1

vasil xizaniSvili

eTikuri ekonomika

(saxelmZRvanelo)

gamomcemloba `loi~

Tbilisi-2016

2

v. xizaniSvili, 2016

naSromSi Tanmimdevrulad aris ganxiluli ,,eTi-

kuri ekonomikis“, rogorc saqarTveloSi sruliad ax-

ali, interdisciplinaruli sagnis arsebiTi mxareebi.

saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia yvela Sesabamisi spe-

cialobis bakalavriatis, magistraturis, doqtoran-

turis studentebisa da profesor-maswavlbelTaTvis.

is aseve saTanado daxmarebas gauwevs am sakiTxebiT

dainteresebul sxva mkiTxvelsac.

redaqtori:

elguja meqvabiSvili

ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori

recenzentebi:

loid qarCava

biznesis administrirebis doqtori,

asocirebuli profesori

giorgi sibaSvili

filosofiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

asocirebuli profesori

uak (UDC) 330.826

x - 531

ISBN 978-9941-9268-6-0

vasil xizaniSvili, `eTikuri ekonomika~, gamom-cemloba `loi~, Tbilisi, 2016 weli, gv. 404.

saxelmZRvanelo gamoica KAAD-is dafinansebiT.

3

Sinaarsi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

nawili I ekonomikis eTika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Tavi 1. ra aris ekonomikis eTika? . . . . . . . . . . 12

$1.1. ekonomikisa da eTikis

urTierTdamokidebuleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

$1.2. ekonomikis eTikis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

$1.3. bazris sakiTxebi eTikur konteqstSi . . . . 28

$1.4. ekonomikuri anTropologiis eTikuri da

politikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Tavi 2. zneobriv faseulobaTa eTikuri

gaazreba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

$2.1. samarlianoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

$2.2. Tanasworoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

$2.3. Tavisufleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

$2.4. pasuxismgebloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Tavi 3. sabazro ekonomika VS socialuri

sabazro ekonomika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

$3.1. sabazro ekonomika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

$3.2. socialuri sabazro ekonomika . . . . . . . . . 82

Tavi 4. eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika . . . . 95

Tavi 5. globalizacia, misi formebi, msoflio

finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebi da

eTikuri mocemuloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

$5.1. ra aris globalizacia? . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

$5.2. ekonomikuri globalizacia . . . . . . . . . . 120

$5.3. finansuri globalizacia . . . . . . . . . . . 128

4

$5.4. finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebis

retrospeqcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134

Tavi 6. religia da ekonomika . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148

$6.1. religiis socialur-ekonomikuri gaazreba..148

$6.2. religiis calkeuli saxeebi ekonomikur

prizmaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

Tavi 7. kultura da ekonomika . . . . . . . . . . . . 176

nawili II. biznesis eTika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194

Tavi 1. ra aris biznesis eTika? . . . . . . . . . . . 195

$1.1. biznesis eTika da misi mniSvneloba . . . . 195

$1.2. biznesis eTikis ganviTarebis etapebi . . . 201

Tavi 2. biznesis eTikis doneebi . . . . . . . . . . . 215

$2.1. mikro done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

$2.2. mezo done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

$2.3. makro done . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

Tavi 3. biznesis eTikis Teoriebi . . . . . . . . . . 246

$3.1. normatiuli eTikuri Teoria . . . . . . . . . . 246

$3.2. deskripciuli eTikuri Teoria . . . . . . . . 268

Tavi 4. globalizacia da biznesis eTika . . . 294

$4.1. globalizacia biznesis eTikis

konteqstSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

$4.2. globalizaciis gavlena

biznes-urTierTobebze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300

$4.3. biznesis eTikis analizuri midgoma

kompaniaTa gadawyvetilebebis

problematikaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Tavi 5. menejmentis sakiTxebi biznesis eTikaSi 312

5

$5.1. bizneseTikis menejmenti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

$5.2. bizneseTikis menejmentis organizeba . . . . 317

$5.3. riskebisa da Sansebis menejmenti sawarmos

mdgradi ganviTarebis konteqstSi . . . . . . 323

Tavi 6. korporaciis pasuxismgeblobis saxeebi 330

$6.1. korporaciuli socialuri

pasuxismgebloba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

$6.2. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba . . . . . . . . . . 344

Tavi 7. steikholderebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357

$7.1. firmis steikholderis Teoria . . . . . . . . 357

$7.2. aqcionerebi da menejerebi . . . . . . . . . . . 364

$7.3. kompaniis TanamSromlebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 370

$7.4. mimwodeblebi da konkurentebi . . . . . . . . 375

$7.5. momxmareblebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380

$7.6. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebi... 384

$7.7. xelisufleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390

boloTqma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

6

Sesavali

eTikuri ekonomika aris ekonomikisa da eTikis

TeoriaTa, eTikur da ekonomikur SexedulebaTa

gaerTianeba da politikuri ekonomiis Sevseba.1

eTikuri ekonomikis da politikuri ekonomiis

safuZvelia racionalur qmedebaTa formalur–

ekonomikuri Teoria.

politikuri ekonomia politikuri normebiT

ikvlevs da gansazRvravs saxalxo meurneobis

samarTlebriv da politikur safuZvlebs, eTikuri

ekonomikis sagans warmoadgens eTikuri da kultu-

ruli normebi.

saxalxo meurneobis moZRvreba, rogorc ekono-

mikis yovlismomcveli Teoria, mikro da makro

ekonomikuri Teoriebis pozitiuri ekonomikis

gverdiT moicavs politikur ekonomias da eTikur

ekonomikas.2

ekonomikuri Teoria aanalizebs socialur in-

stituciebsa da moqmedebaTaA wesrigs, romelic

kerZo interesebzea dafuZnebuli. eTikuri Teoria

ki ayalibebs instituciebsa da normebs, romelic

adamianis saukeTeso unarebis ganviTarebis Sesa-

Zleblobas warmoSobs.

eTikuri ekonomika aseve aris ekonomikis kul-

turis sferos eTikuri wanamZRvrebis Teoria, eTi-

kuri wesebisa da qcevebis Teoria, romelic misi

funqcionirebisaTvis bazris koordinacias da

fasTaA sistemas gulisxmobs.

1. Koslowski, P. , Prinzipien der Ethischen ökonomie: Grundlegung der. 2. Wirtschaftsethik und der auf die ökonomie bezogenen Ethik: Tübingen: Mohr, 1988, S. 2 Matthienssen, Ch., ökonomie und Ethik (Moral des Mark-tes oder Kritik der reinen ökonomischen Vernunft) , Freiburg 1990, S. 9

7

politikuri ekonomia da axali termini ,,eTi-

kuri ekonomika~ asaxavs wminda ekonomikis, baz-

risa da fasTaA sistemis politikur da eTikur

wanamZRvrebs. bazris koordinacia da marTva mx-

olod maSin xorcieldeba, roca gansazRvrulia

institucionaluri pirobebi. bazris koordinaci-

is institucionalur wanamZRvrebs ganekuTvneba

is wanamZRvrebi, romlebsac ikvlevs politikuri

ekonomia da eTikuri ekonomika. eTikuri ekonomika

afarTovebs eTikis analitikur Zalas, ekonomikur

TeoriasTan mimarTebaSi.

eTikuri ekonomika aseve ikvlevs qmedebaTaA mo-

tivaciis moralurobis sakiTxs, kerZo da sazoga-

do interesTa mimarTebaSi romelime maTganis upi-

ratesobis gansazRvris TvalsazrisiT gamoiyofa

eTikuri ekonomikis kidev erTi sfero, romelic

ikvlevs ekonomikisa da eTikis urTierTmimarTebas

saqonelmcodneobaSi. sagnebi calkeul saqonlad

gadaiqceva gansazRvruli Rirebulebis xarisxiTa

da am Rirebulebis xarisxTa aRqmis meSveobiT. es

ukanaskneli ar aris damoukidebeli momxmareblis-

agan. ekonomikuri da esTetikur-eTikuri saqonelm-

codneobis arsis wvdomaSi eTikuri ekonomika

erTdroulad gviCvenebs ekonomikis kulturis

Teorias, kulturis ekonomikas da ekonomikis kul-

turis filosofias.

eTikuri ekonomikis samive sfero – ekonomikis

eTikuri wanamZRvrebis Teoria, eTikis ekonomikuri

Teoria da saqonlis eTikur-ekonomikuri Teoria

aerTianebs farTo adamianur qmedebaTa Teorias

da praqtikas.

eTikuri ekonomika ubrundeba uZveles

filosofiur tradicias, aristoteles praqtikul

filosofias, rogorc eTikis, ekonomikisa da poli-

tikis erTianobas. praqtikuli filosofiis am

8

erTianobam mogvianebiT adgili dauTmo moralis

filosofiaze pragmatikisa da socialuri eTikis

gavlenas (kanti) da nacionaluri ekonomikis, ro-

gorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis warmoSobas

(adam smiti)*. eTikis, ekonomikisa da politikis

am triadis adgilas Camoyalibda sami damoukide-

beli disciplina.

misi, rogorc interdisciplinaluri sagnis

warmoSobis safuZvlad saxeldeba sami mizezi: 1)

ekonomikuri saqmianobis mzardi kulturuli da

ekologiuri gverdiTi qmedebebis (eqsternalieb-

is) gacnobierebisa da maTze eTikuri pasuxismge-

blobis moTxovnileba; 2) sagnobriv disciplineb-

Si adamianis xelaxla aRmoCena da ekonomikur

kadrebSi samarTalaRsrulebis mzardi molodini;

3) kulturul sferoTa Semdgomi daSla-darRveva

da gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri samyaros gaucxoe-

ba.

admianis Zalaufleba bunebaze Tavis social-

ur samoqmedo sivrceSi permanenturad izrdeba.

aseve izrdeba SesaZlo eqsternaliebis moculo-

bac. adamianis mzardi Zalaufleba moiTxovs ara

mxolod garemos analitikur codnas, aramed in-

dividis ZiriTadi da gverdiTi qmedebebis mima-

rT mzard mgrZnobelobas. igi agreTve moiTxovs

praqtikul-eTikuri qcevis codnas rac calkeuli

gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas gaiTvaliswineba.

eqsternaliebis momravleba niSnavs gamoRviZe-

bul ekologiur cnobierebas da moiTxovs de-

batebs energiiT sargeblobis Sesaxeb. adamianis

Zalauflebis zrda proporciulad zrdis mis

pasuxismgeblobas socialuri da bunebrivi gare-

*Sdr. Zur Verhältnis von Ökonomie und Ethik bei Kant und Adam Smith (Koshlowski 1982 a) S. 185-237

9

samyaros mimarT. es aris eTikuri ekonomikis aqtu-

alurobis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani mizezi.

eTikur ekonomikaze moTxovnilebas warmoSobs

mecnierebaSi ,,adamianis xelaxla aRmoCenis~

fenomeni. eTika mecnierebaSi ,,praqtikuli gonebis

primats~ qmediTs xdis. eTikas axsovs da iTval-

iswinebs, rom mecniereba praqtikaa da samecniero

praqtikam unda dasvas kiTxva misi paradigmis

Sesabamisobis Sesaxeb adamianis TviTgamorkvev-

asTan. ekonomika swavlebaa adamianis Segnebuli

qcevebis Taobaze. Sesabamisad, Zlierdeba mecnier-

uli gagebis ,,reantrofomorfizaciis~ procesi da

mecnierebaSi subieqtze gaZlierebuli dakvirveba

socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis meSveobiT.

,,reantrofomorfizmi~ aRiarebulia Tanamedrove

ekonomikur TeoriaSi. postindustriuli ekonomi-

kuri mecniereba moiTxovs dakvirvebas adamianur

faqtorze antropologiuri da antrofomorfuli

TvalsazrisiT.

eTikuri ekonomikisadmi gaZlierebuli inter-

esis mesame mizezia Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

SigniT socialur gansxvavebaTa moSlis mzardi

tendencia da misgan warmoSobili safrTxeebi.

eTikuri ekonomika cdilobs pasuxi gasces kiTx-

vaze, Tu rogor moiqces subieqti Tavis politikur,

kulturul, religiur da esTetikur ganzomile-

bebSi. bazris funqcionirebisa da konkurenciis

efeqtianobis xarisxi miT ufro maRalia, rac ufro

gaupirovnebeli da anonimuria isini. rac ufro

didia bazari, miT ufro maRalia ekonomikuri

racionalizmi da efeqtiania Sromis danawile-

ba. eTikuri ekonomika da ekonomikis kulturis

filosofia warmoadgens amgvari anonimurobis da-

Zlevisa da axali kulturuli erTobis Seqmnis

mniSvnelovan instruments.

