-

Soriso akademiis akademikosi

(1997).

sxva saqmianoba: Jurnal

„ekonomikis~ _ iv. javaxiSvilis

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwi-

fo universitetis Sromebi _____

saredaqcio komisiis Tavmjdo-

mare (2003-----2006), Tsu ekono-

mikis dargis sadisertacio sab-

Wos Tavmjdomare (2000-----2006),

ekonomikuri ganaTlebisa da

samecniero muSaobis sakoordi-

nacio sabWos Tavmjdomare (1998-----

2006), Jurnalebis _ „ekonomi-

ka~, „socialuri ekonomika~, „sa-

qarTvelos ekonomika~, „gadasax-

adebi~, „ekonomika da biznesi~

_ saredaqcio kolegiis wevri.

dajildoebulia Rirsebis or-

deniT (2001), adam smiTis med-

liT (a. smiTis instituti, lon-

silagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandilisilagaZe avTandili

366

doni, 1996).

simdidre simdidre simdidre simdidre simdidre (wealth) - - - - - yvela-

feri, rasac aqvs sabazro fasi da

SeiZleba misi gacvla fulze

an dovlaTze, SeiZleba ganvix-

iloT rogorc simdidre. igi

moicavs fizikur dovlaTsa da

aqtivebs, unar-----Cvevebsa da a.S.,

anu yvelafers, rasac SeuZlia

Semosavlis motana. yvela es

elementi iTvleba simdidred

maSin, roca xorcieldeba maTi

yidva-----gayidva saqonlis an fu-

lis bazarze. simdidre SeiZle-

ba daiyos or saxed _ _ _ _ _ nivTo-

briv simdidred, romelsac kap-

itali ewodeba da aranivTo-

briv simdidred, romelsac ad-

amianiseuli kapitali ewodeba.

simwifis etapi simwifis etapi simwifis etapi simwifis etapi simwifis etapi (maturity) -----periodi, romelic iwyeba saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis gasaRe-

bis zrdis tempebis SenelebiT.

sindikati sindikati sindikati sindikati sindikati (syndicate) [<berZn.syndikos erToblivad moqmedi] -----monopoliis erT-----erTi forma,

romelic axorcielebs mTel

komerciul saqmianobas, Tumca,

masSi Semavali sawarmoebi in-

arCuneben warmoebriv da iuri-

diul damoukideblobas.

sinqromarketingi sinqromarketingi sinqromarketingi sinqromarketingi sinqromarketingi (syn-chromarketing) - - - - - marketingis sa-xeoba; gamoiyeneba saqonelsa da

momsaxurebaze moTxovnis merye-

obis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mo-

Txovnis struqtura xasiaTdeba

sezonuri an sxva cvlilebe-

biT da droSi ar emTxveva sa-

qonlisa da momsaxurebis mi-

wodebis struqturas. sinqro-

marketingis amocanaa Seiswav-

los da gamoricxos moTxov-

nis meryeobis mizezebi.

siurveieri siurveieri siurveieri siurveieri siurveieri (surveyer) – eq-sperti, romelic dazRveuli an

dasazRvevi gemebisa da tvirTis

daTvalierebas axorcielebs.

sifsifsifsifsif-----i (cost, insurance, fre-ight - - - - - CIF-----Rirebuleba, dazRve-

va, fraxti) _ _ _ _ _ saqonlis gayid-

vis sabaziso piroba saerTaSo-

riso vaWrobaSi sazRvao gada-

zidvisas, romlis Tanaxmadac

gamyidveli valdebulia daf-

raxtos gemi, saqoneli gadazi-

dos portSi, daazRvios da ga-

daitanos gemze dadgenil va-

daSi; kontraqtSi CBA-----is Sem-

deg Cveulebriv aRniSnaven kon-

kretuli daniSnulebis ports.

siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe siRaribe (poverty) - - - - - adami-anis, ojaxis, qveynis xelT ar-

sebuli qonebrivi faseulobeb-

is, fuladi saxsrebis ukmari-

soba normaluri cxovrebisaT-

vis. siRaribis zRvars uwode-

ben gansazRvruli periodis-

aTvis adamianis, ojaxis fula-

di Semosavlebis normatiulad

dawesebul dones, romelic mxo-

lod saarsebo minimums uzrun-

velyofs.

SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes

simdidresimdidresimdidresimdidresimdidre

367

rogorc absoluturi, ise Se-

fardebiTi siRaribe. absolu-absolu-absolu-absolu-absolu-

turi siRaribis turi siRaribis turi siRaribis turi siRaribis turi siRaribis gansazRvri-

saTvis saWiroa arsebobisaTvis

aucilebeli Semosavlis mini-

maluri donis gansazRvra, mag.,

Sefasebuli unda iqnes sakve-

bze da aucilebeli moTxov-

nilebis saqonelze minimaluri

moTxovnileba da misi SeZenis

SesaZleblobebi yvelaze daba-

li fasiT.

SefardebiTi siRaribeSefardebiTi siRaribeSefardebiTi siRaribeSefardebiTi siRaribeSefardebiTi siRaribe

ganisazRvreba mosaxleobis sx-

vadasxva jgufebis SedarebiT.

mag., Tu individs aqvs Semo-

savali, romelic aRemateba

saarsebo minimums, magram igi

gacilebiT dabalia, vidre sa-

zogadoebis sxva jgufebis Se-

mosavali, maSin es individi

SedarebiT siRaribeSi imyofe-

ba. sazogadoebrivi simdidris

zrdasTan erTad izrdeba siR-

aribis zRvris ganmsazRvreli

Semosavlebis donec.

absoluturi siRaribis da-

Zleva SesaZlebelia. Sefardeb-

iTi siRaribe yvelgan aris,

Tumca, misi gamomwvevi mizeze-

bi da done gansxvavebulia. mTa-

varia siRaribe socialurad

asatani iyos.

siRaribis sami maCvenebeli

arsebobs: siRaribis donesiRaribis donesiRaribis donesiRaribis donesiRaribis done,

romelic gamoxatavs RaribTa

wils mTel mosaxleobaSi; siR-siR-siR-siR-siR-

aribis siRrmearibis siRrmearibis siRrmearibis siRrmearibis siRrme, romelic gamox-

atavs siRaribis zRvramde

RaribTa daSorebis wils, e.i.

ramdenad aris RaribTa Semo-

savali daSorebuli saarsebo

minimums; siRaribis simwvavesiRaribis simwvavesiRaribis simwvavesiRaribis simwvavesiRaribis simwvave,

romelic gamoxatavs RaribTa

Soris siRaribis uTanabrobas.

sisisisisiRRRRRaribis zRvari aribis zRvari aribis zRvari aribis zRvari aribis zRvari (pove-rty level)- - - - - gansazRvruli peri-

odisaTvis calkeuli piris,

ojaxis fuladi Semosavlebis

normatiulad dawesebuli done,

romelic saarsebo minimums

uzrunvelyofs.

siRaribis kulturis hi-siRaribis kulturis hi-siRaribis kulturis hi-siRaribis kulturis hi-siRaribis kulturis hi-

poTeza poTeza poTeza poTeza poTeza (culture of poverty hy-pothesis) – hipoTeza, romelic

gamoxatavs funqcionalur da-

mokidebulebas siRaribesa da

mis ganmapirobebel iseT faqto-

rebs Soris, rogoricaa pirov-

nebis SezRuduli, susti indi-

vidualuri SesaZleblobebi, ga-

naTlebisa da kvalifikaciis da-

bali done, muSakTa cudi Sro-

miTi Cvevebi, unarebi da a.S. Sro-

miTi unarebis xarisxs specia-

listebi ukavSireben meoreuli

Sromis bazris pirobebs, sadac,

pirveladi Sromis bazrisagan

gansxvavebiT, arsebuli cudi

pirobebi uaryofiTad aisaxeba

muSakTa kvalifikaciaze da maT-

Si cud SromiT unarebs ayal-

ibebs (ix. `xafangis~ efeqti).

smiTi adam smiTi adam smiTi adam smiTi adam smiTi adam (1723-----1790) (Smith

smiTi adamsmiTi adamsmiTi adamsmiTi adamsmiTi adam

368

Adam) - - - - - mravalmxriv ganswav-

luli Sotlandieli mecnieri,

klasikuri ekonomikuri Teoriis

fuZemdebeli. ganaTleba miiRo

glazgosa da oqsfordis uni-

versitetebSi. fundamenturad

flobda filosofias, ekonomi-

kas, politikur mecnierebebs,

maTematikas, astrologias, iu-

risprudencias, sociologias,

Semdgom ki gaxda glazgos uni-

versitetis filosofiis pro-

fesori. misi gamokvlevebi mo-

icavs problemaTa farTo speq-

trs, romelTa nawili exeba

ekonomikas. swored ekonomikur

mecnierebaSi Setanili Tval-

saCino wvliliT daimkvidra

adam smiTma maRali rangis mec-

nieris saxeli. smiTis cnobili

naSromi `gamokvleva xalxTa

simdidris bunebisa da mizeze-

bis Sesaxeb~ (1776) pirveli

srulmasStabiani traqtatia

ekonomikaSi, romelic moicavs

warmoebisa da ganawilebis Te-

oriebs. es naSromi kacobrio-

bis sulieri kulturis umniS-

vnelovanes Zeglad aris miCne-

uli, romelmac mis avtors ̀ eko-

nomikis mamamTavris~ saxeli mo-

utana. ̀ xalxTa simdidris~ mTa-

vari kredoa ekonomikis libera-

lizaciis, ekonomikaSi saxelm-

wifos minimaluri Carevis, mo-

Txovna-----miwodebis kanonis Sesa-

bamisad Camoyalibebuli Tavis-

ufali fasebis safuZvelze sa-

bazro TviTregulirebis idea.

aseT regulirebas a. smiTma ̀ uxi-

lavi xeli~ uwoda.

a. smiTma safuZveli Cau-

yara SromiTi Rirebulebis

Teorias, gamoikvlia Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis arsi da misi

roli Rirebulebis SeqmnaSi,

Camoayaliba moZRvreba Semosav-

lebis Sesaxeb, Seqmna dabegvris

Teoria da a.S. igi umTavresad

dainteresebuli iyo ekono-

mikuri zrdis problemebiT, ris

mamoZravebel Zaladac Sromis

danawilebas miiCnevda. smiTma

daasabuTa Sromis roli war-

moebis zrdaSi, teqnikur pro-

gressa da kapitalis dagrove-

baSic ki. ekonomikuri zrdis

meore faqtorad smiTi Tvli-

da kapitalis dagrovebas, rom-

lis safuZvlad igi momWir-

neobas miiCnevda. ekonomikuri

zrdis miRwevisaTvis aucile-

belia arsebobdes Sesabamisi so-

cialuri, instituciuri da

iuridiuli struqturebi da,

rogorc smiTi amtkicebda, ̀ bune-

brivi Tavisuflebis naTeli da

martivi sistema.~ aseT situa-

ciaSi TiToeuli adamianis mis-

wrafeba Tavisi interesebis

dakmayofilebisaken ganapirobebs

sazogadoebis progress maSi-

nac ki, rodesac adamiani ar isax-

avs aseT amocanas. smiTi ey-

smiTi adamsmiTi adamsmiTi adamsmiTi adamsmiTi adam

369

rdnoboda Tavisufali konku-

renciis sistemas, romelic mo-

icavs regulirebis sakuTar sa-

Sualebebs da, rogorc Semdgom-

Si daadgines ekonomistebma, Sei-

Zleba uzrunvelyos resurse-

bis optimaluri alokacia. mar-

Talia, smiTi iyo Laissez-----faire-----is (dae, wavides Tavisi gziT)

momxre, magram igi anarqiis

sastiki winaaRmdegi iyo da

garkveul SemTxvevebSi aRiareb-

da ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos

Carevis aucileblobas, magal-

iTad, tarifebis SemoRebis gziT

mrewvelobis axali dargebis

dacvas, agreTve saxelmwifos

mier sami funqciis (usafrTx-

oebis uzrunvelyofa, samar-

Tlianobis dacva da sazogado-

ebrivi saqonlis warmoeba) gan-

xorcielebas. smiTi eWvis Tva-

liT uyurebda kerZo kapitaliT

monopoliebis Seqmnas, radgan

maTi meSveobiT TamaSidan gamo-

dis konkurencia, amitom, misi

azriT, saxelmwifos amocanaa

konkurencia daicvas kapital-

istebisagan.

a. smiTma makroekonomikis

sakiTxebis garda daamuSava mik-

roekonomikuri problemebic. is

asabuTebda, rom fasebi ganisaz-

Rvreba warmoebis danaxarje-

biT. renta ufro ganisazRvre-

ba fasiT, vidre igi gansazRvravs

mas. smiTma Seqmna xelfasis ram-

denime Teoria, maT Soris, mox-

marebis fizikuri minimumis

Teoria (saarsebo minimumi).

a. smiTma gamoikvlia ekono-

mikuri Teoriis sxvadasxva mi-

marTuleba, akritikebda merkan-

tilistebsa da fiziokratebs

da daasabuTa saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis aucilebloba. man Se-

qmna absoluturi upirateso-

bis Teoria.

a. smiTma Tavisi cnobili

naSromis 1/4 miuZRvna saxelm-

wifo finansebis Teorias, ro-

melSic mniSvnelovani adgili

dabegvris principebs mianiWa.

man gadadga pirveli nabiji Ta-

visufali konkurenciis pirobeb-

Si resursebis optimaluri alo-

kaciis Teoriis Seqmnis gzaze.

a. smiTis mTavari damsaxu-

rebaa is, rom igi ekonomikaSi li-

beraluri ideologiis burji

da klasikuri politikuri eko-

nomiis skolis fuZemdebelia.

skonto skonto skonto skonto skonto (sconto) – saqonlis

fasCamokleba misi gadaxdis va-

dis dadgomamde ganaRdebis dros.

smiTis Teorema smiTis Teorema smiTis Teorema smiTis Teorema smiTis Teorema (Smiththeorem) - - - - - nebayoflobiTi gacv-

la, romelic xelsayrelia misi

monawileebisTvis.

solou robert solou robert solou robert solou robert solou robert (daib. 1924)

(Solow Robert) - - - - - amerikeli ekon-

omisti, ekonomikis dargSi no-

belis premiis laureati (1987)

ekonomikuri zrdis gazomvis

solou robertsolou robertsolou robertsolou robertsolou robert

370

meTodebisa da Teoriis SemuSa-

vebisaTvis.

r. solous ekonomikuri

zrdis neoklasikuri modeli

gansxvavdeba harod-----domaris mode-

lisagan imiT, rom uSvebs Sro-

mis Canacvlebas kapitaliT, rac

saSualebas aZlevs aicilos

`danis pirze balansirebis~

problemebi da ganaxorcielos

myari ekonomikuri zrdis siste-

maturi analizi. solous mod-

elidan gamomdinare, danazogi

da investiciebi ar warmoad-

genen ekonomikuri zrdis ganm-

sazRvrel faqtorebs. es faq-

torebi gansazRvraven urTierT-

damokidebulebas kapital-----sam-

uSao Zalasa da mosaxleobis

erT sulze warmoebis moculo-

bas Soris, magram ara warmoe-

bis zrdis temps. soloum Sem-

dgom naSromebSi daasabuTa, rom

kapitali warmoadgens ekono-

mikuri zrdis ganmsazRvrel faq-

tors. man mniSvnelovani wvli-

li Seitana sabiujeto poli-

tikis TeoriaSi, qalaqebis eko-

nomikis kvlevaSi, bunebrivi re-

sursebis gamoyenebis proble-

mebis SeswavlaSi, umuSevrobisa

da stabilizaciis politikis

TeoriaSi.

r. solous naSromebidan aR-

saniSnavia: ̀ ekonomikuri zrdis

Teoriis sakiTxisadmi~ (1956),

`teqnikuri progresi da war-

moebrivi funqcia~ (1957), ̀ eko-

nomikuri organizaciebi da soci-----

aluri sistemebi~ (1967) da sxv.

soflis meurneoba soflis meurneoba soflis meurneoba soflis meurneoba soflis meurneoba (ag-riculture) - - - - - materialur-----nivTob-

rivi warmoebis mniSvnelovani

dargi; gaeros erovnul angari-

STa sistemis mixedviT agraru-

li seqtoris Semadgeneli nawi-

li, romelic awarmoebs sasof-

lo-----sameurneo produqcias, kve-

bis produqtebs saboloo mox-

marebisaTvis da nedleuls _____

mrewvelobisaTvis. moicavs mem-

cenareobasa da mecxoveleobas,

romlebic diferencirebulia

calkeul jgufebad da saxeebad.

softizacia softizacia softizacia softizacia softizacia (soft) [<ing.soft - - - - - rbili] - - - - - aramaterialuri

resursebis (momsaxurebis, sa-

zogadoebis inteleqtualuri

potencialis, muSakTa momzade-

bis donis, sammarTvelo gamocdi-

lebis da a.S.) rolis zrdis

saerTo procesi qveynis ekono-

mikur ganviTarebaSi, maTi gadaq-

ceva sazogadoebrivi progre-

sis erT-----erT mTavar resursad.

socialuri dazRvevasocialuri dazRvevasocialuri dazRvevasocialuri dazRvevasocialuri dazRveva

(social insurance) - - - - - socialurad

daucveli fenebis (droebiT

Sromisuunaroebis, moxucebu-

lebis, invalidebisa da a.S.) fu-

ladi da materialuri uzrun-

velyofis sistema.

socialuri diferenci-socialuri diferenci-socialuri diferenci-socialuri diferenci-socialuri diferenci-

aciis modelebi aciis modelebi aciis modelebi aciis modelebi aciis modelebi (social differ-

soflis meurneobasoflis meurneobasoflis meurneobasoflis meurneobasoflis meurneoba

371

entiation models) - - - - - arsebobs Se-mosavlebis diferenciaciis op-

timaluri da zRvruli donee-

bi. aqedan gamomdinare, gamoy-

ofen oTx models: zepola-zepola-zepola-zepola-zepola-

ruls, zomierad polaruls,ruls, zomierad polaruls,ruls, zomierad polaruls,ruls, zomierad polaruls,ruls, zomierad polaruls,

polarulsa da egalitarulspolarulsa da egalitarulspolarulsa da egalitarulspolarulsa da egalitarulspolarulsa da egalitaruls

(arasabazrosarasabazrosarasabazrosarasabazrosarasabazros).....zepolaruli modelisaT-zepolaruli modelisaT-zepolaruli modelisaT-zepolaruli modelisaT-zepolaruli modelisaT-

vis vis vis vis vis damaxasiaTebelia ekonomi-

kis dabali done, damqiravebel-

Ta da daqiravebulTa intere-

sebis mkveTri dapirispireba,

mosaxleobis umravlesobis

ukiduresi siRaribe, qonebrivi

diferenciaciis maRali done.

aseTi sazogadoebisaTvis Semo-

savlebis diferenciaciis done

ukiduresad decilur jgufebs

Soris Seadgens aranakleb 20-----

30 : 1-----Tan. amJamad es modeli

damaxasiaTebelia mxolod gan-

viTarebadi qveynebisaTvis.

zomierad polaruli mo-zomierad polaruli mo-zomierad polaruli mo-zomierad polaruli mo-zomierad polaruli mo-

deli deli deli deli deli warmoiSva XX saukunispirvel naxearSi da ukavSird-

eba socialuri regulirebis

elementebis Semotanas sazoga-

doebis ganviTarebaSi. misi mi-

zania Semosavlebis gadanawile-

baSi pozitiuri cvlilebebis

Setanis safuZvelze social-

ur-----ekonomikuri efeqtianobis

amaRleba. aseTi modelisaTvis

Semosavlebis diferenciaciis

deciluri koeficienti aris

10-----15 : 1-----Tan. zomierad polaru-

li modeli amJamad damaxasi-

aTebelia axalindustriuli

qveynebisaTvis.

zomieri modelisaTviszomieri modelisaTviszomieri modelisaTviszomieri modelisaTviszomieri modelisaTvis

niSandoblivia saerTo keTil-

dReobis zrda da konsolidire-

buli socialuri diferencia-

cia. es modeli amJamad arse-

bobs ganviTarebul qveynebSi,

romlebic erTmaneTisagan gan-

sxvavdebian ̀ socialuri ekono-

mikis~ simwifis mixedviT. ekono-

mika maRali cxovrebis doniTa

da mniSvnelovani socialuri

danaxarjebiT gansxvavdeba sa-

kuTriv socialuri sabazro

ekonomikisagan. pirvelia lib-

eraluri sazogadoebebi, rom-

lebmac miaRwies ekonomikuri

zrdis umaRles dones da ami-

tom SeuZliaT gamoyon soli-

duri saxsrebi Raribebis dasax-

mareblad, jandacvis dafinanse-

bisaTvis, ganaTlebisa da sxva

socialuri miznebisaTvis. ase-

Ti sazogadoebis yvelaze mkaf-

io ilustracias warmoadgens

aSS (agreTve kanada). amis saw-

inaaRmdegod dasavleTevropu-

li qveynebi, romlebic absolu-

turi maCveneblebiT CamorCebi-

an aSS-----s, xasiaTdebian ̀ social-

uri ekonomikis~ simwifis gac-

ilebiT maRali doniT. maTi so-

cialur-----ekonomikuri da sa-

marTlebrivi institutebi mi-

marTulia socialuri Tanxmo-

socialuri diferencisocialuri diferencisocialuri diferencisocialuri diferencisocialuri diferenciaciis modelebiaciis modelebiaciis modelebiaciis modelebiaciis modelebi

372

bis miRwevisa da mosaxleobis

saSualo fenis gaZlierebisa-

ken. socialuri sabazro ekono-

mikis cneba yvelaze metal aso-

cirdeba germanul modelTan.

mas safuZvlad udevs konkuren-

ciis ganviTareba, rogorc pro-

gresis, samarTlianobisa da mS-

vidobis sawindari.

socialuri diferenciaci-

is meoTxe modeli _ arasaba-_ arasaba-_ arasaba-_ arasaba-_ arasaba-

zro, egalitaruli modelizro, egalitaruli modelizro, egalitaruli modelizro, egalitaruli modelizro, egalitaruli modeli

arsebobda eqskomunistur qvey-

nebSi, xolo amJamad arsebobs

kubasa da koreis saxalxo de-

mokratiul respublikaSi. es

modeli aferxebs ekonomikur

zrdas, Tumca, misTvis damaxasi-

aTebelia Semosavlebis difer-

enciaciis metad mimzidveli

done _ _ _ _ _ 4 : 1-----Tan.

saqarTvelosTvis dRes dama-

xasiaTebelia zepolaruli mo-

deli. Zalze maRalia Semosav-

lebis uTanabrobis, socialuri

diferenciaciis xarisxi. Semo-

savlebis diferenciaciis deci-

luri koeficienti saqarTvelo-

Si Seadgens 16 : 1-----Tan, maSin

rodesac ukrainaSi igi aris 6

: 1-----Tan, estoneTSi _ _ _ _ _ 10 : 1-----Tan,

xolo ruseTSi _ _ _ _ _ 11 : 1-----Tan.

socialuri indikato-socialuri indikato-socialuri indikato-socialuri indikato-socialuri indikato-

rebirebirebirebirebi (social indicators) - - - - - Tanamed-rove sabazro sistemis erT-----

erTi mniSvnelovani Tavisebure-----

bis _ _ _ _ _ axal Tvisebriv zrdaze

gadasvlis krebsiTi indeqsi.

socialuri indikatorebi efuZ-

neba im kriteriumebs, romlebic

iZleva qveynis ekonomikuri po-

tencialis Tvisebriv daxasi-

aTebas (Sromis pirobebi, ga-

naTlebis ganviTarebis done,

jandacvisa da transportis

mdgomareoba da xelmisawvdo-

moba, Sromisunariani mosaxle-

obis dasaqmebis saSualo wli-

uri zrda, bavSvTa sikvdiliano-

ba, kaloriis moxmareba, sufTa

wyliT xelmisawvdomoba, energi-

is moxmareba mosaxleobis erT

sulze, sruli piradi Tavisu-

fleba, inflaciis saSualo

wliuri norma da a.S.).

socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-

bababababa (social services) - - - - - gulisxmobs

sazogadoebis, rogorc erTiani

socialuri organizmis, momsax-

urebas. pirad momsaxurebasTan

erTad qmnis aramaterialuri

momsaxurebis jgufs. bavSvebi-

sa da moxucebulebis momsax-

ureba sacxovreblis uzrunve-

lyofiT (upatrono bavSvTa

TavSesafrebi, gamosasworebeli

saxlebi, saxlebi arasrulwlo-

van samarTaldamrRvevTaTvis,

moxucebulebisTvis, gonebrivi

an fizikuri naklis mqoneTaTvis,

martoxela dedebisa da maTi

SvilebisaTvis), socialuri mom-

saxureba sacxovrebliT uzrun-

velyofis gareSe (saqvelmoqme-

socialuri indikatorebisocialuri indikatorebisocialuri indikatorebisocialuri indikatorebisocialuri indikatorebi

373

do da aRmzrdelobiTi saqmi-

anoba, stiqiuri ubedurebisa-

gan dazaralebulTa, devnilTa,

imigrantTa daxmareba da sxv.).

socialuri momsaxureba,

janmrTelobis dacvasTan er-

Tad, calke ganyofilebad Se-

dis gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk-----Si.

socialuri stratifika-socialuri stratifika-socialuri stratifika-socialuri stratifika-socialuri stratifika-

ciis Teoria ciis Teoria ciis Teoria ciis Teoria ciis Teoria (theory of socialstratification) - - - - - am Teoriis fu-Zemdebelia avstrieli ekonomi-

sti da sociologi maqs vebe-

ri (1864-----1920). mis ganviTare-

baSi wvlili Seitanes v. pare-

tom, j. stiglicma da sxvebma.


Teoria ikvlevs socialuri

diferenciaciis problemebs.

rogorc cnobilia, sazogadoe-

ba Sedgeba mravali fenisagan

(strata), romlebic erTmane-

Tisagan gansxvavdebian ara mx-

olod sakuTrebis mixedviT,

aramed socialuri statusiT,

xelisuflebisadmi damokide-

bulebiTa da a.S. aRniSnuli

Teoria socialur uTanabrobas

ganixilavs rogorc sazogadoe-

bisaTvis Sinagan damaxasiaTe-

bels, romlis kvlavwarmoebas

axdens yoveli axali Taoba.


gasaRebad fsiqologiur sawyiss

Tvlian (pareto). amitomacaa,

rom siRaribis mTlianad da-

Zleva SeuZlebelia. igi yvel-

gan aris, Tumca, misi gamomwvevi

mizezebi da done gansxvavebu-

lia. mTavaria igi socialurad

asatani iyos. sityva `social-

uroba~ mSvidobas niSnavs. eko-

nomikisaTvis socialuri ori-

entaciis micema qveynis mSvi-

dobiani da harmoniuli ganvi-

Tarebis sawindaria.

spekulacia spekulacia spekulacia spekulacia spekulacia (speculation) -----yidva-----gayidvis praqtika mogeb-

is miRebis mizniT, fasebis an

valutis kursis cvlilebis

safuZvelze. spekulacias ax-

orcieleben spekulantebi da

hejerebi. spekulanti, hejeris-

agan gansxvavebiT, amjobinebs

risks da mxars uWers Ria pozi-

cias. hejers xelT aqvs mo-

mavali aqtivebi da valdebule-

bebi, xolo spekulants _ _ _ _ _ mx-

olod aqtivebi, an mxolod

valdebulebebi, imis mixedviT,

rom kontraqtis dasrulebisas

ra situacia Camoyalibdeba mis

sasargeblod.

arsebobs spekulaciis ori

ZiriTadi saxe _ _ _ _ _ `Sort-----gay-

idva~ da ̀ Sort-----yidva~, agreTve

mogebis miRebis mravali xerxi,

romlebic ukavSirdeba rogorc

fasebis cvalebadobas, ise risk-

is dazRvevas (hejireba). spe-

kulacia xels uwyobs fasebis

gaTanabrebasa da stabilizacias,

uzrunvelyofs likvidurobas.

spekulaciuri umuSev-spekulaciuri umuSev-spekulaciuri umuSev-spekulaciuri umuSev-spekulaciuri umuSev-

spekulaciuri umuSevrobaspekulaciuri umuSevrobaspekulaciuri umuSevrobaspekulaciuri umuSevrobaspekulaciuri umuSevroba

374

robarobarobarobaroba (speculative unemployment)- - - - - friqciuli umuSevrobis erT-----

erTi elementi. ufro sworad

mas SeiZleba vuwodoT speku-

laciuri arasruli dasaqmeba.

es movlena warmoiqmneba xel-

fasis dacemis Sedegad. aseT

situaciaSi zogierTi muSa

droebiT amcirebs Tavis samu-

Sao drois miwodebas, momavalSi

Sromis anazRaurebis ufro ma-

Rali ganakveTis molodinis gamo.

es movlena SeiZleba Sefasdes

rogorc samuSao drois droe-

biTi gadanawileba xelfasis dro-

ebiTi Semcirebis sapasuxod.

spensi maikl spensi maikl spensi maikl spensi maikl spensi maikl (daib. 1943)

(Spence Michael) - - - - - amerikeli eko-

nomisti, stenfordis univer-

sitetis profesori, nobelis

premiis laureati (2001) j. ak-

erlofTan da j. stiglicTan

erTad. nobelis premia mieni-----

Wa `asimetriuli informaciis

mqone bazrebis analizisaTvis~.

specializacia specializacia specializacia specializacia specializacia (speciali-zation) - - - - - Sromis danawileba misi

calkeuli saxeobebis mixedviT;

saqmianobis Tavmoyra Sedare-

biT viwro mimarTulebebze,

calkeul teqnikur operacie-

bze; saqmianobis koncentracia

warmoebis im dargebSi, romleb-

Sic firmas an individs aqvs

bunebrivi Tu SeZenili upirate-

sobebi. specializacia vaWro-

basTan SexamebiT ganapirobebs

gacilebiT maRal cxovrebis

dones im donesTan SedarebiT,

romelic miiRweva qveynis TviT-

uzrunvelyofisaken swrafvis

pirobebSi. specializaciisagan

miRebuli sargebloba ilustri-

rebulia absoluturi da Se-

fardebiTi upiratesobebis Te-

oriebSi, Tumca, isini Seicaven

dinamikuri mdgomareobis ele-

mentebsac, rac gamomdinareobs

mwarmoeblurobis zrdis Teo-

riidan (ix. Sromis danawileba).

specializaciis koefi-specializaciis koefi-specializaciis koefi-specializaciis koefi-specializaciis koefi-

cienti cienti cienti cienti cienti (specialization coeficientof) - - - - - statistikuri maCvenebeli,

romelic gviCvenebs ramdenad

specializebulia ekonomikuri

regioni ekonomikuri saqmiano-

bis gansazRvrul sferoSi. spe-

cializaciis koeficienti gamo-

xatavs sxvaobas gansaxilveli

regionis ekonomikis struqtu-

rasa da mTeli qveynis ekono-

mikis struqturas Soris, rom-

lis Semadgeneli nawilic es

regionia. specializaciis koe-

ficienti gamoisaxeba formu-

liT:

SanSaj ^

sadac Saj - - - - - a dargis wilia jregionis ekonomikaSi, xolo San

- - - - - a dargis wili _ _ _ _ _ qveynis

mTel ekonomikaSi (ori ver-

tikaluri xazi gamoxatavs ab-

solutur sidides, e.i. ignori-

spensi maiklspensi maiklspensi maiklspensi maiklspensi maikl

375

rebulia sxvaobis niSani). koe-

ficientis nulTan toloba

niSnavs, rom regionis ekonomi-

kuri struqtura mTlianad em-

Txveva qveynis ekonomikur stru-

qturas. rac ufro metia koe-

ficientis sidide, miT ufro gan-

sxvavdeba regionis ekonomikuri

struqtura qveynis saSualo

ekonomikuri struqturisagan

da miT ufro maRalia misi spe-

cializacia.

spoti spoti spoti spoti spoti (spot) - - - - - savaluto

an sxva saxis garigebisas naR-

di, dauyovnebeli (xelSek-

rulebis dadebidan 2 samuSao

dRis ganmavlobaSi) angariSs-

woreba.

spliti spliti spliti spliti spliti (split) – aqcioneru-li sazogadoebis ararealize-

buli aqciebis dayofa, danaw-

ileba naklebad msxvili aqcie-

bis did raodenobad maTi gavr-

celebis gaadvilebis mizniT.

spredi spredi spredi spredi spredi (spread) – 1. fiu-Cersuli kontraqtebis imavdro-

uli yidva da gayidva erTsa

da imave saqonelze miwodebis

sxvadasxva vadiT; 2. erTi ti-

pis ofcionebis imavdrouli

yidva da gayidva sxvadasxva

fasSi an vadis gasvlis sxva-

dasxva periodSi.

srafa piero srafa piero srafa piero srafa piero srafa piero (1898_1983) (Sra-ffa Piero) – italiuri warmoSo-

bis britaneli ekonomisti. Tavi-

si SemoqmedebiT ufro ixrebo-

da klasikuri mimdinareobisak-

en, vidre neoklasikurisken. ami-

tom SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom

mas neorikardoels uwodebdnen.

aseT Sefasebas kidev ufro asa-

buTebda srafas mier rikardos

TxzulebaTa sruli krebulis

(The Works and Correspondenceof David Rikardo(1951-1955)redaqtireba (1960).

srafa ikvlevda iseT prob-

lemebs, rogoricaa konkurencia,

kapitali da ekonomikuri zr-

dis Teoria, viqselis kriteri-

umis gavlena kapitalze, akri-

tikebda faseulobis neoklasi-

kur Teoriasa da a.S. misi Ziri-

Tadi naSromebia: ̀ ukugebis kano-

ni konkurentul pirobebSi~

(1926), ̀ saqonlis warmoeba sa-

qonliT~ da sxv.

sruli dasaqmeba sruli dasaqmeba sruli dasaqmeba sruli dasaqmeba sruli dasaqmeba (full em-ployment) - - - - - ar niSnavs umuSev-robis absolutur ararsebobas.

am dros dasaqmeba samuSao Za-

lis 100%-----ze naklebs moicavs.

srul dasaqmebas maSin aqvs

adgili Tu igi umuSevrobis

bunebrivi donis tolia.

srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-

cia cia cia cia cia (perfect competition) - - - - - ide-aluri sabazro situacia, rode-

sac arc erTi firma an momx-

marebeli zemoqmedebas ver

axdens sabazro fasze. bazris

funqcionirebis es forma war-

moiqmneba maSin, rodesac mTli-

srulyofili konkurensrulyofili konkurensrulyofili konkurensrulyofili konkurensrulyofili konkurenciaciaciaciacia

376

anad gamoricxulia sabazro

Zala, romelsac SeuZlia gav-

lena moaxdinos fasebis Camoya-

libebaze. srulyofili konku-

renciis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeb-

lebia: gamyidvelebisa da myid-

velebis mravalricxovani rao-

denoba, romelTaganac verc erTi

ver flobs sxvaze met infor-

macias, yvelas Tanabrad miuw-

vdeba masze xeli, amitom egue-

bian bazris mier nakarnaxeb nor-

mebs. TiToeuli mewarme Tana-

bar pirobebSi awarmoebs stan-

dartul, erTsaxovan, urTi-

erTSemcvlel produqcias mci-

re partiobiT, romlis wili

analogiuri produqciis war-

moebis mTlian moculobaSi

umniSvneloa da amitom arse-

biT gavlenas ver axdens ba-

zris koniunqturaze. ekonomi-

kas saxelmwifo ar areguli-

rebs. partniorTa Soris ekono-

mikuri urTierToba xorcield-

eba horizontaluri kavSire-

bis safuZvelze, arsebiTad

gamoricxulia administraciu-

li meTodebis gamoyeneba fas-

warmoqmnasa da, saerTod, saba-

zro meqanizmis normaluri fun-

qcionirebis uzrunvelyofaSi.

sabazro fasebi yalibdeba mxo-

lod moTxovna-----miwodebis opti-

maluri Tanafardobis Sesabami-

sad. srulyofili konkuren-

ciisaTvis aucilebelia agreTve

arCevanis Tavisufleba.

srulyofili konkurencia

wminda saxiT msoflios arc

erT qveyanaSi ar arsebobs da

arc arsebula. igi abstraqciaa

da SeiZleba mxolod misi ide-

alurad warmodgena. sinamd-

vileSi saqme gvaqvs arasru-

lyofil konkurenciasTan.

stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-

ma ma ma ma ma (stabilization program) – pro-grama, romelic xelfasebisa da

fasebis kontrolTan erTad,

unda iTvaliswinebdes cvlile-

bebs rogorc fiskalur, ise

monetarul politikaSi. sta-

bilizaciis programa warmate-

buli rom iyos, unda moicavdes

fiskalur zomebs, romlis mi-

zani deficitis Semcirebaa da

monetarul zomebs, romlis mi-

zani fulis Seqmnis, rogorc

deficitis dafinansebis, Semcir-

eba an SeCerebaa.

stabilizaciuri poli-stabilizaciuri poli-stabilizaciuri poli-stabilizaciuri poli-stabilizaciuri poli-

tititititika ka ka ka ka (stabization policy) - - - - - saxel-

mwifos pirdapiri regulire-

bis RonisZiebaTa erToblioba,

mimarTuli ekonomikis cikluri

meryeobis Senelebis da ekono-

mikuri zrdisaken. Cveulebriv

gamoixateba saxelmwifos cda-

Si, aRmofxvras potenciuri

VTG-----is irgvliv realuri VTG-----

is meryeobis inflaciuri da

deflaciuri Sedegebi. stabi-

lizaciur politikas ekonomi-

stabilizaciis prograstabilizaciis prograstabilizaciis prograstabilizaciis prograstabilizaciis programamamamama

377

kaSi saxelmwifo axorcielebs

fiskaluri an fulad-sakredi-

to politikiT.

stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-

cia cia cia cia cia (stabilization function) - - - - - sax-elmwifos funqcia fiskaluri

da fulad-----sakredito poli-

tikis ganxorcielebisaTvis eko-

nomikuri aqtiurobis maRali

da stabiluri donis Senar-

Cunebis mizniT. es funqcia sa-

xelmwifos sami ekonomikuri

funqciidan erT-----erTia, romel-

ic daadgina r. a. masgreivma.

ekonomistTa erTi jgufi Tv-

lis, rom stabilizaciuri fun-

qcia gulisxmobs saxelmwifos

aqtiur politikas, maSin rode-

sac ekonomistTa meore jgufis

warmomadgenlebi, mag., monetar-

istebi amtkiceben, rom saxelm-

wifo ar unda cdilobdes eko-

nomikaSi Carevas da am gziT

bazris daTrgunvas.

stagnacia stagnacia stagnacia stagnacia stagnacia (stagnation) [<laT.

stagnum damdgari wyali] - - - - - eko-nomikis erT wertilze gayinva.

stagflacia stagflacia stagflacia stagflacia stagflacia (stagflation)- - - - - ekonomikis mdgomareoba, rode-

sac erTmaneTs erwymis uZrao-

ba (stagnacia) da fulis ga-

ufasureba (inflacia).

standarti standarti standarti standarti standarti (standard) -----farTo gagebiT _ _ _ _ _ nimuSi, eta-

loni, modeli, romelic war-

moadgens amosavals masTan ms-

gavsi sxva obieqtebis Sedare-

bisaTvis. standarti, rogorc

normatiul-----teqnikuri dokumen-

ti, moicavs im normebis, weseb-

is kompleqss, romelic moeTx-

oveba standartizaciis obieqts.

gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT _____

Sabloni, trafareti, romelSic

ar aris raime originaluri.

statistika statistika statistika statistika statistika (statistics) -----mecniereba aRricvisa da anal-

izis sferoSi, romelic maTem-

atikuri meTodebis gamoyenebis

safuZvelze Seiswavlis tipur,

masobriv, socialur-----ekonomi-

kuri movlenebisa da procese-

bis raodenobriv mxareebs, maT

cvlilebas droSi, e.w. maCvene-

belTa mwkrivebs; 2; rogorc

praqtikuli saqmianobis sfero

_ _ _ _ _ sazogadoebaSi mimdinare

movlenebisa da procesebis Sesa-

xeb masobrivi monacemebis

Sekreba, gadamuSaveba, analizi

da gamoqveyneba.

sterlingi sterlingi sterlingi sterlingi sterlingi (sterling) - - - - - 1. Zve-leburi inglisuri vercxlis

moneta, iWreboda XII saukunidan;2. inglisuri vercxlisa da oq-

ros monetebis kanoniT dadge-

nili sinji; girvanqa sterlin-

gi _ _ _ _ _ didi britaneTis fula-

di erTeuli, udris 100 penss.

stigleri jorj stigleri jorj stigleri jorj stigleri jorj stigleri jorj (1911-

1991) (Stigler George) – amerike-li ekonomisti, Cikagos univer-

sitetis profesori, ekonomikis

dargSi nobelis premiis lau-

stigleri jorjstigleri jorjstigleri jorjstigleri jorjstigleri jorj

378

reati (1982) sabazro struq-

turebis, bazrebis funqcionire-

bis, saxelmwifo regulirebis

Sedegebis kvlevaSi Setanili

novatoruli wvlilisaTvis.

misi ZiriTadi naSromebia: ̀ war-

moebisa da ganawilebis Teo-

ria~ (1941), ̀ sargeblianobis Te-

oriis ganviTareba~ (1951), ̀ eko-

nomikuri mecnierebis istori-

is narkvevebi~ (1956), `indus-

triis organizacia~ (1968), ̀ in-

formaciis ekonomikuri Teor-

ia~ (1970), `pirovneba da sax-

elmwifo~ (1975) da sxv.

stividori stividori stividori stividori stividori (stevedore) [<esp.estivador, estivar tvirTis Calage-

ba] ----- sazRvao piri, romelic gana-

gebs sazRvargareTis porteb-

Si gemebis datvirTvasa da gad-

motvirTvas.

stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-

ji ji ji ji ji (stevedore expense) - - - - - portSidatvirTva-----gadmotvirTvasTan

dakavSirebuli danaxarji.

storno storno storno storno storno [<ital. storno an-gariSis gadagzavna] - - - - - Secdomeb-is gasworebis wesi sabuRaltro

aRricxvaSi; SecdomiT Setanil

operacias xelmeored Caweren

wiTeli melniT da amoricxaven

angariSis jamobrivi Tanxidan.

struqturuli gardaq-struqturuli gardaq-struqturuli gardaq-struqturuli gardaq-struqturuli gardaq-

mnebismnebismnebismnebismnebis Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (structural chan-ges theory) - - - - - hipoTeza, romlis

mixedviT ̀ mesame samyaros~ qvey-

nebis susti ganviTareba ganpi-

robebulia arsebuli resurse-

bis gamouyeneblobis maRali

xarisxiT im struqturuli da

instituciuri deformaciebis

gamo, romlebic warmoiSva Sida

da gare mizezebis erToblivi

zemoqmedebiT.

struqturuli umuSev-struqturuli umuSev-struqturuli umuSev-struqturuli umuSev-struqturuli umuSev-

roba roba roba roba roba (structural unemployment)- - - - - iZulebiTi umuSevroba, gamo-

wveuli ekonomikis struqturu-

li gardaqmniT, moZvelebuli

dargebisa da profesiebis likvi-

daciiT, samuSao Zalis kvalifi-

kaciis dabali doniTa da a.S.

subarenda subarenda subarenda subarenda subarenda (sublease) - - - - - aren-direbuli qonebis nawilis gada-

cema mesame pirisaTvis aren-

diT. am SemTxvevaSi arendatori

mearendis rolSi gamodis.

subvencia subvencia subvencia subvencia subvencia (subvention) [<laT.

subvenire daxmarebis gaweva] -----saxelmwifos finansuri dax-

mareba xelisuflebis adgilo-

brivi organoebis an meurneo-

bis calkeuli dargebisadmi, ga-

weuli gansazRvruli miznisaT-

vis; mizandasaxuli dotacia.

subsidia subsidia subsidia subsidia subsidia (subsidy) - - - - - dota-cia, saxelmwifos usasyidlo

daxmareba fizikuri da iuridi-

uli pirebisadmi, adgilobrivi

organoebisadmi, sxva qveynebisa-

dmi. igi xorcieldeba rogorc

pirdapiri asignebis (grantis)

formiT, ise saxelmwifo garan-

tiis, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis,

stividoristividoristividoristividoristividori

379sxva komunaluri, socisxva komunaluri, socisxva komunaluri, socisxva komunaluri, socisxva komunaluri, socialurialurialurialurialuri.... . .. . .. . .. . .

investiciebisa da a.S. saxiT.

suvereniteti suvereniteti suvereniteti suvereniteti suvereniteti (sovereign-ty) [<frang. souverainete] - - - - - sax-elmwifos sruli damoukide-

bloba sxva saxelmwifoebisa-

gan saSinao saqmeebsa da sa-

gareo urTierTobebSi; erovnu-

li suvereniteti _ _ _ _ _ uflebaTa

erToblioba, gamoxatuli so-

cialuri da politikuri wyo-

bis Tavisuflad arCevaSi, qvey-

nis teritoriul mTlianobaSi,

ekonomikur damoukideblobaSi

da a.S.

surogati surogati surogati surogati surogati (substitute) [<laT.

surrogatus sxvis magivrad dad-gmuli, Cadgmuli] - - - - - Semcvleli,

romelsac aqvs Sesacvleli sag-

nis, produqtis zogierTi Tviseba.

`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-

ti ti ti ti ti (catch effect) - - - - - ori qveynisekonomikaSi Tanabari inves-

ticiebis pirobebSi warmoebis

zrdis tempi ufro maRali iqne-

ba iq, sadac sawyisi potencia-

li iyo dabali.

`sxva komunaluri, soci-`sxva komunaluri, soci-`sxva komunaluri, soci-`sxva komunaluri, soci-`sxva komunaluri, soci-

alurialurialurialurialuri da personaluri mom- da personaluri mom- da personaluri mom- da personaluri mom- da personaluri mom-

saxureba~ saxureba~ saxureba~ saxureba~ saxureba~ (@other public socailand personal services#) - - - - - gaerosCCLR-----is mixedviT _ _ _ _ _ specialu-

ri ganyofileba, romelSic Se-

dis: kanalizacia da narCenebis

likvidacia, sanitariuli gada-

muSaveba da sxva momsaxureba

(quCebisa da gzebis dagva, mor-

wyva, avtostradebisa da aero-

portebis gawmenda Tovlisa da

yinulisagan da a.S.), komerci-

uli, samewarmeo da profkav-

Siruli organizaciebis momsax-

ureba, religiuri, politikuri

organizaciebis, sxva sawevro

organizaciebis (omis veteran-

Ta, axalgazrdobis, studenturi,

kinomoyvarulTa, mebaReobis moy-

varulTa, musikisa da mxatvro-

bis moyvarulTa asociaciebi da

sxv.), saqmianoba, dasvenebisa da

garTobis, kulturisa da spor-

tis organizacia (kino da vi-

deofilmebis gadaReba da gavr-

celeba, kinofilmebis demo-----

nstracia, saqmianoba radios da

televiziis sferoSi, xelovnebis,

kulturis sferoSi, beWdviTi

saagentoebis saqmianoba, sportu-

li saqmianoba, dasvenebasa da

garTobasTan dakavSirebuli

sxva saqmianoba), safeiqro da

bewveulis nawarmis recxva, mSra-

li wmenda da Rebva, saparik-

maxeroebisa da kosmetikuri sa-

lonebis momsaxureba, dakrZa-

lvis organizacia da masTan

dakavSirebuli momsaxureba, sa-

unebis, Turquli da orTqlis

abanoebis, masaJis kabinetebis,

stresuli mdgomareobis moxs-

nis kabinetebis, wonaSi daklebis

salonebis, saqorwino biuroeb-

is da sxva momsaxureba.

380 taimtaimtaimtaimtaim-----SitiSitiSitiSitiSiti

ttttttaimtaimtaimtaimtaim-----Siti Siti Siti Siti Siti (time sheet) - - - - - saz-

Rvao dokumenti, romelSic zus-

tad aris fiqsirebuli sazR-

vargareTis qveynebSi sazRvao

gadazidvisas CasatvirT-----gadmo-

satvirTi drois danaxarjebi.

taimtaimtaimtaimtaim-----Carteri Carteri Carteri Carteri Carteri (time-----char-ter) - - - - - sazRvao xelSekruleba sa-

vaWro gemis an misi nawilis gar-

kveuli vadiT arendis Sesaxeb.

tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-

ti ti ti ti ti (Tanzi-Olivera’s effect) – ukav-Sirdeba gadasaxadebis akrefis

dagvianebas, rasac yuradReba

miaqcies ekonomistebma – vito

tanzin da julio oliveram.

vinaidan sagadasaxado Semosav-

lebi ganvlili periodis Se-

mosavlebidan amoiReba, inflaci-

is kvalobaze maTi realuri

gaufasureba xdeba. mag., Tu

fasebis done wels aTjer ma-

Ralia, vidre wina wlis faseb-

is done iyo, xolo gadasaxa-

debi wina wels miRebul Semo-

savlebzea gadaxdili, maSin

faqtobrivi sagadasaxado ga-

nakveTi oficialuri sagadasax-

ado ganakveTis mxolod erTi

meaTedia. saboloo angariSiT,

maRali inflacia, rogorc wesi,

mTavrobis realur Semosavals

amcirebs, rac deficitis prob-

lemas amZimebs.

zogjer problemas sxva

efeqtebic warmoqmnis. saxel-

dobr, xSirad mTavrobebi sax-

elmwifo kontrolis qveS ar-

sebuli firmebisaTvis fasebis

gazrdis akrZalviT cdiloben

inflaciis Senelebas, miuxeda-

vad imisa, rom maTi danaxarji

inflaciasTan erTad izrdeba.

firmebs uCndeba deficiti

romelic samTavrobo sufsideb-

iT unda dafinansdes. es ki

biujetis deficits da, Sesa-

bamisad, fulze moTxovnas kidev

ufro zrdis.

tara tara tara tara tara (packing, tare) - - - - - nake-Toba, nawarmi, romelic gankuTv-

nilia saqonlis SefuTvis, Senax-

visa da transportirebisaTvis.

tarifi tarifi tarifi tarifi tarifi (tariff) [<frang.tarif]-----1. ganakveTTa sistema, ro-melic gansazRvravs sxvadas-

xva momsaxurebis safasuris

odenobas; 2. Sromis anazRaure-

bis ganakveTTa sistema.

tarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobis

Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-Sesaxeb generaluri SeTan-

xmebaxmebaxmebaxmebaxmeba (General Agreement on Tar-iffs and Trade - - - - - GATT) - - - - - 1947 wels

Seqmnili organizaciuli stru-

qturiT ganmtkicebuli SeTan-

xmeba msoflio vaWrobaSi tari-

febis Semcirebis gzebisa da

meTodebis SemuSavebis mizniT.

1947-----1962 wlebSi Catarebu-

li 7 konferenciiT GATT-----ma ver

miaRwia xelSesaxeb Sedegebs.

381

warmateba mxolod 1967 wels

movida e.w. kenedis raundis pe-

riodSi, rodesac SesaZlebeli

gaxda sanedleulo saqonelze

satarifo ganakveTebis mkveTri

Semcireba. GATT-----s 1995 wlis

1 ianvridan ewoda msoflio

savaWro organizacia (VCJ).

msomsomsomsomso (World Trade Organization

- - - - - WTO) - saerTaSoriso vaWro-bis maregulirebeli organoa,

romlis ZiriTadi funqciebia:

masSi Semaval qveynebs Soris

savaWro urTierTobebis libe-

ralizacia da erTiani stan-

dartebis Seqmna; sabaJo pro-

cedurebis erTiani unificire-

buli sistemis Seqmna; calke,

gankerZoebuli SeRavaTebis ar-

arseboba. saqarTvelo 2000 wli-

dan msomsomsomsomso-----is sruluflebiani

wevria.

tezavracia tezavracia tezavracia tezavracia tezavracia (thesauration)[<berZn. thesauros ganZi, maragi]-----kerZo pirebis mier mimoqcev-

idan Zvirfasi liTonebis, mon-

etebisa da banknotebis amoRe-

ba maTi dagrovebis mizniT.

tenderi tenderi tenderi tenderi tenderi (tender) [<ingl.

tender, tend momsaxureba] - - - - - sawar-mos mier myidvelisaTvis SeTa-

vazebuli fasi, romlis gan-

sazRvris drosac amosavalia

ara sakuTriv saqonlis dana-

xarjebis done an masze moTx-

ovna, aramed konkurentTa mier

dadebuli fasi.

teqnikuri progresi teqnikuri progresi teqnikuri progresi teqnikuri progresi teqnikuri progresi (tech-nical progress) ----- ekonomikuri zrdiserT-----erTi umniSvnelovanesi faq-

tori; iZleva meti produqci-

is gamoSvebis saSualebas war-

moebis procesSi gamoyenebuli

kapitalis ucvleli raodeno-

bis pirobebSi. teqnikuri pro-

gresi ganivTdeba ZiriTad kap-

italSi. iyofa Sromadamzogv-Sromadamzogv-Sromadamzogv-Sromadamzogv-Sromadamzogv-

el, neitralurel, neitralurel, neitralurel, neitralurel, neitralur da kapitalda kapitalda kapitalda kapitalda kapital-

damzogvel teqnikur progre-damzogvel teqnikur progre-damzogvel teqnikur progre-damzogvel teqnikur progre-damzogvel teqnikur progre-

sad.sad.sad.sad.sad.

teqnologiuri dualiz-teqnologiuri dualiz-teqnologiuri dualiz-teqnologiuri dualiz-teqnologiuri dualiz-

mimimimimi (technological dualism) - - - - - kapital-intensiuri mZime mrewvelobis

Serwyma sxva dargebis Sromain-

tensiur meTodebTan Warbi sa-

muSao Zalis gamoyenebis mizniT.

mZime mrewvelobis modernizaci-

isa da warmoebrivi infrastru-

qturis Seqmnis procesSi sxva

dargebi ̀ isrutaven~ Warb samu-

Sao Zalas.

teqnologiuri umuSev-teqnologiuri umuSev-teqnologiuri umuSev-teqnologiuri umuSev-teqnologiuri umuSev-

roba roba roba roba roba (technological unemploy-ment) - - - - - warmoebaSi Sromadam-

zogveli teqnologiis dan-

ergviT warmoSobili umuSevro-

ba. neoklasikosebi aseT situ-

acias droebiTad miiCneven da

umuSevrobis am formas serio-

zul mniSvnelobas ar aniWeben.

teqnoparki teqnoparki teqnoparki teqnoparki teqnoparki (industrial park)- - - - - maRalteqnologiuri parki.

saTaves iRebs XX saukunis 50-----iani wlebidan, rodesac aSS-----Si,

teqnoparkiteqnoparkiteqnoparkiteqnoparkiteqnoparki

382

kaliforniis StatSi stenfor-

dis universitetTan Seiqmna

samecniero parki da safuZve-

li Caeyara maRali teqnologi-

ebis sferoSi mecnierul kvle-

va-----Ziebas. amJamad aSS-----Si 160-----

ze meti teqnoparkia, rac msof-

lioSi arsebuli teqnoparkeb-

is 30%-----s Seadgens.

evropaSi teqnoparkebi gamoC-

nda 70-----iani wlebis dasawyis-

Si. erT-----erTi pirvelTaganebia

edinburgSi heriotuaitis uni-

versitetis kvleviTi parki, tri-

nitis samecniero parki kembrij-

Si da a.S.

80-----iani wlebidan teqno-

parkebi iqmneba kanadaSi, singa-

purSi, avstraliaSi, brazilia-

Si, iaponiasa da CineTSi. aRsa-

niSnavia, rom amJamad CineTSi,

sadac 50-----ze meti teqnoparkia,

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqce-

va maT ganviTarebas. erovnul

teqnoparkebs miliardobiT moge-

ba moaqvT qveynisaTvis. teqno-

parkebs zogjer klastereb-klastereb-klastereb-klastereb-klastereb-

sac sac sac sac sac uwodeben.

`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~ (bra-in drain) – kvalificiuri samu-

Sao Zalis migracia, rogorc

wesi, Raribidan mdidar qveya-

naSi.

ganaTleba, romelic moiTx-

ovs investiciebs adamianiseul

kapitalSi, misi miReba gaci-

lebiT iafia didi SromiTi

resursebis mqone Rarib qvey-

nebSi, vidre mdidarSi. kvali-

fikaciis miRebis Semdeg adami-

anebi gadadian ufro ganviTare-

bul qveynebSi, sadac Semosava-

li SedarebiT maRalia. aseTi

migracia zogjer waxalisdeba

kanonebiTa da instituciuri

faqtorebiT, vinaidan TviT mim-

Rebi qveynebi arian daintere-

sebuli kvalificiuri kadreb-

is imigraciiT.

todarostodarostodarostodarostodaros modeli modeli modeli modeli modeli (Todaromodel) – ganviTarebad qveyneb-Si Sida migraciis zrdis mize-

zebisa da misi daZlevis ekono-

mikuri modeli. atarebs amerike-

li ekonomistis maikl todaros

saxels. modeli xsnis Tu ra-

tomaa migraciis maRali tempi

soflidan qalaqSi ganviTare-

badi qveynebis umravlesobaSi.

amis mTavari mizezi ki, mosa-

lodneli sxvaobaa realur Se-

mosavalSi sofelsa da qalaqs

Soris.: potenciuri migranti

Tavisi kvalifikaciis Sesabamis

SesaZlo Semosavals qalaqad

udarebs im Semosavals, romel-

sac iRebs an miiRebda soflad.

maT Soris sxvaoba misi gadaw-

yvetilebis safuZvelia – da-

tovos sofeli da wavides

qalaqad samuSaos Sovnis imed-

iT. aseTi gadawyvetileba gr-

Zelvadian periodSi SeiZleba

iyos racionaluri, magram mok-

`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~`tvinebis gadineba~

383

levadian periodSi sariskoa.

migrantebma SeiZleba iSovon

samuSao mosalodnelze daba-

li anazRaurebiT da isic ara-

formalur seqtorSi.

Tu qveynis xelisufleba

xels Seuwyobs mrewvelobis

ganviTarebas, bunebrivia, qalaqad

gaizrdeba dasaqmeba, rac, Tavis

mxriv, ganapirobebs soflidan

qalaqSi migraciis zrdas. Amis

Sedegad umuSevrobac gaizrdeba,

ris gamoc sagrZnoblad Sem-

cirdeba migracia.

problemis gadaWris grZel-

vadiani RonisZiebaa ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis programebis Se-

muSaveba da realizacia ro-

gorc qalaqad, ise soflad, rac

maTi mosaxleobis realur Se-

mosavlebSi arsebuli gansxvave-

bis Semcirebis safuZvelia.

tradiciuli ekonomikatradiciuli ekonomikatradiciuli ekonomikatradiciuli ekonomikatradiciuli ekonomika

(traditional economy) – qveynis

ekonomikis jansaRi nawili,

romelic warmodgenilia vi-

taekonomikis (ix.) saxiT.

traibalizmi traibalizmi traibalizmi traibalizmi traibalizmi (tribalism)[<ingl. tribal satomo, tomo-

brivi]-----tomobrivi separatizmi

sazogadoebaSi, romelsac Se-

narCunebuli aqvs gvarovnul-----

tomobrivi dayofis gadmonaS-

Tebi.

tranziti tranziti tranziti tranziti tranziti (transit) [laT.

transitus gatareba] - - - - - tvirTis

gadazidva gagzavnis adgilidan

daniSnulebis adgilamde Suale-

dur punqtebSi gadmoutvirTa-

vad.

transaqcia transaqcia transaqcia transaqcia transaqcia (transaction)[<laT. transactio garigeba, SeTan-xmeba] - - - - - 1. sabanko operacia, ro-melic gulisxmobs fuladi sax-

srebis gadagzavnas (maT Soris,

sazRvargareT) raime mizniT; 2.

sakuTrebisa da Tavisuflebis

dacva.

transaqciuli xarjebitransaqciuli xarjebitransaqciuli xarjebitransaqciuli xarjebitransaqciuli xarjebi

(transaction costs) – xarjebi mi-moqcevis sferoSi, romelic

dakavSirebulia sakuTrebis uf-

lebis gadacemasTan, informaciis

mopovebasTan, kontraqtebis

dadebasTan da a.S. transaqci-

uli xarjebi mniSvnelovania

iseT bazrebze, sadac iyideba

sxvadasxva saxeobis SedarebiT

rTuli produqti.

transdorti transdorti transdorti transdorti transdorti (transfer) -----bankis gzavnili an werilobi-

Ti brZaneba Tavisi korespon-

dentisadmi brZanebaSi miTiTe-

buli piris saxelze garkveu-

li Tanxis gacemis Sesaxeb.

transerovnuli transerovnuli transerovnuli transerovnuli transerovnuli (tran-tran-tran-tran-tran-

snacionalurisnacionalurisnacionalurisnacionalurisnacionaluri ) korpora-korpora-korpora-korpora-korpora-

cia cia cia cia cia (transnational (multinational)corporation - - - - - MNC) - - - - - msxvili sa-

meurneo gaerTianeba, saerTaSo-

riso, mravalnacionaluri kor-

poracia, romelsac Stab-----bina

aqvs msoflios erT-----erT qveya-

naSi da flobs filialebis did

transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) ...transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) ...transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) ...transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) ...transerovnuli (transnacionaluri) ...

384

raodenobas rogorc ganviTare-

bul, ise ganviTarebad qveyneb-

Si. aseTi korporaciis magali-

Tad gamodgeba ̀ filipsi~, ̀ jen-

eral motorsi~, `koka-----kola~,

`reno~, `britiS petroliumi~

da a.S. maTi ricxvi msoflio-

Si 60 aTasze metia. MNC ax-

orcielebs ekonomikur eqspan-

sias sxva qveynebSi Tavisi ganyo-

filebebis, filialebis farTo

qslis SeqmniT. transerovnu-

li korporaciebis Tanamedrove

ganviTarebis damaxasiaTebeli

niSania Sidasafirmo urTier-

TobaTa kompleqsis intensifika-

cia, romelic gulisxmobs kapi-

talis, teqnologiis, mza da Su-

aleduri produqciis moZraobas

Svilobil kompaniebs Soris.

saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT

msoflio vaWrobis 1/5-----dan 1/3-----mde transerovnuli korpo-

raciebis Sidasafirmo arxebiT

warmoebs.

translacia translacia translacia translacia translacia (translation)– saqonlis, momsaxurebis moc-

ulobis Rirebulebis gadaan-

gariSeba erTi valutidan meo-

reSi.

transferi transferi transferi transferi transferi (transfer) [<laT.

transferre gadatana] - - - - - 1. fulis

gadagzavna erTi safinanso da-

wesebulebidan meoreSi an qvey-

nidan qveyanaSi; 2. saxelobiTi

fasiani qaRaldebis gadaformeba

erTi mflobelidan meoreze; 3.

garigebis gadatana erTi anga-

riSidan meoreze; 4. saxelm-

wifo biujetis saxsrebis gada-

nawilebis erT-----erTi forma. fu-

ladi gadasaxdeli saxelmwifo

biujetidan mosaxleobaze, gan-

sakuTrebiT xelmokle mo-

qalaqeebze socialuri uz-

runvelyofis programiT. trans-

fers gascemen agreTve firmebi

da kerZo pirebi saqvelmoqme-

do Senatanebis saxiT. trans-

feruli gadasaxdeli warmoe-

briv saqmianobas ar ukavSird-

eba.

transferuli fasi transferuli fasi transferuli fasi transferuli fasi transferuli fasi (tran-sfer price) - - - - - Sidasafirmo saan-gariSsworebo fasi, romelsac

iyeneben angariSsworebisas ̀ de-

da~ da `Svilobil~ kompaniebs

an sazRvargareTul filialebs

Soris. Sidasafirmo miwodebis

fasebi konfidencialuria.

transferuli Semosav-transferuli Semosav-transferuli Semosav-transferuli Semosav-transferuli Semosav-

lebi lebi lebi lebi lebi (transfer incoms) – Semo-savlebi (pensiebi, saCuqrebi da

a.S.), romlebic ar SeiZleba

ganxilul iqnes rogorc gada-

saxdelebi gaweul momsaxure-

baze da amitom ar aisaxeba er-

ovnul SemosavalSi. maT See-

sabameba transferuli gada-

saxdelebi (Senatanebi social-

uri dazRvevis fondSi da sxv.),

romelTa wyaroa warmoebis

faqtorebisgan miRebuli Semo-

savlebi.

translaciatranslaciatranslaciatranslaciatranslacia

385

trasanti trasanti trasanti trasanti trasanti (drawer) [<ital.

trassante]-----piri, romelic gascems

gadasapirebel Tamasuqs.

trasati trasati trasati trasati trasati (drawee) [<ital.

trassare]-----piri, romelic valde-

bulia gadaixados Tanxa gada-

sapirebeli Tamasuqis mixedviT.

trata trata trata trata trata (bill of exchange, draft)[ital. tratta]-----Tanamedrove sa-

banko da komerciul praqtika-

Si gadasapirebeli Tamasuqis

sinonimi. ganasxvaveben: 1. savaW-

ro tratas, romelsac gamyid-

veli gascems myidvelze; 2.

sabanko tratas, romelsac gamy-

idveli gascems bankze; 3. sa-

finanso tratas, romelsac banki

gascems bankze. gansakuTrebiT

gavrcelebulia sagareo-----savaW-

ro brunvaSi.

traqtati traqtati traqtati traqtati traqtati (treatise) [<laT.

tractata ganxilva]-----saerTaSorisoxelSekruleba, SeTanxmeba.

traqtacia traqtacia traqtacia traqtacia traqtacia (tractation) -----winadadebis SeTavazeba saqon-

lis gayidvis an yidvis Sesax-

eb im SesaZlo myidvelebis an

gamyidvelebis gamovlenis miz-

niT, romlebic garigebis dadeb-

iT iqnebian dainteresebulni.

treideri treideri treideri treideri treideri (trader) - - - - - 1. va-Wari, sovdagari; 2. sabirJo mak-

leri _ _ _ _ _ sabrokero kantoris

an safinanso dawesebulebis Tan-

amSromeli, romelic safondo

birJaze gamodis spekulantis

rolSi _ _ _ _ _ sakuTari fuliT

yidulobs da yidis fasian

qaRaldebs; 3. savaWro gemi.

tresti tresti tresti tresti tresti (trust) - - - - - mewarme-

Ta gaerTianeba, romlis Semad-

genlobaSi Semavali sawarmoe-

bi kargaven warmoebriv, komer-

ciul da iuridiul damoukide-

blobas da erTian mmarTvelo-

bas eqvemdebarebian.

turizmi turizmi turizmi turizmi turizmi (tourism) - - - - - 1. Ta-namedrove msoflio ekonomikis

erT-----erTi wamyvani da di-

namikurad ganviTarebadi dar-

gi; 2. adamianTa nebayoflobi-

Ti, droebiTi gadaadgileba Ta-

vianTi sacxovrebeli adgilidan

dasvenebis, gajansaRebis (mkur-

nalobis), SemecnebiTi donis

amaRlebisa da a.S. mizniT.

turizmiturizmiturizmiturizmiturizmi

386 uaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadi

uuuuuuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadiuaryofiTi gadasaxadi

(negative tax) - - - - - dotacia, subsi-dia.

uaryofiTi efeqtebisuaryofiTi efeqtebisuaryofiTi efeqtebisuaryofiTi efeqtebisuaryofiTi efeqtebis

Semcirebis xarjebi Semcirebis xarjebi Semcirebis xarjebi Semcirebis xarjebi Semcirebis xarjebi (abate-ment cost) - - - - - arasasurveli ef-

eqtebis (garemos dabinZureba,

satransporto qselis gada-

tvirTva, avtomobilis Zravis

muSaobiT gamowveuli xmauri

da a.S.) Semcirebis xarjebi.

garemos dabinZurebis Semcire-

bis kvalobaze xarjebis mru-

di izrdeba swrafi tempiT. es

aixsneba imiT, rom, magaliTad,

garemos dabinZurebuli sivr-

cis garkveuli monakveTis gaw-

menda SedarebiT iafia, magram

dabinZurebis mTlianad aRkve-

Ta gacilebiT Zviri ujdeba sazo-

gadoebas. aseTive situaciis ma-

galiTad gamodgeba avtomobi-

lis Zravis muSaobiT gamowveu-

li xmauris aRkveTa. erTi man-

qanis Zravis dafarva xmaur-

sawinaaRmdego masaliT sagrZno-

blad amcirebs mis xmaurs da

amisTvis gaweuli xarjebic ar

aris didi, magram aseTi tipis

manqanebisgan xmauris mTlianad

aRkveTa moiTxovs Zravis kon-

struqciul gadakeTebas, rac

did danaxarjebTan aris dakav-

Sirebuli.

uaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlo

gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi gadasaxadi (negative income tax)- - - - - saxelmwifo anazRaurebis

sistema im ojaxebisaTvis, ro-

melTa Semosavali daubegravi

saSemosavlo gadasaxadis mini-

mumze naklebia.

ùbileTos~ problemaùbileTos~ problemaùbileTos~ problemaùbileTos~ problemaùbileTos~ problema

(“free-----rider” problem) - - - - - urTier-Txelsayreli koleqtiuri mo-

qmedebis Seferxeba iseT vi-

TarebaSi, roca ekonomikur agen-

tebs saSualeba eZlevaT sarge-

bloba miiRon saerTo xarjeb-

Si monawileobis gareSe.

ukudempingiukudempingiukudempingiukudempingiukudempingi(reverse dum-ping) - - - - - saqonlis gayidva sazR-

vargareT Sida fasze ufro Zvi-

rad monopoliuri mdgomareo-

bidan gamomdinare, mogebis

amoRebis mizniT.

umuSevroba umuSevroba umuSevroba umuSevroba umuSevroba (unemployment)- - - - - situacia ekonomikaSi, rode-

sac Sromisunariani mosaxle-

obis garkveul nawils ar Seu-

Zlia Tavisi am unaris gamoy-

eneba da Sromis sarezervo ar-

miad iqceva. Zlierdeba ekono-

mikuri krizisisa da depresiis

periodSi samuSao Zalaze mo-

Txovnis mkveTrad Semcirebis

Sedegad.

Sromis saerTaSoriso or-

ganizaciis kriteriumiT umuSe-

vari aris 15 da meti wlis

piri, romelic sakvlevi kviris

ganmavlobaSi ar eweva saqmi-

387

anobas da eZebs samuSaos, an

ar eZebs, radgan gadaewura misi

Sovnis imedi (xelCaqneulia),

Tumca, samuSaos SemoTavazebis

SemTxvevaSi mzad aris Seudg-

es muSaobas.

registrirebuli umuSevari

aris dasaqmebis samsaxurSi regis-

trirebuli piri.

umuSevrobis gansazRvruli

done _ samuSao Zalis ricx-

ovnobis 6-----7% _ normalur mov-

lenad iTvleba da iwodeba

umuSevrobis bunebriv doned.

arsebobs friqciuli, struq-arsebobs friqciuli, struq-arsebobs friqciuli, struq-arsebobs friqciuli, struq-arsebobs friqciuli, struq-

turuli, faruli, cikluri,turuli, faruli, cikluri,turuli, faruli, cikluri,turuli, faruli, cikluri,turuli, faruli, cikluri,

instituciuri, demografi-instituciuri, demografi-instituciuri, demografi-instituciuri, demografi-instituciuri, demografi-

uli da a.S. umuSevroba.uli da a.S. umuSevroba.uli da a.S. umuSevroba.uli da a.S. umuSevroba.uli da a.S. umuSevroba.

umuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebriviumuSevrobis bunebrivi

done done done done done (natural rate of unemploy-ment) - - - - - umuSevrobis done sru-li dasaqmebis pirobebSi. umu-

Sevrobis bunebrivi done dam-

axasiaTebelia ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis iseTi periodisaTvis,

rodesac VTG-----is realuri da

potenciuri dinamika erTmaneTs

emTxveva da ar aris damokide-

buli ekonomikuri ganviTareb-

is realur tempebze. gaian-gaian-gaian-gaian-gaian-

gariSeba, rogorc friqci-gariSeba, rogorc friqci-gariSeba, rogorc friqci-gariSeba, rogorc friqci-gariSeba, rogorc friqci-

uli da struqturuli umu-uli da struqturuli umu-uli da struqturuli umu-uli da struqturuli umu-uli da struqturuli umu-

Sevrobis maCvenebelTa ja-Sevrobis maCvenebelTa ja-Sevrobis maCvenebelTa ja-Sevrobis maCvenebelTa ja-Sevrobis maCvenebelTa ja-

mi gayofili ekonomikuradmi gayofili ekonomikuradmi gayofili ekonomikuradmi gayofili ekonomikuradmi gayofili ekonomikurad

aqtiuri mosaxleobis ri-aqtiuri mosaxleobis ri-aqtiuri mosaxleobis ri-aqtiuri mosaxleobis ri-aqtiuri mosaxleobis ri-

cxovnobaze. cxovnobaze. cxovnobaze. cxovnobaze. cxovnobaze. misi Semcireba

SeuZlebelia erToblivi moTx-

ovnis gazrdiT.

filipsis vertikaluri mru-

di gviCvenebs, rom nebismieri

mcdeloba umuSevrobis Semcire-

bisa mis bunebriv doneze dabla

iwvevs inflaciis daCqarebas.

gamoiyeneba agreTve termi-

ni umuSevrobis aramzardi done

(non-----acelerating rate of unemploy-ment), romelic gamoxatavs umu-

Sevrobis dones inflaciis sta-

biluri tempebis pirobebSi re-

aluri da potenciuri mep-----is

dinamikebis damTxvevis dros.

umuSevrobis bunebrivi do-

ne 60-----iani wlebis dasawyisSi

Seadgenda 4%-----s, xolo 80-----iani

wlebidan _ 6-----7%-----ia.


donisdonisdonisdonisdonis hihihihihipoTeza poTeza poTeza poTeza poTeza (natural rateof unemployment hypothesis) -----neoklasikosTa Tvalsazrisi, rom-

lis mixedviTac ekonomikas axa-

siaTebs tendencia avtomaturad

miaRwios wonasworobas umuSev-

robis bunebrivi donis pirobeb-

Si, e.i. warmoebis potenciurad

sruli moculobis pirobebSi.

umuSevrobis bunebrivi do-

nis hi poTezas mxars uWeren

monetarizmis momxreebic.

umuSevrobis done umuSevrobis done umuSevrobis done umuSevrobis done umuSevrobis done (unem-ployment rate) - - - - - samuSaos maZie-beli, an `xelCaqneuli~ Sro-

misunariani asakis mqone mo-

saxleobis wili Sromisunari-

ani asakis mqone mosaxleobis

umuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis doneumuSevrobis done

388

saerTo ricxovnobaSi. umuSev-

robis done samuSaos maZiebel

umuSevarTa wilia samuSao Za-

laSi. isini, romlebsac ara aqvT

da arc eZeben samuSaos, samu-

Sao Zalis Semadgenlobidan ga-

sulebad iTvlebian. maRali

umuSevrobis done, rogorc we-

si, ukavSirdeba samuSao Zala-

Si monawileobis dabal koefi-

cients, romelic ganisazRvre-

ba rogorc samuSao Zalis rao-

denobis Sefardeba ekonomikurad

aqtiuri mosaxleobis mTlian

raodenobasTan.

unaRdo angariSswore-unaRdo angariSswore-unaRdo angariSswore-unaRdo angariSswore-unaRdo angariSswore-

ba ba ba ba ba (settling by written order) - - - - - an-gariSsworeba naRdi fulis ga-

reSe, romelic xorcieldeba

bankebis mier gadamxdelis an-

gariSidan mimRebis angariSze

gadaricxvis gziT an urTierT-

moTxovnisa da valdebulebis

CaTvliT. gamoiyeneba rogorc

qveynis farglebSi, ise saerTa-

Soriso ekonomikur urTierTo-

bebSi. ganviTarebuli qveynebis

fulad mimoqcevaSi unaRdo an-

gariSsworebis wili naxevarze

bevrad metia.

universaluri fsiqouniversaluri fsiqouniversaluri fsiqouniversaluri fsiqouniversaluri fsiqolo-lo-lo-lo-lo-

giurigiurigiurigiurigiuri kanoni ekonomikaSi kanoni ekonomikaSi kanoni ekonomikaSi kanoni ekonomikaSi kanoni ekonomikaSi

(universal psychological law ineconomy) - - - - - formulirebulia jon

meinard keinzis mier, romlis

mixedviT Semosavlis gadidebis

kvalobaze izrdeba moxmareba,

magram ara im moculobiT ra

moculobiTac izrdeba Semosa-

vali. maT Soris sxvaoba adi-

debs danazogis moculobas.

unitarizmi unitarizmi unitarizmi unitarizmi unitarizmi (unitarism) [frang.unitarisme] - - - - - saxelmwifo mowy-

obis sistema, romlisTvisac

damaxasiaTebelia administraci-

ul-----teritoriuli erTeulebi-

sadmi centralizebuli xel-

mZRvaneloba da gamocalkevebu-

li (damoukidebeli) saxelmwi-

fo warmonaqmnebis ararseboba.

unitaruli saxelmwifounitaruli saxelmwifounitaruli saxelmwifounitaruli saxelmwifounitaruli saxelmwifo

(unitary state) [frang. unitaire<laT. unitas mTlianoba] - - - - - erTi-ani, gaerTianebuli; mTliani uni-

taruli saxelmwifo _ _ _ _ _ sax-

elmwifo sistemis forma, rom-

lis drosac saxelmwifos, fed-

eraciisagan gansxvavebiT, Tavis

SemadgenlobaSi ara aqvs fed-

eraciuli erTeulebi (State-

bi da a.S.) da misi teritoria

iyofa administraciul-----terito-

riul erTeulebad (raionebi,

olqebi da a.S.).

unifikacia unifikacia unifikacia unifikacia unifikacia (unification) [<laT.uni erTi da facare keTeba] - - - - - er-Tian sistemaSi moqceva. mag.,

msoflioSi mimdinare social-

ur-----ekonomikuri, politikuri,

kulturuli, mecnierul-----te-

qnologiuri da a.S. proceseb-

is unifikacia, rac global-

izaciisTvisaa niSandoblivi.

upatento licenzia upatento licenzia upatento licenzia upatento licenzia upatento licenzia (non-----

unaRdo angariSsworebaunaRdo angariSsworebaunaRdo angariSsworebaunaRdo angariSsworebaunaRdo angariSsworeba

389

patent licence) - - - - - licenzia ̀ nou-----

haus~ gamoyenebaze, gamogoneba-

ze patentis gareSe.

upiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebis

likviduroba likviduroba likviduroba likviduroba likviduroba (liquidity pref-erence) - - - - - momxmarebelTa arCe-

vani, TavianTi danazogis ra

nawili iqonion fuladi for-

miT da ra _ naklebad likvidu-

ri saxsrebis saxiT (fasiani qa-

Raldebi, materialur-----nivTob-

rivi aqtivebi da a.S.).

urbanizacia urbanizacia urbanizacia urbanizacia urbanizacia (urbanization)- - - - - mosaxleobis Tavmoyris pro-

cesi qalaqebsa da ekonomikur

centrebSi. sapirispiroa _ ru-ralizacia.

utilizacia utilizacia utilizacia utilizacia utilizacia (utilization)[<laT. utilis sasargeblo] - - - - - gamoy-eneba, gadamuSaveba, sargebliani

moxmareba.

ucxouri valuta ucxouri valuta ucxouri valuta ucxouri valuta ucxouri valuta (foreignexchange, foreign currency) _____

sazRvargareTis qveynebis fu-

ladi niSani, agreTve ucxouri

fuladi erTeuliT gamoxatu-

li sakredito da sagadasaxa-

do dokumentebi (Tamasuqi, Ceki

da sxv.), gamoyenebuli saerTa-

Soriso angariSsworebaSi.

ucxouri investiciaucxouri investiciaucxouri investiciaucxouri investiciaucxouri investicia (fo-reign investment) - - - - - nebismieri in-vesticia sxva qveynebSi, ganxor-

cielebuli saxelmwifos, ker-

Zo kompaniis an kerZo piris mi-

er. ucxouri investiciebis gan-

viTarebad qveynebSi dabandebis

Sesaxeb sxvadasxva Sexeduleba

arsebobs. zogi amtkicebs, rom

aseTi investiciebi sustad gan-

viTarebul qveynebSi ekonomikuri

kolonializmis gamovlenaa da

emsaxureba am qveynebSi kontro-

lis ganxorcielebas. amasTan,

ucxouri investiciebi xSirad

dakavSirebulia moZvelebuli

teqnologiebis importTan, rac,

importiori firmebisaTvis adgi-

lobriv iaf samuSao Zalis da-

qiravebasTan erTad, didi moge-

bis miRebis saSualebaa. ucxo-

uri investiciebis momxreebi ki

asabuTeben, rom aseTi saxis

investiciebma SesaniSnavi Sede-

gi misca dasavleTis mraval

qveyanas da isini sxva qveyneb-

sac warmatebebs moutanen.

ucxouri investiciaucxouri investiciaucxouri investiciaucxouri investiciaucxouri investicia

390 faruli (implicituri) danaxarjifaruli (implicituri) danaxarjifaruli (implicituri) danaxarjifaruli (implicituri) danaxarjifaruli (implicituri) danaxarji

ffffffaruli faruli faruli faruli faruli (implicituriimplicituriimplicituriimplicituriimplicituri)

danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji danaxarji (implicit expense) _____firmis mesakuTris an firmis,

rogorc iuridiuli piris sa-

kuTrebaSi arsebuli resurse-

bis gamoyenebis alternatiuli

danaxarji, rac aSkara danaxar-

jis msgavsad, ar aris gaTva-

liswinebuli kontraqtSi da

arc savaldebuloa iyos. es

danaxarji ar anazRaurdeba. mag.,

firma, romelic iyenebs kuTv-

nil Senobas da amisaTvis, ro-

gorc mesakuTre, gadasaxads ar

ixdis, imavdroulad uars am-

bobs am Senobis arendiT gace-

mis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlo Se-

mosavalze. implicituri dan-

axarji firmis sabuRaltro an-

gariSgebaSi ar aisaxeba.

faruli ekonomika faruli ekonomika faruli ekonomika faruli ekonomika faruli ekonomika (under-ground, hidden economy) - - - - - 1. kanon-sawinaaRmdego ekonomikuri

saqmianoba (kontrabanda, narko-

biznesi, brakonieroba da sxv.);

2. arakanonsawinaaRmdego, magram

aralegaluri, oficialurad

araregistrirebuli, statis-

tikurad aRuricxavi ekonomi-

kuri saqmianoba.

faruli faruli faruli faruli faruli (CaxSobiliCaxSobiliCaxSobiliCaxSobiliCaxSobili) in-in-in-in-in-

flacia flacia flacia flacia flacia (hidden, suppressed in-flation) - - - - - inflaciuri procese-

bis specifikuri gamovlena

mkacrad regulirebad an fiqsi-

rebuli fasebis mqone ekonomi-

kaSi. Tu fasebis direqtiulad

dadgenili done SenarCunebu-

lia, inflacia gamovlindeba mi-

moqcevaSi Warbi fulis mateb-

isa da misi msyidvelobiTi una-

ris gaufasurebaSi, rogorc sa-

qonlisa da momsaxurebis mzar-

di deficitisa da maTze aJio-

taJuri moTxovnis, agreTve mo-

saxleobis gazrdili moTxov-

nis dagrovebis Sedegi.

faruli umuSevroba faruli umuSevroba faruli umuSevroba faruli umuSevroba faruli umuSevroba (hid-den, latent, concealed, disguisedunemlpoyment) - - - - - arasruli da-

saqmeba, romelic Tavs iCens

ekonomikuri aRmavlobis dros.

aqedan gamomdinare, faruli

umuSevroba unda daematos umu-

Sevrobis oficialur monace-

mebs, raTa miRebul iqnes Sro-

mis bazris realuri suraTi.

fasdakleba fasdakleba fasdakleba fasdakleba fasdakleba (discount on aprice, allowance off a price) - - - - - situ-acia bazarze, rodesac gamyid-

veli saqonels sabazro fasze

iafad uTmobs myidvels gari-

gebis pirobebidan gamomdinare

da arsebuli bazris koniunq-

turis gaTvaliswinebiT. Cveu-

lebriv aqvs miznobrivi daniS-

nuleba. mag., naRdi fulis gada-

xdis, masobrivi, seriuli war-

moebis saqonlis miwodebis moc-

ulobis gadidebis SemTxvevaSi,

mudmiv myidvelebTan myari

391

saqmiani urTierTobis Senar-

Cunebis mizniT, reklamisaTvis,

axali myidvelis mizidvisaTvis,

Cawolili saqonlis gasaRebi-

saTvis da a.S. zog SemTxvevaSi

saqonlis fasdaklebiT gayidva

farulad xdeba. fasdaklebis

yvela saxes Tavisi pirobiTi

aRniSvnebi aqvs: martivi, rTu-

li, dileruli, sezonuri, prog-

resuli, specialuri da a.S. igi

gviCvenebs, ramdenad Seicvala

fasebi drois gansazRvrul mo-

nakveTSi zogierT saqonelze.

fasebze kontroli fasebze kontroli fasebze kontroli fasebze kontroli fasebze kontroli (pricecontrol) - - - - - am terminSi igulis-

xmeba fiqsirebul fasebze mTav-

robis mier kanonis ZaliT kon-

trolis ganxorcieleba. ro-

gorc wesi, es xdeba eqstrem-

alur situaciebSi, magaliTad,

omebis dros, rogorc antiin-

flaciuri politikis nawili,

Tumca, ekonomistTa umravle-

sobis azriT, TavisTavad es

RonisZieba ar aris inflaci-

isgan gankurnebis da misgan

Tavis daRwevis saSualeba.

fasebis efeqti fasebis efeqti fasebis efeqti fasebis efeqti fasebis efeqti (price ef-fect) – saqonelze (momsaxure-

baze) fasebis cvlilebiT gamow-

veuli erToblivi moTxovnis

cvlileba. fasebis efeqti, ro-

melic eyrdnoba ordinalur

(yvelaze maRal) sargebliano-

bis koncefcias, moicavs Semosav-

lisa da Senacvlebis efeqtebs

da cnobilia sluckis ganto-

lebis saxelwodebiT:

fasebis efeqti = Semosavlisfasebis efeqti = Semosavlisfasebis efeqti = Semosavlisfasebis efeqti = Semosavlisfasebis efeqti = Semosavlis

efeqti + Senacvlebis efeqti.efeqti + Senacvlebis efeqti.efeqti + Senacvlebis efeqti.efeqti + Senacvlebis efeqti.efeqti + Senacvlebis efeqti.

rusma ekonomistma e. sluc-

kim mniSvnelovani wvlili Seit-

ana moTxovnis Teoriis ganvi-

Tarebasa da, aqedan gamomdinare,

fasebis efeqtis SeswavlaSi.

sluckis mier miRebulma Sede-

gebma Semdgomi ganviTareba pova

hiksisa da alenis naSromebSi.

fasebis indeqsi fasebis indeqsi fasebis indeqsi fasebis indeqsi fasebis indeqsi (priceindex) - - - - - maCvenebeli, romelic

gamoxatavs saqonelsa da mom-

saxurebaze fasebis Tanafar-

dobas or sxvadasxva period-

Si. gamoiTvleba mimdinare wlis

fasebis sabaziso periodis fase-

bze gayofiT.

fasebis koreqtireba fasebis koreqtireba fasebis koreqtireba fasebis koreqtireba fasebis koreqtireba (priceadjustment) - - - - - sabazro situaciiscvalebadobasTan fasebis TviT-

Seguebis procesi.

fasebis makrateli fasebis makrateli fasebis makrateli fasebis makrateli fasebis makrateli (pricescissors) - - - - - fasebis donisa da

dinamikis daSoreba saqonlis

calkeuli jgufebisagan, pirv-

el yovlisa, mza produqciisa

da saTbob-----sanedleulo saqon-

lisagan.

`fasebis revolucia~ `fasebis revolucia~ `fasebis revolucia~ `fasebis revolucia~ `fasebis revolucia~ (“pri-ce revolution”) – saxelwodeba im

movlenisa, romelic ukavSir-

deba amerikaSi aRmoCenil oq-

rosa da vercxlis mozRvave-

`fasebis revolucia~`fasebis revolucia~`fasebis revolucia~`fasebis revolucia~`fasebis revolucia~

392

bas XV-XVI saukuneebSi, ra-

mac gamoiwvia fasebis oTxjera-

di zrda. miCneulia, rom aseTi

maRali fasebi gaxda stimuli

dasavleTis qveynebSi warmoeb-

is axali dargebis Seqmnisa da

kapitalis dagrovebisaTvis,

ramac samrewvelo revoluci-

is dawyebasa da kapitalizmis

warmoSobas Seuwyo xeli.

fasebis saerTo done fasebis saerTo done fasebis saerTo done fasebis saerTo done fasebis saerTo done (gene-ral price level) - - - - - ganisazRvreba

nominaluri fuladi masis Se-

fardebiT fulze realur mo-

TxovnasTan. fasebis saerTo do-

nis cvlileba rogorc samomx-

mareblo, ise sainvesticio saqo-

nelze izomeba mep-----is defla-

toriT, maSin rodesac sacalo

fasebis indeqsiT izomeba sa-

momxmareblo fasebi.

fasze wanamati fasze wanamati fasze wanamati fasze wanamati fasze wanamati (premium,

(bonus) to a price) - - - - - wesdeba myid-velis gansakuTrebuli moTx-

ovnis dasakmayofileblad. ker-

Zod, specialuri, individu-

aluri SekveTebis Sesrulebi-

sas, saqonlis xarisxis amaR-

lebis SemTxvevaSi, damatebiTi

momsaxurebisaTvis, nawil-----nawil

gadaxdisas da a.S. gamyidvels

Tavisuflad SeuZlia daawesos

fasze wanamati Cveulebriv sa-

qonelze misTvis xelsayreli

bazris koniunqturis pirobebSi.

fasi fasi fasi fasi fasi (price) - - - - - erTeuli sa-

qonlisa da momsaxurebis sayid-

lad gadaxdili fulis raode-

noba, Rirebulebisa da sargeb-

lianobis fuladi gamoxatule-

ba.

fasi sagareofasi sagareofasi sagareofasi sagareofasi sagareo-----savaWrosavaWrosavaWrosavaWrosavaWro

xelSekrulebebSi xelSekrulebebSi xelSekrulebebSi xelSekrulebebSi xelSekrulebebSi (price in fo-reign trade) - - - - - erT-----erTi arsebiTipiroba, romelic mWidrod aris

dakavSirebuli saqonlis raode-

nobasa da xarisxTan, miwodebi-

sa da gadaxdis vadebTan da

a.S. gamoixateba erovnuli an

saerTaSoriso valutis fulad

erTeulebSi. saxelSekrulebo

fasis done yalibdeba garigeb-

is monawileTagan damoukide-

blad, obieqtur garemoebaTa

gavleniT (saqonlis Tavisebu-

rebebi, misi konkurentunarianoba,

bazarze moTxovna-----miwodebis Ta-

nafardoba, savaWro politikuri

pirobebi, kontrahentTa qveynebSi

saxelmwifo regulirebis Tavi-

seburebebi, bazris monopoliza-

ciis done da a.S.). masze gavle-

nas axdens agreTve bazris, kon-

trahentis, drois, adgilisa da

xelSekrulebis dadebis wesis

SerCeva, bazris koniunqturis

komerciuli codna, , , , , gamocdile-

ba da sxv.

fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-

iT iT iT iT iT (price to be fixed) - - - - - dgindebaxelSekrulebis Sesrulebis

msvlelobaSi, mag., saqonlis

morigi partiis miwodebis win,

xolo zog SemTxvevaSi _ _ _ _ _ mi-

fasebis saerTo donefasebis saerTo donefasebis saerTo donefasebis saerTo donefasebis saerTo done

393

wodebis Semdgomac. xelSek-

rulebaSi ganisazRvreba fase-

bis fiqsaciis wesi, saxeldobr,

fiqsaciis periodi, myidvelis

mier fiqsaciis drois arCevis

ufleba informaciis garkveu-

li wyaros safuZvelze an fase-

bis SeTanxmebis pirobebSi mxa-

reebs Soris molaparakebisas.

fasfasfasfasfas-----i (Free Alongside Ship- - - - - FAS) - - - - - `Tavisuflad gemis qi-

mis gaswvriv~, saqonlis miwode-

bis sabaziso piroba saerTa-

Soriso vaWrobaSi sazRvao

gadazidvisas, romlis mixedvi-

Tac eqsportiors Tavisi xar-

jiT gadaaqvs saqoneli gemis

misadgomamde, xolo Semdgom

xarjebs importiori gaiRebs.

fasiani qaRaldebi fasiani qaRaldebi fasiani qaRaldebi fasiani qaRaldebi fasiani qaRaldebi (secu-rities) - - - - - dadgenili formis (ni-

muSis) safinanso dokumentebi.

maTSi aisaxeba mflobelis gar-

kveuli qonebrivi uflebebi,

romelTa realizacia SesaZle-

belia mxolod am dokumenteb-

is wardgenis SemTxvevaSi. fa-

sian qaRaldebs miekuTvneba: sa-

gadasaxado dokumentebi _ _ _ _ _ Ceki,

Tamasuqi, akreditivi da sxv.,

safondo faseulobebi _ aqcia,obligacia da sxv., qonebrivi

uflebis damadasturebeli sxva

dokumentebi _ konosamenti,lombardis sagiravno bileTe-

bi, Semnaxveli bankis wignakeb-

is latariis bileTebi, romleb-

sac mogeba xvda da a.S.

fasiani qaRaldebi SeiZle-

ba iyos saxelobiTi da warmo-

madgenlobiTi. pirvel SemTx-

vevaSi qonebrivi ufleba aqvs

mxolod im pirs, romlis gvar-

ic aRniSnulia fasian qaRaldze

(Semnaxveli bankis wignakebi,

lombardis sagiravno bileTe-

bi da sxv.), meore SemTxvevaSi

_ _ _ _ _ pirs, romelic flobs fa-

sian qaRaldebs (obligaciebi,

mogebuli latariis bileTebi

da sxv.).

fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-

farvafarvafarvafarvafarva fiqsirebuli vadiT fiqsirebuli vadiT fiqsirebuli vadiT fiqsirebuli vadiT fiqsirebuli vadiT

(dated securities) - - - - - nebismieri fa-siani qaRaldi, magaliTad, obli-

gacia, romlisTvisac dawesebu-

lia dafarvis vadebi. Cveu-

lebriv iyofa mokle-----, saSua-

lo- - - - - da grZelvadian fasian

qaRaldebad.

fasiani qaRaldebis ara-fasiani qaRaldebis ara-fasiani qaRaldebis ara-fasiani qaRaldebis ara-fasiani qaRaldebis ara-

sabirJosabirJosabirJosabirJosabirJo bazari bazari bazari bazari bazari (over the coun-ter market) - - - - - aqciebis bazari,

rogorc wesi, mcire kompanieb-

isa, sadac operaciebi xorci-

eldeba birJis gverdis avliT

kavSirgabmulobis saSualebe-

biT. aseTi bazari kargadaa gan-

viTarebuli aSS-----Si, did brita-

neTsa da a.S.

fasiani qaRaldebis ba-fasiani qaRaldebis ba-fasiani qaRaldebis ba-fasiani qaRaldebis ba-fasiani qaRaldebis ba-

zari zari zari zari zari (securities market) - - - - - fasi-ani qaRaldebis mimoqcevis sf-

ero, romlis saSualebiTac xde-

fasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bazarizarizarizarizari

394

ba sawarmoTa droebiT Tavisu-

fali fuladi saxsrebisa da

mosaxleobis danazogebis mo-

bilizacia ekonomikaSi inves-

tirebisaTvis. iyofa pirvelad

da meoreul bazrebad. pirve-

lad bazarze iyideba axalga-

moSvebuli, emitirebuli fasi-

ani qaRaldebi. rogorc wesi,

firma-----emitenti Tavis fasian qa-

Raldebs avrcelebs bankebisa

da sxva safinanso institute-

bis SuamavlobiT xelmoweris

safuZvelze (Ria tipis aqci-

oneruli sazogadoeba) an aq-

cioner-----damfuZnebelTa Sez-

Rudul raodenobas Soris (dax-

uruli ti pis aqcioneruli

sazogadoeba). fasiani qaRaleb-

is emitenti SeiZleba iyos neb-

ismieri iuridiuli piri. fasi-

ani qaRaldebis meoreul baz-

arze investorebi, safinanso-----

sakredito institutebi da

Suamavlebi vaWroben im fasi-

ani qaRaldebiT, romlebic erTx-

el ukve gayides maTma emiten-

tebma. investorebi arian ro-

gorc fizikuri, ise iuridiu-

li pirebi da saxelmwifo. Sua-

mavalTa ZiriTadi kategorie-

bia brokerebi, dilerebi da maTi

Sesabamisi organizaciebi, agreT-

ve sakredito institutebi. mag.,

angloamerikul sistemaSi, ro-

gorc wesi, bankebi gansakuTre-

buli saxis (sadazRvevo, sapen-

sio) fasiani qaRaldebiT vaW-

roben. meoreul bazarze moTx-

ovnisa da miwodebis gavleniT

dgindeba fasiani qaRaldebis

sabazro fasi (kursi). meoreu-

li bazari iyofa sabirJo da

birJisgareSe (finansuri aqtive-

biT vaWroba `daxlze~) bazre-

bad.

qveynis sabirJo sistema Se-

iZleba iyos monocentrulimonocentrulimonocentrulimonocentrulimonocentruli

(erTi msxvili birJa, mag., did

britaneTSi, safrangeTSi), po-po-po-po-po-

licentruli licentruli licentruli licentruli licentruli (ramdenime msx-

vili birJa, mag., kanadaSi, ger-

maniaSi, avstraliaSi), garda-garda-garda-garda-garda-

mavali mavali mavali mavali mavali (erTi umsxvilesi da

ramdenime naklebad msxvili

birJa, mag., aSS-----Si, iaponiaSi).

birJebis raodenobis regla-

mentireba xdeba saxelmwifos

mier. birJisgare bazarze Ziri-

Tadad mimoiqceva is fasiani

qaRaldebi, romelTa kotirebac

safondo birJaze ar xdeba, mag.,

TiTqmis yvela bankis (centra-

luris garda) da sadazRvevo

kompaniebis aqciebi, yvela saxel-

mwifo da municipaluri obli-

gacia da sxv. aq fasi yalibde-

ba saxelSekrulebo gziT. dile-

ris Semosavali dgindeba, ro-

gorc yidvisa da gayidvis fasebs

Soris sxvaoba. birJis gare ba-

zarze SesaZlebelia brokerisa

da dileris funqciebis SeT-

avseba.

fasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bafasiani qaRaldebis bazarizarizarizarizari

395

fasiani qaRaldebis bazrisa

da mTlianad mTeli ekonomikis

mniSvnelovani indikatoria

aqciebis kursis indeqsebi. ar-

sebobs mravali sxvadasxva sax-

is indeqsi. mag., aSS-----Si yvelaze

cnobilia dou-----jonsis indeqsi.

fasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis de-----

popopopopozitariumi zitariumi zitariumi zitariumi zitariumi (securities depo-sitary) [<frang. depositare-----de-pozitori, Semnaxveli] - - - - - orga-nizacia, romelic inaxavs fa-

sian qaRaldebs klientis dava-

lebiT da axdens maTi ufleb-

is realizacias am qaRalde-

biT. depozitariums, garda fiz-

ikuri formiT (romelic mi-

moiqceva bazarze sertifikatis

saxiT) gamoSvebuli fasiani

qaRaldebisa, SeuZlia emitent-

Tan specialuri SeTanxmebiT

registraciaSi gaataros is fa-

siani qaRaldebic, romlebic

maTi gamoSvebis pirobebis mi-

xedviT ar formdeba, anu iseTebi,

romlebzec sakuTrebis ufle-

ba dadasturebulia special-

ur reestrSi. fasiani qaRalde-

bis depozitariumi klients

uxsnis specialur angariSs,

romelSic fiqsirebulia misi

kuTvnili fasiani qaRaldebi,

xolo klienti iRebs angari-

Sis amonawers. es ukanaskneli

mxolod adasturebs klientis

fasiani qaRaldebis Senaxvisa

da aRricxvis faqts fasiani qa-

Raldebis depozitariumSi, ma-

gram TviT fasiani qaRaldebi

ar arsebobs, ar mimoiqceva ba-

zarze. garda am funqciebisa,

fasiani qaRaldebis depozitar-

iumi axorcielebs sainkaso

operaciebs emitentebTan da

fasiani qaRaldebis mflobelebs

Soris anawilebs procentebis,

dividendebis, gasanaRdebeli

obligaciebis da a.S. Tanxas

(fasiani qaRaldebis `momsax-

urebis~ funqcia). igi axdens

erTi klientisagan meorisaTvis

fasiani qaRaldebis gadacemis

faqtis registracias, Sesabam-

isad Camowers maT erTi anga-

riSidan da Caricxavs meoreze.

aseTi saxis angariSsworebisas

fasiani qaRaldebis serti-

fikatebis fizikuri moZraoba

qaRaldebis depozitariumis

farglebSi ar xdeba. aRniSnul

organizacias SeuZlia Tavis

Tavze aiRos im teqnikuri fun-

qciebisa da procedurebis mniS-

vnelovani nawili, romlisgan

ganTavisuflebac didad umsub-

uqebs datvirTvas investoreb-

sa da fasiani qaRaldebis ba-

zris profesionalebs. momsax-

urebis es saxeoba didad gavr-

celebulia ganviTarebul qvey-

nebSi, ris gamoc fasiani qaRal-

debis mniSvnelovani nawili fa-

siani qaRaldebis depozitari-

umSia `Cawolili~. am proces-

fasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis defasiani qaRaldebis depopopopopozitariumizitariumizitariumizitariumizitariumi

396

ma sazRvargareT `mobilizaci-

is~ saxelwodeba miiRo.

fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-

sis indeqsi sis indeqsi sis indeqsi sis indeqsi sis indeqsi (index of securi-ties) – kotirebis indeqsi _ um-niSvnelovanesi aqciebis kurse-

bis saSualo maCvenebeli bir-

Jaze, romelic umeteswilad

msxvili kompaniebis kursebis

mixedviT gaiangariSeba. umarti-

vesi formiT igi fasiani qaRal-

debis SerCeuli jgufis kur-

sebis jamis SerCeuli gamoS-

vebis raodenobaze gayofiT ga-

iangariSeba.

fasisfasisfasisfasisfasis(garigebisgarigebisgarigebisgarigebisgarigebis) valu-valu-valu-valu-valu-

tatatatata (bargain currency) - - - - - valuta,

romliTac dgindeba fasi sa-

gareo-----savaWro kontraqtebSi.

fasis efeqti fasis efeqti fasis efeqti fasis efeqti fasis efeqti (price effect)- - - - - saqonelze moTxovnis cvli-

leba misi fasis cvlilebis Se-

degad. igi Sedgeba Semosavlisa

da Senacvlebis efeqtebisagan.

fasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebeli

funqcia funqcia funqcia funqcia funqcia (price balancing func-tion) - - - - - sabazro sistemaSi war-moebis `mbrZanebel-----ganmkar-

gulebeli~ aris momxmarebeli.

ekonomikis TviTregulireba

fasismier meqanizmzea damokide-

buli. rodesac bazarze momx-

mareblebi raime arafasismieri

faqtoris zegavleniT Seicvlis

SeZenis survils, es maSinve

daetyoba saqonlis fass, vinaid-

an fasi, faqtobrivad, moTxov-

nis moculobaa. moTxovnis cvli-

lebis Sesabamisad fasi aiwevs

an daiwevs. bazarze fasis cv-

lilebebidan gamomdinare, mwar-

moeblebi cvlian warmoebis

struqturas. sabazro siste-

mis unars, mianiSnos mwarmo-mianiSnos mwarmo-mianiSnos mwarmo-mianiSnos mwarmo-mianiSnos mwarmo-

eblebseblebseblebseblebseblebs moTxovnis cvlileba- moTxovnis cvlileba- moTxovnis cvlileba- moTxovnis cvlileba- moTxovnis cvlileba-

ze da gamoiwvios maTi Sesa-ze da gamoiwvios maTi Sesa-ze da gamoiwvios maTi Sesa-ze da gamoiwvios maTi Sesa-ze da gamoiwvios maTi Sesa-

bamisibamisibamisibamisibamisi reaqcia, fasis mawonas- reaqcia, fasis mawonas- reaqcia, fasis mawonas- reaqcia, fasis mawonas- reaqcia, fasis mawonas-

worebeliworebeliworebeliworebeliworebeli funqcia ewodeba. funqcia ewodeba. funqcia ewodeba. funqcia ewodeba. funqcia ewodeba.

fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-

cia cia cia cia cia (price discrimination) - - - - - arse-bobs fasismieri diskriminaci-

is ori ZiriTadi forma: pirve-

li gulisxmobs kompaniebis iseT

praqtikas, roca momxmarebel-

Ta sxvadasxva jgufisaTvis gan-

sxvavebuli fasebi wesdeba, me-

ore gulisxmobs erTi momx-

mareblisaTvis gansxvavebuli

fasebis dawesebas erTi da imave

saqonlis sxvadasxva erTeulze.

pirvel SemTxvevaSi, roca mo-

mxmarebelTa TiToeul jgufs

aqvs gansxvavebuli moTxovnis

fasismieri elastikuroba, fir-

mas SeuZlia momxmarebelTa Ti-

Toeuli jgufisgan miRebuli

zRvruli Semosavlebis ga-

Tanabrebis gziT miiRos meti

mogeba, vidre Tanabari fasebis

pirobebSi. meore SemTxvevaSi

firmam idealSi unda amoiRos

mTlianad samomxmareblo nama-

ti anu miiRos fasismieri dis-

kriminaciis damatebiTi sarge-

fasiani qaRaldebis kurfasiani qaRaldebis kurfasiani qaRaldebis kurfasiani qaRaldebis kurfasiani qaRaldebis kursis indeqsisis indeqsisis indeqsisis indeqsisis indeqsi

397

bloba, romelic momxmarebels

SeeZlo mieRo im SemTxvevaSi,

Tu saqonels mudmivi fasiT Sei-

Zenda. es miiRweva produqciis

TiToeul erTeulze im maqsi-

maluri fasis toli fasis

dawesebiT, romlis gadaxdis-

Tvisac momxmarebeli mzadaa

moTxovnis Sesabamisad. am gziT

firmas SeuZlia miiTvisos mTe-

li samomxmareblo namati. fa-

sismieri diskriminaciis es

forma moiTxovs yoveli momx-

mareblis moTxovnis mrudis

zust codnas, amitom igi aras-

dros ar gamoiyeneba zemoT

aRwerili formiT. aseTi dis-

kriminaciis ufro gavrcelebu-

li formaa gazisa da eleqtro-

energiis mimwodeblebis mier

gamoyenebuli ori nawilisgan

Sedgenili tarifi, romlis

drosac yidva SeiZleba ganxor-

cieldes mxolod qselSi Car-

Tvis uflebisaTvis rentis gada-

xdis Semdeg. aseTi rentuli

gadasaxdeliT xelSi igdeben

samomxmareblo namatis nawils.

faswarmoqmna faswarmoqmna faswarmoqmna faswarmoqmna faswarmoqmna (price for-mation) - - - - - saqonlisa da momsaxu-

rebis fasebis Camoyalibebis pro-

cesi. ganasxvaveben sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro sabazro da

saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo saxelmwifo (centralizebulcentralizebulcentralizebulcentralizebulcentralizebul)faswarmoqmnas.faswarmoqmnas.faswarmoqmnas.faswarmoqmnas.faswarmoqmnas.

sabazro faswarmoqmna xor-

cieldeba moTxovnisa da miwo-

debis urTierTzemoqmedebis sa-

fuZvelze, xolo saxelmwifo

faswarmoqmna _ _ _ _ _ saxelmwifo

organoebis mier fasebis dawese-

biT.

faqtoringi faqtoringi faqtoringi faqtoringi faqtoringi (factoring agen-ti, Suamavali) - - - - - savaWro-----sako-misio operaciebis nairsaxeoba,

Serwymuli klientis sabrunavi

kapitalis dakreditebasTan,

romlis drosac specialize-

buli kompania _ _ _ _ _ faqtor-----kom-

pania iZens klientis debito-

rul davalianebas, raTa Sem-

degSi gadaaxdevinos igi meva-

les. ufro xSirad faqtor-----kom-

pania iZens klientis angariS-----

faqturas im pirobiT, rom mi-

wodebis Rirebulebis 20%-----mde

gadaixados dauyovnebliv, dar-

Cenili nawili (kreditisaTvis

procentis gamoklebiT) _ _ _ _ _ mkac-

rad dadgenil vadaSi. safaq-

toringo momsaxurebis Rire-

buleba damokidebulia mis sax-

eze, operaciis moculobaze,

sagadasaxado valdebulebaTa

xarisxze da a.S. aqedan gamom-

dinare, faqtoringi aRiarebu-

lia klientis momsaxurebis

universalur formad. klien-

ti faqtobrivad inarCunebs

mxolod warmoebriv funqcias.

amis Sedegad dazogili fula-

di saxsrebi xmardeba safaq-

toringo momsaxurebis amaRleb-

is anazRaurebas. klienti miRe-

bul kreditze procentis gar-

faqtoringifaqtoringifaqtoringifaqtoringifaqtoringi

398

da ixdis sakomisios wliuri

sabrunavi Tanxis 0,75-----4%-----is

odenobiT. faqtoringi aCqarebs

klientis kapitalis brunvas da

afarToebs sabanko kreditis

mizidvis SesaZleblobebs.

sagareo-----ekonomikur urTi-

erTobebSi moklevadian dakred-

itebasa da saSuamavlo komer-

ciul saqmianobaSi farTod gam-

oiyeneba saerTaSoriso faqtor-

ingi. faqtor-----kompania aTavisu-

flebs eqsportiors sakredi-

to riskisagan (gansakuTrebiT

_ _ _ _ _ auTvisebel bazrebze) da,

aqedan gamomdinare, kreditis

dazRvevasTan dakavSirebuli

xarjebisagan.

faqtorfaqtorfaqtorfaqtorfaqtor-----kompania kompania kompania kompania kompania (factor-----company) - - - - - kompania, romelic

specializebulia faqtoringis

operaciebze. garda sakredito

momsaxurebisa, faqtor-----kompanie-

bi ewevian sabuRaltro, sakon-

sultacio, sareklamo, sainfor-

macio, sadazRvevo, iuridiul da

a.S. momsaxurebas.

faqtoruli Semosavalifaqtoruli Semosavalifaqtoruli Semosavalifaqtoruli Semosavalifaqtoruli Semosavali

(factor income) - - - - - Semosavali,

miRebuli warmoebis faqtore-

bis gamoyenebis gziT rentis,

xelfasis, sargeblisa da moge-

bis saxiT.

faqtura faqtura faqtura faqtura faqtura (invoice, bill) [<laT.factura gadamuSaveba, Sedgenilo-

ba] - - - - - gamyidvelis mier myidve-

lis saxelze gamowerili da

saqonlis an momsaxurebis da

maTi Rirebulebis faqtobrivi

miwodebis damadasturebeli an-

gariSi.

federaluri biujetifederaluri biujetifederaluri biujetifederaluri biujetifederaluri biujeti

(federal budget) - - - - - saxelmwifo bi-

ujeti federaciuli saxelm-

wifo mowyobis qveynebSi (aSS,

gfr, Sveicaria da sxv.).

federaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervo

sistema sistema sistema sistema sistema (Federal Reserve Sys-tem) – Sedgeba sami nawilisgan:

I. federaluri sarezervo banki,

TavianTi regionuli bankebiT;

II. mmarTvelTa sabWo 7 wevriT,

romelTagan erTi federaluri

sarezervo sistemis Tavmj-

domarea; III. federaluri Ria

bazris komiteti, 12 wevriT,

romelTagan xuTi federaluri

sarezervo regionuli bankis pre-

zidentia, xolo danarCeni Svi-

di _ mmarTvelTa sabWos wevri.

federaluri sarezervo

sistemis uflebamosileba 1978

wels kongresis mier hemfri –

houkinsis kanoniT ganisazRvra.

2000 wels kanonis moqmedebis

vada amoiwura, Tumca, kongresi

mis ganaxlebas ar Cqarobs.

federaluri sarezervo sis-

tema msoflioSi erT-erTi yve-

laze damoukidebeli centra-

luri bankia. misi biujeti kon-

gresis zedamxedvelobas ar eq-

vemdebareba.

fermeruli meurneobafermeruli meurneobafermeruli meurneobafermeruli meurneobafermeruli meurneoba

faqtorfaqtorfaqtorfaqtorfaqtor-----kompaniakompaniakompaniakompaniakompania

399

(farm enterprise) - - - - - individualu-----

ri sasoflo-----sameurneo sawar-

mo, romelic meurneobas eweva

sakuTar an arendiT aRebul

miwaze.

fiducialuri fulifiducialuri fulifiducialuri fulifiducialuri fulifiducialuri fuli (fidu-cial many) – fuli, romlis ukan

mxolod da mxolod ndobaa da

meti araferi.

fizikuri piri fizikuri piri fizikuri piri fizikuri piri fizikuri piri (physicalperson, individual) - - - - - samarTa-

lurTierTobis monawile.

fizikuri saqoneli fizikuri saqoneli fizikuri saqoneli fizikuri saqoneli fizikuri saqoneli (phy-sical goods) - - - - - realuri saqoneli,

romelic, vadiani sasaqonlo

kontraqtis amsaxveli doku-

mentisagan gansxvavebiT, iZleva

saqonlis miRebis uflebas.

fiziokratizmi fiziokratizmi fiziokratizmi fiziokratizmi fiziokratizmi (physio-cratism) [<berZn. physis buneba +kratos Zalaufleba) - - - - - ekonomiku-ri mimarTuleba, romelic aR-

mocenda XVIII saukunis meorenaxevarSi safrangeTSi. fiz-

iokratizmma Secvala merkan-

tilizmi. fiziokratebi (f. kene,

a. tiurgo, v. mirabo, g. letroni,

p. diupon de nemuri da sxv.)

simdidris erTaderT wyarod

soflis meurneobis, kerZod, mi-

waTmoqmedebis ganviTarebas mi-

iCnevdnen, xolo samiwaTmoqme-

do Sromas erTaderT mwarmoe-

blur Sromad Tvlidnen. fiz-

iokratebma, pirvelad istori-

aSi, kvlevis sfero mimoqcev-

idan materialuri warmoebis

sferoSi gadaitanes. maTi didi

damsaxureba is aris, rom sim-

didris wyaros eZebdnen ara

mimoqcevis, aramed warmoebis

sferoSi.

filifilifilifilifilipsispsispsispsispsis mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi (Phillipscurve) - - - - - inflaciuri moTxov-

nis modelSi asaxuli mrudi,

romelic gamoxatavs urTierT-

kavSirs inflaciasa da umuSev-

robas Soris; funqcia, romel-

ic axasiaTebs da grafikulad

gamoxatavs damokidebulebas

umuSevrobis donis dinamikasa

(abscisis RerZi) da fasebis

donis dinamikas (ordinatis

RerZi) Soris. igi Sesabamisi

statistikuri maCveneblebis

SemaerTebeli wrfea. filipsis

mrudi asaxavs umuSevrobisa da

inflaciis alternatiul urT-

ierTkavSirs: inflaciis maRal

temps unda axldes umuSevro-

bis dabali done da, piriqiT.

am or maCvenebels Soris uku-

proporciuli damokidebuleb-

is dasabuTeba cnobilia `fil-

ipsis mrudis~ koncefciis sax-

iT da atarebs ingliseli ekono-

mistis, makroekonomikuri Teo-

riis sferoSi TvalsaCino mkv-

levris a. v. filipsis saxels.

fili psis mrudi gamoxatavs

realuri mep-----is potenciuri-

dan gadaxras.

praqtikam cxadyo, rom fil-

ipsis mrudis gamoyeneba Sesa-

filifilifilifilifili psispsispsispsispsis mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi mrudi

400

Zlebelia mxolod mokle pe-

riodis situaciis regulireb-

isaTvis. grZelvadian period-

Si ki misi gare efeqti sawi-

naaRmdegoa: umuSevrobis maRa-

li donis miuxedavad, infla-

cia Rrmavdeba, inflaciis ga-

didebas ki Tan axlavs umuSev-

robis zrda.

finansebi finansebi finansebi finansebi finansebi (finance) - - - - - finan-suri urTierTobebis da maTi

maregulirebeli institutebis

sistema, romelic dakavSirebu-

lia finansuri resursebis mi-

zandasaxul warmoqmnasa, ganaw-

ilebasa da gemoyenebasTan. mo-

icavs, erTi mxriv _ _ _ _ _ Sinameurne-

obebisa da firmebis finansebs,

meore mxriv _ _ _ _ _ saxelmwifo

finansebs.

finansuri kapitali finansuri kapitali finansuri kapitali finansuri kapitali finansuri kapitali (fi-nancial capital) - - - - - likviduri aq-

tivebi, riTac igi gansxvavdeba

misi fizikuri aqtivebisgan. ko-

mpania SeiZleba flobdes sxva-

dasxva saxis finansur kapi-

tals. ZiriTadad ganasxvaveben

aqcionerul da sasesxo finan-

sur kapitals.

finansuri lizingi finansuri lizingi finansuri lizingi finansuri lizingi finansuri lizingi (finan-cial lease) - - - - - manqanebisa da mowyo-bilobebis arenda 10-----dan 15 wlam-

de vadiT da arendis periodSi

maTi sruli amortizaciiT.

firma firma firma firma firma (firm) (ital. firma)_ _ _ _ _ biznesis abstraqtuli erTe-

uli, mewarmeobis yvelaze zoga-

di saxelwodeba, misi sididis,

organizaciuli Tu sakuTreb-

is formis miuxedavad. arse-

bobs firmis sami saxe: 1. erT-erT-erT-erT-erT-

pirovnulipirovnulipirovnulipirovnulipirovnuli* 2. partniorulipartniorulipartniorulipartniorulipartnioruli*3. korporaciuli. korporaciuli. korporaciuli. korporaciuli. korporaciuli. firmebis

umetesi nawili Seqmnilia erT-

pirovnuli sakuTrebis sa-

fuZvelze, xolo produqciis

ZiriTad masas korporaciebi awar-

moeben. mag., aSS-----Si erTpirovnul

firmebze modis firmebis mTe-

li raodenobis 77%, partni-

orulze _ _ _ _ _ 8%, xolo korpo-

raciebze _ _ _ _ _ 15%, maSin rode-

sac korporaciebi qmnian mTli-

ani erovnuli produqtis 85%-----

s, xolo erTpirovnuli firme-

bi _ _ _ _ _ mxolod 10%-----s.

firmis Teoria firmis Teoria firmis Teoria firmis Teoria firmis Teoria (theoryof the firm) - - - - - mikroekonomikuriTeoriis mniSvnelovani Semad-

geneli nawili, romelic xsnis

firmis qcevas da axdens misi

saqmianobis prognozirebas, gan-

sakuTrebiT faswarmoqmnasa da

produqciis gamoSvebasTan da-

kavSirebiT. igi ganixilavs ag-

reTve iseT sakiTxebs, rogori-

caa warmoebis teqnologiis

SerCeva, sareklamo saqmianoba,

produqciis ganaxleba, sainves-

ticio da sadividendo poli-

tika da a.S.

firmis likviduri sax-firmis likviduri sax-firmis likviduri sax-firmis likviduri sax-firmis likviduri sax-

srebi srebi srebi srebi srebi (liquidity assets) - - - - - saxs-rebi, romelic Sedgeba naRdi

finansebifinansebifinansebifinansebifinansebi

401

fulis, fasiani qaRaldebis,

bankebSi angariSze arsebuli

resursebisa da sasaqonlo-----ma-

terialuri maragis zogierTi

elementisagan.

fiskaluri gadasaxadifiskaluri gadasaxadifiskaluri gadasaxadifiskaluri gadasaxadifiskaluri gadasaxadi

(fiscal tax) - - - - - sabaJo gadasaxadi,dadgenili umTavresad saxelm-

wifo biujetis Semosavlebis

Sevsebis mizniT; rogorc wesi,

ibegreba is samomxmareblo

saqoneli, romelsac mocemul

qveyanaSi ar awarmoeben.

fiskaluri politikafiskaluri politikafiskaluri politikafiskaluri politikafiskaluri politika

(fiscal policy) - - - - - sabiujeto-----saga-dasaxado politika, romelic

iTvaliswinebs gadasaxadebiTa

da saxelmwifo xarjebiT eko-

nomikuri aqtiurobis donis re-

gulirebas. Tu umuSevrobis

done dauSveblad maRalia, unda

Semcirdes saSemosavlo gada-

saxadi erToblivi moTxovnis

stimulirebisaTvis. ekonomi-

kuri aqtiuroba damokidebulia

gadasaxadebis odenobasa da

multi plikatorze. ekonomi-

kuri aqtiurobis done izrde-

ba sididiT, romelic tolia

xarjebis cvlileba gamravle-

buli multiplikatorze. rac

Seexeba saxelmwifo xarjebs, igi

ar unda aRematebodes mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----is

40%-----s (m. fridmeni). Tu saxel-

mwifo xarjebi dausabuTeblad

izrdeba, maSin igi destabili-

zaciis faqtorad iqceva.

fiuCeruli garigebafiuCeruli garigebafiuCeruli garigebafiuCeruli garigebafiuCeruli garigeba

(futures) - - - - - garigebis saxe saqon-lis an safondo birJaze, gu-

lisxmobs saqonlis an fasiani

qaRaldebis winaswar Sesyid-

vas. fiuCeruli garigebis piroba

iTvaliswinebs saqonlis (fasi-

ani qaRaldebis) realizacias

kontraqtSi miTiTebuli fasiT

garigebis dadebidan gansaz-

Rvruli vadis gasvlis Semdeg.

fiqsireba fiqsireba fiqsireba fiqsireba fiqsireba (fixation) [<laT.

fixus myari, mtkice, ucvleli] -----dadgena, gansazRvra fasis, kur-

sis, ganakveTis da a.S.

fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli fiqsirebuli (fixed) - - - - - wi-naswar gansazRvruli fasi, kur-

si (aseve, ganakveTi da a.S), ro-

melic xelSekrulebiT daTqmul

vadaSi ar icvleba.

fiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTi

kursi kursi kursi kursi kursi (fixed exchange rate) - - - - - sis-tema, romlis drosac erovnu-

li valutis Tanafardoba ucx-

ourTan oficialurad dadge-

nili da ucvlelia.

fiqciuri kapitali fiqciuri kapitali fiqciuri kapitali fiqciuri kapitali fiqciuri kapitali (fic-titious capital) - - - - - kapitali (aqci-----

ebi, obligaciebi da a.S.), romel-

ic, realuri kapitalisagan (fu-

lis an mowyobilobis) gansx-

vavebiT, gulisxmobs mxolod

Semosavlis miRebis uflebas.

fiSeri irving fiSeri irving fiSeri irving fiSeri irving fiSeri irving (1867-----1947)

(Fisher Irving) - - - - - gamoCenili ame-

rikeli ekonomisti, romelsac

Sumpeterma 1948 wels udide-

fiSeri irvingfiSeri irvingfiSeri irvingfiSeri irvingfiSeri irving

402

si mecnier-----ekonomisti uwoda.

man samecniero saqmianoba dai-

wyo rogorc maTematikosma,

Semdeg gadaerTo ekonomikur

Teoriaze. is iyo erT-----erTi fu-

Zemdebeli ekonometrikuli sa-

zogadoebis Seqmnisa da gaxda

misi pirveli prezidenti 1930

wels. misi naSromebi gamoirCeva

mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebis

praqtikaSi gamoyenebis gzebis

ZiebiT. fiSeris azriT, Teor-Teor-Teor-Teor-Teor-

ia sasargebloa mxolodia sasargebloa mxolodia sasargebloa mxolodia sasargebloa mxolodia sasargebloa mxolod ma- ma- ma- ma- ma-

Sin, rodesac igi gamoSin, rodesac igi gamoSin, rodesac igi gamoSin, rodesac igi gamoSin, rodesac igi gamoyenebiTiyenebiTiyenebiTiyenebiTiyenebiTi

mniSvnelobisaa. mniSvnelobisaa. mniSvnelobisaa. mniSvnelobisaa. mniSvnelobisaa. man didi wv-

lili Seitana kapitalis, sarge-

blisa da fulis Teoriebis kv-

levis sferoSi. fiSeris cno-

bili naSromebia: ̀ kapitalisa da

Semosavlis buneba~ (1906), `fu-

lis msyidvelobiTi unari~

(1911), `sargeblis Teoria~

(1930) da a.S.

fiSeri aRiarebulia Tana-

medrove fulis raodenobrivi

Teoriis fuZemdeblad. maTema-

tikuri meTodis moSveliebiT

igi im daskvnamde mivida, rom

fulis Rirebuleba misi raode-

nobis ukuproporciulia, xolo

saqonlis fasebi _ _ _ _ _ mimoqceva-

Si arsebuli fulis pirdapir-

proporciuli. man gamoikvlia

urTierTdamokidebuleba fulis

masasa da saqonlis fasebis do-

nes Soris. cnobilia fiSeris

gacvlis formula, romelic

asaxavs saqonlis SesaZenad ga-

daxdili fulis raodenobasa

da gayiduli saqonlis fasebs

Soris tolobas:

MV=EPQ,

sadac, M fulis saSualo

raodenobaa, romelic mimoiqceva

wlis ganmavlobaSi, V - - - - - fulis

brunvis saSualo ricxvi, E -----

fulis is raodenoba, romelic

daxarjulia mocemul sazoga-

doebaSi saqonlis SesaZenad

gansazRvrul wels, P - - - - - calkeu-

li saqonlis saSualo gasayi-

di fasi, Q - - - - - yvela gayiduli

saqonlis raodenoba.

fiSeris gantoleba fiSeris gantoleba fiSeris gantoleba fiSeris gantoleba fiSeris gantoleba (Fish-er equation) - - - - - gantoleba, romel-

ic gviCvenebs, rom sargeblis

nominaluri ganakveTi SeiZle-

ba Seicvalos sargeblis re-

aluri ganakveTisa da inflaci-

is tempis cvlilebis safuZ-

velze. formuliT gamoisaxeba

ase: i = r + n, sadac i sargeblis

nominaluri ganakveTia, r -----sargeblis realuri ganakveTi,

xolo n - - - - - inflaciis tempi.

atarebs amerikeli ekonomistis

irving fiSeris saxels. fiSer-

is gantolebis Tanaxmad, in-

flaciis tempis 1%-----iT gazr-

da iwvevs sargeblis nominaluri

ganakveTis gadidebas 1%-----iT. in-

flaciis tempsa da sargeblis

nominalur ganakveTs Soris am

fiSeris gantolebafiSeris gantolebafiSeris gantolebafiSeris gantolebafiSeris gantoleba

403

Tanafardobas fiSeris efeqti

ewodeba.

fiSerfiSerfiSerfiSerfiSerisisisisis efeqti efeqti efeqti efeqti efeqti (Fisher’seffect) - - - - - sargeblis nominaluri

ganakveTis cvlileba inflaci-

is tempis cvlilebis Sesabam-

isad, TanafardobiT ̀ erTi erT-

Tan~.

flobadi Semosavali flobadi Semosavali flobadi Semosavali flobadi Semosavali flobadi Semosavali (dis-posable income) - - - - - Semosavali, ro-

melsac floben ekonomikuri

subieqtebi da iyeneben xarjeb-

isa da danazogebisaTvis. gan-

isazRvreba rogorc sxvaoba Se-

mosavlebsa da pirdapir gada-

saxadebs Soris.

fobfobfobfobfob-----i (“Free on Board”-----FOB`Tavisuflad gemze~) - - - - - saqon-lis gayidvis sabaziso piroba

sazRvao gadazidvisas saerTa-

Soriso vaWrobaSi, romlis mi-

xedviTac eqsportiori valde-

bulia, Tavisi xarjiT drou-

lad gadaitanos saqoneli im-

portioris mier dafraxtul

gemze da gadasces mas konosa-

menti. saqonlis dazRveva im-

portioris valdebulebebSi

Sedis.

forvardi forvardi forvardi forvardi forvardi (forward) - - - - - anga-riSsworeba savaluto an sxva

saxis garigebisas xelSekru-

lebis dadebidan 1-----3 da meti

Tvis Semdeg, xelSekrulebis

dadebisas daTqmuli (progno-

zebze dafuZnebuli) kursis

mixedviT.

forvarduli bazari forvarduli bazari forvarduli bazari forvarduli bazari forvarduli bazari (for-ward market) - - - - - nebismieri gari-geba, dakavSirebuli saqonlis

an fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-----

gayidvasTan kontraqtiT SeT-

anxmebuli fasiT gansazRvru-

li droisTvis momavalSi.

forvarduli valutisforvarduli valutisforvarduli valutisforvarduli valutisforvarduli valutis

bazari bazari bazari bazari bazari (forward exchange mar-ket) - - - - - bazari, sadac ucxourivalutis yidva-----gayidva xdeba

mocemul momentSi arsebuli

kursiT, xolo am valutis mi-

wodeba _ _ _ _ _ momavalSi dadgeni-

li TariRis mixedviT.

forfeitingi forfeitingi forfeitingi forfeitingi forfeitingi (forfeiting)- - - - - sagareo vaWrobis (eqspor-

tis) dakrediteba msxvili

bankebis an safinanso kompanie-

bis mier eqsportiorisagan ga-

dasapirebeli Tamasuqis an sxva

sagadasaxado valdebulebebis

yidvis gziT regresis ufleb-

is gareSe, e.i. Tamasuqis myid-

veli Tavis Tavze iRebs sakredi-

to risks (gadauxdelobis mTel

risks) da ar SeuZlia preten-

zia warudginos Tamasuqis adrin-

del mflobels.

forfeitori forfeitori forfeitori forfeitori forfeitori (forfeitor) -----banki an safinanso kompania,

romelic eqsportiorisagan yid-

ulobs gadasapirebel Tamasu-

qs garkveuli diskontiT.

franko franko franko franko franko (free, franco) [<ital.

franco] - - - - - saqonlis miwodebis

sabaziso piroba vaWrobaSi. xel-

frankofrankofrankofrankofranko

404

Sekrulebis Tanaxmad, gamyid-

veli myidvels aTavisuflebs

transportirebis xarjebisagan

gzis garkveul monakveTze.

franSiza franSiza franSiza franSiza franSiza (franchise) [<frang.franchise SeRavaTi, upirateso-ba] - - - - - sadazRvevo xelSekruleb-

is piroba. iTvaliswinebs dam-

zRvevis ganTavisuflebas zara-

lis anazRaurebisagan, romel-

ic gansazRvrul sidides ar

aRemateba.

franCaizeri franCaizeri franCaizeri franCaizeri franCaizeri (franchisor) -----msxvili meTauri kompania, rome-

lic mcire sawarmos _ _ _ _ _ firma-----

operators aZlevs licenzias

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis war-

moebisa da realizaciis dros

sakuTari savaWro markebiT sar-

geblobisaTvis.

franCaizingi franCaizingi franCaizingi franCaizingi franCaizingi (franchise)- - - - - saxelSekrulebo urTierTo-

baTa sistema, romlis safuZ-

velzec msxvili cnobili firma

gansakuTrebuli uflebamosi-

lebiT aRWuravs mcire, damouki-

deblad moqmed an axalSeqm-

nil sawarmos, rac konkretul

gamoxatulebas povebs garkveu-

li saxis saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis warmoebisa da re-

alizaciis dros savaWro marke-

biT sargeblobis uflebis mini-

WebaSi. saxelSekrulebo urT-

ierToba maT Soris agebulia

Semdegnairad: meTauri kompania

sawarmoo operatorisagan moi-

Txovs erTdroul Tavdapirvel

gasamrjelos bazarze misi saxe-

liT moqmedebis uflebisaTvis.

rac Seexeba kapitaldabande-

bas, igi xorcieldeba rogorc

meTauri kompaniis mier Ziri-

Tadi kapitalis firma-----opera-

torisTvis arendiT gadacemis

gziT, ise am ukanasknelis sak-

uTari an nasesxebi saSualebiT.

meTaur kompanias SeuZlia wvril

mewarmes misces krediti 2-----3

wlis vadiT, aiRos misTvis sesxi

bankSi an iyos misi Tavdebi ses-

xis aRebisas. garda amisa, fran-

Caizeri saxelSekrulebo urT-

ierTobaSi Sesul sawarmoebs

uwevs sabuRaltro da statis-

tikur daxmarebas, aZlevs re-

komendaciebs savaWro operacie-

bis warmoebasTan dakavSirebiT,

organizacias uwevs kadrebis

momzadebas da sxv. Tavis mxriv,

firma-----operatorebs ekisrebaT

pasuxismgebloba maT mier war-

moebuli saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis xarisxisaTvis, savaWro

markis reputaciisaTvis da a.S.

fraxti fraxti fraxti fraxti fraxti (freight) [germ. Fracht]- - - - - 1. qira, romelsac transpor-

tis mflobels uxdian wyal-

savali tvirTis gadazidvi-

saTvis; fraxtis anazRaurebi-

sa da odenobis wesi dgindeba

mxareTa SeTanxmebiT (safrax-

to xelSekrulebis gziT); 2.

dafraxtul (daqiravebul) gem-

franSizafranSizafranSizafranSizafranSiza

405

ze gadasazidi tvirTi, agreTve

TviT aseTi gadazidva.

fridmeni milTon fridmeni milTon fridmeni milTon fridmeni milTon fridmeni milTon (1912

_____ 2006) (Friedman Milton) - - - - - Cika-gos skolis mTavari warmomad-

geneli, nobelis premiis lau-

reati ekonomikis dargSi (1976).

igi Tanamedroveobis erT-----erTi

yvelaze gavleniani ekonomisti

iyo. amerikis ekonomikuri aso-

ciaciis prezidentad airCies

1967 wels. misi ZiriTadi naS-

romebia: `dabegvra inflaciis

alagmvis mizniT~ (1943), `nar-

kvevebi pozitiur ekonomikaSi~

(1953), ̀ samomxmareblo funqciis

Teoria~ (1957), `fasebis Teo-

ria~ (1962), ̀ SeerTebuli Sta-

tebis monetaruli istoria

1867-----1960 wlebi~ (1963), `in-

flaciis mizezebi da Sedege-

bi~ (1963) da sxv.

fridmeni adamianiseuli kap-

italis koncefciis SemuSaveb-

is pioneria, xolo misma `sa-

momxmareblo funqciis Teori-

am~ mniSvnelovani wvlili Seit-

ana permanentuli Semosavlis

hipoTezis formulirebaSi. po-

zitiuri ekonomikis meTodolo-

giuri dasabuTebiT, umuSevro-

bis bunebrivi donis formuli-

rebiT, ekonomikaSi fuladi faq-

torebis axleburi gaazrebiT

fridmeni daupirispirda kein-

zianelobas da mkacrad gaakri-

tika igi stabilizaciis poli-

tikaSi. maSin, rodesac keinzia-

nuri ekonomika Tavis gamarjve-

bas zeimobda, m. fridmeni da

monetaruli skolis sxva war-

momadgenlebi angrevdnen mis

safuZvlebs.

ana SvarcTan erTad, frid-

menma dawera `aSS-----is fuladi

mimoqcevis istoria~, romelmac

mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula

fulis raodenobrivi Teoriis

ganviTarebasa da ekonomikuri

sistemis stabilurobis kein-

zianamdeli rwmenis gamococx-

lebaSi. fiSeris gantolebaSi

iseTi cvladebis CarTviT, ro-

goricaa simdidre, sargeblis

ganakveTi da mosalodneli in-

flaciis tempi, fridmenma ga-

naviTara monetaruli mimarTu-

leba makroekonomikaSi. frid-

menis mimdevarTa Soris gamoir-

Cevian monetarizmis iseTi cno-

bili warmomadgenlebi, rogore-

bic arian T. Sulci, j. stig-

leri da sxvebi.

monetaristebi ekonomikur

ganviTarebaSi gadamwyvet mniS-

vnelobas fulad sferos ani-

Weben da moiTxoven ekonomika-

Si saxelmwifos Carevis yvela

formis mkveTr SezRudvas.

fridmenisa da saerTod, `Cika-

gos skolis~ Teoriaze morge-

buli ekonomikuri politika iT-

valiswinebda makroekonomikuri

regulirebis Sesustebasa da

fridmeni milTonfridmeni milTonfridmeni milTonfridmeni milTonfridmeni milTon

406

sabazro Zalebis gaZlierebas,

saxelmwifo socialuri xar-

jebis Semcirebas (socialuri

programebis Sekvecis, socialu-

rad daucveli fenebisaTvis

daxmarebis Semcirebis, xelfa-

sis minimaluri ganakveTis ̀ gay-

invis~ gziT), profkavSirebis

Sesustebasa da a.S.

milTon fridmenis mone-

taruli Teoriis naklovanebe-

bi XXI saukunis dasawyisSi

aisaxa TandaTan msoflios eko-

nomikur ganviTarebaSi. global-

uri finansuri krizisis war-

moSobis erT-erT mTavar mize-

zad makroekonomikuri regu-

lirebis mkveTr SezRudvasa da

sabiujeto-sagadasaxado regu-

lirebis ukana planze gadaw-

evaSi xedaven. qveynis fulad-

sakredito politikaSi sakredi-

to regulirebis Sesustebam,

TviTdinebaze miSvebam da wina

planze fulis fenomenis wamow-

evam gza gauxsna virtualur

ekonomikas da msoflios fin-

ansuri krizisisken ubiZga. ama-

Si fridmenis monetaruli poli-

tikis farTomasStabianma da up-

irobo gamoyenebam udidesi

roli Seasrula.

msoflio finansuri krizisi

met-naklebi zomiT aisaxa nebis-

mier qveyanaSi, rac, pirvel yov-

lisa, ekonomikuri zrdis tem-

pebis Semcirebasa da erToblivi

moTxovnis dacemaSi gamoixata.

aseT situaciaSi savsebiT logi-

kurad, wina planze isev kein-

zianuri Teoriis postulatebma

wamoiwia. es gamoixata ekonomi-

kaSi saxelmwifos rolis gaaq-

tiurebaSi, saxelmwifo socia-

luri xarjebis gazrdasa da

gadasaxadebis SemcirebaSi, biz-

nesis finansur mxardaWerasa

da a.S.

`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-

ma ma ma ma ma (“free rider’s” problem) - - - - - prob-lema, romelic ukavSirdeba

Semdeg situacias: xSirad ada-

miani sargeblobs iseTi produq-

tiT, romlis warmoebisTvisac

mas araviTari xarjebi ar gau-

Ria. es produqti miekuTvneba

`wminda sazogadoebriv saqo-

nels~, romelic yvela momx-

mareblisaTvis Tanabrad xelm-

isawvdomia. mag., SuqniSani, ro-

melic aregulirebs mgzavreb-

isa da manqanebis moZraobas,

mwerebis winaaRmdeg miRebuli

zomebi da a.S. yovelive amiT

sazogadoebas saxelmwifo uz-

runvelyofs, dafinanseba ki xde-

ba gadasaxadebis akrefis gziT.

fritrederoba fritrederoba fritrederoba fritrederoba fritrederoba (free trade)- - - - - Tavisufali vaWrobis poli-

tika. iTvaliswinebs sabaJo

SezRudvebis gauqmebasa da Ta-

visufal vaWrobaze gadasvlas.

sapirispiroa _ proteqcionizmi.

friqciuli umuSevro-friqciuli umuSevro-friqciuli umuSevro-friqciuli umuSevro-friqciuli umuSevro-

`friraideris~ problema`friraideris~ problema`friraideris~ problema`friraideris~ problema`friraideris~ problema

407

ba ba ba ba ba (frictional unemployment) -----droebiTi nebayoflobiTi da-

usaqmebloba, rac dakavSirebu-

lia erTi samuSaodan meoreze

gadasvlasTan, an kidev, droe-

biTi samuSaodan daTxovnasTan.

tradiciulad ganixileba

rogorc `umuSevroba samuSaos

Zebnis dros~ da im vakansiebis

tolia, romelic arsebobs Sro-

mis bazarze mocemul profe-

siebSi. imisTvis, rom muSakma

`ipovos~ Tavisi samuSao, saWi-

roa dro, amitom umuSevroba da

Seuvsebeli vakansiebi yovel-

Tvis arsebobs erTdroulad.

ukanasknel periodSi friqciu-

li umuSevrobis formebad ga-

nixileba spekulaciuri spekulaciuri spekulaciuri spekulaciuri spekulaciuri da

molodinis umuSevroba.molodinis umuSevroba.molodinis umuSevroba.molodinis umuSevroba.molodinis umuSevroba.

spekulaciuri umuSevroba

warmoiqmneba realuri xelfa-

sis droebiTi dacemis Sedegad.

aseT situaciaSi zogierTi muSa-

ki, elodeba ra Sromis anazRau-

rebis ufro maRal ganakveTs,

amcirebs Tavis samuSao drois

miwodebas. es movlena ganixi-

leba rogorc pasuxi realuri

xelfasis droebiT Semcirebaze.

molodinis umuSevroba war-

moiqmneba maSin, rodesac samu-

Saos xasiaTi an Sromis xel-

Sekrulebis forma aiZulebs mu-

Saks uari Tqvas SemoTavaze-

bul samuSaoze sxva, ufro ma-

RalanazRaurebadi samuSaos

miRebis gamo, romelzedac mow-

yoba mas SeuZlia ufro mogvi-

anebiT.

friSi ragnar friSi ragnar friSi ragnar friSi ragnar friSi ragnar (1895-----1973)

(Frisch Ragnar) - - - - - norvegieli

ekonomisti, ekonomikis dargSi

nobelis premiis pirveli lau-

reati (1969) (i. tinbergenTan

erTad) ekonomikur analizSi

maTematikuri meTodebis gamoye-

nebisaTvis. ekonometrikuli

sazogadoebis erT-----erTi dama-

arsebeli. cnobilia mis mier

30-----ian wlebSi Seqmnili ekono-

mikuri ciklis dinamikuri mode-

li. ekonomikuri politikis sfe-

roSi friSma SeimuSava erov-

nul angariSTa sistema, maTema-

tikuri programirebis modele-

bi da a.S. misi ZiriTadi naS-

romebia: `warmoebis Teoria~

(1965), `maqsimumi da minimumi~

(1966) da sxv.

fuladi agregati fuladi agregati fuladi agregati fuladi agregati fuladi agregati (mone-tary aggregate) - - - - - ekonomikuri maC-venebeli, romelic gamoxatavs

fuladi masis moculobasa da

struqturas. ix.: fuli 1 (M1);

fuli 2 (M2); fuli 3 (M3);fuli 4 (M4).

fuladi baza fuladi baza fuladi baza fuladi baza fuladi baza (monetarybase, high-----powered money) - - - - - naR-di fulis raodenoba mimoqceva-

Si, romelic moicavs sawarmo-

Ta salaroebSi arsebul fuls

plus komerciuli bankebis re-

zervebs centralur bankSi.

fuladi bazafuladi bazafuladi bazafuladi bazafuladi baza

408

fuladi multifuladi multifuladi multifuladi multifuladi multiplikato-plikato-plikato-plikato-plikato-

ririririri (money multiplier) - - - - - erTobli-

vi fuladi masis Tanafardoba

sabanko sistemis erTobliv

rezervebTan. gansazRvravs ori

maCvenebeli: 1. mimoqcevaSi ar-

sebuli fulis raodenobis Se-

fardeba depozitebis jamTan;

2. Sejamebuli sabanko rezerve-

bis Sefardeba depozitebis

jamTan.

fuladi politika fuladi politika fuladi politika fuladi politika fuladi politika (mone-tary policy) - - - - - saxelmwifos mier

fulis erTobliv miwodebaSi

cvlilebebis gatarebis poli-

tika. fulis, rogorc ekonomi-

kuri urTierTobebis erT-erTi

yvelaze `mgrZnobiare~ elemen-

tis, mimoqcevis efeqtian regu-

lirebasa da bazris funqcion-

irebisaTvis normaluri pirobe-

bis Seqmnas emsaxureba qveynis

fuladi politika. aqedan ga-

momdinare, igi ekonomikuri ko-

niunqturis mniSvnelovani in-

strumentia, romlis sworad

warmarTviT qveynis makroeko-

nomikur regulirebaSi SesaZle-

belia Semdegi ZiriTadi amoca-

nebis gadaWra: fulze moTxov-

na-miwodebis dabalanseba, fu-

lis bazarze wonasworobis Se-

narCuneba, mimoqcevis sferoSi

fuladi masis regulireba da

kontroli, erovnuli valutis

kursisa da ekonomikuri cik-

lis regulireba, inflaciis

donis minimizacia, investireb-

is stimulireba da a.S. am

amocanebis realizaciis gareSe

fuladi politika mowyvetilia

qveynis socialur-ekonomikur

procesebs da ekonomikis desta-

bilizaciis faqtorad iqceva.

fuladi reforma fuladi reforma fuladi reforma fuladi reforma fuladi reforma (mone-tary reform) - - - - - saxelmwifo sa-

kanonmdeblo aqti, mimarTuli

qveynis fuladi sistemis gan-

mtkicebisaken. fuladi refor-

mis safuZvelze mimoqcevidan

iReben gaufasurebul qaRal-

dis fuls, gamoicema axali, anu

arsebuli fulis niSnebi icv-

leba axali fulis niSnebiT,

misi nominaluri Rirebulebis

SenarCunebiT, xorcieldeba

erTi fuladi sistemis meoreze

gadasvla da a.S.

fuladi sistema fuladi sistema fuladi sistema fuladi sistema fuladi sistema (mone-tary system) - - - - - saxelmwifos mier

dadgenili qveynis fuladi mi-

moqcevis organizaciis forma.

saxelmwifo gansazRvravs fu-

lad erTeuls, fasebis masStabs,

mimoqcevaSi fuladi niSnebis

saxeebs da maTi emisiis wess,

fulis uzrunvelyofis xasi-

aTs, unaRdo sagadasaxado brun-

vis formebs, erovnuli valu-

tis kurss.

fuladfuladfuladfuladfulad-----sakredito posakredito posakredito posakredito posakredito po-----

lililililitikatikatikatikatika (monetary policy) - - - - - eko-nomikuri politikis nawili,

romelsac axorcielebs centra-

fuladi multifuladi multifuladi multifuladi multifuladi multi plikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatorrrrriiiii

409

luri banki fulad sistemaze

kontrolis gziT misi iseTi

maxasiaTeblebiT, rogoricaa

fuladi masis moculoba, sapro-

cento ganakveTis done da

struqtura, agreTve sxva maC-

veneblebi, romlebic gavlenas

axdenen kreditis xelmisawv-

domobaze da mimarTulia ise-

Ti umniSvnelovanesi miznebis

miRwevisaken, rogoricaa dasaqme-

bisa da fasebis stabilizacia,

ekonomikuri zrda, sagareo ga-----

dasaxdelebis balansireba da

a.S. fulad-----sakredito poli-

tikis instrumentebia, pirvel

rigSi, bankTaSorisi kreditis

ganakveTi, savaldebulo sarez-

ervo moTxovnebi, operaciebi Ria

bazarze.

fulad-sakredito poli-

tikis av-kargianobaze, imaze Tu

ramdenad aris igi misadagebu-

li erovnuli ekonomikis gan-

viTarebasTan da, aqedan gamom-

dinare, rogor asrulebs Tavis

amocanebs, bevradaa damokide-

buli ekonomikuri wesrigis

damyareba qveyanaSi. am Tval-

sazrisiT, optimaluri Sexame-

bis miRwevis metad rTuli

problemis gadaWra saxelmwi-

fos erT-erTi umniSvnelovane-

si funqciaa.

fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-

ovna ovna ovna ovna ovna (aggregate demand for mon-ey) - - - - - moTxovna, romelic gan-

pirobebulia saqmian garigebebSi

fulis gamoyenebiT (tranzaqci-

uli moTxovna) da moTxovna,

romelic ganpirobebulia fu-

lis dazogviT, simdidris da-

grovebis surviliT, anu sxva-

dasxva finansuri saxsrebis

SesaZenad fulis gamoyenebiT

(spekulaciuri moTxovna).

fulze realuri moTxo-fulze realuri moTxo-fulze realuri moTxo-fulze realuri moTxo-fulze realuri moTxo-

vna vna vna vna vna (real money demand) - - - - - gani-sazRvreba nominaluri fula-

di masis SefardebiT fasebis

donesTan. fulze realuri

moTxovnis moculobis dinami-

kas safuZvlad udevs sami faq-

tori: a) realuri Semosavleb-

is cvlileba; b) fulis Senax-

vis alternatiuli xarjebis

sididis cvlileba; g) finan-

suri axalSemonaRebebi da cv-

lilebebi regulatorebSi (mag.,

sakredito baraTebi).

fuli fuli fuli fuli fuli (money) - - - - - aqtivebiserToblioba, gamoyenebuli gari-

gebaTa dasadebad; absolutur-

ad likviduri saxsari, say-

ovelTao ekvivalenti, romelze-

dac xdeba yvela sxva saqon-

lis gacvla;

fuli fuli fuli fuli fuli 1 1 1 1 1 (M1) (narrow money)- - - - - `fuli viwro gagebiT~- - - - - fu-

ladi agregati, romelSic Se-

dis mimoqcevaSi arsebuli naRdi

fuli plus anabrebi mokiTx-

vamde, sagzao Cekebi da sxva

angariSebi; fulis is erTob-

fuli 1fuli 1fuli 1fuli 1fuli 1

410

livi raodenoba, romelic gam-

oiyeneba mimoqcevis saSuale-

bad da momsaxurebas uwevs mim-

dinare sagadasaxdelo brunvas.

fuli fuli fuli fuli fuli 2 (M2) (money 2) -----fuladi agregati, romelSic

Sedis M1 plus wvrili vadia-

ni anabrebi (arasaCeko Semnaxve-

li da moklevadiani depozitebi).

fuli fuli fuli fuli fuli 3 (M3) (broad money) -----`fuli farTo gagebiT~ _ _ _ _ _ fu-

ladi agregati, romelSic Se-

dis M2 plus grZelvadiani

anabrebi, agreTve likviduri

fasiani qaRaldebi (obligaciebi,

sertifikatebi, saxazino valde-

bulebebi) da sabiujeto, sazo-

gadoebrivi organizaciebis an-

gariSebze arsebuli Tanxa, biu-

jetis (saxelmwifo da adgi-

lobrivi) saxsrebi, kapitalda-

bandebaTa dafinansebisaTvis

gamoyofili saxsrebi.

fuli fuli fuli fuli fuli 4 (M4) (money 4) - - - - - er-Tobliv fulad masas _ _ _ _ _ M3-----splus bankebSi Senaxuli arafu-

ladi likviduri saxsrebi.

fulis brunvis sifulis brunvis sifulis brunvis sifulis brunvis sifulis brunvis siXqareqareqareqareqare

(velocity) - - - - - ukuproporciul da-

mokidebulebaSia ekonomikis

ganviTarebis donesa da tempeb-

Tan. rac ufro maRalia fu-

lis brunvis siCqare, miT nakle-

bi fulis masaa saWiro VIG-----is

momsaxurebisaTvis. warmoebis

dabali donis pirobebSi fuli

swrafad brunavs mimoqcevaSi,

rac fasebis zrdis Sedegia: mi-

moqcevaSi gaSvebuli fuladi

masis sidide iTvleba fasebis

stabilizaciis madominirebel

faqtorad.

saqarTveloSi fulis brun-

vis siCqare, 2007 wlis mona-

cemebiT, 11-----12-----is farglebSi iyo,

rac ekonomikis dabal doneze

miuTiTebs (Tumca 2003 wels

16,3 iyo). 2011 wlis monace-

mebiT, igi 8-mde Camovida. Se-

darebisTvis, es maCvenebeli gan-

viTarebul qveynebSi 1-----dan 2,5-----

is farglebSia, ruseTSi 8-----mde,

xolo ukrainaSi 10-----mdea.

fulis endogenuri mi-fulis endogenuri mi-fulis endogenuri mi-fulis endogenuri mi-fulis endogenuri mi-

wodeba wodeba wodeba wodeba wodeba (endogenous money) -----situacia, romlis drosac mi-

wodebis done ganisazRvreba

iseTi Sinagani faqtorebiT,

rogoricaa sargeblis ganakve-

Ti da saqmiani aqtiurobis done.

aseT SemTxvevaSi centraluri

banki araviTar SezRudvebs ar

awesebs, mxolod axorcielebs

imas, rasac moiTxovs bazari.

fulis erToblivi miwo-fulis erToblivi miwo-fulis erToblivi miwo-fulis erToblivi miwo-fulis erToblivi miwo-

deba deba deba deba deba (agregate money supply,money stock) - - - - - fulis is raode-

noba, romelic momsaxurebas

uwevs mTel ekonomikas mocemul

momentSi. moicavs mimoqcevaSi

arsebul banknotebs, monetebs,

mosaxleobis sabanko depozi-

tebs da sxva fasian qaRaldebs.

fulis Teoriebi fulis Teoriebi fulis Teoriebi fulis Teoriebi fulis Teoriebi (theo-


411

ries of money) - - - - - msoflio eko-

nomikur istoriaSi ZiriTadad

cnobilia metalisturi, nomina-

listuri, raodenobrivi, keinzia-

nuri da monetaruli Teorie-

bi.

metalisturi Teoria metalisturi Teoria metalisturi Teoria metalisturi Teoria metalisturi Teoria (sta-

fordi, meni, norsi, knisi, las-

burgi, leqsisi da a.S.) fuls

aigivebs keTilSobil li-

TonebTan da maT miawers fu-

lis Tvisebebs. misma modificir-

ebulma formam, neometalizmis

saxiT, XX saukunis 50–60-ian

wlebSi iCina Tavi, rodesac

rigi ekonomistebisa, rogoric

iyvnen j. ruefi (safrangeTi),

m. heilperini (aSS) da sxvebi

gamovidnen oqros standartis

aRdgenis ideiT. isini, Zveli

metalisturi Teoriisgan gan-

sxvavebiT, aRiarebdnen qaRal-

dis fulisa da dauxurdavebe-

li banknotebis gamoyenebis

aucileblobas, magram moiTx-

ovdnen banknotebis oqroze

Tavisufal gadaxurdavebas.

nominalisturi Teorianominalisturi Teorianominalisturi Teorianominalisturi Teorianominalisturi Teoria,

romlis fuZemdebeli arian in-

gliseli filosofosi j. berk-

li da Sotlandieli ekono-

misti j. stiuarti, fuls wmin-

da saangariSo erTeulad miiC-

nevs da mis funqciebs mxolod

qaRaldis fulis funqciebiT

farglavs. germaneli ekonomisti

g. knapi Tavis naSromSi _ ̀ fu-

lis saxelmwifo Teoria~ (1905)

_ ganaviTarebs azrs imis Sesa-

xeb, rom qaRaldis fuls aravi-

Tari kavSiri ara aqvs oqrosTan

da igi fulis umaRlesi for-

maa. knapis ideebi Semdeg ganav-

iTares j. keinzma, p. samuel-

sonma, t. krampma, j. houtrim

da sxvebma.

fulis raodenobrivi Te-fulis raodenobrivi Te-fulis raodenobrivi Te-fulis raodenobrivi Te-fulis raodenobrivi Te-

oria oria oria oria oria XVIII saukuneSi wamo-

ayenes frangma S. monteskiem

da ingliselma d. iumma, xolo

XIX saukunis dasawyisSi – d.

rikardom. igi erT-erTi yve-

laze gavrcelebuli Teoriaa,

romlis mixedviT saqonlis

fasebi da fulis Rirebuleba

ganisazRvreba mimoqcevaSi ar-

sebuli fulis raodenobiT.

amasTan, saqonlis fasebi pirda-

pirproporciul, xolo fulis

Rirebuleba ukuproporciul

damokidebulebaSia fulis rao-

denobasTan. d. iumis mtkice-

biT, mimoqcevaSi fulis raode-

nobis dausabuTebeli mateba ar

niSnavs qveynis simdidris zr-

das, igi xels uwyobs mxolod

saqonlis fasebis zrdas.

fulis raodenobrivi Teo-

riis Semdgomi ganviTareba cno-

bili amerikeli ekonomistis

irving fiSeris saxelTanaa da-

kavSirebuli. Tavis naSromSi

`fulis msyidvelobiTi unari~

(1911) igi im daskvnamde mivi-

fulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebifulis Teoriebi

412

da, rom fulis Rirebuleba misi

raodenobis ukuproporciulia,

xolo saqonlis fasebi – mimoq-

cevaSi arsebuli fulis pirda-

pirproporciuli. ekonometri-

kuli aparatis gamoyenebiT Seq-

mnili fiSeris gacvlis for-

mula asaxavs tolobas saqon-

lis SesaZenad gadaxdili fu-

lis raodenobasa da gayiduli

saqonlis fasebis jams Soris.

amrigad, fulis raodeno-

brivi Teoria fulsa da saqo-

nels Soris kavSirs mimoqce-

vis sferos poziciebidan ganix-

ilavs da uaryofs warmoebis

sferoSi mimdinare procesebs,

romelsac ZiriTadad Sromis

bazarze Camoyalibebuli pirobe-

biT gansazRvravs. am Teoriis

momxrea agreTve kembrijis sk-

olis warmomadgeneli a. pigu.

fulis erT-erTi Teoria

jon meinard keinzis saxelTanaa

dakavSirebuli da fulis ke-fulis ke-fulis ke-fulis ke-fulis ke-

inzianuri Teoriis inzianuri Teoriis inzianuri Teoriis inzianuri Teoriis inzianuri Teoriis saxelwo-

debiTaa cnobili.

keinzis pirveli naSromebi

fulis problemebs eZRvneboda.