10

eTikuri ekonomika gamoxatavs eTikur qmedeba-

Ta aspeqtebis integraciis mcdelobas ekonomikur

mecnierebaTaA modelSi. misi sagania ekonomikur

qmedebaTa eTikur xasiaTsa da homo oeconomicus So-ris ufskrulis amovseba. eTikisa da ekonomikis

Tanamedrove dualizmi warmoadgens axlandeli

postmodernuli epoqis organul Semadgenel

nawils. eTikisa da ekonomikis ganuyrelma er-

Tianobam eTikuri ekonomikis saxiT Seqmna axali

disciplina.

eTikuri ekomonika ar aris oqsimoroni, urTi-

erTgamomricxavi sityvebis Sexameba. araviTari

xis rkina, ori gaumTlianebeli, SeukavSirebeli

Teoriis Semadgeneli nawili. igi aris admianSi

uZlieresi da saukeTeso gansxavebuli impulsebis

urTierTdamokidebulebis aRiareba gansazRvru-

li wesebisa da instituceiebis CarCoebSi.3 eTi-

kuri ekonomika produqtiulobis, ekonomikuri da

samarTlianobis eTikur kriteriumTa Teoriebis

sinTezia. eTikuri ekonomika ekonomikisagan iRebs

racionalur qmedebaTa mikroekonomikas da zog-

adi eTikidan – samarTlianobis Teorias. mikro

doneze wina planze dgas sakiTxi ,,samarTliani~

ekonomikuri sistemis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb ekonomi-

kur, finansur da socialur politikaSi. eTikuri

ekonomika ikvlevs saerTo ekonomikur qmedebebs,

maTi moraluri Sedegebis mxedvelobaSi miRebiT.

misi mizania dasabuTebul normaTa povna ,,kargi~

ekonomikisaTvis. eTikuri ekonomika dakavebulia

sakiTxiT Tu romeli normebi da idealebi Sei-

Zleba iqnes miCneuli. mniSvnelovnad Tanamedrove

ekonomikisa da sameurneo sazogadoebis pirobebSi.

3 ix. wyaro 1, gv 27.

11

nawili I ekonomikis eTika

12

Tavi 1. ra aris ekonomikis eTika?

$1.1. ekonomikisa da eTikis urTi-erTdamokidebuleba

ekonomikur urTierTobaTaAZiriTadi eTikuri

problemebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobdnen

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis xangrZlivi periodis

ganmavlobaSi.1 ekonomikisa da eTikis sakiTxebi

didi xnidan iRebs dasabams.

jer kidev bibliur – semitur sivrceSi, ker-

Zod Zveli aRTqmis wignebSi moipoveba mravali

werilobiTi sabuTi, romelic sameurneo cxovre-

bis eTikuri TvalsazrisiT mowyobas gulisx-

mobs. kerZod: iZulebiTi Sroma faraonTa egviptis

agraruli-gegmiur sistemaSi qristeSobamde 1500

wliT adre. monaTa meurneoba CineTSi Cv.w.aR. me-

10 saukuneSi. monebis Sromaze iyo dafuZnebuli

meurneobis funqcionireba aTen-atikaSic qristes

iqiT me-4 saukuneSi, anda provinciebis eqspluata-

cia romis imperiaSi Cv.w. aR. me-2 saukunidan.

warsuli sazogadoebrivi eTosis gansxvavebul

kulturebSi sxvadasxva formiT yovelTvis arse-

bobda ekonomikur-eTikuri xasiaTis elementebi, rac

gansakuTrebiT sacnobia antikuri xanis filoso-

fosTa naazrevSi. magaliTad, uZvelesi pirdapiri

kavSiri ekonomikur da eTikur dakvirvebebs Soris

arsebobs platonTan. misi azriT materialuri

mogebisaken ltolva zians ayenebs sulier ganvi-

Tarebas da aseve safrTxes warmoadgens sazoga-

doebrivi samarTlianobisaTvis. eTika, politika

13

da ekonomia rogorc praqtikuli filosofiis Se-

madgeneli nawilebi aristotelesTan ganuyofelia

da danaxulia mTlianobaSi. aqve unda davZinoT

isic, rom maT jer kidev ar uwyodnen ekonomika

rogorc calke mecniereba da rom isini ZiriTadad

dakavebulni iyvnen sayovelTao eTikuri Teoriis

ganviTarebiT. im xanad ekonomikuri dakvirvebis

obieqti upiratesad iyo ,,Oikos~, antikuri Sinameur-neoba. ekonomikuri sakiTxebi aristotelesTan

moipoveba sistemur formaSi. misi warmodgenebi

efuZneba sokratesa da platonis Sexedulebebs,

romlis azriTac adamianTa keTildReobis safuZ-

vels warmoadgens kerZo sakuTrebasa da pirad

pasuxismgeblobaze dafuZnebuli qmedebani, sadac

daculia legaluri da samarTliani ganawileb-

is principebi. axali eTikuri impulsi iyo iesos

gzavnili RvTis samefos Sesaxeb. axal aRTqmaSi

aris ekonomikur-eTikuri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebi,

kerZod iseTi, rogoricaa socialuri pasuxismgbe-

loba, sakuTrebis ufleba da Sromis aucileblo-

ba. magram, unda iTqvas, rom masSic ar moipoveba

calsaxad sameurneo - zneobrivi xasiaTis sistema,

Tumca arsebulma eTikurma poziciebma qristian-

obis aRiarebasTan erTad me-4 saukunidan didi

mniSvneloba SeiZines sazogadoebrivi mowyobis

TvalsazrisiT.

dasavluri filosofia Sua saukuneebSi vidre

Cven dromde qristianuli rwmeniTa da misive

eTikuri SinaarsiT iyo gansazRvruli. eTikur-

ekonomikuri sakiTxebi Tavdapirvelad ganixile-

boda eklesiis mamaTa, xolo mogvianebiT didi

Teologebis, uwinaresad ki Toma aqvinelis mier.

sqolastikis periodSi moxda antikuri filosofi-

uri wyaroebis samzeoze xelaxla gamotana da

xangrZlivi gaTiSulobis Semdeg maTi gamoyenebiT

14

qristianuli Teologiis eTikuri sistematizacia.

miuxedavad amisa, am droisaTvis erTiani ekonomi-

kuri Teoria jer kidev ar iyo ganviTarebuli.

evropaSi Sua saukuneebamde arsebobda agrarul-

feodaluri sistema, saidanac iwyeba axali ekono-

mikuri movlenebi, risi Tanamdevicaa inteleqtu-

aluri progresi, ramac xeli Seuwyo sistemuri

ekonomikuri Teoriis ganviTarebas. am movlenebs

ganekuTvneba qalaqebisa da Sesabamisad gildiaTa

warmoSoba, manufaqturuli Sromis konfliqtSi

Sesvla feodalur sistemasTan. saSualo klasis

interesTa sferos centrSi fokusirdeba samo-

qalaqo Tavisuflebis (pirovnebis Tavisufleba,

sakuTrebis Tavisufleba da SeTanxmebis Tavisu-

fleba) arseboba, ris safuZvelzec xdeba poli-

tikuri Tavisuflebis miRweva da gaTavisufleba

arsebuli feodaluri sistemisagan.

im drois arsebuli progresi pirdapir kavSir-

Sia subieqtTan. arsebul situaciaTaA gacnobier-

eba mas aiZulebs axali qcevis wesebis Seqmnisa da

damkvidrebisaken, ramac gansazRvra kidec kacobri-

obis momavlis mowyobisa da progresis formire-

ba. am ganviTarebis Sedegebi konkretizirdeba

ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi. es aris im procesis

Sedegi rasac maqs veberi uwodebs ,,racionali-

zaciis~ cnebas. igi asaxavs Tavdapirveli univer-

saluri saojaxo organizebuli kavSirebiTi for-

midan sami damoukidebeli mecnierebis, politikis,

ekonomikisa da religiis ganviTarebis gzas. am

process ganekuTvneba da masTanaa dakavSirebuli

ekonomikisa da eTikis gayofa da maTi damoukide-

bel mecnierebebad ganviTarebac.2

industrializaciis pirvel wlebSive gaxda na-

Teli, rom calke aRebul, gamocalkevebul ekonomi-

kas ar ZaluZs yvela sistemur-imanentur sakiTxTa

15

da problemaTa damuSaveba. amitom, vfiqrobT, rom

ekonomikur-eTikuri istoriuli ganviTarebis di-

namikaSi Cven mier naCvenebi arasruli monaxazi

dagvexmareba ekonomikisa da eTikis, da maTTan

dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva aspeqtebis ukeT dan-

axvasa da gagebaSi.

arsebobs wminda konceptualuri gansxvavebu-

li mniSvneloba moralisa da eTikis cnebebs So-

ris. moralis qveS (ekvivalenti: ,,eTosi~, ,,zneo-

ba~). mecnierebaSi moiazreba normaTa (wesebis),

maqsimebisa da principebis kompleqsi, romlebi-

Tac xelmZRvaneloben an unda ixelmZRvanelon

aqtiorebma. morali moicavs SemosazRvrul

kulturaTaA wris faseulobebisa da normaTaA

struqturas, rasac garkveul pirobebSi ZaluZs

gadaxra samarTlebrivi wesebidan.

eTika (berZn. ethike < ethos – zne) filosofi-

uri mecnierebaa zneobis, moralis Sesaxeb. igi

mWidro kavSirSia eTosTan. filosofiuri gaaz-

rebiT eTosi aRniSnavs eTikurad dadgenil nor-

maTa Sesrulebis Sinagan valdebulebas, xolo

eTika mis mecnierul refleqsias. radgan eTi-

ka swavlobs adamianTa praqtikuli qcevis nor-

mebsa da wesebs, is Teoriuli filosofiisagan

(gnoseologia, ontologia) gansxvavebiT, miiCneva

praqtikul filosofiad. eTikas, rogorc praqti-

kul filosofias, rogorc sworad moqcevis moZ-

Rvrebas ZaluZs ara mxolod normaTa (wesebis)

dafuZneba, aramed aseve konkretuli cxovrebisa

da qmedebaTa samyaroSi kargad dafuZnebul da

damkvidrebul normaTaA mimarTulebis micemac

(komutatori).

,,eTika~ da ,,morali~ msgavsia ,,Teoriis~ da

,,praqtikis~. eTikuri azrovneba aRniSnavs Sesa-

Zlo qmedebaTaA normebis (standartebis) re-

16

fleqsias anu asaxvas, xolo moraluri qmedebani

moicavs am normaTa Sesrulebas. eTikis amocanas

warmoadgens adamianuri TanacxovrebisaTvis mor-

aluri normebis formireba. moraluri normebi ki

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT gaiazreba SezRuduli

kulturuli sivrcis faseulobaTaA struqturad,

romelic samarTalTan aris konfliqtSi.3 eTikis

mizania adamianuri praqtikis wvdoma, mizania ara

Semecneba, aramed moqmedeba.

aseTive gansxvavebuloba arsebobs ekonomiasa da

ekonomikas Soris. Oiko-nomia ZvelberZnuli sity-

vaa da aRniSnavs mTeli saxlis (Oikos) saTanado

marTvas (Nomos). ekonomia antikur xanaSi warmoad-genda sazogadoebis arsebobisaTvis saWiro ekono-

mikuri saSualebebis SenarCunebisa da warmate-

buli sameurneo TanacxovrebisaTvis aucilebel

centralur moments. Tavad ekonomikuri warmateba

gaigeboda rogorc marTebuli cxovrebis gamoxat-

uleba.4 ekonomia iyo moZRvreba ,,mTeli saxlis~

rogorc warCinebulTa ise mdabioTa kulturebis

ZiriTadi socialuri struqturis Sesaxeb.5

ekonomikis qveS ki (ekvivalenti: ,,ekonomikuri

mecniereba~) moiazreba ekonomikur qmedebaTa Teo-

ria. ekonomika svams or mTavar sakiTxs: 1) rogor

SeiZleba mwiri resursebis ekonomiuri gamoyene-

biT maqsimaluri ekonomikuri efeqtis miRweva; 2)

rogor miiRweva individualur qmedebaTa sauke-

Teso koordinacia, romelic kerZo interesebs em-

yareba. orive sakiTxis dayenebas aqvs erTi eTikuri

ganzomileba da miuTiTebs eTikisa da ekonomikis

urTierTdamokidebulebaze. SesaZlebelia Tu ara

sazogadoebrivi koordinacia eTikis gareSe, an

sazogadoebriv koordinaciaSi ramdenad saWiroa

eTikur wesTa kodeqsis Semotana, raTa Semdgom

amiT ekonomikam Tavisi sruli potencialis re-

17

alizeba SeZlos? am kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema Seu-

Zlebelia eTikuri ekonomikis safuZvliani Seswav-

lis gareSe. kapitalisturi ekonomika xasiaTdeba

sami struqturuli TaviseburebebiT: 1) kerZo sa-

kuTreba (maT Soris warmoebis saSualebebze); 2)

mogebisa da sargeblianobis maqsimizacia, rogorc

ekonomikis mizani; 3) ekonomikuri aqtiurobis

koordinacia bazrebiTa da fasTa sistemiT.6

ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi eTika SesaZlebelia

danaxuli iqnas rogorc ekonomikuri racionalite-

tis humanuri koreqtivi. Tavisufal da samarT-

lebriv saxelmwifoSi centraluri eTikuri pos-

tulatebia sxvaTa mier adamianis pirovnulobis

rogorc subieqtis, misi Tavisuflebis, yvela ada-

mianis Tanasworobisa da urTierTtolerantobis

aRiareba.

moraluri faseulobebi warmoadgenen araform-

alur institutebs. es aris raRac araxelSesax-

ebi, TiTqosda SeumCneveli aqtivi, rac arsebiTad

zemoqmedebs transaqciuli xarjebis moculobaze.

moralur faqtorebs ZaluZT Seamciron an gazard-

on es xarjebi. ukanasknel periodSi moraluri

faseulobebi xdeba ekonomikuri cxovrebis ufro

da ufro metad saWiro Semadgeneli nawili. mor-

aluri faseulobebi efeqtianad muSaobs dasav-

leTis ekonomikaSi, amaRlebs ra maTi sawarmoebis

konkurentunarianobas globalizaciis pirobeb-

Si.7

ekonomika da eTika imyofebian mWidro urTier-

TobaSi. esa Tu is ekonomikuri principi gacile-

biT naTeli xdeba maSin, roca misi sargeblianoba

da upiratesoba emyareba eTikur ideebsa da Te-

oriebs, vidre maSin, roca adgili aqvs ,,SiSvel~

ekonomizacias wmindad finansur da samecniero

vadebsa da miznebSi. mxolod eTikur faseulobeb-

18

sa da qcevebze dafuZnebul socialur-ekonomikur

sistemas SeuZlia harmoniuli funqcionireba, e.i.

ekonomikuri politikis sakvanZo sakiTxs warmoad-

gens humanuri faseulobebi, xolo eTika cdilobs

am faseulobaTa av-kargianobaSi garkvevas, rac

uSualod ukavSirdeba arCevanisa da gadawyvetile-

bebis marTlzomierebasa da qmedebis siswores. or-

Todoqsuli ekonomikis mizans warmoadgens mcire

materialuri da droiTi danaxarjebiT maqsi-

maluri Sedegis miReba. eTikuri ekonomikis YTeza

ki ase JRers: ,,eTikurad gaumarTlebeli miznis

realizaciis efeqturoba ar aris efeqturobis is

saxeoba, rac SeiZleba fasobdes~. eTikuri ekono-

mikis safuZvelia humanur faseulobebsa da qce-

vis normebze damyarebuli sameurneo urTierTo-

bebi, xolo mizani, _ orTodoqsuli ekonomikisagan

gansxvavebiT ara xarjebis ukiduresi SemcirebiT

mogebis usazRvrod gazrda, aramed grZelvadian

perspeqtivaSi myari da usafrTxo eko-socialuri

garemos arseboba.

ekonomika aris rogorc mecnierebis, ise calke

aRebuli eTikis sagani. igi mecnierebis sagania im-

denad, ramdenadac is ikvlevs saqonlisa da momsax-

urebis warmoebisa (mizezebi da Sedegebi da maTi

efeqtianoba) da ganawilebis meqanizms, cdilobs

masSi garkvevas.

ekonomika aris eTikis interesis sferoc, ram-

denadac is swavlobs sazogadoebrivi sikeTis

warmoebisa da ganawilebis zneobriv mxares ro-

gorc individebSi, jgufebsa Tu sazogadoebaSi, ise

mTlianad qveyanaSi eTno-kulturul-religiur

sibrtyeze.8

ekonomika da eTika TavianTi Seswavlis sagnis

TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTTan mWidrod arian dakav-

Sirebulni. ekonomika, rogorc damoukidebeli mec-

19

niereba eyrdnoba adamianis Zlier pirovnul im-

pulsebs (motivaciebs), eTikis samiznes ki adamianis

saukeTeso unarebi warmoadgens. orive mecniereba

exeba erTsa da imave sagans _ Semoqmed adamians da

gonismieri qmnadobis koordinacias. ekonomika da

eTika agreTve iTvaliswineben sxva mecnierebaTa

Sexedulebebsac da erTiandebian racionalur qme-

debaTa farTo Teoriis saxiT.

eTikuri sakiTxebi ekonomikaSi mWidrodaa dakav-

Sirebuli kooperaciis problemasTan. tradiciul

ekonomikaSi moiazreba obieqturi moTxovnilebis

da racionaluri kalkulaciis sfero. amJamad ki

ekonomikur kvlevebSi Cndeba eTikuri imperativis

Semotanis aucilebloba, da Sesabamisad, izrdeba

interesi eTikis mimarT. gamomdinare iqidan, rom

eTika warmoadgens adamianis ekonomikuri produq-

tiulobis ganmsazRvrel faqtors, Tanamedrove

ekonomika wina planze wamowevs kacobriobis ar-

sebobis eTikur aspeqtebs. perspeqtivaSi adamianTa

TanamSromloba, socilur urTierTobaTa erTo-

blivi Seneba da saerTod, eTikuri faseulobebi

ekonomikis ganviTarebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

faqtori gaxdeba. eTikuri ekonomika ar aris uto-

pia. is aris aq, Cveni yofierebis yvela sferoSi.

is epoqaluri ekonomikuri da socialuri Zvrebi,

romelic iSva kapitalisturi ekonomikis wiaRSi,

ufro metad humanuri ekonomikis formirebis pro-

cesze mianiSnebs. kapitalisturi ekonomikisagan

gansxvavebiT, romelic dafuZnebulia Sromisa da

kapitalis dapirispirebaze, postmodernuli ekono-

mika aucileblad iqneba eTikuri faseulobebis

ekonomika, sadac SesaZlebeli iqneba eTikurad

mniSvnelovani socialuri urTierToebebis ageba

da ganviTareba.

20

literatura:

1. Kreikebaum, H., Grundlagen der Unternehmensethik: Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel, 1996, S. 31-32

2. Heeg, A., Ethische Verantwortung In der globalisierten ökonomie: (Kritische Rekonstruktion Der Unternehmensethi-kansätze von Horst Steinmann, Peter Ulrich, Karl Homann und Josef Wieland): Frankfurt am Main, 2002, S. 28

3. http: //www.capurro.de4. http://www.via-regia.org5. Koslowski, P. (mit einem Kommentar von James M. Bu-

chanan): Tübingen: C. B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck), S. 296. http://www.via-regia.org7. http://www.academy-go.ru8. http://www.garlikov.com

21

$ 1. 2. ekonomikis eTikis Sesaxeb

amerikuli biznes-eTikis kvaldakval 80-iani wlebis dasawyisSi germanulenovan sivrceSi Cnde-ba axali mecnieruli mimarTuleba _ ekonomikis eTika, romelic aris ZiriTadi ekonomikuri prob-lemebis socialur-eTikuri sakiTxebis analizi. ekonomikis eTika ekonomikisa da eTikis kombina-ciaa1. misi sagania eTikuri principebis gamoyeneba ekonomikur qmedebaTa sferoSi2. amgvar situaciaSi ekonomikis eTika eZiebs ekonomikur qmedebaTa Tan-amedrove, dasabuTebul faseulobaTa orientirebs, rogorc calkeul adamianTa personalur cxovre-baSi, ise ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv politi-kaSi sazogadod.

ekonomikis eTika aris gamoyenebiTi eTika. mis amocanas warmoadgens, pirvel rigSi, imis gamorkve-va, Tu rogor unda daeqvemdebaros moralur gan-sjas rogorc ekonomikuri azri da qmedeba, ise ekonomikis institucionaluri wesrigi; aseve saubaria qmedebaTa procesSi moralurad relevan-tur konkretul rCevebze ekonomikur-politikur gadawyvetilebaTa situaciebSi3. ekonomikis eTikis amocana aseve aris ara mxolod zneobrivi qcevebis idealur warmodgenaTa miznebis aRwera da dasab-uTeba ,,uvnebeli msofliosaTvis”, aramed winaswar miTiTeba SesaZlo bundovan da problematur, ma-gram uSualod dakvirvebad normebzec4.

ekonomikis eTika, rogorc filosofiis eTikis, ise ekonomikur mecnierebaTa nawili, dakavebulia Semdegi sakiTxebiT: ramdenad mWidroa eTikasa da ekonomikas, Sesabamisad, eTikur-praqtikul goneba-sa da ekonomikur racionalurobas Soris kavSiri dRes? 5

mimdinare msoflio finansur–ekonomikuri ka-taklizmebis fonze, romelic ekonomikuri egoizmi-sa da moraluri faseulobebis gauTvaliswine-

22

blobis Sedegia, sul ufro met aqtualobas iZens ekonomikisa da eTikis urTierTdamokidebulebis aspeqti. calsaxad misaRebia is Teza, rom ekono-mikis safuZvels warmoadgens eTikuri normebisa da principebis gamoyenebis aucilebloba ekono-mikur moqmedebaTa sferoSi, anu is socialuri Rirebulebebi, romlebic efuZnebian sayovelTad miRebul kacobriobis centralur faseulobebs: humanurobas, solidarobas da pasuxismgeblobas6.

dRes eTika da ekonomika, erTi SexedviT, imy-ofebian umniSvnelod daZabul urTierTdamokide-bulebaSi. sinamdvileSi maT Soris arsebobs se-riozuli Rrma ufskruli, romelsac didi xniT adre dawyebuli eTikuri erozia gaaCnia, da sabaz-ro ekonomikis swored es eTikuri erozia iwveves ekonomikis centralizacias, kulturisa da mate-rialuri faseulobebis wminda komercializacias, adamianuri faqtoris gavlenis Semcirebas war-moebis procesSi, bunebrivi garemos mtaceblur eqsploatacias.7

gadavxedavT ra warsuls, aRmovaCenT, rom eTi-kasa da ekonomikas Soris didi xnis manZilze ar arsebobda ideaTa aqtiuri gacvla, miuxedavad imi-sa, rom orive mecniereba exeba adamianTa qmedebebs da warmoadgens adamianur qmedebaTa Teorias.8

gacilebiT globaluri xasiaTisaa eTikurad orientirebuli ekonomikis moTxovnebi da dimen-siebi, radgan dRes Cven sul ufro metad vacnobier-ebT, rom Cveni ,,industrial war of life” dakavSirebulia bunebrivi garemos progresirebad ganadgure-basTan. amitom, SeZlebisdagvarad saWiroa fiqri da gansja eTikuri perspeqtivis TvlasazrisiT. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia qronikul masobriv umuSevrobasTan da Sesabamisad, Cveni sazogadoebis siRaribis Semdgom gagrZelebasTan mwvave social-uri sakiTxebi. saxezea socialuri dezintegracia, saRi azrisa da solidarobis ararseboba. TiTqmis

23

usazRvro individualizmis an jgufuri egoizmis Crdilovani mxareebi, korufciuli afiorebi da ,,amigoekonomika” asaxavs ,,organizebuli upasux-ismgeblobis” problemebs, romlebic ekologiuri, socialuri, regionaluri da globaluri ekono-mikuri krizisis simptomebTan erTad qmnis arse-buli mdgomareobidan gamouvalobisa da perspeq-tivis uqonlobis suraTs.9

am fonze SesaZlebelia filosofos manfred ridrelis sityvebis citireba _ ,,eTika, rogorc krizisis refleqsia”10, romelic kavSirSia Cveni cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela arsebiT dimensiasTan: momavali TaobebisaTvis bunebrivi garemos mof-rTxilebasTan, TanamedroveTaTvis Rirseuli say-ofacxovrebo SesaZleblobebis formirebasTan, samarTliani da mSvidoebiani internacionaluri msoflios SeqmnasTan, bazrebis globalizaciasTan da ,,transformaciuli ekonomikebisaTvis” Tanmdev ryevebTan da e.w. ,,mesame samyarosTan”.11 maSasad-ame, eTikiT determinirebuli ekonomikuri modeli warmoadgens kacobriobis epoqalur moTxovnasa da saWiroebas, rac gulisxmobs racionalur, mec-nierul bazisze dafuZnebuli ekonomikis zneo-briv faseulobebze orientirebas.

mravali eTikur-ekonomikuri pozicia damokide-bulia eTikasa da ekonomikas Soris arsebul urTi-erTobaTa mdgomareobaze. ekonomikis didaqtikosi prof. bodo Staimani Seecada maT Soris damokide-buleba Camoeyalibebina mokle Tezisebis saxiT:

• ekonomika _ racionaluroba, faseulobaTa Tavisufleba, obieqturoba, mizanSewoniloba da efeqtianoba;

• eTika _ ara racionaluroba, aramed zee-konomikuri morali; ara faseulobaTa Tavisu-fleba, aramed faseulobaTa simtkice; da ara mi-zanSewoniloba da efeqtianoba, aramed adamianTa samarTlianoba da humanuroba12.