1913 wels (indoeTSi mogzau-

robis Semdeg) man gamoaqveyna

wigni ̀ Tanamedrove indoeTi da

finansebi~, 1923 wels – `fu-

ladi reforma~ da ̀ mosazrebebi

frankis Sesaxeb~. 1930 wels

j. m. keinzma gamosca funda-

menturi naSromi ̀ traqtati fu-

lis Sesaxeb~, xolo 1936 wels

msoflioSi gaxmaurebuli wigni,

XX saukunis ekonomikuri mec-

nierebis Sedevri – ̀ dasaqmebis,

sargeblisa da fulis zogadi

Teoria~.

keinzis moZRvreba fulis

Sesaxeb fulis raodenobrivi

Teoriis modificirebuli vari-

antia, romlis mixedviT, mimo-

qcevaSi arsebuli fuladi masa,

gansxvavebuli fasebiT, iyofa

or nakadad: samomxmareblo dov-

laTisa da sainvesticio dov-

laTis moZraobis momsaxure na-

kadebad, romelTa fasebis done

erTmaneTze ar aris damokide-

buli. keinzis azriT, sanam ar-

sebobs umuSevroba, dasaqmeba

icvleba im proporciiT, ra

proporciiTac fulis raode-

noba, xolo Tu srulia dasaqme-

ba, maSin fasebi icvleba im pro-

porciiT, rogoriTac fulis

raodenoba.

keinzi fuls ganixilavda

rogorc likvidur qonebas. igi

sasesxo sargebelsa da mis nor-

mas udides mniSvnelobas ani-

Webda qveynis ekonomikaSi. kein-

zi sargeblis normas ganixilav-

da rogorc investiciebis mocu-

lobis gansazRvris erT-erT

gadamwyvet faqtors.

fulad-sakredito reguli-

rebis TeoriaSi keinzi umuSev-

robis mizezebs fulad-sakredi-


413

to faqtorebs ukavSirebda. misi

azriT, arasruli dasaqmebisarasruli dasaqmebisarasruli dasaqmebisarasruli dasaqmebisarasruli dasaqmebis

mizezi arasakmao efeqtianimizezi arasakmao efeqtianimizezi arasakmao efeqtianimizezi arasakmao efeqtianimizezi arasakmao efeqtiani

moTxovnaamoTxovnaamoTxovnaamoTxovnaamoTxovnaa, rac ZiriTadad gan-

pirobebulia investiciebis uk-

marisobiT. amis mizezad ki kein-

zi sargeblis maRal normas

asaxelebda da inflaciisa da

sargeblis ganakveTis Semcire-

bis momxre iyo. igi fulad-

sakredito sistemas saxelm-

wifo regulirebis, qveynis kriz-

isisgan dacvisa da makroeko-

nomikuri regulirebis mniS-

vnelovan berketad ganixilav-

da, magram wina planze sabi-wina planze sabi-wina planze sabi-wina planze sabi-wina planze sabi-

ujeto-sagadasaxado regu-ujeto-sagadasaxado regu-ujeto-sagadasaxado regu-ujeto-sagadasaxado regu-ujeto-sagadasaxado regu-

lirebas ayenebdalirebas ayenebdalirebas ayenebdalirebas ayenebdalirebas ayenebda.

j. m. keinzis Teoriis gamo-

Zaxili da misi antipodia mone-mone-mone-mone-mone-

tarizmi,tarizmi,tarizmi,tarizmi,tarizmi, romelic warmoiSva

XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis

Sua xanebSi aSS-Si. igi ikv-

levs fulis mravalwaxnagovan

aspeqtebs da mis gavlenas eko-

nomikaze. monetaruli skolis

warmomadgenlebma didi wvlili

Seitanes keinzianuri Teoriis

diskreditaciaSi. Tanamedrove

monetaruli Teoria ZiriTadad

efuZneba ̀ Cikagos skolis~ dam-

aarseblis milTon fridmenis

gamokvlevebs. keinzisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, igi icavs debulebas

ekonomikuri sistemis TviTreg-

ulirebis Sesaxeb, xolo eko-

nomikis arastabilurobas aram-

yari fuladi sistemiT xsnis.

monetaristebisTvis ekonomika,

pirvel yovlisa, bazaria, romel-

zedac zemoqmedeba SesaZlebe-

lia upiratesad fuladi masis

moculobis regulirebiT. mon-

etarizmi ekonomikaSi mTavar

rols fuls aniWebs, xolo mak-


mTavar pirobad mimoqcevaSi fu-

ladi masis myar zrdas miiC-

nevs, wliuri 3–5%-is fargleb-

Si. m. fridmenma, i. fiSeris

Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, siaxle

Seitana fulis raodenobriv

TeoriaSi. man naSromebSi – ̀ fu-

lis raodenobrivi Teoria. axa-

li formulireba~, ̀ fulis mi-

moqcevis istoria amerikis Se-

erTebul StatebSi 1867–1960

wlebSi~ (a. SvarcTan erTad)

daasabuTa fulis axali roli

Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi da fu-

lad-sakredito regulirebis

prioriteti ekonomikis stabi-

lizaciaSi: naSromSi – ̀ fula-

di analizis Teoriuli Car-

Coebi~ (1971) fridmeni Seeca-

da moeZebna kavSiri fuladi

masis dinamikasa da ekonomikis

meryeobas Soris. igi udides

rols aniWebda fulad masas

fasebis donis gansazRvraSi.

fridmenis azriT, fuladi faq-

tori gadamwyvet gavlenas ax-

dens ekonomikis ciklur xasi-

aTze, amasTan, fulis miwodebam


414

SeiZleba gamoiwvios warmoebi-

sa da dasaqmebis realur moc-

ulobaSi moklevadiani cvli-

lebebi, magram xangrZliv peri-

odSi fulis miwodebis cvli-

leba gavlenas axdens fasebis

doneze.

monetaruli Teoriis Tanax-

mad, fulis miwodebis stabi-

luri gadideba mTel ekonomi-

kas daayenebs aRmavlobis rel-

sebze, ekonomikur sistemas ki

saSualebas miscems gamoavli-

nos Tavisi bunebrivi dinamizmi.

Tu ekonomika daRma wava, Seni-

Snavs fridmeni, maSin fulis

miwodebis mudmivi mateba mox-

mardeba sabanko rezervebis ga-

didebas, xels Seuwyobs imas,

rom bankebma gascen sesxebi da,

amdenad, ekonomika gamoiyvanon

krizisidan. Tu qveyanaSi war-

moiqmneba inflaciis moulod-

neli piki, maSin fulis miwode-

bis matebis ucvleli koefi-

cienti Taviseburi lagami iqneba

inflaciis SesaCereblad. m.

fridmenis am debulebis da, saer-

Tod, miwodebis Teoriis mima-

rT skepticizms gamoxataven r.

hailbroneri da l. Tarou. maTi

azriT, fridmenis es varaudi

fataluria.

fulis esa Tu is Teoria

sxvadasxva epoqasa da droSi

aisaxa saxelmwifoebis mier dad-

genil qveynis fulad sistema-

sa da Sesabamis politikaSi.

magaliTad, metalisturma Te-metalisturma Te-metalisturma Te-metalisturma Te-metalisturma Te-

oriam oriam oriam oriam oriam praqtikuli asaxva pova

Rirebulebis formebis ganvi-

Tarebis umaRles safexurze,

rodesac aRmocenda misi fu-

ladi forma _ erTiani sayo-

velTao ekvivalenti da es ro-

li keTilSobilma liTonebma

_ vercxlma da oqrom dai-

sakuTra. es iyo bimetalizmis

epoqa. igi gavrcelda XVI-

XVIII saukuneebSi da arsebob-

da XIX saukuneSic ki. am peri-

odSi msoflios sxvadasxva qvey-

nebma TandaTan daiwyes oqros

valutaze gadasvla, ris gamoc

bimetaluri fuladi sistema

monometaluriT Seicvala. ma-

galiTad, aSS-Si es moxda 1832

wels, iaponiaSi _ 1897 wels,

germaniaSi _ 1875 wels, ruseT-

Si _ 1898 wels, safrangeTSi

_ 1878 wels, avstria-ungreT-

Si _ 1892 wels, belgiasa da

SveicariaSi es procesi ganx-

orcielda faqtobrivad XX

saukunis dasawyisSi. rac Se-

exeba ingliss, iq es moxda

SedarebiT adre, jer kidev

XVIII saukunis bolos.

neometalisturi Teorianeometalisturi Teorianeometalisturi Teorianeometalisturi Teorianeometalisturi Teoria

ukavSirdeba msoflio savalu-

to sistemis Camoyalibebas, ro-

melmac Tavis ganviTarebaSi oTxi

etapi ganvlo. I etapze, romel-

ic iwyeba XIX saukunis 70-


415

iani wlebidan da grZeldeba

pirvel msoflio omamde, arse-

bobda oqromoneturi stan-oqromoneturi stan-oqromoneturi stan-oqromoneturi stan-oqromoneturi stan-

dartidartidartidartidarti, romelic gulisxmobda

ara mxolod oqros monetebis

moWras, aramed maTze Rire-

bulebis niSnebis Tavisufal

gadaxurdavebasac. oqros stan-

dartis meore formac – oqro-oqro-oqro-oqro-oqro-

zoduri standartisTvisaczoduri standartisTvisaczoduri standartisTvisaczoduri standartisTvisaczoduri standartisTvisac,

romelic moqmedebda I msof-

lio omidan 30-ian wlebamde

(msoflio savaluto sistemis

II etapi), damaxasiaTebeli iyo

Rirebulebis niSnebis gadaxur-

daveba oqros zodebze. zogi-

erT qveyanaSi (metwilad kolo-

niur qveynebSi), oqros fondis

simciris gamo, SemoiRes oqro-oqro-oqro-oqro-oqro-

devizuri standartidevizuri standartidevizuri standartidevizuri standartidevizuri standarti, romel-

ic iTvaliswinebda banknoteb-

is ucxour valutaze gadaxur-

davebas.

`didi depresiis~ wlebma

didi dartyma miayena oqros

standarts da sabolood daus-

va wertili mis arsebobas.

msoflio savaluto siste-

mis III etapze breton-vudsis

savaluto sistemis Camoyali-

bebam ganapiroba oqrosavalu-oqrosavalu-oqrosavalu-oqrosavalu-oqrosavalu-

to standartis to standartis to standartis to standartis to standartis Seqmna, ri-

Tac safuZveli Caeyara sxva-

dasxva qveynis savaluto kavSi-

rebis saxelmwifoTaSoris reg-

ulirebas. savaluto rezervs

oqrosTan erTad wamyvani valu-

tebic Seadgenda. msoflio sava-

luto meqanizmis ganmsazRvre-

li ZiriTadad amerikuli dola-

ri gaxda.

nominalisturi Teoriisnominalisturi Teoriisnominalisturi Teoriisnominalisturi Teoriisnominalisturi Teoriis

ZiriTadi postulatebis praq-

tikuli realizacia ukavSird-

eba msoflio savaluto siste-

mis ganviTarebaSi IV etapis da-

wyebas, rodesac CCA-is gada-

wyvetilebiT (1976) gauqmda oq-

ros pariteti (1978). iamaikis

savaluto sistemis Camoyali-

bebiT moxda oqros saboloo

demonetizacia da igi gamovida

saerTaSoriso angariSsworebis

sferodan. oqrosavaluto stan-

darti dolaris standartiTdolaris standartiTdolaris standartiTdolaris standartiTdolaris standartiT

(SDR) Seicvala. mTavari valu-

tis statusi amerikul dola-

rs mieniWa. es ZiriTadad gana-

piroba aSS-is udidesma eko-

nomikurma potencialma da mso-

flioSi misma yvelaze didma

oqros maragma, romelic msof-

lio maragis (35,8 aTasi tona)

TiTqmis meoTxedia da 8,14 aTas

tonas Seadgens.

fulis raodenobrivi Teo-fulis raodenobrivi Teo-fulis raodenobrivi Teo-fulis raodenobrivi Teo-fulis raodenobrivi Teo-

ria ria ria ria ria neoklasikuri Teoriis

safuZvladaa aRiarebuli, im

Teoriisa, romelsac neokeinzia-

nuri Teoriis Semdeg wamyvani

roli eWira ganviTarebuli qvey-


fulis keinzianurma Teo-fulis keinzianurma Teo-fulis keinzianurma Teo-fulis keinzianurma Teo-fulis keinzianurma Teo-

riamriamriamriamriam ekonomikuri zrdis kein-


416

zianur moZRvrebaSi mniSvnelo-

vani adgili daimkvidra da sa-

Tanadod aisaxa ̀ keinzianur re-

voluciaSi~.

fulis monetarulma Teo-

riam, ukanasknel periodSi, msof-

lio finansuri krizisis daw-

yebamde gadamwyveti roli Sea-

srula ganviTarebuli qveyneb-

is ekonomikur politikaSi. mak-

roekonomikur regulirebaSi

monetarul Teoriaze dafuZneb-

ul fulad-sakredito politi-

kas `pirveli violinos~ fun-

qciebi hqonda dakisrebuli,

Tumca, 2008 wels dawyebulma

globalurma finansurma kriz-

isma msoflio ekonomikuri

politikis gadasinjva moiTx-

ova da keinzis `reabilitaci-

is~ konturebi gamosaxa.

milTon fridmenma Secva-

la jon meinard keinzis filo-

sofia, am ukanasknelma ki adam

smiTis filosofia. dRes msof-

lio, axali globaluri finan-

suri krizisis pirobebSi, mil-

Ton fridmenis filosofiis

Secvlis molodinSia, romlis

konturebic ukve gamoikveTa da

am cvlilebis gareSe garTul-

deba msoflio finansuri kriz-

isidan Tavis daRweva, romel-

mac saTave swored m. fridme-

nis samSobloSi _ aSS-Si aiRo.

fulis miwodebis regu-fulis miwodebis regu-fulis miwodebis regu-fulis miwodebis regu-fulis miwodebis regu-

lireba lireba lireba lireba lireba (regulation of money

supply) - - - - - saxelmwifo politikis

erT-----erTi mniSvnelovani Semad-

geneli nawili. es funqcia Zir-

iTadad centralur banks akis-

ria, romelsac ekuTvnis prio-

ritetuli roli mimoqcevaSi

arsebuli fuladi masis raode-

nobis gansazRvrasa da fulis

bazris formirebaSi. amasTan, am

procesSi mTeli sabanko sistema

monawileobs.

mimoqcevaSi fuladi masis

gakontrolebisaTvis centra-

luri banki iyenebs iseT Ziri-

Tad regulatorebs, rogoricaa:

bankTaSorisi kreditis ganakve-

Ti, savaldebulo rezervebis

norma, fasiani qaRaldebis baz-

arze saxelmwifo sagadasaxa-

do valdebulebaTa yidva-----gay-

idvasTan dakavSirebuli oper-

aciebi.

centraluri banki bankTa-

Sorisi kreditis ganakveTisa da

savaldebulo rezervebis nor-

mis regulirebiT, arapirdapi-

ri gziT zemoqmedebs fulad

mimoqcevaze, xolo saxelmwifo

fasiani qaRaldebis yidva-----gay-

idvasTan dakavSirebuli oper-

aciebiT uSualo gavlenas ax-

dens masze.

fulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTi

unari unari unari unari unari (purchasing power) - - - - - fu-ladi erTeulis unari, gaicva-

los saqonlisa da momsaxure-

bis garkveul raodenobaze.

fulis miwodebis regufulis miwodebis regufulis miwodebis regufulis miwodebis regufulis miwodebis regulirebalirebalirebalirebalireba

417

fufufufufulis raodenobrivi Te-lis raodenobrivi Te-lis raodenobrivi Te-lis raodenobrivi Te-lis raodenobrivi Te-

oria oria oria oria oria (quantity theory of money)- - - - - fulze moTxovnis Teoria,

romlis mixedviTac saqonlis

fasebis done da fulis Rire-

buleba ganisazRvreba mimoqceva-

Si arsebuli fulis raodeno-

biT. es Teoria XVIII saukune-Si wamoayena frangma S. mon-

teskiem da ingliselma d. ium-

ma, xolo XIX saukunis dasa-wyisSi misi TvalsaCino warmo-

madgeneli gaxda d. rikardo.

fulis raodenobrivi Teo-

riis modificirebuli varian-

ti ganxiluli aqvs j. keinzs

naSromSi _ _ _ _ _ ̀ dasaqmebis, procen-

tisa da fulis zogadi Teor-

ia~. keinzianuri variantis

mixedviT, mimoqcevaSi arsebu-

li fulis masa iyofa or na-

kadad: `samomxmareblo dovla-

Tis~ da `sainvesticio dovla-

Tis~ moZraobis momsaxure na-

kadebad, gansxvavebuli fasebiT.

keinzis azriT, fulis rao-

denobis mateba veraviTar gav-

lenas ver moaxdens fasebze

manam, sanam arsebobs umuSevroba,

vinaidan dasaqmeba izrdeba

moTxovnis gadidebis propor-

ciulad, rac gamowveulia fu-

lis raodenobis zrdiT. amasTan,

sruli dasaqmebis pirobebSi

mdgomareoba Zirfesvianad icv-

leba. aseT SemTxvevaSi fulis

raodenobisa da moTxovnis ga-

dideba veRar gamoiwvevs dasaq-

mebis gazrdas, magram gamoiwvevs

fasebis amaRlebas. keinzma Sem-

degnairad Camoayaliba fulis

raodenobrivi Teoria: sanam ar-

sebobs umuSevroba, dasaqmeba

Seicvleba im proporciiT, ra

proporciiTac fulis raode-

noba, xolo Tu srulia dasaqme-

ba, maSin fasebi Seicvleba imave

proporciiT, rogoriTac Seicv-

leba fulis raodenoba.

gamoCenili amerikeli ekon-

omisti irving fiSeri, romel-

sac Tanamedrove fulis raode-

nobrivi Teoriis fuZemdeblad

Tvlian, Tavis cnobil naSrom-

Si ̀ fulis msyidvelobiTi una-

ri~ (1911) im daskvnamde mivi-

da, rom fulis Rirebuleba misi

raodenobis ukuproporciulia,

xolo saqonlis fasebi _ mimo-qcevaSi arsebuli fulis pir-

dapirproporciuli.

m. fridmenma, i. fiSeris Te-

oriaze dayrdnobiT, axali mo-

mentebi Seitana fulis raode-

nobriv TeoriaSi. naSromSi ̀ fu-

ladi analizis Teoriuli Ca-----

rCoebi~ (1971) igi Seecada moe-

Zebna kavSiri kvlavwarmoebis

procesSi fuladi masis dinami-

kasa da ekonomikis meryeobas

Soris. m. fridmeni udides

rols aniWebs fulad masas

fasebis donis gansazRvraSi. mi-

si azriT, fuladi faqtorebi

gadamwyvet gavlenas axdens

mSpmSpmSpmSpmSp-----is dinamikasa da ekonomikis

fulis raodenobrivi Teoriafulis raodenobrivi Teoriafulis raodenobrivi Teoriafulis raodenobrivi Teoriafulis raodenobrivi Teoria

418

ciklur xasiaTze.

monetaruli Teoria gvTava-

zobs gacvlis Semdeg formu-

las: MV=PQ, sadac, M aris fu-

lis miwodeba, V - - - - - fulis brun-

vis saSualo ricxvi, P - - - - - fase-

bis done, Q - - - - - warmoebuli saqon-

lisa da momsaxurebis fizikuri

moculoba.

monetaruli Sexedulebis

Tanaxmad, fulis miwodebis (M)

cvlilebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios

warmoebisa da dasaqmebis realur

moculobaSi moklevadiani cv-

lilebebi, magram xangrZliv

periodSi M-----is cvlileba gav-

lenas axdens fasebis doneze.

fulis funqciebifulis funqciebifulis funqciebifulis funqciebifulis funqciebi (functi-ons of money) – fuli, Tavdapir-

velad, asrulebda or ZiriTad

funqcias _ Rirebulebis sazo-

misa da mimoqcevis (gacvlis)

saSualebis funqciebs. amasTan,

istoriuli ganviTarebis pro-

cesSi fulma SeiZina dagrove-

bis (dazogvis) saSualebis, ga-

daxdis saSualebisa da msof-

lio fulis funqciebi. es fun-

qciebi Tanamedrove pirobebSi

sxvagvarad gamovlindeba, vidre

winaT vlindeboda. miuxedavad

gansxvavebuli daniSnulebisa,

yvela funqcia erTmaneTTan or-

ganul kavSirSia da fulis arsi

swored am funqciebiT vlindeba.

Tavdapirvelad fuli rode-

sac zodebis saxiT iyo, TviT

fulis funqciebifulis funqciebifulis funqciebifulis funqciebifulis funqciebi

flobda Rirebulebas da as-

rulebda Rirebulebis sazo-Rirebulebis sazo-Rirebulebis sazo-Rirebulebis sazo-Rirebulebis sazo-

mis funqciasmis funqciasmis funqciasmis funqciasmis funqcias idealuri fu-

lis saxiT anu gonebiT xdebo-

da saqonlis Rirebulebis ga-

moxatva oqroTi. es SesaZlebe-

li iyo imis gamo, rom realur

sinamdvileSi arsebobda gansaz-

Rvruli Tanafardoba oqros Ri-

rebulebasa da mocemuli saqon-

lis Rirebulebas Soris. mono-

metalizmis epoqaSi saqonlis

Rirebuleba gamoixateboda oq-

ros gansazRvruli woniTi rao-

denobiT. oqros demonetizaciam

da qaRaldis fulis ganviTare-

bam gamoiwvia oqros fulis

statusis Secvla. iamaikis sa-

valuto sistemis SemoRebiT

oqros mravalsaukunovani `fu-

ladi istoria~ warsuls Cah-

barda. igi, rogorc fuli, aRar

funqcionirebs. oqros standar-

tis srul likvidacias mohyva

misi sayovelTao Secvla qaRal-

dis fulis standartiT. Tan-

amedrove pirobebSi yvela fun-

qcia xorcieldeba qaRaldis

fuliT (ix.). Tumca, imis gamo,

rom qaRaldis fuls sakuTari

Rirebuleba ara aqvs, ar Seu-

Zlia Seasrulos Rirebulebis

sazomis funqcia. man SeiZina

saangariSo erTeulis fun-saangariSo erTeulis fun-saangariSo erTeulis fun-saangariSo erTeulis fun-saangariSo erTeulis fun-

qciaqciaqciaqciaqcia.

fuli, mimoqcevis saSu-mimoqcevis saSu-mimoqcevis saSu-mimoqcevis saSu-mimoqcevis saSu-

alebis funqciisalebis funqciisalebis funqciisalebis funqciisalebis funqciis SesrulebiT

419

sazogadoebas Tavidan acilebs

barteruli gacvlis bevr ux-

erxulobas. am funqcias qaRal-

dis fulTan erTad asrulebs:

‘arakeTilSobili~ monetebi, va-

diani da uvado depozitebi,

saxelmwifo fasiani qaRalde-

bi, saprivatizacio Cekebi, moZ-

ravi da uZravi qoneba da a.S.

amitomacaa, rom Tanamedrove

ekonomikur literaturaSi fu-

li ganmartebulia rogorc aq-

tivebis erToblioba, gamoyeneb-

uli garigebaTa dadebisaTvis.

fuli, rogorc yvelaze

likviduri aqtivi, simdidris

dagrovebis mosaxerxebeli for-

maa. es garemoeba mas aniWebs

gansakuTrebul funqcias _ war-

moadgendes dagrovebis saSu-dagrovebis saSu-dagrovebis saSu-dagrovebis saSu-dagrovebis saSu-

alebas.alebas.alebas.alebas.alebas. oqrosTan erTad qaRal-

dis fuli qmnis fulad centra-

lizebul marags. droebiT Tavi-

sufali fuladi saxsrebis aku-

mulacias axdenen agreTve banke-

bi, firmebi da individualuri

pirebi.

fuli gadaxdis saSuale-gadaxdis saSuale-gadaxdis saSuale-gadaxdis saSuale-gadaxdis saSuale-

bisbisbisbisbis funqcias funqcias funqcias funqcias funqcias asrulebs saqon-

lis ganvadebiT gayidvis, gada-

saxadebis gadaxdis, sesxebis da-

farvis, xelfasebisa da pensie-

bis gacemisa da a.S. SemTxveva-

Si.

msoflio bazarze, saerTa-

Soriso vaWrobis momsaxurebiT,

fuli asrulebs msofliomsofliomsofliomsofliomsoflio

fulis funqciasfulis funqciasfulis funqciasfulis funqciasfulis funqcias. igi gadax-

dis sayovelTao saSualebaa sa-

erTaSoriso sagadasaxado val-

debulebaTa dafarvisas, yidvis

sayovelTao saSualebaa sazR-

vargareT saqonlis naRdi fu-

liT SeZenisas da sazogadoeb-

rivi simdidris sayovelTao ga-

moxatulebaa, materializaciaa

da misi erTi qveynidan meore-

Si gadatanis saSualebaa sesxe-

bisa da subsidiebis saxiT. aqe-

dan yvelaze farTod gamoiye-

neba fuli rogorc gadaxdis

sayovelTao saSualeba. qveynebs

Soris savaWro urTierTobisas

angariSsworeba umTavresad kli-

ringis meSveobiT xorcielde-

ba. valdebulebaTa urTierT-

CaTvlisas warmoSobili sxvaoba

srulyofili konvertirebadi

valutiT ifareba.

fulis Rirebuleba fulis Rirebuleba fulis Rirebuleba fulis Rirebuleba fulis Rirebuleba (valueof money) - - - - - fuladi erTeulis

msyidvelobiTi unari; saqonlisa

da momsaxurebis is raodenoba,

romelic SeiZleba gaicvalos

fulis erT erTeulze.

fulis Rirebulebafulis Rirebulebafulis Rirebulebafulis Rirebulebafulis Rirebuleba

420

qqqqqqaRaldis fuli qaRaldis fuli qaRaldis fuli qaRaldis fuli qaRaldis fuli (paper mo-

ney) - - - - - saxelmwifos mier gamoS-vebuli fuladi niSani, dekre-tuli fuli, romlis garantiTviT saxelmwifoa. igi, rogorcwesi, qveyanaSi arsebuli naRdifulis 90-----95%-----s Seadgens,ibeWdeba specialur qaRaldzeda daculia gayalbebisagan.

qoiava nikolozqoiava nikolozqoiava nikolozqoiava nikolozqoiava nikoloziiiii (1892-----1967) (Koiava Nikoloz) - - - - - ekonomikurmecnierebaTa doqtori (1942),profesori (1933), saqarTvelosmecnierebis damsaxurebuli moR-vawe (1961). n. qoiava iyo erT-----erTiim axalgazrdaTagani, romelicpirveli qarTuli universite-tis profesorTa sabWom 1918wels datova universitetSi po-litikuri ekonomiisa da sta-tistikis mecnierebebSi sapro-fesorod mosamzadeblad.

1920-----1923 wlebSi n. qoia-va berlinisa da ienis universi-tetebSi swavlobda. 1923 welsdabrunda saqarTveloSi da sik-vdilamde emsaxureboda mSob-liur universitets.

n. qoiava iyo TsuTsuTsuTsuTsu-----is finan-sebisa da kreditis kaTedrisgamge (1930-----1933; 1937-----1967),ekonomikuri fakultetis de-kani (1945-----1952; 1957-----1960;1966-----1967), proreqtori (1961-----1964). misi naSromebi exeba fu-lis mimoqcevis, kreditisa dafinansebis sakiTxebs. ZiriTadiSromebia: `istoriuli skola

ekonomikur mecnierebaSi~ (1926);`kapitalisturi qveynebis fu-lis mimoqceva da krediti~.naw. 1, 2. (1956-----1960); `fulismimoqceva, krediti da finanse-bi XVIII saukunis qarTl-----kax-eTSi~ (1963); `Sromis iaraRe-bi da piradi moxmarebis sagne-bi S. rusTavelis poemaSi ̀ vefx-istyaosani~ (1967) da a.S.

qoneba qoneba qoneba qoneba qoneba (property) - - - - - fiziku-ri da iuridiuli pirebis mflo-belobaSi arsebuli materialu-ri faseuloba. ganasxvaveben moZ-rav da uZrav (miwa da masze gan-lagebuli obieqtebi) qonebas.

qonebrivi ufleba qonebrivi ufleba qonebrivi ufleba qonebrivi ufleba qonebrivi ufleba (owner-ship rights) - - - - - samarTlis norme-bi, romlebic aregulirebenqonebriv urTierTobebs, ufle-bas qonebaze. magaliTad, naan-derZevi qoneba, firmis balan-sze arsebuli qoneba da a.S.

qouzis Teorema qouzis Teorema qouzis Teorema qouzis Teorema qouzis Teorema (Coase the-orem) - - - - - r. qouzis mier wamoyene-buli hipoTeza (da arsebiTadara Teorema), romlis mixed-viT uaryofiTi gare efeqtebiar iwveven resursebis arara-cionalur alokacias, Tuki ararsebobs transaqciuri xarje-bi. Tu mxareebi udanaxarjodSeTanxmdebian resursebis ga-nawilebaze, maSin isini gada-Wrian gare efeqtebis proble-mas. gansazRvrul pirobebSigare efeqtebisa da bazris aras-rulyofilebis koreqtirebaxdeba dainteresebuli mxaree-bis molaparakebis gziT.

qaRaldis fuliqaRaldis fuliqaRaldis fuliqaRaldis fuliqaRaldis fuli

421qsenofontiqsenofontiqsenofontiqsenofontiqsenofonti

`qreatiuli qseli~ `qreatiuli qseli~ `qreatiuli qseli~ `qreatiuli qseli~ `qreatiuli qseli~ (“cre-ative net”) – axali organizaciu-li struqtura menejmentSi. imisgamo, rom Tanamedrove biznesmaganicada diversifikacia, SeuZle-beli xdeba centridan efeqti-ani menejmentis ganxorcieleba.es tendencia momavalSi kidev uf-ro gaZlierdeba. amitom dRes di-di yuradReba eqceva axali or-ganizaciuli struqturebis Se-qmnas. amis erT-erTi magaliTia`qreatiuli qseli~. masSi Sema-vali korporaciebi erTmaneTzeadamokidebuli, romelTa warma-teba urTierTTanamSromloba-zea agebuli. ̀ qreatiuli qseli~axdens masSi Semavali kompanie-bis saqmianobis koordinacias.didi kompaniebi (tradiciuliierarqiuli piramidisgan gan-sxvavebiT) gadawyvetilebis miRe-baSi sul ufro met pasuxism-geblobas akisreben mcire kom-paniebs, gadascemen maT produq-ciis calkeul detalebs dasam-zadeblad da a.S.

menejmentSi ganxorcielebu-li es axali midgoma stimulsaZlevs kompaniaTa calkeuljgufebs siaxleebis danergvi-saTvis, axali produqciis, mom-saxurebis warmoebisTvis dasxv. amitom XXI saukuneSi`qreatiuli qselis~ ganviTare-baze didad aris damokidebu-li menejmentis warmateba.

qrematistika qrematistika qrematistika qrematistika qrematistika (chrematis-tics) - - - - - fulis keTebis, qonebis

mopovebis xelovneba. sxvagvarad,kapitalis dabandebisa da dagro-vebis xelovneba. aristoteleqrematistikas upirispirebs eko-nomikas, rogorc bunebriv-----meur-neobriv saqmianobas, dovlaTisSeqmnis xelovnebas.

qronikuli inflaciaqronikuli inflaciaqronikuli inflaciaqronikuli inflaciaqronikuli inflacia

(chronic inflation) - - - - - ekonomikurisituacia, rodesac xangrZliviperiodis ganmavlobaSi SenarCu-nebulia inflaciis maRali done.

qsenofonti qsenofonti qsenofonti qsenofonti qsenofonti (Zv. w. V s.)(Xenophon) - - - - - antikuri xanis ber-Zeni moazrovne. pirvelma gam-oiyena termini ̀ ekonomika~, ro-melSic nagulisxmevi iyo monurSromaze damyarebuli Sinameur-neobis gaZRolis xelovneba.istoriaSi Sevida Semdegi naS-romebiT: ̀ kiropedia~, ̀ saberZne-Tis istoria~, ̀ oikonomikosi~,`mogonebani sokrates Sesaxeb~da a.S. fulis funqciebidanqsenofonti aRiarebda mxolodmis or funqcias: fuls ro-gorc mimoqcevis saSualebasada fuls rogorc ganZis da-grovebis saSualebas.

qsenofontis Semoqmedebasainteresoa imiTac, rom mas aR-werili aqvs qarTvel tomTa(mesxebi, tibarenebi, mosinikebi,makronebi, xalibebi, kolxebi,sasperebi da a.S.) yofa-----cxovre-ba, wes-----Cveulebebi, rac mniS-vnelovan masalebs iZleva maTisameurneo saqmianobis Sesaxeb.

422 Ria ekonomikaRia ekonomikaRia ekonomikaRia ekonomikaRia ekonomika

RRRRRRia ekonomika Ria ekonomika Ria ekonomika Ria ekonomika Ria ekonomika (open econo-

my) - - - - - qveynis ekonomika, romel-

sac gare samyarosTan aqvs far-

To savaWro-----ekonomikuri Tu fi-

nansuri kavSirebi da axorci-

elebs saqonlisa da momsaxu-

rebis eqsport-----imports. sapi-

rispiroa - - - - - avtarkia.

msoflio meurneobriv kav-

SirebSi qveynis monawileobis

xarisxs gansazRvravs iseTi maC-

veneblebi, rogoricaa mosaxle-

obis erT sulze eqsportis

moculoba, saeqsporto kvota,

aqtiuri sagadasaxdelo bal-

ansi da a.S.

Ria vaWroba Ria vaWroba Ria vaWroba Ria vaWroba Ria vaWroba (open auction)----- saerTaSoriso vaWroba, romel-

zec miwveulia monawileobis

msurveli yvela firma da or-

ganizacia. Cveulebriv, Tavs iy-

ris aseTi vaWrebis didi raode-

noba, rac amZafrebs konkuren-

cias da SemkveTebisaTvis xel-

sayrel pirobebs qmnis.

Ria sazogadoeba Ria sazogadoeba Ria sazogadoeba Ria sazogadoeba Ria sazogadoeba (open so-ciety) - - - - - es termini pirvelad

gamoiyena frangma filosofosma,

nobelis premiis laureatma an-

ri bergsonma wignSi _ `reli-

giisa da moralis ori wyaro~

(1932). Ria sazogadoebis Camoy-

alibebis idea Semdeg ganaviT-

ara cnobilma avstro-ingli-

selma filosofosma karl pop-

erma wignSi _ `Ria sazogado-

eba da misi mtrebi~ (1966). a.

bergsoni cnobda ori tipis sa-

zogadoebas da, Sesabamisad, ori

tipis morals: `Caketilsa~ da

`Rias~. misi azriT, pirveli akma-

yofilebs socialuri instiq-

tis moTxovnilebebs da miznad

isaxavs modgmis gadarCenas, rom-

lis pirobebSic pirovneba aris

koleqtivis msxverpli, meore

ki ukavSirdeba zneobriv fa-

seulobebs, romelic modgmis

gadarCenis, misi SenarCunebis in-

teresebze maRlaa. k. poperma

`Ria~, `humanuri~ sazogadoeba

daupirispira `Caketil~, `to-

talitarul~ sazogadoebas. am

ukanasknels igi, antikumonis-

turi poziciebidan, miakuTvnebda

socialistur sazogadoebas.

Rirebuleba Rirebuleba Rirebuleba Rirebuleba Rirebuleba (cost, value) -----1. ekonomikuri faseulobis erT-----

erTi forma, romelsac adgili

aqvs mxolod sasaqonlo-----fula-

di urTierTobebis pirobebSi;

izomeba fuliT; 2. SromiTi

Rirebulebis Teoriis mixedviT,

saqonelSi ganivTebuli sazoga-

doebrivad aucilebeli Sroma.

Rirebulebis paradoq-Rirebulebis paradoq-Rirebulebis paradoq-Rirebulebis paradoq-Rirebulebis paradoq-

si si si si si (cost paradox) - - - - - winaaRmdego-ba, romelic mdgomareobs Sem-

degSi: adamianis arsebobisaTvis

423

erT-----erTi yvelaze saWiro sa-

qoneli, magaliTad, puri, bev-

rad iafi Rirs, vidre adami-

anis arsebobisaTvis gacilebiT

naklebad saWiro saqoneli -----

magaliTad, musikaluri instru-

menti. meore mxriv, Tu mivmar-

TavT resursebis SezRudulo-

bis principsa da sargebliano-

bis Teorias, puris naWers Sim-

Silisagan momakvdavi adamiani-

saTvis gacilebiT meti sargeb-

lianoba aqvs, vidre musikalur

instruments.

Rirebulebis paradoqsiRirebulebis paradoqsiRirebulebis paradoqsiRirebulebis paradoqsiRirebulebis paradoqsi

424 yadaRayadaRayadaRayadaRayadaRa

yyyyyyadaRa yadaRa yadaRa yadaRa yadaRa (sequestration, attach-

ment, arrest) [arab. akrZalva, aRkve-

Ta] ----- qonebis SesaZlo konfiska-

ciis, CamorTmevis an gamoyenebis

SeCerebis aRsrulebis mizniT

Sesrulebuli RonisZieba. qone-

bis dayadaReba SeiZleba agreTve

jarimis an sxva gadasaxdelis

gadaxdevinebis mizniT kanoniT

dadgenili wesiT. qonebas yada-

Ras adebs sasamarTlo da kano-

niT uflebamosili aRmasrule-

beli piri. dayadaRebuli qoneba

aRiwereba da Sesabamisad gada-

ecema Senaxvaze pasuxismgebel

pirs. qonebaze yadaRis axsna Se-

iZleba sasamarTlos ganaCeniT

an momkvlevi piris dadgenile-

biT.

yairaTianoba yairaTianoba yairaTianoba yairaTianoba yairaTianoba (thriftyness) –warmoebis momWirneobiT, ekono-

miurad gamoyeneba, gegmurze nak-

lebi danaxarjebiT ukeTesi Se-

degis miReba.

arsebobs yairaTianobis pa-

radoqsi (paradox of thrit). igimdgomareobs SemdegSi: Sinameur-

neobebi rac ufro yairaTiane-

bi da ekonomiurebi iqnebian re-

sursebis gamoyenebaSi, miT ufro

dabal doneze iqneba warmoeba

da dasaqmeba. es paradoqsi amtki-

cebs momWirneobis (savings) ara-sasurvelobas imitom, rom misi

gazrda SinameurneobebSi gamo-

iwvevs moxmarebis Semcirebasa

da, maSasadame, erToblivi moTx-

ovnis dacemas. vinaidan er-

Toblivi moTxovnis done gan-

sazRvravs warmoebis dones da

masTan dakavSirebul dasaqme-

bis dones, yairaTianobis zrdas

Sedegad mohyveba warmoebis da-

cema. amasTan, es efeqti gaZlier-

deba multiplikatoris moqme-

debiT, romelsac aqvs jaWvuri

reaqciis Zala.

yidvayidvayidvayidvayidva-----gayidvis kontraq-gayidvis kontraq-gayidvis kontraq-gayidvis kontraq-gayidvis kontraq-

ti ti ti ti ti (sale and purchase contract) -----xelSekruleba, romelsac de-

ben komerciul safuZvelze da

iTvaliswinebs saqonlis an mom-

saxurebis miwodebas. masSi dad-

genilia mxareTa garkveuli uf-

lebebi da movaleobebi. kon-

traqtSi miTiTebulia xelSek-

rulebis subieqtebi, sagani, fasi,

saerTo Tanxa, miwodebis vade-

bi da pirobebi, gamyidvelTa ga-

rantiebi, dazRveva, sajarimo san-

qciebi, arbitraJi. saerTaSoriso

vaWrobaSi am komerciuli kon-

traqtis dadebisas farTod ga-

moiyeneba miwodebis sabaziso pi-

robebi (ix. sifsifsifsifsif-----i, fasfasfasfasfas-----i, fobfobfobfobfob-----i).

yvela saxis ekonomiku-yvela saxis ekonomiku-yvela saxis ekonomiku-yvela saxis ekonomiku-yvela saxis ekonomiku-

ri saqmianobis saerTaSo-ri saqmianobis saerTaSo-ri saqmianobis saerTaSo-ri saqmianobis saerTaSo-ri saqmianobis saerTaSo-

risorisorisorisoriso standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew-

velovelovelovelovelo klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia klasifikacia (Interna-tional Standart Industrial Classifi-catoin of All Economic Activities -----

425

ISIC) - - - - - ekonomikuri saqmianobiskategoriebis nakrebi, romelic

gamoiyeneba statistikuri mo-

nacemebis dajgufebisaTvis eko-

nomikuri saqmianobis mixedviT.

saqmianobis saxeoba ganisaz-

Rvreba im warmoebiT, romel-

sac axorcielebs statisti-

kuri erTeuli. am niSniT arCe-

uli erTeuli jgufdeba sxva

erTeulebTan sawarmoTa sta-

tistikaSi kvlevis, SerCevisa da

aRweris Casatareblad. amitom

ISIC iZleva dakvirvebis obieqte-

bis klasificirebis saSuale-

bas im ekonomikuri saqmianobis

mixedviT, romelsac isini ewe-

vian. am gansazRvrebiT ISIC-----is

kategoriebi mWidro kavSirSia

dakvirvebis erTeulebis ekono-

mikuri saqmianobis organizaci-

is procesTan da am procesis

statistikuri aRweris meTo-

debTan.

ISIC warmoadgens ekonomi-

kuri saqmianobis da ara darge-

bis an produqciisa da momsaxu-

rebis klasifikacias.

ISIC gamoiyeneba sawarmoTa

registrebSi, erovnul angariSTa

sistemaSi, statistikur anga-

riSebSi, sagadasaxado samsaxu-

rebSi, licenzirebaSi da warmo-

adgens bazas ekonomikuri saqmi-

anobis klasifikaciis erovnu-

li versiebis Sesaqmnelad.

yidviTunarianobayidviTunarianobayidviTunarianobayidviTunarianobayidviTunarianoba

yidviTunarianoba yidviTunarianoba yidviTunarianoba yidviTunarianoba yidviTunarianoba (abili-ty) – gamoxatavs nominaluri xe-

lfasis realur Sinaarss, gviC-

venebs, Tu am TanxiT ra raode-

nobisa da xarisxis saqonlis

(momsaxurebis) SeZenaa SesaZle-

beli, rac, Tavis mxriv, damoki-

debulia sabazro fasebsa da ga-

dasaxadebis odenobaze.

426 `Savi bazari~`Savi bazari~`Savi bazari~`Savi bazari~`Savi bazari~

SSSSS`Savi bazari~ `Savi bazari~ `Savi bazari~ `Savi bazari~ `Savi bazari~ (black mar-

ket) - - - - - qveyanaSi moqmedi kanon-mdeblobis darRveviT funqcio-

nirebadi bazari. faruli eko-

nomikis erT-----erTi atributi.

rogorc wesi, im sferoebSi

warmoiSoba, sadac saxelmwifos

mxriv ekonomikuri saqmianobis

mkacri administraciuli reg-

ulireba arsebobs.

Sansi Sansi Sansi Sansi Sansi (opportunity) – war-matebis albaToba, SesaZlebloba

raimes ganxorcielebaze.

SantaJi SantaJi SantaJi SantaJi SantaJi (chantage) – gamoZal-vis erT-erTi saxe. saxelis gam-

texi cnobebis gaxmaurebis muqa-

riT raime qonebis an qonebaze

uflebisa Tu qonebrivi gamor-

Cenis gamoZalva, an privilegi-

is miTviseba (gansakuTrebiT

mwvavea aqciebis yidva-gayidvis

dros); danaSauli, romelic

raime sargeblis miRebis mizniT

mxilebis muqaraSi, samarcxvi-

no monacemebis gaxmaurebaSi

mdgomareobs.

Sedareba Sedareba Sedareba Sedareba Sedareba (compare) – amo-saval monacemTa urTierTdapi-

rispireba sawarmoTa sameurneo-

safinanso saqmianobis Seswav-

lis mizniT.

Sedarebis aucilebeli pi-

robaa erTgvarovneba da Sesa-

bamisoba, Sesadaris maCveneb-

lebSi maTi ganzogadeba. eko-

nomikuri movlenebis erTmaneT-

Tan Sedareba movlenis xarisx-

obrivi daxasiaTebis saSuale-

bas iZleva.

ekonomikuri analizis pro-

cesSi faqtobrivi monacemebis

Sedareba xdeba gegmasTan, wina

wlebis sabaziso periodis,

saukeTeso, saSualo an sxva

analogiur maCveneblebTan.

SevaWrebiTi fasi SevaWrebiTi fasi SevaWrebiTi fasi SevaWrebiTi fasi SevaWrebiTi fasi (barga-ining overprice) - - - - - komerciuli mo-

laparakebis mniSvnelovani rgo-

li, rodesac myidveli cdilobs

gamyidvels saqonelze fasi daak-

lebinos taqtikuri da fsiqo-

logiuri xerxebis, damajerebe-

li mosazrebebis moSveliebiT.

SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-SezRuduli pasuxismgeb-

lobislobislobislobislobis sazogadoeba sazogadoeba sazogadoeba sazogadoeba sazogadoeba (SpsSpsSpsSpsSps) (li-mited liability company) - - - - - organi-zacia, Seqmnili iuridiuli an

fizikuri pirebis SeTanxmebis

safuZvelze, maTi kapitalis ga-

erTianebis gziT sameurneo saq-

mianobis ganxorcielebis miz-

niT. Sps Sps Sps Sps Sps unda Sedgebodes ara

nakleb ori wevrisagan. sazoga-

doeba iqmneba da moqmedebs sad-

amfuZneblo xelSekrulebisa da

wesdebis safuZvelze, iZens iu-

ridiuli piris uflebas reg-

istraciis momentidan. dadge-

nili wesis Tanaxmad, Seqmnili

wminda mogeba sazogadoebis

wevrebs Soris nawildeba pro-

427

porciulad, sawesdebo fondSi

maTi wilis Sesabamisad. sazoga-

doebis umaRlesi organoa mona-

wileTa kreba an maTi warmomad-

genlebi, romlebsac weliwad-

Si orjer irCeven. kreba gan-

sazRvravs sazogadoebis saqmi-

anobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs,

wesdebaSi Seaqvs cvlilebebi,

amtkicebs gegmebsa da angari-

Sebs, irCevs aRmasrulebeli or-

ganoebisa da sarevizio komisiis

wevrebs.

Semavsebeli saqoneliSemavsebeli saqoneliSemavsebeli saqoneliSemavsebeli saqoneliSemavsebeli saqoneli

(complementary goods) - - - - - saqone-li, romlis fasis gazrda iw-

vevs meore saqonelze moTxov-

nis Semcirebas.

SemTxveviTi zaraliSemTxveviTi zaraliSemTxveviTi zaraliSemTxveviTi zaraliSemTxveviTi zarali (win-dfall loss) – moulodneli zara-

li, Semosavlis araprognozire-

buli kleba.

SemTxveviTi SemosavaliSemTxveviTi SemosavaliSemTxveviTi SemosavaliSemTxveviTi SemosavaliSemTxveviTi Semosavali

(windfall gain) – moulodneli Se-

mosavali, Semosavlis araprog-

nozirebuli mateba.

Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali Semosavali (income) - - - - - fu-ladi an sxva faseulobebi, miRe-

buli kerZo pirebis, firmebisa

da saxelmwifos mier drois

garkveul periodSi ama Tu im

saqmianobidan.

Semosavali mosaxleo-Semosavali mosaxleo-Semosavali mosaxleo-Semosavali mosaxleo-Semosavali mosaxleo-

bisbisbisbisbis erT sulze erT sulze erT sulze erT sulze erT sulze (incom per ca-pita) - - - - - VIG an VTG qveynis mosax-

leobis erT sulze gaangariSe-

biT. farTod gamoiyeneba qvey-

nis ganviTarebisa da cxovreb-

is donis dasaxasiaTeblad, Tum-

ca, am maCveneblebma SeiZleba

ver mogvces realuri suraTi,

vinaidan ar iTvaliswinebs Se-

mosavlebis ganawilebis siste-

mas da sakuTrebis rols am

sistemaSi.

Semosavlebis da xarje-Semosavlebis da xarje-Semosavlebis da xarje-Semosavlebis da xarje-Semosavlebis da xarje-

bis nusxa bis nusxa bis nusxa bis nusxa bis nusxa (income and expeditureaccount) – Semosavlebisa da xar-

jebis aRricxva, buRaltruli

gegma, romelic gamoiyeneba same-

urneo saqmianobis dafinansebisa

da daniSnulebiT gasanawileb-

lad.

Semosavlis efeqti Semosavlis efeqti Semosavlis efeqti Semosavlis efeqti Semosavlis efeqti (in-come effect) - - - - - saqonlis fasebis

cvlileba amcirebs an zrdis

momxmareblis realur Semosa-

vals. momxmarebeli realuri

Semosavlis cvlilebis sapasux-

od yidulobs nakleb (an met)

saqonels, maT Soris masac, ro-

melzedac Seicvala fasi. amas

ewodeba fasebis cvlilebiT ga-

mowveuli Semosavlis efeqti.

Semcvleli saqoneliSemcvleli saqoneliSemcvleli saqoneliSemcvleli saqoneliSemcvleli saqoneli

(substitute good) - - - - - saqoneli, rom-----

lis fasis gazrda iwvevs meo-----

re saqonelze moTxovnis zrdas.

Sereuli ekonomika Sereuli ekonomika Sereuli ekonomika Sereuli ekonomika Sereuli ekonomika (mixedeconomy) - - - - - sakuTrebis mraval-

formianobaze dafuZnebuli

ekonomikuri organizaciis for-

ma sabazro ekonomikis qveyneb-

Si, sadac sameurneo organiza-

Sereuli ekonomikaSereuli ekonomikaSereuli ekonomikaSereuli ekonomikaSereuli ekonomika

428

cia eyrdnoba fasismier siste-

mas (bazars), amasTan, makro-

ekonomikuri arastabilurobisa

da bazris arasrulyofilebis

daZlevisaTvis gamoiyeneba sax-

elmwifo regulirebis sxva-

dasxva forma.

Sereuli saqoneli Sereuli saqoneli Sereuli saqoneli Sereuli saqoneli Sereuli saqoneli (mixedgoods) - - - - - dovlaTi, romlis ga-

moyenebiT ar SeiZleba sarge-

blobas mxolod erTi indivi-

di iRebdes, magram igi Tanabrad

xelmisawvdomi ar aris nebismi-

erisaTvis. es saqoneli moqce-

ulia kerZo konkurentul mox-

marebasa (anu erTi individis

mier aseTi dovlaTis moxmare-

ba gamoricxavs sxvis mier mis

moxmarebas) da sazogadoebriv

saqonels Soris, romlis mox-

mareba arakonkurentulia (ase-

Ti dovlaTis moxmareba Tanab-

rad xelmisawvdomia yvela-

saTvis) da moicavs orive ti-

pis saqonlis (kerZosa da sa-

zogadoebrivis) elementebs. mag.,

acrebi daavadebis Tavidan asac-

ileblad Sereuli saqonelia,

vinaidan mas moaqvs sargeblo-

ba rogorc misi mimRebi indi-

vidisTvis, ise mTeli sazoga-

doebisTvis (amcirebs daavade-

bis risks), Tumca, es saqoneli

Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi ar

aris yvelasaTvis. aseT situa-

ciaSi Sereuli saqonlis in-

dividualuri moxmareba qmnis

dadebiT gare efeqts danarCe-

ni sazogadoebisTvis.

Sermanis kanoni Sermanis kanoni Sermanis kanoni Sermanis kanoni Sermanis kanoni (Shermanact) - - - - - erT-----erTi ZiriTadi kanoniaSS-----is antitrestul kanonmde-

blobaSi, romelic miRebul iqna

1890 wels. igi sazogadoebis

aRSfoTebis Taviseburi gamoZa-

xili iyo. warmoebis koncen-

traciis zRvargadasul zrdas-

Tan dakavSirebuli qmedebebis

gamo kanoni krZalavda vaWro-

bis Tavisuflebis SemzRudvel

kontraqtebs, monopoliur gaer-

Tianebebsa da farul garige-

bebs, garda amisa, monopolizaci-

is mcdelobas. am kanonis dar-

RvevisaTvis maqsimaluri jarima

saxelmwifos sasargeblod

Tavdapirvelad 5000 dolars,

xolo Semdgom 50000 dola-

rs Seadgenda. 1974 wels am

Tanxam korporaciebisaTvis

1000000 dolars miaRwia.

SefardebiTi mogeba SefardebiTi mogeba SefardebiTi mogeba SefardebiTi mogeba SefardebiTi mogeba (re-lative profit) - - - - - mogeba, romelsac

gamyidveli iRebs yovel gayid-

ul nawarmze danaxarjebis gamo-

qviTviT.

SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-

soba soba soba soba soba (comparative advantage) -----upiratesoba, romelic aqvs erT

qveyanas sxvebTan SedarebiT, Tu

misi saqonlis warmoebis al-

ternatiuli Rirebuleba ufro

dabalia, vidre analogiuri sa-

qonlisa sxva qveynebSi.

Sereuli saqoneliSereuli saqoneliSereuli saqoneliSereuli saqoneliSereuli saqoneli

429

sagareo vaWrobis struq-

turas mniSvnelovnad gansaz-

Rvravs SefardebiTi da ara

absoluturi upiratesoba, Tum-

ca, ukanasknel periodSi wina

planze konkurentulma upi-

ratesobam wamoiwia.

SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-SefardebiTi upirate-

sobis Teoria sobis Teoria sobis Teoria sobis Teoria sobis Teoria (theory of com-parative advantage) - - - - - Teoria,

romlis mixedviTac qveyana unda

specialdebodes im saqonlis

warmoebasa da eqsportze, rom-

lis damzadebac SeiZleba Se-

darebiT dabali danaxarjebiT.

am SemTxvevaSi misTvis xel-

sayrelia im saqonlis impor-

tireba, romlis danaxarjebic

adgilze SedarebiT maRalia.

SefardebiTi upiratesobis

Teoria, romelic warmoadgens

qveynebis (agreTve calkeuli

pirovnebebis) specializaciis

safuZvels, amasTan, Tavisufa-

li vaWrobis qvakuTxeds, axsna

devid rikardom adam smiTis

absoluturi upiratesobis Te-

oriis ganviTarebis Sedegad

Semdeg magaliTze:

portugalias erTi galo-

ni Rvinis sawarmoeblad sWird-

eba 80 samuSao saaTi, xolo

erTi mln iardi maudis dasamza-

deblad _ _ _ _ _ 90 samuSao saaTi,

ingliss ki, Sesabamisad, 120 da

100 samuSao saaTi.

warmoebisaTvis aucilebeliwarmoebisaTvis aucilebeliwarmoebisaTvis aucilebeliwarmoebisaTvis aucilebeliwarmoebisaTvis aucilebeli

samuSao saaTebis raodenobasamuSao saaTebis raodenobasamuSao saaTebis raodenobasamuSao saaTebis raodenobasamuSao saaTebis raodenoba

SefardebiTi upiratesobis TeoriaSefardebiTi upiratesobis TeoriaSefardebiTi upiratesobis TeoriaSefardebiTi upiratesobis TeoriaSefardebiTi upiratesobis Teoria

gjhneufkbf byukbcb

th'b ufkjybqdbyj

th'b bfhlbvfelb

80

90

120

100

amrigad, portugalias aqvs

absoluturi upiratesoba or-----

ive saqonlis warmoebaSi, vi-

naidan portugaliaSi amisaTvis

naklebi xarjebia saWiro, vi-

dre inglisSi. portugalias

aqvs SefardebiTi upiratesoba

Rvinis warmoebaSi, vinaidan por-

tugaliuri Rvinis warmoebis

xarjebis Tanafardoba inglis-

Tan tolia 80 : 120 da igi

naklebia maudis analogiur

Tanafardobaze, romelic to-

lia 90 : 100. Tu portugalia

daspecialdeba SefardebiTi upi-

ratesobis Sesabamisad, maSin

yovel arawarmoebul iard ma-

udze mas SeuZlia miiRos 1 da

1/8 galoni Rvino, vinaidan ro-

gorc erTis, ise meoris sawar-

moeblad saWiroa 90 samuSao

saaTi. portugalias SeuZlia

gacvalos Tavisi 1 da 1/8 galo-

ni Rvino imave raodenobis iard

maudze. amrigad, portugalias

90 samuSao saaTis ganmavlo-

baSi SeuZlia an TviTon awar-

moos erTi iardi maudi, an

430

SemovliTi gziT miiRos 1 da

1/8 iardi maudi. portugaliis

absoluturi upiratesobis mi-

uxedavad, inglissac aseve Seu-

Zlia miiRos mogeba sagareo

vaWrobiT. yoveli galoni Rvi-

no, romelic ar iqna warmoebu-

li inglisSi, e.i. 120 samuSao

saaTi, saSualebas miscems mas,

awarmoos 1 da 1/5 iardi mau-di, romelic sagareo vaWrobis

meSveobiT SeiZleba gardaiqm-

nas 1 da 1/5 galon Rvinod.

SefardebiTi upiratesoba

xels uwyobs msoflio ekono-

mikis ganviTarebas. rodesac esa

Tu is qveyana uSvebs im saqo-

nels, romlis warmoebac sxve-

bze naklebi xarjebiT SeuZlia,

maSin mogebulia rogorc es

qveyana, ise mTeli sazogadoeba,

radgan iqmneba erTi da imave

raodenobis resursebis xar-

jviT meti saqonlis warmoebis

SesaZlebloba.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi sa-

gareo vaWrobisagan sargeblo-

bis miRebis aucilebeli piro-----

baa sxvadasxva qveyanaSi fasebis

gansxvavebuli Tanafardoba.

Svilobili kompania Svilobili kompania Svilobili kompania Svilobili kompania Svilobili kompania (sub-sidiary company) - - - - - saTavo kompa-niis kontroliT momuSave fil-

iali, sadac kontroli xor-

cieldeba monawileobis siste-

mis meSveobiT, e.i. saTavo ko-

mpania, rogorc holdingis rol-

Si myofi sazogadoeba, flobs

Svilobili kompaniaSvilobili kompaniaSvilobili kompaniaSvilobili kompaniaSvilobili kompania

Svilobili kompaniebis aqcieb-

is sakontrolo paketebs. Svi-

lobil kompaniebs aqvT damouki-

debeli iuridiuli piris sta-

tusi. maTi registrireba xde-

ba mocemuli qveynis kanonmde-

blobis Sesabamisad, adgilsamy-

ofelis mixedviT da am SemTx-

vevaSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs, sad

aris dafuZnebuli saTavo kom-

pania.

Svilobili kompania orga-----

nizebulia SezRuduli pasux-----

ismgeblobis sazogadoebis fo-----

rmiT, e.i. gakotrebis an gada-----

xdisuunarobis SemTxvevaSi igi

Tavis valdebulebebs faravs

ara mesakuTris, aramed mxolod

kompaniis qonebiT. zogjer Svi-

lobili kompaniebi maTs daqvem-

debarebaSi arsebuli SviliSv-

ili sazogadoebebis _ _ _ _ _ ganyofi-

lebebis aqciebis sakontrolo

paketebsac floben.

Svilobil kompaniebs aqvT

damoukidebeli sabuRaltro ba-

lansi da safinanso dokumente-

bi, farTo uflebebiT sargeb-

loben sakuTari mogebis ganawi-

lebaSi, maTi reinvesticiis CaT-

vliT.

dasavleTSi transerovnu-

li korporaciebis umravleso-

ba aTobiT da asobiTac flobs

Svilobil kompaniebs, romlebic

sxvadasxva qveyanaSia ganlage-

buli. Svilobili kompania Sei-

Zleba iyos saTavo kompaniis

431

srul sakuTrebaSi, sxvadasxva

qveynis kompaniebis Sereul

sakuTrebaSi an ucxouri firme-

bis kerZo sakuTrebaSi.

funqcionaluri niSnis mi-

xedviT, Svilobili kompaniebi

iyofa sabazo (asrulebs tran-

serovnul korporaciebSi Sida

korporaciuli holdingebis

rols), saeqsporto, safinanso,

mecnierul-----teqnikur da sxva

ganyofilebebad. Svilobili

kompaniis damoukideblobis xa-

risxi Zalze maRalia warmoeb-

isa da gasaRebis sferoebSi, ma-

Sin rodesac kapitaldabande-

bebis, finansebis, sacdel-----sakon-

struqtoro samuSaoebis warmar-

Tvis, gadasaxadebis gadaxdis sa-

kiTxebs saTavo kompania wyvets.

Sida eqsternaliebi Sida eqsternaliebi Sida eqsternaliebi Sida eqsternaliebi Sida eqsternaliebi (inter-nal externalities) - - - - - efeqtebi, rom-lebic garegania mocemuli sa-

kontraqto urTierTobis mima-

rT, magram Sinagani _ Sida kon-traqtSi monawile jgufisaTvis.

SiSiSiSiSiddddda lagi a lagi a lagi a lagi a lagi (inside lag) - - - - - Se-ferxeba droSi moqmedebis auci-

leblobis dadgenis momentsa

da mis ganxorcielebas Soris.

igi politikuri lagia da SeiZ-

leba daiyos sam Semadgenel

nawilad: gamovlenis lagi, gada-

wyvetilebis miRebis lagi da

moqmedebis lagi.

Sida danaxarjebi Sida danaxarjebi Sida danaxarjebi Sida danaxarjebi Sida danaxarjebi (inter-nal expenses) – firmis mTliani

danaxarjebis is nawili, romel-

ic moicavs firmis sakuTar Sida

materialur Tu SromiT resur-

sebze gaweul danaxarjebs.

Sinakeri Sinakeri Sinakeri Sinakeri Sinakeri (dishonest trader) -----arakeTilsindisieri vaWari.

Sinameurneoba Sinameurneoba Sinameurneoba Sinameurneoba Sinameurneoba (household)- - - - - gaeros erovnuli angariSTa

sistemis mixedviT, erTad mcxov-

reb pirTa mcire jgufi, romleb-

sac gaerTianebuli aqvT (mTli-

anad an nawilobriv) TavianTi

Semosavlebi da qoneba da erTad

moixmaren garkveuli saxis sa-

qonelsa da momsaxurebas, upir-

veles yovlisa, sacxovrissa da

kvebis produqtebs. rogorc wesi,

Sinameurneobis TiToeul wevrs

aqvs garkveuli ufleba am meur-

neobis erTobliv resursebze.

Sinameurneoba xSirad iden-

turia `ojaxisa~, Tumca erTi

da igive Sinameurneobis wevrebi

ar aris savaldebulo iyos erTi

ojaxis wevrebi. aucilebel pi-

robas warmoadgens resursebis

erToblivi mflobeloba da er-

Toblivi moxmareba. igi aris

erT saerTo sacxovrebel far-

Tze da erTi saojaxo biujetiT

mcxovreb adamianTa socialur-----

ekonomikuri rgoli (ujredi).

Sinameurneoba, rogorc mox-

marebis statistikis mniSvnelo-

vani statistikuri erTeuli,

gansxvavdeba mosaxleobis sta-

tistikaSi xmarebul saojaxo

meurneobisagan, rogorc mxo-

lod erTad mcxovreb pirTa er-

SinameurneobaSinameurneobaSinameurneobaSinameurneobaSinameurneoba

432

Tobliobisagan.

Sinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mier

sakuTari moxmarebisTvissakuTari moxmarebisTvissakuTari moxmarebisTvissakuTari moxmarebisTvissakuTari moxmarebisTvis

warmoebuli produqcia dawarmoebuli produqcia dawarmoebuli produqcia dawarmoebuli produqcia dawarmoebuli produqcia da

momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba momsaxureba (product made byhausholds for their own consump-tion) – daukvirvebadi ekonomikisSemadgeneli nawili. ar Sedis

araformalur seqtorSi da ami-

tomac ganixileba daukvirve-

badi ekonomikis calke prob-

lemad. garda sasoflo-sameur-

neo produqciisa, masSi Sedis

sakuTari moxmarebisTvis war-

moebuli yvela saxis saqone-

li da momsaxureba. mag., saku-

Tari saxlebis mSenebloba, Si-

namosamsaxureTa fasiani mom-

saxureba da a.S.

SiSiSiSiSipCandlerpCandlerpCandlerpCandlerpCandleri i i i i (ship-----chandler)- - - - - organizacia an firma, rome-

lic sursaTs awvdis gemebs da

amaragebs maT teqnikiT.

`Sokuri Terapia~ `Sokuri Terapia~ `Sokuri Terapia~ `Sokuri Terapia~ `Sokuri Terapia~ (shocktherapy) - - - - - sabazro ekonomikazegadasvlis modeli. ekonomikis

konversiis es gza gradualiz-

mis (evoluciuri gzis) anti-

podia. misTvis damaxasiaTebe-

lia radikalizmis ukiduresad

maRali done, rac, upirveles

yovlisa, fasebis liberaliza-

ciaSi, fasebis moumzadebel

Tavisufal aSvebaSi, saxelmwi-

fos maregulirebeli rolis Se-

sustebasa da wina ekonomikuri

sistemis ara mxolod insti-

tutebis, aramed materialur-----

teqnikuri bazis ngrevaSi gam-

oixateba.

saqarTvelom am gziT dai-

wyo sabazro ekonomikaze gadas-

vla, magram ekonomikis Sokire-

bas Terapia ar mohyolia. es

modeli SemuSavebul iqna e.w.

vaSingtonis konsensusis mier

da TviT postvaSingtonis kon-

sensunsmac uaryofiTad Seaf-

asa. ̀ Sokurma~ gzam ver gaamar-

Tla saqarTveloSi, ise rogorc

bevr sxva postsabWour qveya-

naSi.

SromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi Rirebulebis

Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (labour theory of value)- - - - - Teoria, romlis Tanaxmadac

faswarmoqmnas safuZvlad ude-

vs saqonlis warmoebaze dax-

arjuli anu saqonelSi ganivTe-

buli sazogadoebrivad auci-

lebeli Sromis raodenoba (Sro-

mis is raodenoba, romelic au-

cilebelia warmoebis normalur

pirobebSi saqonlis dasamzade-

blad), e.i. misi Rirebuleba.

Rirebulebis mixedviT ori sx-

vadasxva saqonlis toloba ni-

Snavs imas, rom maTSi erTi da

igive raodenobis Sromaa ganiv-

Tebuli. am Teoriis ZiriTadi

postulatebia:

- - - - - gacvlis sxvadasxva pro-

duqtebs aqvT erTnairi Sinaarsi

_ _ _ _ _ Rirebuleba. amitom isini

erTmaneTs utoldebian gan-

sazRvruli sacvleli Rire-

bulebiT;

Sinameurneobebis mier sakuTari moxmarebi...Sinameurneobebis mier sakuTari moxmarebi...Sinameurneobebis mier sakuTari moxmarebi...Sinameurneobebis mier sakuTari moxmarebi...Sinameurneobebis mier sakuTari moxmarebi...

433

- - - - - Rirebuleba saqonelSi

ganivTebuli sazogadoebrivi

Sromaa. Rirebulebis mixedviT

produqciis toloba niSnavs

imas, rom maTSi erTi da igive

raodenobis Sromaa ganivTebu-

li;

----- Tu Sroma Tvisebrivad er-

Tnairia, maSin raodenobrivad

igi izrdeba drois xangrZlivo-

biT;

- - - - - bazarze erTnairi saxeo-

bis saqonelze yalibdeba ara

individualuri, aramed sazoga-

doebrivi Rirebuleba.

SromiTi Rirebulebis Teo-

ria axasiaTebs ekonomikur kav-

Sirs, romelic SeiZleba gam-

ovsaxoT ase: mwarmoebeli _____

sazogadoebrivi Sroma _ _ _ _ _ dov-

laTis sazogadoebrivi Rire-

buleba _ _ _ _ _ fasi. am TeoriaSi sa-

saqonlo-----fuladi urTierTobebi

ganxilulia saqonelmwarmoeb-

lis poziciidan.


ria ekuTvnis klasikur sko-

las. mis SeqmnaSi gansakuTre-

buli wvlili miuZRvis d. ri-

kardos, agreTve k. marqss. Sro-

miTi Rirebulebis Teorias dau-

pirispirda zRvruli sargeb-

lianobis Teoria, warmoebis

danaxarjebis Teoria, moTxov-

na-----miwodebis Teoria, inglisur-----

amerikuli skolis Teoria.


riis mTlianad uaryofa mec-

nierulad ar aris gamarTle-

buli. igi, zRvruli sargebli-

anobis TeoriasTan erTad, safuZ-

vlad udevs faswarmoqmnas. am

Teoriebis dapirispireba gamox-

atavs ara mxolod maT urT-

ierTuaryofas, aramed urTierT-

ganpirobebulobasac, Rirebule-

basa da sargeblianobas Soris

funqcionalur kavSirs.

Sromis bazari Sromis bazari Sromis bazari Sromis bazari Sromis bazari (labor mar-ket) - - - - - samuSao Zalis yidva-----ga-

yidvasTan dakavSirebul urT-

ierTobaTa sistema. gulisxmobs

damqiraveblebsa da dasaqirave-

blebs Soris nebayoflobiT

safuZvelze agebul urTierTo-

bas, agreTve TiToeuli maTga-

nis urTierTobas sxva subieq-

tebTan. samuSao Zalis bazris

koniunqturis mniSvnelovani ma-

xasiaTebelia Tanafardoba Tavi-

sufal samuSao adgilebsa da

samuSaos aqtiurad maZieblebs

Soris. samuSao Zalis fasis

gadaxra misi Rirebulebisagan

damokidebulia warmoebis efeq-

tianobaze, ganawilebiT urTier-

Tobaze, xelfasisa da Semosav-

lebis struqturis doneze, sa-

momxmareblo bazris dinamika-

ze, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

moqmed fasebze da sxv. am

faqtorebis urTierTkavSiri da

urTierTganpirobebuloba ayal-

ibebs samuSao Zalis TviTreg-

ulirebasa da TviTmoZraobas

mimoqcevis sferoSi. ganviTare-

Sromis bazariSromis bazariSromis bazariSromis bazariSromis bazari

434

buli samuSao Zalis bazari

stimuls aZlevs warmoebis efeq-

tianobis amaRlebas, xels uwy-

obs samuSao Zalis ganawile-

bas piradi da sazogadoebrivi

moTxovnilebebis Sesabamisad.

misi meSveobiT mcirdeba war-

moebis danaxarjebi, xdeba sam-

uSao Zalis Warbi rezervis ga-

danawileba meurneobis perspeq-

tiul dargebSi. samuSao Zalis

bazris sidides gansazRvravs

vakanturi samuSao adgilebi da

samuSaos aqtiurad maZiebeli

Sromisunariani mosaxleoba.

Sromis birJa Sromis birJa Sromis birJa Sromis birJa Sromis birJa (Labour ex-change) - - - - - saxelmwifo orga-

nizacia, romelic regularu-

lad axorcielebs Suamavlur

operaciebs Sromis bazarze. igi

agreTve axdens umuSevarTa reg-

istracias.

Sromis danawileba Sromis danawileba Sromis danawileba Sromis danawileba Sromis danawileba (di-vision of labour) - - - - - Sromis dana-wilebis procesi saqmianobis

sferoebis mixedviT, anu sam-

uSaoTa im saxeebis mixedviT,

sadac yvelaze metad iqneba ga-

moyenebuli pirovnebis kvali-

fikacia. Sromis danawilebis

Sedegad arc erTi adamiani ar

asrulebs yvela samuSaos war-

moebaSi da TiToeuli special-

izdeba samuSaoTa im saxeebze,

romlebSic mas aqvs Sefardeb-

iTi upiratesoba.

Sromis mwarmoeblurobaSromis mwarmoeblurobaSromis mwarmoeblurobaSromis mwarmoeblurobaSromis mwarmoebluroba

(labour productivity) - - - - - SromiTi re-

sursebis, adamianiseuli kapi-

talis gamoyenebis efeqtiano-

bis maCvenebeli. ganisazRvreba

drois erTeulSi gamomuSa-drois erTeulSi gamomuSa-drois erTeulSi gamomuSa-drois erTeulSi gamomuSa-drois erTeulSi gamomuSa-

vebuli produqciis raode-vebuli produqciis raode-vebuli produqciis raode-vebuli produqciis raode-vebuli produqciis raode-

nobiT, an erTeul produq-nobiT, an erTeul produq-nobiT, an erTeul produq-nobiT, an erTeul produq-nobiT, an erTeul produq-

ciazeciazeciazeciazeciaze daxarjuli drois ra daxarjuli drois ra daxarjuli drois ra daxarjuli drois ra daxarjuli drois rao-o-o-o-o-

denobiT.denobiT.denobiT.denobiT.denobiT.

Sromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSoriso

danawileba danawileba danawileba danawileba danawileba (international divi-sion of labour) - - - - - calkeuli qvey-

nebis specializacia garkveu-

li saxis im saqonlis (momsax-

urebis) warmoebaSi, romelTa

damzadebisTvisac TiToeul maT-

gans sxva qveynebze ukeTesi

pirobebi (bunebrivi an SeZeni-

li) aqvs, anu aqvs absoluturi

upiratesoba ama Tu im saqon-

lis (momsaxurebis) warmoebi-

sTvis. Sromis saerTaSoriso

danawileba gulisxmobs qvey-

nebis moTxovnis dakmayofile-

bas ara mxolod sakuTari war-

moebiT, aramed sagareo vaWro-

bis saSualebiTac.

Sromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSorisoSromis saerTaSoriso

organizacia organizacia organizacia organizacia organizacia - - - - - Sso Sso Sso Sso Sso (Interna-tional Labour Organization - - - - - ILO)- - - - - Seiqmna 1919 wels mosaxle-

obis Sromis pirobebisa da so-

cialuri dacvis mizniT versa-

lis xelSekrulebis safuZ-

velze. 1946 wlidan gaeros

specializebuli dawesebulebaa,

romelSic warmodgenili ari-

an rogorc wevri mTavrobebi,

ise profkavSirebi da mewarme-

Sromis birJaSromis birJaSromis birJaSromis birJaSromis birJa

435

Ta organizaciebi.

SsoSsoSsoSsoSso-----s SemuSavebuli aqvs

Sromis bazris analizisa da

prognozirebis maCvenebelTa

sistema, indikatorebi da kri-

teriumebi. misi Stab-----bina Jeneva-

Sia. ikvlevs samuSao Zalis

miwodebis, momzadebis da gamoye-

nebis, Sida da qveyanaTaSorisi

migraciuli nakadebis proble-

mebs. misi mTavari amocanaa

msoflio warmoebis zrdaze

zemoqmedeba, cxovrebis donis

amaRleba SromiTi resursebis

racionalurad gamoyenebis gziT.

SromiTi resursebis ba-SromiTi resursebis ba-SromiTi resursebis ba-SromiTi resursebis ba-SromiTi resursebis ba-

lansi lansi lansi lansi lansi (balance of manpower) - - - - - asa-xavs qveyanaSi arsebuli Sro-

miTi resursebis raodenobas, Se-

madgenlobas, (asakis, sqesis, pro-

fesiis, dasaqmebis saxeobebis, so-

cialuri jgufebisa da a.S. mi-

xedviT) ganawilebasa da gamoye-

nebas.

Straikbrexeri Straikbrexeri Straikbrexeri Straikbrexeri Straikbrexeri (strike-breaker) [germ. Streikbrecher,streik gaficva + brechen damtvre-va, mogleja] - - - - - piri, romelsac

sawarmo maSin daiqiravebs, rode-

sac misi koleqtivi gaficulia.

StrixStrixStrixStrixStrix-----kodi kodi kodi kodi kodi (bar code) -----specialuri kodi, romelic

saqonlis safuTavzea ganTavse-

buli artikulis identifikaci-

isTvis.

Sualeduri moxmarebaSualeduri moxmarebaSualeduri moxmarebaSualeduri moxmarebaSualeduri moxmareba

(intermediate consumption) - - - - - war-moebis erTi stadiis Sromis

produqtis gamoyeneba Sromis

sagnis saxiT warmoebis meore

stadiaze.

Sualeduri produqtiSualeduri produqtiSualeduri produqtiSualeduri produqtiSualeduri produqti

(intermediate product) - - - - - produq-ti, romelmac gaiara garkveu-

li damuSaveba, magram jer kidev

ver miaRwia im stadias, romel-

zedac CaiTvleba saboloo pro-

duqtad. mag., foladi Suale-

duri produqtia. Sualeduri

produqti gamoiyeneba sxva pro-

duqtis sawarmoeblad.

Sualeduri teqnologi-Sualeduri teqnologi-Sualeduri teqnologi-Sualeduri teqnologi-Sualeduri teqnologi-

ebi ebi ebi ebi ebi (intermediary technologis) –alternatiuli teqnologiebi

mowinave kapitalintensiur da

moZvelebul, Sromaintensiur

teqnologiebs Soris. termini

praqtikaSi Semoitana e. Suma-

xerma, romlis xelmZRvanelobiT

1965 wels londonSi Seiqmna

specialistTa jgufi ganviTare-

bad qveynebSi arsebuli moZvele-

buli teqnologiebis Suale-

duri teqnologiebiT Secvli-

saTvis RonisZiebebis dasaxvis

mizniT.

saqme isaa, rom ekonomikis

ganviTarebis dabali done aiZu-

lebs am qveynebs moaxdinon moZ-

velebuli teqnologiebis im-

porti, romelTa gamoyenebis

grZelvadiani Sedegebi (gare-

moze zemoqmedebisa da sxva eko-

logiuri parametrebis gaTval-

iswinebiT) Zalze uaryofiTia.

winaaRmdegoba, romelic arsebobs

Sualeduri teqnologiSualeduri teqnologiSualeduri teqnologiSualeduri teqnologiSualeduri teqnologiebiebiebiebiebi

436

ganviTarebuli qveynebis axal,

maRal kapitalintensiur teqno-

logiebsa da `mesame samyaros~

qveynebis moZvelebul, maRal

Sromaintensiur teqnologiebs

Soris, amJamindeli mZime eko-

logiuri situaciis Taviseburi

gamoZaxilicaa. igi Semadgeneli

nawilia Tanamedrove ekologi-

uri ekonomikis koncefciisa,

romlis erT-erTi mimarTule-

baa envaironmentaluri determi-

nizmi (environmental determinism).

ekologiuri wonasworobis aRd-

gena-SenarCunebis mizniT, mraval

sxva RonisZiebebTan erTad, yura-

dRebaa gamaxvilebuli sustad

ganviTarebul qveynebSi daxma-

rebis programebis SemuSavebisa

da konkretuli proeqtebis rea-

lizaciaSi Sualeduri, resurs-

damzogveli teqnologiebis ga-

moyenebaze.

Suamavloba Suamavloba Suamavloba Suamavloba Suamavloba (mediation) – ormxares Soris warmoqmnil same-

warmeo konfliqtSi Careva me-

same damoukidebeli da aradain-

teresebuli mxarisa, romelic

konfliqtis mizezebis Seswav-

lis safuZvelze waradgens

rekomendaciebs misi daZlevis

mizniT (Tumca mxareebi ar ari-

an valdebulni gaiTvaliswinon

es rekomendaciebi).

Sumpeteri iozef Sumpeteri iozef Sumpeteri iozef Sumpeteri iozef Sumpeteri iozef (1883-

1950) (Sumpeter Joseph) – jerbonis universitetis (1932

wlamde), xolo Semdeg sicocx-

lis bolomde harvardis uni-

versitetis profesori. farTo

interesebis mqone mecnieri sazo-

gadoebriv mecnierebebSi, Tum-

ca, sxvadasxva dros iyo fin-

ansTa ministri da bankiri.

cnobilia misi naSromebi ekono-

mikuri ciklis analizSi, ker-

Zod: ̀ saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-

li~ (1939) da `ekonomikuri

ganviTareba~ (1912). did mniS-

vnelobas aniWebda inovaciur

saqmianobas da, aqedan gamom-

dinare, iseT mewarmes, romelic

warmoebaSi nergavda axal te-

qnologiebs, qmnida produqci-

is axal saxeobebs, warmoebis

organizaciis axal meTodebs, aR-

moaCenda axal bazrebs da a.S.

am mxriv gansakuTrebul rols

monopoliebs aniWebda. misi es

debuleba cnobilia Sumpete-Sumpete-Sumpete-Sumpete-Sumpete-

rrrrrisisisisis hi hi hi hi hipoTezis poTezis poTezis poTezis poTezis saxelwodebiT.

Sumpeteris naSromSi _ ̀ ka-

pitalizmi, socializmi da de-

mokratia~ (1947) logikuradaa

dasabuTebuli, rom kapital-kapital-kapital-kapital-kapital-

izmi izmi izmi izmi izmi adgils uTmobs so-adgils uTmobs so-adgils uTmobs so-adgils uTmobs so-adgils uTmobs so-

cializms, magcializms, magcializms, magcializms, magcializms, magramramramramram ara Tavi- ara Tavi- ara Tavi- ara Tavi- ara Tavi-

si mankierebebis Sesi mankierebebis Sesi mankierebebis Sesi mankierebebis Sesi mankierebebis Sedededededegad gad gad gad gad (ro-

gorc amas karl marqsi amtki-

cebda), aramed ekonomikuri gan-aramed ekonomikuri gan-aramed ekonomikuri gan-aramed ekonomikuri gan-aramed ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebiTviTarebiTviTarebiTviTarebiTviTarebiT. misi bolo daumTav-

rebeli monumenturi naSromia

`ekonomikuri analizis isto-

ria~, romelic gamoica misi gar-

dacvalebis Semdeg (1954).

SuamavlobaSuamavlobaSuamavlobaSuamavlobaSuamavloba

437CaSenebuli stabilizaCaSenebuli stabilizaCaSenebuli stabilizaCaSenebuli stabilizaCaSenebuli stabilizatorebitorebitorebitorebitorebi

CCCCCCaketili bazari Caketili bazari Caketili bazari Caketili bazari Caketili bazari (locked

market) - - - - - bazris iseTi mdgoma-reoba, rodesac myidvelis kursi

gamyidvelis kurss utoldeba.

Caketili ekonomika Caketili ekonomika Caketili ekonomika Caketili ekonomika Caketili ekonomika (clo-sed economy) - - - - - ekonomika, rome-lic finanasur-----ekonomikur ur-

TierTobebSi gare samyarosagan

faqtobrivad izolirebulia;

ekonomika, romelic farTod ar

monawileobs saerTaSoriso vaW-

robaSi.

Canacvlebis efeqti Canacvlebis efeqti Canacvlebis efeqti Canacvlebis efeqti Canacvlebis efeqti (sub-stitution effect) - - - - - fasebis cvli-

lebis zemoqmedeba saqonlis

moTxovnisa da miwodebis moc-

ulobaze, ris safuZvelzec re-

aluri Semosavali ucvleli

rCeba.

CantlaZe vasil CantlaZe vasil CantlaZe vasil CantlaZe vasil CantlaZe vasil (1905-----

1995) (Chantladze Vasil) - - - - - saqar-Tvelos mecnierebaTa akademi-

is akademikosi (1979), wevr-----ko-

respondenti (1974), ekonomikur

mecnierebaTa doqtori (1958),


mecnierebis damsaxurebuli mo-----

Rvawe (1966). daamTavra Tsu

socialur-----ekonomikuri fakul-

teti (1927), moRvaweobda Tsu-----

Si 1930 wlidan sicocxlis

bolomde: iyo finansebisa da

kreditis kaTedris docenti

(1930-----1958), profesori, gamge

(1967-----1985). v. CantlaZes didi

Rvawli miuZRvis finansuri

mecnierebisa da axali qarTu-

li ekonomikuri terminologi-

is ganviTarebaSi. aRsaniSnavia,

rom sulxan-----saba orbelianis

fiziokratuli Sexedulebebi

pirvelad sami saukunis Semdeg

gamoikvlia v. CantlaZem.

ZiriTadi naSromebia: ̀ same-

urneo angariSianoba da dakred-

iteba~. Tb., 1937; ̀ sulxan-----saba-----

orbelianis ekonomikuri Sexedu-

lebebi~. Tb., 1959; `finansuri

mecnierebis sagani da amocane-

bi~. Tb., 1966; ̀ finansebis Teori-

is sakiTxebi~. Tb., 1979 (rusul

enaze); ̀ SoTa rusTavelis eko-

nomikuri Sexedulebebi~. Tb.,

1992 da sxv.

Carteri Carteri Carteri Carteri Carteri (charter) - - - - - xel-

Sekruleba, romelsac deben xo-

maldis mflobeli da damqirave-

beli mTlianad xomaldis an

misi nawilis gansazRvruli

droiT an garkveuli reisisaT-

vis arendiT gacemis Sesaxeb.

Cartingi Cartingi Cartingi Cartingi Cartingi (charting) - - - - - grafi-kebisa da diagramebis Sedgena

bazris analizisa da fasebis

prognozirebis mizniT.

CaSenebuli stabiliza-CaSenebuli stabiliza-CaSenebuli stabiliza-CaSenebuli stabiliza-CaSenebuli stabiliza-

torebi torebi torebi torebi torebi (implanted stabilizators)- - - - - fiskaluri politikis meqa-

nizmi, romlis meSveobiTac

xdeba ekonomikis kerZo seqtor-

Si warmoSobili ryevebis Ser-

438

bileba. aseTi stabilizatore-

bis magaliTebia umuSevrebisad-

mi daxmareba, progresuli saSe-

mosavlo gadasaxadi da a.S. ix.

avtomaturi stabilizatorebi.

`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba

(repressive unemployment) – qro-nikuli umuSevroba mosaxleo-

bis im nawilisa, romelmac, xan-

grZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi

mcdelobis miuxedavad, ver Se-

Zlo kvalifikaciis mixedviT da-

saqmeba, amitom ZiriTadad asru-

leben fizikur, sakuTari kvali-

fikaciisTvis Seuferebel samu-

Saos dabali anazRaurebiT.

Ceini Ceini Ceini Ceini Ceini (chain) - - - - - sigrZis er-Teuli sazomTa inglisur sis-

temaSi, udris 22 iards anu

20,1168 m-----s.

Ceki Ceki Ceki Ceki Ceki (cheque, check) - - - - - 1. dad-genili formis fuladi doku-

menti, angariSis mflobelis

werilobiTi gankarguleba bank-

isadmi, raTa am ukanasknelma

Cekis xelis momweris angari-

Sidan gasces an gadaricxos sxva

angariSze garkveuli Tanxa; 2.

unaRdo angariSsworebis saSu-

aleba, fasiani qaRaldi; 3. sa-

calo vaWrobaSi _ _ _ _ _ salaros

qviTari, romelic adasturebs

myidvelisagan fulis miRebas.

Cemberlini edvard Cemberlini edvard Cemberlini edvard Cemberlini edvard Cemberlini edvard (1899-

1967) (Chamberlin Edward) –

amerikeli ekonomisti, harvar-

dis universitetis profesori,

gansakuTrebiT cnobilia ro-

gorc `monopolisturi konku-

renciis Teoriis~ (1933) avto-

ri. j. robinsonis (didi brita-

neTi) naSromebisgan damoukideb-

lad gaaanaliza monopolis-

turi konkurenciis sabazro

situacia, faswarmoqmnis meqaniz-

mebi, daasabuTa konkurenciisa

da monopoliis erTdroulad

arsebobis SesaZlebloba. ter-

mini _ wminda konkurencia e.

Cemberlinma Semoitana. j. robin-

sonisgan gansxvavebiT, man mo-

nopolia konkurenciis nor-

malur pirobad miiCnia da

uaryo sabazro meqanizmSi saxel-

mwifos Carevis aucilebloba.

CerningiCerningiCerningiCerningiCerningi (churning) – koncef-cia, romlis mixedviT axali

saqoneli Zvel saqonels an axa-

li teqnologiebi Zvel teqnol-

ogiebs da a.S. moZvelebuls

xdis.

Cveulebrivi aqcia Cveulebrivi aqcia Cveulebrivi aqcia Cveulebrivi aqcia Cveulebrivi aqcia (ordi-nary share, ordinary stock) - - - - - aqcia,romlis mflobelsac eniWeba

aqcioneris yvela qonebrivi da

pirovnuli ufleba: a) dividen-

dis miRebis ufleba korporaci-

is mogebis sididis mixedviT;

b) korporaciis marTvaSi monawi-

leobis ufleba krebebze xmis

micemis gziT; g) qonebrivi naw-

ilis miRebis ufleba kredi-

torebTan angariSis gasworeb-

is Semdeg, korporaciis likvi-

`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba

439

daciis SemTxvevaSi. uflebis

realizacia xdeba aqciis sid-

idis proporciulad.

`Cikagos skola~ `Cikagos skola~ `Cikagos skola~ `Cikagos skola~ `Cikagos skola~ (“Chica-go School”) - - - - - msoflioSi cno-

bili ekonomikuri skola, neo-

konservatiuli ekonomikuri

azris erT-----erTi ZiriTadi mi-

marTuleba. warmoiSva XX sau-kunis 60-----ian wlebSi. misi war-

momadgenlebi milTon fridme-

ni, f. a. fon haieki, frenk naiti,

Teodor uiliam Sulci, jorj

Jozef stigleri, henri saisredi

da sxvebi, ekonomikis efeqtiani

funqcionirebis gasaRebs saxel-

mwifo Carevisagan Tavisufal

konkurentul bazarSi xedaven.

maTi azriT: 1. konkurentuli

bazrebis funqcionireba resur-

sebis ganawilebis problemis

gadaWris yvelaze saukeTeso

(optimaluri) saSualebaa; 2.

ekonomikuri Teoria, iseve ro-

gorc sabunebismetyvelo mec-

nierebebi, Tavisufali unda iyos

SefasebiTi msjelobisagan.

Cikagos skolis warmomad-

genlebi iziareben neoklasikuri

Teoriis Sexedulebas imis Se-

saxeb, rom fasebi iZleva ekono-

mikuri sistemis funqcionire-

bis zust suraTs. isini mone-

tarizmis uryevi momxreni arian

da, aqedan gamomdinare, ekono-

mikis saxelmwifo regulireb-

is SezRudvas mtkiced uWeren

mxars.

skolas es saxeli ewoda im

faqtTan dakavSirebiT, rom misi

mravali cnobili warmomadge-

neli muSaobda Cikagos univer-

sitetSi.

`Cinuri gza~ `Cinuri gza~ `Cinuri gza~ `Cinuri gza~ `Cinuri gza~ (“Chineeseway”) - - - - - ukavSirdeba makroeko-nomikuri stabilizaciis evo-

luciur models, romelic gra-gra-gra-gra-gra-

dualizmisadualizmisadualizmisadualizmisadualizmisa da struqturul da struqturul da struqturul da struqturul da struqturul-----

warmoebrivi makrostabili-warmoebrivi makrostabili-warmoebrivi makrostabili-warmoebrivi makrostabili-warmoebrivi makrostabili-

zaciiszaciiszaciiszaciiszaciis saxelwodebiTaa cno-

bili. es modeli warmatebiT

gamoiyeneba CineTSi da `Cinuri

saswaulis~ aTvlis wertiladaa

aRiarebuli. igi gamoricxavs

ukidures radikalizms da uSu-

alod gaTvlilia qveynis war-

moebrivi potencialis amaRle-

baze. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos ro-

lis mniSvnelovani SenarCunebiT,

sainvesticio da progresuli

struqturuli politikis ga-

tarebiT, erovnuli mewarmeo-

bis stimulirebiT, saxelmwifos

mier ekonomikis sakvanZo sfe-

roebis marTviT, warmoebis mod-

ernizaciiTa da a.S., Zveli

ekonomikuri sistemis elemen-

tebis gamoyenebis safuZvelze,

TandaTanobiTi, evoluciuri

gziT gardaqmna. `Cinuri gza~

`Sokuri Terapiisa~ da ̀ orTo-

doqsuli makrostabilizaciis~

anti podia. es modeli gaTv-

`Cinuri gza~`Cinuri gza~`Cinuri gza~`Cinuri gza~`Cinuri gza~

440

lilia erToblivi miwodebis

zrdasa da samamulo warmoeb-

is produqciis konkurentunar-

ianobis amaRlebaze.

CineTma imTaviTve uari Tqva

`Sokur Terapiaze~ da sabazro

ekonomikaze gadasvla, saqarTve-

losgan da sxva postsabWouri

qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, daiw-

yo ara ukiduresi radikalizmi-

Ta da arsebuli materialur-----

teqnikuri bazis ganadgurebiT,

aramed aqcenti struqturul-struqturul-struqturul-struqturul-struqturul-

warmoebriv makrostabiliza-warmoebriv makrostabiliza-warmoebriv makrostabiliza-warmoebriv makrostabiliza-warmoebriv makrostabiliza-

ciaze ciaze ciaze ciaze ciaze gadaitana. man wina plan-

ze daayena qveynis warmoebrivi

potencialis ganviTareba, pro-

gresuli struqturuli poli-

tikis gatareba, moqnili saga-

dasaxado meqanizmiT mewarmeo-

bis stimulireba, ekonomikis sak-

vanZo dargebsa da sferoebSi

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sxva-

dasxva formiT SenarCuneba da

a.S.

postsabWouri qveynebisgan

radikalurad gansxvavebuli

ekonomikuri politikis Sede-

gia is, rom dRes CineTi esoden

did aRmavlobas ganicdis. gan-

viTarebis Sedegebis mixedviT

suraTi radikalurad gans-suraTi radikalurad gans-suraTi radikalurad gans-suraTi radikalurad gans-suraTi radikalurad gans-

xvavebuliaxvavebuliaxvavebuliaxvavebuliaxvavebulia `Cinur gzasa~ anu `Cinur gzasa~ anu `Cinur gzasa~ anu `Cinur gzasa~ anu `Cinur gzasa~ anu

gradualisturi ganviTare-gradualisturi ganviTare-gradualisturi ganviTare-gradualisturi ganviTare-gradualisturi ganviTare-

bis gziT mimaval qveyanasabis gziT mimaval qveyanasabis gziT mimaval qveyanasabis gziT mimaval qveyanasabis gziT mimaval qveyanasa

dadadadada jer `Sokur~, xolo amJa- jer `Sokur~, xolo amJa- jer `Sokur~, xolo amJa- jer `Sokur~, xolo amJa- jer `Sokur~, xolo amJa-

mad orTodoqsuli ganviTa-mad orTodoqsuli ganviTa-mad orTodoqsuli ganviTa-mad orTodoqsuli ganviTa-mad orTodoqsuli ganviTa-

rebisrebisrebisrebisrebis gziT mimaval postsab- gziT mimaval postsab- gziT mimaval postsab- gziT mimaval postsab- gziT mimaval postsab-

WoTa qveynebs Soris.WoTa qveynebs Soris.WoTa qveynebs Soris.WoTa qveynebs Soris.WoTa qveynebs Soris.

Ciqava leo Ciqava leo Ciqava leo Ciqava leo Ciqava leo (daib. 1928) (Chi-kava Leo) - - - - - saqarTvelos mec-

nierebaTa erovnuli akademiis

wevr-----korespondenti (1997),

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-

tori (1968), profesori (1970),

saqarTvelos mecnierebis dam-

saxurebuli moRvawe (1986),

saqarTvelos ekonomikur mec-

nierebaTa akademiis preziden-

ti (1994), niu-----iorkis mecniere-

baTa akademiis akademikosi, p.

guguSvilis saxelobis univer-

sitetis reqtori (1996), sa-

qarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-

nuli akademiis sazogadoebriv

mecnierebaTa ganyofilebis de-

mografiis komisiis Tavmjdo-

mare (2011), Tsu reqtoris mrCe-

velTa sabWos Tavmjdomaris mo-

adgile (2011). daamTavra Tsu

ekonomikis fakulteti (1950).

iyo politikuri ekonomiis kaTe-

dris gamge, jer Tbilisis i.

WavWavaZis saxelobis ucxo ena-

Ta saxelmwifo pedagogiur in-

stitutSi (1969-----1974), xolo

Semdeg _ _ _ _ _ saqarTvelos poli-

teqnikur institutSi (1974-----

1983), saqarTvelos mecniere-

baTa erovnuli akademiis ekono-

mikisa da samarTlis institu-

tis direqtoris moadgile

samecniero muSaobis dargSi

(1983-----1990), saqarTvelos de-

Ciqava leoCiqava leoCiqava leoCiqava leoCiqava leo

441

mografiis socialur-----ekonomi-

kuri problemebis kvlevis cen-

tris direqtori (1990-----1991),

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erov-

nuli akademiis demografiisa

da sociologiuri kvlevis

institutis direqtori (1991-----

2006), saxelmwifo samsaxuris

marTvisa da mosamsaxureTa mo-

mzadebis, gadamzadebisa da kval-

ifikaciis amaRlebis centris

ufrosi (1999-----2007). umaRles

saswavleblebSi pedagogiur moR-

vaweobasTan erTad eweva mec-

nierul-kvleviT saqmianobas. igi,

rogorc saqarTvelos teqnikur

universitetTan arsebuli sa-

qarTvelos sawarmoo Zalebisa

da bunebrivi resursebis Sems-

wavleli centris mTavari mec-

nier-TanamSromeli, ikvlevs

SromiTi resursebis formire-

bisa da gamoyenebis proble-

mebs regionul WrilSi.

l. Ciqava aris 180-----ze meti

samecniero naSromis avtori. ma-

Ti umravlesoba eZRvneba ekono-

mikuri Teoriis, saqarTvelos

socialur-ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebisa da demografiis aq-

tualur problemebs. ZiriTa-

di naSromebia: `saqarTvelos

kvebis mrewvelobis adgili da

roli Sromis saerTo-----sakavSiro

danawilebaSi.~ Tb., 1965; `sa-

qarTvelos kvebis mrewvelobis

teritoriuli specializaciisa

da ekonomikuri efeqtianobis

sakiTxebi~ (rusul enaze), Tb.,

1968; ̀ aramaterialuri warmoe-

bis sferos politekonomiuri

aspeqtebi.~ Tb., 1987; `Sromis

mwarmoebluroba da misi amaR-

lebis gzebi~ (qarTul da ru-

sul enebze). Tb., 1986; ekono-

mikuri da demografiuli ter-

minologia (rusul-----qarTuli da

qarTul-----rusuli). Tb., 2001 (Ta-

naavtorobiT); `demografiuli

kategoriebi da kanonebi.~ Tb.,

2002; `inovaciuri ekonomika.~

Tb., 2006; ̀ ekonomikuri Teoriis

mokle kursi.~ damxmare saxel-

mZRvanelo. Tb., 1997 (pirveli

gamocema); Tb., 2006 (meore gamo-

cema). originalobiT gamoirCeva

misi bolo periodSi gamoqveyne-

buli monografiuli gamokv-

levebi: ̀ demologia da misi ka-

nonTa sistema~. Tb., 2008; ̀ da-

saqmeba da umuSevroba saqar-

TveloSi~. Tb., 2012.

l. Ciqavas iniciativiTa da

ZalisxmeviT mravali sain-

tereso RonisZieba tardeba i.

WavWavaZis saxelobis saqarTve-

los mwignobarTa asociaciaSi,

romlis ekonomikis seqciasac

TviT xelmZRvanelobs.

sxva saqmianoba: aris Sem-

degi Jurnalebis saredaqcio

kolegiis wevri: `sazogadoeba

da ekonomika~ (rusul enaze,

moskovi), ̀ ekonomika~, ̀ saqarTve-

Ciqava leoCiqava leoCiqava leoCiqava leoCiqava leo

442

los ekonomika~, `demografia~,

`ekonomisti~, ̀ axali ekonomis-

ti~, `finansebi, sabanko saqme,

investiciebi~, ̀ ekonomika da bi-

znesi~.

jildoebi: Rirsebis orde-

ni (1998), saerTaSoriso or-

deni saerTaSoriso biografi-

uli centridan (aSS, 2004).

amave centrma igi aRiara Tavi-

si mecnieruli SemoqmedebiT sa-

qarTvelos 2009 wlis gamor-

Ceul moRvawed; iv. javaxiSvi-

lis saxelobis medali (1988),

saqarTvelos sapatriarqos si-

geli (2007).

Crdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomika

(shadow economy) – firmebisada Sinameurneobebis ekonomik-

uri saqmianobis is aralegaru-

li saxeobebi, romlebic Sinaar-

siT kanonieria, magram xelisu-

flebis saxelmwifo organoeb-

is mier aRuricxavia. Crdilo-

vani ekonomika faruli ekonomi-

kis nawilia. igi iqmneba: 1. Se-

mosavlebze gadasaxadebisgan

(dRg, mogebidan gadasaxadi da

a.S.) da socialur dazRvevaze

anaricxebisgan Tavis aridebis

mizniT; 2. sakanonmdeblo norme-

bisa da standartebis (mag.,

Sromisa da janmrTelobis usaf-

rTxoebis, minimaluri xelfa-

sis, maqsimaluri samuSao saaTe-

bisa da a.S.) dacvisgan Tavis

aridebis mizniT; 3. rigi adminis-

Crdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomikaCrdilovani ekonomika

traciuli procedurebis Seus-

ruleblobis gamo. Crdilovani

ekonomika arakanonier ekonomi-

kur saqmianobasTan (narkobizne-

si, brakonieroba, iaraRiT vaWro-

ba da a.S.) erTad Seadgens fa-

rul ekonomikas.

443centraluri bankicentraluri bankicentraluri bankicentraluri bankicentraluri banki

ccccccalmxrivi bazari calmxrivi bazari calmxrivi bazari calmxrivi bazari calmxrivi bazari (one-----

sided (one-----way) market) - - - - - baza-ri, sadac mxolod myidvelis

kursis kotireba xdeba.

cedenti cedenti cedenti cedenti cedenti (cedent) [<laT.

cedere daTmoba) - - - - - kreditori,

romelic sxva pirs uTmobs

Tavis moTxovnis uflebas.

cenzi cenzi cenzi cenzi cenzi (property qualification)[laT. census] - - - - - 1. Zvel romSi

_ _ _ _ _ moqalaqeTa qonebis periodu-

li Sefaseba-----aRwera; 2. regu-

laruli fiqsirebuli Rala

feodalizmis periodSi dasav-

leT da centralur evropaSi;

3. statistikuri aRwera.

centneri centneri centneri centneri centneri (centner) [<laT.

centum asi] - - - - - 1. masis erTeuli,

romelic udris 100 kg-----s; 2.

masis erTeuli, romelic zo-

gierT qveyanaSi udris 100 gir-

vanqas; germaniaSi, daniaSi, un-

greTSi _ _ _ _ _ 50 kg-----s.

centralizacia centralizacia centralizacia centralizacia centralizacia (central-ization) - - - - - 1. raimes Tavmoyra erTadgilze, erTis xelSi, erT cen-

trSi; 2. centralizacia kapi-

talis _ _ _ _ _ kapitalis odenobis

gazrda ramdenime kapitalis

gaerTianebis safuZvelze.

centralizmi centralizmi centralizmi centralizmi centralizmi (centralism)- - - - - mmarTvelobis sistema, rom-

lis drosac qvemdgomi da adg-

ilobrivi organoebi eqvemde-

barebian centralur xelisu-

flebas, centrs.

centraluri banki centraluri banki centraluri banki centraluri banki centraluri banki (cen-tral bank) - - - - - saxelmwifo dawese-

buleba, romelic Tavisi mone-

taruli instrumentebiT axor-

cielebs fuladi mimoqcevis,

finansuri bazrebisa da insti-

tutebis regulirebasa da kon-

trols. am mizniT igi iyenebs

rogorc arapirdapir instru-

mentebs (bankTaSorisi kredi-

tis ganakveTi, savaldebulo

rezervebis norma, fasiani qa-

Raldebis bazarze saxelmwifo

sagadasaxado valdebulebebis

gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli ope-

raciebi), ise pirdapir (mizno-

brivi dakrediteba, ̀ sakredito

Weri~, sargeblis ganakveTis do-

nisadmi pirdapiri kontroli)

instrumentebs.

bankTaSorisi kreditis ga-

nakveTiT fulad-sakredito re-

gulireba anu diskontis poli-

tika inflaciasTan brZolis

efeqtiani saSualebaa. saqme isaa,

rom bankTaSorisi kreditis ga-

nakveTi aris procenti im kred-

itze, romelsac aZlevs cen-

traluri banki yvela sxva banks.

Tuki qveyanaSi SeimCneva in-

flaciuri procesebis daCqareba,

centraluri banki maRla swevs

am ganakveTs, ris safuZvelzec

ecema fulze moTxovna da Se-

darebiT nela izrdeba mimoq-

444

cevaSi fuladi masa. marTalia,

igi uaryofiT gavlenas axdens

warmoebis ganviTarebaze, magram

saxelmwifos moqnili sagada-

saxado politikiT SesaZlebe-

lia Tanmxlebi negatiuri efeq-

tebis daZleva.

savaldebulo rezervebis

norma komerciuli bankebis fu-

ladi Tanxaa, romlis sesxad

gacemis ufleba maT ara aqvT

da valdebulni arian TavianT

angariSze iqonion centralur

bankSi. es ukanaskneli ki situ-

aciis mixedviT moqmedebs: fu-

ladi masis zrdis Senelebis

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi amaR-

lebs savaldebulo rezerveb-

is normas da, piriqiT, roca

aris imis aucilebloba, rom

mimoqcevaSi gaizardos fulis

raodenoba, maSin centraluri

banki dabla wevs savaldebu-

lo rezervebis normas, riTac

SesaZleblobas aZlevs komer-

ciul bankebs TavianTi saxsre-

bis droebiT `gayinuli~ naw-

ili gadaaqcion kreditad.

centraluri banki Ria ba-

zarze awarmoebs operaciebs sa-

xelmwifo sagadasaxado valde-

bulebebiT, romlebic samTavro-

bo fasiani qaRaldebis erTob-

liobaa da maTi meSveobiT, ara-

pirdapiri gziT, xorcieldeba

zemoqmedeba fulad-sakredito

bazarze. es valdebulebebi sa-

xelmwifo valia mosaxleo-

bisadmi, romelic iyofa sabaz-

ro da arasabazro kategorie-

bad. sabazros miekuTvneba saxa-

zino Tamasuqi (sam da eqvsTvi-

ani, 91_dRiani da wliuri da-

farvis vadiT), saSualovadiani

saxazino Tamasuqi (erTidan 10

wlamde dafarvis vadiT) da

saxazino obligacia.

arasabazro fasiani qaRal-

debidan yvelaze gavrcelebu-

li formaa Semnaxveli obli-

gacia. garda amisa, mas miekuTvne-

ba agreTve samTavrobo angariSe-

bis seriebi, ucxouri samTavro-

bo seriebi, xelisuflebis adgi-

lobrivi organoebis seriebi da

sxv. am fasiani qaRaldebis yid-

va-gayidvasTan dakavSirebuli

operaciebiT centraluri banki

zemoqmedebs mimoqcevaSi arse-

bul fulad masaze, mniSvnelov-

nad gansazRvravs fulad-sakre-

dito politikis elastikuro-

basa da funqcionirebis xasi-

aTs, operaciebs Ria bazarze

da savaldebulo rezervebis po-

litikas.

diskontis politikis mi-

zania sakredito instituteb-

is refinansirebis (Zveli gr-

Zelvadiani valis dafarva axa-

li grZelvadiani sesxiT) piro-

bebis cvlilebebiT gavlena

moaxdinos fulad-sakredito

bazarze. amasve emsaxureba op-

centraluri bankicentraluri bankicentraluri bankicentraluri bankicentraluri banki

445

eraciebi Ria bazarze, romlis

meqanizmi dafuZnebulia saxelm-

wifo fasiani qaRaldebis, sa-

banko aqceptebisa da sxva sak-

redito valdebulebebis yid-

va-gayidvaze.

civilizebul qveynebSi mon-

etaruli politikis saerTa-

Soriso standartebTan miax-

loebis dones mniSvnelovan-

wilad gansazRvravs fulad-

sakredito regulirebis pirda-

piri instrumentebidan ara-

pirdapir instrumentebze ga-

dasvlis xangrZlivoba. es uka-

naskneli gansxvavebulia qvey-

nebis mixedviT da meryeobs 1-

dan 5 wlamde, saSualod ki 3,7

welia.

cvalebadi danaxarji cvalebadi danaxarji cvalebadi danaxarji cvalebadi danaxarji cvalebadi danaxarji (va-riable cost) - - - - - danaxarji, rom-

lis sididec icvleba warmoe-

bis moculobis cvlilebis

proporciulad. e.i. es iseTi

danaxarjia, romelic mokleva-

dian periodSi SeiZleba gaizar-

dos an Semcirdes warmoebuli

produqciis matebis an klebis

proporciulad. cvalebad dana-

xarjebs miekuTvneba: nedleu-

lis, saTbobis, energiis, trans-

portis da a.S. danaxarjebi. rac

ufro meti produqcia iqmneba,

miT metia cvalebadi danaxarji.

cikli cikli cikli cikli cikli (cycle) - - - - - ekonomikuriaqtiurobis doneTa aRmavlo-

bisa da dacemis monacvleoba.

vlindeba ramdenime wlis gan-

mavlobaSi da moicavs oTx

fazas: piki, dacema, depresia da

gamococxleba.

cikluri meryeobis am-cikluri meryeobis am-cikluri meryeobis am-cikluri meryeobis am-cikluri meryeobis am-

plituda plituda plituda plituda plituda (amplitude) - - - - - termi-ni, romelic gamoiyeneba ekono-

mikuri ciklebis TeoriaSi neb-

ismieri ciklis maRal da da-

bal wertilebs Soris dis-

tanciis aRwerisaTvis. igi Sei-

Zleba iyos erTnairi, SeiZleba

mcirdebodes da maSin amboben,

rom ciklur meryeobas Sesus-

tebisken aqvs tendencia, an kidev,

SeiZleba izrdebodes maSin, ro-

desac cikluri meryeoba Zli-

erdeba.

cikluri umuSevroba cikluri umuSevroba cikluri umuSevroba cikluri umuSevroba cikluri umuSevroba (cyc-lical unemployment) - - - - - mokleva-

diani umuSevroba, romelic war-

moiqmneba dabali erToblivi

moTxovnis Sedegad. es movle-

na aixsneba imiT, rom ekonomi-

kuri ciklis garkveul fazeb-

Si warmoiqmneba samuSao adgi-

lebis ukmarisoba muSakTa spe-

cialobisa da kvalifikaciis-

gan damoukideblad.

`cxeli fuli~ `cxeli fuli~ `cxeli fuli~ `cxeli fuli~ `cxeli fuli~ (“hot mo-ney”) - - - - - Tu qveyanaSi xelsayre-

li saprocento ganakveTia, xde-

ba fulis mozidva sazRvarga-

reTidan. mTavroba, rogorc wesi,

frTxilad moqmedebs `cxeli

fulis~ modinebiT sagadasaxde-

lo balansis gaumjobesebisa da

`cxeli fuli~`cxeli fuli~`cxeli fuli~`cxeli fuli~`cxeli fuli~

446

valutis kursis ganmtkicebis

SemTxvevaSi, vinaidan es Sei-

Zleba aRmoCndes Zalze mokl-

evadiani.

cxovrebis done cxovrebis done cxovrebis done cxovrebis done cxovrebis done (standardof life) - - - - - raodenobrivi maCve-

neblebis sistema, romelic

gamoxatavs sazogadoebis ganvi-

Tarebis mocemul etapze mo-

saxleobis erT sulze mate-

rialuri da sulieri dovla-

Tis moxmarebis donesa da am

dovlaTze moTxovnilebis dak-

mayofilebis xarisxs. cxovre-

bis donis amsaxveli maCveneb-

lebia: realuri Semosavlis mo-

culoba mosaxleobis erT sul-

ze; kvebis produqtebis, arasa-

sursaTo saqonlis, momsaxurebis

moculoba da struqtura; sa-

momxmareblo saqonlis faseb-

is done da dinamika; komu-

naluri da satransporto mom-

saxurebis tarifebi; ganaTle-

bis ganviTarebis done; samedi-

cino momsaxurebis xarisxi; sa-

binao pirobebi; samuSao dRis

xangrZlivoba; sicocxlis saSu-

alo xangrZlivoba da a.S.

cxovrebis donis inde-cxovrebis donis inde-cxovrebis donis inde-cxovrebis donis inde-cxovrebis donis inde-

qsi qsi qsi qsi qsi (living standat index) – inde-qsi, romelic axasiaTebs ro-

gorc mTlianad mosaxleobis,

ise misi calkeuli jgufebis

realuri Semosavlebis donis

cvlilebas. ganisazRvreba mo-

saxleobis rogorc fuladi Se-

mosavlebiT, ise samomxmareblo

saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze fa-

sebis cvlilebis gaTvaliswi-

nebiT.

cxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebis

indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi indeqsi (cost of living index) –indeqsi, romelic axasiaTebs

samomxmareblo saqonlis fase-

bisa da momsaxurebis tarifebis

cvlilebas saqonlisa da mom-

saxurebis fiqsirebuli nakre-

bis mixedviT, romelic Sedis

mosaxleobis calkeuli ka-

tegoriis samomxmareblo kala-

TaSi.

cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-

bulebabulebabulebabulebabuleba (cost of living index) – sa-momxmareblo kalaTis saSualo

fasi.

cxovrebis donecxovrebis donecxovrebis donecxovrebis donecxovrebis done

447`Zviri fulis~ politika`Zviri fulis~ politika`Zviri fulis~ politika`Zviri fulis~ politika`Zviri fulis~ politika

ZZZZZ`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-

kakakakaka (policy of expencive money) -----ekonomikuri politikis Semad-

geneli nawili, neoklasikur

Teoriaze dafuZnebuli makro-

stabilizaciis orTodoqsul

modelze agebuli politika,

romelic liberalur-----monetar-

istul principebs eyrdnoba. igi,

rogorc inflaciuri spiralis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli politika,

fulad-----sakredito politikis

gamkacrebaSi gamoixateba, iTva-

liswinebs fulis miwodebis

mkveTr SezRudvas, risi erT-----

erTi gzac, fulis emisiis Sez-

RudvasTan erTad, bankTaSori-

si sarezervo normis gadide-

baa. es ukanaskneli avtomatu-

rad amcirebs komerciuli ban-

kebis rezervebs, Sesabamisad,

fulad multiplikators.

`Zviri fulis~ politikam

saqarTveloSi, postvaSingtonis

konsensusis gadawyvetilebiT,

1995 wlis bolodan Secvala

`iafi fulis~ politika, romel-

sac didi wvlili miuZRvis

qveyanaSi hiperinflaciis war-

moqmnaSi.

`Zviri fulis~ politika

araefeqtiani aRmoCnda saqarTve-

losTvis. igi warmatebulia ma-

Sin, rodesac laparakia bazris

funqcionirebaze da ara imaze,

Tu rogor unda moxdes ba-

zris Camoyalibeba-----ganviTareba.

ekonomikur TeoriaSi cno-

bilia debuleba imis Sesaxeb,

rom Teoria (da Sesabamisi po-

litikac), romelic orientire-

bulia qveynis wonasworobiT

mdgomareobaze, SeuZlebelia

qmediTunariani iyos da sarge-

bloba moutanos uwonasworo-

bis mdgomareobaSi myof qvey-

anas radikaluri ekonomikuri

cvlilebebis periodSi.

es aqsiomuri WeSmariteba

ar iqna gaTvaliswinebuli saqar-

Tvelos ekonomikur politika-

Si, mecnierulad dausabuTebe-

li ekonomikuri politikis pi-

robebSi ki ekonomikis konver-

siis rangSi ayvanili reforma

imTaviTve ganwiruli iyo marcx-

isaTvis da obieqturi Tu subi-

eqturi faqtorebiT gamowveu-

li mravali negatiuri movle-

nis mizezi gaxda. saqarTvelo-

Si transformaciuli dacema ga-

daizarda Rrma ekonomikur

krizisSi, romelmac TandaTan

sistemuri krizisis saxe miiRo.

fulis deficitis gziT

laris kursis SenarCuneba ara-

efeqtiani, uperspeqtivo poli-

tikaa. igi ganapirobebs ekono-

mikis struqturul deforma-

cias, dabal investiciur aqti-

urobas, ekonomikis monopoliza-

448

ciasa da kriminalizacias. ix.,

oficialuri monetarizmis do-

ne; fulis brunvis siCqare.

ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali (na-na-na-na-na-

turalur gamoxatuleba-turalur gamoxatuleba-turalur gamoxatuleba-turalur gamoxatuleba-turalur gamoxatuleba-

SiSiSiSiSi) (capital goods) - - - - - Senoba-----nage-bobebi, manqanebi da mowyobi-

lobebi, satransporto saSuale-

bebi da a.S. mravaljer gamoye-

nebuli warmoebis procesSi.

ZiriTadi kapitali warmoebis

ramdenime ciklSi monawileobs,

gamoiyeneba 1 welze meti xnis

ganmavlobaSi, cveTis kvaloba-

ze gadascems Tavis Rirebule-

bas mza produqcias da nawil-----

nawiladve anazRaurdeba.

ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-Ri-Ri-Ri-Ri-

rebulebiT rebulebiT rebulebiT rebulebiT rebulebiT gamoxatuleba-gamoxatuleba-gamoxatuleba-gamoxatuleba-gamoxatuleba-

SiSiSiSiSi) (capital stock) - - - - - sawarmos,

dargis, mTeli ekonomikis mas-

StabiT arsebuli Senobebis, man-

qana-----mowyobilobebis, satrans-

porto saSualebebis, sanaSeno,

sarZeo, muSa pirutyvisa da

mravalwliani nargavebis Se-

jamebuli Rirebuleba garkveu-

li TariRisaTvis (magaliTad,

2010 wlis 1 ivnisisaTvis).

ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-

marebamarebamarebamarebamareba (consumption capital stock)- - - - - saangariSo periodSi Ziri-

Tadi kapitalis Rirebulebis

Semcireba misi fizikuri da

moraluri cveTis Sedegad.

ZiriTadi momxmarebeliZiriTadi momxmarebeliZiriTadi momxmarebeliZiriTadi momxmarebeliZiriTadi momxmarebeli

(basic consumer, user) - - - - - momxma-

rebeli, romelic SeZenil sa-

qonelsa da gaweul momsaxure-

bas sakuTari, arakomerciuli

miznebisaTvis iyenebs.

ZiriTadi kapitali (naturalur...ZiriTadi kapitali (naturalur...ZiriTadi kapitali (naturalur...ZiriTadi kapitali (naturalur...ZiriTadi kapitali (naturalur...

449warmoebis dacemis udablesi wertiliwarmoebis dacemis udablesi wertiliwarmoebis dacemis udablesi wertiliwarmoebis dacemis udablesi wertiliwarmoebis dacemis udablesi wertili

wwwwwwarmoeba warmoeba warmoeba warmoeba warmoeba (production) – war-

moebis faqtorebis saqonlad an

momsaxurebad gardaqmnis pro-

cesi.

warmoebiTi urTier-warmoebiTi urTier-warmoebiTi urTier-warmoebiTi urTier-warmoebiTi urTier-

TobebTobebTobebTobebTobebB (relations of production)- - - - - marqsistuli kategoria, ga-

moyenebuli adamianebs Soris

warmoebis, ganawilebis, gacvlisa

da moxmarebis procesSi war-

moqmnili urTierTobebis gan-

sazRvrisaTvis. warmoebiTi urT-

ierTobebi, ekonomikuri urTi-ekonomikuri urTi-ekonomikuri urTi-ekonomikuri urTi-ekonomikuri urTi-

erTobebisagan erTobebisagan erTobebisagan erTobebisagan erTobebisagan gansxvavebiT,

eyrdnoba sakuTrebiTi urTier-

Tobis erT gabatonebul for-

mas, rac gansazRvravs klaseb-

is mdgomareobas warmoebaSi, maT

urTierTdamokidebulebasa da

produqtebis ganawilebis for-

mebs. aseTi Sinaarsis matare-

beli urTierTobebi arsebobda

sabazro ekonomikis, rogorc

ekonomikuri sistemis, Camoyali-

bebamde, sazogadoebis ganviTare-

bis nebismier sxva etapze, maT

Soris, mbrZaneblur-----adminis-

traciuli sistemis anu saxel-

mwifo-----monopolisturi social-

izmis drosac. sabazro ekonomi-

ka ki Teoriulad (kanonmdeblo-

biTac) gamoricxavs sakuTre-

bis erTi romelime formis gaba-

tonebul mdgomareobas. igi ey-

rdnoba sakuTrebis pluralizms,

amitomac sabazro sistemaSi

aRar arsebobs klasebi da eko-

nomikuri urTierTobac gansx-

vavebuli Sinaarsis kategoriaa.

rac Seexeba warmoebiT urTi-rac Seexeba warmoebiT urTi-rac Seexeba warmoebiT urTi-rac Seexeba warmoebiT urTi-rac Seexeba warmoebiT urTi-

erToberToberToberToberTobiiiiis terminiss terminiss terminiss terminiss terminis gamo gamo gamo gamo gamoyenebasyenebasyenebasyenebasyenebas

Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mov-Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mov-Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mov-Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mov-Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mov-

lenebisalenebisalenebisalenebisalenebisa da procesebis kvle- da procesebis kvle- da procesebis kvle- da procesebis kvle- da procesebis kvle-

vaSi, zemoTqmulidan gamom-vaSi, zemoTqmulidan gamom-vaSi, zemoTqmulidan gamom-vaSi, zemoTqmulidan gamom-vaSi, zemoTqmulidan gamom-

dinare, aramecnierulia. dinare, aramecnierulia. dinare, aramecnierulia. dinare, aramecnierulia. dinare, aramecnierulia. am-

itomacaa, rom dasavlur eko-

nomikur literaturaSi igi ar

ixmareba.

warmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebis

Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (the theory of produc-tion cost) - - - - - warmomadgenlebi (d.

mak-----kuloxi da sxv.) faswar-

moqmnas safuZvlad udeben ara

saqonlis warmoebaze daxarju-

li sazogadoebrivi Sromis ra-

odenobas, aramed mis mxolod im

nawils, rac gaiRo uSualod

mewarmem, e.i. saqonlis warmoe-

bis danaxarjebs. es Teoria ga-

moricxavs Rirebulebis im naw-

ils, romelic Seadgens mogebas.

warmoebis danaxarjebis Te-----

oriaSi pozitiuria Rirebuleb-

is gansazRvra obieqturi faq-

torebiT _ _ _ _ _ warmoebis danaxar-

jebiT, magram naklia is, rom

igi Rirebulebis gansazRvraSi

mogebis ignorirebas axdens.

warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-

lesilesilesilesilesi wertili wertili wertili wertili wertili (lowest turningpoint) - - - - - ekonomikis mdgomareoba,

450

romelic xasiaTdeba warmoebi-

sa da ekonomikuri aqtiurobis

maqsimaluri SemcirebiT da rom-

lis Semdegac iwyeba aRmavloba.

warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-

cia cia cia cia cia (diversification of production)- - - - - mravali warmoebis erTmaneT-

Tan naklebad dakavSirebuli saxe-

ebis erTdrouli ganviTareba.

warmoebis specializa-warmoebis specializa-warmoebis specializa-warmoebis specializa-warmoebis specializa-

cia cia cia cia cia (specialization of production)- - - - - Sromis sazogadoebrivi dana-

wilebisa da misi racionaluri

organizaciis forma. gamoxatavs

calkeuli produqciisa da misi

calkeuli nawilebis warmoebis

Tavmoyris process specialize-

bul sawarmoebsa da dargebSi.

warmoebis faqtorebiwarmoebis faqtorebiwarmoebis faqtorebiwarmoebis faqtorebiwarmoebis faqtorebi

(factors of production) - - - - - warmoe-bis procesSi gamoyenebuli

resursebi; ZiriTadad moicavs

Sromas, kapitalsa da miwas,

amasTan, masSi, savsebiT sa-

marTlianad, Sedis samewarmeo

unari, codna da saxelmwifos

ekonomikuri roli.

warmoebis faqtorTa ba-warmoebis faqtorTa ba-warmoebis faqtorTa ba-warmoebis faqtorTa ba-warmoebis faqtorTa ba-

zrebiszrebiszrebiszrebiszrebis gaxsniloba gaxsniloba gaxsniloba gaxsniloba gaxsniloba (openessin factor productions) - - - - - alter-

nativa, SesaZlebloba rogorc

firmebisTvis, ise samuSao Zali-

saTvis. warmoebis faqtorTa

bazrebis gaxsniloba firmebs

aZlevs SesaZleblobas airCion

Tu sad moaxdinon warmoebis

ganlageba, xolo samuSao Zalas

aZlevs migraciisa da samuSaos

arCevis SesaZleblobas.

warmoebis wesi warmoebis wesi warmoebis wesi warmoebis wesi warmoebis wesi (mode of pro-duction) – sazogadoebis ekono-mikuri safuZvlis amsaxveli

marqsistuli termini, romel-

ic udides gavlenas axdens

socialur institutebze. war-

moadgens mizez-Sedegobriv kav-

SirurTierTobaSi myofi sawar-

moo Zalebisa da warmoebiTi

urTierTobebis erTobliobas.

warmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqciawarmoebrivi funqcia

(production function) - - - - - funqcia,romelic gamoxatavs damokide-

bulebas produqciis gamoSveb-

is moculobasa da warmoebaSi

dabandebuli Sromisa da kapi-

talis raodenobas Soris.

wminda gadasaxadi wminda gadasaxadi wminda gadasaxadi wminda gadasaxadi wminda gadasaxadi (nettaxes) - - - - - sxvaoba gadasaxadebisakrefiT miRebul samTavrobo

Semosavlebsa da samTavrobo

transferul gadasaxdelebs

Soris.

wminda diskontirebu-wminda diskontirebu-wminda diskontirebu-wminda diskontirebu-wminda diskontirebu-

li Rirebuleba li Rirebuleba li Rirebuleba li Rirebuleba li Rirebuleba (net presentvalue) - - - - - Tanxa, romelic miiRe-

ba mosalodneli sainvesticio

xarjebis diskontirebuli

Rirebulebis gamoqviTviT mos-

alodneli Semosavlebis dis-

kontirebuli Rirebulebidan.

wminda erovnuli dan-wminda erovnuli dan-wminda erovnuli dan-wminda erovnuli dan-wminda erovnuli dan-

azogi azogi azogi azogi azogi (net national savings) -----gaiangariSeba rogorc sxvaoba

mTlian erovnul danazogsa da

warmoebis diversifikawarmoebis diversifikawarmoebis diversifikawarmoebis diversifikawarmoebis diversifikaciaciaciaciacia

451

ZiriTadi kapitalis moxmare-

bas Soris.

wminda erovnuli pro-wminda erovnuli pro-wminda erovnuli pro-wminda erovnuli pro-wminda erovnuli pro-

duqti duqti duqti duqti duqti (net national product) -----makroekonomikuri maCvenebeli,

romelic gamoiTvleba, rogorc

sxvaoba VTG-----sa da saamortiza-

cio anaricxebis Sejamebul si-

dides Soris.

wminda erovnuli Semo-wminda erovnuli Semo-wminda erovnuli Semo-wminda erovnuli Semo-wminda erovnuli Semo-

savali savali savali savali savali (net national income) -----mTlian erovnul produqts

gamoklebuli ZiriTadi kapi-

talis moxmareba.

wmindawmindawmindawmindawminda eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti eqsporti (net ex-port) - - - - - sxvaoba eqsportisa daimportis Rirebulebebs Soris.

wminda investiciawminda investiciawminda investiciawminda investiciawminda investicia (netinvestment) - - - - - investicia amor-tizaciis gamoklebiT.

wminda inkaso wminda inkaso wminda inkaso wminda inkaso wminda inkaso (net encash-ment) - - - - - safinanso dokumente-

bis inkaso, romelsac ar axlavs

komerciuli dokumentebi.

wminda konkurencia wminda konkurencia wminda konkurencia wminda konkurencia wminda konkurencia (purecompetition) - - - - - igivea, rac srul-

yofili konkurencia.

wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-

xarjixarjixarjixarjixarji (pure cost of curculation) -----uSualod saqonlis yidva-----gayid-

vasTan dakavSirebuli danaxar-

ji.

wminda mogeba wminda mogeba wminda mogeba wminda mogeba wminda mogeba (net profit) -----Tanxa, romelic rCeba firmis er-

Toblivi Semosavlidan aSkara

da faruli (implicituri) dan-

axarjebis gamoqviTvis Semdeg.

wminda mogeba udris buRal-

trul mogebas minus implici-

turi danaxarjebi.

wminda produqti wminda produqti wminda produqti wminda produqti wminda produqti (net pro-duct) - - - - - ekonomikuri maCvenebe-

li, romelic gamoxatavs sawar-

moo saqmianobis Sedegebs. ga-

iangariSeba, rogorc sxvaoba

mTlian erovnul produqtsa da

ZiriTadi kapitalis cveTis

anazRaurebis xarjebs (amor-

tizacias) Soris.

wminda Semosavali wminda Semosavali wminda Semosavali wminda Semosavali wminda Semosavali (netincome) – angariSgebis period-Si miRebuli aminagebis metoba

am amonagebis misaRebad gaweul

xarjebze. wminda Semosavalia

sxvaoba daubegravi mogebis Tan-

xasa da mogebis gadasaxadTan

dakavSirebul xarjebs Soris.

wonasworobis fasi wonasworobis fasi wonasworobis fasi wonasworobis fasi wonasworobis fasi (equi-librium price) - - - - - warmoebisa da

realizaciis optimaluri moc-

ulobis, moTxovnisa da miwode-

bis tolobis gamomxatveli fa-

si. fasi, romlis drosac baza-

ri imyofeba wonasworobaSi. ase-

Ti fasi uzrunvelyofs bazris

Seuferxebel funqcionirebas.

wonasworobis fasiwonasworobis fasiwonasworobis fasiwonasworobis fasiwonasworobis fasi

452 Warbi miwodebaWarbi miwodebaWarbi miwodebaWarbi miwodebaWarbi miwodeba

WWWWWWarbi miwodeba Warbi miwodeba Warbi miwodeba Warbi miwodeba Warbi miwodeba (excess

supply) - - - - - situacia bazarze, ro-desac miwodeba aRemateba moTx-

ovnas. warmoiqmneba iseT SemTx-

vevaSi, roca sabazro fasi wo-

nasworobis fasze maRla ai-

wevs. es stimuls aZlevs mwar-

moeblebs, gazardon X saqonlis

warmoeba. garkveul wertilSi

warmoebuli iqneba imaze meti,

vidre momxmareblebs surT SeiZ-

inon. bazari zedmetad gajere-

buli aRmoCndeba X saqonliT.

warmoiqmneba Warbi miwodeba, rac

gamoiwvevs fasis Semcirebas.

Warbi moTxovna Warbi moTxovna Warbi moTxovna Warbi moTxovna Warbi moTxovna (excess de-mand) - - - - - situacia bazarze, ro-desac moTxovna aRemateba mi-

wodebas. warmoiqmneba iseT Sem-

TxvevaSi, roca sabazro fasi

wonasworobis fasze dabla

daiwevs. momxmareblebs gauCn-

debaT survili, iyidon imaze

meti X saqoneli, vidre mwar-

moeblebs surT awarmoon. war-

moiSoba Warbi moTxovna, rac

gamoiwvevs fasis gazrdas.

Warbi rezervebi Warbi rezervebi Warbi rezervebi Warbi rezervebi Warbi rezervebi (excessreserves) - - - - - sabanko rezervebi,

Tanxa, romliTac bankis faqtob-

rivi rezervebi aRemateba mis

savaldebulo rezervebs. igi

aris faqtobriv rezervebs mi-

nus savaldebulo rezervebi.

Warbi sagadasaxado tvi-Warbi sagadasaxado tvi-Warbi sagadasaxado tvi-Warbi sagadasaxado tvi-Warbi sagadasaxado tvi-

rrrrrTi Ti Ti Ti Ti (excess burden of a tax) -----wminda sargeblobis danakargi

sazogadoebisaTvis saqonlis

warmoebisa da moxmarebis do-

nis optimalurze dabla dace-

mis Sedegad, rac gamowveulia

gadasaxadebis SemoRebiT.

Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-

uriuriuriuriuri erTeuli erTeuli erTeuli erTeuli erTeuli (point-year of ex-cess unemployment) – umuSevro-bis faqtobriv da bunebriv do-

neebs Soris sxvaoba 1 procen-

tuli punqtiT erTi wlisaTvis.

mag., Tu umuSevrobis bunebrivi

done 6%_ia, xolo faqtobrivi

done _ 8%, maSin 4 wlisaTvis

umuSevrobis done Seesabameba

Warbi umuSevrobis 4x(8_6)=8wliur erTeuls.

Warbwarmoeba Warbwarmoeba Warbwarmoeba Warbwarmoeba Warbwarmoeba (overproduc-tion) - - - - - ekonomikuri viTareba, ro-desac arsebuli fasebis piro-

bebSi saqonlis miwodeba aRema-

teba masze moTxovnas.

453xarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebis analizianalizianalizianalizianalizi

xxxxxxazina xazina xazina xazina xazina (treasury) - - - - - finansTa

saministrosTan arsebuli da

mis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali

specialuri saxelmwifo fin-

ansuri organo, romelic gana-

gebs biujetis sakaso (sala-

ro) Sesrulebas. xazina agreTve

uSvebs saxazino bileTebs, or-

ganizebas uwevs gadasaxadebis,

mosakreblebis akrefas.

xazinis Tamasuqi xazinis Tamasuqi xazinis Tamasuqi xazinis Tamasuqi xazinis Tamasuqi (trea-sury bill) - - - - - samTavrobo sabazrofasiani qaRaldi sam- da eqvs-

Tviani, 91-----dRiani da wliuri

dafarvis vadiT.

xangrZlivi sargeblo-xangrZlivi sargeblo-xangrZlivi sargeblo-xangrZlivi sargeblo-xangrZlivi sargeblo-

bis saqoneli bis saqoneli bis saqoneli bis saqoneli bis saqoneli (durable goods)- - - - - saqoneli, romelsac momx-

marebeli iyenebs xangrZlivi

drois ganmavlobaSi (aranakleb

erTi wlisa); Cveulebriv iyo-

fa warmoebrivi daniSnulebis

xangrZlivi sargeblobis saqon-

lad (manqanebi, mowyobilobebi

da a.S.) da samomxmareblo

daniSnulebis xangrZlivi sarge-

blobis saqonlad (avtomobile-

bi, macivrebi, sayofacxovrebo

teqnika da a.S.).

`xari~ `xari~ `xari~ `xari~ `xari~ (`bull~) _ _ _ _ _ birJis

makleri, romelic valutisa da

fasiani qaRaldebis kursis am-

aRlebaze TamaSobs. igi Sei-

Zens, vTqvaT, aqciebs da elode-

ba maTi kursis zrdas, raTa

Semdeg gayidos da sakurso

sxvaobidan mogeba miiRos.

`xarebis~ bazari `xarebis~ bazari `xarebis~ bazari `xarebis~ bazari `xarebis~ bazari (`bullmarket~) - - - - - fasiani qaRaldebis

bazari, romelic xasiaTdeba fa-

sebis zrdiT.

xarisxis sertifikatixarisxis sertifikatixarisxis sertifikatixarisxis sertifikatixarisxis sertifikati

(quality certificate) - - - - - saqonlis xa-

risxisa da standartebTan misi

Sesabamisobis damadasturebeli

oficialuri dokumenti. gas-

cemen standartizaciis saerTa-

Soriso organizaciis mier akre-

ditebuli damoukidebeli or-

ganizaciebi. gamoiyeneba saer-

TaSoriso ekonomikur urTier-

TobebSi.

xarjebis inflacia xarjebis inflacia xarjebis inflacia xarjebis inflacia xarjebis inflacia (costpush inflation) - - - - - fasebis saerTodonis myari zrda, gamowveuli

xarjebis warmoebisagan damo-

ukidebeli zrdiT. amas SeiZleba

adgili hqondes im SemTxveva-

Si, Tu daqiravebuli persona-

li wamoayenebs moTxovnas re-

aluri xelfasis gazrdis Se-

saxeb, an importul saqonelze

fasebi moimatebs.

xarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebis

analizi analizi analizi analizi analizi (cost-----benefit analysis) _____saxelmwifo seqtorSi sainves-

ticio proeqtebis Sefasebis

sistema, romlis gamoyenebac Se-

saZlebelia kerZo seqtorSi

proeqtebis SefasebisTvis. igi,

pirdapiri finansuri Sedareb-

454

isagan gansxvavebiT, yovelgvar

xarjsa da Sedegs ganixilavs.

Sedegi am SemTxvevaSi sarge-

blianobis danamatia, xolo xar-

ji _ _ _ _ _ sargeblianobis Semcire-

ba, gazomili gansaxilveli pro-

eqtis alternatiuli Rire-

bulebiT. praqtikaSi mravali

Sedegis (rogorc dadebiTis, ise

uaryofiTis) gazomva ar Sei-

Zleba fuladi formiT (magal-

iTad, bunebrivi landSaftebis

ganadgureba, sazogadoebrivi kav-

Sirebis moSla da a.S.), maSin

rodesac xarjebi SeiZleba gai-

zomos fuladi formiT, proeq-

tis faqtobrivi RirebulebiT.

xarjTaxarjTaxarjTaxarjTaxarjTaRRRRRricxva ricxva ricxva ricxva ricxva (costs es-timate) - - - - - sawarmoebisa da orga-nizaciebis fuladi saxsrebis

Semosaval-----gasavlis (danaxar-

jebis) gegma, romelic dayo-

filia calkeul elementebad

da muxlebad.

`xafangis~ efeqti`xafangis~ efeqti`xafangis~ efeqti`xafangis~ efeqti`xafangis~ efeqti (entrap-ment effect) – hipoTeza, romlis

mixedviT Sromis bazari iyofa

pirvelad da meorad bazrebad.

pirveladi seqtori xasiaTde-

ba maRali anazRaurebiT, zrdis

perspeqtivebiT, usafrTxoebiTa

da damatebiTi sargeblobiT,

maSin rodesac meoradi seq-

torisTvis niSandoblivia nak-

lebanazRaurebadi samuSao adg-

ilebi, arastabiluri samuSao,

arasruli dasaqmeba da, rogorc

wesi, naklebad mimzidveli. me-

oradi seqtoridan pirvelad se-

qtorSi gadasvlas aferxebs

ara imdenad adamianiseuli kap-

italisa da maRali kvalifi-

kaciis mqone muSakTa doneSi

gansxvaveba, ramdenadac insti-

tuciuri barierebi diskrimi-

naciis formiT.

hipoTeza mdgomareobs ima-

Si, rom meoreuli Sromis baz-

ris pirobebi warmoadgens muSa-

kebis mier cudi Sromis Cveve-

bis SeZenis mTavar mizezs. ̀ cu-

di~ samuSaos mqone muSakebi

xdebian ̀ cudi~ muSakebi. es mov-

lena ukukavSiris didi siste-

mis mxolod erTi aspeqtia.

masze gavlenas axdens rigi so-

cialur-ekonomikuri faqtore-

bisa, maT Soris, ojaxuri mdgo-

mareobac. saboloo angariSiT,

yalibdeba `xafangis~ efeqti,

romelic gamomdinareobs siRa-

ribis kulturis hipoTezidan

(culture of poverty hypothesis).am SemTxvevaSi samTavrobo

politika unda iTvaliswineb-

des `kargi~ samuSao adgilebis

Seqmnas kanonmdeblobiT akrZa-

luli diskriminaciis nacvlad.

gansxvavebuli midgoma aqvT

neoklasikosebs, romelTa azriT,

Sromis meoreuli bazris ase-

Ti mdgomareoba aris investicie-

bis naklebobis gamoxatuleba

adamianiseul kapitalSi. Tum-

xarjTaRricxvaxarjTaRricxvaxarjTaRricxvaxarjTaRricxvaxarjTaRricxva

455

ca investiciebis dabali done

adamianiseul kapitalSi logi-

kuri pasuxia dabali Semosav-

lisa investiciebidan, romel-

sac muSakebi Rebuloben dis-

kriminaciis Sedegad da Ziri-

Tadad ganpirobebulia endoge-

nuri faqtorebiT.

xelfasi xelfasi xelfasi xelfasi xelfasi (wage, salary) - - - - - Sro-mis fasi, fuladi anazRaureba

SromisaTvis. xelfasis sidide

wesdeba kontraqtis Sesabami-

sad, tarifebis ganakveTis mixed-

viT da Tanamdebobrivi sargos

saxiT, magram ar SeiZleba iyos

kanoniT dadgenili minimaluri

xelfasis doneze dabla. xel-

fasis zeda zRvari SeuzRudavia.

xelfasis Teoria xelfasis Teoria xelfasis Teoria xelfasis Teoria xelfasis Teoria (wagetheory) - - - - - Sromis neoklasikuri

Teoria, romelic dResac rCeba

xelfasis analizis dominire-

bul mecnierul paradigmad.

amasTan, neoklasikuri Teoriis

es upiratesoba ar iyo mud-

mivi da mas win uZRvoda Sro-

mis klasikuri Teoriis do-

minireba. klasikuri skolis

warmomadgenlebs mtkiced swam-

daT, rom xelfass axasiaTebs

tendencia, misi bunebrivi do-

nis an saarsebo minimumis do-

nis irgvliv meryeobisa. maT

mTavar interess warmoadgenda

xelfasis saerTo donisa da

mosaxleobis zrdis kvaloba-

ze erovnul produqtSi Sro-

mis wilis cvlilebis axsna.