24

rogor aris dakavSirebuli morali da racion-aluroba? racionaluria Tu ara yovelTvis mor-aluri? SeiZleba Tu ara ekonomikuri racion-alurobis koncefciis imgvari ganviTareba, rom SenarCundes distinqcia moralur qmedebasa da maqsimalur sargeblianobas Soris? ekonomikasa da eTikas Soris arsebuli damokidebulebis mar-Tebulad gaazrebisaTvis saWiroa am umTavresi filosofiuri sakiTxebis siRrmiseuli wvdoma da analizi.13

ekonomikuri racionalurobisa da eTikur-praqti-kuli gonebis urTierTobis problemas ukavSirdeba racionalobis principisa da moralis aspeqtebi. racionalobis principi warmoadgens ekonomikis qcevaTa wanamZRvars racionaluri qcevisa da indi-vidualur interesTa maqsimizaciis homo oeconomicus-is modelSi14. racionalurobis principis Sinaarsi ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi, SesaZlebelia, Semdegna-irad iqnes formulirebuli: individebi iZulebi-Ti wesiT ukiduresad zrdian SesaZlo sargeblis odenobas da am saxiT reagireben mosalodnel re-striqciebze, romlebic maT Tavisufal moqmedebebs zRudavs. maSasadame, maqsimizaciis racionalizmi mdgomareobs individsaTvis maqsimaluri sargeb-lis miRebaSi. amgvarad, ekonomikaSi racionaluri qceva sargeblis maqsimizaciis identuri cnebaa.15 rac Seexeba morals, is warmoadgens normebis, maqsimebisa da principebis kompleqs, romlebiTac xelmZRvaneloben an unda ixelmZRvanelon aqtio-rebma. igi gulisxmobs SesaZlo qmedebaTa normebis (standartebis) Sesrulebas. yvela individisaTvis morali niSnavs ara reglamentirebas, msxverpls an raimeze uaris Tqmas, aramed moqmedebaTa SesaZle-blobebis gafarToebas, gazrdil usafrTxoebas, hu-manurobis garantias, Tavisuflebisa da biologi-uri gadarCenis Sansebis gazrdas.

racionalurobisa da moralis sakiTxebTan mima-

25

rTebaSi wina planze iwevs racionaluri arCevanis Teoria (raT), romelic umniSvnelovanes moments warmoadgens qmedebaTa ori polusis Sepirispire-baSi. raT SesaZlebelia interpretirdes farTo konteqstiT. is ganimarteba gadawyvetilebis miRe-bis imgvar Teoriad, romelSic racionalurad miiC-neva moTxovnilebaTa maqsimaluri dakmayofilebis alternativebs Soris upiratesi arCevani.16

racionaluri arCevanis modeli arsebiT gavlenas axdens ara mxolod ekonomikaze, aramed eTikazec. raT-is Tavisebur gamoyenebad moralis normebTan mimarTebaSi gaxda j. roulsis ,,samarTlianobis Teoria” 17, romelic adgens qmedebaTa orientacias _ ,,samarTlianoba” utilitaruli ,,sargeblis” nacvlad. samarTlianobis cneba im azriT, romel-sac mas roulsi aniWebs, zemoT aRniSnuli Teoriis centrSi iZleva subieqtis moqmedebaTa gansazRvre-li ,,patiosani TamaSis” wesebis dayenebis SesaZle-blobas.

racionaluri arCevanis Teoris ZiriTadi sir-Tule mdgomareobs im mizanmimarTuli moqmedebis axsnaSi, romelic dakavSirebulia individualuri da institucionaluri sinTezis, anu calkeuli ekonomikuri subieqtis qmedebaTa gacnobierebul pasuxismgeblobasa da socio-ekonomikur wesrigs Soris konvergenciis SeuZleblobasTan.18

raT iZulebulia gamovides an individis saku-Tari ,,siamovnebis” maqsimizirebis koncefciidan da axsnas ,,uxilavi xeliT” socialuri wesrigis formirebis meqanizmi, an Tavis safuZvlad miiRos socialuri normebi da institutebi im wanamZRvriT, rom dadgenili wesis farglebidan gamosuli nebi-smieri qmedeba araracionaluria. 19

robert raisis mixedviT ekonomikis eTikis, ro-gorc mecnierebis umTavres Temas, Tavad ekono-mikuri azri warmoadgens. ,,ekonomikuri racion-alurobis iqiT ar arsebobs araviTari gonismieri

26

ekonomikis eTika da ekonomikuri racionaluroba _ praqtikuli eTikuri gonebis miRma”20.

maSasadame, ekonomikis eTikis gaazreba orgvar-ia. pirveli, _ ekonomikis eTika gagebuli rogorc ,,bizneseTika” warmoadgens calkeuli ekonomikuri subieqtis qmedebaTa moralur sferos, sadac mor-aluri valdebulebebi gansazRvravs aqtiorTa zneobrivad dasaSveb qmedebaTa zRvars. meore, _ ekonomikis eTika aris ,,socialuri eTikis” sivrcis nawili, romlis amocanas humanuri TvalsazrisiT, sasurveli ekonomikuri wesrigisa da ekonomikuri modelis monaxazi warmoadgens. ekonomikis eTikas ZaluZs orive am mxaresTan mimarTebaSi wamoWras sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu calkeuli ekonomikuri subieqtebis romeli zneobrivi valdebulebebia Sesaferisi imisaTvis, raTa ekonomikis sasurveli mdgomareoba iqnas uzrunvelyofili. aq proble-maa ara cnobili da aRiarebuli, dasaSvebi zneo-brivi normebis ,,SiSveli” gamoyeneba konkretul garemoebebSi, da ara mxolod saxelmwifo moq-medebaTaTvis saWiro saorientacio masStabebis dadgena, aramed saerTo ekonomikuri keTildReo-bisaTvis sasurveli mdgomareobidan calkeul qme-debaTa zneobrivi normireba.21

literatura:1. On the economic life of the moral dimension - from the

traditional view of economic ethics of justice and interests., http://eng.hi138.com/?160542

2. Karl Homann., Wirtschaftsethik. In: Lexikon der Wirtschaft-sethik, hrg. v. Georger Enderle/Karl Homann/Martin Haneker/Walter Kerber/Horst Steinmann. Herder, Freiburg/Basel/Wien, 1993, S. 1287

3. Hans G. Nutzinger (Hrsg.), Wortschaft und Ethik., Wies-baden, 1991, S. 21.

4. Reis, N.: Die Kirche und ihre Sozialverkündingung. In: Branahl, M., Reis, N.: Kirche und Wirtschaft. Beitrage zur Aus-

27

gestaltung der Gesellschaft., Köln, 1991, S. 243.5. Moralitảt und ökonomische Rationalitảt – Integrative

Wirtschaftsethik als Vernunftethik des Wirtschaftens, http://www.grin.com/e-book/66951/moralitaetund - oekonomische - rational-itaet-integr...

6. იხ.წყარო 2, გვ.12877. Kruber, K.-P. ., Der ,,systemathische Ort” für die Ethik in

der Marktwirtschaft – ein Problem für die ökonomische Bildung., Bergisch – Gladbach, 1996, S. 39

8. Wirtschaftschaftschhik – Wikipedia., de. wikipedia. org/wiki/Wirtschaftsethik

9. Ulrich, P., Maak, T., Ethik in Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft – Eine systematische Einführung für Lehrkảfte., Aarau , 1996, S. 9.

10. Riedel, M. Norm und Werturteil., Stuttgart, 1979 S. 8.11. Prof. Dr. habil. Bernd O. Weitz, Ethik und Wirtschaft?! -

Ein Beitrag aus wirtschaftsdidaktischer Sicht-., Köln, Beitrag #1, 2005, S. 17.

12. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ökonomische Bildung - Tagungs-band., Bergisch Gladbach, Bodo Steinmann: Ethsche Orientierung in der Ökonomie., S. 22.

13. Daniel M. Hausman and Michael S. Mcpherson, Economic analysis and moral philosophy, Cambridge University Press, 1996, P. 25-26

14. Ökonomische Rationalität: Grundfrage eine interdiszi-plinären Wirtschaftsethik? Von Elke Mack., Berlin, 1994, S. 31

15. იქვე გვ. 3416. Gaefgen G. Theorie der wistschaftlichen Entscheidung,

Tübingen, 1975., S. 42.17. Rawls J. Theory of justice. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer-

sity Press, 197118. Ulrich, P. Integrative Wirtschaftsethik, 2. Auflage, Verlag

Haupt, 1998, S. 28519. Швери Р., Теория Рационального Выбора: Аналитический

Обзор, www. socjournal.ru/article/14920. ix. wyaro 4 gv. 2321. Wirtschaftswissenschaft und Ethik: Herausgegeben von

Helmut Hesse., Berlin, 1988, S. 241-242.

28

$1.3. bazris sakiTxebi eTikur

konteqstSi

arsebobs mosazreba, rom bazris koordinacia da fasTa sistemis wonasworobis procesi eTikas ar saWiroebs, aramed igi warimarTeba ekonomikuri optimumebiT anu xelsayreli pirobebis erTo-bliobiT. sabazro ekonomikaSi ekonomikis eTikis SesaZlebloba uaryofil iqna im argumentiT, rom subieqtebisaTvis ekonomikuri moTxovnebisa da maqsimebisaTvis saWiro gadawyvetilebaTaA miRe-bis samoqmedo sivrce, mxolod mis an maT mier monopolizirebul an oligopolizirebul baz-rebze arsebobs, magram ara sruli konkurenciis pirobebSi. namdvil konkurentul bazarze mo-qmed pirs anu moTamaSes ar gaaCnia moqmedebis Tavisufleba eTikuri gansjisaTvis, magram is aseve ar saWiroebs eTikis moTxovnilebas, radgan konkurenciuli wnexi mas aiZulebs ekonomikurad gamarTlebul qcevas, rac sayovelTao wonasworo-bis, aseve eTikurad sworad moqmedebis identuria. swori qmedeba mdgomareobs mxolod moTamaSis gadawyvetilebaTa cvalebadobis SeTanazomebaSi mocemul sabazro pirobebTan, masis optimizaciis mocemul sabazro fasTan da warmoebis gafarToe-baSi sabazro fasisa da zRvruli xarjebis Tana-tolobamde.

ekonomikur mecnierebaSi arsebuli gansaz-Rvreba meqanikisa da wonasworobis Teoriebis analogiurobis Taobaze, saidanac gamomdinareobs mosazreba konkurentul bazarze konkurenciis avtomaturobis Sesaxeb da masze dafuZnebuli rwmena, rom konkurencia ekonomikis eTikas xdis zedmets, gamoixateba or variantSi: 1) ekonomikis eTikas miiCnevs zedmetad, magram ara sazianod; 2) ekonomikis eTikas miiCnevs rogorc zedmetad, ise

29

sazianod. Sesabamisad sazianod ekonomikuri efeq-tianobisaTvis.

rwmena konkurenciuli meqanizmis Sesaxeb, TiTqos is ise ,,kargad~ funqcionirebs, rom ekonomikis eTika xdeba zedmeti, aris scientisturi* iluzia, sugescia,** romelic gamomdinareobs ,,sayovelTao wonasworobis~ meqanikuri analogiidan. sinamd-vileSi, bazarze moqmedi subieqtebi arc mobilis elementebia, romlebic gansakuTrebuli biZgis Semdeg kvlav wonasworobis sawyis mdgomareobas ubrundebian, arc sabazro ZalTa Zafze mimagre-buli marionetebi. isini ufro metad racionalu-rad moqmedi sulieri arsebebia, romlebSic mizni-sken swrafva da kontroli mis ganxorcielebaze imyofebian eTikuri ekonomikis imperativebisa da kulturul faseulobaTaA gverdiT.

bazrisa da Tavisufali gacvlis gansakuTrebu-li moraluroba ar SeiZleba imaSi mdgomareobdes, rom bazari eTikas ar saWiroebs. ekonomikis kul-turuli sferos es saocari sistemuri gardaqmna da ekonomikur moqmedebaTa gardasaxva maTemati-kuri maqsimizaciis amocanis SiSvel amoxsnaSi, romelTanac mocemulia parametrebis mniSvneloba, aris swored mcdari gadasvla sxva saxeobaSi, ro-gorc eTikis inversia ekonomikis moqmedebis sfer-oSi SiSveli ekonomizaciisaTvis.

rac konkurentul bazars ganasxvavebs koordi-naciis sxva formebisagan aris is, rom igi uSvebs individualuri miznis ganxorcielebas da iTval-iswinebs ekonomikur da eTikur RirebulebaTaA dialeqtikas da rom misi funqcionireba individu-alur qmedebebSi ar ganisazRvreba SiSveli ekono-

* scientisturi [laT. scientia=codna, mecniereba; ix. de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szientimus] scientizmze dafuZnebuli, mec-nieruli., www.enziklo.de/Begriff/szientistisch.

** sugescia [laT. sugescio=damateba, Sevseba] gavlena., www.ziele-finden.com/was-ist-suggesthion.html

30

mizaciiT, mogebis maqsimizaciiT.3dRes ukve sakmaod cxadi gaxda, rom mxolod

erTi bazris uxilavi xeli sruliad arasakma-risia ekonomikuri cxovrebis organizaciisaTvis.ufro da ufro xSirad ganixileba sakiTxi imis Taobaze, rom ekonomikis sferoSi aucilebelia eTikur sawyisTan dabruneba. eTikuri normebis gareSe ekonomikur cxovrebaSi sakmaod izrdeba transaqciuri xarjebi xelSekrulebaTa Sesruleb-isas, romelTa aucileblobaze socialur-ekonomi-kur urTierTobebSi mkafiod miuTiTebs cnobili Tanamedrove amerikeli swavluli f. fukoiama. igi gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas ndo-bis xarisxze konkurenciis pirobebSi. misi azriT, swored dRes ekonomikuri subieqtebis uzarmazari raodenoba iZulebulia aagos e.w. ,,ndobis qseli~, rac ase saWiroa warmatebuli konkurenciuli br-ZolisaTvis. meore mxriv, zogierTi ekonomisti ekonomikaSi eTikur sawyisebTan dabrunebis au-cileblobas xsnis imiT, rom msoflioSi dadga postmoderni da rom am fazas unda Seesabamebodes Tavisi tipis ekonomika. ase magaliTad, cnobili dasavleli swavlul-ekonomisti p. kozlovski Tv-lis, rom postmodernis ekonomikuri mecniereba aris eTikuri ekonomika.

uxilavi xelis modeli mxolod sami SezRudu-li pirobebis qveS aris moqmedi: 1) uxilavi xeli xelmZRvanelobs wminda egoisturi motivebiT op-timumebis miuxedavad, rodesac mimwodebelTa da momxmarelTa ricxvi Zalian didia, 2) roca yvela adaptacia xdeba xarjebisa da droiTi danakargeb-is gareSe, 3) roca xelSekrulebiTi SeTanxmebebi xarjebis gareSe e.i. transaqciuli xarjebis ga-reSe narCundeba da xorcieldeba. mxolod maSin, roca es pirobebi Sesrulebulia, egoisturi mis-wrafebani bazris uxilavi xeliT gadaiqceva so-cialurad xelsayrel sabazro SedegSi. mxolod

31

am pirobebiT xdeba eTika da eTikuri urTierTobe-bi zedmeti bazarze, radgan sazogadoebrivi koor-dinacia da saerTo sikeTe aseve iwarmoeba eTikis moTxovnilebis gareSe.

sruli konkurenciis pirobebi da xarjebisa-gan Tavisufali xelSekrulebiTi valdebule-bebis dacva mainc rCeba idealur pirobad, situa-ciad, romelic sabazro ekonomikis sinamdvileSi miuRwevadia. bazari ar aris idealuri meqanizmi, romelic sayovelTao wonasworobis neoklasikur Teorias daeyrdnoba, aramed is aris moqmedi da gonieri individebis interaqciuli urTierTobe-bi. am gacvliT urTierTobebSi ekonomikis eTika rCeba saWiro, eTika rogorc sikeTis survili da moqmedebis wesi.

eTikis ekonomikuri mniSvneloba bazarze aisaxeba partniorTa ndobis sakiTxSi. mag.: xelSekrulebis gasvlisas xarjebis dawevis Ta-obaze; xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebul valde-bulebaTaA SesrulebaSi; mimwodebelsa da momx-marebels Soris arsebul araTanabar codnaSi; bazarze arsebuli mimwodeblebis da moTxovnis pozicias Soris arsebul calsaxovnebaSi. eTi-kuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebi vlindeba kan-onis dacvaSi, ndobaSi, sandoobaSi, erTgulebasa da rwmenaSi (eTikuri urTierTobebi) erTis mxriv da transaqciuli xarjebis SemcirebaSi (ekonomikuri urTierTobebi) meores mxriv.

aq Cndeba eTikuri ekonomikis dilema, dilema ekonomikisa da eTikis damokidebulebaSi. ekonomi-kaSi adamianTa upirovnoba da mravalricxovneba sasargebloa, xolo eTikaSi – xelis SemSleli. sazogadoeba rac ufro didia da upirovno, miT ufro Zlieria stimuli calkeulTaTvis sxvaTa xarjze da mravalricxovnobis anonimurobaSi kan-onis darRvevis da piriqiT, miT ufro didia sabaz-ro konkurenciis da fasis marTvis efeqtianoba da

32

Sesabamisad, meurneobis efeqtianobac. ekonomikisa da eTikis urTierTdamokidebuleb-

is konceptualur sakiTxs warmoadgens eTikur faseulobaTa arsebobis sirTule, zogadad Tan-amedrove sabazro ekonomikaSi, konkretulad ki ekonomikis sakvanZo wertilSi – bazarze.4

iqidan gamomdinare, rom eTikisa da ekonomikis urTierTdapirispirebulobaSi sabazro ekonomi-ka ganixileba da miiCneva egoizmis, mogebisaken ltolvis, konkurenciis, umuSevrobis, garesamya-ros ganadgurebis da a.S. adgilad, saidanac eTika gamodevnilia, amitom eTikuri ekonomikis WrilSi umTavresi sakiTxi xdeba is, Tu romeli moraluri normebi da faseulobebi SeiZleba iqnes miCneu-li mniSvnelovnad sabazro ekonomikis pirobeb-Si. saWiroa, rom Tavdapirvelad gadaiWras eTi-kuri sakiTxebi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saerTo miznisaTvis wamyvani ekonomikuri faseulobebis SeTanazomebiT iseT kategoriebTan, romlebic warmoadgenen eTikur kriteriumebs, rogoricaa samarTlianoba da Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba da pasuxismgebloba.

literatura:1. http://www.mce.biophys.msu.ru2. http://www.economicus.ru3. Koslowski, P., Prinzipien der Ethischen ökonomie, Tübin-

gen, 1988, S. 214-2154. Homann, K., Blome-Drees, F., Wirtschafts – und Unterneh-

mensethik, Götingen, 1992, S. 50

33

$1.4. ekonomikuri anTropologiis

eTikuri da politikuri aspeqtebi

dasavleTSi didi xnis win dawyebuli ekono-mikis eTikasTan da politikasTan damokidebuleb-is debatebi koncentrirdeba ekonomikuri an-Tropologiis xedvasTan da calkeuli pirovnebis moqmedebis motivaciasTan. ekonomikur aqtiorTa TviT-interesis anu egoizmis ideis sayovelTao kritika mianiSnebs, rom adamiani aris da unda iyos ara sargeblianobis egoisturi maqsimiza-tori, aramed igi ekuTvnis sazogadoebas da so-cialur kulturebs, saidanac saerTo sikeTisadmi damokidebuleba ar SeiZleba gamoiricxebodes ekonomikur moqmedebaTa motivaciebis gaazrebisa-gan.1 ufro metic, ekonomikur qcevaTa idealuri situaciebis neoklasikuri daSvebebi da varaudebi Zalzed dacilebulia amgvari moqmedebebis piro-baTagan, ekonomikuri cxovrebis konkretul so-cialur konteqstSi.

ekonomikuri qcevebis farTo eTikuri safuZv-lebis argumentebi adasturebs, rom ekonomikuri anTropologia xasiaTdeba egoizmsa da altru-izms Soris arsebuli daZabulobiT. e.w. komu-nitarianuli Teoriis avtorebi amtkiceben, rom keTilgonivruli ekonomikuri qmedeba gulisxmobs sxva adamianebTan urTierTobasa da maTze zru-navs.2 maSasadame, egoizmi arasodes aris motiva-cia mxolod ekonomikisaTvis. ekonomikuri qceveb-is Sesaxeb amgvari socialuri xedvis sapirwoned, mecnier-ekonomistTa nawili, prof. gari bekeris msgavsad icaven altruizms, rogorc maqsimizaciis individualuri sargeblianobis mowinave formas. bekeri aviTarebs e.w. „sabralo bavSvis Teoremas“ da acxadebs, rom adamianebi altruistulad mo-

34

qmedeben imisTvis, raTa srulyon da gaaumjobe-son sakuTari egoizmi, msgavsad bavSvisa, romelic iqceva kargad imisaTvis, rom miiRos didi jildo mSoblebisagan.3 am TvalsazrisiT, kooperaciisa da simpaTiis strategiebi aris mxolod TviT-in-teresis mowinave formebi, maRiarebeli simarTlis Tqmis, pirobis Sesrulebis da kontraqtis dacvis mniSvnelobisa momavali kolaboraciisaTvis da ekonomikuri gacvla-gamocvlisaTvis. es argumen-ti srulad iqna ganviTarebuli prof. aqselrodis mier, romelic Tavis wignSi „kooperaciis evolu-cia“ amtkicebda, rom kooperaciuli qceva Sei-Zleba daefuZnos sargeblianobis individualur maqsimizacias, radgan kooperaciuli strategiebi grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi individebisaTvis ufro metad iqneba sargeblobis momtani, vidre oportun-istuli strategiebi. 4

rodesac jon roulsi sawyis wertils iRebs TviTinteresidan da racionalur Teorias aTa-vsebs universaluri normebis kantiseuli kon-struqciis farglebSi, Tavis cnobil wignSi „samarTlianobis Teoria“, „umecrebis safarvelis“ ganxilvisas is, SeiZleba iTqvas, ayalibebs ekono-mikis racionalur safuZvels eTikasa da poli-tikas Soris.5„umecrebis safarvelSi“ is gulisx-mobs imgvar mdgomareobas, rodesac individebs ar aqvT gansazRvruli sakuTari personaluri poz-iciebi momaval sazogadoebaSi da maSasadame gac-ilebiT ufro racionaluria samarTlianobis im erTgvari ZiriTadi pirobebis arCeva, romlebic misaRebi iqneba yvelasaTvis momaval sazoga-doebaSi. am konstruqciaSi roulsi ar uaryofs pirovnebis racionalur arCevans, iseve rogorc ar miiCnevs mas racionaluri moqmedebis erTaderT safuZvlad. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom kan-tianur konstruqtivizms ar ZaluZs gamoricxos samarTlianobisaTvis zrunva politikur sazoga-

35

doebasa da saerTo sikeTeSi, maSin rodesac roul-si amtkicebs, rom pirovnebebi valdebulni arian „umecrebis safarqveS“ airCion samarTlianobis principebi momavali sazogadoebisaTvis, romelic gamosadegi iqneba yvelasaTvis.6 garda amisa, sa-zogadoebis es koncepti uSvebs TviT adamianis farTo koncefcias, vidre koncefcia, romelic neoklasikuri ekonomikis mieraa SemoTavazebuli. maSasadame, Cven SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom poli-tikuri racionaluroba niSnavs socialur urTi-erTobasa da valdebulebas erTian politikur sazogadoebasa Tu sivrceSi. am konteqstiT beker-isa da aqselrodis konceptebi angariSs ar uwevs imas, rasac altruizmi sinamdvileSi warmoadgens. isini altruizms ganixilaven ganviTarebuli ego-izmis TvalsazrisiT.

levinasi cdilobs ganavrcos j. roulsis samarTlianobis eTikuri safuZvlebi politi-kur sazogadoebaSi. igi gvTavazobs erTi adami-anis meore adamianTan Sexvedris fenomenolo-gias, rogorc adamianuri motivaciis safuZvels7, da raSic vlindeba zneobis umaRlesi katego-riebis, pasuxismgeblobisa da Tavganwirvis usaz-Rvro moTxovnileba. pirovnebaTa Soris amgvari damokidebuleba aris socialuri urTierTobebis safuZveli, romelic ar unda ganisazRvros, ro-gorc „alter ego“-s damokidebuleba, aramed mis-gan fundamenturad gansxvavebuli ram. levinasis xedviT, fundamenturi pativiscema sxvebis mimarT aris eTikuri urTierTobebis safuZveli da es da-mokidebuleba win uZRvis ekonomikur urTierTo-baTa egoistur gacvliT urTierTobebs.

imisaTvis, rom adgili mieCinos ekonomikas eTi-kasa da politikas Soris, Cven SegviZlia Sevaja-moT ekonomikuri anTropologis Cveneuli xed-va. „ekonomikuri adamianis“ tradiciuli xedva scildeba jon roulsis kantianuri konstruqtiv-

36

izmis CarCoebs, romelic warmodgenilia egoisturi-da izolirebuli liberali individis sazogadoe-brivi kritikiT, individis, romelic eZiebs saerTo sikeTes sxva adamianebTa Soris sazogadoebaSi. politikuri perspeqtiva mxardaWerilia levinasis eTikuri anTropologiiT, romelic ekonomikur mo-qmedebas ganixilavs meorexarisxovnad fundamen-tur humanur pasuxismgeblobasTan mimarTebaSi, rogorc humanur moqmedebaTa faruli ganzrax-vebis gamomJRavnebas. es ganzraxvebi niSnavs, rom ekonomikuri moqmedeba danergilia farTo so-cialur struqturaSi da SeuZlebelia ekonomi-kuri racionalurobis eTikuri da politikuri racionalurobisagan gancalkeveba.

politikuri samarTlianobis es perspeqtiva sa-zogadoebaSi da eTikuri sazrunavi adamianisTvis, rogorc pirovnebis arsebobis yvelaze ufro fun-damenturi piroba, unda asaxavdes ideas, romel-ic ekonomikas warmoaCens, rogorc politikasa da eTikaze damokidebuls. ekonomikis ontologia SeuZlebelia gagebul iqnas, rogorc sruli da yovlismomcveli, miuxedavad amisa, ekonomikuri racionaluroba aris meorexarisxovani politi-kur da eTikur urTierTobebTan mimarTebaSi. am TvalsazrisiT, ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis miRe-ba unda xasiaTdebodes gare restriqciebiT poli-tikuri samarTlianobis wesebSi da eTikuri princ-ipebiT, romlebic daefuZneba adamianis arsebobis fundamentur principebs. ekonomikuri safuZveli warmodgenilia universaluri moraluri wesebis, eTikuri ideebis, samarTlianobis ZiebiT politi-kur erTobasa da keTildReobaSi.

levinasis filosofiaze dayrdnobiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom adamianis pasuxismgebloba apirobebs ekonomikuri moqmedebis legitimurobas. garda amisa, politikuri erTobis idealTagan mimoxil-uli pasuxismgebloba ar aris mxolod faruli

37

urTierToba sxvasTan, aramed drosa da sivrceSi is aseve unda iyos ganvrcobili, rogorc sazoga-doebis erTi mTlianoba. es gaxlavT germaneli filosofosis hans ionasis argumenti, romelic asabuTebs, rom pasuxismgebloba Seexeba ara mx-olod axlandel adamianur moqmedebas, humanur aqtivobebs, aramed is globalurad, yovlismomcve-lad unda iqnes ganvrcobili drosa da sivrceSi da moicavdes kacobriobis momavalsac8.

eTikisa da politikis amgvari integracia ekonomikur racionalurobaSi ar aris fasis ga-reSe, radgan ZiriTadi ekonomikuri azri ganix-ileba rogorc relatiuri eTikur principebTan.9 efeqtianobis, utilitarobis, warmoebis, moTxovnis, moxmarebis, saqonlisa da sakuTrebis dagrovebis cnebebi miiCneva ara mxolod Sinagan, aramed Zala-Si myof faseulobebad iqamde, vidre isini ar ar-Rveven ZiriTad eTikur principebs da vidre Sesw-evT unari wvlili Seitanon politikuri erTobis saerTo sikeTeSi. ekonomikur moqmedebaTa eTikuri da politikuri limitaciebi gvTavazobs wesebisa da uflebebis sistemas, rogorc ekonomikuri moq-medebis socialuri regulaciis safuZvels.