TandaTanobiT xelfasis Teori-

isadmi midgoma Seicvala. XIXsaukunis meore naxevarSi kla-

sikuri Teoriis warmomadgenel-

Ta poziciebis mimarT damok-

idebulebam cvlileba ganica-

da ori mimarTulebiT: pirveli,

marqsistuli Teoriis ganvi-

Tarebam radikalurad Secvala

damokidebuleba klasikuri an-

alizis mimarT. amasTan, marq-

sistuli Teoriidan gamomdinare,

rom kapitalizmis dros xel-

fasis ganakveTs aqvs tenden-

cia saarsebo minimumTan miax-

loebisa, praqtikulad emTxve-

va klasikuri Teoriis warmo-

madgenelTa daskvnebs; meore,

dadga marJinalisturi rev-

oluciis periodi. maSin rode-

sac klasikuri skola warmoe-

bis danaxarjebs ganixilavda

fasis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad,

marJinalistebma fasis ganm-

sazRvrel faqtorad pirvelebma

aRiares zRvruli sargebliano-

ba. maTi azriT, Sromis anazRau-

reba unda ganisazRvros samu-

Sao Zalaze meoreuli warmoe-

buli moTxovniT, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, Sromis zRvrul produq-

tzea damokidebuli. aqedan ga-

momdinare, muSakis Sromis anaz-

Raureba unda ganxorcieldes

ara xelfasis fondidan, aramed

im saqonlis realizaciiT miRe-

xelfasis Teoriaxelfasis Teoriaxelfasis Teoriaxelfasis Teoriaxelfasis Teoria

456

buli amonagebidan, romlis Se-

qmnaSic es muSaki monawileobs.

Tu klasikuri Teoria Tavisi

yuradRebis koncentracias ax-

denda xelfasis saerTo done-

ze, neoklasikurma Teoriam wina

planze wamoswia mikroekono-

mikuri faqtorebi.

neoklasikosTa Semdgom ga-

mokvlevebSi, gansakuTrebiT a.

marSalis naSromebSi, naCvenebia,

rom xelfasi aris moTxovnisa

da miwodebis urTierTqmedebis

Sedegi.

xelfasis neoklasikuri Te-

oria, mniSvnelovani modifikaci-

iT, dResac rCeba mTavar orien-

tirad xelfasis ganmsazRvre-

li faqtorebis analizisas, Tum-

ca, igi, garkveuli TvalsazrisiT,

eWvqveS daayena ̀ keinzianurma re-

voluciam~. keinzi xazs usvam-

da xelfasis araelastikuro-

bas Sromis Warbi miwodebis Sem-

TxvevaSi, Tumca, amis mizezi na-

klebad iyo dasabuTebuli. ami-

tom xelfasis keinzianurma Te-

oriam ver daCrdila neoklasi-

kuri Teoria, magram xeli Seu-

wyo xelfasis instituciuri

Teoriis ganviTarebas. es uka-

naskneli aqcents akeTebs so-----

ciologiur, politikur da in-

stituciur faqtorebze da

srulad gamoricxavs ekonomi-

kur faqtorebs.

instituciurma ekonomikur-

ma Teoriam romelic farTod

gavrcelda 1890-----1930 wlebSi,

xelfasis donis ganmsazRvre-

li faqtorebis analizis sfe-

roSi Tavisi sityva Tqva 1940-----

1950-----ian wlebSi. am Teoriis

momxreebi skeptikurad uyu-

rebdnen xelfasis neoklasikur

Teorias, Tumca, maT ver Seq-

mnes xelfasis erTiani Teoria.

amasTan, imdenad didi iyo ins-

titucionalistTa gavlena, rom

Sromis ekonomika am periodSi

didxans iyo mowyvetili ekono-

mikuri mecnierebis ganviTareb-

is ZiriTadi mimarTulebisagan.

XX saukunis 70-----ian wlebis

meore naxevridan neoklasikuri

Teoriis aRorZinebis kvaloba-

ze mwvane Suqi mieca xelfa-

sis Teoriis neoklasikur mo-

dels.

xelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsacia (wa-ge indexation) – fasebis zrdissapasuxod xelfasebis avtoma-

turi gazrda.

xelfasi-fasis spiralixelfasi-fasis spiralixelfasi-fasis spiralixelfasi-fasis spiralixelfasi-fasis spirali

(wage-price spiral) – xelfasis

zrdasa da fasebis zrdas Soris

urTierTdamokidebulebis ga-

momxatveli spirali: xelfase-

bis zrda ganapirobebs fasebis

zrdas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, iw-

vevs xelfasebis Semdgom zrdas.

xelfasis standarti xelfasis standarti xelfasis standarti xelfasis standarti xelfasis standarti (la-bour standard) – britaneli ekono-

mistis, ekonomikis dargSi (k.

xelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsaciaxelfasis indeqsacia

457

erousTan erTad) nobelis pre-

miis laureatis (1972) j. hik-

sis mier SemoRebuli termini,

romelic ganxilulia mis naS-

romSi _ `xelfasis Teoria~

(1932) da ukavSirdeba xelfa-

sis (da, maSasadame fasebis) gan-

sazRvris wess.

hiksis azriT, Sexeduleba

imis Sesaxeb, rom xelfasi (aseve

inflacia), ganisazRvreba moTx-

ovnisa da miwodebis urTierT-

moqmedebiT, ar aris marTebu-

li. xelfasi, pirvel yovlisa,

ekonomikuri da socialuri faq-

torebis, Zalebis urTierTmo-

qmedebis Sedegia, xolo xel-

fasis done gansazRvravs mimo-

qcevaSi arsebuli fuladi ma-

sis odenobas.

xelSekruleba xelSekruleba xelSekruleba xelSekruleba xelSekruleba (agreement,contract) - - - - - kontraqti, SeTanxmebaor an met pirs Soris, romel-

ic iTvaliswinebs uflebaTa da

movaleobaTa dadgenas, Secvlas

an Sewyvetas.

xelSekruleba moicavs: mis

monawileTa monacemebs, mxare-

Ta valdebulebebs, garigebis sa-

gans, SeTanxmebis pirobebs, pa-

suxismgeblobis formebs, xel-

Sekrulebis vadis gagrZelebis

an gauqmebis pirobebs, mxareTa

iuridiul misamarTebs. xelSek-

ruleba mowmdeba mis monawi-

leTa sruluflebiani warmo-

madgenlebis xelis moweriT da

xelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitali

beWdiT (iuridiuli piris Sem-

TxvevaSi).

arsebobs xelSekrulebis

mravali saxeoba. maT Soris

aRsaniSnavia: generaluri xel-generaluri xel-generaluri xel-generaluri xel-generaluri xel-

SekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekruleba, romelsac aqvs uni-

versaluri xasiaTi da warmoad-

gens organizaciebs Soris same-

urneo xelSekrulebis saxesx-

vaobas; korespondenturi xel-korespondenturi xel-korespondenturi xel-korespondenturi xel-korespondenturi xel-

SekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekruleba, romelic warmoad-

gens bankebs Soris SeTanxmebas,

rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis

farglebs gareT; SromiTi xel-SromiTi xel-SromiTi xel-SromiTi xel-SromiTi xel-

SekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekruleba _ xelSekruleba

damqiraveblebsa da daqirave-

bulebs Soris sameurneo xasi-

aTis, pirobebisa da anazRaure-

bis Sesaxeb; saavtoro xel-saavtoro xel-saavtoro xel-saavtoro xel-saavtoro xel-

SekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekrulebaSekruleba, romelic ideba, mag.,

nawarmoebis avtorsa da am na-

warmoebis gamomcemels Soris,

an kidev, gamogonebis avtorsa

da mis samarTalmemkvidreebs So-

ris da a.S.

xelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitalixelSeuxebeli kapitali

(reserve funds) - - - - - firmis savaWromarkis Rirseba, reputacia, pres-

tiJi, myari klientura, privi-

legiebi da sxv.

458 jarimajarimajarimajarimajarima

jjjjjjarima jarima jarima jarima jarima (fine, penalty) - - - - - ga-

dasaxdeli, romelsac ixdian fi-

zikuri da iuridiuli pirebi

moqmedi kanonmdeblobis, dade-

buli xelSekrulebis an dadge-

nili wesebis darRvevisaTvis.

jarimis gadaxda ar aTavisuf-

lebs gadamxdels nakisri valde-

bulebebis Sesrulebisgan.

jevonsi uiliam jevonsi uiliam jevonsi uiliam jevonsi uiliam jevonsi uiliam (1835_1882)

(Jevons W. Stanley) – cnobili

ingliseli ekonomisti, marJi-

nalizmis TvalsaCino warmomad-

geneli. valrassa da mengerTan

erTad, didi wvlili miuZRvis


riisa da, saerTod, politikuri

ekonomiis ganviTarebaSi. misma

Sromebma mniSvnelovani roli

Seasrula ekonometrikis sfer-

oSi.

jevonsis naSromebidan aR-

saniSnavia: `mokle SeniSvna

politikuri ekonomiis zogadi

maTematikuri Teoriis Sesax-

eb~ (1862), pamfleti _ ̀ oqros

Rirebulebis mkveTri dacema~

(1863), ̀ kiTxvari, romelic eris

progressa da Cveni qvanaxSiris

sabadoebis SesaZlo amolevas

exeba~, ̀ politikuri ekonomiis

Teoria~ (1871), `mecnierebis

principebi~ (1874). cnobilia

agreTve 1972_1981 wlebSi

gamocemuli jevonsis statie-

bisa da korespondenciebis Svid-

tomeuli.

jevonsis `mzis laqejevonsis `mzis laqejevonsis `mzis laqejevonsis `mzis laqejevonsis `mzis laqebis~bis~bis~bis~bis~

Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria Teoria (Jevons “sun spots” the-ory) - - - - - ingliselma ekonomistma

jevonsma mniSvnelovani wvlili

Seitana ekonomikuri ciklebis

TeoriaSi Tavisi `mzis laqeb-

is~ TeoriiT: mzeze laqebi gav-

lenas axdens amindze, romelic,

aisaxeba mosavalze, razec, Tavis

mxriv, damokidebulia ekonomikis

zogadi mdgomareoba.

jinis koeficienti jinis koeficienti jinis koeficienti jinis koeficienti jinis koeficienti (GiniCoefficient) - - - - - Semosavlebis ga-

nawilebaSi uTanabrobis xaris-

xis agregirebuli raodenobrivi

maCvenebeli. gamoiTvleba:

]...32[21

1 3212 nnyyyyynn

G ^

sadac y1, y2, ..., yn individualuri

Semosavlebia klebadi saxiT, y -----

saSualo Semosavali, n - - - - - indi-videbis ricxovnoba.

jinis koeficienti miiReba

lorencis mrudisgan da war-

moadgens am mrudsa da absolu-

turi Tanasworobis xazs Soris

farTobis Sefardebas absolu-----

turi Tanasworobis xazis qveS

arsebul mTlian farTobTan. ji-----

nis koeficients aqvs nulis

toli minimaluri mniSvneloba

(absoluturi Tanasworoba) da

erTis toli maqsimaluri mniS-

459

vneloba (absoluturi uTanas-

woroba). rac ufro maRalia

koeficienti, miT ufro metia

uTanasworoba Semosavlebis

ganawilebaSi. rac ufro daba-

lia koeficienti, miT ufro

Tanabaria Semosavlebis ganawi-

leba.

joberi joberi joberi joberi joberi (jobber) - - - - - firma, ro-melic Seisyidis saqonlis did

partiebs swrafad gasayidad.

joberijoberijoberijoberijoberi

460

hhhhhhaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgust

Aon on on on on (1919-----1992) (Hayek FriedrichA. von) - - - - - daibada da ganaTleba

miiRo venaSi, xelmZRvanelobda

kaTedrebs londonis ekonomi-

kur skolaSi, Cikagos, fraibur-

gisa da zalcburgis universi-

tetebSi. 1974 wels g. miur-

dalTan erTad, mieniWa ekono-

mikis dargSi nobelis premia.

ekuTvnis fuZemdebluri na-----

Sromebi fulisa da ekonomi-----

kuri ryevis TeoriebSi: `fase-----

bi da warmoeba~ (1931), ̀ gza mo-----

nobisaken~ (1944), ̀ Tavisufleb-

is konstitucia~ (1960), ̀ sti-----

uart mili da herieT teilori~

(1951) da a.S.

hairingi hairingi hairingi hairingi hairingi (hiring) - - - - - manqana-----danadgarebis saSualovadiani

arenda arendatorze sakuTre-

bis uflebis gadacemis gareSe.

arendis vada 1-----3 welia.

harodi roi fobs harodi roi fobs harodi roi fobs harodi roi fobs harodi roi fobs (1900-----1978) (Harrod Roy F.) - - - - - inglise-

li ekonomisti, neokeinzianelo-

bis TvalsaCino warmomadgene-

li. oqsfordis universitetis

damTavrebis Semdeg iqve kiTxu-

lobda leqciebis kurss saer-

TaSoriso ekonomikaSi. iyo ̀ eko-

nomikuri Jurnalis~ gamomce-

meli 1945-----1961 wlebSi. misi

ZiriTadi naSromebia: `ekonomi-

kuri dinamikis TeoriisaTvis~

(1948), `jon meinard keinzis

cxovreba~ (1951), ̀ politika in-

flaciis winaaRmdeg~ (1958),

`ekonomikuri dinamika~ (1973)

da a.S.

harodma mniSvnelovani wv-

lili Seitana konkurenciisa da

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis Teorie-

bSi. amasTan, udidesi damsax-

ureba miuZRvis ekonomikuri di-

namikisa da, gansakuTrebiT, ek-----

onomikuri zrdis tempebis prob-

lemaTa kvlevaSi. XX saukunis40-----ian wlebSi man Seqmna eko-

nomikuri zrdis wonasworobis

modeli, romelic misgan damou-

kideblad domarmac Camoayal-

iba da ekonomikuri zrdis Teo-

riaSi cnobilia harod-----domar-

is ekonomikuri zrdis mode-

lis saxelwodebiT. harodis

ekonomikuri zrdis koncefciam

safuZveli daudo grZelvadi-

an periodSi myari ganviTare-

bis tempebis SenarCunebis Sesa-

Zleblobas.

hausholdis bloki hausholdis bloki hausholdis bloki hausholdis bloki hausholdis bloki (house-hold block) - - - - - Sinameurneoba, ro-melic, erTi mxriv, biznesi-

saTvis resursebis mimwodebel-

Ta meqanikuri gaerTianebaa, me-

ore mxriv ki _ _ _ _ _ mwarmoebelTa

erToblioba, warmodgenili sa-

zogadoebis saxiT.

hedonikuri Sefasebahedonikuri Sefasebahedonikuri Sefasebahedonikuri Sefasebahedonikuri Sefaseba (he-donic pricing) – midgoma, rome-

haieki fridrix avgust fonhaieki fridrix avgust fonhaieki fridrix avgust fonhaieki fridrix avgust fonhaieki fridrix avgust fon

461hejirebahejirebahejirebahejirebahejireba

lic saqonels ganixilavs ro-

gorc sxvadasxva maxasiaTebel-

Ta (mag., personaluri kompiu-

teris SemTxvevaSi: procesoris

sixSire, mexsiereba, internetiT

xelmisawvdomoba, fasi da a.S.)

nakrebs, erTobliobas.

heilbroneri robertheilbroneri robertheilbroneri robertheilbroneri robertheilbroneri robert

(1916-2005) (Heilbroner Robert) -----amerikeli ekonomisti, neoin-

stitucionalizmis TvalsaCino

warmomadgeneli. sabazro eko-

nomikas miiCnevs Tanamedrove

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis axal

stadiad, romelic emyareba Tvi-

sebrivad axal teqnologiebs.

misi azriT, es ukanaskneli ga-

napirobebs mTavar socialur-----

ekonomikur gardaqmnebs sazoga-

doebaSi da safuZvlad udevs

kapitalizmis transformacias.

heilbroneri sazogadoebis eli-

tarul nawils miakuTvnebs mec-

nierul-----teqnikur inteligen-

cias, akademiuri wris warmo-

madgenlebs, agreTve saxelmwifo

administracias, romlis zrdas

ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo seq-

toris zrda ganapirobebs. misi

ZiriTadi naSromebia: `ameriku-

li kapitalizmis problemebi~

(1966); `kapitalizmsa da so-

cializms Soris~ (1970) da a.S.

hendi hendi hendi hendi hendi (hand) [<ingl. handxelisguli] - - - - - sigrZis erTeu-li sazomTa inglisur siste-

maSi: 1 h tolia 4 duimis an

10,16 sm-----is.

heterodoqsuli stabi-heterodoqsuli stabi-heterodoqsuli stabi-heterodoqsuli stabi-heterodoqsuli stabi-

lililililizaciazaciazaciazaciazacia (heterodox stabilization)- - - - - makroekonomikuri stabiliza-

ciis modeli, romelic neolib-

eraluri da neokeinzianuri

Teoriebis ZiriTadi postula-

tebis meqanikuri SeerTebis ga-

moxatulebaa. igi, xelfasebisa

da fasebis `gayinviT~, iZleva

swraf antiinflaciur efeqts,

magram iwvevs fasebis deforma-

cias, axSobs warmoebis ganviTa-

rebis stimulebs, warmoqmnis sa-

saqonlo deficitsa da a.S., ri-

Tac xels uSlis sabazro urTi-

erTobebisa da Sesabamisi insti-

tutebis ganviTarebas.

heqtari heqtari heqtari heqtari heqtari (hectare) [<berZn.hekaton asi+ari] - - - - - miwis far-Tobis sazomi erTeuli zomis

metrul sistemaSi, udris

10000 m22222-----s anu 100 ars.

hejireba hejireba hejireba hejireba hejireba (hedging) - - - - - bir-Jis erT-----erTi funqcia, romel-

ic gulisxmobs fasebis Sesa-

Zlebel araxelsayrel meryeo-

basTan dakavSirebuli riskis

dazRvevas; myidvelis an gamy-

idvelis qceva momavalSi fase-

bis zrdisgan Tavisi Semosav-

lis dacvis mizniT. mag., Tu

arsebobs gaurkvevloba moma-

valSi mwarmoeblisTvis saWiro

sanedleule saqonelze faseb-

is Sesaxeb, maSin igi yidulobs

forvardul kontraqts, rome-

462

lic warmoadgens garigebas

daTqmul fasSi saqonlis an

fasiani qaRaldebis momavalSi

gansazRvrul droSi yidva-----ga-

yidvis Sesaxeb.

hejireba farTodaa gavr-

celebuli valutis bazarze,

sadac igi gamoiyeneba valut-

is kursebis meryeobisgan daz-

Rvevis mizniT.

hiks jon riCard hiks jon riCard hiks jon riCard hiks jon riCard hiks jon riCard (1904_1989)

(Hiks John Richard) – bitaneli

ekonomisti, moRvaweobda ekono-

mikis londonis skolaSi, kembri-

jis, manCesterisa da oqsfor-

dis universitetebSi. 1972 wels,

kenet erousTan erTad, gaxda

nobelis premiis laureati. di-

di Rvawli miuZRvis keTildRe-

obis ekonomikuri Teoriis prob-

lemebis kvlevaSi. nobelis ko-

mitetma gansakuTrebiT gamoyo

misi naSromi `faseuloba da

kapitali~ (1939), romliTac

avtorma mniSvnelovani wvlili

Seitana sayovelTao wonasworo-

bis TeoriaSi, kerZod, gare Soke-

bis zemoqmedebiT sayovelTao

wonasworobis mdgradi siste-

mis problemebis analizSi.

hiksis naSromebidan agreTve

aRsaniSnavia: `xelfasis Teor-

ia~ (1932), `mister keinzi da

klasikosebi~ (1937), ̀ ekonomi-

kuri ciklis TeoriisaTvis~

(1950), ̀ moTxovnis Teoriis ga-

dasinjva~ (1956), ̀ kapitali da

ekonomikuri zrda~ (1965), ̀ kein-

zianuri ekonomikuri Teoriis

krizisi~ (1974) da a.S.

hihihihihiperperperperperinflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia inflacia (hyperin-flation) - - - - - inflaciis umaRlesi

done, romlis zrdis tempi

200%-----ze metia, zogjer ki we-----

liwadSi ramdenime aseul pro-----

centsac ki aRwevs. hi perin-

flaciis dros fasebi da xel-

fasi katastrofulad scildeba

erTmaneTs. aseT pirobebSi cxo-----

vrebis donis dacemas mosax-----

leobis yvelaze SeZlebuli fe-----

nebic ki grZnoben.

`holandiuri daavade-`holandiuri daavade-`holandiuri daavade-`holandiuri daavade-`holandiuri daavade-

ba~ba~ba~ba~ba~ (“dutch desease”) - - - - - es feno-meni ukavSirdeba qveyanaSi ucxo-

uri valutis SeuzRudav Se-

modinebas, gamowveuls bunebrivi

resursebis eqsportis bumiT.

igi agreTve SeiZleba gamoi-

wvios saerTaSoriso finansuri

daxmarebisa da pirdapiri ucxo-

uri investiciebis moZalebam.

qveyanaSi ucxouri valutis

mozRvavebis erT-----erTi wyaro

SeiZleba iyos farTomasStabi-

ani privatizaciac.

saxelwodeba _ _ _ _ _ `holandi-

uri daavadeba~ asocirdeba ara-

gonivrulad gankargul qveynis

simdidresTan da ekonomikur

literaturaSi gamoCnda XXsaukunis 60-----iani wlebidan,

roca CrdiloeTis zRvaSi ni-

derlandis mier bunebrivi airis

hiks jon riCardhiks jon riCardhiks jon riCardhiks jon riCardhiks jon riCard

463

sabados aRmoCenam gamoiwvia

qveynis saeqsporto Semosavle-

bis arnaxuli zrda, erovnuli

valutis _ _ _ _ _ guldenis gamyare-

ba da tradiciuli eqsportis

konkurentunarianobis dacema. am

periodidan moyolebuli `ho-

landiuri daavadebis~ saxeliT

cnobili es movlena araerTi

qveynis `Tavis tkivili~ gaxda.

`holandiuri daavadebis~

klasikuri modeli 1982 wels

Camoayalibes m. kordenma da p.

nearvim (Corden Max W., NearvyPeter J. Booming Sector andDeindustrialization in a Small openEconomy. “The Economic Journal”.Vol. 92, 1982, pp. 825-848). misiSinaarsi Semdegia: bunebrivi

resursebis eqsportis bumi

arRvevs wonasworobas am seq-

tors, tradiciul saeqsporto

seqtorsa da arasaeqsporto

seqtors (mSenebloba, sacalo

vaWroba, sastumroebi, restor-

nebi da a.S.) Soris. marTalia,

Tavdapirvelad bunebrivi re-

sursebis eqsporti zrdis ucx-

ouri valutis Semodinebas

qveyanaSi da, aqedan gamomdinare,

qveynis Semosavlebs, magram misi

grZelvadiani efeqti sawinaaRm-

degoa. saqme isaa, rom Sida

valutis bazarze bunebrivi re-

sursebis eqsportidan miRebu-

li ucxouri valuta konver-

tirdeba erovnul valutaSi. Tu

qveyanaSi erovnuli valutis

gacvliTi kursi fiqsirebulia,

maSin konvertirebis es proce-

si moiTxovs fulis miwodebis

zrdas, rac adgilobrivi fase-

bis momatebas iwvevs, xolo


bebSi Sida savaluto bazarze

moTxovna-----miwodebas Soris wo-

nasworobis darRveva adgilob-

rivi valutis gamyarebas gamo-

iwvevs. orive SemTxvevaSi ga-

izrdeba erovnuli valutis

realuri gacvliTi kursi, rac

imas niSnavs, rom qveynis sa-

momxmareblo bazarze ucxouri

valutis erTeuliT gacilebiT

naklebi saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis SeZena SeiZleba, vidre

es adre iyo SesaZlebeli. ase-

Ti viTareba ukugavlenas axdens

tradiciuli eqsportis momge-

bianobaze, vinaidan Sida faseb-

is zrdis gamo gaZvirebuli

saeqsporto produqcia nakleb-

konkurentunariani xdeba saer-

TaSoriso bazarze, rasac moh-

yveba tradiciul saeqsporto

seqtorSi warmoebis mkveTri

dacema, kapitalisa da samuSao

Zalis arasaeqsporto seqtor-

Si gadanacvleba (`resursebis

gadanacvlebis efeqti~). gar-

da imisa, rom amis Sedegad tra-

diciuli saeqsporto seqtori

zaraldeba, Tu ver moxerxda

arasaeqsporto seqtoris in-

`holandiuri daavadeba~`holandiuri daavadeba~`holandiuri daavadeba~`holandiuri daavadeba~`holandiuri daavadeba~

464

frastruqturis ganviTareba da

kadrebis gadamzadeba, gardu-

valia umuSevrobis zrda da

masTan dakavSirebuli katakl-

izmebi. aRsaniSnavia is gare-

moebac, rom Tu zemoT ganxilu-

li gziT qveyanaSi miRebuli

ucxouri valuta importis zr-

das moxmardeba, maSin valutis

nakadebis Semodineba pirdapir

ar aisaxeba fulis miwodebaze,

Tumca, importis zRvargadasuli

zrdac gaumarTlebelia.

saqarTveloSi ̀ holandiur-

ma daavadebam~ Tavi iCina baqo-----

Tbilisi-----jeihanis navTobsadenis

mSeneblobisas, magram gansakuT-

rebiT TvalsaCino gaxda ̀ varde-

bis revoluciis~ Semdeg. oRond

klasikuri modelisagan gansx-

vavebiT, mis warmomSob mizezebSi

wina planze wamoiwia pirdapi-

ri ucxouri investiciebisa da

saerTaSoriso daxmarebis mozR-

vaveba, agreTve ucxoeTSi mcxov-

rebi, an droebiT iq dasaqmebu-

li Cveni Tanamemamuleebis mier

fuladi transferebis nakade-

bi da bolo dros qveyanaSi

ganxorcielebuli farTomas-

Stabiani privatizacia.

holdingi holdingi holdingi holdingi holdingi (holding) - - - - - aqci-oneruli kompania, romelic

flobs sxva firmebis, kompanie-

bis aqciebis sakontrolo pa-

ketebs. ganasxvaveben wmindawmindawmindawmindawminda

holdingsholdingsholdingsholdingsholdings, romlis daniSnule-

baa mxolod kontroli da mar-

Tva, da SereulsSereulsSereulsSereulsSereuls, romelic,

amasTan, eweva samewareo saqmi-

anobas. arsebobs saxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifosaxelmwifo

holdingebicholdingebicholdingebicholdingebicholdingebic. es aris special-

uri saxelmwifoebrivi orga-

nizaciebi, romelTa gankargule-

baSic garkveul periodSi iqm-

neba privatizebul sawarmoTa

aqciebis sakontrolo paketebi,

xolo sawarmoebi maTs far-

glebSi aqciebis jvaredini

mflobelebi xdebian.

sxva kompaniebis aqciebis na-

wilis floba holdingebs sa-

Sualebas aZlevs kontroli ga-

uwion maT saqmianobas.

holdinguri sistema moicavs

saTavo, Svilobil da SviliSvil

kompaniebs. amasTan, ar aris au-

cilebeli, rom saTavo kompania

flobdes Svilobili kompanie-

bis aqciebis 51%-----s. maTi saqmia-

nobis kontrolisaTvis sakmari-

sia gacilebiT naklebi aqcia.

dasavleTSi holdinguri

kompaniebis Seqmnis erTaderTi

barieri antimonopoliuri ka-

nonmdeblobaa. amasTan, kompanie-

bis SerwymasTan SedarebiT,

holdingebis Seqmnas gacilebiT

did upiratesobas aniWeben.

holdinguri sistemis Semadgen-

lobaSi SesvliT mravali fir-

maa dainteresebuli, vinaidan igi

firmis simtkicesa da sicocx-

lisunarianobas uzrunvelyofs.

holdingiholdingiholdingiholdingiholdingi

465

finansuri siZneleebis SemTx-

vevaSi, isini saTavo kompaniebi-

sagan iReben daxmarebas. damo-

ukidebeli firmebis gaerTiane-

ba xelsayrelia holdingur

sistemaSi aqcionirebisTvisac,

vinaidan igi amcirebs risks da

TiTiqmis gamoricxavs gakotre-

bis safrTxes.

hotelingis wesi hotelingis wesi hotelingis wesi hotelingis wesi hotelingis wesi (Hotel-ling’s rule) - - - - - arakvlavwarmoebadi

bunebrivi resursebis optima-

luri gamoyenebis wesi, dadge-

nili h. hotelingis mier 1931

wels (The Economics of ExautibleResources. The Journal of Politi-cal Economy. Vol. 39, pp. 137-----175).es wesi dRemde rCeba ganmsaz-

Rvrelad wiaRiseulis mopovebis

optimalurobis dadgenaSi. misi

arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: imi-

saTvis, rom mopoveba iyos opti-

maluri, miwaSi darCenili erTe-

uli resursis neto-----fasi (gasay-

id fass minus mopovebis dan-

axarjebi) droTa ganmavloba-

Si unda gaizardos im tempiT,

ra tempiTac gaizrdeba sar-

geblis ganakveTi. ufro zus-

tad, neto-----fasis zrdis tempi

ar unda aRematebodes sargeb-

lis ganakveTisas. resursis

mflobeli dgas arCevanis wina-

Se: amoiRos erTeuli resursi

da moaxdinos misi gayidviT

miRebuli Tanxis investireba

mimdinare sargeblis ganakveTiT,

Tu datovos igi miwaSi.

hotelingis wess alter-

natiuli formulirebac aqvs:

erTeuli resursis diskontire-

buli Rirebuleba unda iyos

ucvleli imis miuxedavad, Tu

rodis iqneba es resursi amoRe-

buli miwidan.

houtri ralf jorj houtri ralf jorj houtri ralf jorj houtri ralf jorj houtri ralf jorj (1879-----

1975) (Hawtrey Raulf George) -----ingliseli ekonomisti, alfred

marSalis mimdevari, kembrijis

skolis TvalsaCino warmomad-

geneli. SeimuSava ciklebisa da

krizisebis Teoria, fulad-----

sakredito politikis meTode-

bi, mniSvnelovani wvlili Seit-

ana balansirebuli ekonomikuri

zrdis instrumentebis Seswav-

laSi.

houtri ralf jorjhoutri ralf jorjhoutri ralf jorjhoutri ralf jorjhoutri ralf jorj

466

leqsikonis statiaTa anbanur-----Tematuri

saZiebeli

aaaaa

abandonmentiabandonmentiabandonmentiabandonmentiabandonmenti99999

absenteizmi 9absenteizmi 9absenteizmi 9absenteizmi 9absenteizmi 9

absoluturi mogeba 9absoluturi mogeba 9absoluturi mogeba 9absoluturi mogeba 9absoluturi mogeba 9


ba 9ba 9ba 9ba 9ba 9

absoluturi piratesobisabsoluturi piratesobisabsoluturi piratesobisabsoluturi piratesobisabsoluturi piratesobis

Teoria 10Teoria 10Teoria 10Teoria 10Teoria 10

absoluturi fasebi 10absoluturi fasebi 10absoluturi fasebi 10absoluturi fasebi 10absoluturi fasebi 10

absorbcia 10absorbcia 10absorbcia 10absorbcia 10absorbcia 10

agenti 10agenti 10agenti 10agenti 10agenti 10

aglomeracia 10aglomeracia 10aglomeracia 10aglomeracia 10aglomeracia 10

agraruli revolucia 11agraruli revolucia 11agraruli revolucia 11agraruli revolucia 11agraruli revolucia 11

agraruli seqtori 11agraruli seqtori 11agraruli seqtori 11agraruli seqtori 11agraruli seqtori 11

agregireba 11agregireba 11agregireba 11agregireba 11agregireba 11

agregirebuli sawarmooagregirebuli sawarmooagregirebuli sawarmooagregirebuli sawarmooagregirebuli sawarmoo

funqcia 11funqcia 11funqcia 11funqcia 11funqcia 11

adamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebisadamianis ganviTarebis

indeqsi 11indeqsi 11indeqsi 11indeqsi 11indeqsi 11

adamianiseuli kapitali 12adamianiseuli kapitali 12adamianiseuli kapitali 12adamianiseuli kapitali 12adamianiseuli kapitali 12

adaptaciis lagi 12adaptaciis lagi 12adaptaciis lagi 12adaptaciis lagi 12adaptaciis lagi 12

adgilobrivi biujeti 12adgilobrivi biujeti 12adgilobrivi biujeti 12adgilobrivi biujeti 12adgilobrivi biujeti 12

adendumi 12adendumi 12adendumi 12adendumi 12adendumi 12

ad valoremi 12ad valoremi 12ad valoremi 12ad valoremi 12ad valoremi 12

administraciuli lagi 12administraciuli lagi 12administraciuli lagi 12administraciuli lagi 12administraciuli lagi 12

administraciuli fasi 13administraciuli fasi 13administraciuli fasi 13administraciuli fasi 13administraciuli fasi 13

avali 13avali 13avali 13avali 13avali 13

avansi 13avansi 13avansi 13avansi 13avansi 13

avansireba 13avansireba 13avansireba 13avansireba 13avansireba 13

avansirebuli kapitali 13avansirebuli kapitali 13avansirebuli kapitali 13avansirebuli kapitali 13avansirebuli kapitali 13

avantaJi 13avantaJi 13avantaJi 13avantaJi 13avantaJi 13

averaJi 13averaJi 13averaJi 13averaJi 13averaJi 13

aviazednadebi 13aviazednadebi 13aviazednadebi 13aviazednadebi 13aviazednadebi 13

avizo 13avizo 13avizo 13avizo 13avizo 13

a’vista 14a’vista 14a’vista 14a’vista 14a’vista 14

avista 14avista 14avista 14avista 14avista 14

avstriuli skola 14avstriuli skola 14avstriuli skola 14avstriuli skola 14avstriuli skola 14

avtarkia 14avtarkia 14avtarkia 14avtarkia 14avtarkia 14

avtomatizacia 14avtomatizacia 14avtomatizacia 14avtomatizacia 14avtomatizacia 14

avtomaturi stabilizato-avtomaturi stabilizato-avtomaturi stabilizato-avtomaturi stabilizato-avtomaturi stabilizato-

rebi 14rebi 14rebi 14rebi 14rebi 14

avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-avtonomiuri investi-

cia 15cia 15cia 15cia 15cia 15

avtonomiuri xarjebi 15avtonomiuri xarjebi 15avtonomiuri xarjebi 15avtonomiuri xarjebi 15avtonomiuri xarjebi 15

avuari 16avuari 16avuari 16avuari 16avuari 16

àziuri vefxvebi~ 16àziuri vefxvebi~ 16àziuri vefxvebi~ 16àziuri vefxvebi~ 16àziuri vefxvebi~ 16

akerlofi jorj 16akerlofi jorj 16akerlofi jorj 16akerlofi jorj 16akerlofi jorj 16

akvizitori 16akvizitori 16akvizitori 16akvizitori 16akvizitori 16

akorduli gadasaxadi 16akorduli gadasaxadi 16akorduli gadasaxadi 16akorduli gadasaxadi 16akorduli gadasaxadi 16

akreditivi 16akreditivi 16akreditivi 16akreditivi 16akreditivi 16

akri 16akri 16akri 16akri 16akri 16

àldagi~ 16àldagi~ 16àldagi~ 16àldagi~ 16àldagi~ 16

ale moris 17ale moris 17ale moris 17ale moris 17ale moris 17

alokaciuri efeqtiano-alokaciuri efeqtiano-alokaciuri efeqtiano-alokaciuri efeqtiano-alokaciuri efeqtiano-


alokaciuri funqcia 17alokaciuri funqcia 17alokaciuri funqcia 17alokaciuri funqcia 17alokaciuri funqcia 17

alonJi 17alonJi 17alonJi 17alonJi 17alonJi 17

aaaaa

467

alpari 18alpari 18alpari 18alpari 18alpari 18

alternativa 18alternativa 18alternativa 18alternativa 18alternativa 18

alternatiuli danaxarjialternatiuli danaxarjialternatiuli danaxarjialternatiuli danaxarjialternatiuli danaxarji

(Rirebuleba) 18(Rirebuleba) 18(Rirebuleba) 18(Rirebuleba) 18(Rirebuleba) 18

amalgamacia 18amalgamacia 18amalgamacia 18amalgamacia 18amalgamacia 18

ambalaJi 18ambalaJi 18ambalaJi 18ambalaJi 18ambalaJi 18

amortizacia 18amortizacia 18amortizacia 18amortizacia 18amortizacia 18

amortizaciis norma 19amortizaciis norma 19amortizaciis norma 19amortizaciis norma 19amortizaciis norma 19

ampliacia 19ampliacia 19ampliacia 19ampliacia 19ampliacia 19

amxanagoba 19amxanagoba 19amxanagoba 19amxanagoba 19amxanagoba 19

anabari 19anabari 19anabari 19anabari 19anabari 19

angariSgeba 19angariSgeba 19angariSgeba 19angariSgeba 19angariSgeba 19

angariSi 19angariSi 19angariSi 19angariSi 19angariSi 19

angariSsworeba 19angariSsworeba 19angariSsworeba 19angariSsworeba 19angariSsworeba 19

angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-angariSsworebis angari-

Si 19Si 19Si 19Si 19Si 19

angariS-faqtura 20angariS-faqtura 20angariS-faqtura 20angariS-faqtura 20angariS-faqtura 20

anderaitingi 20anderaitingi 20anderaitingi 20anderaitingi 20anderaitingi 20

anketa 20anketa 20anketa 20anketa 20anketa 20

anketireba 20anketireba 20anketireba 20anketireba 20anketireba 20

antidempinguri gadasaxa-antidempinguri gadasaxa-antidempinguri gadasaxa-antidempinguri gadasaxa-antidempinguri gadasaxa-

di 20di 20di 20di 20di 20

antidempinguri kanonmde-antidempinguri kanonmde-antidempinguri kanonmde-antidempinguri kanonmde-antidempinguri kanonmde-

bloba 20bloba 20bloba 20bloba 20bloba 20

antidovlaTi 20antidovlaTi 20antidovlaTi 20antidovlaTi 20antidovlaTi 20

antimonopoliuri kanonm-antimonopoliuri kanonm-antimonopoliuri kanonm-antimonopoliuri kanonm-antimonopoliuri kanonm-

debloba 20debloba 20debloba 20debloba 20debloba 20

anticianticianticianticiantici pacia 21pacia 21pacia 21pacia 21pacia 21

antrepreniori 21antrepreniori 21antrepreniori 21antrepreniori 21antrepreniori 21

antreprizi 21antreprizi 21antreprizi 21antreprizi 21antreprizi 21

anuiteti 21anuiteti 21anuiteti 21anuiteti 21anuiteti 21

aJio 21aJio 21aJio 21aJio 21aJio 21

aJiotaJi 21aJiotaJi 21aJiotaJi 21aJiotaJi 21aJiotaJi 21

araerTgvarovani kapita-araerTgvarovani kapita-araerTgvarovani kapita-araerTgvarovani kapita-araerTgvarovani kapita-

li 21li 21li 21li 21li 21

arainstituciuri samoqa-arainstituciuri samoqa-arainstituciuri samoqa-arainstituciuri samoqa-arainstituciuri samoqa-

laqo mosaxleoba 21laqo mosaxleoba 21laqo mosaxleoba 21laqo mosaxleoba 21laqo mosaxleoba 21

arakanonieri warmoeba 22arakanonieri warmoeba 22arakanonieri warmoeba 22arakanonieri warmoeba 22arakanonieri warmoeba 22

arakomerciuli organiza-arakomerciuli organiza-arakomerciuli organiza-arakomerciuli organiza-arakomerciuli organiza-


arakonkurentuli moxmar-arakonkurentuli moxmar-arakonkurentuli moxmar-arakonkurentuli moxmar-arakonkurentuli moxmar-

eba 22eba 22eba 22eba 22eba 22

aramaterialuri momsaxu-aramaterialuri momsaxu-aramaterialuri momsaxu-aramaterialuri momsaxu-aramaterialuri momsaxu-

reba 23reba 23reba 23reba 23reba 23

aranivTobrivi aqtivebi 23aranivTobrivi aqtivebi 23aranivTobrivi aqtivebi 23aranivTobrivi aqtivebi 23aranivTobrivi aqtivebi 23

arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 23arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 23arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 23arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 23arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 23

arasabazro momsaxureba 24arasabazro momsaxureba 24arasabazro momsaxureba 24arasabazro momsaxureba 24arasabazro momsaxureba 24

arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-arasabazro urTierTo-


arasagadasaxado Semosava-arasagadasaxado Semosava-arasagadasaxado Semosava-arasagadasaxado Semosava-arasagadasaxado Semosava-


arasrulyofili konkuren-arasrulyofili konkuren-arasrulyofili konkuren-arasrulyofili konkuren-arasrulyofili konkuren-


aratradiciuli ekonomi-aratradiciuli ekonomi-aratradiciuli ekonomi-aratradiciuli ekonomi-aratradiciuli ekonomi-

ka 26ka 26ka 26ka 26ka 26

arafasismieri konkuren-arafasismieri konkuren-arafasismieri konkuren-arafasismieri konkuren-arafasismieri konkuren-


araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-araformaluri ekonomi-

ka 26ka 26ka 26ka 26ka 26

araformaluri seqto-araformaluri seqto-araformaluri seqto-araformaluri seqto-araformaluri seqto-

ri 27ri 27ri 27ri 27ri 27

arbitraJi 27arbitraJi 27arbitraJi 27arbitraJi 27arbitraJi 27

arbitraJi àd-hoki~ 27arbitraJi àd-hoki~ 27arbitraJi àd-hoki~ 27arbitraJi àd-hoki~ 27arbitraJi àd-hoki~ 27

arenda 28arenda 28arenda 28arenda 28arenda 28

arendatori 28arendatori 28arendatori 28arendatori 28arendatori 28

ari 28ari 28ari 28ari 28ari 28

arCevani alternatiuliarCevani alternatiuliarCevani alternatiuliarCevani alternatiuliarCevani alternatiuli

468

variantebidan 28variantebidan 28variantebidan 28variantebidan 28variantebidan 28

asortimenti 28asortimenti 28asortimenti 28asortimenti 28asortimenti 28

asociacia 28asociacia 28asociacia 28asociacia 28asociacia 28

auditi 28auditi 28auditi 28auditi 28auditi 28

auditori 29auditori 29auditori 29auditori 29auditori 29

auditoruli firma 30auditoruli firma 30auditoruli firma 30auditoruli firma 30auditoruli firma 30

autraiti 31autraiti 31autraiti 31autraiti 31autraiti 31

autsaideri 31autsaideri 31autsaideri 31autsaideri 31autsaideri 31

autsorsingi 31autsorsingi 31autsorsingi 31autsorsingi 31autsorsingi 31

auqcioni 31auqcioni 31auqcioni 31auqcioni 31auqcioni 31

auqcionuri bazari 32auqcionuri bazari 32auqcionuri bazari 32auqcionuri bazari 32auqcionuri bazari 32

aqseleratori 32aqseleratori 32aqseleratori 32aqseleratori 32aqseleratori 32

aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-aqseleratoris princi-

pi 32pi 32pi 32pi 32pi 32

aqseleraciis koeficien-aqseleraciis koeficien-aqseleraciis koeficien-aqseleraciis koeficien-aqseleraciis koeficien-

ti 33ti 33ti 33ti 33ti 33

aqtivi 33aqtivi 33aqtivi 33aqtivi 33aqtivi 33

aqtiuri kapitali 33aqtiuri kapitali 33aqtiuri kapitali 33aqtiuri kapitali 33aqtiuri kapitali 33

aqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdeloaqtiuri sagadasaxdelo

balansi 34balansi 34balansi 34balansi 34balansi 34

aqtuariusi 34aqtuariusi 34aqtuariusi 34aqtuariusi 34aqtuariusi 34

aqceptanti 34aqceptanti 34aqceptanti 34aqceptanti 34aqceptanti 34

aqcepti 34aqcepti 34aqcepti 34aqcepti 34aqcepti 34

aqcepturi krediti 34aqcepturi krediti 34aqcepturi krediti 34aqcepturi krediti 34aqcepturi krediti 34

aqceptur-rambusnuliaqceptur-rambusnuliaqceptur-rambusnuliaqceptur-rambusnuliaqceptur-rambusnuli

krediti 34krediti 34krediti 34krediti 34krediti 34

aqcia 35aqcia 35aqcia 35aqcia 35aqcia 35

privilegiuri aqcia 289289289289289

saxelobiTi aqcia 360360360360360

aqcia warmomdgenze 3535353535

Cveulebrivi aqcia 438438438438438

aqcia warmomdgenze 35aqcia warmomdgenze 35aqcia warmomdgenze 35aqcia warmomdgenze 35aqcia warmomdgenze 35

aqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontroloaqciebis sakontrolo

paketi 36paketi 36paketi 36paketi 36paketi 36

aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasa-aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasa-aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasa-aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasa-aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasa-

xadi) 36xadi) 36xadi) 36xadi) 36xadi) 36

aqciis kursi 36aqciis kursi 36aqciis kursi 36aqciis kursi 36aqciis kursi 36

aqcioneri 37aqcioneri 37aqcioneri 37aqcioneri 37aqcioneri 37

aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-aqcioneruli sazogado-

eba 37eba 37eba 37eba 37eba 37

aRmavloba 37aRmavloba 37aRmavloba 37aRmavloba 37aRmavloba 37

aSkara danaxarji 37aSkara danaxarji 37aSkara danaxarji 37aSkara danaxarji 37aSkara danaxarji 37

aSS-is saerTaSoriso gan-aSS-is saerTaSoriso gan-aSS-is saerTaSoriso gan-aSS-is saerTaSoriso gan-aSS-is saerTaSoriso gan-

viTarebis saagento 38viTarebis saagento 38viTarebis saagento 38viTarebis saagento 38viTarebis saagento 38

axali ekonomika 38axali ekonomika 38axali ekonomika 38axali ekonomika 38axali ekonomika 38

axali zrdis Teoria 38axali zrdis Teoria 38axali zrdis Teoria 38axali zrdis Teoria 38axali zrdis Teoria 38

axali industriuliaxali industriuliaxali industriuliaxali industriuliaxali industriuli

qveynebi 38qveynebi 38qveynebi 38qveynebi 38qveynebi 38

axali klasikuriaxali klasikuriaxali klasikuriaxali klasikuriaxali klasikuri

makroekonomika 39makroekonomika 39makroekonomika 39makroekonomika 39makroekonomika 39

axali mikroekonomika 39axali mikroekonomika 39axali mikroekonomika 39axali mikroekonomika 39axali mikroekonomika 39

axali Sexedulebaaxali Sexedulebaaxali Sexedulebaaxali Sexedulebaaxali Sexeduleba

investiciebze 40investiciebze 40investiciebze 40investiciebze 40investiciebze 40

axali politikuri ekono-axali politikuri ekono-axali politikuri ekono-axali politikuri ekono-axali politikuri ekono-

mia 40mia 40mia 40mia 40mia 40

axireba 40axireba 40axireba 40axireba 40axireba 40

bbbbb

badisebri gare efeqti 41badisebri gare efeqti 41badisebri gare efeqti 41badisebri gare efeqti 41badisebri gare efeqti 41

bazari 41bazari 41bazari 41bazari 41bazari 41

gamyidvelis bazari 5959595959

valutis bazari 146146146146146

investiciis bazari 165165165165165

kapitalis bazari 179179179179179

konkurenciuli bazari 200200200200200

bbbbb

469

likviduri bazari 209209209209209

meoreuli bazari 231231231231231

momsaxurebis bazari 241241241241241

msoflio bazari 249249249249249

myidvelis bazari 254254254254254

naRdi bazari 260260260260260

oqros bazari 275275275275275

pirveladi bazari 285285285285285

`saerTo bazari~ 320320320320320

sasesxo kapitalis bazari

348348348348348

safraxto bazari 351351351351351

saqonlis bazari 351351351351351

fasiani qaRaldebis bazari

393393393393393

forvarduli bazari 403403403403403

`Savi bazari~ 426426426426426

Sromis bazari 433433433433433

Caketili bazari 437437437437437

calmxrivi bazari 443443443443443

`xarebis~ bazari 453453453453453

bazris koniunqtura 42bazris koniunqtura 42bazris koniunqtura 42bazris koniunqtura 42bazris koniunqtura 42

bazris fiasko 42bazris fiasko 42bazris fiasko 42bazris fiasko 42bazris fiasko 42

bazris wonasworoba 42bazris wonasworoba 42bazris wonasworoba 42bazris wonasworoba 42bazris wonasworoba 42

bazroba 42bazroba 42bazroba 42bazroba 42bazroba 42

`bai-beki~ 42`bai-beki~ 42`bai-beki~ 42`bai-beki~ 42`bai-beki~ 42


aqtiuri sagadasaxdelo ba-

lansi 3434343434

buRaltruli balansi 5353535353

dargTaSorisi balansi 8181818181

neto-balansi 265265265265265

pasiuri sagadasaxdelo ba-

lansi 281281281281281

pasiuri savaWro balansi 281281281281281

sagadasaxdelo balansi 313313313313313

savaWro balansi 325325325325325

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis

balansi 354354354354354

`balansireba danis pirze~`balansireba danis pirze~`balansireba danis pirze~`balansireba danis pirze~`balansireba danis pirze~

4242424242

bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-bankebis aqtiuri opera-

ciebi 43ciebi 43ciebi 43ciebi 43ciebi 43

bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-bankebis pasiuri opera-

ciebi 43ciebi 43ciebi 43ciebi 43ciebi 43

banki 43banki 43banki 43banki 43banki 43

evropis rekonstruqciisa da

ganviTarebis banki 97 97 97 97 97

inovaciuri banki 167167167167167

ipoTekuri banki 176176176176176

komerciuli banki 194194194194194

msoflio banki 249249249249249

rekonstruqciisa da ganviTa-

rebis saerTaSoriso banki

298298298298298

saerTaSoriso angariSswore-

bis banki 318318318318318

saemisio banki 318318318318318

sainvesticio banki 334334334334334

sainovacio banki 334334334334334

centraluri banki 443443443443443

bankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditisbankTaSorisi kreditis

ganakveTi 43ganakveTi 43ganakveTi 43ganakveTi 43ganakveTi 43

bankiri 43bankiri 43bankiri 43bankiri 43bankiri 43

banknoti 43banknoti 43banknoti 43banknoti 43banknoti 43

470

bankomati 43bankomati 43bankomati 43bankomati 43bankomati 43

bankroti 44bankroti 44bankroti 44bankroti 44bankroti 44

baJi 44baJi 44baJi 44baJi 44baJi 44

baratria 44baratria 44baratria 44baratria 44baratria 44

barteri 44barteri 44barteri 44barteri 44barteri 44

`baumolis daavadeba~ 44`baumolis daavadeba~ 44`baumolis daavadeba~ 44`baumolis daavadeba~ 44`baumolis daavadeba~ 44

bekeri gari stenli 44bekeri gari stenli 44bekeri gari stenli 44bekeri gari stenli 44bekeri gari stenli 44

bem-baverki oigen 45bem-baverki oigen 45bem-baverki oigen 45bem-baverki oigen 45bem-baverki oigen 45

beneficiari 45beneficiari 45beneficiari 45beneficiari 45beneficiari 45

biznes-gegma 45biznes-gegma 45biznes-gegma 45biznes-gegma 45biznes-gegma 45

biznes-inkubatori 46biznes-inkubatori 46biznes-inkubatori 46biznes-inkubatori 46biznes-inkubatori 46

biznes inJineringi 46biznes inJineringi 46biznes inJineringi 46biznes inJineringi 46biznes inJineringi 46

biznesi 48biznesi 48biznesi 48biznesi 48biznesi 48

biznesis bloki 48biznesis bloki 48biznesis bloki 48biznesis bloki 48biznesis bloki 48

biznesis socialuri pasu-biznesis socialuri pasu-biznesis socialuri pasu-biznesis socialuri pasu-biznesis socialuri pasu-

xismgebloba 48xismgebloba 48xismgebloba 48xismgebloba 48xismgebloba 48

biznesmeni 49biznesmeni 49biznesmeni 49biznesmeni 49biznesmeni 49

bil-brokeri 49bil-brokeri 49bil-brokeri 49bil-brokeri 49bil-brokeri 49

bimetalizmi 49bimetalizmi 49bimetalizmi 49bimetalizmi 49bimetalizmi 49

birJa 49birJa 49birJa 49birJa 49birJa 49

valutis birJa 146146146146146

kerZo birJa 188188188188188

safondo birJa 350350350350350

saqonlis birJa 352352352352352

Sromis birJa 434434434434434

biukeneni jeims makhil 49biukeneni jeims makhil 49biukeneni jeims makhil 49biukeneni jeims makhil 49biukeneni jeims makhil 49

biujeti 49biujeti 49biujeti 49biujeti 49biujeti 49

adgilobrivi biujeti 1212121212

dabalansebuli biujeti 8080808080

saxelmwifo biujeti 357357357357357

federaluri biujeti 398398398398398

biujetis deficiti 50biujetis deficiti 50biujetis deficiti 50biujetis deficiti 50biujetis deficiti 50

biujetis proficiti 50biujetis proficiti 50biujetis proficiti 50biujetis proficiti 50biujetis proficiti 50

biujetSi Senatanebi 50biujetSi Senatanebi 50biujetSi Senatanebi 50biujetSi Senatanebi 50biujetSi Senatanebi 50

blokirebuli angariSi 50blokirebuli angariSi 50blokirebuli angariSi 50blokirebuli angariSi 50blokirebuli angariSi 50

boni 50boni 50boni 50boni 50boni 50

bonistika 50bonistika 50bonistika 50bonistika 50bonistika 50

bonifikacia 50bonifikacia 50bonifikacia 50bonifikacia 50bonifikacia 50

bonusi 50bonusi 50bonusi 50bonusi 50bonusi 50

bordero 50bordero 50bordero 50bordero 50bordero 50

bosi 51bosi 51bosi 51bosi 51bosi 51

brakeraJi 51brakeraJi 51brakeraJi 51brakeraJi 51brakeraJi 51

breton-vudsi 51breton-vudsi 51breton-vudsi 51breton-vudsi 51breton-vudsi 51

breton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savalutobreton-vudsis savaluto

sistema 51sistema 51sistema 51sistema 51sistema 51

breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-breton-vudsis konferen-


brokeri 51brokeri 51brokeri 51brokeri 51brokeri 51

brokeris gasamrjelo 52brokeris gasamrjelo 52brokeris gasamrjelo 52brokeris gasamrjelo 52brokeris gasamrjelo 52

bruto 52bruto 52bruto 52bruto 52bruto 52

bunebrivi monopolia 52bunebrivi monopolia 52bunebrivi monopolia 52bunebrivi monopolia 52bunebrivi monopolia 52

bunebrivi resursebi 52bunebrivi resursebi 52bunebrivi resursebi 52bunebrivi resursebi 52bunebrivi resursebi 52

bunebrivi fasi 53bunebrivi fasi 53bunebrivi fasi 53bunebrivi fasi 53bunebrivi fasi 53

butiki 53butiki 53butiki 53butiki 53butiki 53

buRaltruli aRricxva 53buRaltruli aRricxva 53buRaltruli aRricxva 53buRaltruli aRricxva 53buRaltruli aRricxva 53

buRaltruli balansi 53buRaltruli balansi 53buRaltruli balansi 53buRaltruli balansi 53buRaltruli balansi 53

buRaltruli mogeba 53buRaltruli mogeba 53buRaltruli mogeba 53buRaltruli mogeba 53buRaltruli mogeba 53

buSeli 53buSeli 53buSeli 53buSeli 53buSeli 53

ggggg

gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-gadamanawilebeli funq-


gadasapirebeli Tamasuqigadasapirebeli Tamasuqigadasapirebeli Tamasuqigadasapirebeli Tamasuqigadasapirebeli Tamasuqi

(((((tratatratatratatratatrata))))) 54 54 54 54 54

ggggg

471

gadasaxadi 54gadasaxadi 54gadasaxadi 54gadasaxadi 54gadasaxadi 54

akorduli gadasaxadi 1616161616

antidempinguri gadasaxa-

di 2020202020

arapirdapiri gadasaxadi 2323232323

aqcizi (aqcizuri gadasaxa-

di) 3636363636

gadasaxadi miRebul umaR-

les ganaTlebaze 5454545454

gayidvaze gadasaxadi 6565656565

damatebul Rirebulebaze ga-

dasaxadi 8181818181

importze gadasaxadi (saim-

porto baJi) 162162162162162

inflaciuri gadasaxadi 174174174174174

miwis gadasaxadi 238238238238238

pigus gadasaxadi 284284284284284

pirdapiri gadasaxadi 285285285285285

progresiuli gadasaxa-

di 288288288288288

proporciuli gadasaxadi

289289289289289

regresiuli gadasaxadi 295295295295295

uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386386386386386

uaryofiTi saSemosavlo ga-

dasaxadi 386386386386386

fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401401401401401

wminda gadasaxadi 450450450450450

`gadasaxadi~ miRebul umaR`gadasaxadi~ miRebul umaR`gadasaxadi~ miRebul umaR`gadasaxadi~ miRebul umaR`gadasaxadi~ miRebul umaR-----

les ganaTlebaze 54les ganaTlebaze 54les ganaTlebaze 54les ganaTlebaze 54les ganaTlebaze 54

gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-gadasaxadebis struqtu-

ra 55ra 55ra 55ra 55ra 55

gadasaxadis zRvruligadasaxadis zRvruligadasaxadis zRvruligadasaxadis zRvruligadasaxadis zRvruli


gadawyvetilebis miRebisgadawyvetilebis miRebisgadawyvetilebis miRebisgadawyvetilebis miRebisgadawyvetilebis miRebis

lagi 55lagi 55lagi 55lagi 55lagi 55

gadaxdis valuta 55gadaxdis valuta 55gadaxdis valuta 55gadaxdis valuta 55gadaxdis valuta 55

gadaxdisunariani moTxov-gadaxdisunariani moTxov-gadaxdisunariani moTxov-gadaxdisunariani moTxov-gadaxdisunariani moTxov-

nileba 55nileba 55nileba 55nileba 55nileba 55

gadaxdisunarianoba 55gadaxdisunarianoba 55gadaxdisunarianoba 55gadaxdisunarianoba 55gadaxdisunarianoba 55

gadaxdisunarianobisgadaxdisunarianobisgadaxdisunarianobisgadaxdisunarianobisgadaxdisunarianobis


gaeros gaeros gaeros gaeros gaeros ssdkssdkssdkssdkssdk (((((saerTa-saerTa-saerTa-saerTa-saerTa-

Soriso standartuliSoriso standartuliSoriso standartuliSoriso standartuliSoriso standartuli

dargobrivi klasifika-dargobrivi klasifika-dargobrivi klasifika-dargobrivi klasifika-dargobrivi klasifika-

ciaciaciaciacia))))) 56 56 56 56 56

gakotreba 58gakotreba 58gakotreba 58gakotreba 58gakotreba 58

galoni 58galoni 58galoni 58galoni 58galoni 58

gamovlenis lagi 58gamovlenis lagi 58gamovlenis lagi 58gamovlenis lagi 58gamovlenis lagi 58

gamoTvliTi ekonomika 58gamoTvliTi ekonomika 58gamoTvliTi ekonomika 58gamoTvliTi ekonomika 58gamoTvliTi ekonomika 58

gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-gamoSvebis bunebrivi mo-

culoba 59culoba 59culoba 59culoba 59culoba 59

gamyidvelis bazari 59gamyidvelis bazari 59gamyidvelis bazari 59gamyidvelis bazari 59gamyidvelis bazari 59

ganawilebis Teoriebi 59ganawilebis Teoriebi 59ganawilebis Teoriebi 59ganawilebis Teoriebi 59ganawilebis Teoriebi 59

ganviTarebadi qveynebi 60ganviTarebadi qveynebi 60ganviTarebadi qveynebi 60ganviTarebadi qveynebi 60ganviTarebadi qveynebi 60

ganviTarebis strate-ganviTarebis strate-ganviTarebis strate-ganviTarebis strate-ganviTarebis strate-

gia 60gia 60gia 60gia 60gia 60

ganviTarebuli qveynebi 60ganviTarebuli qveynebi 60ganviTarebuli qveynebi 60ganviTarebuli qveynebi 60ganviTarebuli qveynebi 60

gankargvadi Semosavali 61gankargvadi Semosavali 61gankargvadi Semosavali 61gankargvadi Semosavali 61gankargvadi Semosavali 61

gankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuligankargviTi erovnuli

Semosavali 61Semosavali 61Semosavali 61Semosavali 61Semosavali 61

gankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTlianigankargviTi mTliani

erovnuli Semosava-erovnuli Semosava-erovnuli Semosava-erovnuli Semosava-erovnuli Semosava-


gankargviTi wminda erov-gankargviTi wminda erov-gankargviTi wminda erov-gankargviTi wminda erov-gankargviTi wminda erov-

nuli Semosavali 61nuli Semosavali 61nuli Semosavali 61nuli Semosavali 61nuli Semosavali 61

gansaxelmwifoebriveba 61gansaxelmwifoebriveba 61gansaxelmwifoebriveba 61gansaxelmwifoebriveba 61gansaxelmwifoebriveba 61

garanti 62garanti 62garanti 62garanti 62garanti 62

472

garantia 63garantia 63garantia 63garantia 63garantia 63

gardamavali periodi 63gardamavali periodi 63gardamavali periodi 63gardamavali periodi 63gardamavali periodi 63

gare danaxarjebi 63gare danaxarjebi 63gare danaxarjebi 63gare danaxarjebi 63gare danaxarjebi 63

gare efeqtebi 63gare efeqtebi 63gare efeqtebi 63gare efeqtebi 63gare efeqtebi 63

badisebri gare efeqti 3838383838

gare efeqtis internal-gare efeqtis internal-gare efeqtis internal-gare efeqtis internal-gare efeqtis internal-

izacia 64izacia 64izacia 64izacia 64izacia 64

gare lagi 64gare lagi 64gare lagi 64gare lagi 64gare lagi 64

gasaRebis mrudi 64gasaRebis mrudi 64gasaRebis mrudi 64gasaRebis mrudi 64gasaRebis mrudi 64

gauTvaliswinebeli dana-gauTvaliswinebeli dana-gauTvaliswinebeli dana-gauTvaliswinebeli dana-gauTvaliswinebeli dana-

xarji 64xarji 64xarji 64xarji 64xarji 64

gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-gauTvaliswinebeli in-

flacia 64flacia 64flacia 64flacia 64flacia 64

gaufasureba 64gaufasureba 64gaufasureba 64gaufasureba 64gaufasureba 64

gayidvaze gadasaxadi 65gayidvaze gadasaxadi 65gayidvaze gadasaxadi 65gayidvaze gadasaxadi 65gayidvaze gadasaxadi 65

`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~`gacveTili fexsacmlis~

danaxarjebi 65danaxarjebi 65danaxarjebi 65danaxarjebi 65danaxarjebi 65

gacvliTi kursi 65gacvliTi kursi 65gacvliTi kursi 65gacvliTi kursi 65gacvliTi kursi 65

mcuravi gacvliTi kursi

258258258258258

nominaluri gacvliTi

kursi 265265265265265

realuri gacvliTi kursi

293293293293293

fiqsirebuli gacvliTi

kursi 401401401401401

gedonistikuri fasi 65gedonistikuri fasi 65gedonistikuri fasi 65gedonistikuri fasi 65gedonistikuri fasi 65

gelbreiTi jon keneti 65gelbreiTi jon keneti 65gelbreiTi jon keneti 65gelbreiTi jon keneti 65gelbreiTi jon keneti 65

giravnobis sigeli 66giravnobis sigeli 66giravnobis sigeli 66giravnobis sigeli 66giravnobis sigeli 66

girao 66girao 66girao 66girao 66girao 66

giraoTi uzrunvelyofiligiraoTi uzrunvelyofiligiraoTi uzrunvelyofiligiraoTi uzrunvelyofiligiraoTi uzrunvelyofili

obligacia 66obligacia 66obligacia 66obligacia 66obligacia 66

girvanqa 66girvanqa 66girvanqa 66girvanqa 66girvanqa 66

globalizacia 66globalizacia 66globalizacia 66globalizacia 66globalizacia 66

globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis globalizaciis KOF-i-i-i-i-innnnndeq-deq-deq-deq-deq-

si 69si 69si 69si 69si 69


unarianobis indeqsi 71unarianobis indeqsi 71unarianobis indeqsi 71unarianobis indeqsi 71unarianobis indeqsi 71

globaluri konkurentu-globaluri konkurentu-globaluri konkurentu-globaluri konkurentu-globaluri konkurentu-

narianobis reitingi 75narianobis reitingi 75narianobis reitingi 75narianobis reitingi 75narianobis reitingi 75

gogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili filigogiCaiSvili fili pe 76pe 76pe 76pe 76pe 76

gradualizmi 77gradualizmi 77gradualizmi 77gradualizmi 77gradualizmi 77

granti 77granti 77granti 77granti 77granti 77

grant-elementi 78grant-elementi 78grant-elementi 78grant-elementi 78grant-elementi 78

grZelvadiani krediti 78grZelvadiani krediti 78grZelvadiani krediti 78grZelvadiani krediti 78grZelvadiani krediti 78

guguSvili paata 78guguSvili paata 78guguSvili paata 78guguSvili paata 78guguSvili paata 78

gudvili 79gudvili 79gudvili 79gudvili 79gudvili 79

gunia avTandili 79gunia avTandili 79gunia avTandili 79gunia avTandili 79gunia avTandili 79

d d d d d

dabalansebuli biujeti 80dabalansebuli biujeti 80dabalansebuli biujeti 80dabalansebuli biujeti 80dabalansebuli biujeti 80

dabalansebuli zrda 80dabalansebuli zrda 80dabalansebuli zrda 80dabalansebuli zrda 80dabalansebuli zrda 80

dazogvis paradoqsi 80dazogvis paradoqsi 80dazogvis paradoqsi 80dazogvis paradoqsi 80dazogvis paradoqsi 80

dazRvevis polisi 80dazRvevis polisi 80dazRvevis polisi 80dazRvevis polisi 80dazRvevis polisi 80

dakveTa 80dakveTa 80dakveTa 80dakveTa 80dakveTa 80

dakveTebis portfeli 80dakveTebis portfeli 80dakveTebis portfeli 80dakveTebis portfeli 80dakveTebis portfeli 80

dadadadadakrediteba 80krediteba 80krediteba 80krediteba 80krediteba 80

`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 81`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 81`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 81`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 81`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 81

damatebul Rirebulebazedamatebul Rirebulebazedamatebul Rirebulebazedamatebul Rirebulebazedamatebul Rirebulebaze


damatebuli Rirebuleba 81damatebuli Rirebuleba 81damatebuli Rirebuleba 81damatebuli Rirebuleba 81damatebuli Rirebuleba 81

danazogi 81danazogi 81danazogi 81danazogi 81danazogi 81

mTliani danazogi 232232232232232

mTliani erovnuli danazo-

gi 233233233233233

ddddd

473

wminda erovnuli danazo-

gi 450450450450450

danazogisaken midrekile-danazogisaken midrekile-danazogisaken midrekile-danazogisaken midrekile-danazogisaken midrekile-


danaxarji 81danaxarji 81danaxarji 81danaxarji 81danaxarji 81

alternatiuli danaxarji

(Rirebuleba) 1818181818

aSkara danaxarji 3838383838

gauTvaliswinebeli danax-

arji 6464646464

zednadebi danaxarji 153153153153153

zRvruli (marJinaluri)

danaxarji 154154154154154

mudmivi danaxarji 253253253253253

saSualo danaxarji 355355355355355

stividoruli danaxarji

377377377377377

faruli (implicituri) dan-

axarji 390390390390390

cvalebadi danaxarji 445445445445445

wminda mimoqcevis danaxar-

ji 451451451451451

dargTaSorisi balansi 81dargTaSorisi balansi 81dargTaSorisi balansi 81dargTaSorisi balansi 81dargTaSorisi balansi 81

dargobrivi kondargobrivi kondargobrivi kondargobrivi kondargobrivi konkurent-kurent-kurent-kurent-kurent-

unarianoba 82unarianoba 82unarianoba 82unarianoba 82unarianoba 82

dasaqmeba 84dasaqmeba 84dasaqmeba 84dasaqmeba 84dasaqmeba 84

dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-dasaqmebis bunebrivi do-

ne 84ne 84ne 84ne 84ne 84

dasaqmebis done 84dasaqmebis done 84dasaqmebis done 84dasaqmebis done 84dasaqmebis done 84

dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba 84dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba 84dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba 84dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba 84dasaqmebuli mosaxleoba 84

daukvirvebadi ekonomika 84daukvirvebadi ekonomika 84daukvirvebadi ekonomika 84daukvirvebadi ekonomika 84daukvirvebadi ekonomika 84

dausaqmeblobis koefici-dausaqmeblobis koefici-dausaqmeblobis koefici-dausaqmeblobis koefici-dausaqmeblobis koefici-

enti 85enti 85enti 85enti 85enti 85

dafraxtva 85dafraxtva 85dafraxtva 85dafraxtva 85dafraxtva 85

daCqarebuli inflacia 85daCqarebuli inflacia 85daCqarebuli inflacia 85daCqarebuli inflacia 85daCqarebuli inflacia 85

dacema (ekonomikuri) 85dacema (ekonomikuri) 85dacema (ekonomikuri) 85dacema (ekonomikuri) 85dacema (ekonomikuri) 85

dacemis etapi 85dacemis etapi 85dacemis etapi 85dacemis etapi 85dacemis etapi 85

debentura 85debentura 85debentura 85debentura 85debentura 85

debitanti 85debitanti 85debitanti 85debitanti 85debitanti 85

debitori 85debitori 85debitori 85debitori 85debitori 85

debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-debitoruli davaliane-


debursi 85debursi 85debursi 85debursi 85debursi 85

devalvacia 85devalvacia 85devalvacia 85devalvacia 85devalvacia 85

devizi 86devizi 86devizi 86devizi 86devizi 86

dezinvesticia 86dezinvesticia 86dezinvesticia 86dezinvesticia 86dezinvesticia 86

dezinflacia 86dezinflacia 86dezinflacia 86dezinflacia 86dezinflacia 86

dekuveri 86dekuveri 86dekuveri 86dekuveri 86dekuveri 86

deliveri 86deliveri 86deliveri 86deliveri 86deliveri 86

delistingi 86delistingi 86delistingi 86delistingi 86delistingi 86

demereji 87demereji 87demereji 87demereji 87demereji 87

demonopolizacia 87demonopolizacia 87demonopolizacia 87demonopolizacia 87demonopolizacia 87

dempingi 87dempingi 87dempingi 87dempingi 87dempingi 87

denadobis koeficienti 87denadobis koeficienti 87denadobis koeficienti 87denadobis koeficienti 87denadobis koeficienti 87

denominacia 87denominacia 87denominacia 87denominacia 87denominacia 87

depodepodepodepodepoziti 87ziti 87ziti 87ziti 87ziti 87

depoziti moTxovnamde 87depoziti moTxovnamde 87depoziti moTxovnamde 87depoziti moTxovnamde 87depoziti moTxovnamde 87

depoziti mokiTxvamde 87depoziti mokiTxvamde 87depoziti mokiTxvamde 87depoziti mokiTxvamde 87depoziti mokiTxvamde 87

depozitori 88depozitori 88depozitori 88depozitori 88depozitori 88

deponenti 88deponenti 88deponenti 88deponenti 88deponenti 88

deponireba 88deponireba 88deponireba 88deponireba 88deponireba 88

deporti 88deporti 88deporti 88deporti 88deporti 88

depresiuli raioni 88depresiuli raioni 88depresiuli raioni 88depresiuli raioni 88depresiuli raioni 88

deprivatizacia 88deprivatizacia 88deprivatizacia 88deprivatizacia 88deprivatizacia 88

desetina 88desetina 88desetina 88desetina 88desetina 88

474

deficiti 89deficiti 89deficiti 89deficiti 89deficiti 89

deficitis dafinanseba 90deficitis dafinanseba 90deficitis dafinanseba 90deficitis dafinanseba 90deficitis dafinanseba 90

deficituri valuta 90deficituri valuta 90deficituri valuta 90deficituri valuta 90deficituri valuta 90

deflatori 90deflatori 90deflatori 90deflatori 90deflatori 90

deflacia 90deflacia 90deflacia 90deflacia 90deflacia 90

defolti 90defolti 90defolti 90defolti 90defolti 90

`didi depresia~ 90`didi depresia~ 90`didi depresia~ 90`didi depresia~ 90`didi depresia~ 90

`didi Svideuli~ 90`didi Svideuli~ 90`didi Svideuli~ 90`didi Svideuli~ 90`didi Svideuli~ 90

diversifikacia 90diversifikacia 90diversifikacia 90diversifikacia 90diversifikacia 90

diversificirebuli port-diversificirebuli port-diversificirebuli port-diversificirebuli port-diversificirebuli port-

feli 91feli 91feli 91feli 91feli 91

dividendi 91dividendi 91dividendi 91dividendi 91dividendi 91

dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-dividendi fasiani qaRal-

debis formiT 91debis formiT 91debis formiT 91debis formiT 91debis formiT 91

dizaJio 91dizaJio 91dizaJio 91dizaJio 91dizaJio 91

dileri 91dileri 91dileri 91dileri 91dileri 91

disbalansi 91disbalansi 91disbalansi 91disbalansi 91disbalansi 91

diskonti 92diskonti 92diskonti 92diskonti 92diskonti 92

diskontireba 92diskontireba 92diskontireba 92diskontireba 92diskontireba 92

diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-

buleba 92buleba 92buleba 92buleba 92buleba 92

diskontis procenti 92diskontis procenti 92diskontis procenti 92diskontis procenti 92diskontis procenti 92

diskonturi obligacia 92diskonturi obligacia 92diskonturi obligacia 92diskonturi obligacia 92diskonturi obligacia 92

diskrecia 92diskrecia 92diskrecia 92diskrecia 92diskrecia 92

diskreciuli moqmedeba 92diskreciuli moqmedeba 92diskreciuli moqmedeba 92diskreciuli moqmedeba 92diskreciuli moqmedeba 92

dispaSa 92dispaSa 92dispaSa 92dispaSa 92dispaSa 92

dispaCi 92dispaCi 92dispaCi 92dispaCi 92dispaCi 92

distanciuri swavleba 92distanciuri swavleba 92distanciuri swavleba 92distanciuri swavleba 92distanciuri swavleba 92

distributori 93distributori 93distributori 93distributori 93distributori 93

dolari 93dolari 93dolari 93dolari 93dolari 93

domari evsei 94domari evsei 94domari evsei 94domari evsei 94domari evsei 94

dotacia biujetidan 94dotacia biujetidan 94dotacia biujetidan 94dotacia biujetidan 94dotacia biujetidan 94

dou-jonsis indeqsi 94dou-jonsis indeqsi 94dou-jonsis indeqsi 94dou-jonsis indeqsi 94dou-jonsis indeqsi 94

dualizmi 95dualizmi 95dualizmi 95dualizmi 95dualizmi 95

dualizmis Teoria 95dualizmis Teoria 95dualizmis Teoria 95dualizmis Teoria 95dualizmis Teoria 95

duimi 95duimi 95duimi 95duimi 95duimi 95

duopsonia 95duopsonia 95duopsonia 95duopsonia 95duopsonia 95

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egzogenuri mtp 96egzogenuri mtp 96egzogenuri mtp 96egzogenuri mtp 96egzogenuri mtp 96

evro 96evro 96evro 96evro 96evro 96

evrodolari 96evrodolari 96evrodolari 96evrodolari 96evrodolari 96

evrokavSiri 97evrokavSiri 97evrokavSiri 97evrokavSiri 97evrokavSiri 97

evrokavSir-saqarTvelosevrokavSir-saqarTvelosevrokavSir-saqarTvelosevrokavSir-saqarTvelosevrokavSir-saqarTvelos

biznes-sabWo 97biznes-sabWo 97biznes-sabWo 97biznes-sabWo 97biznes-sabWo 97

evroobligacia 97evroobligacia 97evroobligacia 97evroobligacia 97evroobligacia 97

evropis rekonstruqciisaevropis rekonstruqciisaevropis rekonstruqciisaevropis rekonstruqciisaevropis rekonstruqciisa

da ganviTarebis banki 97da ganviTarebis banki 97da ganviTarebis banki 97da ganviTarebis banki 97da ganviTarebis banki 97

evropuli gaerTianeba 98evropuli gaerTianeba 98evropuli gaerTianeba 98evropuli gaerTianeba 98evropuli gaerTianeba 98

evropuli ekonomikuri ga-evropuli ekonomikuri ga-evropuli ekonomikuri ga-evropuli ekonomikuri ga-evropuli ekonomikuri ga-

erTianeba 98erTianeba 98erTianeba 98erTianeba 98erTianeba 98

evropis centralurievropis centralurievropis centralurievropis centralurievropis centraluri

banki 99banki 99banki 99banki 99banki 99

evropuli kavSievropuli kavSievropuli kavSievropuli kavSievropuli kavSirisrisrisrisris

ekonomikuri saqmianobisekonomikuri saqmianobisekonomikuri saqmianobisekonomikuri saqmianobisekonomikuri saqmianobis

mTavari samrewvelomTavari samrewvelomTavari samrewvelomTavari samrewvelomTavari samrewvelo

klasifikacia 99klasifikacia 99klasifikacia 99klasifikacia 99klasifikacia 99

ekiu 99ekiu 99ekiu 99ekiu 99ekiu 99

ekologiuri banki 99ekologiuri banki 99ekologiuri banki 99ekologiuri banki 99ekologiuri banki 99

ekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikisekologiuri ekonomikis

koncefcia 100koncefcia 100koncefcia 100koncefcia 100koncefcia 100

ekologiuri usafrTxoebaekologiuri usafrTxoebaekologiuri usafrTxoebaekologiuri usafrTxoebaekologiuri usafrTxoeba