Cven SegviZlia mxardaWerac ki vpovoT ekonomi-kur moqmedebaTa amgvari kritikuli SezRudvebis mxriv institucionalisturi koncefciis fargleb-Si, rac eWqveS ayenebs neoklasikuri ekonomikuri azris ramodenime centralur princips.10 kerZod, organizaciisa da menejmentis bihevieristuli par-adigma svams kiTxvas ekonomikuri racionaluro-bis neoklasikuri konceptis sandoobis Sesaxeb. organizaciis Teoriis es midgomebi amtkicebs, rom ekonomikuri adamianis ideali, rogorc racion-aluri, egoisti maqsimizatori aqtiori, ar Seesa-bameba korporaciuli moqmedebisa Tu firmis ideis realobas. simoni da merCi 1958 wels acxadebdnen, rom mogebis maqsimizaciis konceptiT SeuZlebelia

38

aixsnas Tu rogor imoqmedeben individebi yovel-dRiur ekonomikur yofaSi. maTi azriT ekonomi-kuri aqtiorebi arian ara racionalurni sakuTar qmedebebSi, aramed maTi moqmedeba damokidebulia bevr sxvadasxva pirTa interesebze, upiratesobebsa da sakuTrebis uflebebze. firma ar warmoadgens warmoebis racionalur ierarqiul manqanas, aramed is ganxiluli unda iqnes, rogorc interaqciul individTa Ria politikuri sistema kompleqsur garemoSi. 11

ekonomikuri moqmedebis am xedvas usaTuod rodi Semoaqvs eTikasa da politikaSi ekonomikis safuZ-vlebis normatiuli Teoria, aramed is gulisxmobs, rom ekonomikuri sistemebi SeuZlebelia ganxi-lul iqnas, rogorc racionalurobis efeqtiano-bis daxuruli sistemebi. organizacia gacilebiT ufro rTuli instituciaa, radgan is warmoadgens socialur sistemas ormxrivad urTierTdamokide-bul aqtiorebTan mimarTebaSi romlebic moqmede-ben organizaciis miznebis Tanaxmad motivaciis struqturis safuZvelze.

organizaciebis, rogorc „politikuri koali-ciebis“ mxedvelobaSi miRebiT merCma da kiertma 1962 wels ganaviTares ekonomikuri bazrebis da firmebis, rogorc „Savi yuTebis“ neoklasikuri koncefciis kritika, gansazRvruli srulyofili ekonomikuri racionalurobiT,12 romelTa azriT firmaSi arsebul arasrulyofil codnasa da aSka-ra sirTuleebze aqcentireba, organizaciebs sru-lad amyofebs winaaRmdegobaSi racionalur siste-mebTan, rogorc adaptur racionalur sistemebTan, sadac idealuri ekonomikuri racionaluroba ga-nixileba gansakuTrebul gadawyvetilebebsa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis masStabebze damokidebu-lad.

organizaciuli Teoriis es xedva mogvianebiT aRwerili iqna herbert simonis mier „procedu-

39

ruli racionalurobis“ saxiT, romelic faqtiuri gadawyvetilebis miRebas miiCnevda „dasazRvrul racionalurobaze“ damokidebulad, im azriT rom alternativebi aris SezRuduli, absoluturi cod-na zogadad da pirovnebis momaval preferenciebze konkretulad _ SeuZlebeli13. jeims merCi amt-kicebs, rom neoklasikuri „Sedegis logika“ unda Seicvalos „mizanSewonilobis logikiT“, rogorc ekonomikuri moqmedebis winapiroba. dasazRvruli racionaluroba niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia fun-qcionireba ekonomikis egzogenuri da indigenuri aspeqtebis mkacri separaciisas. Sida ekonomikuri racionaluroba gavlenas ganicdis gare social-uri faseulobebiTa da pirobebiT.

amgvarad, Cven SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom or-ganizaciis Teoriis evolucia mxars uWers ekono-mikuri racionalurobis gare eTikur da politi-kur SezRudvaTa ideas. roca simoni amtkicebs, rom neoklasikuri ekonomikuri racionalurobis sub-stancia icvleba „organizaciebSi proceduruli racionalurobiT“, rogorc „adapturi, politikuri koaliciebi“, es aCvenebs Tu rogor ar SeuZlia eTikasa da sxva faseulobebs vidre ekonomikur faseulobebs, organizaciuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis gavlenis Tavidan acileba. amgvarad, or-ganizaciuli Teoria da institucionalisturi paradigma ekonomikaSi deskrifciuli argumenteb-is SeTavazebiT xels uwyobs eTikasa da ekonomi-kas Soris mWidro urTierTobis arsebobas.14 am azriT, ekonomikuri stabiluroba da konkurentu-li wonasworoba damokidebulia instituciebsa da institucionalur zomebze. es zomebi ar SeiZleba gamoricxavdes eTikur faseulobebsa da politi-kur safuZvlebs, romlebic politikuri koaliciis formiT xdebian dasazRvruli da procedualuri racionalurobis nawili firmebSi.

40

literatura:

1. Fràncois-Regis Mahieu,Ethique economique, fondements anthropologiques, Paris, 2001, p. 299

2. Amartya Etizioni, The Moral Dimension. Towards a New Economics, New York: Collier Macmillan, 1988.

3. ix.wyaro 1. p.1644. Axelrod, R. The Evolution of Cooperation, New York: Ba-

sic Books, 1984.5. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, Cambridge, MA: Oxford

University Press, 1971.6. Michael Sandel, Liberalism and the Limits of Justice, Cam-

bridge, MA: Oxford University Press, 1982.7. Emmanuel Lévinas, Totalite et infini, Essai sur lexteriorite,

martinus nijhoff publishers: The Hague, The Netherlands. 19618. Hans Jonas, Das Prinzip Verantwortung, Frankfurt am

Main: Insel Verlag. 19799. ix.wyaro 1, p. 16810. Walter W. Powell and Paul J. DiMaggio, The New Institu-

tionalism in Organizational Analisis, Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press. 1991

11. March, J.G. and Simon, H.A., Organizations. New York: Wiley. 1958, p.118

12. Cyert, R.B. and March, J.G., A Behavioral Theory of the Firm. Prentice-Hall International Series in Management and Behavioral Sciences in Business Series. Englewood Gliffs, NS: prentice-Hall. New Jersey, 1963, p. 124.

13. Herbert Simon, Organizations and Markets, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory Published by: Ox-ford UniversityPress: J-PART, Vol.5. No.3 (Jul, 1995), pp.159, 273-294.

14. Powell and DiMaggio, The New Institutionalism in Or-ganizational Analysis, University of Chicago Press, 1991.

41

Tavi 2. zneobriv faseulobaTa

eTikuri gaazreba

$ 2.1. samarTlianoba

samarTlianoba aris ZiriTadi zneobrivi fa-seuloba. igi warmoadgens universalur prin-cipTa krebuls.1 samarTlianoba aris ara zusti maTematikuri sazomi, aramed moqmedebaTaA miznis mimarTulebis mimcemi.2 samarTlianobis cnebis diferencireba zogadad SesaZlebelia ekonomi-kuri, socialuri, samarTlebrivi religiuri, mor-aluri da fsiqologiuri niSnis mixedviT.3 Cveni kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens moralur WrilSi samarTlianobis cnebis socialur-ekonomikuri kuTxiT garkveva.

ekonomikuri samarTlianoba ganmartavs yoveli ekonomikuri sistemis centralur ideas da bune-bas.4 ekonomikuri samarTlianoba exeba rogorc calke aRebul individs, aseve sazogadoebriv wes-rigs. igi moicavs moralur principebs, romliTac xdeba xelmZRvaneloba ekonomikuri institutebis SemuSavebaSi. es institutebi gansazRvraven ekono-mikur urTierTobaTaA Sinaarss xelSekrulebis dadebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis gacvlis da sxva interaqciul urTierTobaTa pirobebSi. yve-la sistemis msgavsad, ekonomikuri samarTlianoba moicavs input, output da maT Soris arsebul uku-kavSirs maTive harmoniisa da wonasworobis aR-dgenisaTvis.

ekonomikuri samarTlianobis sistemaSi, rogorc es gansazRvrulia l. kelsis da m. adleris mier, arsebobs sami ZiriTadi da urTierTdamokidebu-li principi: monawileobis principi, ganawilebis principi da harmoniis principi.5

monawileobis principi aRwers ,,input~ raobas

42

saarsebo wyaros SeqmnisaTvis ekonomikur proces-Si. kerZo sakuTrebasTan mimarTebaSi is moiTxovs Tanabar SesaZleblobebs sawarmoo aqtivebis xelmisawvdom miRebaSi. igi aseve moiTxovs Sesa-ZleblobaTa Tanasworobas mwarmoeblur SromaSi monawileobisaTvis. monawileobis principi ar uz-runvelyofs Tanabari Sedegebis arsebobas, magram iTxovs, rom yoveli adamiani iyos garantirebuli Tanabari uflebiT socialuri instituciebisa-gan, raTa TviTveulma maTganma SeZlos nayofieri wvlilis Setana ekonomikaSi, rogorc sakuTari SromiT (rogorc muSakma), ise sakuTari sawar-moo kapitaliT (rogorc mesakuTrem). amgvarad, monawileobis principi uaryofs nebismier monop-oliebs, gansakuTrebul privilegiebsa da sxva sa-zogadoebriv barierebs.

ganawilebis principi gansazRvravs ekonomi-kuri sistemis output uflebebs rac SesabamisobaSi modis TviTeuli adamianis Sromasa da kapitalda-bandebasTan (inputs). kerZo sakuTrebis ganawilebi-Ti funqciis wyalobiT Tavisufali da Ria bazris sivrceSi ganawilebiTi samarTlianoba avtoma-turad aris dakavSirebuli monawileobis prin-cipTan. ganawilebis principi Seicavs sakuTrebi-sa da xelSekrulebis xelSeuxeblobas. es Seexeba Tavisufal da Ria bazars (da ara xelisuflebas), rogorc SedarebiT ufro obieqtur da demokra-tiul saSualebas samarTliani fasis, samarTliani xelfasisa da samarTliani mogebis gansazRvri-saTvis. arc Tu iSviaTad xdeba samarTliani ga-nawilebis principis qvelmoqmedebis principTan gaigiveba. qvelmoqmedebis cneba gulisxmobs ,,Tvi-Teuls sakuTari saWiroebis mixedviT~, maSin roca ganawilebis samarTlianoba efuZneba ideas _ ,,Ti-Toeuls misi wvlilis mixedviT~. am principebis aR-reva iwvevs usasrulo konfliqtebs, rac aiZulebs xelisuflebas Caerios sazogadoebrivi wesrigis

43

mxardaWeris mizniT. ganawilebis samarTlianoba TanxmobaSia monawileobis samarTlianobasTan da es Tanxmoba qreba maSin, roca ar arsebobs SeZenisa da sargeblobis Tanabari SesaZleblobebi miRe-bul Semosavlebze.

harmoniis principi moicavs ukukavSirebs, anu wonasworobis principebs, igi cdilobs gamoavlin-os input an output principebis damaxinjebebi da Se-tanili iqnes nebismieri Sesworebebi samarTliani da gawonasworebuli ekonomikuri wesrigis aR-dgenisaTvis. es principi irRveva monawileobis procesSi usamarTlo da umarTebulo winaaRmde-gobebis SeqmniT, maT Soris monopoliebiT, an maTi sakuTrebis gamoyenebiT sxvaTa sazianod an eqspl-uataciisaTvis. oqsfordis inglisur leqsikonSi ,,ekonomikuri harmonia~ gansazRvrulia rogorc ,,socialuri adaptaciis kanonebi, romelSic erTi adamianis an adamianTa jgufis sakuTari interese-bi Tavisufali TamaSis mocemulobaSi daiyvaneba sxva adamianTa an mTlianad sazogadoebis maqsi-maluri sargeblis Sedegebamde~. es principi gvTavazobs saxelmZRvanelo miTiTebebs monopo-liaTa kontrolisaTvis, socialur instituciaTa sazRvrebSi kontrolisa da balansis dacvas da SenarCunebas, da distribuciis xelaxal sinqroni-zacias monawileobis principiT.

ekonomikuri samarTlianobis pirveli ori principi gamomdinareobs adamianis maradiu-li samarTlianobis Ziebidan, rac avtomaturad iTxovs wonasworobis dacvas input da output Soris. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom kelsi da adleri miuTiTeben mesame anu harmoniis principze ro-gorc ,,SezRudvis (e.i. limitaciis) principze~, rogorc adamianur tendenciaTa, midrekilebaTa da ltolvaTa SezRudvaze sixarbesa da monopo-liis mimarT, rac iwvevs sxvaTaA izolacias da eqspluatacias. dabolos, harmoniis cneba dRevan-

44

del maRalteqnologiur msoflioSi, potenciuri sinergiis gaTvaliswinebiT warmoadgens ufro metad mizanSewonils da yovlismomcvels, vidre termini SezRudva (anu limitacia) ekonomikuri samarTlianobis mesame komponentSi.

romelime am principis Sesustebis an ararsebo-bis SemTxvevaSi ekonomikuri samarTlianobis sis-tema ganicdis kraxs.

dRes sul ufro did mniSvnelobas iZens ,,so-cialuri samarTlianobis~ cneba. igi Camoyalibda ekonomikur urTierTobebze socialuri faqtore-bis gaZlierebuli zemoqmedebis Sedegad. sabazro ekonomikaSi samarTlianoba warmoadgens ekonomi-kuri stabilurobisa da efeqtiani ganviTarebis umTavres pirobas. samarTlianobis cnebis Sinaar-sis Semadgenel elements miekuTvnebian faseu-lobebi da qmedebebi. zneobrivi faseulobebiT xdeba samarTlianobis gamoxatva, xolo ekonomi-kuri qmedebebi axdenen mis realizebas, romlebic amave dros warmoadgenen samarTlianobis ganxor-cielebis socialur-kulturul saSualebas, rac asaxvas poulobs ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sede-gebSi.6

ekonomikis sferoSi socialuri samarTliano-ba aris ekonomikur urTierTobaTa Sesabamisoba im warmodgenebTan, moTxovnebTan da interesebTan, romlebic dominireben gansazRvrul sazogadoeba-Si sasicocxlod aucilebeli sikeTiT sargeblo-bis SesaZleblobebTan mimarTebaSi.

Semosavlebis uTanabroba damaxasiaTebelia yvela ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis, rac iwvevda da iwvevs socialur Zvrebs – politikur da ekono-mikur krizisebs. sabazro ekonomikaSi socialuri samarTlianoba umTavresad relizirdeba Semosav-lebis gadanawilebiT, mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris Tanabari sastarto pirobebis Se-qmniT. ekonomikuri efeqtianobisa da socialuri

45

samarTlianobis moTxovnis morigebis problema warmoadgens rogorc saxelmwifos ekonomikuri regulirebis ise calkeuli sawarmos sameurneo saqmianobis umniSvnelovanes sakiTxs.7

socialuri samarTlianobis kvleva, rogorc ekonomikis efeqtianobis faqtoris, aris ekonomi-kuri Teoriis erT-erTi yvelaze fundamenturi problema. mis aqtualurobas ganapirobebs is, rom sameurneo subieqtebis mier adgili aqvs samarT-lebrivi normebisa da ekonomikuri qcevebis eTi-kur wesTa darRvevebs. am pirobebSi saxelmwifo regulirebis sistema saWiroebs mZlavr, institu-cionalur mxardaWeras, rac orientirebuli iqneba socialuri samarTlianobis donis amaRlebaze ekonomikaSi.

erovnuli ekonomikis efeqtianoba da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis mSenebloba didwiladaa damokide-buli imaze, Tu ramdenad aris daculi social-uri samarTlianobis principebi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi ekonomikis CaTvliT. Tanamedrove etapze socialuri politikis mTa-vari orientiri unda iyos ekonomikuri aqtiuro-bis yovelmxrivi stimulireba, romelic upasuxebs rogorc efeqtianobis moTxovnas, ise sazogadoebis socialuri samarTlianobis principebs. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia, nacionaluri meurneobis social-urad orientirebuli da ekonomikurad efetiani institutebis Seqmna.

ekonomikur urTierTobebSi socialuri samarTlianoba SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc adamianis arsebobis forma ZiriTadi elementeb-is saxiT, nebismier socialur-ekonomikur sis-temaSi. socialuri samarTlianobis problemis gadaWris midgomebi atarebs Teoriul xasiaTs da ekonomikur urTierTobebSi sakmaod rTulad gamoiyeneba. institucionaluri midgoma war-moadgens erT-erT yvelaze ufro efeqtian saSu-

46

alebas am problemis gadasaWrelad, romlis ar-sic mdgomareobs institucionaluri garemos CamoyalibebaSi, rac xels Seuwyobs socialuri samarTlianobis principebis dacvas ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. arsebuli problema araerTgvaro-vania da garkveulwilad moiTxovs individualur midgomas, risTvisac unda SemuSavdes socialuri samarTlianobis sakuTari principebi da kriteri-umebi. formulirebuli principebi da kriteri-umebi unda iqnes institucionalizirebuli maT Sesabamis normatiul-samarTlebriv aqtebsa da araformalur konvencionalur normebSi SetaniT, romlebic daaregulireben ekonomikur urTierTo-bebs da amisaTvis saWiro gaxdeba institucion-aluri meqanizmis Seqmna maT sarealizaciod. so-cialuri samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis amgvari midgomiT miRebuli efeqti aisaxeba ro-gorc calke aRebul ekonomikur subieqtebze, ise mTel ekonomikaze.8

ekonomikuri samarTlianobis Teorias gaaCnia mravali aspeqti, iseTi rogoricaa samarTliano-bis momenti da misi uzrunvelyofisaTvis saWiro ekonomikuri RonisZiebebi; saarsebo moTxovnile-bebisa da survilebis mxare da misi maqsi-maluri dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro ekonomikuri meqanizmebi; idealuri SesaZleblobebis social-uri koncefcia da misi ganxorcielebis ekonomi-kuri berketebi.

samarTlianoba es aris zneobrivi forma romel-ic moelis pasuxs kiTxvebze ,,ra~ da ,,ratom~. ekonomikuri samarTlianobis TvalsazrisiT kiTxva ,,ra~ mimarTulia ekonomikur saqonelze, xolo ,,ratom~ gulisxmobs ekonomikuri saqonlis recipientis dadgenis kriteriumebs. ekonomikuri samarTlianoba warmoadgens erT-erT yvelaze ufro sakamaTo sakiTxs moraluri filosofiis mTel rig wyebaTaASoris.9

47

ekonomikuri samarTlianoba efuZneba gacvlisa da ganawilebis samarTlian aspeqtebs, romlis miR-wevac SesaZlebeli xdeba mxolod maTi damatebiTi ganwesebiT da integraciiT. misi aqtualizaciisaT-vis aucilebelia Tavsebadi sabazro instrumen-tebis mdgradobis kidev ufro gamtkiceba.

Tanamedrove sabazro meurneobis socialuri samarTlianobis problema umniSvnelovanes adg-ils ikavebs ekonomikaSi. socialuri samarTliano-bis problemis damuSaveba sabazro sazogadoebaSi iZens ara mxolod ekonomikur, aramed aseve so-cialur-politikur aqtualurobas. amgvari anali-zi SesaZlebelia mxolod ekonomikuri urTierTo-bebis mTeli kompleqsis Seswavlis pirobebSi, rac safuZvlad udevs socialur samarTlianobas, moi-cavs da aregulirebs sabazro procesis praqtiku-lad yvela subieqtis ekonomikur qcevebs.10

literatura:

1. http://www.cesj.org2. Nutzinger, H. G., (Herausgeber), Wirtschaftsethische Per-

spektiven III, (Unternehmensethik, Verteilungproblleme, metho-dische Ansätze. Berlin Duncker&Humblot, 1997, S. 52

3. http://www.m-economy.ru4. http://www.amazon.com5. http://www.cesj.org6. http://www.m-economy.ru7. http://www.new-economika.ru8. http://www.institutions.com9. http://www.kaththeo.luni-muenchen.de10. http://www.mirrabot.com

48

$ 2.2. Tanasworoba

Tanasworoba socialuri filosofiis erT-erTi

ZiriTadi cnebaa. Tanasworobis idea SesaZlebelia

warmodgenili iqnes rogorc Tanabari Rirsebis

mqone abstraqtuli idealis gavrcelebis mcdelo-

ba sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovrebis sxvadasxva

sferoSi.1

sazogadod, Tanasworobis idea da sazrisi

mdgomareobs faseulobaTaA TanasworobaSi Sem-

degi kiTxviT: ,,ratom Tanasworoba?~. Tanasworoba

TamaSobs mTavar rols samarTlianobis TeoriaSi

da warmoadgens misi koncefciis fundamentur mi-

zans.2 Tanasworobis princips gaaCnia centraluri

mniSvneloba samarTlianobis TeoriisaTvis. is

gaigeba ara rogorc ubralod alokaciis* an dis-

tribuciis principi, aramed rogorc adamianebs

Soris arsebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba.3

socialuri Tanasworoba aris politikuri Te-

oriis erT-erTi centraluri cneba, romelic aRniS-

navs adamianTa Tanabar xelmisawvdomobas social-

uri Tavisuflebis, uflebisa da keTildReobis

(sikeTis) mimarT.4 socialuri Tanasworoba gac-

ilebiT metia, vidre ekonomikuri sistemis ucxo

danamati. metic, arsebiTad is aris socialuri sa-

bazro ekonomikis integraluri komponenti.

Tanasworoba, rogorc ekonomikuri kategoria

SeiZleba daiyos sam nawilad: 1) keTildReobis

Tanasworoba; 2) SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba; 3)

resursebis Tanasworoba;

* alokacia [frang. allocation] asigneba, gacema (fuli-

sa)., frangul qarTuli leqsikoni tm. I, Tb. 1963 weli, gv. 52

49

SesaZleblobaTa da resursebis Tanasworo-

ba gansazRvravs da ganapirobebs keTildReobis

Tanasworobas. materialuri da aramaterialuri

aqtivebis Tanasworoba sabazro ekonomikaSi sas-

tarto pirobebis gaTanabrebis perspeqtiviT

SesaZleblobaTa sruli realizaciisaTvis aris

umTavresi winapiroba politikur-ekonomikur

sivrceSi utopiad miCneuli Tanasworobis ganxor-

cielebisaTvis.

ekonomikur Tanasworobas gaaCnia ori funda-

menturi kiTxva: 1) Tanasworoba risi? da 2)

Tanasworoba vis Soris? pirvelis pasuxi

mdgomareobs Sedegis TanasworobaSi, upirateso-

bis daSvebis gaTanabrebasa da sastarto pirobeb-

is egalizebaSi Tanabari perspeqtivisaTvis. meore

kiTxvaze ki pasuxs scems Tavad keTildReobis Te-

oriis mTeli istoria, rac warmoadgens eTikur

principebze dafuZnebul kerZo da sazogado sike-

Tis morigebis mcdelobas.5

Tanasworobis sakiTxis ukeT garkvevaSi gvex-

mareba uTanasworobis problemis analizi. uTan-

asworoba, raSic yvela misi mkvlevari Tanxmdeba,

ganisazRvreba imiT, rom erTi socialuri jgufi

sazogadoebaSi iZens gansakuTrebul pozicias, rac

mas saSualebas aZlevs Tavisi Tavis sasargeblod

moaxdinos sazogadoebrivi simdidris didi nawi-

lis araproporciulad gadanawileba.6

uTanasworobis problemis ganxilvisas Sesa-

Zloa gamovyoT ramodenime argumenti misi Sem-

cirebisa da Sesabamisad sazogadoebaSi Semosav-

lebis gadanawilebis sasargeblod.

ekonomikuri keTildReobis poziciidan uTan-

asworobasTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos

socialur Tanasworobasa da sazogadoebriv

keTildReobas Soris arsebuli SesaZlo urTierT-

50

kavSiri. sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis funqciis

gansazRvrul varaudebTan sruli Tanasworo-

bis pirobebSi is aRwevs Tavisi SesaZleblobis

maqsimums. amitom, Semosavlebis gadanawilebiT

gamowveuli uTanasworobis nebismieri Semcireba

iwvevs sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis zrdas. gan-

sxvavebuli mosazrebis mixedviT keTildReobis

amaRlebam SesaZlebelia moiTxovos Semosavlebis

uTanasworobac.

meore argumenti sazogadoebaSi Semosavlebis

gadanawilebis sasargeblod atarebs makro ekono-

mikur xasiaTs – es aris socialuri uTanasworo-

bis donesa da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebs Soris

arsebuli garkveuli urTierTkavSiri. arsebiTad,

es argumenti winaaRmdegobrivia da gamoiyeneba

gadanawilebis procesis, rogorc momxre, ise mowi-

naaRmdege mxaris mier. erTis mxriv, rac ufro nak-

lebad intensiur xasiaTs atareben gadanawilebis

procesebi, miT ufro Zlieria individebis stimu-

lireba mwarmoebluri Sromis mimarT, rac vlinde-

ba maT mier realuri Semosavlebis miRebis Sesa-

ZleblobebSi. am azriT, uTanasworoba – es aris

fasi, romelic iZulebiT gadaixdeba sazogadoebis

mier efeqtiani ekonomikuri sistemisa da stabi-

luri ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis. Tumca, uTanas-

worobis sakmaod maRali done qveyanaSi iwvevs

piriqiT – ekonomikuri zrdis Semcirebas (ekono-

mikuri ganviTareba dasawyisSi iwvevs uTanasworo-

bis gadidebas, xolo Semdeg mis Semcirebas, anu

uTanasworobis zrdasTan erTad, xdeba ekonomi-

kuri zrdis tempis momateba mxolod garkveul

donemde, saidanac uTanasworobis Semdgomi zrdis

kvaldakval ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi mcirdeba).

amitom mizanSewonilia, rom Tanasworobis regu-

lireba warmoebdes gadanawilebis politikis ga-

51

tarebiT da ar moxdes misi sakmaod maRali donis

daSveba.