1 0 01 0 01 001 001 00

ekonometria, ekonometri-ekonometria, ekonometri-ekonometria, ekonometri-ekonometria, ekonometri-ekonometria, ekonometri-

ka 100ka 100ka 100ka 100ka 100

ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-ekonometrikuli mode-

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475

li 100li 100li 100li 100li 100

ekonomika 100ekonomika 100ekonomika 100ekonomika 100ekonomika 100

faruli ekonomika 390390390390390

Ria ekonomika 422422422422422

Sereuli ekonomika 427427427427427

Caketili ekonomika 437437437437437

ekonomikis servizacia 102ekonomikis servizacia 102ekonomikis servizacia 102ekonomikis servizacia 102ekonomikis servizacia 102

ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-ekonomikis wminda moge-

ba 102ba 102ba 102ba 102ba 102

ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-

saxleoba 102saxleoba 102saxleoba 102saxleoba 102saxleoba 102


samoqalaqo mosaxleo-samoqalaqo mosaxleo-samoqalaqo mosaxleo-samoqalaqo mosaxleo-samoqalaqo mosaxleo-

ba 103ba 103ba 103ba 103ba 103

ekonomikuri adamiani 103ekonomikuri adamiani 103ekonomikuri adamiani 103ekonomikuri adamiani 103ekonomikuri adamiani 103

ekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebisekonomikuri azrovnebis

wesi 103wesi 103wesi 103wesi 103wesi 103

ekonomikuri ganviTareba 103ekonomikuri ganviTareba 103ekonomikuri ganviTareba 103ekonomikuri ganviTareba 103ekonomikuri ganviTareba 103

ekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebisekonomikuri ganviTarebis

generaluri strate-generaluri strate-generaluri strate-generaluri strate-generaluri strate-

gia 104gia 104gia 104gia 104gia 104

ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-ekonomikuri diskomfor-

tis indeqsi 106tis indeqsi 106tis indeqsi 106tis indeqsi 106tis indeqsi 106

ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-ekonomikuri efeqtiano-

ba 107ba 107ba 107ba 107ba 107

ekonomikuri zrda 107ekonomikuri zrda 107ekonomikuri zrda 107ekonomikuri zrda 107ekonomikuri zrda 107

ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-ekonomikuri TanamSrom-

lobisa da ganviTarebislobisa da ganviTarebislobisa da ganviTarebislobisa da ganviTarebislobisa da ganviTarebis

organizacia 107organizacia 107organizacia 107organizacia 107organizacia 107

ekonomikuri Teoria 107ekonomikuri Teoria 107ekonomikuri Teoria 107ekonomikuri Teoria 107ekonomikuri Teoria 107

ekonomikuri informacia 118ekonomikuri informacia 118ekonomikuri informacia 118ekonomikuri informacia 118ekonomikuri informacia 118

ekonomikuri kibernetika 119ekonomikuri kibernetika 119ekonomikuri kibernetika 119ekonomikuri kibernetika 119ekonomikuri kibernetika 119

ekonomikuri krizisi 119ekonomikuri krizisi 119ekonomikuri krizisi 119ekonomikuri krizisi 119ekonomikuri krizisi 119

ekonomikuri politika 119ekonomikuri politika 119ekonomikuri politika 119ekonomikuri politika 119ekonomikuri politika 119

ekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianobaekonomikuri saqmianoba

gauTvaliswinebeligauTvaliswinebeligauTvaliswinebeligauTvaliswinebeligauTvaliswinebeli

statistikuri organoe-statistikuri organoe-statistikuri organoe-statistikuri organoe-statistikuri organoe-

bis mier ZiriTadibis mier ZiriTadibis mier ZiriTadibis mier ZiriTadibis mier ZiriTadi

monacemebis Sekrebismonacemebis Sekrebismonacemebis Sekrebismonacemebis Sekrebismonacemebis Sekrebis

sistemis naklovanebaTasistemis naklovanebaTasistemis naklovanebaTasistemis naklovanebaTasistemis naklovanebaTa

Sedegad 119Sedegad 119Sedegad 119Sedegad 119Sedegad 119

ekonomikuri sistema 120ekonomikuri sistema 120ekonomikuri sistema 120ekonomikuri sistema 120ekonomikuri sistema 120

ekonomikuri teritoria 120ekonomikuri teritoria 120ekonomikuri teritoria 120ekonomikuri teritoria 120ekonomikuri teritoria 120

ekonomikuri treningi 121ekonomikuri treningi 121ekonomikuri treningi 121ekonomikuri treningi 121ekonomikuri treningi 121

ekonomikuri usafrTxoe-ekonomikuri usafrTxoe-ekonomikuri usafrTxoe-ekonomikuri usafrTxoe-ekonomikuri usafrTxoe-

ba 121ba 121ba 121ba 121ba 121


ebis kriteriumebi 121ebis kriteriumebi 121ebis kriteriumebi 121ebis kriteriumebi 121ebis kriteriumebi 121


ebis strategia 121ebis strategia 121ebis strategia 121ebis strategia 121ebis strategia 121

ekonomikuri cikli 122ekonomikuri cikli 122ekonomikuri cikli 122ekonomikuri cikli 122ekonomikuri cikli 122

ekonomikuri warmoeba 122ekonomikuri warmoeba 122ekonomikuri warmoeba 122ekonomikuri warmoeba 122ekonomikuri warmoeba 122

ekonomikuri wesrigisekonomikuri wesrigisekonomikuri wesrigisekonomikuri wesrigisekonomikuri wesrigis

politika 122politika 122politika 122politika 122politika 122

ekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuri

meTodebi 123meTodebi 123meTodebi 123meTodebi 123meTodebi 123

ekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuriekonomikur-maTematikuri

modelebi 123modelebi 123modelebi 123modelebi 123modelebi 123

ekonomikur-statistikuriekonomikur-statistikuriekonomikur-statistikuriekonomikur-statistikuriekonomikur-statistikuri

meTodebi 123meTodebi 123meTodebi 123meTodebi 123meTodebi 123

ekonomiqsi 123ekonomiqsi 123ekonomiqsi 123ekonomiqsi 123ekonomiqsi 123

elastikuri moTxovna 127elastikuri moTxovna 127elastikuri moTxovna 127elastikuri moTxovna 127elastikuri moTxovna 127

elastikuroba 127elastikuroba 127elastikuroba 127elastikuroba 127elastikuroba 127

eleqtronuli fuli 128eleqtronuli fuli 128eleqtronuli fuli 128eleqtronuli fuli 128eleqtronuli fuli 128

embargo 129embargo 129embargo 129embargo 129embargo 129

emisia 129emisia 129emisia 129emisia 129emisia 129

emisiuri mogeba 129emisiuri mogeba 129emisiuri mogeba 129emisiuri mogeba 129emisiuri mogeba 129

emisiuri Semosavali 129emisiuri Semosavali 129emisiuri Semosavali 129emisiuri Semosavali 129emisiuri Semosavali 129

476

emiemiemiemiemitenti 130tenti 130tenti 130tenti 130tenti 130

emitireba 130emitireba 130emitireba 130emitireba 130emitireba 130

engelis kanoni 130engelis kanoni 130engelis kanoni 130engelis kanoni 130engelis kanoni 130

engelis koeficienti 130engelis koeficienti 130engelis koeficienti 130engelis koeficienti 130engelis koeficienti 130

endogenuri zrda 130endogenuri zrda 130endogenuri zrda 130endogenuri zrda 130endogenuri zrda 130

endogenuri mtp 130endogenuri mtp 130endogenuri mtp 130endogenuri mtp 130endogenuri mtp 130

energotevadoba 131energotevadoba 131energotevadoba 131energotevadoba 131energotevadoba 131

erToblivi danaxarje-erToblivi danaxarje-erToblivi danaxarje-erToblivi danaxarje-erToblivi danaxarje-

bi 131bi 131bi 131bi 131bi 131

erToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebulierToblivi dasaqmebuli

mosaxleoba 131mosaxleoba 131mosaxleoba 131mosaxleoba 131mosaxleoba 131

erToblivi miwodeba 131erToblivi miwodeba 131erToblivi miwodeba 131erToblivi miwodeba 131erToblivi miwodeba 131




mrudi 131mrudi 131mrudi 131mrudi 131mrudi 131

erToblivi moTxovna 131erToblivi moTxovna 131erToblivi moTxovna 131erToblivi moTxovna 131erToblivi moTxovna 131




mrudi 132mrudi 132mrudi 132mrudi 132mrudi 132

erToblivi Semosavali 132erToblivi Semosavali 132erToblivi Semosavali 132erToblivi Semosavali 132erToblivi Semosavali 132

erToblivi (agregatuli)erToblivi (agregatuli)erToblivi (agregatuli)erToblivi (agregatuli)erToblivi (agregatuli)

warmoebrivi fun-warmoebrivi fun-warmoebrivi fun-warmoebrivi fun-warmoebrivi fun-

qcia 132qcia 132qcia 132qcia 132qcia 132

erToblivi xarjebi 132erToblivi xarjebi 132erToblivi xarjebi 132erToblivi xarjebi 132erToblivi xarjebi 132

erTpirovnuli mflobelo-erTpirovnuli mflobelo-erTpirovnuli mflobelo-erTpirovnuli mflobelo-erTpirovnuli mflobelo-

bis firma (emf) 133bis firma (emf) 133bis firma (emf) 133bis firma (emf) 133bis firma (emf) 133

erovnuli angariSTaerovnuli angariSTaerovnuli angariSTaerovnuli angariSTaerovnuli angariSTa


erovnuli angariSebi 134erovnuli angariSebi 134erovnuli angariSebi 134erovnuli angariSebi 134erovnuli angariSebi 134

erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-erovnuli angariSiano-

ba 134ba 134ba 134ba 134ba 134

erovnuli simdidre 135erovnuli simdidre 135erovnuli simdidre 135erovnuli simdidre 135erovnuli simdidre 135

erovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobiserovnuli upiratesobis

rombi 136rombi 136rombi 136rombi 136rombi 136

erovnuli Semosavali 137erovnuli Semosavali 137erovnuli Semosavali 137erovnuli Semosavali 137erovnuli Semosavali 137

gankargviTi erovnuli Semo-

savali 6161616161

gankargviTi mTliani erov-

nuli Semosavali 6161616161

gankargviTi wminda erov-

nuli Semosavali 6161616161

wminda erovnuli Semosava-

li 450450450450450

erou keneT j. 139erou keneT j. 139erou keneT j. 139erou keneT j. 139erou keneT j. 139

erou-debrios modelierou-debrios modelierou-debrios modelierou-debrios modelierou-debrios modeli

140140140140140

erou-pratas koeficien-erou-pratas koeficien-erou-pratas koeficien-erou-pratas koeficien-erou-pratas koeficien-

ti 140ti 140ti 140ti 140ti 140

etatizmi 140etatizmi 140etatizmi 140etatizmi 140etatizmi 140

efeqtiani moTxovna 140efeqtiani moTxovna 140efeqtiani moTxovna 140efeqtiani moTxovna 140efeqtiani moTxovna 140

efeqtianoba 141efeqtianoba 141efeqtianoba 141efeqtianoba 141efeqtianoba 141

alokaciuri efeqtianoba 1717171717

ekonomikuri efeqtiano-

ba 106106106106106

eqspatrianti 141eqspatrianti 141eqspatrianti 141eqspatrianti 141eqspatrianti 141

eqspluatacia 141eqspluatacia 141eqspluatacia 141eqspluatacia 141eqspluatacia 141

eqsporti 141eqsporti 141eqsporti 141eqsporti 141eqsporti 141

eqstrapolacia 141eqstrapolacia 141eqstrapolacia 141eqstrapolacia 141eqstrapolacia 141

eqsteritoriuli organi-eqsteritoriuli organi-eqsteritoriuli organi-eqsteritoriuli organi-eqsteritoriuli organi-

zaciebi da organoe-zaciebi da organoe-zaciebi da organoe-zaciebi da organoe-zaciebi da organoe-

bi 141bi 141bi 141bi 141bi 141

eqsteritoriuloba 142eqsteritoriuloba 142eqsteritoriuloba 142eqsteritoriuloba 142eqsteritoriuloba 142

eqsternalizacia 142eqsternalizacia 142eqsternalizacia 142eqsternalizacia 142eqsternalizacia 142

477

ejourti fejourti fejourti fejourti fejourti frensis isid-rensis isid-rensis isid-rensis isid-rensis isid-

ro 142ro 142ro 142ro 142ro 142

vvvvv

vvvvvagneris kanoni 143agneris kanoni 143agneris kanoni 143agneris kanoni 143agneris kanoni 143

vadiani anabari 143vadiani anabari 143vadiani anabari 143vadiani anabari 143vadiani anabari 143

vadiani Tamasuqi 143vadiani Tamasuqi 143vadiani Tamasuqi 143vadiani Tamasuqi 143vadiani Tamasuqi 143

vakufi 143vakufi 143vakufi 143vakufi 143vakufi 143

valvacia 143valvacia 143valvacia 143valvacia 143valvacia 143

vali 143vali 143vali 143vali 143vali 143

valorizacia 143valorizacia 143valorizacia 143valorizacia 143valorizacia 143

valrasi leon 144valrasi leon 144valrasi leon 144valrasi leon 144valrasi leon 144

valuta 144valuta 144valuta 144valuta 144valuta 144

gadaxdis valuta 5555555555

sarezervo valuta 347347347347347

ucxouri valuta 389389389389389

fasis (garigebis) valu-

ta 396396396396396

valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-valutis bazarze zewo-

lis indeqsi 145lis indeqsi 145lis indeqsi 145lis indeqsi 145lis indeqsi 145

valutis bazari 146valutis bazari 146valutis bazari 146valutis bazari 146valutis bazari 146

valutis birJa 146valutis birJa 146valutis birJa 146valutis birJa 146valutis birJa 146

valutis blokireba 147valutis blokireba 147valutis blokireba 147valutis blokireba 147valutis blokireba 147

valutis kalaTa 148valutis kalaTa 148valutis kalaTa 148valutis kalaTa 148valutis kalaTa 148

valutis konvertirebavalutis konvertirebavalutis konvertirebavalutis konvertirebavalutis konvertireba

148148148148148

valutis kursi (gacvliTivalutis kursi (gacvliTivalutis kursi (gacvliTivalutis kursi (gacvliTivalutis kursi (gacvliTi

kursi) 148kursi) 148kursi) 148kursi) 148kursi) 148

valutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacemavalutis kursis dacema

149149149149149

valutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrdavalutis kursis zrda

149149149149149

varanti 149varanti 149varanti 149varanti 149varanti 149

vauCeri 149vauCeri 149vauCeri 149vauCeri 149vauCeri 149

vaWroba 149vaWroba 149vaWroba 149vaWroba 149vaWroba 149

sabiTumo vaWroba 311311311311311

sagareo vaWroba 315315315315315

sacalo vaWroba 355355355355355

Ria vaWroba 422422422422422

vebleni torstein 150vebleni torstein 150vebleni torstein 150vebleni torstein 150vebleni torstein 150

veblenis efeqti 150veblenis efeqti 150veblenis efeqti 150veblenis efeqti 150veblenis efeqti 150

venCuruli kapitali 151venCuruli kapitali 151venCuruli kapitali 151venCuruli kapitali 151venCuruli kapitali 151

venCuruli operaciebi 151venCuruli operaciebi 151venCuruli operaciebi 151venCuruli operaciebi 151venCuruli operaciebi 151

venCuruli (sarisko)venCuruli (sarisko)venCuruli (sarisko)venCuruli (sarisko)venCuruli (sarisko)

firma 151firma 151firma 151firma 151firma 151

virementi 151virementi 151virementi 151virementi 151virementi 151

vitaekonomika 151vitaekonomika 151vitaekonomika 151vitaekonomika 151vitaekonomika 151

viqselis kriteriumi 152viqselis kriteriumi 152viqselis kriteriumi 152viqselis kriteriumi 152viqselis kriteriumi 152

zzzzz

zarali 153zarali 153zarali 153zarali 153zarali 153

zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-zaralis zRvruli Rire-


zaralis Rirebuleba 153zaralis Rirebuleba 153zaralis Rirebuleba 153zaralis Rirebuleba 153zaralis Rirebuleba 153

zarafxana 153zarafxana 153zarafxana 153zarafxana 153zarafxana 153

zednadebi danaxarji 153zednadebi danaxarji 153zednadebi danaxarji 153zednadebi danaxarji 153zednadebi danaxarji 153

zenormaluri mogeba 153zenormaluri mogeba 153zenormaluri mogeba 153zenormaluri mogeba 153zenormaluri mogeba 153

zombiekonomika 153zombiekonomika 153zombiekonomika 153zombiekonomika 153zombiekonomika 153

zrdis indeqsi 154zrdis indeqsi 154zrdis indeqsi 154zrdis indeqsi 154zrdis indeqsi 154

zrdis tempi 154zrdis tempi 154zrdis tempi 154zrdis tempi 154zrdis tempi 154

`zusti momarTva~ 154`zusti momarTva~ 154`zusti momarTva~ 154`zusti momarTva~ 154`zusti momarTva~ 154

zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-zRvruli antisargebli-

anoba 154anoba 154anoba 154anoba 154anoba 154

zRvruli erTeuli 155zRvruli erTeuli 155zRvruli erTeuli 155zRvruli erTeuli 155zRvruli erTeuli 155

zRvruli (marJinaluri)zRvruli (marJinaluri)zRvruli (marJinaluri)zRvruli (marJinaluri)zRvruli (marJinaluri)


vvvvv

zzzzz

478

zRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimalurizRvruli maqsimaluri

fasi 155fasi 155fasi 155fasi 155fasi 155

zRvruli minimaluri fa-zRvruli minimaluri fa-zRvruli minimaluri fa-zRvruli minimaluri fa-zRvruli minimaluri fa-

si 155si 155si 155si 155si 155

zRvruli mwarmoebluro-zRvruli mwarmoebluro-zRvruli mwarmoebluro-zRvruli mwarmoebluro-zRvruli mwarmoebluro-

ba 155ba 155ba 155ba 155ba 155

zRvruli produqti 155zRvruli produqti 155zRvruli produqti 155zRvruli produqti 155zRvruli produqti 155

zRvruli produqtiszRvruli produqtiszRvruli produqtiszRvruli produqtiszRvruli produqtis

Rirebuleba 155Rirebuleba 155Rirebuleba 155Rirebuleba 155Rirebuleba 155

zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-zRvruli sargebliano-

ba 155ba 155ba 155ba 155ba 155

zRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobiszRvruli sargeblianobis


zRvruli Semosavali 156zRvruli Semosavali 156zRvruli Semosavali 156zRvruli Semosavali 156zRvruli Semosavali 156

TTTTT

Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-Tavdapirveli Rirebule-

ba 157ba 157ba 157ba 157ba 157

Tavisufali bazris niSne-Tavisufali bazris niSne-Tavisufali bazris niSne-Tavisufali bazris niSne-Tavisufali bazris niSne-

bi 157bi 157bi 157bi 157bi 157

Tavisufali (specialuri)Tavisufali (specialuri)Tavisufali (specialuri)Tavisufali (specialuri)Tavisufali (specialuri)

ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona ekonomikuri zona (Tez) 158158158158158

Tavisufali vaWroba 158Tavisufali vaWroba 158Tavisufali vaWroba 158Tavisufali vaWroba 158Tavisufali vaWroba 158

Tavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobisTavisufali vaWrobis

zona 158zona 158zona 158zona 158zona 158

Tavisufali (erToblivi)Tavisufali (erToblivi)Tavisufali (erToblivi)Tavisufali (erToblivi)Tavisufali (erToblivi)

mewarmeobis zona 158mewarmeobis zona 158mewarmeobis zona 158mewarmeobis zona 158mewarmeobis zona 158

Tamasuqi 159Tamasuqi 159Tamasuqi 159Tamasuqi 159Tamasuqi 159

gadasapirebeli Tamasuqi

(trata) 5454545454

martivi Tamasuqi 223223223223223

xazinis Tamasuqi 453453453453453

Tamasuqis diskonti 160Tamasuqis diskonti 160Tamasuqis diskonti 160Tamasuqis diskonti 160Tamasuqis diskonti 160

TamaSTa Teoria 160TamaSTa Teoria 160TamaSTa Teoria 160TamaSTa Teoria 160TamaSTa Teoria 160

Targetireba Targetireba Targetireba Targetireba Targetireba 160160160160160

`TeTrsayeloianebi~ 160`TeTrsayeloianebi~ 160`TeTrsayeloianebi~ 160`TeTrsayeloianebi~ 160`TeTrsayeloianebi~ 160

TviTdafinanseba 160TviTdafinanseba 160TviTdafinanseba 160TviTdafinanseba 160TviTdafinanseba 160

`TiTqmis fuli~ 161`TiTqmis fuli~ 161`TiTqmis fuli~ 161`TiTqmis fuli~ 161`TiTqmis fuli~ 161

iiiii

iardi 162iardi 162iardi 162iardi 162iardi 162

ìafi fuli~ 162ìafi fuli~ 162ìafi fuli~ 162ìafi fuli~ 162ìafi fuli~ 162

imiji 162imiji 162imiji 162imiji 162imiji 162

importze gadasaxadiimportze gadasaxadiimportze gadasaxadiimportze gadasaxadiimportze gadasaxadi

(saimporto baJi) 162(saimporto baJi) 162(saimporto baJi) 162(saimporto baJi) 162(saimporto baJi) 162

importi 162importi 162importi 162importi 162importi 162

importis Senacvleba Sidaimportis Senacvleba Sidaimportis Senacvleba Sidaimportis Senacvleba Sidaimportis Senacvleba Sida

warmoebiT 162warmoebiT 162warmoebiT 162warmoebiT 162warmoebiT 162

importirebisadmi mi-importirebisadmi mi-importirebisadmi mi-importirebisadmi mi-importirebisadmi mi-

drekileba 163drekileba 163drekileba 163drekileba 163drekileba 163

inglisur-amerikuli sko-inglisur-amerikuli sko-inglisur-amerikuli sko-inglisur-amerikuli sko-inglisur-amerikuli sko-

lis Teoria 163lis Teoria 163lis Teoria 163lis Teoria 163lis Teoria 163

indemniteti 163indemniteti 163indemniteti 163indemniteti 163indemniteti 163

indeqsacia 163indeqsacia 163indeqsacia 163indeqsacia 163indeqsacia 163


individualuri mewarmeo-individualuri mewarmeo-individualuri mewarmeo-individualuri mewarmeo-individualuri mewarmeo-

ba 164ba 164ba 164ba 164ba 164

indindindindindikaturi dagegmva 164ikaturi dagegmva 164ikaturi dagegmva 164ikaturi dagegmva 164ikaturi dagegmva 164

indosamenti 164indosamenti 164indosamenti 164indosamenti 164indosamenti 164

sablanko indosamenti 293293293293293

indosanti 164indosanti 164indosanti 164indosanti 164indosanti 164

indosati 164indosati 164indosati 164indosati 164indosati 164

industria 164industria 164industria 164industria 164industria 164

industriuli sazogadoe-industriuli sazogadoe-industriuli sazogadoe-industriuli sazogadoe-industriuli sazogadoe-

ba 165ba 165ba 165ba 165ba 165

TTTTT

iiiii

479

inercia 165inercia 165inercia 165inercia 165inercia 165

investirebisadmi mi-investirebisadmi mi-investirebisadmi mi-investirebisadmi mi-investirebisadmi mi-

drekileba 165drekileba 165drekileba 165drekileba 165drekileba 165

investicia 165investicia 165investicia 165investicia 165investicia 165

avtonomiuri investicia 1515151515

maragebSi investicia 220220220220220

mTliani investicia 234234234234234

ucxouri investicia 389389389389389

wminda investicia 451451451451451

investiciis bazari 165investiciis bazari 165investiciis bazari 165investiciis bazari 165investiciis bazari 165

investori 166investori 166investori 166investori 166investori 166

inkasacia 166inkasacia 166inkasacia 166inkasacia 166inkasacia 166

inkaso 166inkaso 166inkaso 166inkaso 166inkaso 166

wminda inkaso 419419419419419

inovacia 167inovacia 167inovacia 167inovacia 167inovacia 167

inovaciuri banki 167inovaciuri banki 167inovaciuri banki 167inovaciuri banki 167inovaciuri banki 167

inovaciuri ekonomika 168inovaciuri ekonomika 168inovaciuri ekonomika 168inovaciuri ekonomika 168inovaciuri ekonomika 168

inJineringi 168inJineringi 168inJineringi 168inJineringi 168inJineringi 168

institucionalizmi 170institucionalizmi 170institucionalizmi 170institucionalizmi 170institucionalizmi 170

ìnstituciuri mibmis~ìnstituciuri mibmis~ìnstituciuri mibmis~ìnstituciuri mibmis~ìnstituciuri mibmis~

koncefcia 170koncefcia 170koncefcia 170koncefcia 170koncefcia 170

instituciuri umuSevro-instituciuri umuSevro-instituciuri umuSevro-instituciuri umuSevro-instituciuri umuSevro-

ba 171ba 171ba 171ba 171ba 171

inteleqtualuriinteleqtualuriinteleqtualuriinteleqtualuriinteleqtualuri

sakuTreba 171sakuTreba 171sakuTreba 171sakuTreba 171sakuTreba 171

inflacia 171inflacia 171inflacia 171inflacia 171inflacia 171

gauTvaliswinebeli infla-

cia 6464646464

daCqarebuli inflacia 8585858585

moTxovnis inflacia 241241241241241

saimporto inflacia 334334334334334

faruli (CaxSobili) infla-

cia 390390390390390

qronikuli inflacia 420420420420420

xarjebis inflacia 453453453453453

inflaciis done 173inflaciis done 173inflaciis done 173inflaciis done 173inflaciis done 173

mosalodneli inflaciis

done 247247247247247

inflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuliinflaciis kritikuli

wertili 173wertili 173wertili 173wertili 173wertili 173

inflaciis norma 174inflaciis norma 174inflaciis norma 174inflaciis norma 174inflaciis norma 174

inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-inflaciis Targetire-

ba 174ba 174ba 174ba 174ba 174

inflaciis tempi 174inflaciis tempi 174inflaciis tempi 174inflaciis tempi 174inflaciis tempi 174

inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-inflaciuri gadasaxa-

di 174di 174di 174di 174di 174

inflaciuri ekonomika 175inflaciuri ekonomika 175inflaciuri ekonomika 175inflaciuri ekonomika 175inflaciuri ekonomika 175

inflaciuri molodi-inflaciuri molodi-inflaciuri molodi-inflaciuri molodi-inflaciuri molodi-

ni 175ni 175ni 175ni 175ni 175

informaciis asimetria 176informaciis asimetria 176informaciis asimetria 176informaciis asimetria 176informaciis asimetria 176

infrastruqtura 176infrastruqtura 176infrastruqtura 176infrastruqtura 176infrastruqtura 176

iiiii poTeka 177poTeka 177poTeka 177poTeka 177poTeka 177

iiiii poTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekuri i i i i banki 177banki 177banki 177banki 177banki 177

iiiii poTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekurpoTekuri kri kri kri kri krediti 177editi 177editi 177editi 177editi 177

iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-iracionaluri moTxov-

na 177na 177na 177na 177na 177

istoriuli modelebi 177istoriuli modelebi 177istoriuli modelebi 177istoriuli modelebi 177istoriuli modelebi 177

ìstoriuli skola~ 177ìstoriuli skola~ 177ìstoriuli skola~ 177ìstoriuli skola~ 177ìstoriuli skola~ 177

iuridiuli piri 177iuridiuli piri 177iuridiuli piri 177iuridiuli piri 177iuridiuli piri 177

ijara 178ijara 178ijara 178ijara 178ijara 178

kkkkk

kadastri 179kadastri 179kadastri 179kadastri 179kadastri 179

kalkulacia 179kalkulacia 179kalkulacia 179kalkulacia 179kalkulacia 179

kkkkk

480

kambio 179kambio 179kambio 179kambio 179kambio 179

kani riCard 179kani riCard 179kani riCard 179kani riCard 179kani riCard 179

kapitali 179kapitali 179kapitali 179kapitali 179kapitali 179

adamianiseuli kapitali 1212121212

avansirebuli kapitali 1313131313

araerTgvarovani kapitali 2121212121

aqtiuri kapitali 3434343434

venCuruli kapitali 151151151151151

sainvesticio kapitali 334334334334334

finansuri kapitali 400400400400400

kapitalis bazari 179kapitalis bazari 179kapitalis bazari 179kapitalis bazari 179kapitalis bazari 179

kapitalis gadacemazekapitalis gadacemazekapitalis gadacemazekapitalis gadacemazekapitalis gadacemaze


kapitalis dagroveba 180kapitalis dagroveba 180kapitalis dagroveba 180kapitalis dagroveba 180kapitalis dagroveba 180

kapitaltevadoba 180kapitaltevadoba 180kapitaltevadoba 180kapitaltevadoba 180kapitaltevadoba 180

kapitalukugeba 181kapitalukugeba 181kapitalukugeba 181kapitalukugeba 181kapitalukugeba 181

kapitaluri aqtivebi 181kapitaluri aqtivebi 181kapitaluri aqtivebi 181kapitaluri aqtivebi 181kapitaluri aqtivebi 181

kapitalSeiaraRebis koe-kapitalSeiaraRebis koe-kapitalSeiaraRebis koe-kapitalSeiaraRebis koe-kapitalSeiaraRebis koe-

ficienti 181ficienti 181ficienti 181ficienti 181ficienti 181

karati 181karati 181karati 181karati 181karati 181

kargo 181kargo 181kargo 181kargo 181kargo 181

karteli 181karteli 181karteli 181karteli 181karteli 181

kasko 181kasko 181kasko 181kasko 181kasko 181

kafkafkafkafkaf-iiiii 181181181181181

keTildReobis ekonomiku-keTildReobis ekonomiku-keTildReobis ekonomiku-keTildReobis ekonomiku-keTildReobis ekonomiku-

ri Teoria 182ri Teoria 182ri Teoria 182ri Teoria 182ri Teoria 182

keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-keTildReobis makontro-

lebeli programebi 182lebeli programebi 182lebeli programebi 182lebeli programebi 182lebeli programebi 182

`keTildReobis saxelmwi-`keTildReobis saxelmwi-`keTildReobis saxelmwi-`keTildReobis saxelmwi-`keTildReobis saxelmwi-

fos~ Teoria 183fos~ Teoria 183fos~ Teoria 183fos~ Teoria 183fos~ Teoria 183

keinzi jon meinard 184keinzi jon meinard 184keinzi jon meinard 184keinzi jon meinard 184keinzi jon meinard 184

keinzianeloba 185keinzianeloba 185keinzianeloba 185keinzianeloba 185keinzianeloba 185

keinzianuri modeli 187keinzianuri modeli 187keinzianuri modeli 187keinzianuri modeli 187keinzianuri modeli 187

keinzis efeqti 187keinzis efeqti 187keinzis efeqti 187keinzis efeqti 187keinzis efeqti 187

`kembrijis skola~ 187`kembrijis skola~ 187`kembrijis skola~ 187`kembrijis skola~ 187`kembrijis skola~ 187

kene fransua 188kene fransua 188kene fransua 188kene fransua 188kene fransua 188

kerZo birJa 188kerZo birJa 188kerZo birJa 188kerZo birJa 188kerZo birJa 188

kerZo danazogi 189kerZo danazogi 189kerZo danazogi 189kerZo danazogi 189kerZo danazogi 189

kerZo saqoneli 189kerZo saqoneli 189kerZo saqoneli 189kerZo saqoneli 189kerZo saqoneli 189

kvazifuli 189kvazifuli 189kvazifuli 189kvazifuli 189kvazifuli 189

kvota 189kvota 189kvota 189kvota 189kvota 189

kvotireba 189kvotireba 189kvotireba 189kvotireba 189kvotireba 189

klani 189klani 189klani 189klani 189klani 189

klasikuri dihotomia 190klasikuri dihotomia 190klasikuri dihotomia 190klasikuri dihotomia 190klasikuri dihotomia 190

klasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuriklasikuri politikuri

ekonomia 190ekonomia 190ekonomia 190ekonomia 190ekonomia 190

klasifikacia (ekonomiku-klasifikacia (ekonomiku-klasifikacia (ekonomiku-klasifikacia (ekonomiku-klasifikacia (ekonomiku-

ri saqmianobis) 192ri saqmianobis) 192ri saqmianobis) 192ri saqmianobis) 192ri saqmianobis) 192

klasteri 192klasteri 192klasteri 192klasteri 192klasteri 192

klebadi ukugebis kanoni 193klebadi ukugebis kanoni 193klebadi ukugebis kanoni 193klebadi ukugebis kanoni 193klebadi ukugebis kanoni 193

kleitonis kanoni 193kleitonis kanoni 193kleitonis kanoni 193kleitonis kanoni 193kleitonis kanoni 193

klerki 193klerki 193klerki 193klerki 193klerki 193

kliometria 193kliometria 193kliometria 193kliometria 193kliometria 193

kliringi 193kliringi 193kliringi 193kliringi 193kliringi 193

komandituri amxanago-komandituri amxanago-komandituri amxanago-komandituri amxanago-komandituri amxanago-

ba 194ba 194ba 194ba 194ba 194

komercia 194komercia 194komercia 194komercia 194komercia 194

komercializacia 194komercializacia 194komercializacia 194komercializacia 194komercializacia 194

kombinireba 194kombinireba 194kombinireba 194kombinireba 194kombinireba 194

komerciuli bankebiskomerciuli bankebiskomerciuli bankebiskomerciuli bankebiskomerciuli bankebis

savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-savaldebulo rezerve-

bi 194bi 194bi 194bi 194bi 194

komerciuli banki 194komerciuli banki 194komerciuli banki 194komerciuli banki 194komerciuli banki 194

komerciuli krediti 195komerciuli krediti 195komerciuli krediti 195komerciuli krediti 195komerciuli krediti 195

komerciuli saqmianoba 195komerciuli saqmianoba 195komerciuli saqmianoba 195komerciuli saqmianoba 195komerciuli saqmianoba 195

komivoiaJori 196komivoiaJori 196komivoiaJori 196komivoiaJori 196komivoiaJori 196

481

kompanioni 196kompanioni 196kompanioni 196kompanioni 196kompanioni 196

kompensacia 196kompensacia 196kompensacia 196kompensacia 196kompensacia 196

komparativizmi 196komparativizmi 196komparativizmi 196komparativizmi 196komparativizmi 196

komplementari 196komplementari 196komplementari 196komplementari 196komplementari 196

konglomerati 196konglomerati 196konglomerati 196konglomerati 196konglomerati 196

konglomeracia 196konglomeracia 196konglomeracia 196konglomeracia 196konglomeracia 196

kondicia 197kondicia 197kondicia 197kondicia 197kondicia 197

konvencia 197konvencia 197konvencia 197konvencia 197konvencia 197

konversia 197konversia 197konversia 197konversia 197konversia 197

konvertirebadi obliga-konvertirebadi obliga-konvertirebadi obliga-konvertirebadi obliga-konvertirebadi obliga-


konvertirebadoba 197konvertirebadoba 197konvertirebadoba 197konvertirebadoba 197konvertirebadoba 197

koniunqtura 197koniunqtura 197koniunqtura 197koniunqtura 197koniunqtura 197

konkurenti 198konkurenti 198konkurenti 198konkurenti 198konkurenti 198

konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-

ba 198ba 198ba 198ba 198ba 198

konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-konkurentuli upirateso-

bis Teoria 199bis Teoria 199bis Teoria 199bis Teoria 199bis Teoria 199

konkurentunarianoba 199konkurentunarianoba 199konkurentunarianoba 199konkurentunarianoba 199konkurentunarianoba 199

konkurencia 200konkurencia 200konkurencia 200konkurencia 200konkurencia 200

arasrulyofili konkuren-

cia 2626262626

arafasismieri konkuren-

cia 2626262626

monopoliuri konkuren-

cia 246246246246246

srulyofili konkuren-

cia 375375375375375

wminda konkurencia 451451451451451

kkkkkonkurenciuli bazari 200onkurenciuli bazari 200onkurenciuli bazari 200onkurenciuli bazari 200onkurenciuli bazari 200

konosamenti 201konosamenti 201konosamenti 201konosamenti 201konosamenti 201

konsaltingi 201konsaltingi 201konsaltingi 201konsaltingi 201konsaltingi 201

konsignanti 201konsignanti 201konsignanti 201konsignanti 201konsignanti 201

konsolidirebuli va-konsolidirebuli va-konsolidirebuli va-konsolidirebuli va-konsolidirebuli va-

li 201li 201li 201li 201li 201

konsorciumi 202konsorciumi 202konsorciumi 202konsorciumi 202konsorciumi 202

kontrahenti 202kontrahenti 202kontrahenti 202kontrahenti 202kontrahenti 202

konfiskacia 202konfiskacia 202konfiskacia 202konfiskacia 202konfiskacia 202

konfrontacia 202konfrontacia 202konfrontacia 202konfrontacia 202konfrontacia 202

koncentracia 202koncentracia 202koncentracia 202koncentracia 202koncentracia 202

koncentraciis agregatu-koncentraciis agregatu-koncentraciis agregatu-koncentraciis agregatu-koncentraciis agregatu-

li maCvenebeli 202li maCvenebeli 202li maCvenebeli 202li maCvenebeli 202li maCvenebeli 202

koncerni 202koncerni 202koncerni 202koncerni 202koncerni 202

koncesia 203koncesia 203koncesia 203koncesia 203koncesia 203

koncesioneri 203koncesioneri 203koncesioneri 203koncesioneri 203koncesioneri 203

kooperacia 203kooperacia 203kooperacia 203kooperacia 203kooperacia 203

koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-koordinirebuli poli-

tika 203tika 203tika 203tika 203tika 203

koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-koreqtirebadi gadasaxa-

di 203di 203di 203di 203di 203

koreqtirebadi subsi-koreqtirebadi subsi-koreqtirebadi subsi-koreqtirebadi subsi-koreqtirebadi subsi-

dia 203dia 203dia 203dia 203dia 203

korporacia 203korporacia 203korporacia 203korporacia 203korporacia 203

korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-korporatiuli obliga-


korufcia 204korufcia 204korufcia 204korufcia 204korufcia 204

kotireba 204kotireba 204kotireba 204kotireba 204kotireba 204

kouzi ronald 204kouzi ronald 204kouzi ronald 204kouzi ronald 204kouzi ronald 204

kouzis Teorema 205kouzis Teorema 205kouzis Teorema 205kouzis Teorema 205kouzis Teorema 205

krediti 205krediti 205krediti 205krediti 205krediti 205

aqcepturi krediti 3434343434

aqceptur-rambusnuli kredi-

ti 3535353535

grZelvadiani krediti 7878787878

ipoTekuri krediti 177177177177177

komerciuli krediti 195195195195195

482

roloveruli krediti 303303303303303

sabanko krediti 310310310310310

saerTaSoriso krediti 318318318318318

saeqsporto krediti 320320320320320

savaluto krediti 322322322322322

samomxmareblo krediti 341341341341341

kreditis dafarviskreditis dafarviskreditis dafarviskreditis dafarviskreditis dafarvis

pirobebi 205pirobebi 205pirobebi 205pirobebi 205pirobebi 205

kreditis racionireba 205kreditis racionireba 205kreditis racionireba 205kreditis racionireba 205kreditis racionireba 205

kreditis sididiskreditis sididiskreditis sididiskreditis sididiskreditis sididis

SezRudva 205SezRudva 205SezRudva 205SezRudva 205SezRudva 205

kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-kreditis uzrunvelyo-

fa 205fa 205fa 205fa 205fa 205

kreditori 206kreditori 206kreditori 206kreditori 206kreditori 206

kukis koeficienti 206kukis koeficienti 206kukis koeficienti 206kukis koeficienti 206kukis koeficienti 206

kumulacia 206kumulacia 206kumulacia 206kumulacia 206kumulacia 206

komulaciuri zrdiskomulaciuri zrdiskomulaciuri zrdiskomulaciuri zrdiskomulaciuri zrdis


kumulaciuri kenWisyra 206kumulaciuri kenWisyra 206kumulaciuri kenWisyra 206kumulaciuri kenWisyra 206kumulaciuri kenWisyra 206

kupiura 206kupiura 206kupiura 206kupiura 206kupiura 206

kuponi 206kuponi 206kuponi 206kuponi 206kuponi 206

kuponiani obligacia 206kuponiani obligacia 206kuponiani obligacia 206kuponiani obligacia 206kuponiani obligacia 206

kurtaJi 206kurtaJi 206kurtaJi 206kurtaJi 206kurtaJi 206

lllll

lagi 207lagi 207lagi 207lagi 207lagi 207

adaptaciis lagi 1212121212

administraciuli lagi 1212121212

gadawyvetilebis miRebis

lagi 5555555555

gamovlenis lagi 5858585858

moqmedebis lagi 248248248248248

sasoflo-sameurneo lagi 349349349349349

Sida lagi 431431431431431

laissez-----faire 207207207207207

laJi 207laJi 207laJi 207laJi 207laJi 207

latarea 207latarea 207latarea 207latarea 207latarea 207

laferis efeqti 207laferis efeqti 207laferis efeqti 207laferis efeqti 207laferis efeqti 207

laferis mrudi 208laferis mrudi 208laferis mrudi 208laferis mrudi 208laferis mrudi 208

leveriji 208leveriji 208leveriji 208leveriji 208leveriji 208

liberalizacia 208liberalizacia 208liberalizacia 208liberalizacia 208liberalizacia 208

liga 209liga 209liga 209liga 209liga 209

lizingi 209lizingi 209lizingi 209lizingi 209lizingi 209

operatiuli lizingi 269269269269269

saeqsporto lizingi 320320320320320

finansuri lizingi 400400400400400

liTonis fuli 209liTonis fuli 209liTonis fuli 209liTonis fuli 209liTonis fuli 209

likviduri aqtivebi 209likviduri aqtivebi 209likviduri aqtivebi 209likviduri aqtivebi 209likviduri aqtivebi 209

likviduri bazari 209likviduri bazari 209likviduri bazari 209likviduri bazari 209likviduri bazari 209

likviduri saxsrebi 209likviduri saxsrebi 209likviduri saxsrebi 209likviduri saxsrebi 209likviduri saxsrebi 209

sabanko likviduri saxsre-

bi 311311311311311

saxelmwifos likviduri

saxsrebi 360360360360360

firmis likviduri saxsre-

bi 400400400400400

`likviduri `xafangi~ 210`likviduri `xafangi~ 210`likviduri `xafangi~ 210`likviduri `xafangi~ 210`likviduri `xafangi~ 210

likviduroba 210likviduroba 210likviduroba 210likviduroba 210likviduroba 210

upiratesobis miniWebis

likviduroba 389389389389389

likvidurobis koeficien-likvidurobis koeficien-likvidurobis koeficien-likvidurobis koeficien-likvidurobis koeficien-

ti 210ti 210ti 210ti 210ti 210

likvidurobis norma 210likvidurobis norma 210likvidurobis norma 210likvidurobis norma 210likvidurobis norma 210

limiti 210limiti 210limiti 210limiti 210limiti 210

lllll

483

listingi 211listingi 211listingi 211listingi 211listingi 211

licenzia 211licenzia 211licenzia 211licenzia 211licenzia 211

licenziari 212licenziari 212licenziari 212licenziari 212licenziari 212

licenziati 212licenziati 212licenziati 212licenziati 212licenziati 212

upatento licenzia 388388388388388

lozanis skola 212lozanis skola 212lozanis skola 212lozanis skola 212lozanis skola 212

lombardi 212lombardi 212lombardi 212lombardi 212lombardi 212

lorencis mrudi 212lorencis mrudi 212lorencis mrudi 212lorencis mrudi 212lorencis mrudi 212

loti 212loti 212loti 212loti 212loti 212

luis-feis-reinisis mode-luis-feis-reinisis mode-luis-feis-reinisis mode-luis-feis-reinisis mode-luis-feis-reinisis mode-

li 213li 213li 213li 213li 213

mmmmm

maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-maastrixtis xelSekrule-

ba 214ba 214ba 214ba 214ba 214

makleri 214makleri 214makleri 214makleri 214makleri 214

makroekonomika 214makroekonomika 214makroekonomika 214makroekonomika 214makroekonomika 214

makroekonomikuri igiveo-makroekonomikuri igiveo-makroekonomikuri igiveo-makroekonomikuri igiveo-makroekonomikuri igiveo-

ba 214ba 214ba 214ba 214ba 214

makroekonomikurimakroekonomikurimakroekonomikurimakroekonomikurimakroekonomikuri

maCveneblebi 214maCveneblebi 214maCveneblebi 214maCveneblebi 214maCveneblebi 214

makroekonomikuri poli-makroekonomikuri poli-makroekonomikuri poli-makroekonomikuri poli-makroekonomikuri poli-


makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-makroekonomikuri stabi-

lizacia 215lizacia 215lizacia 215lizacia 215lizacia 215

mandela-flemingis mode-mandela-flemingis mode-mandela-flemingis mode-mandela-flemingis mode-mandela-flemingis mode-

li 219li 219li 219li 219li 219

`mankieri wre~ 219`mankieri wre~ 219`mankieri wre~ 219`mankieri wre~ 219`mankieri wre~ 219

manqanaTmSenebloba 220manqanaTmSenebloba 220manqanaTmSenebloba 220manqanaTmSenebloba 220manqanaTmSenebloba 220

manqanuri warmoeba 220manqanuri warmoeba 220manqanuri warmoeba 220manqanuri warmoeba 220manqanuri warmoeba 220

maragebSi investicia 220maragebSi investicia 220maragebSi investicia 220maragebSi investicia 220maragebSi investicia 220

maregulirebeli saxelm-maregulirebeli saxelm-maregulirebeli saxelm-maregulirebeli saxelm-maregulirebeli saxelm-

wifo komisia 220wifo komisia 220wifo komisia 220wifo komisia 220wifo komisia 220

`marTvadi~ kapitaliz-`marTvadi~ kapitaliz-`marTvadi~ kapitaliz-`marTvadi~ kapitaliz-`marTvadi~ kapitaliz-

mi 221mi 221mi 221mi 221mi 221

marketingi 221marketingi 221marketingi 221marketingi 221marketingi 221

marketingis garemo 222marketingis garemo 222marketingis garemo 222marketingis garemo 222marketingis garemo 222

markireba 222markireba 222markireba 222markireba 222markireba 222

markovici hari 222markovici hari 222markovici hari 222markovici hari 222markovici hari 222

marJa 222marJa 222marJa 222marJa 222marJa 222

marJinalizmi 223marJinalizmi 223marJinalizmi 223marJinalizmi 223marJinalizmi 223

martivi Tamasuqi 223martivi Tamasuqi 223martivi Tamasuqi 223martivi Tamasuqi 223martivi Tamasuqi 223

marqsi karl 223marqsi karl 223marqsi karl 223marqsi karl 223marqsi karl 223

marSali alfred 225marSali alfred 225marSali alfred 225marSali alfred 225marSali alfred 225

marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-marSal_lerneris piro-

ba 226ba 226ba 226ba 226ba 226

masStabiT ganpirobebulimasStabiT ganpirobebulimasStabiT ganpirobebulimasStabiT ganpirobebulimasStabiT ganpirobebuli

ekonomia 226ekonomia 226ekonomia 226ekonomia 226ekonomia 226

masStabis efeqti 226masStabis efeqti 226masStabis efeqti 226masStabis efeqti 226masStabis efeqti 226

matebis tempi 227matebis tempi 227matebis tempi 227matebis tempi 227matebis tempi 227

materialuri momsaxure-materialuri momsaxure-materialuri momsaxure-materialuri momsaxure-materialuri momsaxure-

ba 227ba 227ba 227ba 227ba 227

materialuri stimulire-materialuri stimulire-materialuri stimulire-materialuri stimulire-materialuri stimulire-

ba 2ba 2ba 2ba 2ba 22828282828

materialur-nivTobrivimaterialur-nivTobrivimaterialur-nivTobrivimaterialur-nivTobrivimaterialur-nivTobrivi

warmoebis sfero 228warmoebis sfero 228warmoebis sfero 228warmoebis sfero 228warmoebis sfero 228

mdare saqoneli 228mdare saqoneli 228mdare saqoneli 228mdare saqoneli 228mdare saqoneli 228

mdgradi ganviTareba 228mdgradi ganviTareba 228mdgradi ganviTareba 228mdgradi ganviTareba 228mdgradi ganviTareba 228

mdgradi zrda 229mdgradi zrda 229mdgradi zrda 229mdgradi zrda 229mdgradi zrda 229

megaekonomika 229megaekonomika 229megaekonomika 229megaekonomika 229megaekonomika 229

mezoekonomika 229mezoekonomika 229mezoekonomika 229mezoekonomika 229mezoekonomika 229

melqaZe valerian 229melqaZe valerian 229melqaZe valerian 229melqaZe valerian 229melqaZe valerian 229

mengeri karl 230mengeri karl 230mengeri karl 230mengeri karl 230mengeri karl 230

menejeri 230menejeri 230menejeri 230menejeri 230menejeri 230

menejerizmi 230menejerizmi 230menejerizmi 230menejerizmi 230menejerizmi 230

mmmmm

484

menejmenti 230menejmenti 230menejmenti 230menejmenti 230menejmenti 230

meoradi resursebi 231meoradi resursebi 231meoradi resursebi 231meoradi resursebi 231meoradi resursebi 231

meoreuli bazari 231meoreuli bazari 231meoreuli bazari 231meoreuli bazari 231meoreuli bazari 231

meoreuli Sromis baza-meoreuli Sromis baza-meoreuli Sromis baza-meoreuli Sromis baza-meoreuli Sromis baza-

ri 231ri 231ri 231ri 231ri 231

merkantilizmi 231merkantilizmi 231merkantilizmi 231merkantilizmi 231merkantilizmi 231

merkantiluri 232merkantiluri 232merkantiluri 232merkantiluri 232merkantiluri 232

meryevi fasi 232meryevi fasi 232meryevi fasi 232meryevi fasi 232meryevi fasi 232

metraJi 232metraJi 232metraJi 232metraJi 232metraJi 232

mewarme 232mewarme 232mewarme 232mewarme 232mewarme 232

mewarmeoba 232mewarmeoba 232mewarmeoba 232mewarmeoba 232mewarmeoba 232

mTliani gamoSveba 232mTliani gamoSveba 232mTliani gamoSveba 232mTliani gamoSveba 232mTliani gamoSveba 232

mTliani damatebiTi Rire-mTliani damatebiTi Rire-mTliani damatebiTi Rire-mTliani damatebiTi Rire-mTliani damatebiTi Rire-


mTliani danazogi 232mTliani danazogi 232mTliani danazogi 232mTliani danazogi 232mTliani danazogi 232

mTliani danaxarji 233mTliani danaxarji 233mTliani danaxarji 233mTliani danaxarji 233mTliani danaxarji 233

mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-mTliani erovnuli dana-

zogi 233zogi 233zogi 233zogi 233zogi 233

mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-mTliani erovnuli pro-

duqti duqti duqti duqti duqti (((((mep))))) 233233233233233

potenciuri mep mep mep mep mep 287287287287287

mep-is gamoucxadebeli-is gamoucxadebeli-is gamoucxadebeli-is gamoucxadebeli-is gamoucxadebeli

deflatoris fasebisdeflatoris fasebisdeflatoris fasebisdeflatoris fasebisdeflatoris fasebis


mep-is doneTa daSoriSore-is doneTa daSoriSore-is doneTa daSoriSore-is doneTa daSoriSore-is doneTa daSoriSore-----

ba ba ba ba ba (((((sxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaobasxvadasxvaoba))))) 234 234 234 234 234

mep-is indeqsi _ defla--is indeqsi _ defla--is indeqsi _ defla--is indeqsi _ defla--is indeqsi _ defla-

torebi 234torebi 234torebi 234torebi 234torebi 234

mTliani investicia 234mTliani investicia 234mTliani investicia 234mTliani investicia 234mTliani investicia 234

mTliani mogeba 234mTliani mogeba 234mTliani mogeba 234mTliani mogeba 234mTliani mogeba 234

mTliani Semosavali 235mTliani Semosavali 235mTliani Semosavali 235mTliani Semosavali 235mTliani Semosavali 235

mTliani Sida produqtimTliani Sida produqtimTliani Sida produqtimTliani Sida produqtimTliani Sida produqti

(((((mSp))))) 235 235 235 235 235

mTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtis

deflatori 235deflatori 235deflatori 235deflatori 235deflatori 235

mTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtismTliani Sida produqtis

struqtura 236struqtura 236struqtura 236struqtura 236struqtura 236

midrekileba danazogisad-midrekileba danazogisad-midrekileba danazogisad-midrekileba danazogisad-midrekileba danazogisad-

mi 236mi 236mi 236mi 236mi 236

midrekileba importirebi-midrekileba importirebi-midrekileba importirebi-midrekileba importirebi-midrekileba importirebi-

sadmi 236sadmi 236sadmi 236sadmi 236sadmi 236

midrekileba investirebi-midrekileba investirebi-midrekileba investirebi-midrekileba investirebi-midrekileba investirebi-


midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-midrekileba moxmarebi-


miznobrivi (saorienta-miznobrivi (saorienta-miznobrivi (saorienta-miznobrivi (saorienta-miznobrivi (saorienta-

cio) fasi 236cio) fasi 236cio) fasi 236cio) fasi 236cio) fasi 236

mikroekonomika 236mikroekonomika 236mikroekonomika 236mikroekonomika 236mikroekonomika 236

mimdinare angariSi 237mimdinare angariSi 237mimdinare angariSi 237mimdinare angariSi 237mimdinare angariSi 237

mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-mimdinare angariSis sal-

do 237do 237do 237do 237do 237

mimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebulimimoqcevaSi arsebuli


mindobiloba 237mindobiloba 237mindobiloba 237mindobiloba 237mindobiloba 237

minimaluminimaluminimaluminimaluminimaluri mogeba 237ri mogeba 237ri mogeba 237ri mogeba 237ri mogeba 237

minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-minimaluri samomxmareb-

lo biujeti 237lo biujeti 237lo biujeti 237lo biujeti 237lo biujeti 237

minimaluri xelfasi 237minimaluri xelfasi 237minimaluri xelfasi 237minimaluri xelfasi 237minimaluri xelfasi 237

miqelaZe irakli 237miqelaZe irakli 237miqelaZe irakli 237miqelaZe irakli 237miqelaZe irakli 237

miwa 238miwa 238miwa 238miwa 238miwa 238

miwis gadasaxadi 238miwis gadasaxadi 238miwis gadasaxadi 238miwis gadasaxadi 238miwis gadasaxadi 238

miwis renta 238miwis renta 238miwis renta 238miwis renta 238miwis renta 238

miwodeba 238miwodeba 238miwodeba 238miwodeba 238miwodeba 238

erToblivi miwodeba 131131131131131

Warbi miwodeba 452452452452452

miwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikurimiwodebis ekonomikuri

485


miwodebis inflacia 239miwodebis inflacia 239miwodebis inflacia 239miwodebis inflacia 239miwodebis inflacia 239

miwodebis mrudi 239miwodebis mrudi 239miwodebis mrudi 239miwodebis mrudi 239miwodebis mrudi 239

miwodebis fasi 240miwodebis fasi 240miwodebis fasi 240miwodebis fasi 240miwodebis fasi 240

miwodebis Soki 240miwodebis Soki 240miwodebis Soki 240miwodebis Soki 240miwodebis Soki 240

mogeba 240mogeba 240mogeba 240mogeba 240mogeba 240

buRaltruli mogeba 5353535353

ekonomikis wminda mogeba 102102102102102

zenormaluri mogeba 153153153153153

mTliani mogeba 234234234234234

normaluri mogeba 267267267267267

sabalanso mogeba 310310310310310

SefardebiTi mogeba 428428428428428

wminda mogeba 451451451451451

mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)mogebis (Semosavlis)

norma 240norma 240norma 240norma 240norma 240

modeli 240modeli 240modeli 240modeli 240modeli 240

moTxovna 240moTxovna 240moTxovna 240moTxovna 240moTxovna 240

elastikuri moTxovna 116116116116116

erToblivi moTxovna 131131131131131

efeqtiani moTxovna 140140140140140

iracionaluri moTxovna 177177177177177

Warbi moTxovna 452452452452452

moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-moTxovna-miwodebis Teo-

ria 240ria 240ria 240ria 240ria 240

moTxovnis inflacia 241moTxovnis inflacia 241moTxovnis inflacia 241moTxovnis inflacia 241moTxovnis inflacia 241

moTxovnis mrudi 241moTxovnis mrudi 241moTxovnis mrudi 241moTxovnis mrudi 241moTxovnis mrudi 241

moTxovnis regulire-moTxovnis regulire-moTxovnis regulire-moTxovnis regulire-moTxovnis regulire-

ba 241ba 241ba 241ba 241ba 241

moTxovnis fasi 241moTxovnis fasi 241moTxovnis fasi 241moTxovnis fasi 241moTxovnis fasi 241

moklevadiani obliga-moklevadiani obliga-moklevadiani obliga-moklevadiani obliga-moklevadiani obliga-


momsaxureba 241momsaxureba 241momsaxureba 241momsaxureba 241momsaxureba 241

aramaterialuri momsaxure-

ba 2323232323

arasabazro momsaxureba 2424242424

materialuri momsaxure-

ba 227227227227227

piradi momsaxureba 284284284284284

sabazro momsaxureba 309309309309309

socialuri momsaxureba 372372372372372

momsaxurebis bazari 241momsaxurebis bazari 241momsaxurebis bazari 241momsaxurebis bazari 241momsaxurebis bazari 241

momsaxurebis marketingismomsaxurebis marketingismomsaxurebis marketingismomsaxurebis marketingismomsaxurebis marketingis

saerTaSoriso modele-saerTaSoriso modele-saerTaSoriso modele-saerTaSoriso modele-saerTaSoriso modele-

bi 243bi 243bi 243bi 243bi 243

momsaxurebis sfero 243momsaxurebis sfero 243momsaxurebis sfero 243momsaxurebis sfero 243momsaxurebis sfero 243

monetarizmi 244monetarizmi 244monetarizmi 244monetarizmi 244monetarizmi 244

monopolia 246monopolia 246monopolia 246monopolia 246monopolia 246

monopolizacia 246monopolizacia 246monopolizacia 246monopolizacia 246monopolizacia 246

monopolisti 246monopolisti 246monopolisti 246monopolisti 246monopolisti 246



monopoliuri konkurenci-monopoliuri konkurenci-monopoliuri konkurenci-monopoliuri konkurenci-monopoliuri konkurenci-

is Teoria 247is Teoria 247is Teoria 247is Teoria 247is Teoria 247

monopsonia 247monopsonia 247monopsonia 247monopsonia 247monopsonia 247

moraluri cveTa 247moraluri cveTa 247moraluri cveTa 247moraluri cveTa 247moraluri cveTa 247

mosalodneli inflaciismosalodneli inflaciismosalodneli inflaciismosalodneli inflaciismosalodneli inflaciis

done 247done 247done 247done 247done 247

mosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinaremosalodneli mimdinare

diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-diskontirebuli Rire-


mosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialurimosaxleobis socialuri

dacva 248dacva 248dacva 248dacva 248dacva 248

moqmedebis lagi 248moqmedebis lagi 248moqmedebis lagi 248moqmedebis lagi 248moqmedebis lagi 248

moqnili valutis kursi 248moqnili valutis kursi 248moqnili valutis kursi 248moqnili valutis kursi 248moqnili valutis kursi 248

486

moqnili fasi 248moqnili fasi 248moqnili fasi 248moqnili fasi 248moqnili fasi 248

moxalise eqspertTa saer-moxalise eqspertTa saer-moxalise eqspertTa saer-moxalise eqspertTa saer-moxalise eqspertTa saer-

TaSoriso korpusiTaSoriso korpusiTaSoriso korpusiTaSoriso korpusiTaSoriso korpusi

(((((mesk) 248) 248) 248) 248) 248

moxmareba 249moxmareba 249moxmareba 249moxmareba 249moxmareba 249

arakonkurentuli moxmare-

ba 2222222222

saboloo moxmareba 313313313313313

saxelmwifo moxmareba 358358358358358

Sualeduri moxmareba 435435435435435

mrewveloba 249mrewveloba 249mrewveloba 249mrewveloba 249mrewveloba 249

msoflio bazari 249msoflio bazari 249msoflio bazari 249msoflio bazari 249msoflio bazari 249

msoflio banki 249msoflio banki 249msoflio banki 249msoflio banki 249msoflio banki 249

msoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikurimsoflio ekonomikuri

forumi 249forumi 249forumi 249forumi 249forumi 249

msoflio meurneoba 250msoflio meurneoba 250msoflio meurneoba 250msoflio meurneoba 250msoflio meurneoba 250

msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-msoflio savaluto sis-

tema 250tema 250tema 250tema 250tema 250

msoflio savaWro orga-msoflio savaWro orga-msoflio savaWro orga-msoflio savaWro orga-msoflio savaWro orga-

nizacia 252nizacia 252nizacia 252nizacia 252nizacia 252

msoflio fasi 252msoflio fasi 252msoflio fasi 252msoflio fasi 252msoflio fasi 252

`msxverplis~ norma 253`msxverplis~ norma 253`msxverplis~ norma 253`msxverplis~ norma 253`msxverplis~ norma 253

mtacebluri, damangrevelimtacebluri, damangrevelimtacebluri, damangrevelimtacebluri, damangrevelimtacebluri, damangreveli

faswarmoqmna 253faswarmoqmna 253faswarmoqmna 253faswarmoqmna 253faswarmoqmna 253

mtkice fasi 253mtkice fasi 253mtkice fasi 253mtkice fasi 253mtkice fasi 253

mudmivi danaxarji 253mudmivi danaxarji 253mudmivi danaxarji 253mudmivi danaxarji 253mudmivi danaxarji 253

multimultimultimultimulti plikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatorrrrri 254i 254i 254i 254i 254

fuladi multi plikato-

ri 408408408408408

multimultimultimultimulti plikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoplikatoruli efruli efruli efruli efruli efeq-eq-eq-eq-eq-

ti 254ti 254ti 254ti 254ti 254

municimunicimunicimunicimunici palizacia 254palizacia 254palizacia 254palizacia 254palizacia 254

municimunicimunicimunicimunici paliteti 254paliteti 254paliteti 254paliteti 254paliteti 254

myidvelis bazari 255myidvelis bazari 255myidvelis bazari 255myidvelis bazari 255myidvelis bazari 255

mcire biznesi 255mcire biznesi 255mcire biznesi 255mcire biznesi 255mcire biznesi 255

mcire privatizacia 258mcire privatizacia 258mcire privatizacia 258mcire privatizacia 258mcire privatizacia 258

`mcire qveynebi~ 258`mcire qveynebi~ 258`mcire qveynebi~ 258`mcire qveynebi~ 258`mcire qveynebi~ 258

mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-mcuravi gacvliTi kur-

si 258si 258si 258si 258si 258

mwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebismwarmoebelTa fasebis


mwarmoeblis fasi 259mwarmoeblis fasi 259mwarmoeblis fasi 259mwarmoeblis fasi 259mwarmoeblis fasi 259

mwarmoebluroba 259mwarmoebluroba 259mwarmoebluroba 259mwarmoebluroba 259mwarmoebluroba 259

mwarmoeblurobis Teorie-mwarmoeblurobis Teorie-mwarmoeblurobis Teorie-mwarmoeblurobis Teorie-mwarmoeblurobis Teorie-

bi 259bi 259bi 259bi 259bi 259

nnnnn

navTobis eqsportiori navTobis eqsportiori navTobis eqsportiori navTobis eqsportiori navTobis eqsportiori qvey-qvey-qvey-qvey-qvey-

nebis organizacia 260nebis organizacia 260nebis organizacia 260nebis organizacia 260nebis organizacia 260

naturaluri meurneoba 260naturaluri meurneoba 260naturaluri meurneoba 260naturaluri meurneoba 260naturaluri meurneoba 260

naRdi bazari 260naRdi bazari 260naRdi bazari 260naRdi bazari 260naRdi bazari 260

nacionalizacia 260nacionalizacia 260nacionalizacia 260nacionalizacia 260nacionalizacia 260

negocianti 260negocianti 260negocianti 260negocianti 260negocianti 260

nekroekonomika 260nekroekonomika 260nekroekonomika 260nekroekonomika 260nekroekonomika 260

neoglobalizmi 261neoglobalizmi 261neoglobalizmi 261neoglobalizmi 261neoglobalizmi 261

neokeinzianeloba 261neokeinzianeloba 261neokeinzianeloba 261neokeinzianeloba 261neokeinzianeloba 261

neoklasikuri ekonomikurineoklasikuri ekonomikurineoklasikuri ekonomikurineoklasikuri ekonomikurineoklasikuri ekonomikuri


`neoklasikuri sinTezi~ 265`neoklasikuri sinTezi~ 265`neoklasikuri sinTezi~ 265`neoklasikuri sinTezi~ 265`neoklasikuri sinTezi~ 265

neoliberalizmi 265neoliberalizmi 265neoliberalizmi 265neoliberalizmi 265neoliberalizmi 265

neto 266neto 266neto 266neto 266neto 266

neto-balansi 266neto-balansi 266neto-balansi 266neto-balansi 266neto-balansi 266

niu-iorkis safondo bir-niu-iorkis safondo bir-niu-iorkis safondo bir-niu-iorkis safondo bir-niu-iorkis safondo bir-

Ja 266Ja 266Ja 266Ja 266Ja 266

novacia 266novacia 266novacia 266novacia 266novacia 266

nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri nominaluri gacvliTigacvliTigacvliTigacvliTigacvliTi

nnnnn

487

kursi 266kursi 266kursi 266kursi 266kursi 266

nominaluri mTliani Sidanominaluri mTliani Sidanominaluri mTliani Sidanominaluri mTliani Sidanominaluri mTliani Sida

produqti 266produqti 266produqti 266produqti 266produqti 266

nominaluri fasi 266nominaluri fasi 266nominaluri fasi 266nominaluri fasi 266nominaluri fasi 266

nominaluri Rirebule-nominaluri Rirebule-nominaluri Rirebule-nominaluri Rirebule-nominaluri Rirebule-

ba 267ba 267ba 267ba 267ba 267

nominaluri `Ruza~ 267nominaluri `Ruza~ 267nominaluri `Ruza~ 267nominaluri `Ruza~ 267nominaluri `Ruza~ 267

nominaluri cvladebi 267nominaluri cvladebi 267nominaluri cvladebi 267nominaluri cvladebi 267nominaluri cvladebi 267

nominaluri xelfasi 267nominaluri xelfasi 267nominaluri xelfasi 267nominaluri xelfasi 267nominaluri xelfasi 267

norTi duglas sesil 267norTi duglas sesil 267norTi duglas sesil 267norTi duglas sesil 267norTi duglas sesil 267

normaluri mogeba 267normaluri mogeba 267normaluri mogeba 267normaluri mogeba 267normaluri mogeba 267

normaluri saqoneli 267normaluri saqoneli 267normaluri saqoneli 267normaluri saqoneli 267normaluri saqoneli 267

normatiuli ekonomikurinormatiuli ekonomikurinormatiuli ekonomikurinormatiuli ekonomikurinormatiuli ekonomikuri


`nou-hau~ 268`nou-hau~ 268`nou-hau~ 268`nou-hau~ 268`nou-hau~ 268

numizmati 268numizmati 268numizmati 268numizmati 268numizmati 268

numizmatika 268numizmatika 268numizmatika 268numizmatika 268numizmatika 268

ooooo

obligacia 269obligacia 269obligacia 269obligacia 269obligacia 269

konvertirebadi obliga-

cia 197197197197197

saSualovadiani obliga-

cia 355355355355355

overdrafti 269overdrafti 269overdrafti 269overdrafti 269overdrafti 269

oligopolia 269oligopolia 269oligopolia 269oligopolia 269oligopolia 269

oligopsonia 269oligopsonia 269oligopsonia 269oligopsonia 269oligopsonia 269

omologacia 269omologacia 269omologacia 269omologacia 269omologacia 269

operatiuli lizingi 269operatiuli lizingi 269operatiuli lizingi 269operatiuli lizingi 269operatiuli lizingi 269

operaciebi Ria bazar-operaciebi Ria bazar-operaciebi Ria bazar-operaciebi Ria bazar-operaciebi Ria bazar-

ze 270ze 270ze 270ze 270ze 270

opcioni 270opcioni 270opcioni 270opcioni 270opcioni 270

ormagi Sromis bazari 270ormagi Sromis bazari 270ormagi Sromis bazari 270ormagi Sromis bazari 270ormagi Sromis bazari 270

ormxrivi monopolia 270ormxrivi monopolia 270ormxrivi monopolia 270ormxrivi monopolia 270ormxrivi monopolia 270

oukenis kanoni 271oukenis kanoni 271oukenis kanoni 271oukenis kanoni 271oukenis kanoni 271

oferta 271oferta 271oferta 271oferta 271oferta 271

oficialuri monetarizmisoficialuri monetarizmisoficialuri monetarizmisoficialuri monetarizmisoficialuri monetarizmis


ofSoruli biznesi 271ofSoruli biznesi 271ofSoruli biznesi 271ofSoruli biznesi 271ofSoruli biznesi 271

ofSoruli zona 272ofSoruli zona 272ofSoruli zona 272ofSoruli zona 272ofSoruli zona 272

ofSoruli kompania 273ofSoruli kompania 273ofSoruli kompania 273ofSoruli kompania 273ofSoruli kompania 273

oqros bazari 275oqros bazari 275oqros bazari 275oqros bazari 275oqros bazari 275

oqros pariteti 275oqros pariteti 275oqros pariteti 275oqros pariteti 275oqros pariteti 275

òqros saukunis~ zrda 275òqros saukunis~ zrda 275òqros saukunis~ zrda 275òqros saukunis~ zrda 275òqros saukunis~ zrda 275

oqros tezavracia 275oqros tezavracia 275oqros tezavracia 275oqros tezavracia 275oqros tezavracia 275

ppppp

pablisiti 276pablisiti 276pablisiti 276pablisiti 276pablisiti 276

pai 276pai 276pai 276pai 276pai 276

panama 276panama 276panama 276panama 276panama 276

papava vladimeri 276papava vladimeri 276papava vladimeri 276papava vladimeri 276papava vladimeri 276

paralogizmi 279paralogizmi 279paralogizmi 279paralogizmi 279paralogizmi 279

pareto-gaumjobeseba 279pareto-gaumjobeseba 279pareto-gaumjobeseba 279pareto-gaumjobeseba 279pareto-gaumjobeseba 279

pareto vilfredo 279pareto vilfredo 279pareto vilfredo 279pareto vilfredo 279pareto vilfredo 279

paretos optimumi 280paretos optimumi 280paretos optimumi 280paretos optimumi 280paretos optimumi 280

`parizis klubi~ 280`parizis klubi~ 280`parizis klubi~ 280`parizis klubi~ 280`parizis klubi~ 280

pariteti 281pariteti 281pariteti 281pariteti 281pariteti 281

partnioroba 281partnioroba 281partnioroba 281partnioroba 281partnioroba 281

parcela 281parcela 281parcela 281parcela 281parcela 281

pasivi 281pasivi 281pasivi 281pasivi 281pasivi 281

pasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelopasiuri sagadasaxdelo


pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-pasiuri savaWro balan-

si 281si 281si 281si 281si 281

patenti 281patenti 281patenti 281patenti 281patenti 281

ppppp

ooooo

488

patpatpatpatpaternalizmi 281ernalizmi 281ernalizmi 281ernalizmi 281ernalizmi 281

pauperi 282pauperi 282pauperi 282pauperi 282pauperi 282

pauSaluri Tanxa 282pauSaluri Tanxa 282pauSaluri Tanxa 282pauSaluri Tanxa 282pauSaluri Tanxa 282

pensia 282pensia 282pensia 282pensia 282pensia 282

peti uiliam 282peti uiliam 282peti uiliam 282peti uiliam 282peti uiliam 282

pigu artur 283pigu artur 283pigu artur 283pigu artur 283pigu artur 283

pigus gadasaxadi 284pigus gadasaxadi 284pigus gadasaxadi 284pigus gadasaxadi 284pigus gadasaxadi 284

piki 284piki 284piki 284piki 284piki 284

pinta 284pinta 284pinta 284pinta 284pinta 284

piradi momsaxureba 284piradi momsaxureba 284piradi momsaxureba 284piradi momsaxureba 284piradi momsaxureba 284

piradi Semosavali 284piradi Semosavali 284piradi Semosavali 284piradi Semosavali 284piradi Semosavali 284

pirdapiri gadasaxadi 284pirdapiri gadasaxadi 284pirdapiri gadasaxadi 284pirdapiri gadasaxadi 284pirdapiri gadasaxadi 284

pirveladi bazari 285pirveladi bazari 285pirveladi bazari 285pirveladi bazari 285pirveladi bazari 285

pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-pirveli giravnobis sige-

li 285li 285li 285li 285li 285

pirobiTi prognozi 285pirobiTi prognozi 285pirobiTi prognozi 285pirobiTi prognozi 285pirobiTi prognozi 285

plastikuri baraTi 285plastikuri baraTi 285plastikuri baraTi 285plastikuri baraTi 285plastikuri baraTi 285

plebisciti 285plebisciti 285plebisciti 285plebisciti 285plebisciti 285

plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-plebiscituri diqtatu-

ra 285ra 285ra 285ra 285ra 285

pozitivizmi 285pozitivizmi 285pozitivizmi 285pozitivizmi 285pozitivizmi 285

pozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuripozitiuri ekonomikuri


polisi 285polisi 285polisi 285polisi 285polisi 285

politikuri ekonomia 285politikuri ekonomia 285politikuri ekonomia 285politikuri ekonomia 285politikuri ekonomia 285

posesia 287posesia 287posesia 287posesia 287posesia 287

postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-postindustriuli sazo-

gadoeba 287gadoeba 287gadoeba 287gadoeba 287gadoeba 287

potenciuri mep 288potenciuri mep 288potenciuri mep 288potenciuri mep 288potenciuri mep 288

potenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebispotenciuri warmoebis

moculoba 288moculoba 288moculoba 288moculoba 288moculoba 288

prezentanti 288prezentanti 288prezentanti 288prezentanti 288prezentanti 288

prezentacia 288prezentacia 288prezentacia 288prezentacia 288prezentacia 288

preiskuranti 288preiskuranti 288preiskuranti 288preiskuranti 288preiskuranti 288

preferencia 288preferencia 288preferencia 288preferencia 288preferencia 288

privatizacia 289privatizacia 289privatizacia 289privatizacia 289privatizacia 289

mcire privatizacia 258258258258258

privilegiuri aqcia 289privilegiuri aqcia 289privilegiuri aqcia 289privilegiuri aqcia 289privilegiuri aqcia 289

prprprprprinciinciinciinciinci pali 289pali 289pali 289pali 289pali 289

prprprprprinciinciinciinciinci pi _ `vinc abin-pi _ `vinc abin-pi _ `vinc abin-pi _ `vinc abin-pi _ `vinc abin-

Zurebs, is ixdis~ 289Zurebs, is ixdis~ 289Zurebs, is ixdis~ 289Zurebs, is ixdis~ 289Zurebs, is ixdis~ 289

prognozireba 289prognozireba 289prognozireba 289prognozireba 289prognozireba 289

programuli biujeti 289programuli biujeti 289programuli biujeti 289programuli biujeti 289programuli biujeti 289

progresiuli gadasaxadi 289progresiuli gadasaxadi 289progresiuli gadasaxadi 289progresiuli gadasaxadi 289progresiuli gadasaxadi 289


produqcia 290produqcia 290produqcia 290produqcia 290produqcia 290

produqciis gamoSveba 2produqciis gamoSveba 2produqciis gamoSveba 2produqciis gamoSveba 2produqciis gamoSveba 29090909090

producenti 290producenti 290producenti 290producenti 290producenti 290

prolongacia 290prolongacia 290prolongacia 290prolongacia 290prolongacia 290

promesa 290promesa 290promesa 290promesa 290promesa 290

prompti 290prompti 290prompti 290prompti 290prompti 290

proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-proporciuli gadasaxa-

di 290di 290di 290di 290di 290

proteqcionizmi 290proteqcionizmi 290proteqcionizmi 290proteqcionizmi 290proteqcionizmi 290

proficiti 290proficiti 290proficiti 290proficiti 290proficiti 290

procenti 290procenti 290procenti 290procenti 290procenti 290

rTuli procenti 302302302302302

procentis (sargeblis)procentis (sargeblis)procentis (sargeblis)procentis (sargeblis)procentis (sargeblis)


procentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluriprocentis nominaluri


procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-procentis realuri ga-

nakveTi 291nakveTi 291nakveTi 291nakveTi 291nakveTi 291

JJJJJ

Jenevis konferencia 292Jenevis konferencia 292Jenevis konferencia 292Jenevis konferencia 292Jenevis konferencia 292

Jenevis raundi 2Jenevis raundi 2Jenevis raundi 2Jenevis raundi 2Jenevis raundi 29292929292

JJJJJ

489

Jiranti 292Jiranti 292Jiranti 292Jiranti 292Jiranti 292

Jirati 292Jirati 292Jirati 292Jirati 292Jirati 292

Jiro 292Jiro 292Jiro 292Jiro 292Jiro 292

JiroangariSsworeba 292JiroangariSsworeba 292JiroangariSsworeba 292JiroangariSsworeba 292JiroangariSsworeba 292

JiroCeki 292JiroCeki 292JiroCeki 292JiroCeki 292JiroCeki 292

Jirocentrali 292Jirocentrali 292Jirocentrali 292Jirocentrali 292Jirocentrali 292

rrrrr

ra, rogor, visTvis 293ra, rogor, visTvis 293ra, rogor, visTvis 293ra, rogor, visTvis 293ra, rogor, visTvis 293

rantie 293rantie 293rantie 293rantie 293rantie 293

racionaluri molodinisracionaluri molodinisracionaluri molodinisracionaluri molodinisracionaluri molodinis


racionaluri spekulaci-racionaluri spekulaci-racionaluri spekulaci-racionaluri spekulaci-racionaluri spekulaci-

uriuriuriuriuri `sapnis buSti~ 293 `sapnis buSti~ 293 `sapnis buSti~ 293 `sapnis buSti~ 293 `sapnis buSti~ 293

realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-realuri gacvliTi kur-

si 293si 293si 293si 293si 293

realuri mTliani Sidarealuri mTliani Sidarealuri mTliani Sidarealuri mTliani Sidarealuri mTliani Sida


realuri Semosavali 294realuri Semosavali 294realuri Semosavali 294realuri Semosavali 294realuri Semosavali 294

realuri cvladebi 294realuri cvladebi 294realuri cvladebi 294realuri cvladebi 294realuri cvladebi 294

realuri xelfasi 294realuri xelfasi 294realuri xelfasi 294realuri xelfasi 294realuri xelfasi 294

registri 294registri 294registri 294registri 294registri 294

regionuli ekonomika 294regionuli ekonomika 294regionuli ekonomika 294regionuli ekonomika 294regionuli ekonomika 294

regresi 295regresi 295regresi 295regresi 295regresi 295

regresiuli gadasaxa-regresiuli gadasaxa-regresiuli gadasaxa-regresiuli gadasaxa-regresiuli gadasaxa-

di 295di 295di 295di 295di 295

reestri 295reestri 295reestri 295reestri 295reestri 295

reeqsporti 295reeqsporti 295reeqsporti 295reeqsporti 295reeqsporti 295

revalvacia 295revalvacia 295revalvacia 295revalvacia 295revalvacia 295

reversi 297reversi 297reversi 297reversi 297reversi 297

revizia 297revizia 297revizia 297revizia 297revizia 297

revokacia 297revokacia 297revokacia 297revokacia 297revokacia 297

rezidenti 297rezidenti 297rezidenti 297rezidenti 297rezidenti 297

reideri firma 297reideri firma 297reideri firma 297reideri firma 297reideri firma 297

reiganomika 297reiganomika 297reiganomika 297reiganomika 297reiganomika 297

reimporti 297reimporti 297reimporti 297reimporti 297reimporti 297

rekambio 297rekambio 297rekambio 297rekambio 297rekambio 297

reketi 298reketi 298reketi 298reketi 298reketi 298

rekviziti 298rekviziti 298rekviziti 298rekviziti 298rekviziti 298

reklama 298reklama 298reklama 298reklama 298reklama 298

rekonstruqciisa da gan-rekonstruqciisa da gan-rekonstruqciisa da gan-rekonstruqciisa da gan-rekonstruqciisa da gan-

viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-viTarebis saerTaSori-

so banki 298so banki 298so banki 298so banki 298so banki 298

remarka 299remarka 299remarka 299remarka 299remarka 299

remisia 299remisia 299remisia 299remisia 299remisia 299

remitenti 299remitenti 299remitenti 299remitenti 299remitenti 299

renovacia 299renovacia 299renovacia 299renovacia 299renovacia 299

renta 299renta 299renta 299renta 299renta 299

rentabelobis norma 299rentabelobis norma 299rentabelobis norma 299rentabelobis norma 299rentabelobis norma 299

rentingi 299rentingi 299rentingi 299rentingi 299rentingi 299

reparacia 300reparacia 300reparacia 300reparacia 300reparacia 300

reporti 300reporti 300reporti 300reporti 300reporti 300

reprivatizacia 300reprivatizacia 300reprivatizacia 300reprivatizacia 300reprivatizacia 300

restanti 300restanti 300restanti 300restanti 300restanti 300

restitucia 300restitucia 300restitucia 300restitucia 300restitucia 300

restriqcia 300restriqcia 300restriqcia 300restriqcia 300restriqcia 300

restruqturizacia 300restruqturizacia 300restruqturizacia 300restruqturizacia 300restruqturizacia 300

resursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvisresursebis wrebrunvis

modeli 301modeli 301modeli 301modeli 301modeli 301

retrata 301retrata 301retrata 301retrata 301retrata 301

refaqcia 301refaqcia 301refaqcia 301refaqcia 301refaqcia 301

referendumi 301referendumi 301referendumi 301referendumi 301referendumi 301

referencia 301referencia 301referencia 301referencia 301referencia 301

refinansireba 301refinansireba 301refinansireba 301refinansireba 301refinansireba 301

rrrrr

490

recepisa 301recepisa 301recepisa 301recepisa 301recepisa 301

recesia 301recesia 301recesia 301recesia 301recesia 301

rTuli procenti 302rTuli procenti 302rTuli procenti 302rTuli procenti 302rTuli procenti 302

rikardo devid 302rikardo devid 302rikardo devid 302rikardo devid 302rikardo devid 302

rikardo-baros Teore-rikardo-baros Teore-rikardo-baros Teore-rikardo-baros Teore-rikardo-baros Teore-

ma 303ma 303ma 303ma 303ma 303

robinsoni joanrobinsoni joanrobinsoni joanrobinsoni joanrobinsoni joan 303 303 303 303 303

rodi 303rodi 303rodi 303rodi 303rodi 303

roialti 303roialti 303roialti 303roialti 303roialti 303

roloveluri krediti 303roloveluri krediti 303roloveluri krediti 303roloveluri krediti 303roloveluri krediti 303

`̀̀̀̀romis klubi~ 304romis klubi~ 304romis klubi~ 304romis klubi~ 304romis klubi~ 304

rudi 304rudi 304rudi 304rudi 304rudi 304

ruzis efeqti 304ruzis efeqti 304ruzis efeqti 304ruzis efeqti 304ruzis efeqti 304

ruralizacia 304ruralizacia 304ruralizacia 304ruralizacia 304ruralizacia 304

rutinarutinarutinarutinarutina 304304304304304

sssss

saarsebo minimumi 305saarsebo minimumi 305saarsebo minimumi 305saarsebo minimumi 305saarsebo minimumi 305

saamortizacio anaricxebisaamortizacio anaricxebisaamortizacio anaricxebisaamortizacio anaricxebisaamortizacio anaricxebi

305305305305305

sabaziso punqti 305sabaziso punqti 305sabaziso punqti 305sabaziso punqti 305sabaziso punqti 305

sabaziso (amosavali)sabaziso (amosavali)sabaziso (amosavali)sabaziso (amosavali)sabaziso (amosavali)


sabazro ekonomika 306sabazro ekonomika 306sabazro ekonomika 306sabazro ekonomika 306sabazro ekonomika 306

sabazro infrastruqturasabazro infrastruqturasabazro infrastruqturasabazro infrastruqturasabazro infrastruqtura

308308308308308

sabazro momsaxureba 309sabazro momsaxureba 309sabazro momsaxureba 309sabazro momsaxureba 309sabazro momsaxureba 309

sabazro fasi 310sabazro fasi 310sabazro fasi 310sabazro fasi 310sabazro fasi 310

sabalanso angariSi 310sabalanso angariSi 310sabalanso angariSi 310sabalanso angariSi 310sabalanso angariSi 310

sabalanso mogeba 310sabalanso mogeba 310sabalanso mogeba 310sabalanso mogeba 310sabalanso mogeba 310

sabalanso Rirebuleba 310sabalanso Rirebuleba 310sabalanso Rirebuleba 310sabalanso Rirebuleba 310sabalanso Rirebuleba 310

sabanko aqcepti 310sabanko aqcepti 310sabanko aqcepti 310sabanko aqcepti 310sabanko aqcepti 310

sabanko krediti 310sabanko krediti 310sabanko krediti 310sabanko krediti 310sabanko krediti 310

sabanko likviduri saxs-sabanko likviduri saxs-sabanko likviduri saxs-sabanko likviduri saxs-sabanko likviduri saxs-


sabanko rezervebi 311sabanko rezervebi 311sabanko rezervebi 311sabanko rezervebi 311sabanko rezervebi 311

sabanko sesxi 311sabanko sesxi 311sabanko sesxi 311sabanko sesxi 311sabanko sesxi 311

sabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobissabaJo TanamSromlobis

sabWo 311sabWo 311sabWo 311sabWo 311sabWo 311

sabaJo kavSiri 311sabaJo kavSiri 311sabaJo kavSiri 311sabaJo kavSiri 311sabaJo kavSiri 311

sabiTumo vaWroba 311sabiTumo vaWroba 311sabiTumo vaWroba 311sabiTumo vaWroba 311sabiTumo vaWroba 311

sabiTumo fasi 312sabiTumo fasi 312sabiTumo fasi 312sabiTumo fasi 312sabiTumo fasi 312

sabirJo saqoneli 312sabirJo saqoneli 312sabirJo saqoneli 312sabirJo saqoneli 312sabirJo saqoneli 312

sabiujeto-sagadasaxadosabiujeto-sagadasaxadosabiujeto-sagadasaxadosabiujeto-sagadasaxadosabiujeto-sagadasaxado

politika 312politika 312politika 312politika 312politika 312


mi 312mi 312mi 312mi 312mi 312

sabiujeto federalizmissabiujeto federalizmissabiujeto federalizmissabiujeto federalizmissabiujeto federalizmis

modelebi 312modelebi 312modelebi 312modelebi 312modelebi 312

sablanko indosamenti 313sablanko indosamenti 313sablanko indosamenti 313sablanko indosamenti 313sablanko indosamenti 313

saboloo moxmareba 313saboloo moxmareba 313saboloo moxmareba 313saboloo moxmareba 313saboloo moxmareba 313

saboloo produqti 313saboloo produqti 313saboloo produqti 313saboloo produqti 313saboloo produqti 313

sabrokero firma 313sabrokero firma 313sabrokero firma 313sabrokero firma 313sabrokero firma 313

sabrunavi kapitali 313sabrunavi kapitali 313sabrunavi kapitali 313sabrunavi kapitali 313sabrunavi kapitali 313

sagadasaxado ganakve-sagadasaxado ganakve-sagadasaxado ganakve-sagadasaxado ganakve-sagadasaxado ganakve-

Ti 313Ti 313Ti 313Ti 313Ti 313

sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-sagadasaxado Semosava-

li 313li 313li 313li 313li 313

sagsagsagsagsagadasaxdelo balan-adasaxdelo balan-adasaxdelo balan-adasaxdelo balan-adasaxdelo balan-

si 313si 313si 313si 313si 313


aqtiuri saldo 314aqtiuri saldo 314aqtiuri saldo 314aqtiuri saldo 314aqtiuri saldo 314


pasiuri saldopasiuri saldopasiuri saldopasiuri saldopasiuri saldo

(savaWro balansis(savaWro balansis(savaWro balansis(savaWro balansis(savaWro balansis

sssss

491

deficiti) 315deficiti) 315deficiti) 315deficiti) 315deficiti) 315

sagareo vali 315sagareo vali 315sagareo vali 315sagareo vali 315sagareo vali 315

sagareo vaWroba 315sagareo vaWroba 315sagareo vaWroba 315sagareo vaWroba 315sagareo vaWroba 315

sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-sagareo vaWrobis balan-

si 315si 315si 315si 315si 315

sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-sagareo vaWrobis ekono-

mikuri efeqti 316mikuri efeqti 316mikuri efeqti 316mikuri efeqti 316mikuri efeqti 316

sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-sagareo vaWrobis poli-


sagiravno furceli 316sagiravno furceli 316sagiravno furceli 316sagiravno furceli 316sagiravno furceli 316

sadazRvevo kompania 316sadazRvevo kompania 316sadazRvevo kompania 316sadazRvevo kompania 316sadazRvevo kompania 316

sadepozito sertifika-sadepozito sertifika-sadepozito sertifika-sadepozito sertifika-sadepozito sertifika-

ti 317ti 317ti 317ti 317ti 317

saemisio banki 318saemisio banki 318saemisio banki 318saemisio banki 318saemisio banki 318

saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-saerTaSoriso angariS-

sworebis banki 318sworebis banki 318sworebis banki 318sworebis banki 318sworebis banki 318

saerTaSoriso ekonomi-saerTaSoriso ekonomi-saerTaSoriso ekonomi-saerTaSoriso ekonomi-saerTaSoriso ekonomi-

kuri urTierTobebi 318kuri urTierTobebi 318kuri urTierTobebi 318kuri urTierTobebi 318kuri urTierTobebi 318

saerTaSoriso vaWroba 318saerTaSoriso vaWroba 318saerTaSoriso vaWroba 318saerTaSoriso vaWroba 318saerTaSoriso vaWroba 318

saerTaSoriso krediti 318saerTaSoriso krediti 318saerTaSoriso krediti 318saerTaSoriso krediti 318saerTaSoriso krediti 318

saerTaSoriso savalutosaerTaSoriso savalutosaerTaSoriso savalutosaerTaSoriso savalutosaerTaSoriso savaluto

fondi fondi fondi fondi fondi (ssf) 318 318 318 318 318

saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-saerTaSoriso sagadasax-

delo sistema 320delo sistema 320delo sistema 320delo sistema 320delo sistema 320

saerTaSoriso finansurisaerTaSoriso finansurisaerTaSoriso finansurisaerTaSoriso finansurisaerTaSoriso finansuri

korporacia 320korporacia 320korporacia 320korporacia 320korporacia 320

`saerTo bazari~ 320`saerTo bazari~ 320`saerTo bazari~ 320`saerTo bazari~ 320`saerTo bazari~ 320

saeqsporto krediti 320saeqsporto krediti 320saeqsporto krediti 320saeqsporto krediti 320saeqsporto krediti 320

saeqsporto lizingi 320saeqsporto lizingi 320saeqsporto lizingi 320saeqsporto lizingi 320saeqsporto lizingi 320

savaldebulo rezervebissavaldebulo rezervebissavaldebulo rezervebissavaldebulo rezervebissavaldebulo rezervebis

norma norma norma norma norma (srn) 321 321 321 321 321

savaldebulo socialurisavaldebulo socialurisavaldebulo socialurisavaldebulo socialurisavaldebulo socialuri

dazRveva 321dazRveva 321dazRveva 321dazRveva 321dazRveva 321

savaluto anazRaure-savaluto anazRaure-savaluto anazRaure-savaluto anazRaure-savaluto anazRaure-

ba 321ba 321ba 321ba 321ba 321

savaluto arbitraJi 321savaluto arbitraJi 321savaluto arbitraJi 321savaluto arbitraJi 321savaluto arbitraJi 321

savaluto dempingi 321savaluto dempingi 321savaluto dempingi 321savaluto dempingi 321savaluto dempingi 321

savaluto intervencia 321savaluto intervencia 321savaluto intervencia 321savaluto intervencia 321savaluto intervencia 321

savaluto kliringi 321savaluto kliringi 321savaluto kliringi 321savaluto kliringi 321savaluto kliringi 321

savaluto kontroli 322savaluto kontroli 322savaluto kontroli 322savaluto kontroli 322savaluto kontroli 322

savaluto krediti 322savaluto krediti 322savaluto krediti 322savaluto krediti 322savaluto krediti 322

savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-savaluto operacia `svo-

pi~ 322pi~ 322pi~ 322pi~ 322pi~ 322

savaluto pozicia 322savaluto pozicia 322savaluto pozicia 322savaluto pozicia 322savaluto pozicia 322

savaluto rezervi 322savaluto rezervi 322savaluto rezervi 322savaluto rezervi 322savaluto rezervi 322

savaluto riski 323savaluto riski 323savaluto riski 323savaluto riski 323savaluto riski 323

savaluto salaro 323savaluto salaro 323savaluto salaro 323savaluto salaro 323savaluto salaro 323

savaluto sistema 323savaluto sistema 323savaluto sistema 323savaluto sistema 323savaluto sistema 323

savaluto spekulacia 323savaluto spekulacia 323savaluto spekulacia 323savaluto spekulacia 323savaluto spekulacia 323

savaluto fari 323savaluto fari 323savaluto fari 323savaluto fari 323savaluto fari 323

savaluto SezRudva 324savaluto SezRudva 324savaluto SezRudva 324savaluto SezRudva 324savaluto SezRudva 324

savaluto Sesworeba 325savaluto Sesworeba 325savaluto Sesworeba 325savaluto Sesworeba 325savaluto Sesworeba 325

savaWro balansi 325savaWro balansi 325savaWro balansi 325savaWro balansi 325savaWro balansi 325

savaWro balansis dadebi-savaWro balansis dadebi-savaWro balansis dadebi-savaWro balansis dadebi-savaWro balansis dadebi-

Ti saldo 325Ti saldo 325Ti saldo 325Ti saldo 325Ti saldo 325

savaWro balansis defici-savaWro balansis defici-savaWro balansis defici-savaWro balansis defici-savaWro balansis defici-

ti 325ti 325ti 325ti 325ti 325

savaWro barieri 325savaWro barieri 325savaWro barieri 325savaWro barieri 325savaWro barieri 325

savaWro marka 325savaWro marka 325savaWro marka 325savaWro marka 325savaWro marka 325

savaWro saxli 326savaWro saxli 326savaWro saxli 326savaWro saxli 326savaWro saxli 326

sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-sazogadoebrivi danazo-

gi 326gi 326gi 326gi 326gi 326

sazogadoebrivi mecniere-sazogadoebrivi mecniere-sazogadoebrivi mecniere-sazogadoebrivi mecniere-sazogadoebrivi mecniere-

bebi 326bebi 326bebi 326bebi 326bebi 326

sazogadoebrivi optimu-sazogadoebrivi optimu-sazogadoebrivi optimu-sazogadoebrivi optimu-sazogadoebrivi optimu-

mi 326mi 326mi 326mi 326mi 326

492

sazogadoebrivi sargeblo-sazogadoebrivi sargeblo-sazogadoebrivi sargeblo-sazogadoebrivi sargeblo-sazogadoebrivi sargeblo-

ba ganaTlebisgan 327ba ganaTlebisgan 327ba ganaTlebisgan 327ba ganaTlebisgan 327ba ganaTlebisgan 327

sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-sazogadoebrivi saqone-

li 327li 327li 327li 327li 327


ri 329ri 329ri 329ri 329ri 329

sazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtoris

ekonomika 329ekonomika 329ekonomika 329ekonomika 329ekonomika 329

sazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtorissazogadoebrivi seqtoris

ekonomikis mkvlevarTaekonomikis mkvlevarTaekonomikis mkvlevarTaekonomikis mkvlevarTaekonomikis mkvlevarTa

asociacia 333asociacia 333asociacia 333asociacia 333asociacia 333

sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-sazomTa metruli siste-

ma 334ma 334ma 334ma 334ma 334

saTavo kompania 334saTavo kompania 334saTavo kompania 334saTavo kompania 334saTavo kompania 334

saTamaSo biznesi 334saTamaSo biznesi 334saTamaSo biznesi 334saTamaSo biznesi 334saTamaSo biznesi 334

saimporto inflacia 334saimporto inflacia 334saimporto inflacia 334saimporto inflacia 334saimporto inflacia 334

sainvesticio banki 334sainvesticio banki 334sainvesticio banki 334sainvesticio banki 334sainvesticio banki 334

sainvesticio kapita-sainvesticio kapita-sainvesticio kapita-sainvesticio kapita-sainvesticio kapita-

li 334li 334li 334li 334li 334

sainovacio banki 334sainovacio banki 334sainovacio banki 334sainovacio banki 334sainovacio banki 334


giebi 334giebi 334giebi 334giebi 334giebi 334


giebis dargis Rirebu-giebis dargis Rirebu-giebis dargis Rirebu-giebis dargis Rirebu-giebis dargis Rirebu-

lebaTa jaWvi 336lebaTa jaWvi 336lebaTa jaWvi 336lebaTa jaWvi 336lebaTa jaWvi 336

sakvanZo kompetenturobissakvanZo kompetenturobissakvanZo kompetenturobissakvanZo kompetenturobissakvanZo kompetenturobis


sakampensacio garigeba 338sakampensacio garigeba 338sakampensacio garigeba 338sakampensacio garigeba 338sakampensacio garigeba 338

sakredito baraTi 338sakredito baraTi 338sakredito baraTi 338sakredito baraTi 338sakredito baraTi 338

sakredito fuli 338sakredito fuli 338sakredito fuli 338sakredito fuli 338sakredito fuli 338

sakuTreba 338sakuTreba 338sakuTreba 338sakuTreba 338sakuTreba 338

sakuTrebis ufleba 339sakuTrebis ufleba 339sakuTrebis ufleba 339sakuTrebis ufleba 339sakuTrebis ufleba 339

sakuTrebis uflebissakuTrebis uflebissakuTrebis uflebissakuTrebis uflebissakuTrebis uflebis

dacva 339dacva 339dacva 339dacva 339dacva 339

saldo 339saldo 339saldo 339saldo 339saldo 339

salicenzio sistema 340salicenzio sistema 340salicenzio sistema 340salicenzio sistema 340salicenzio sistema 340

samecniero-teqnikuri Ta-samecniero-teqnikuri Ta-samecniero-teqnikuri Ta-samecniero-teqnikuri Ta-samecniero-teqnikuri Ta-

namSromloba 340namSromloba 340namSromloba 340namSromloba 340namSromloba 340

samecniero-teqnikurisamecniero-teqnikurisamecniero-teqnikurisamecniero-teqnikurisamecniero-teqnikuri

progresi 340progresi 340progresi 340progresi 340progresi 340

samTomopovebiTi mrewve-samTomopovebiTi mrewve-samTomopovebiTi mrewve-samTomopovebiTi mrewve-samTomopovebiTi mrewve-

loba 340loba 340loba 340loba 340loba 340

samisamarTo sia 340samisamarTo sia 340samisamarTo sia 340samisamarTo sia 340samisamarTo sia 340

samomxmareblo kalaTa 340samomxmareblo kalaTa 340samomxmareblo kalaTa 340samomxmareblo kalaTa 340samomxmareblo kalaTa 340

samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-samomxmareblo kredi-

ti 341ti 341ti 341ti 341ti 341

samomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebissamomxmareblo fasebis


samomxmareblo xarjebi 341samomxmareblo xarjebi 341samomxmareblo xarjebi 341samomxmareblo xarjebi 341samomxmareblo xarjebi 341

samoqalaqo sazogadoe-samoqalaqo sazogadoe-samoqalaqo sazogadoe-samoqalaqo sazogadoe-samoqalaqo sazogadoe-

ba 341ba 341ba 341ba 341ba 341

samrewvelo cikli 343samrewvelo cikli 343samrewvelo cikli 343samrewvelo cikli 343samrewvelo cikli 343

samsamsamsamsamuelsoni pol entoni 343uelsoni pol entoni 343uelsoni pol entoni 343uelsoni pol entoni 343uelsoni pol entoni 343

samuSao dro 345samuSao dro 345samuSao dro 345samuSao dro 345samuSao dro 345


mTliani raodenoba 345mTliani raodenoba 345mTliani raodenoba 345mTliani raodenoba 345mTliani raodenoba 345


saSualo raodenoba 345saSualo raodenoba 345saSualo raodenoba 345saSualo raodenoba 345saSualo raodenoba 345

samuSao Zala 345samuSao Zala 345samuSao Zala 345samuSao Zala 345samuSao Zala 345

samuSao Zalis wilisamuSao Zalis wilisamuSao Zalis wilisamuSao Zalis wilisamuSao Zalis wili

(maCvenebeli) 345(maCvenebeli) 345(maCvenebeli) 345(maCvenebeli) 345(maCvenebeli) 345

sanacia 346sanacia 346sanacia 346sanacia 346sanacia 346

sanqcia 346sanqcia 346sanqcia 346sanqcia 346sanqcia 346

saprivatizacio Ceki 346saprivatizacio Ceki 346saprivatizacio Ceki 346saprivatizacio Ceki 346saprivatizacio Ceki 346

sargeblianobis Teoria 346sargeblianobis Teoria 346sargeblianobis Teoria 346sargeblianobis Teoria 346sargeblianobis Teoria 346

sarezervo valuta 347sarezervo valuta 347sarezervo valuta 347sarezervo valuta 347sarezervo valuta 347

493

sarezervo norma 347sarezervo norma 347sarezervo norma 347sarezervo norma 347sarezervo norma 347

sareklamo saagento 347sareklamo saagento 347sareklamo saagento 347sareklamo saagento 347sareklamo saagento 347

sarisko kapitali 347sarisko kapitali 347sarisko kapitali 347sarisko kapitali 347sarisko kapitali 347

sasaqonlo niSani 348sasaqonlo niSani 348sasaqonlo niSani 348sasaqonlo niSani 348sasaqonlo niSani 348

sasaqonlo-materialurisasaqonlo-materialurisasaqonlo-materialurisasaqonlo-materialurisasaqonlo-materialuri

maragi 348maragi 348maragi 348maragi 348maragi 348

sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-sasesxo kapitalis baza-

ri 348ri 348ri 348ri 348ri 348

sasoflo dasaxleba 348sasoflo dasaxleba 348sasoflo dasaxleba 348sasoflo dasaxleba 348sasoflo dasaxleba 348

sasoflo-sameurneo la-sasoflo-sameurneo la-sasoflo-sameurneo la-sasoflo-sameurneo la-sasoflo-sameurneo la-

gi 349gi 349gi 349gi 349gi 349

satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-satransporto danaxar-

jebi 349jebi 349jebi 349jebi 349jebi 349

satransporto tvirTbara-satransporto tvirTbara-satransporto tvirTbara-satransporto tvirTbara-satransporto tvirTbara-

Ti 349Ti 349Ti 349Ti 349Ti 349

sauravi 349sauravi 349sauravi 349sauravi 349sauravi 349

safaqturo fasi 349safaqturo fasi 349safaqturo fasi 349safaqturo fasi 349safaqturo fasi 349

safirmo marka 349safirmo marka 349safirmo marka 349safirmo marka 349safirmo marka 349

safondo birJa 349safondo birJa 349safondo birJa 349safondo birJa 349safondo birJa 349

safraxto bazari 351safraxto bazari 351safraxto bazari 351safraxto bazari 351safraxto bazari 351

safraxto ganakveTi 351safraxto ganakveTi 351safraxto ganakveTi 351safraxto ganakveTi 351safraxto ganakveTi 351

safrontingo kompania 351safrontingo kompania 351safrontingo kompania 351safrontingo kompania 351safrontingo kompania 351

saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-saqmiani aqtiurobis cik-

li 351li 351li 351li 351li 351

saqmiani TamaSi 351saqmiani TamaSi 351saqmiani TamaSi 351saqmiani TamaSi 351saqmiani TamaSi 351

saqoneli 351saqoneli 351saqoneli 351saqoneli 351saqoneli 351

mdare saqoneli 228228228228228

normaluri saqoneli 267267267267267

fizikuri saqoneli 399399399399399

Semavsebeli saqoneli 427427427427427

Semcvleli saqoneli 399399399399399

saqonlis bazari 351saqonlis bazari 351saqonlis bazari 351saqonlis bazari 351saqonlis bazari 351

saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-saqonlis bazrebis gax-

sniloba 352sniloba 352sniloba 352sniloba 352sniloba 352

saqonlis birJa 352saqonlis birJa 352saqonlis birJa 352saqonlis birJa 352saqonlis birJa 352

saqonlis miwodebis saba-saqonlis miwodebis saba-saqonlis miwodebis saba-saqonlis miwodebis saba-saqonlis miwodebis saba-

ziso pirobebi 354ziso pirobebi 354ziso pirobebi 354ziso pirobebi 354ziso pirobebi 354

saqonlis xarisxi 354saqonlis xarisxi 354saqonlis xarisxi 354saqonlis xarisxi 354saqonlis xarisxi 354

saqonlis Strixuli ko-saqonlis Strixuli ko-saqonlis Strixuli ko-saqonlis Strixuli ko-saqonlis Strixuli ko-

di 354di 354di 354di 354di 354

saqonlisa da momsaxureb-saqonlisa da momsaxureb-saqonlisa da momsaxureb-saqonlisa da momsaxureb-saqonlisa da momsaxureb-

is balansi 354is balansi 354is balansi 354is balansi 354is balansi 354

sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-sayovelTao wonasworo-

ba 354ba 354ba 354ba 354ba 354

saSemosavlo gadasaxa-saSemosavlo gadasaxa-saSemosavlo gadasaxa-saSemosavlo gadasaxa-saSemosavlo gadasaxa-

di 355di 355di 355di 355di 355

saSualo danaxarji 355saSualo danaxarji 355saSualo danaxarji 355saSualo danaxarji 355saSualo danaxarji 355

saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-saSualovadiani obli-

gacia 355gacia 355gacia 355gacia 355gacia 355

sacalo vaWroba 355sacalo vaWroba 355sacalo vaWroba 355sacalo vaWroba 355sacalo vaWroba 355

sacalo fasi 355sacalo fasi 355sacalo fasi 355sacalo fasi 355sacalo fasi 355

sacnobaro fasi 356sacnobaro fasi 356sacnobaro fasi 356sacnobaro fasi 356sacnobaro fasi 356

sawarmo 356sawarmo 356sawarmo 356sawarmo 356sawarmo 356

sawarmoo Zalebi 356sawarmoo Zalebi 356sawarmoo Zalebi 356sawarmoo Zalebi 356sawarmoo Zalebi 356

sawesdebo kapitali 356sawesdebo kapitali 356sawesdebo kapitali 356sawesdebo kapitali 356sawesdebo kapitali 356

saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-saxazino valdebulebe-

bi 357bi 357bi 357bi 357bi 357

saxazino obligacia 357saxazino obligacia 357saxazino obligacia 357saxazino obligacia 357saxazino obligacia 357

saxelmwifo biujeti 357saxelmwifo biujeti 357saxelmwifo biujeti 357saxelmwifo biujeti 357saxelmwifo biujeti 357

saxelmwifo dakveTa 358saxelmwifo dakveTa 358saxelmwifo dakveTa 358saxelmwifo dakveTa 358saxelmwifo dakveTa 358

saxelmwifo vali 358saxelmwifo vali 358saxelmwifo vali 358saxelmwifo vali 358saxelmwifo vali 358

saxelmwifo moxmareba 358saxelmwifo moxmareba 358saxelmwifo moxmareba 358saxelmwifo moxmareba 358saxelmwifo moxmareba 358

saxelmwifo obligacia 358saxelmwifo obligacia 358saxelmwifo obligacia 358saxelmwifo obligacia 358saxelmwifo obligacia 358

saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-saxelmwifo regulire-

ba 359ba 359ba 359ba 359ba 359

saxelmwifo sagadasaxadosaxelmwifo sagadasaxadosaxelmwifo sagadasaxadosaxelmwifo sagadasaxadosaxelmwifo sagadasaxado

494

valdebuleba 359valdebuleba 359valdebuleba 359valdebuleba 359valdebuleba 359

saxelmwifo finansebi 359saxelmwifo finansebi 359saxelmwifo finansebi 359saxelmwifo finansebi 359saxelmwifo finansebi 359

saxelmwifo Sesyidva 359saxelmwifo Sesyidva 359saxelmwifo Sesyidva 359saxelmwifo Sesyidva 359saxelmwifo Sesyidva 359

saxelmwifos ekonomikurisaxelmwifos ekonomikurisaxelmwifos ekonomikurisaxelmwifos ekonomikurisaxelmwifos ekonomikuri

funqciebi 359funqciebi 359funqciebi 359funqciebi 359funqciebi 359

saxelmwifos likvidurisaxelmwifos likvidurisaxelmwifos likvidurisaxelmwifos likvidurisaxelmwifos likviduri

saxsrebi 360saxsrebi 360saxsrebi 360saxsrebi 360saxsrebi 360

saxelmwifos fiasko 360saxelmwifos fiasko 360saxelmwifos fiasko 360saxelmwifos fiasko 360saxelmwifos fiasko 360

saxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavalisaxelmwifos Semosavali

fulis beWdvisgan 360fulis beWdvisgan 360fulis beWdvisgan 360fulis beWdvisgan 360fulis beWdvisgan 360

saxelobiTi aqcia 360saxelobiTi aqcia 360saxelobiTi aqcia 360saxelobiTi aqcia 360saxelobiTi aqcia 360

sekvestri 361sekvestri 361sekvestri 361sekvestri 361sekvestri 361

senioraJi 361senioraJi 361senioraJi 361senioraJi 361senioraJi 361

servituti 361servituti 361servituti 361servituti 361servituti 361

sertifikati 361sertifikati 361sertifikati 361sertifikati 361sertifikati 361

sertifikacia 362sertifikacia 362sertifikacia 362sertifikacia 362sertifikacia 362

sesxi 362sesxi 362sesxi 362sesxi 362sesxi 362

sesxebis repatriacia 363sesxebis repatriacia 363sesxebis repatriacia 363sesxebis repatriacia 363sesxebis repatriacia 363

seqtoruli ekonomika 363seqtoruli ekonomika 363seqtoruli ekonomika 363seqtoruli ekonomika 363seqtoruli ekonomika 363

svifti 363svifti 363svifti 363svifti 363svifti 363

svopi 363svopi 363svopi 363svopi 363svopi 363

svopingi 363svopingi 363svopingi 363svopingi 363svopingi 363

sivrcobrivi koncentraci-sivrcobrivi koncentraci-sivrcobrivi koncentraci-sivrcobrivi koncentraci-sivrcobrivi koncentraci-

is koeficienti 363is koeficienti 363is koeficienti 363is koeficienti 363is koeficienti 363

silagaZe avTandili 364silagaZe avTandili 364silagaZe avTandili 364silagaZe avTandili 364silagaZe avTandili 364

simdidre 366simdidre 366simdidre 366simdidre 366simdidre 366

simwifis etapi 366simwifis etapi 366simwifis etapi 366simwifis etapi 366simwifis etapi 366

sindikati 366sindikati 366sindikati 366sindikati 366sindikati 366

sinqromarketingi 366sinqromarketingi 366sinqromarketingi 366sinqromarketingi 366sinqromarketingi 366

siurveieri 366siurveieri 366siurveieri 366siurveieri 366siurveieri 366

sif-i 366sif-i 366sif-i 366sif-i 366sif-i 366

siRaribe 366siRaribe 366siRaribe 366siRaribe 366siRaribe 366

saRiribis zRvari 367saRiribis zRvari 367saRiribis zRvari 367saRiribis zRvari 367saRiribis zRvari 367

siRarsiRarsiRarsiRarsiRaribis kulturibis kulturibis kulturibis kulturibis kulturis hiis hiis hiis hiis hi po-po-po-po-po-

Teza 367Teza 367Teza 367Teza 367Teza 367

smiTi adam 367smiTi adam 367smiTi adam 367smiTi adam 367smiTi adam 367

skonto 369skonto 369skonto 369skonto 369skonto 369

smiTis Teorema 369smiTis Teorema 369smiTis Teorema 369smiTis Teorema 369smiTis Teorema 369

solou robert 369solou robert 369solou robert 369solou robert 369solou robert 369

soflis meurneoba 370soflis meurneoba 370soflis meurneoba 370soflis meurneoba 370soflis meurneoba 370

softizacia 370softizacia 370softizacia 370softizacia 370softizacia 370

socialuri dazRveva 370socialuri dazRveva 370socialuri dazRveva 370socialuri dazRveva 370socialuri dazRveva 370

socialuri diferenciaci-socialuri diferenciaci-socialuri diferenciaci-socialuri diferenciaci-socialuri diferenciaci-

is modelebi 370is modelebi 370is modelebi 370is modelebi 370is modelebi 370

socialuri indikatore-socialuri indikatore-socialuri indikatore-socialuri indikatore-socialuri indikatore-

bi 372bi 372bi 372bi 372bi 372

socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-socialuri momsaxure-

ba 372ba 372ba 372ba 372ba 372

socialuri stratifikaci-socialuri stratifikaci-socialuri stratifikaci-socialuri stratifikaci-socialuri stratifikaci-


spekulacia 373spekulacia 373spekulacia 373spekulacia 373spekulacia 373

spekulaciuri umuSevro-spekulaciuri umuSevro-spekulaciuri umuSevro-spekulaciuri umuSevro-spekulaciuri umuSevro-

ba 373ba 373ba 373ba 373ba 373

spensi maikl 374spensi maikl 374spensi maikl 374spensi maikl 374spensi maikl 374

specializacia 374specializacia 374specializacia 374specializacia 374specializacia 374

specializaciis koefici-specializaciis koefici-specializaciis koefici-specializaciis koefici-specializaciis koefici-

enti 374enti 374enti 374enti 374enti 374

spoti 375spoti 375spoti 375spoti 375spoti 375

spliti 375spliti 375spliti 375spliti 375spliti 375

spredi 375spredi 375spredi 375spredi 375spredi 375

sruli dasaqmeba 375sruli dasaqmeba 375sruli dasaqmeba 375sruli dasaqmeba 375sruli dasaqmeba 375

srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-srulyofili konkuren-


stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-stabilizaciis progra-

ma 376ma 376ma 376ma 376ma 376

495

stabilizaciuri politi-stabilizaciuri politi-stabilizaciuri politi-stabilizaciuri politi-stabilizaciuri politi-

ka 376ka 376ka 376ka 376ka 376

stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-stabilizaciuri funq-


stagnacia 377stagnacia 377stagnacia 377stagnacia 377stagnacia 377

stagflacia 377stagflacia 377stagflacia 377stagflacia 377stagflacia 377

standarti 377standarti 377standarti 377standarti 377standarti 377

statistika 377statistika 377statistika 377statistika 377statistika 377

sterlingi 377sterlingi 377sterlingi 377sterlingi 377sterlingi 377

stigleri jorj 377stigleri jorj 377stigleri jorj 377stigleri jorj 377stigleri jorj 377

stividori 378stividori 378stividori 378stividori 378stividori 378

stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-stividoruli danaxar-

ji 378ji 378ji 378ji 378ji 378

storno 378storno 378storno 378storno 378storno 378

struqturuli gardaqmneb-struqturuli gardaqmneb-struqturuli gardaqmneb-struqturuli gardaqmneb-struqturuli gardaqmneb-


struqturuli umuSevro-struqturuli umuSevro-struqturuli umuSevro-struqturuli umuSevro-struqturuli umuSevro-

ba 378ba 378ba 378ba 378ba 378

subarenda 378subarenda 378subarenda 378subarenda 378subarenda 378

subvencia 378subvencia 378subvencia 378subvencia 378subvencia 378

subsidia 378subsidia 378subsidia 378subsidia 378subsidia 378

suvereniteti 379suvereniteti 379suvereniteti 379suvereniteti 379suvereniteti 379

surogati 379surogati 379surogati 379surogati 379surogati 379

`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-`swrafi startis~ efeq-

ti 379ti 379ti 379ti 379ti 379

`sxva komunaluri, socia-`sxva komunaluri, socia-`sxva komunaluri, socia-`sxva komunaluri, socia-`sxva komunaluri, socia-

luri da `personaluriluri da `personaluriluri da `personaluriluri da `personaluriluri da `personaluri

momsaxureba~ 379momsaxureba~ 379momsaxureba~ 379momsaxureba~ 379momsaxureba~ 379

ttttt

taim-Siti 380taim-Siti 380taim-Siti 380taim-Siti 380taim-Siti 380

taim-Carteri 380taim-Carteri 380taim-Carteri 380taim-Carteri 380taim-Carteri 380

tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-tanzi-oliveras efeq-

ti 380ti 380ti 380ti 380ti 380

tara 380tara 380tara 380tara 380tara 380

tarifi 380tarifi 380tarifi 380tarifi 380tarifi 380

tarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobistarifebisa da vaWrobis

Sesaxeb generaluriSesaxeb generaluriSesaxeb generaluriSesaxeb generaluriSesaxeb generaluri

SeTanxmeba 380SeTanxmeba 380SeTanxmeba 380SeTanxmeba 380SeTanxmeba 380

mso 381mso 381mso 381mso 381mso 381

tezavracia 381tezavracia 381tezavracia 381tezavracia 381tezavracia 381

tenderi 381tenderi 381tenderi 381tenderi 381tenderi 381

teqnikuri progresi 381teqnikuri progresi 381teqnikuri progresi 381teqnikuri progresi 381teqnikuri progresi 381

teqnologiuri dualizmiteqnologiuri dualizmiteqnologiuri dualizmiteqnologiuri dualizmiteqnologiuri dualizmi

381381381381381

teqnologiuri umuSevro-teqnologiuri umuSevro-teqnologiuri umuSevro-teqnologiuri umuSevro-teqnologiuri umuSevro-

ba 381ba 381ba 381ba 381ba 381

teqnoparki 381teqnoparki 381teqnoparki 381teqnoparki 381teqnoparki 381

`tvinebis gadineba~ 382`tvinebis gadineba~ 382`tvinebis gadineba~ 382`tvinebis gadineba~ 382`tvinebis gadineba~ 382

todaros modeli 382todaros modeli 382todaros modeli 382todaros modeli 382todaros modeli 382

tradiciuli ekonomika 383tradiciuli ekonomika 383tradiciuli ekonomika 383tradiciuli ekonomika 383tradiciuli ekonomika 383

traibalizmi 383traibalizmi 383traibalizmi 383traibalizmi 383traibalizmi 383

tranziti 383tranziti 383tranziti 383tranziti 383tranziti 383

transaqcia 383transaqcia 383transaqcia 383transaqcia 383transaqcia 383

transaqciuli xarjebi 383transaqciuli xarjebi 383transaqciuli xarjebi 383transaqciuli xarjebi 383transaqciuli xarjebi 383

transdorti 383transdorti 383transdorti 383transdorti 383transdorti 383

transerovnuli (transna-transerovnuli (transna-transerovnuli (transna-transerovnuli (transna-transerovnuli (transna-

cionaluri) korpora-cionaluri) korpora-cionaluri) korpora-cionaluri) korpora-cionaluri) korpora-


translacia 384translacia 384translacia 384translacia 384translacia 384

transferi 384transferi 384transferi 384transferi 384transferi 384

transferuli fasi 384transferuli fasi 384transferuli fasi 384transferuli fasi 384transferuli fasi 384

transferuli Semosavle-transferuli Semosavle-transferuli Semosavle-transferuli Semosavle-transferuli Semosavle-

bi 384bi 384bi 384bi 384bi 384

trasanti 385trasanti 385trasanti 385trasanti 385trasanti 385

trasati 385trasati 385trasati 385trasati 385trasati 385

ttttt

496

universaluri fsiqolo-universaluri fsiqolo-universaluri fsiqolo-universaluri fsiqolo-universaluri fsiqolo-

giuri kanoni ekonomika-giuri kanoni ekonomika-giuri kanoni ekonomika-giuri kanoni ekonomika-giuri kanoni ekonomika-

Si 388Si 388Si 388Si 388Si 388

unitarizmi 388unitarizmi 388unitarizmi 388unitarizmi 388unitarizmi 388

unitaruli saxelmwifo 388unitaruli saxelmwifo 388unitaruli saxelmwifo 388unitaruli saxelmwifo 388unitaruli saxelmwifo 388

unifikacia 388unifikacia 388unifikacia 388unifikacia 388unifikacia 388

upatento licenzia 388upatento licenzia 388upatento licenzia 388upatento licenzia 388upatento licenzia 388

upiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebisupiratesobis miniWebis

likviduroba 389likviduroba 389likviduroba 389likviduroba 389likviduroba 389

urbanizacia 389urbanizacia 389urbanizacia 389urbanizacia 389urbanizacia 389

utilizacia 389utilizacia 389utilizacia 389utilizacia 389utilizacia 389

ucxouri valuta 389ucxouri valuta 389ucxouri valuta 389ucxouri valuta 389ucxouri valuta 389

ucxouri investicia 389ucxouri investicia 389ucxouri investicia 389ucxouri investicia 389ucxouri investicia 389

fffff

faruli (implicituri)faruli (implicituri)faruli (implicituri)faruli (implicituri)faruli (implicituri)


faruli ekonomika 390faruli ekonomika 390faruli ekonomika 390faruli ekonomika 390faruli ekonomika 390

faruli (CaxSobili)faruli (CaxSobili)faruli (CaxSobili)faruli (CaxSobili)faruli (CaxSobili)

inflacia 390inflacia 390inflacia 390inflacia 390inflacia 390

faruli umuSevroba 390faruli umuSevroba 390faruli umuSevroba 390faruli umuSevroba 390faruli umuSevroba 390

fasdakleba 390fasdakleba 390fasdakleba 390fasdakleba 390fasdakleba 390

fasebze kontroli 391fasebze kontroli 391fasebze kontroli 391fasebze kontroli 391fasebze kontroli 391

fasebis efeqti 391fasebis efeqti 391fasebis efeqti 391fasebis efeqti 391fasebis efeqti 391

fasebis indeqsi 391fasebis indeqsi 391fasebis indeqsi 391fasebis indeqsi 391fasebis indeqsi 391

fasebis koreqtireba 391fasebis koreqtireba 391fasebis koreqtireba 391fasebis koreqtireba 391fasebis koreqtireba 391

fasebis makrateli 391fasebis makrateli 391fasebis makrateli 391fasebis makrateli 391fasebis makrateli 391

`fasebis revolucia~ 391`fasebis revolucia~ 391`fasebis revolucia~ 391`fasebis revolucia~ 391`fasebis revolucia~ 391

fasebis saerTo done 392fasebis saerTo done 392fasebis saerTo done 392fasebis saerTo done 392fasebis saerTo done 392

fasze wanamati 392fasze wanamati 392fasze wanamati 392fasze wanamati 392fasze wanamati 392


administraciuli fasi 1313131313

trata 385trata 385trata 385trata 385trata 385

traqtati 385traqtati 385traqtati 385traqtati 385traqtati 385

traqtacia 385traqtacia 385traqtacia 385traqtacia 385traqtacia 385

treideri 385treideri 385treideri 385treideri 385treideri 385

tresti 385tresti 385tresti 385tresti 385tresti 385

turizmi 385turizmi 385turizmi 385turizmi 385turizmi 385

uuuuu

uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386uaryofiTi gadasaxadi 386

uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sem-uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sem-uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sem-uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sem-uaryofiTi efeqtebis Sem-

cirebis xarjebi 386cirebis xarjebi 386cirebis xarjebi 386cirebis xarjebi 386cirebis xarjebi 386

uaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlouaryofiTi saSemosavlo


ùbileTos~ problema 386ùbileTos~ problema 386ùbileTos~ problema 386ùbileTos~ problema 386ùbileTos~ problema 386

ukudempingi 386ukudempingi 386ukudempingi 386ukudempingi 386ukudempingi 386

umuSevroba 386umuSevroba 386umuSevroba 386umuSevroba 386umuSevroba 386

instituciuri umuSevroba

1 7 11 7 11 7 11 7 11 7 1

spekulaciuri umuSevroba

373373373373373

struqturuli umuSevroba

377377377377377

teqnologiuri umuSevroba

381381381381381

faruli umuSevroba 390390390390390

friqciuli umuSevroba 407407407407407

cikluri umuSevroba 445445445445445

CaxSobili umuSevroba 438438438438438




donis hidonis hidonis hidonis hidonis hi poTeza 387poTeza 387poTeza 387poTeza 387poTeza 387

umuSevrobis done 387umuSevrobis done 387umuSevrobis done 387umuSevrobis done 387umuSevrobis done 387

unaRdo angariSsworeba 388unaRdo angariSsworeba 388unaRdo angariSsworeba 388unaRdo angariSsworeba 388unaRdo angariSsworeba 388

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uuuuu

497

gedonistikuri fasi 6565656565

`damamSvidebeli~ fasi 8181818181

zRvruli maqsimaluri fa-

si 155155155155155

zRvruli minimaluri fa-

si 155155155155155

meryevi fasi 232232232232232

miznobrivi (saorientacio)

fasi 236236236236236

miwodebis fasi 240240240240240

moTxovnis fasi 241241241241241

moqnili fasi 248248248248248

msoflio fasi 252252252252252

mtkice fasi 253253253253253

mwarmoeblis fasi 259259259259259

nominaluri fasi 266266266266266

sabaziso (amosavali) fa-

si 305305305305305

sabazro fasi 310310310310310

sabiTumo fasi 312312312312312

safaqturo fasi 349349349349349

sacalo fasi 355355355355355

sacnobaro fasi 355355355355355

transferuli fasi 384384384384384

SevaWrebiTi fasi 426426426426426

wonasworobis fasi 451451451451451

fasi sagareo-savaWrofasi sagareo-savaWrofasi sagareo-savaWrofasi sagareo-savaWrofasi sagareo-savaWro

xelSekrulebebSi 392xelSekrulebebSi 392xelSekrulebebSi 392xelSekrulebebSi 392xelSekrulebebSi 392

fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-fasi Semdgomi fiqsaci-

iT 392iT 392iT 392iT 392iT 392

fas-i 393fas-i 393fas-i 393fas-i 393fas-i 393

fasiani qaRaldebi 393fasiani qaRaldebi 393fasiani qaRaldebi 393fasiani qaRaldebi 393fasiani qaRaldebi 393

fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-fasiani qaRaldebis da-

farva fiqsirebulifarva fiqsirebulifarva fiqsirebulifarva fiqsirebulifarva fiqsirebuli

vadiT 393vadiT 393vadiT 393vadiT 393vadiT 393

fasiani qaRaldebis arasa-fasiani qaRaldebis arasa-fasiani qaRaldebis arasa-fasiani qaRaldebis arasa-fasiani qaRaldebis arasa-

birJo bazari 393birJo bazari 393birJo bazari 393birJo bazari 393birJo bazari 393

fasiani qaRaldebis baza-fasiani qaRaldebis baza-fasiani qaRaldebis baza-fasiani qaRaldebis baza-fasiani qaRaldebis baza-

ri 393ri 393ri 393ri 393ri 393

fasiani qaRaldebis de-fasiani qaRaldebis de-fasiani qaRaldebis de-fasiani qaRaldebis de-fasiani qaRaldebis de-

pozitariumi 395pozitariumi 395pozitariumi 395pozitariumi 395pozitariumi 395

fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-fasiani qaRaldebis kur-

sis indeqsi 396sis indeqsi 396sis indeqsi 396sis indeqsi 396sis indeqsi 396

fasis (garigebis) valu-fasis (garigebis) valu-fasis (garigebis) valu-fasis (garigebis) valu-fasis (garigebis) valu-

ta 396ta 396ta 396ta 396ta 396

fasis efeqti 396fasis efeqti 396fasis efeqti 396fasis efeqti 396fasis efeqti 396

fasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebelifasis mawonasworebeli

funqcia 396funqcia 396funqcia 396funqcia 396funqcia 396

fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-fasismieri diskrimina-


faswarmoqmna 397faswarmoqmna 397faswarmoqmna 397faswarmoqmna 397faswarmoqmna 397

faqtoringi 397faqtoringi 397faqtoringi 397faqtoringi 397faqtoringi 397

faqtor-kompania 398faqtor-kompania 398faqtor-kompania 398faqtor-kompania 398faqtor-kompania 398

faqtoruli Semosava-faqtoruli Semosava-faqtoruli Semosava-faqtoruli Semosava-faqtoruli Semosava-

li 398li 398li 398li 398li 398

faqtura 398faqtura 398faqtura 398faqtura 398faqtura 398

fedefedefedefedefederaluri biujeti 398raluri biujeti 398raluri biujeti 398raluri biujeti 398raluri biujeti 398

federaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervofederaluri sarezervo


fermeruli meurneoba 398fermeruli meurneoba 398fermeruli meurneoba 398fermeruli meurneoba 398fermeruli meurneoba 398

fiducialuri fuli 399fiducialuri fuli 399fiducialuri fuli 399fiducialuri fuli 399fiducialuri fuli 399

fizikuri piri 399fizikuri piri 399fizikuri piri 399fizikuri piri 399fizikuri piri 399

fizikuri saqoneli 399fizikuri saqoneli 399fizikuri saqoneli 399fizikuri saqoneli 399fizikuri saqoneli 399

fiziokratizmi 399fiziokratizmi 399fiziokratizmi 399fiziokratizmi 399fiziokratizmi 399

filifilifilifilifili psis mrudi 399psis mrudi 399psis mrudi 399psis mrudi 399psis mrudi 399

finansebi 400finansebi 400finansebi 400finansebi 400finansebi 400

498

finansuri kapitali 400finansuri kapitali 400finansuri kapitali 400finansuri kapitali 400finansuri kapitali 400

finansuri lizingi 400finansuri lizingi 400finansuri lizingi 400finansuri lizingi 400finansuri lizingi 400

firma 400firma 400firma 400firma 400firma 400

firmis Teoria 400firmis Teoria 400firmis Teoria 400firmis Teoria 400firmis Teoria 400

firmis likviduri saxs-firmis likviduri saxs-firmis likviduri saxs-firmis likviduri saxs-firmis likviduri saxs-


fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401fiskaluri gadasaxadi 401

fiskaluri politika 401fiskaluri politika 401fiskaluri politika 401fiskaluri politika 401fiskaluri politika 401

fiuCeruli garigeba 401fiuCeruli garigeba 401fiuCeruli garigeba 401fiuCeruli garigeba 401fiuCeruli garigeba 401

fiqsireba 401fiqsireba 401fiqsireba 401fiqsireba 401fiqsireba 401

fiqsirebuli 401fiqsirebuli 401fiqsirebuli 401fiqsirebuli 401fiqsirebuli 401

fiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTifiqsirebuli gacvliTi

kursi 401kursi 401kursi 401kursi 401kursi 401

fiqciuri kapitali 401fiqciuri kapitali 401fiqciuri kapitali 401fiqciuri kapitali 401fiqciuri kapitali 401

fiSeri irving 401fiSeri irving 401fiSeri irving 401fiSeri irving 401fiSeri irving 401

fiSeris gantoleba 402fiSeris gantoleba 402fiSeris gantoleba 402fiSeris gantoleba 402fiSeris gantoleba 402

fiSeris efeqti 403fiSeris efeqti 403fiSeris efeqti 403fiSeris efeqti 403fiSeris efeqti 403

flobadi Semosavali 403flobadi Semosavali 403flobadi Semosavali 403flobadi Semosavali 403flobadi Semosavali 403

fob-i 403-i 403-i 403-i 403-i 403

forvardi 403forvardi 403forvardi 403forvardi 403forvardi 403

forvarduli bazari 403forvarduli bazari 403forvarduli bazari 403forvarduli bazari 403forvarduli bazari 403

forvarduli valutisforvarduli valutisforvarduli valutisforvarduli valutisforvarduli valutis

bazari 403bazari 403bazari 403bazari 403bazari 403

forfeitingi 403forfeitingi 403forfeitingi 403forfeitingi 403forfeitingi 403

forfeitori 403forfeitori 403forfeitori 403forfeitori 403forfeitori 403

franko 403franko 403franko 403franko 403franko 403

franSiza 404franSiza 404franSiza 404franSiza 404franSiza 404

franCaizeri 404franCaizeri 404franCaizeri 404franCaizeri 404franCaizeri 404

franCaizingi 404franCaizingi 404franCaizingi 404franCaizingi 404franCaizingi 404

fraxti 404fraxti 404fraxti 404fraxti 404fraxti 404

fridmeni milTon 405fridmeni milTon 405fridmeni milTon 405fridmeni milTon 405fridmeni milTon 405

`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-`friraideris~ proble-

ma 406ma 406ma 406ma 406ma 406

fritrederoba 406fritrederoba 406fritrederoba 406fritrederoba 406fritrederoba 406

friqciuli umuSevroba 40friqciuli umuSevroba 40friqciuli umuSevroba 40friqciuli umuSevroba 40friqciuli umuSevroba 4066666

friSi ragnar 407friSi ragnar 407friSi ragnar 407friSi ragnar 407friSi ragnar 407

fuladi agregati 407fuladi agregati 407fuladi agregati 407fuladi agregati 407fuladi agregati 407

fuladi baza 407fuladi baza 407fuladi baza 407fuladi baza 407fuladi baza 407

fuladi multifuladi multifuladi multifuladi multifuladi multi plikato-plikato-plikato-plikato-plikato-

ri 408ri 408ri 408ri 408ri 408

fuladi politika 408fuladi politika 408fuladi politika 408fuladi politika 408fuladi politika 408

fuladi reforma 408fuladi reforma 408fuladi reforma 408fuladi reforma 408fuladi reforma 408

fuladi sistema 408fuladi sistema 408fuladi sistema 408fuladi sistema 408fuladi sistema 408

fulad-sakredito poli-fulad-sakredito poli-fulad-sakredito poli-fulad-sakredito poli-fulad-sakredito poli-


fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-fulze erToblivi moTx-

ovna 409ovna 409ovna 409ovna 409ovna 409

fulze realuri moTxov-fulze realuri moTxov-fulze realuri moTxov-fulze realuri moTxov-fulze realuri moTxov-

na 409na 409na 409na 409na 409


sakredito fuli 338338338338338

`cxeli fuli~ 445445445445445

fuli 1 (M1) 409fuli 1 (M1) 409fuli 1 (M1) 409fuli 1 (M1) 409fuli 1 (M1) 409




fulisfulisfulisfulisfulis brunvis siCqare 410brunvis siCqare 410brunvis siCqare 410brunvis siCqare 410brunvis siCqare 410

fulisfulisfulisfulisfulis endogenuri miwo-endogenuri miwo-endogenuri miwo-endogenuri miwo-endogenuri miwo-

deba 410deba 410deba 410deba 410deba 410

fulisfulisfulisfulisfulis erToblivierToblivierToblivierToblivierToblivi miwode-miwode-miwode-miwode-miwode-

ba 410ba 410ba 410ba 410ba 410

fulis Teoriebi 410fulis Teoriebi 410fulis Teoriebi 410fulis Teoriebi 410fulis Teoriebi 410

fulisfulisfulisfulisfulis miwodebis reguli-miwodebis reguli-miwodebis reguli-miwodebis reguli-miwodebis reguli-

reba 416reba 416reba 416reba 416reba 416

fulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTifulis msyidvelobiTi

unari 416unari 416unari 416unari 416unari 416

499

fulisfulisfulisfulisfulis raodenobrivi Te-raodenobrivi Te-raodenobrivi Te-raodenobrivi Te-raodenobrivi Te-

oria 417oria 417oria 417oria 417oria 417

fulis funqciebi 418fulis funqciebi 418fulis funqciebi 418fulis funqciebi 418fulis funqciebi 418

fulis Rirebuleba 419fulis Rirebuleba 419fulis Rirebuleba 419fulis Rirebuleba 419fulis Rirebuleba 419

qqqqq

qaRaldis fuli 420qaRaldis fuli 420qaRaldis fuli 420qaRaldis fuli 420qaRaldis fuli 420

qoiava nikolozi 420qoiava nikolozi 420qoiava nikolozi 420qoiava nikolozi 420qoiava nikolozi 420

qoneba 420qoneba 420qoneba 420qoneba 420qoneba 420

qonebrivi ufleba 420qonebrivi ufleba 420qonebrivi ufleba 420qonebrivi ufleba 420qonebrivi ufleba 420

qouzis Teorema 420qouzis Teorema 420qouzis Teorema 420qouzis Teorema 420qouzis Teorema 420

`qreatiuli qseli~ 421`qreatiuli qseli~ 421`qreatiuli qseli~ 421`qreatiuli qseli~ 421`qreatiuli qseli~ 421

qrematistika 421qrematistika 421qrematistika 421qrematistika 421qrematistika 421

qronikuli inflacia 421qronikuli inflacia 421qronikuli inflacia 421qronikuli inflacia 421qronikuli inflacia 421

qsenofonti 421qsenofonti 421qsenofonti 421qsenofonti 421qsenofonti 421

RRRRR

Ria ekonomika 422Ria ekonomika 422Ria ekonomika 422Ria ekonomika 422Ria ekonomika 422

Ria vaWroba 422Ria vaWroba 422Ria vaWroba 422Ria vaWroba 422Ria vaWroba 422

Ria sazogadoeba 422Ria sazogadoeba 422Ria sazogadoeba 422Ria sazogadoeba 422Ria sazogadoeba 422


Rirebulebis paradoqsi 422Rirebulebis paradoqsi 422Rirebulebis paradoqsi 422Rirebulebis paradoqsi 422Rirebulebis paradoqsi 422

>>>>>

yadaRa 424yadaRa 424yadaRa 424yadaRa 424yadaRa 424

yairaTianoba 424yairaTianoba 424yairaTianoba 424yairaTianoba 424yairaTianoba 424

yidva-gayidvis kontraq-yidva-gayidvis kontraq-yidva-gayidvis kontraq-yidva-gayidvis kontraq-yidva-gayidvis kontraq-

ti 424ti 424ti 424ti 424ti 424

yvela saxis ekonomikuriyvela saxis ekonomikuriyvela saxis ekonomikuriyvela saxis ekonomikuriyvela saxis ekonomikuri

saqmianobis saerTaSori-saqmianobis saerTaSori-saqmianobis saerTaSori-saqmianobis saerTaSori-saqmianobis saerTaSori-

sososososo standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew- standartuli samrew-

velo klasifikacia 424velo klasifikacia 424velo klasifikacia 424velo klasifikacia 424velo klasifikacia 424

yidviTunarianoba 425yidviTunarianoba 425yidviTunarianoba 425yidviTunarianoba 425yidviTunarianoba 425

SSSSS

`Savi bazari~ 426`Savi bazari~ 426`Savi bazari~ 426`Savi bazari~ 426`Savi bazari~ 426

Sansi 426Sansi 426Sansi 426Sansi 426Sansi 426

SantaJi 426SantaJi 426SantaJi 426SantaJi 426SantaJi 426

Sedareba 426Sedareba 426Sedareba 426Sedareba 426Sedareba 426

SevaWrebiTi fasi 426SevaWrebiTi fasi 426SevaWrebiTi fasi 426SevaWrebiTi fasi 426SevaWrebiTi fasi 426

SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-SezRuduli pasuxismgeblo-

bisbisbisbisbis sazogadoeba (Sps) 426 sazogadoeba (Sps) 426 sazogadoeba (Sps) 426 sazogadoeba (Sps) 426 sazogadoeba (Sps) 426

Semavsebeli saqoneli 427Semavsebeli saqoneli 427Semavsebeli saqoneli 427Semavsebeli saqoneli 427Semavsebeli saqoneli 427

SemTxveviTi zarali 427SemTxveviTi zarali 427SemTxveviTi zarali 427SemTxveviTi zarali 427SemTxveviTi zarali 427

SemTxveviTi Semosavali 427SemTxveviTi Semosavali 427SemTxveviTi Semosavali 427SemTxveviTi Semosavali 427SemTxveviTi Semosavali 427

Semosavali 427Semosavali 427Semosavali 427Semosavali 427Semosavali 427

arasagadasaxado Semosava-

li 2626262626

emisiuri Semosavali 129129129129129

mTliani Semosavali 235235235235235

piradi Semosavali 284284284284284

realuri Semosavali 294294294294294

faqtoruli Semosavali 398398398398398

flobadi Semosavali 403403403403403

wminda Semosavali 451451451451451

Semosavali mosaxleobisSemosavali mosaxleobisSemosavali mosaxleobisSemosavali mosaxleobisSemosavali mosaxleobis

erT sulze 427erT sulze 427erT sulze 427erT sulze 427erT sulze 427

Semosavlebis da xarjebisSemosavlebis da xarjebisSemosavlebis da xarjebisSemosavlebis da xarjebisSemosavlebis da xarjebis

nusxa 427nusxa 427nusxa 427nusxa 427nusxa 427

Semosavlis efeqti 427Semosavlis efeqti 427Semosavlis efeqti 427Semosavlis efeqti 427Semosavlis efeqti 427

Semcvleli saqoneli 427Semcvleli saqoneli 427Semcvleli saqoneli 427Semcvleli saqoneli 427Semcvleli saqoneli 427

Sereuli ekonomika 427Sereuli ekonomika 427Sereuli ekonomika 427Sereuli ekonomika 427Sereuli ekonomika 427

Sereuli saqoneli 428Sereuli saqoneli 428Sereuli saqoneli 428Sereuli saqoneli 428Sereuli saqoneli 428

Sermanis kanoni 428Sermanis kanoni 428Sermanis kanoni 428Sermanis kanoni 428Sermanis kanoni 428

SefardebiTi mogeba 428SefardebiTi mogeba 428SefardebiTi mogeba 428SefardebiTi mogeba 428SefardebiTi mogeba 428

qqqqq

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SSSSS

500

SefardebiTi upirateso-SefardebiTi upirateso-SefardebiTi upirateso-SefardebiTi upirateso-SefardebiTi upirateso-

ba 428ba 428ba 428ba 428ba 428

SefardebiTi upiratesobisSefardebiTi upiratesobisSefardebiTi upiratesobisSefardebiTi upiratesobisSefardebiTi upiratesobis


Svilobili kompania 430Svilobili kompania 430Svilobili kompania 430Svilobili kompania 430Svilobili kompania 430

Sida eqsternaliebi 431Sida eqsternaliebi 431Sida eqsternaliebi 431Sida eqsternaliebi 431Sida eqsternaliebi 431

Sida lagi 431Sida lagi 431Sida lagi 431Sida lagi 431Sida lagi 431

Sida danaxarjebi 431Sida danaxarjebi 431Sida danaxarjebi 431Sida danaxarjebi 431Sida danaxarjebi 431

Sinakeri 431Sinakeri 431Sinakeri 431Sinakeri 431Sinakeri 431

Sinameurneoba 431Sinameurneoba 431Sinameurneoba 431Sinameurneoba 431Sinameurneoba 431

Sinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mierSinameurneobebis mier

sakuTari moxmarebi-sakuTari moxmarebi-sakuTari moxmarebi-sakuTari moxmarebi-sakuTari moxmarebi-

sTvis warmoebulisTvis warmoebulisTvis warmoebulisTvis warmoebulisTvis warmoebuli

produqcia da momsax-produqcia da momsax-produqcia da momsax-produqcia da momsax-produqcia da momsax-

ureba 432ureba 432ureba 432ureba 432ureba 432

SiSiSiSiSi pCandlerpCandlerpCandlerpCandlerpCandleri 432i 432i 432i 432i 432

`Sokuri Terapia~ 432`Sokuri Terapia~ 432`Sokuri Terapia~ 432`Sokuri Terapia~ 432`Sokuri Terapia~ 432

SromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi RirebulebisSromiTi Rirebulebis


Sromis bazari 433Sromis bazari 433Sromis bazari 433Sromis bazari 433Sromis bazari 433

Sromis birJa 434Sromis birJa 434Sromis birJa 434Sromis birJa 434Sromis birJa 434

Sromis danawileba 434Sromis danawileba 434Sromis danawileba 434Sromis danawileba 434Sromis danawileba 434

Sromis mwarmoebluro-Sromis mwarmoebluro-Sromis mwarmoebluro-Sromis mwarmoebluro-Sromis mwarmoebluro-

ba 434ba 434ba 434ba 434ba 434

Sromis saerTaSoriso da-Sromis saerTaSoriso da-Sromis saerTaSoriso da-Sromis saerTaSoriso da-Sromis saerTaSoriso da-

nawileba 434nawileba 434nawileba 434nawileba 434nawileba 434

Sromis saerTaSoriso or-Sromis saerTaSoriso or-Sromis saerTaSoriso or-Sromis saerTaSoriso or-Sromis saerTaSoriso or-

ganizacia 434ganizacia 434ganizacia 434ganizacia 434ganizacia 434

SromiTi resursebis bal-SromiTi resursebis bal-SromiTi resursebis bal-SromiTi resursebis bal-SromiTi resursebis bal-

ansi 435ansi 435ansi 435ansi 435ansi 435

Straikbrexeri 435Straikbrexeri 435Straikbrexeri 435Straikbrexeri 435Straikbrexeri 435

Strix-kodi 435Strix-kodi 435Strix-kodi 435Strix-kodi 435Strix-kodi 435

Sualeduri moxmareba 435Sualeduri moxmareba 435Sualeduri moxmareba 435Sualeduri moxmareba 435Sualeduri moxmareba 435

Sualeduri produqti 435Sualeduri produqti 435Sualeduri produqti 435Sualeduri produqti 435Sualeduri produqti 435

Sualeduri teqnologie-Sualeduri teqnologie-Sualeduri teqnologie-Sualeduri teqnologie-Sualeduri teqnologie-

bi 435bi 435bi 435bi 435bi 435

Suamavloba 436Suamavloba 436Suamavloba 436Suamavloba 436Suamavloba 436

Sumpeteri iozef 436Sumpeteri iozef 436Sumpeteri iozef 436Sumpeteri iozef 436Sumpeteri iozef 436

CCCCC

Caketili bazari 437Caketili bazari 437Caketili bazari 437Caketili bazari 437Caketili bazari 437

Caketili ekonomika 437Caketili ekonomika 437Caketili ekonomika 437Caketili ekonomika 437Caketili ekonomika 437

Canacvlebis efeqti 437Canacvlebis efeqti 437Canacvlebis efeqti 437Canacvlebis efeqti 437Canacvlebis efeqti 437

CantlaZe vasili 437CantlaZe vasili 437CantlaZe vasili 437CantlaZe vasili 437CantlaZe vasili 437

Carteri 437Carteri 437Carteri 437Carteri 437Carteri 437

Cartingi 437Cartingi 437Cartingi 437Cartingi 437Cartingi 437

CaSenebuli stabilizato-CaSenebuli stabilizato-CaSenebuli stabilizato-CaSenebuli stabilizato-CaSenebuli stabilizato-


`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba 438`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba 438`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba 438`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba 438`CaxSobili~ umuSevroba 438

Ceini 438Ceini 438Ceini 438Ceini 438Ceini 438

Ceki 438Ceki 438Ceki 438Ceki 438Ceki 438

Cemberlini edvard 438Cemberlini edvard 438Cemberlini edvard 438Cemberlini edvard 438Cemberlini edvard 438

Cerningi 438Cerningi 438Cerningi 438Cerningi 438Cerningi 438

Cveulebrivi aqcia 438Cveulebrivi aqcia 438Cveulebrivi aqcia 438Cveulebrivi aqcia 438Cveulebrivi aqcia 438

`Cikagos skola~ 439`Cikagos skola~ 439`Cikagos skola~ 439`Cikagos skola~ 439`Cikagos skola~ 439

`Cinuri gza~ 439`Cinuri gza~ 439`Cinuri gza~ 439`Cinuri gza~ 439`Cinuri gza~ 439

CiqaCiqaCiqaCiqaCiqava leo 440va leo 440va leo 440va leo 440va leo 440

Crdilovani ekonomika 442Crdilovani ekonomika 442Crdilovani ekonomika 442Crdilovani ekonomika 442Crdilovani ekonomika 442

ccccc

calmxrivi bazari 443calmxrivi bazari 443calmxrivi bazari 443calmxrivi bazari 443calmxrivi bazari 443

cedenti 443cedenti 443cedenti 443cedenti 443cedenti 443

cenzi 443cenzi 443cenzi 443cenzi 443cenzi 443

centneri 443centneri 443centneri 443centneri 443centneri 443

centralizacia 443centralizacia 443centralizacia 443centralizacia 443centralizacia 443

centralizmi 443centralizmi 443centralizmi 443centralizmi 443centralizmi 443

CCCCC

ccccc

501

centcentcentcentcentraluri banki 443raluri banki 443raluri banki 443raluri banki 443raluri banki 443

cvalebadi danaxarji 445cvalebadi danaxarji 445cvalebadi danaxarji 445cvalebadi danaxarji 445cvalebadi danaxarji 445

cikli 445cikli 445cikli 445cikli 445cikli 445

cikluri meryeobis ampli-cikluri meryeobis ampli-cikluri meryeobis ampli-cikluri meryeobis ampli-cikluri meryeobis ampli-

tuda 445tuda 445tuda 445tuda 445tuda 445

cikluri umuSevroba 445cikluri umuSevroba 445cikluri umuSevroba 445cikluri umuSevroba 445cikluri umuSevroba 445

`cxeli fuli~ 445`cxeli fuli~ 445`cxeli fuli~ 445`cxeli fuli~ 445`cxeli fuli~ 445

cxovrebis done 446cxovrebis done 446cxovrebis done 446cxovrebis done 446cxovrebis done 446

cxovrebis donis indeq-cxovrebis donis indeq-cxovrebis donis indeq-cxovrebis donis indeq-cxovrebis donis indeq-

si 446si 446si 446si 446si 446

cxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebiscxovrebis Rirebulebis


cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-cxovrebis indeqsis Rire-


ZZZZZ

`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-`Zviri fulis~ politi-

ka 447ka 447ka 447ka 447ka 447

ZiriTadi kapitali (natu-ZiriTadi kapitali (natu-ZiriTadi kapitali (natu-ZiriTadi kapitali (natu-ZiriTadi kapitali (natu-

ralur gamoxatuleba-ralur gamoxatuleba-ralur gamoxatuleba-ralur gamoxatuleba-ralur gamoxatuleba-

Si) 448Si) 448Si) 448Si) 448Si) 448

ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-ZiriTadi kapitali (Ri-

rebulebiTrebulebiTrebulebiTrebulebiTrebulebiT gamoxatule- gamoxatule- gamoxatule- gamoxatule- gamoxatule-

baSi) 448baSi) 448baSi) 448baSi) 448baSi) 448

ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-ZiriTadi kapitalis mox-

mareba 448mareba 448mareba 448mareba 448mareba 448

ZiriTadi momxmarebeli 448ZiriTadi momxmarebeli 448ZiriTadi momxmarebeli 448ZiriTadi momxmarebeli 448ZiriTadi momxmarebeli 448

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warmoeba 449warmoeba 449warmoeba 449warmoeba 449warmoeba 449

warmoebiTi urTierTobe-warmoebiTi urTierTobe-warmoebiTi urTierTobe-warmoebiTi urTierTobe-warmoebiTi urTierTobe-

bi 449bi 449bi 449bi 449bi 449

warmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebiswarmoebis danaxarjebis


warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-warmoebis dacemis udab-

lesi wertili 449lesi wertili 449lesi wertili 449lesi wertili 449lesi wertili 449

warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-warmoebis diversifika-


warmoebis specializaciawarmoebis specializaciawarmoebis specializaciawarmoebis specializaciawarmoebis specializacia

450450450450450

warmoebis faqtorebi 450warmoebis faqtorebi 450warmoebis faqtorebi 450warmoebis faqtorebi 450warmoebis faqtorebi 450

warmoebis faqtorTa baz-warmoebis faqtorTa baz-warmoebis faqtorTa baz-warmoebis faqtorTa baz-warmoebis faqtorTa baz-

rebis gaxsniloba 450rebis gaxsniloba 450rebis gaxsniloba 450rebis gaxsniloba 450rebis gaxsniloba 450

warmoebis wesi 450warmoebis wesi 450warmoebis wesi 450warmoebis wesi 450warmoebis wesi 450

warmoebrivi funqcia 450warmoebrivi funqcia 450warmoebrivi funqcia 450warmoebrivi funqcia 450warmoebrivi funqcia 450

wminda gadasaxadi 450wminda gadasaxadi 450wminda gadasaxadi 450wminda gadasaxadi 450wminda gadasaxadi 450

wminda diskontirebuliwminda diskontirebuliwminda diskontirebuliwminda diskontirebuliwminda diskontirebuli


wminda erovnuli danazo-wminda erovnuli danazo-wminda erovnuli danazo-wminda erovnuli danazo-wminda erovnuli danazo-

gi 450gi 450gi 450gi 450gi 450

wminda erovnuli produq-wminda erovnuli produq-wminda erovnuli produq-wminda erovnuli produq-wminda erovnuli produq-

ti 451ti 451ti 451ti 451ti 451

wminda erovnuli Semosa-wminda erovnuli Semosa-wminda erovnuli Semosa-wminda erovnuli Semosa-wminda erovnuli Semosa-

vali 451vali 451vali 451vali 451vali 451

wminda eqsporti 451wminda eqsporti 451wminda eqsporti 451wminda eqsporti 451wminda eqsporti 451

wminda investicia 451wminda investicia 451wminda investicia 451wminda investicia 451wminda investicia 451

wminda inkaso 451wminda inkaso 451wminda inkaso 451wminda inkaso 451wminda inkaso 451

wminda konkurencia 451wminda konkurencia 451wminda konkurencia 451wminda konkurencia 451wminda konkurencia 451

wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-wminda mimoqcevis dana-

xarji 451xarji 451xarji 451xarji 451xarji 451

wminda mogeba 451wminda mogeba 451wminda mogeba 451wminda mogeba 451wminda mogeba 451

wminda produqti 451wminda produqti 451wminda produqti 451wminda produqti 451wminda produqti 451

wminda Semosavali 451wminda Semosavali 451wminda Semosavali 451wminda Semosavali 451wminda Semosavali 451

wonasworobiswonasworobiswonasworobiswonasworobiswonasworobis fasi 451 fasi 451 fasi 451 fasi 451 fasi 451

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Warbi miwodeba 452Warbi miwodeba 452Warbi miwodeba 452Warbi miwodeba 452Warbi miwodeba 452

Warbi moTxovna 452Warbi moTxovna 452Warbi moTxovna 452Warbi moTxovna 452Warbi moTxovna 452

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502

Warbi rezervebi 452Warbi rezervebi 452Warbi rezervebi 452Warbi rezervebi 452Warbi rezervebi 452

Warbi sagadasaxado tvir-Warbi sagadasaxado tvir-Warbi sagadasaxado tvir-Warbi sagadasaxado tvir-Warbi sagadasaxado tvir-

Ti 452Ti 452Ti 452Ti 452Ti 452

Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-Warbi umuSevrobis wli-

uri erTeuli 452uri erTeuli 452uri erTeuli 452uri erTeuli 452uri erTeuli 452

Warbwarmoeba 452Warbwarmoeba 452Warbwarmoeba 452Warbwarmoeba 452Warbwarmoeba 452

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xazina 453xazina 453xazina 453xazina 453xazina 453

xazinis Tamasuqi 453xazinis Tamasuqi 453xazinis Tamasuqi 453xazinis Tamasuqi 453xazinis Tamasuqi 453

xangrZlivi sargeblobisxangrZlivi sargeblobisxangrZlivi sargeblobisxangrZlivi sargeblobisxangrZlivi sargeblobis

saqoneli 453saqoneli 453saqoneli 453saqoneli 453saqoneli 453

`xari~ 453`xari~ 453`xari~ 453`xari~ 453`xari~ 453

`xarebis~ bazari 453`xarebis~ bazari 453`xarebis~ bazari 453`xarebis~ bazari 453`xarebis~ bazari 453

xarisxis sertifikati 453xarisxis sertifikati 453xarisxis sertifikati 453xarisxis sertifikati 453xarisxis sertifikati 453

xarjebis inflacia 453xarjebis inflacia 453xarjebis inflacia 453xarjebis inflacia 453xarjebis inflacia 453

xarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebisxarjebisa da Sedegebis

analizi 453analizi 453analizi 453analizi 453analizi 453

xarjTaRricxva 454xarjTaRricxva 454xarjTaRricxva 454xarjTaRricxva 454xarjTaRricxva 454

`xafangis~ efeqti 454`xafangis~ efeqti 454`xafangis~ efeqti 454`xafangis~ efeqti 454`xafangis~ efeqti 454

xelfasi 455xelfasi 455xelfasi 455xelfasi 455xelfasi 455

minimaluri xelfasi 220

nominaluri xelfasi 248

realuri xelfasi 274

xelfasis Teoria 455xelfasis Teoria 455xelfasis Teoria 455xelfasis Teoria 455xelfasis Teoria 455

xelfasis indeqsacia 456xelfasis indeqsacia 456xelfasis indeqsacia 456xelfasis indeqsacia 456xelfasis indeqsacia 456

xelfasi-fasis spirali 456xelfasi-fasis spirali 456xelfasi-fasis spirali 456xelfasi-fasis spirali 456xelfasi-fasis spirali 456

xelSekruleba 457xelSekruleba 457xelSekruleba 457xelSekruleba 457xelSekruleba 457

xelSeuxebeli kapitali 457xelSeuxebeli kapitali 457xelSeuxebeli kapitali 457xelSeuxebeli kapitali 457xelSeuxebeli kapitali 457

jjjjj

jarima 458jarima 458jarima 458jarima 458jarima 458

jevonsi uiliam 458jevonsi uiliam 458jevonsi uiliam 458jevonsi uiliam 458jevonsi uiliam 458

jevonsis `mzis laqebis~jevonsis `mzis laqebis~jevonsis `mzis laqebis~jevonsis `mzis laqebis~jevonsis `mzis laqebis~


jinis koeficienti 458jinis koeficienti 458jinis koeficienti 458jinis koeficienti 458jinis koeficienti 458

joberi 459joberi 459joberi 459joberi 459joberi 459

hhhhh

haieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgusthaieki fridrix avgust

fon 460fon 460fon 460fon 460fon 460

hairingi 460hairingi 460hairingi 460hairingi 460hairingi 460

harodi roi fobs 460harodi roi fobs 460harodi roi fobs 460harodi roi fobs 460harodi roi fobs 460

hausholdis bloki 460hausholdis bloki 460hausholdis bloki 460hausholdis bloki 460hausholdis bloki 460

hedonikuri Sefaseba 460hedonikuri Sefaseba 460hedonikuri Sefaseba 460hedonikuri Sefaseba 460hedonikuri Sefaseba 460

heilbroneri robert 461heilbroneri robert 461heilbroneri robert 461heilbroneri robert 461heilbroneri robert 461

hendi 461hendi 461hendi 461hendi 461hendi 461

heterodoqsuli stabili-heterodoqsuli stabili-heterodoqsuli stabili-heterodoqsuli stabili-heterodoqsuli stabili-

zacia 461zacia 461zacia 461zacia 461zacia 461

heqtari 461heqtari 461heqtari 461heqtari 461heqtari 461

hejireba 461hejireba 461hejireba 461hejireba 461hejireba 461

hiks jon riCard 462hiks jon riCard 462hiks jon riCard 462hiks jon riCard 462hiks jon riCard 462

hihihihihi perperperperperinflacia 462inflacia 462inflacia 462inflacia 462inflacia 462

`̀̀̀̀holandiuri daavadeba~ 462holandiuri daavadeba~ 462holandiuri daavadeba~ 462holandiuri daavadeba~ 462holandiuri daavadeba~ 462

holdingi 464holdingi 464holdingi 464holdingi 464holdingi 464

hotelingis wesi 465hotelingis wesi 465hotelingis wesi 465hotelingis wesi 465hotelingis wesi 465

houtri ralf jorj 465houtri ralf jorj 465houtri ralf jorj 465houtri ralf jorj 465houtri ralf jorj 465

jjjjj

hhhhh

xxxxx

503

msoflios qveynebis reitingi

adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis mixedviT (2011)(2011)(2011)(2011)(2011)11111

adamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis ganviTarebis Zalian maRali indeqsisanviTarebis Zalian maRali indeqsisanviTarebis Zalian maRali indeqsisanviTarebis Zalian maRali indeqsisanviTarebis Zalian maRali indeqsis

mqone qveynebimqone qveynebimqone qveynebimqone qveynebimqone qveynebi

1.1.1.1.1. norvegnorvegnorvegnorvegnorvegia ia ia ia ia (Norway)

2.2.2.2.2. avstralia avstralia avstralia avstralia avstralia (Australia)

3.3.3.3.3. niderlandi niderlandi niderlandi niderlandi niderlandi (Netherlands)

4.4.4.4.4. aaaaaSS SS SS SS SS (USA)

5.5.5.5.5. axali zelandia axali zelandia axali zelandia axali zelandia axali zelandia (NewZealand)

6.6.6.6.6. kanada kanada kanada kanada kanada (Canada)

7.7.7.7.7. irlandia irlandia irlandia irlandia irlandia (Ireland)

8.8.8.8.8. lixtenSteini lixtenSteini lixtenSteini lixtenSteini lixtenSteini (Liechten-stein)

9.9.9.9.9. germania germania germania germania germania (Germany)

10.10.10.10.10. SvedeTi SvedeTi SvedeTi SvedeTi SvedeTi (Sweden)

11.11.11.11.11. Sveicaria Sveicaria Sveicaria Sveicaria Sveicaria (Switzerland)

12.12.12.12.12. iaponia iaponia iaponia iaponia iaponia (Japan)

13.13.13.13.13. honhonhonhonhonkongkongkongkongkongi i i i i (((((CineTis Semadg.CineTis Semadg.CineTis Semadg.CineTis Semadg.CineTis Semadg.)))))

(Hong Kong, China (SAR))

14.14.14.14.14. islandia islandia islandia islandia islandia (Iceland)

15.15.15.15.15. samxreTi korea samxreTi korea samxreTi korea samxreTi korea samxreTi korea (South Korea)

16.16.16.16.16. dania dania dania dania dania (Denmark)

17.17.17.17.17. israeli israeli israeli israeli israeli (Israel)

18.18.18.18.18. belgbelgbelgbelgbelgia ia ia ia ia (Belgium)

19.19.19.19.19. avstria avstria avstria avstria avstria (Austria)

20.20.20.20.20. safrangeTi safrangeTi safrangeTi safrangeTi safrangeTi (France)

21.21.21.21.21. slovenia slovenia slovenia slovenia slovenia (Slovenia)

22.22.22.22.22. fineTi fineTi fineTi fineTi fineTi (Finland)

23.23.23.23.23. espaneTi espaneTi espaneTi espaneTi espaneTi (Spain)

24.24.24.24.24. italia italia italia italia italia (Italy)

25.25.25.25.25. luqsemburgluqsemburgluqsemburgluqsemburgluqsemburgi i i i i (Luxemburg)

26.26.26.26.26. singsingsingsingsingapuri apuri apuri apuri apuri (Singapore)27.27.27.27.27. CexeTis respubliCexeTis respubliCexeTis respubliCexeTis respubliCexeTis respublikakakakaka

(Czech Republic)28.28.28.28.28. gggggaerTianebuli samefoaerTianebuli samefoaerTianebuli samefoaerTianebuli samefoaerTianebuli samefo

(United Kingdom)

29.29.29.29.29. saberZneTi saberZneTi saberZneTi saberZneTi saberZneTi (Greece)

30.30.30.30.30. arabeTis garabeTis garabeTis garabeTis garabeTis gaerTianebuliaerTianebuliaerTianebuliaerTianebuliaerTianebuli

saamiroebi saamiroebi saamiroebi saamiroebi saamiroebi (United ArabEmirates)

31.31.31.31.31. kviprosi kviprosi kviprosi kviprosi kviprosi (Cyprus)

32.32.32.32.32. andora andora andora andora andora (Andorra)

33.33.33.33.33. brunei brunei brunei brunei brunei (Brunei Darussalam)

34.34.34.34.34. estoneTi estoneTi estoneTi estoneTi estoneTi (Estonia)

35.35.35.35.35. slovaslovaslovaslovaslovakeTi keTi keTi keTi keTi (Slovakia)36.36.36.36.36. maltamaltamaltamaltamalta (Malta)

37.37.37.37.37. yatari yatari yatari yatari yatari (Qatar)

38. ung38. ung38. ung38. ung38. ungreTi reTi reTi reTi reTi (Hungary)

39. poloneTi 39. poloneTi 39. poloneTi 39. poloneTi 39. poloneTi (Poland)

40. litva 40. litva 40. litva 40. litva 40. litva (Lithuania)

41. portug41. portug41. portug41. portug41. portugalia alia alia alia alia (Portugal)

42. bahreini 42. bahreini 42. bahreini 42. bahreini 42. bahreini (Bahrain)

43. latvia 43. latvia 43. latvia 43. latvia 43. latvia (Latvia)

44. Cile 44. Cile 44. Cile 44. Cile 44. Cile (Chile)

45. argentina 45. argentina 45. argentina 45. argentina 45. argentina (Argentina)

46. xorvatia 46. xorvatia 46. xorvatia 46. xorvatia 46. xorvatia (Croatia)

47. barbadosi 47. barbadosi 47. barbadosi 47. barbadosi 47. barbadosi (Barbados)1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Countries_by_Human_Development_Index#Very_high_human_development

504

adamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis ganviTarebis maRali indeqsisanviTarebis maRali indeqsisanviTarebis maRali indeqsisanviTarebis maRali indeqsisanviTarebis maRali indeqsismqone qveynebimqone qveynebimqone qveynebimqone qveynebimqone qveynebi

48.48.48.48.48. urugvai urugvai urugvai urugvai urugvai (Uruguay)

49.49.49.49.49. palau palau palau palau palau (Palau)

50.50.50.50.50. rumineTi rumineTi rumineTi rumineTi rumineTi (Romania)

51.51.51.51.51. kuba kuba kuba kuba kuba (Cuba)

52.52.52.52.52. seiseiseiseiseiSelis kunZulebiSelis kunZulebiSelis kunZulebiSelis kunZulebiSelis kunZulebi

(Seychelles)

53. bahamis53. bahamis53. bahamis53. bahamis53. bahamis kunZulebi kunZulebi kunZulebi kunZulebi kunZulebi (Bahamas)

54.54.54.54.54. montenegmontenegmontenegmontenegmontenegro ro ro ro ro (Montenegro)

55.55.55.55.55. bulgbulgbulgbulgbulgareTi areTi areTi areTi areTi (Bulgaria)

56.56.56.56.56. saudis arabeTi saudis arabeTi saudis arabeTi saudis arabeTi saudis arabeTi (Saudi

Arabia)

57.57.57.57.57. meqsimeqsimeqsimeqsimeqsika ka ka ka ka (Mexico)

58.58.58.58.58. panama panama panama panama panama (Panama)

59.59.59.59.59. serbeTi serbeTi serbeTi serbeTi serbeTi (Serbia)

60.60.60.60.60. antigantigantigantigantiguauauauaua dadadadada barbudabarbudabarbudabarbudabarbuda

(Antiqua and Barbuda)

61.61.61.61.61. malaimalaimalaimalaimalaizia zia zia zia zia (Malaysia)

62.62.62.62.62. trinidadi da tobagotrinidadi da tobagotrinidadi da tobagotrinidadi da tobagotrinidadi da tobago

(Trinidad and Tobago)

63.63.63.63.63. quveiTi quveiTi quveiTi quveiTi quveiTi (Kuwait)

64.64.64.64.64. libia libia libia libia libia (Libya)

65.65.65.65.65. belarusi belarusi belarusi belarusi belarusi (Belarus)

66.66.66.66.66. ruseTis federaciaruseTis federaciaruseTis federaciaruseTis federaciaruseTis federacia

(Russian Federation)

67.67.67.67.67. gggggrenada renada renada renada renada (Grenada)

68.68.68.68.68. yayayayayazaxeTi zaxeTi zaxeTi zaxeTi zaxeTi (Kazakhstan)

69.69.69.69.69. kosta rikosta rikosta rikosta rikosta rika ka ka ka ka (Costa Rica)

70.70.70.70.70. albaneTi albaneTi albaneTi albaneTi albaneTi (Albania)

71. libani 71. libani 71. libani 71. libani 71. libani (((((Lebanon)))))

72. sent kits da nevisi72. sent kits da nevisi72. sent kits da nevisi72. sent kits da nevisi72. sent kits da nevisi

(Saint Kitts and Nevis)

73. venesuela 73. venesuela 73. venesuela 73. venesuela 73. venesuela (Venezuela)

74. bosnia da hercegovina74. bosnia da hercegovina74. bosnia da hercegovina74. bosnia da hercegovina74. bosnia da hercegovina

(Bosnia and Herzegovina)

75. saqarTvelo 75. saqarTvelo 75. saqarTvelo 75. saqarTvelo 75. saqarTvelo (Georgia)

76. ukraina 76. ukraina 76. ukraina 76. ukraina 76. ukraina (Ukraine)

77. maldivis respubli77. maldivis respubli77. maldivis respubli77. maldivis respubli77. maldivis respublikakakakaka

(Mauritius)

78. ma78. ma78. ma78. ma78. makedonia kedonia kedonia kedonia kedonia (Macedonia)

79. iamai79. iamai79. iamai79. iamai79. iamaika ka ka ka ka (Jamaica)

80. peru 80. peru 80. peru 80. peru 80. peru (Peru)

81. domini81. domini81. domini81. domini81. dominika ka ka ka ka (Dominica)

82. sent lusia 82. sent lusia 82. sent lusia 82. sent lusia 82. sent lusia (Saint Lucia)

83. ekvadori 83. ekvadori 83. ekvadori 83. ekvadori 83. ekvadori (Ecuador)

84.84.84.84.84. brabrabrabrabrazilia zilia zilia zilia zilia (Brazil)

85.85.85.85.85. sent-vinsent da gsent-vinsent da gsent-vinsent da gsent-vinsent da gsent-vinsent da grenadinebirenadinebirenadinebirenadinebirenadinebi

(Saint Vincebt and the Grena-

dines)

86.86.86.86.86. somxeTi somxeTi somxeTi somxeTi somxeTi (Armenia)

87.87.87.87.87. kolumbia kolumbia kolumbia kolumbia kolumbia (Colombia)

888888.8.8.8.8. irani irani irani irani irani (Iran, Islamic Republic of)

89.89.89.89.89. omani omani omani omani omani (Oman)

90.90.90.90.90. tongtongtongtongtonga a a a a (Tonga)

91.91.91.91.91. aaaaazerbaijani zerbaijani zerbaijani zerbaijani zerbaijani (Azerbaijan)

92.92.92.92.92. TurqeTi TurqeTi TurqeTi TurqeTi TurqeTi (Turkey)

93.93.93.93.93. belibelibelibelibelizi zi zi zi zi (Belize)

94.94.94.94.94. tunisi tunisi tunisi tunisi tunisi (Tunisia)

505

999995.5.5.5.5. iordania iordania iordania iordania iordania (Jordan)

96.96.96.96.96. alJiri alJiri alJiri alJiri alJiri (Algeria)

97.97.97.97.97. Sri lanSri lanSri lanSri lanSri lanka ka ka ka ka (Sri Lanka)

98.98.98.98.98. dominidominidominidominidominikelTakelTakelTakelTakelTa respublirespublirespublirespublirespublikakakakaka

(Dominican Republic)

99.99.99.99.99. samoa samoa samoa samoa samoa (Samoa)

100.100.100.100.100. fiji fiji fiji fiji fiji (Fiji)

101.101.101.101.101. CineTi CineTi CineTi CineTi CineTi (China)

102.102.102.102.102. TurqmeneTi TurqmeneTi TurqmeneTi TurqmeneTi TurqmeneTi (Turkmenistan)

103.103.103.103.103. tailandi tailandi tailandi tailandi tailandi (Thailand)

104.104.104.104.104. surinami surinami surinami surinami surinami (Suriname)

105.105.105.105.105. salvadori salvadori salvadori salvadori salvadori (El Salvador)

106.106.106.106.106. gggggaboni aboni aboni aboni aboni (Gabon)

107.107.107.107.107. paragvai paragvai paragvai paragvai paragvai (Paraguay)

108.108.108.108.108. bolivia bolivia bolivia bolivia bolivia (Bolivia)

109.109.109.109.109. maldivis kunZulebimaldivis kunZulebimaldivis kunZulebimaldivis kunZulebimaldivis kunZulebi

(Maldives)

110.110.110.110.110. monRoleTi monRoleTi monRoleTi monRoleTi monRoleTi (Mongolia)

111.111.111.111.111. moldova moldova moldova moldova moldova (Moldova)

112.112.112.112.112. filipinebi filipinebi filipinebi filipinebi filipinebi (Philippines)

113.113.113.113.113. egvipte egvipte egvipte egvipte egvipte (Egypt)

114.114.114.114.114. palestina palestina palestina palestina palestina (Palestinian

Territories)

115.115.115.115.115. uuuuuzbekeTi zbekeTi zbekeTi zbekeTi zbekeTi (Uzbekistan)

116.116.116.116.116. mimimimimikronesia kronesia kronesia kronesia kronesia (Micronesia,

Federated States of)

117.117.117.117.117. gggggaiana aiana aiana aiana aiana (Guyana)

adamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis ganviTarebisanviTarebisanviTarebisanviTarebisanviTarebissasasasasaSualo indeqsis mqone qveynebiSualo indeqsis mqone qveynebiSualo indeqsis mqone qveynebiSualo indeqsis mqone qveynebiSualo indeqsis mqone qveynebi

118.118.118.118.118. botsvana botsvana botsvana botsvana botsvana (Botswana)

119.119.119.119.119. siria siria siria siria siria (Syrian Arab Republic)

120.120.120.120.120. namibia namibia namibia namibia namibia (Namibia)

121.121.121.121.121. hondurasi hondurasi hondurasi hondurasi hondurasi (Honduras)

122.122.122.122.122. kiribati kiribati kiribati kiribati kiribati (Kiribati)

123.123.123.123.123. samxreTi afrisamxreTi afrisamxreTi afrisamxreTi afrisamxreTi afrika ka ka ka ka (South

Africa)

124.124.124.124.124. indoneindoneindoneindoneindonezia zia zia zia zia (Indonesia)

125.125.125.125.125. vanuavanuavanuavanuavanuatu tu tu tu tu (Vanutu)

126.126.126.126.126. yirgyirgyirgyirgyirgiiiiizeTi zeTi zeTi zeTi zeTi (Kyrgyzstan)

127.127.127.127.127. tatatatatajijijijijikeTi keTi keTi keTi keTi (Tajikistan)

128.128.128.128.128. vietnami vietnami vietnami vietnami vietnami (Viet Nam)

129.129.129.129.129. nininininikaragkaragkaragkaragkaragua ua ua ua ua (Nicaragua)

130.130.130.130.130. maromaromaromaromaroko ko ko ko ko (Morocco)

131.131.131.131.131. gvatemala gvatemala gvatemala gvatemala gvatemala (Guatemala)

132.132.132.132.132. erayi erayi erayi erayi erayi (Iraq)

133.133.133.133.133. kabe-verde kabe-verde kabe-verde kabe-verde kabe-verde (Cape Verde)

134.134.134.134.134. indoeTi indoeTi indoeTi indoeTi indoeTi (India)

135.135.135.135.135. gggggana ana ana ana ana (Ghana)

136.136.136.136.136. ekvatoruli gvineaekvatoruli gvineaekvatoruli gvineaekvatoruli gvineaekvatoruli gvinea

(Equatorial Guinea)

137.137.137.137.137. kongo kongo kongo kongo kongo (Congo)

138.138.138.138.138. laosilaosilaosilaosilaosi (Laos)

139.139.139.139.139. kamboja kamboja kamboja kamboja kamboja (Cambodia)

140.140.140.140.140. svasvasvasvasvazilendi zilendi zilendi zilendi zilendi (Swaziland)

141.141.141.141.141. butani butani butani butani butani (Bhutan)

506

142. solomonis kunZulebi142. solomonis kunZulebi142. solomonis kunZulebi142. solomonis kunZulebi142. solomonis kunZulebi

(Solomon Islands)

143.143.143.143.143. kenia kenia kenia kenia kenia (Kenya)

144.144.144.144.144. sautoma da pren-sipasautoma da pren-sipasautoma da pren-sipasautoma da pren-sipasautoma da pren-sipa

(São Tome and Principe)

145.145.145.145.145. papapapapakistani kistani kistani kistani kistani (Pakistan)

146.146.146.146.146. bangbangbangbangbangladeladeladeladeladeSi Si Si Si Si (Bangladesh)

147147147147147. timor-leste. timor-leste. timor-leste. timor-leste. timor-leste (Timor-Leste)

148.148.148.148.148. angola angola angola angola angola (Angola)

149.149.149.149.149. mianmari mianmari mianmari mianmari mianmari (Myanmar)

150.150.150.150.150. kameruni kameruni kameruni kameruni kameruni (Cameroon)

151.151.151.151.151. madagmadagmadagmadagmadagasasasasaskari kari kari kari kari (Madagascar)

152.152.152.152.152. tantantantantanzania zania zania zania zania (Tanzania)

153.153.153.153.153. papua-axali gvineapapua-axali gvineapapua-axali gvineapapua-axali gvineapapua-axali gvinea

(Papua New Guinea)

154.154.154.154.154. iemeni iemeni iemeni iemeni iemeni (Yemen)

155.155.155.155.155. senegsenegsenegsenegsenegali ali ali ali ali (Senegal)

156.156.156.156.156. nigeria nigeria nigeria nigeria nigeria (((((Nigeria)

157.157.157.157.157. nepali nepali nepali nepali nepali (Nepal)

158. haiti 158. haiti 158. haiti 158. haiti 158. haiti (Haiti)

159.159.159.159.159. mavritania mavritania mavritania mavritania mavritania (Mauritania)

160.160.160.160.160. lesoto lesoto lesoto lesoto lesoto (Lesotho)

161.161.161.161.161. uguguguguganda anda anda anda anda (Uganda)

162.162.162.162.162. togo togo togo togo togo (Togo)

163.163.163.163.163. komorosi komorosi komorosi komorosi komorosi (Comoros)

164.164.164.164.164. zambia zambia zambia zambia zambia (Zambia)

165.165.165.165.165. jibuti jibuti jibuti jibuti jibuti (Djibouti)

166.166.166.166.166. ruanda ruanda ruanda ruanda ruanda (Rwanda)

adamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis gadamianis ganviTarebisanviTarebisanviTarebisanviTarebisanviTarebis

dabali indeqsis mqone qveynebidabali indeqsis mqone qveynebidabali indeqsis mqone qveynebidabali indeqsis mqone qveynebidabali indeqsis mqone qveynebi

167.167.167.167.167. benini benini benini benini benini (Benin)

168.168.168.168.168. gggggambia ambia ambia ambia ambia (Gambia)

169.169.169.169.169. sudani sudani sudani sudani sudani (Sudan)

170.170.170.170.170. kot-dkot-dkot-dkot-dkot-d’ivuari ivuari ivuari ivuari ivuari (((((spilosspilosspilosspilosspilos

Zvlis sanapiroZvlis sanapiroZvlis sanapiroZvlis sanapiroZvlis sanapiro)))))

(Côte d’Ivoire)

171.171.171.171.171. malavi malavi malavi malavi malavi (Malawi)

172.172.172.172.172. avRaneTi avRaneTi avRaneTi avRaneTi avRaneTi (Afganistan)

173.173.173.173.173. zimbabve zimbabve zimbabve zimbabve zimbabve (Zimbabwe)

174.174.174.174.174. eTiopia eTiopia eTiopia eTiopia eTiopia (Ethiopia)

175.175.175.175.175. mali mali mali mali mali (Mali)

176.176.176.176.176. gvinea-bisau gvinea-bisau gvinea-bisau gvinea-bisau gvinea-bisau (Guinea-

Bissau)

177.177.177.177.177. eriTrea eriTrea eriTrea eriTrea eriTrea (Eritrea)

178.178.178.178.178. gvinea gvinea gvinea gvinea gvinea (Guinea)

179.179.179.179.179. centraluri africentraluri africentraluri africentraluri africentraluri afrikiskiskiskiskis

respublirespublirespublirespublirespublika ka ka ka ka (Central African

Republic)

180.180.180.180.180. siera leone siera leone siera leone siera leone siera leone (Sierra Leone)

181.181.181.181.181. burburburburburkina faso kina faso kina faso kina faso kina faso (Burkina Faso)

182. liberia 182. liberia 182. liberia 182. liberia 182. liberia (Liberia)

183. Cadi 183. Cadi 183. Cadi 183. Cadi 183. Cadi (Chad)

184. mo184. mo184. mo184. mo184. mozambizambizambizambizambiki ki ki ki ki (Mozambique)

185. burundi 185. burundi 185. burundi 185. burundi 185. burundi (Burundi)

186. nigeri 186. nigeri 186. nigeri 186. nigeri 186. nigeri (((((Niger)))))

187. kongos demo187. kongos demo187. kongos demo187. kongos demo187. kongos demokrakrakrakrakratiulitiulitiulitiulitiuli

respublirespublirespublirespublirespublika ka ka ka ka (Congo, Demo-

cratic Republic of the)

507

qveynebisa da teritoriebis anbanuri

CamonaTvali valutebisa da kodebis CvenebiT*

0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6

0 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 00 4 0

0 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 40 0 4

0 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 1

0 0 80 0 80 0 80 0 80 0 8

0 1 20 1 20 1 20 1 20 1 2

0 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 60 1 6

0 2 40 2 40 2 40 2 40 2 4

6 6 06 6 06 6 06 6 06 6 0

0 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 00 2 0

0 2 80 2 80 2 80 2 80 2 8

7 8 47 8 47 8 47 8 47 8 4

0 3 20 3 20 3 20 3 20 3 2

5 3 35 3 35 3 35 3 35 3 3

5 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 4

5 4 05 4 05 4 05 4 05 4 0

0 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 0

0 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 2

0 4 40 4 40 4 40 4 40 4 4

0 4 80 4 80 4 80 4 80 4 8

1 1 21 1 21 1 21 1 21 1 2

0 5 60 5 60 5 60 5 60 5 6

0 8 40 8 40 8 40 8 40 8 4

2 0 42 0 42 0 42 0 42 0 4

0 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 0

0 6 80 6 80 6 80 6 80 6 8

0 7 00 7 00 7 00 7 00 7 0

0 7 20 7 20 7 20 7 20 7 2

0 7 60 7 60 7 60 7 60 7 6

0 8 60 8 60 8 60 8 60 8 6

0 9 60 9 60 9 60 9 60 9 6

1 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 01 0 0

0 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 40 7 4

8 5 48 5 48 5 48 5 48 5 4

AUD

EUR

AFN

AZM

ALL

DZD

USD

AOA

XCD

EUR

XCD

AED

ARS

AWG

NZD

XPF

BDT

BBD

BSD

BHD

BYR

EUR

BZD

XOF

BMD

BOB

BAM

BWP

BRL

USD

BND

BGN

NOK

XOF

0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

9 7 19 7 19 7 19 7 19 7 1

0 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 10 3 1

0 0 80 0 80 0 80 0 80 0 8

0 1 20 1 20 1 20 1 20 1 2

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

9 7 39 7 39 7 39 7 39 7 3

9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1

7 8 47 8 47 8 47 8 47 8 4

0 3 20 3 20 3 20 3 20 3 2

5 3 35 3 35 3 35 3 35 3 3

5 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 4

9 5 39 5 39 5 39 5 39 5 3

0 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 00 5 0

0 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 20 5 2

0 4 40 4 40 4 40 4 40 4 4

0 4 80 4 80 4 80 4 80 4 8

1 1 21 1 21 1 21 1 21 1 2

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

0 8 40 8 40 8 40 8 40 8 4

9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2

0 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 00 6 0

0 6 80 6 80 6 80 6 80 6 8

9 7 79 7 79 7 79 7 79 7 7

0 7 20 7 20 7 20 7 20 7 2

9 8 69 8 69 8 69 8 69 8 6

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

0 9 60 9 60 9 60 9 60 9 6

9 7 59 7 59 7 59 7 59 7 5

5 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 8

9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2

qveynisqveynisqveynisqveynisqveyniskodikodikodikodikodi

qveynis anqveynis anqveynis anqveynis anqveynis anteritoriisteritoriisteritoriisteritoriisteritoriisSemoSemoSemoSemoSemoklebuliklebuliklebuliklebuliklebulidasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxeleba

valutisvalutisvalutisvalutisvalutisdasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxeleba

valutis kodivalutis kodivalutis kodivalutis kodivalutis kodi

asoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTicifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-

l il il il il i

*valutebis klasifikatori. oficialuri gamocema. saqarTvelos standar-

tizaciis, metrologiisa da sertifikaciis saxelmwifo departamenti. Tb.,

2004.

avstralia

avstria

avRaneTi

azerbaijani

albaneTi

alJiri

amerikis samoa

angola

angilia

andora

antigua-----barbuda

arabTa gaerTianebuli

emiratebi

argentina

aruba

axali zelandia

axali kaledonia

bangladeSi

barbadosi

bahamebi

bahreini

belorusia

belgia

belizi

benini

bermuda

bolivia

bosnia-----herwwwwwogovina

botsvana

brazilia

britaneTis teritoria

indoeTis okeaneSi

brunei

bulgareTi

buve

burkina-----faso

avstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuriavstraliuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

e v roe v roe v roe v roe v ro

a vRa n ia vR a n ia vR a n ia vR a n ia vR a n i

aaaaazerbaijanulizerbaijanulizerbaijanulizerbaijanulizerbaijanuli manaTimanaTimanaTimanaTimanaTi

l e k il e k il e k il e k il e k i

alJirulialJirulialJirulialJirulialJiruli dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari

aaaaaSSSSSSSSSS dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

k v a n z ak v a n z ak v a n z ak v a n z ak v a n z a

aRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleTaRmosavleT karibulikaribulikaribulikaribulikaribuli

dolar idolar idolar idolar idolar i




d irh e m id irh e m id irh e m id irh e m id irh e m i

argentinuliargentinuliargentinuliargentinuliargentinuli pesopesopesopesopeso

arubuliarubuliarubuliarubuliarubuli ggggguldeniuldeniuldeniuldeniuldeni

axalaxalaxalaxalaxalzelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFPtat at at at ak ak ak ak ak a

barbadosulibarbadosulibarbadosulibarbadosulibarbadosuli dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

bahamuribahamuribahamuribahamuribahamuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

bahreinulibahreinulibahreinulibahreinulibahreinuli dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari

belorusulibelorusulibelorusulibelorusulibelorusuli rublirublirublirublirubli


belibelibelibelibelizurizurizurizurizuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAObirmudulibirmudulibirmudulibirmudulibirmuduli dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

boliv i a noboliv i a noboliv i a noboliv i a noboliv i a no

konvertirebadikonvertirebadikonvertirebadikonvertirebadikonvertirebadi m armarmarmarmarkakakakaka

f ul afulafulafulafula

brabrabrabrabraziliuriziliuriziliuriziliuriziliuri realirealirealirealireali


bruneisbruneisbruneisbruneisbruneis dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

le v il e v il e v il e v il e v i

norvegnorvegnorvegnorvegnorvegiuliiuliiuliiuliiuli kronakronakronakronakrona

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAO

508


qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-qveynis an terito-riis Semoriis Semoriis Semoriis Semoriis Semoklebuliklebuliklebuliklebuliklebuli

dasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebavalutisvalutisvalutisvalutisvalutis

dasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxelebadasaxeleba


asoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTicifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-l il il il il i

burundi

butani

gaboni

gaerTianebuli samefo

gaiana

gambia

gana

germania

gvadelupa

gvatemala

gvinea

gvinea-----bisau

gibraltari

grenada

grenlandia

guami

dania

dasavleTi sahara

dominika

dominikelTa respublika

egvipte

eTiopia

ekvadori

ekvatoruli gvinea

erayi

eritrea

espaneTi

estoneTi

vanuatu

vatikani

venesuela

vietnami

virjiniis kunZulebi ^̂̂̂̂ aSS

virjiniis kunZulebi ^̂̂̂̂

britaneTi

zambia

zimbabve

Terqs-----qaiqosis kunZulebi

TurqeTi

TurqmeneTi

iamaika

iaponia

iemeni

burunduliburunduliburunduliburunduliburunduli franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki

ngngngngngultrumiultrumiultrumiultrumiultrumi

induriinduriinduriinduriinduri rupirupirupirupirupi

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAOgggggirvanqairvanqairvanqairvanqairvanqa sterlingsterlingsterlingsterlingsterlingiiiii

gggggaianuriaianuriaianuriaianuriaianuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

d ala s id ala s id ala s id ala s id ala s i

s edis edis edis edis edi



q v eT s aliq v eT s aliq v eT s aliq v eT s aliq v eT s ali

gvineurigvineurigvineurigvineurigvineuri franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki

gvinea-bisausgvinea-bisausgvinea-bisausgvinea-bisausgvinea-bisaus pesopesopesopesopeso

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAOgggggibraltaruliibraltaruliibraltaruliibraltaruliibraltaruli funtifuntifuntifuntifunti



daniuridaniuridaniuridaniuridaniuri kronakronakronakronakrona



maromaromaromaromarokoulikoulikoulikoulikouli dirhemidirhemidirhemidirhemidirhemi



dominidominidominidominidominikanurikanurikanurikanurikanuri pesopesopesopesopeso

egvipturiegvipturiegvipturiegvipturiegvipturi funtifuntifuntifuntifunti

eTiopiurieTiopiurieTiopiurieTiopiurieTiopiuri biribiribiribiribiri


franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BEACerayulierayulierayulierayulierayuli dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari

n an an an an ak f ak f ak f ak f ak f a


kronikronikronikronikroni

v atuv atuv atuv atuv atu


boliv ar iboliv ar iboliv ar iboliv ar iboliv ar i

dongdongdongdongdongiiiii



k v a C ak v a C ak v a C ak v a C ak v a C a

zimbabviszimbabviszimbabviszimbabviszimbabvis dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari


TurquliTurquliTurquliTurquliTurquli liraliraliraliralira

m a n aT im a n aT im a n aT im a n aT im a n aT i

iamaiiamaiiamaiiamaiiamaikurikurikurikurikuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

ien iien iien iien iien i

iemenisiemenisiemenisiemenisiemenis realirealirealirealireali

1 0 81 0 81 0 81 0 81 0 8

0 6 40 6 40 6 40 6 40 6 4

2 6 62 6 62 6 62 6 62 6 6

8 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 6

3 2 83 2 83 2 83 2 83 2 8

2 7 02 7 02 7 02 7 02 7 0

2 8 82 8 82 8 82 8 82 8 8

2 7 62 7 62 7 62 7 62 7 6

3 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 23 1 2

3 2 03 2 03 2 03 2 03 2 0

3 2 43 2 43 2 43 2 43 2 4

6 2 46 2 46 2 46 2 46 2 4

2 9 22 9 22 9 22 9 22 9 2

3 0 83 0 83 0 83 0 83 0 8

3 0 43 0 43 0 43 0 43 0 4

3 1 63 1 63 1 63 1 63 1 6

2 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 8

7 3 27 3 27 3 27 3 27 3 2

2 1 22 1 22 1 22 1 22 1 2

2 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 4

8 1 88 1 88 1 88 1 88 1 8

2 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 12 3 1

2 1 82 1 82 1 82 1 82 1 8

2 2 62 2 62 2 62 2 62 2 6

3 6 83 6 83 6 83 6 83 6 8

2 3 22 3 22 3 22 3 22 3 2

7 2 47 2 47 2 47 2 47 2 4

2 3 32 3 32 3 32 3 32 3 3

5 4 85 4 85 4 85 4 85 4 8

3 3 63 3 63 3 63 3 63 3 6

8 6 28 6 28 6 28 6 28 6 2

7 0 47 0 47 0 47 0 47 0 4

8 5 08 5 08 5 08 5 08 5 0

0 9 20 9 20 9 20 9 20 9 2

8 9 48 9 48 9 48 9 48 9 4

7 1 67 1 67 1 67 1 67 1 6

7 9 67 9 67 9 67 9 67 9 6

7 9 27 9 27 9 27 9 27 9 2

7 9 57 9 57 9 57 9 57 9 5

3 8 83 8 83 8 83 8 83 8 8

3 9 23 9 23 9 23 9 23 9 2

8 8 78 8 78 8 78 8 78 8 7

BIF

BTN

INR

XAF

GBP

GYD

GMD

GHC

EUR

EUR

GTQ

GNF

GWP

XOF

GIP

XCD

DKK

USD

DKK

MAD

XCD

DOP

EGP

ETB

USD

XAF

IQD

ERN

EUR

EEK

VUV

EUR

VEB

VND

USD

USD

ZMK

ZWD

USD

TRL

TMM

JMD

JPY

YER

1 0 81 0 81 0 81 0 81 0 8

0 6 40 6 40 6 40 6 40 6 4

3 5 63 5 63 5 63 5 63 5 6

9 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 0

8 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 6

3 2 83 2 83 2 83 2 83 2 8

2 7 02 7 02 7 02 7 02 7 0

2 8 82 8 82 8 82 8 82 8 8

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

3 2 03 2 03 2 03 2 03 2 0

3 2 43 2 43 2 43 2 43 2 4

6 2 46 2 46 2 46 2 46 2 4

9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2

2 9 22 9 22 9 22 9 22 9 2

9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1

2 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 8

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

2 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 8

5 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 4

9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1

2 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 42 1 4

8 1 88 1 88 1 88 1 88 1 8

2 3 02 3 02 3 02 3 02 3 0

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

9 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 0

3 6 83 6 83 6 83 6 83 6 8

2 3 22 3 22 3 22 3 22 3 2

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

2 3 32 3 32 3 32 3 32 3 3

5 4 85 4 85 4 85 4 85 4 8

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

8 6 28 6 28 6 28 6 28 6 2

7 0 47 0 47 0 47 0 47 0 4

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

8 9 48 9 48 9 48 9 48 9 4

7 1 67 1 67 1 67 1 67 1 6

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

7 9 27 9 27 9 27 9 27 9 2

7 9 57 9 57 9 57 9 57 9 5

3 8 83 8 83 8 83 8 83 8 8

3 9 23 9 23 9 23 9 23 9 2

8 8 68 8 68 8 68 8 68 8 6

509






asoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTi cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-l il il il il i

indoeTi

indonezia

iordania

irani

irlandia

islandia

israeli

italia

kaboverde

kaimanis kunZulebi

kamboja

kameruni

kanada

kenia

kviprosi

kiribati

kolumbia

komorebi

kongo

kongos demokratiuli

respublika

korea

koreis saxalxo demokra-

tiuli resp&&&&&

kosta-----rika

kot-----d’ivuari

kuba

kukis kunZulebi

kunZuli meni

laosi

latvia

lesoTo

libani

liberia

libia

litva

lixtenStaini

luqsemburgi

madagaskari

mavriki

mavritania

makau

makedonia

malavi

malaizia

induriinduriinduriinduriinduri rupirupirupirupirupi

indoneindoneindoneindoneindoneziuriziuriziuriziuriziuri rupirupirupirupirupi

iordanuliiordanuliiordanuliiordanuliiordanuli dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari

iranuliiranuliiranuliiranuliiranuli rialirialirialirialiriali


islandiuriislandiuriislandiuriislandiuriislandiuri kronakronakronakronakrona

axaliaxaliaxaliaxaliaxali israeluriisraeluriisraeluriisraeluriisraeluri SekeliSekeliSekeliSekeliSekeli


kaboverdeskaboverdeskaboverdeskaboverdeskaboverdes e se se se se skudokudokudokudokudo

kaimaniskaimaniskaimaniskaimaniskaimanis kunZ.-iskunZ.-iskunZ.-iskunZ.-iskunZ.-is dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

r i elir i elir i elir i elir i eli

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BEACkanadurikanadurikanadurikanadurikanaduri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

keniurikeniurikeniurikeniurikeniuri SilingSilingSilingSilingSilingiiiii

kviprosulikviprosulikviprosulikviprosulikviprosuli funtifuntifuntifuntifunti


kolumbiurikolumbiurikolumbiurikolumbiurikolumbiuri pesopesopesopesopeso

komorebiskomorebiskomorebiskomorebiskomorebis franfranfranfranfrank ik ik ik ik i

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BEAC

kongoskongoskongoskongoskongos franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki

von ivon ivon ivon ivon i

Crdilo-koreuliCrdilo-koreuliCrdilo-koreuliCrdilo-koreuliCrdilo-koreuli vonivonivonivonivoni

kostarikostarikostarikostarikostarikulikulikulikulikuli kolonikolonikolonikolonikoloni

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BEACkuburikuburikuburikuburikuburi pesopesopesopesopeso


gggggirvanqairvanqairvanqairvanqairvanqa sterlingsterlingsterlingsterlingsterlingiiiii

kipikipikipikipikipi

latviurilatviurilatviurilatviurilatviuri latilatilatilatilati

lotilotilotilotiloti

rendirendirendirendirendi

libanurilibanurilibanurilibanurilibanuri funtifuntifuntifuntifunti

liberiuliliberiuliliberiuliliberiuliliberiuli dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

libiurilibiurilibiurilibiurilibiuri dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari

litvurilitvurilitvurilitvurilitvuri litilitilitilitiliti

SveicariuliSveicariuliSveicariuliSveicariuliSveicariuli franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki


malagmalagmalagmalagmalagasiuriasiuriasiuriasiuriasiuri franfranfranfranfrank ik ik ik ik i

mavrimavrimavrimavrimavrikiulikiulikiulikiulikiuli rupirupirupirupirupi

ugugugugugiaiaiaiaia

p ap ap ap ap at atatatatak ak ak ak ak a

di n aridi n aridi n aridi n aridi n ari

k v a C ak v a C ak v a C ak v a C ak v a C a

malaimalaimalaimalaimalaiziuriziuriziuriziuriziuri ringringringringringitiitiitiitiiti

3 5 63 5 63 5 63 5 63 5 6

3 6 03 6 03 6 03 6 03 6 0

4 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 0

3 6 43 6 43 6 43 6 43 6 4

3 7 23 7 23 7 23 7 23 7 2

3 5 23 5 23 5 23 5 23 5 2

3 7 63 7 63 7 63 7 63 7 6

3 8 03 8 03 8 03 8 03 8 0

1 3 21 3 21 3 21 3 21 3 2

1 3 61 3 61 3 61 3 61 3 6

1 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 6

1 2 01 2 01 2 01 2 01 2 0

1 2 41 2 41 2 41 2 41 2 4

4 0 44 0 44 0 44 0 44 0 4

1 9 61 9 61 9 61 9 61 9 6

2 9 62 9 62 9 62 9 62 9 6

1 7 01 7 01 7 01 7 01 7 0

1 7 41 7 41 7 41 7 41 7 4

1 7 81 7 81 7 81 7 81 7 8

1 8 01 8 01 8 01 8 01 8 0

4 1 04 1 04 1 04 1 04 1 0

4 0 84 0 84 0 84 0 84 0 8

1 8 81 8 81 8 81 8 81 8 8

3 8 43 8 43 8 43 8 43 8 4

1 9 21 9 21 9 21 9 21 9 2

1 8 41 8 41 8 41 8 41 8 4

8 3 38 3 38 3 38 3 38 3 3

4 1 84 1 84 1 84 1 84 1 8

4 2 84 2 84 2 84 2 84 2 8

4 2 64 2 64 2 64 2 64 2 6

4 2 24 2 24 2 24 2 24 2 2

4 3 04 3 04 3 04 3 04 3 0

4 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 4

4 4 04 4 04 4 04 4 04 4 0

4 3 84 3 84 3 84 3 84 3 8

4 4 24 4 24 4 24 4 24 4 2

4 5 04 5 04 5 04 5 04 5 0

4 8 04 8 04 8 04 8 04 8 0

4 7 84 7 84 7 84 7 84 7 8

4 4 64 4 64 4 64 4 64 4 6

8 0 78 0 78 0 78 0 78 0 7

4 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 4

4 5 84 5 84 5 84 5 84 5 8

INR

IDR

JOD

IRR

EUR

ISK

ILS

EUR

CVE

KYD

KHR

XAF

CAD

KES

CYP

AUD

COP

KMF

XAF

CDF

KRW

KPW

CRC

XOF

CUP

NZD

GBP

LAK

LVL

LSL

ZAR

LBP

LRD

LYD

LTL

CHF

EUR

MGF

MUR

MRO

MOP

MKD

MWK

MYR

3 5 63 5 63 5 63 5 63 5 6

3 6 03 6 03 6 03 6 03 6 0

4 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 04 0 0

3 6 43 6 43 6 43 6 43 6 4

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

3 5 23 5 23 5 23 5 23 5 2

3 7 63 7 63 7 63 7 63 7 6

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

1 3 21 3 21 3 21 3 21 3 2

1 3 61 3 61 3 61 3 61 3 6

1 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 61 1 6

9 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 0

1 2 41 2 41 2 41 2 41 2 4

4 0 44 0 44 0 44 0 44 0 4

1 9 61 9 61 9 61 9 61 9 6

0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6

1 7 01 7 01 7 01 7 01 7 0

1 7 41 7 41 7 41 7 41 7 4

9 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 0

9 7 69 7 69 7 69 7 69 7 6

4 1 04 1 04 1 04 1 04 1 0

4 0 84 0 84 0 84 0 84 0 8

1 8 81 8 81 8 81 8 81 8 8

9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2

1 9 21 9 21 9 21 9 21 9 2

5 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 4

8 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 6

4 1 84 1 84 1 84 1 84 1 8

4 2 84 2 84 2 84 2 84 2 8

4 2 64 2 64 2 64 2 64 2 6

7 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 0

4 2 24 2 24 2 24 2 24 2 2

4 3 04 3 04 3 04 3 04 3 0

4 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 44 3 4

4 4 04 4 04 4 04 4 04 4 0

7 5 67 5 67 5 67 5 67 5 6

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

4 5 04 5 04 5 04 5 04 5 0

4 8 04 8 04 8 04 8 04 8 0

4 7 84 7 84 7 84 7 84 7 8

4 4 64 4 64 4 64 4 64 4 6

8 0 78 0 78 0 78 0 78 0 7

4 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 44 5 4

4 5 84 5 84 5 84 5 84 5 8

510





valutisvalutisvalutisvalutisvalutiskodikodikodikodikodi

asoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTicifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-l il il il il i

maldivebi

mali

malta

maroko

martinika

marSalis kunZulebi

meioti

meqsika

mianma

mikronezia

mozambiki

moldaveTi

monako

monRoleTi

monserati

namibia

nauru

nepali

nigeri

nigeria

niderlandi

niderlandis antilebi

nikaragua

niue

norvegia

norfolki

omani

pakistani

palau

panama

papua-----axali gvinea

paragvai

peru

pitkerni

poloneTi

portugalia

puerto-----riko

rieunioni

ruanda

rumineTi

ruseTi

saberZneTi

salvadori

rufi arufi arufi arufi arufi a

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAOmalturimalturimalturimalturimalturi liraliraliraliralira

maromaromaromaromarokoulikoulikoulikoulikouli dirhemidirhemidirhemidirhemidirhemi




meqsimeqsimeqsimeqsimeqsikurikurikurikurikuri pesopesopesopesopeso

k i atik i atik i atik i atik i ati


m etim etim etim etim etik alik alik alik alik ali

moldovurimoldovurimoldovurimoldovurimoldovuri leileileileilei


tugtugtugtugtugriririririkik ik ik ik i




namibiurinamibiurinamibiurinamibiurinamibiuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari


nepalisnepalisnepalisnepalisnepalis rupirupirupirupirupi

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAOn a iran a iran a iran a iran a ira


antiliuriantiliuriantiliuriantiliuriantiliuri ggggguldeniuldeniuldeniuldeniuldeni

kordobakordobakordobakordobakordoba oroorooroorooro




omanisomanisomanisomanisomanis rialirialirialirialiriali

papapapapakistanurikistanurikistanurikistanurikistanuri rupiarupiarupiarupiarupia



k i n ak i n ak i n ak i n ak i n a

g v ara n ig v ara n ig v ara n ig v ara n ig v ara n i

axaliaxaliaxaliaxaliaxali solisolisolisolisoli


zlotizlotizlotizlotizloti




ruandisruandisruandisruandisruandis franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki

l e il e il e il e il e i

rusulirusulirusulirusulirusuli rublirublirublirublirubli


salvadorulisalvadorulisalvadorulisalvadorulisalvadoruli kolonikolonikolonikolonikoloni


4 6 24 6 24 6 24 6 24 6 2

4 6 64 6 64 6 64 6 64 6 6

4 7 04 7 04 7 04 7 04 7 0

5 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 4

4 7 44 7 44 7 44 7 44 7 4

5 8 45 8 45 8 45 8 45 8 4

1 7 51 7 51 7 51 7 51 7 5

4 8 44 8 44 8 44 8 44 8 4

1 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 4

5 8 35 8 35 8 35 8 35 8 3

5 0 85 0 85 0 85 0 85 0 8

4 9 84 9 84 9 84 9 84 9 8

4 9 24 9 24 9 24 9 24 9 2

4 9 64 9 64 9 64 9 64 9 6

5 0 05 0 05 0 05 0 05 0 0

5 1 65 1 65 1 65 1 65 1 6

5 2 05 2 05 2 05 2 05 2 0

5 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 4

5 6 25 6 25 6 25 6 25 6 2

5 6 65 6 65 6 65 6 65 6 6

5 2 85 2 85 2 85 2 85 2 8

5 3 05 3 05 3 05 3 05 3 0

5 5 85 5 85 5 85 5 85 5 8

5 7 05 7 05 7 05 7 05 7 0

5 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 8

5 7 45 7 45 7 45 7 45 7 4

5 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 2

5 8 65 8 65 8 65 8 65 8 6

5 8 55 8 55 8 55 8 55 8 5

5 9 15 9 15 9 15 9 15 9 1

5 9 85 9 85 9 85 9 85 9 8

6 0 06 0 06 0 06 0 06 0 0

6 0 46 0 46 0 46 0 46 0 4

6 1 26 1 26 1 26 1 26 1 2

6 1 66 1 66 1 66 1 66 1 6

6 2 06 2 06 2 06 2 06 2 0

6 3 06 3 06 3 06 3 06 3 0

6 3 86 3 86 3 86 3 86 3 8

6 4 66 4 66 4 66 4 66 4 6

6 4 26 4 26 4 26 4 26 4 2

6 4 36 4 36 4 36 4 36 4 3

3 0 03 0 03 0 03 0 03 0 0

2 2 22 2 22 2 22 2 22 2 2

MVR

XOF

MTL

MAD

EUR

USD

EUR

MXN

MMK

USD

MZM

MDL

EUR

MNT

XCD

ZAR

NAD

AUD

NPR

XOF

NGN

EUR

ANG

NIO

NZD

NOK

AUD

OMR

PKR

USD

USD

PGK

PYG

PEN

NZD

PLN

EUR

USD

EUR

RWF

ROL

RUB

EUR

SVC

USD

4 6 24 6 24 6 24 6 24 6 2

9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2

4 7 04 7 04 7 04 7 04 7 0

5 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 45 0 4

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

4 8 44 8 44 8 44 8 44 8 4

1 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 41 0 4

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

5 0 85 0 85 0 85 0 85 0 8

4 9 84 9 84 9 84 9 84 9 8

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

4 9 64 9 64 9 64 9 64 9 6

9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1

7 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 0

5 1 65 1 65 1 65 1 65 1 6

0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6

5 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 45 2 4

9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2

5 6 65 6 65 6 65 6 65 6 6

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

5 3 25 3 25 3 25 3 25 3 2

5 5 85 5 85 5 85 5 85 5 8

5 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 4

5 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 8

0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6

5 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 25 1 2

5 8 65 8 65 8 65 8 65 8 6

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

5 9 85 9 85 9 85 9 85 9 8

6 0 06 0 06 0 06 0 06 0 0

6 0 46 0 46 0 46 0 46 0 4

5 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 4

9 8 59 8 59 8 59 8 59 8 5

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

6 4 66 4 66 4 66 4 66 4 6

6 4 26 4 26 4 26 4 26 4 2

6 4 36 4 36 4 36 4 36 4 3

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

2 2 22 2 22 2 22 2 22 2 2

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

511





asoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTicifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-

l il il il il i

samoa

samxreTi afrika

samxreTi jorjia -

samxreT sendviCis kunZulebi

sanmarino

sautoma-----presnipa

saudis arabeTi

safrangeTi

safrangeTis gviana

safrangeTis samxreTi

teritoriebi

safrangeTis polinezia

saqarTvelo

seiSelebi

senegali

sentelena

sentvinsent-----grenadinebi

sentkits-----nevisi

sentlusia

senpier-----mikeloni

serbia-----montenegro

svazilendi

svalbard-----ianmaieni

siera-----leone

singapuri

siria

slovakeTi

slovenia

solomonis kunZulebi

somali

somxeTi

sudani

surinami

taivani

tailandi

tanzania

tajikeTi

timor-----leste

togo

tokelau

tonga

trinidad-----tobago

talat al at al at al at al a


gggggirvanqairvanqairvanqairvanqairvanqa sterlingsterlingsterlingsterlingsterlingiiiii


dobr adobr adobr adobr adobr a

saudurisaudurisaudurisaudurisauduri rialirialirialirialiriali




franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFPlar ilar ilar ilar ilar i

seiseiseiseiseiSelisSelisSelisSelisSelis rupirupirupirupirupi

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAOsentelenissentelenissentelenissentelenissentelenis funtifuntifuntifuntifunti








serbiuliserbiuliserbiuliserbiuliserbiuli dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari

lilange n ililange n ililange n ililange n ililange n i


leo n eleo n eleo n eleo n eleo n e

singsingsingsingsingapurisapurisapurisapurisapuris dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

siriulisiriulisiriulisiriulisiriuli funtifuntifuntifuntifunti

slovaslovaslovaslovaslovakurikurikurikurikuri kronakronakronakronakrona

tolar itolar itolar itolar itolar i

solomonissolomonissolomonissolomonissolomonis kunZulebiskunZulebiskunZulebiskunZulebiskunZulebis


somaliurisomaliurisomaliurisomaliurisomaliuri SilingSilingSilingSilingSilingiiiii

somxurisomxurisomxurisomxurisomxuri dramidramidramidramidrami

sudanurisudanurisudanurisudanurisudanuri dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari

surinamulisurinamulisurinamulisurinamulisurinamuli ggggguldeniuldeniuldeniuldeniuldeni

axaliaxaliaxaliaxaliaxali taivanuritaivanuritaivanuritaivanuritaivanuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

b atib atib atib atib ati

tantantantantanzaniurizaniurizaniurizaniurizaniuri SilingSilingSilingSilingSilingiiiii

so mon isomon isomon isomon isomon i


franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BCEAOaxalaxalaxalaxalaxalzelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiurizelandiuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

p a a n gp a a n gp a a n gp a a n gp a a n gaaaaa

trinidad-tobagostrinidad-tobagostrinidad-tobagostrinidad-tobagostrinidad-tobagos dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

8 8 28 8 28 8 28 8 28 8 2

7 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 0

2 3 92 3 92 3 92 3 92 3 9

6 7 46 7 46 7 46 7 46 7 4

6 7 86 7 86 7 86 7 86 7 8

6 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 2

2 5 02 5 02 5 02 5 02 5 0

2 5 42 5 42 5 42 5 42 5 4

2 6 02 6 02 6 02 6 02 6 0

2 5 82 5 82 5 82 5 82 5 8

2 6 82 6 82 6 82 6 82 6 8

6 9 06 9 06 9 06 9 06 9 0

6 8 66 8 66 8 66 8 66 8 6

6 5 46 5 46 5 46 5 46 5 4

6 7 06 7 06 7 06 7 06 7 0

6 5 96 5 96 5 96 5 96 5 9

6 6 26 6 26 6 26 6 26 6 2

6 6 66 6 66 6 66 6 66 6 6

8 9 18 9 18 9 18 9 18 9 1

7 4 87 4 87 4 87 4 87 4 8

7 4 47 4 47 4 47 4 47 4 4

6 9 46 9 46 9 46 9 46 9 4

7 0 27 0 27 0 27 0 27 0 2

7 6 07 6 07 6 07 6 07 6 0

7 0 37 0 37 0 37 0 37 0 3

7 0 57 0 57 0 57 0 57 0 5

0 9 00 9 00 9 00 9 00 9 0

7 0 67 0 67 0 67 0 67 0 6

0 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 1

7 3 67 3 67 3 67 3 67 3 6

7 4 07 4 07 4 07 4 07 4 0

1 5 81 5 81 5 81 5 81 5 8

7 6 47 6 47 6 47 6 47 6 4

8 3 48 3 48 3 48 3 48 3 4

7 6 27 6 27 6 27 6 27 6 2

6 2 66 2 66 2 66 2 66 2 6

7 6 87 6 87 6 87 6 87 6 8

7 7 27 7 27 7 27 7 27 7 2

7 7 67 7 67 7 67 7 67 7 6

7 8 07 8 07 8 07 8 07 8 0

WST

ZAR

GBP

EUR

STD

SAR

EUR

EUR

EUR

XPF

GEL

SCR

XOF

SHP

XCD

XCD

XCD

EUR

CSD

SZL

NOK

SLL

SGD

SYP

SKK

SIT

SBD

SOS

AMD

SDD

SRG

TWD

THB

TZS

TJS

USD

XOF

NZD

TOP

TTD

8 8 28 8 28 8 28 8 28 8 2

7 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 07 1 0

8 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 68 2 6

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

6 7 86 7 86 7 86 7 86 7 8

6 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 26 8 2

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

9 5 39 5 39 5 39 5 39 5 3

9 8 19 8 19 8 19 8 19 8 1

6 9 06 9 06 9 06 9 06 9 0

9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2

6 5 46 5 46 5 46 5 46 5 4

9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1

9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1

9 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 19 5 1

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

8 9 18 9 18 9 18 9 18 9 1

7 4 87 4 87 4 87 4 87 4 8

5 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 85 7 8

6 9 46 9 46 9 46 9 46 9 4

7 0 27 0 27 0 27 0 27 0 2

7 6 07 6 07 6 07 6 07 6 0

7 0 37 0 37 0 37 0 37 0 3

7 0 57 0 57 0 57 0 57 0 5

0 9 00 9 00 9 00 9 00 9 0

7 0 67 0 67 0 67 0 67 0 6

0 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 10 5 1

7 3 67 3 67 3 67 3 67 3 6

7 4 07 4 07 4 07 4 07 4 0

9 0 19 0 19 0 19 0 19 0 1

7 6 47 6 47 6 47 6 47 6 4

8 3 48 3 48 3 48 3 48 3 4

9 7 29 7 29 7 29 7 29 7 2

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

9 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 29 5 2

5 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 45 5 4

7 7 67 7 67 7 67 7 67 7 6

7 8 07 8 07 8 07 8 07 8 0

512





asoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTiasoiTi cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-cifru-l il il il il i

tuvalu

tunisi

uganda

uzbekeTi

ukraina

ungreTi

uolis-----futuna

urugvai

fareris kunZulebi

filipinebi

fineTi

fiji

foklendis (((((malvinis)))))

kunZulebi

qoqosis (((((kilingis)))))

kunZulebi

qristmasi

quveiTi

yazaxeTi

yatari

yirgizeTi

SeerTebuli Statebi

SeerTebuli Statebis

Sorsmdebare mwwwwwire

kunZulebi

SvedeTi

Sveiwwwwwaria

Sri-----lanka

Cadi

CexeTi

Cile

CineTi

CrdiloeT marianis

kunZulebi

wwwwwentraluri afrikis

respublika

xorvatia

jibuti

haiti

herd-----makdonaldis kun-----

Zulebi

hondurasi

honkongi (((((CineTis Sem&)&)&)&)&)


tunisuritunisuritunisuritunisuritunisuri dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari

uguguguguganduriandurianduriandurianduri SilingSilingSilingSilingSilingiiiii

uuuuuzbekurizbekurizbekurizbekurizbekuri sumisumisumisumisumi

gggggri v n ar i v n ar i v n ar i v n ar i v n a

fori ntifori ntifori ntifori ntifori nti

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFPurugvaisurugvaisurugvaisurugvaisurugvais pesopesopesopesopeso


filipinurifilipinurifilipinurifilipinurifilipinuri pesopesopesopesopeso


fijisfijisfijisfijisfijis dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

fofofofofoklendisklendisklendisklendisklendis kunZulebiskunZulebiskunZulebiskunZulebiskunZulebis

funtifuntifuntifuntifunti



quveiTuriquveiTuriquveiTuriquveiTuriquveiTuri dinaridinaridinaridinaridinari

tengetengetengetengetenge

yatarisyatarisyatarisyatarisyataris rialirialirialirialiriali

som iso m iso m iso m iso m i



SveduriSveduriSveduriSveduriSveduri kronakronakronakronakrona

SveicariuliSveicariuliSveicariuliSveicariuliSveicariuli franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki

SrilanSrilanSrilanSrilanSrilankurikurikurikurikuri rupirupirupirupirupi

franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BEACCexuriCexuriCexuriCexuriCexuri korunakorunakorunakorunakoruna

CilesCilesCilesCilesCiles pesopesopesopesopeso

iuanrenminbiiuanrenminbiiuanrenminbiiuanrenminbiiuanrenminbi


franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki CFA BEACku n aku n aku n aku n aku n a

jibutisjibutisjibutisjibutisjibutis franfranfranfranfrankikikikiki



le m p ir ale m p ir ale m p ir ale m p ir ale m p ir a

honhonhonhonhonkongkongkongkongkonguriuriuriuriuri dolaridolaridolaridolaridolari

7 9 87 9 87 9 87 9 87 9 8

7 8 87 8 87 8 87 8 87 8 8

8 0 08 0 08 0 08 0 08 0 0

8 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 0

8 0 48 0 48 0 48 0 48 0 4

3 4 83 4 83 4 83 4 83 4 8

8 7 68 7 68 7 68 7 68 7 6

8 5 88 5 88 5 88 5 88 5 8

2 3 42 3 42 3 42 3 42 3 4

6 0 86 0 86 0 86 0 86 0 8

2 4 62 4 62 4 62 4 62 4 6

2 4 22 4 22 4 22 4 22 4 2

2 3 82 3 82 3 82 3 82 3 8

1 6 61 6 61 6 61 6 61 6 6

1 6 21 6 21 6 21 6 21 6 2

4 1 44 1 44 1 44 1 44 1 4

3 9 83 9 83 9 83 9 83 9 8

6 3 46 3 46 3 46 3 46 3 4

4 1 74 1 74 1 74 1 74 1 7

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

5 8 15 8 15 8 15 8 15 8 1

7 5 27 5 27 5 27 5 27 5 2

7 5 67 5 67 5 67 5 67 5 6

1 4 41 4 41 4 41 4 41 4 4

1 4 81 4 81 4 81 4 81 4 8

2 0 32 0 32 0 32 0 32 0 3

1 5 21 5 21 5 21 5 21 5 2

1 5 61 5 61 5 61 5 61 5 6

5 8 05 8 05 8 05 8 05 8 0

1 4 01 4 01 4 01 4 01 4 0

1 9 11 9 11 9 11 9 11 9 1

2 6 22 6 22 6 22 6 22 6 2

3 3 23 3 23 3 23 3 23 3 2

3 3 43 3 43 3 43 3 43 3 4

3 4 03 4 03 4 03 4 03 4 0

3 4 43 4 43 4 43 4 43 4 4

AUD

TND

UGX

UZS

UAH

HUF

XPF

UYP

DKK

PHP

EUR

FJD

FKP

AUD

AUD

KWD

KZT

QAR

KGS

USD

USD

SEK

CHF

LKR

XAF

CZK

CLP

CNY

USD

XAF

HRK

DJF

USD

AUD

HNL

HKD

0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6

7 8 87 8 87 8 87 8 87 8 8

8 0 08 0 08 0 08 0 08 0 0

8 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 08 6 0

9 8 09 8 09 8 09 8 09 8 0

3 4 83 4 83 4 83 4 83 4 8

9 5 39 5 39 5 39 5 39 5 3

8 5 88 5 88 5 88 5 88 5 8

2 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 82 0 8

6 0 86 0 86 0 86 0 86 0 8

9 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 89 7 8

2 4 22 4 22 4 22 4 22 4 2

2 3 82 3 82 3 82 3 82 3 8

0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6

0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6

4 1 44 1 44 1 44 1 44 1 4

3 9 83 9 83 9 83 9 83 9 8

6 3 46 3 46 3 46 3 46 3 4

4 1 74 1 74 1 74 1 74 1 7

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

7 5 27 5 27 5 27 5 27 5 2

7 5 67 5 67 5 67 5 67 5 6

1 4 41 4 41 4 41 4 41 4 4

9 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 0

2 0 32 0 32 0 32 0 32 0 3

1 5 21 5 21 5 21 5 21 5 2

1 5 61 5 61 5 61 5 61 5 6

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

9 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 09 5 0

1 9 11 9 11 9 11 9 11 9 1

2 6 22 6 22 6 22 6 22 6 2

8 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 08 4 0

0 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 60 3 6

3 4 03 4 03 4 03 4 03 4 0

3 4 43 4 43 4 43 4 43 4 4

513

S i n a a r s i

recenziis magierrecenziis magierrecenziis magierrecenziis magierrecenziis magier

winasityvaobawinasityvaobawinasityvaobawinasityvaobawinasityvaoba

leqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebileqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebileqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebileqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebileqsikonSi gamoyenebuli abreviaturebi

qarTuli anbaniqarTuli anbaniqarTuli anbaniqarTuli anbaniqarTuli anbani

a

b

g

d

e

v

z

T

i

k

l

m

n

o

p

J

r

s

t

u

f

q

R

y

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

3

5

7

8

9

41

54

80

96

143

153

157

162

179

207

214

260

269

276

292

293

305

380

386

390

419

422

424

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○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

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○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

514

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c

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W

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naTvali valutebisa da kodebis CvenebiTnaTvali valutebisa da kodebis CvenebiTnaTvali valutebisa da kodebis CvenebiTnaTvali valutebisa da kodebis CvenebiTnaTvali valutebisa da kodebis CvenebiT

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○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

426

437

443

447

449

452

453

458

460

466

503

507

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

○ ○ ○

ENCYCLOPAEDICDICTIONARY

OF MODERN ECONOMY

Publishing Company "Siakhle"

Tbilisi 2012

(in Georgian Language)

Rozeta Asatiani

sabeWdi qaRaldi 60X92 1/16;

saaRricxvo-sagamomcemlo Tabaxi 35,00.

gamomcemloba `siaxle~, Tbilisi 0162, yifSiZis q. 10.

tel.: 599530487^ E-mail: [email protected]

saqartvelos ekonomikur mecnierebata...

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