vidre gavaanalizebT ekonomikur zrdasa da

uTanasworobas Soris damokidebulebas, auci-

lebelia ganvmartoT, Tu ra formiT izomeba Ta-

vad uTanasworoba. mis indikatorad gamoiyeneba

saerTo Semosavlis ganawileba individebs Soris

ekonomikaSi. TvalsaCino warmodgenas ekonomikaSi

uTanasworobis Taobaze iZleva lorencos mrudi,

romelic gviCvenebs Semosavlebis Tu ra wili

modis mosaxleobis Sesabamis nawilze.7

mesame mizezi dakavSirebulia uTanasworobis

ufro metad mkafio gamovlinebasTan – siRari-

bis problemasTan. socialuri samarTlianobis

principebisa da sayovelTaod miRebuli normebis

Tanaxmad demokratiul saxelmwifoSi siRaribis

moculobis Semcireba warmoadgens xelisuflebis

erT-erT ZiriTad mizans, romlis realizaciac

xorcieldeba Semosavlebis gadanawilebis poli-

tikis daxmarebiT. Semosavlebis gadanawileb-

is meqanizmebi sxvadasxvagvaria da ama Tu im

meqanizmis gamoyeneba damokidebulia qveyanaSi

arsebuli socialuri uTanasworobis doneze, mis

struqturaze, mizezebze, uTanasworobis Semcire-

bis miznis specifikasa da politikis amocane-

bze. amitom, Semosavlebis gadanawilebis rTuli

amocanis garkvevamde, mizanSewonilia uTanasworo-

bis specifikis, misi Taviseburebebisa da Sefasebis

kriteriumebis dadgena.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ekonomikuri zrdisa

da siRaribis Semcirebis problemebi uSualod aris

dakavSirebuli ekonomikur uTanasworobasTan.

uTanasworobis maRali done rogorc wesi aso-

cirdeba siRaribis maRal donesTan, ekonomikuri

zrdis dabal tempebTan da politikur arastabi-

52

lurobasTan, rac safrTxis winaSe ayenebs ekono-

mikuri da politikuri gardaqmnis procesebs. Se-

sabamisad, imisaTvis, rom ganxorcieldes efeqtiani

politika, romelic mimarTuli iqneba ekonomikuri

zrdis daCqarebisa da siRaribis Semcirebisaken,

aucilebelia detaluri warmodgenis qona ama Tu

im qveyanaSi arsebul uTanasworobis moculobaze,

uTanasworobis profilsa da determinantebze,

iseve rogorc uTanasworobaSi arsebul droebiT

cvlilebebze.8

ekonomikuri uTanasworoba, anu ,,gansxvaveba

simdidresa da SemosavlebSi~ moicavs ekonomi-

kuri aqtivebisa da Semosavlebis yvela sxvaobas

ganawilebis sferoSi. igi erTnairad exeba ro-

gorc calkeul adamianebs da adamianTa jgufebs

sazogadoebis SigniT, ise qveynebs Soris urTi-

erTobebs. ekonomikuri uTanasworobis aspeqti

ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia saboloo Sedegebis

TanasworobasTan da miekuTvneba SesaZlebloba-

Ta Tanasworobis ideas. sazogadoebaSi arsebobs

ekonomikuri uTanasworobis mravali mizezi. es

mizezebi xSiradaa dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.

Tanamedrove sabazro ekonomikaSi ekonomikuri

uTanasworobis umTavresi mizezTagania Sromis

fasis gansazRvra bazarze. aseve, preferenciaTa

gansxvavebuloba sazogadoebaSi xSirad uwyobs

xels ekonomikuri uTanasworobis warmoqmnas.9

gaZlierebuli socialuri da ekonomikuri

diferenciacia uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs nebismieri

qveynis saxalxo meurneobriv potencialze, kerZod

ki mrewvelobis, pirvel rigSi mis maRalteqnolo-

giur da mTlianad mecnierebadtevadi dargebis

ganviTarebaze. mzardi da gaZlierebuli uTanas-

woroba, es aris Tanamedrove msoflio tendencia

globalizaciis pirobebSi.

53

ekonomikuri uTanasworobis SemcirebisaTvis

msoflioSi ganixileba SesaZlo mimarTulebebi,

romelTagan SeiZleba gamoiyos ramodenime maT-

gani. esenia: Sromis anazRaurebis donis zrda mu-

Sakis kvalifikaciis xarisxis (donis) gaTval-

iswinebiT, rac niSnavs ganaTlebis faqtoris win

wamowevas maRalkvalificiuri samuSao Zalis mi-

wodebis zrdisaTvis da Sesabamisad, diferenci-

aliT warmoqmnili uTanasworobis Semcirebas Se-

mosavlebSi; saSemosavlo gadasaxadis ganakveTis

cvlileba, anu misi progresuli formis SemoRe-

ba, sadac mdidrebi ixdian gadasaxadis met ode-

nobas vidre Raribebi, rac iwvevs Semosavlebis

jamis Semcirebas; minimaluri saxelfaso zRvaris

daweseba, rac pirdapir aisaxeba RaribTa Semosav-

lebis zrdaze.10

mTlianobaSi, ekonomikuri zrdis maRali tempebi,

mSromelTa aqtiurobis gaZliereba, profkavSiru-

li moZraobebis organizacia, gadasaxadebis gadax-

daze kontrolis daweseba, saxelmwifos dozire-

buli Careva bazarze da a.S. SeiZleba miviCnioT

im faqtorebad, romlebic amcireben ekonomikuri

uTanasworobis risks sazogadoebaSi.

socialuri uTanasworoba warmoadgens sazoga-

doebis cxovrebis fenomens, romelic mudmivad da

uSualod kvlavwarmoebadia cxovrebis social-

ur sferoSi. xolo ekonomikuri uTanasworobis

cneba ganisazRvreba rogorc individebs Soris

arsebuli uTanasworoba materialuri sikeTis kv-

lavwarmoebis procesSi, gacvlaSi, ganawilebasa da

moxmarebaSi maTi rolisa da monawileobis mixed-

viT.11

socialuri uTanasworoba mWidrodaa dakavS-

irebuli ekonomikur uTanasworobasTan, rac xa-

siaTdeba sazogadoebis deficituri resursebis

54

– fulis, Zalauflebis, ganaTlebisa da prestiJis

araTanabari ganawilebiT mosaxleobis sxvadasxva

fenebs Soris, romelic naTlad gviCvenebs mkveTr

diferenciacias socialur stratifikaciasTan

mimarTebaSi.12

literatura:

1. http://www.terme.ru2. http://www.plato.standorf.edu3. Kipnis, K., Meyers, D.T., Economic justice: private

rights and public responsibilities, Totowa, 1988, P. 1044. http://www.filpedia.ru5. http://www.economuch.com6. http://www.globalaffairs.ru7. http://www.finansy-ru8. http://www.eerc.ru9. http://www.en.wikipedia.org10. http:/www.en.wikipedia.org11. http://www.coe.int.ru12. http://www.refport.ru

55

$ 2.3. Tavisufleba

socialur eTikaSi Tavisufleba aris

samarTlianobis forma. Tavisufleba warmoadgens

sazogadoebis, socialuri determinaciis funda-

mentur princips, bazars, saxelmwifosa da konsen-

suss Soris. igi efuZneba samarTlianobasa da

kanonierebas.1

Tavisuflebis fenomeni gulisxmobs sasicocx-

lo miznebis arCevans da maTi miRwevis saSuale-

bas. xolo Tanamedrove ekonomika Tavisi qcevis

sagnad acxadebs swored miznebisa da saSualebeb-

is urTierTSejerebas, rac dakavSirebulia ekono-

mikur TavisuflebasTan. ekonomikuri Tavisufleba

– es aris ,,adamianis ufleba SeeZlos sakuTari

simdidris, Semosavlebis, droisa da Zal-Ronis

Tavisuflad gankargva~. ekonomikuri Tavisufle-

ba gamodis rogorc individis umTavresi miznis

miRwevis saSualeba. mas gaaCnia rogorc damxmare

mniSvneloba, ise – damoukidebeli faseuloba.2

ekonomikuri Tavisufleba aris termini, romel-

ic gamoiyeneba ekonomikur da politikur debateb-

Si. rogorc zogadad TavisuflebasTan, arsebobs

aseve sxvadasxva definciebi, magram ara ekonomikuri

Tavisuflebis sayovelTaod miRebuli koncepti.

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis ZiriTadi midgoma iwye-

ba liberTarianuli tradiciidan, romelic xazs

usvams Tavisufali bazrisa da kerZo sakuTrebis

uaRresad did mniSvnelobas. amJamad es termini

umetesad dakavSirebulia Tavisufal bazarTan

da gansazRvravs saqonlisa da momsaxurebis war-

moebis, gacvlisa da moxmarebis Tavisuflebas yo-

velgvari araeTikuri qcevis wesebis gareSe. is

efuZneba kanonis wesebs, sakuTrebis uflebas da

56

kontraqtis Tavisuflebas da xasiaTdeba bazris

Sida da gare faqtorebiT, sakuTrebis uflebis

dacviT, ekonomikuri iniciativis TavisuflebiT.

ekonomikuri saqmianobis Tavisufleba damkvidr-

da rogorc Tanamedrove civilizaciis ZiriTadi

safuZveli da aRiarebuli iqna rogorc zogad-

sakacobrio faseuloba. msoflio gamocdilebam

aCvena, rom mas alternativa ar gaaCnia: mis gareSe

SeuZlebelia sameurneo iniciativaTa meqanizmeb-

is, konkurenciis funqcionireba, mewarmeobis gan-

viTareba da saerTod – sabazro ekonomikisa da

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arseboba.

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis, anu Tavisufali

ekonomikuri saqmianobis problemebi gansakuTre-

biT aqtualuri gaxda gardamavali sabazro ekono-

mikis qveynebisaTvis, sadac jer kidev SezRudulia

adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, bundova-

nia sazogadoebriv-politikuri struqtura da

ar arsebobs gamarTuli civilizebuli sabazro

urTierTobebis sistema. nacvlad amisa, saxezea

,,naxevrad sabazro~, oligarqiuli, kriminaluri,

korumpirebuli ekonomika, rac warmoadgens ekono-

mikuri Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis safrTxesa da

dabrkolebas. ara da swored ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis axali wesrigi qmnis konkurentuli bazris

pirobebSi warmoebis stabiluri zrdis, efeqturi

investiciebisa da momxmarebelTaA interesebis

dacvis SesaZleblobebs.

adamianis ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis ganuy-

ofeli nawilia Tavisufali konkurencia, rom-

lis sinonimia arCevanis Tavisufleba, mewarmeo-

bis Tavisufleba, bazarze Sesvlis Tavisufleba,

romelic specialuri sakanonmdeblo meqanizmebiT

unda iqnes uzrunvelyofili.

arCevanis SesaZleblobebis zrda mimdinareobs

57

ara mxolod saqonlisa da momsaxurebis sfero-

Si, aramed is exeba sxva sferoebsac - iseTebs,

rogoricaa: sakuTreba da mewarmeoba, profesiis

arCeva da samuSao adgili, saojaxo danazogebi da

investireba. am fuZemdeblur principebze dayrd-

nobiT yuradRebis koncentrireba unda xdebodes

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis sxvadasxva komponen-

tis dinamikis da maT SemzRudvel faqtorebze sa-

zogadoebrivi reformebis pirobebSi, ekonomikuri

Tavisuflebis konkretuli aspeqtebis SedarebiT

analizSi sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv sistemebSi da

a.S.

konkurentul pirobebSi mewarmeebi damoukide-

blad miikvleven gzas momxmareblisaken, raTa uz-

runvelyon sakuTari saqmianobis miznebi: mogeb-

is maqsimizacia, gayidvebis moculobis gadideba,

bazarze wilis gazrda. swored es uwyobs xels

ekonomikis progress: maRldeba warmoebis efeq-

turoba, ekonomikis yvelaze ufro rezultatian se-

qtorebze iqmneba xelsayreli pirobebi resursebis

koncentraciisaTvis. amave dros, nebismieri sameur-

neo subieqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia monopolieb-

isaken swrafva, konkurentebis gamodevna bazridan,

sakuTari saqmianobis sferos gafarToeba. mewar-

meebi eswrafvian kontroli daaweson fasebsa da

im faqtorebze, romlebic gansazRvraven bazarze

sawarmos saqmianobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwi-

fos amocana mdgomareobs masSi, rom konkurencia

warmoebdes civilizebul CarCoebSi, aRikveTos sa-

zogadoebisaTvis saSiSi monopolizmi, gamoiricx-

os konkurenciuli brZolis arakeTilsindisieri

meTodebi da ganisazRvos is sferoebi, sadac auci-

lebelia saxelmwifo regulireba.

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis safuZveli da qva-

kuTxedia pirovnuli arCevani, kerZo sakuTrebis

58

usafrTxoeba, Tavisufali konkurencia da gacvla,

Ria bazrebi.3 cnobili ekonomistebi m. fridmani

da f. haieki aRniSnavdnen da gansakuTrebulad

usvamdnen xazs Tavisufali gacvlisa da bazris

koordinaciis udides mniSvnelobas ekonomikuri

progresisaTvis. gacvlisa da mwarmoebluri saqmi-

anobis gareSe, risi koordinirebac xdeba bazris

meSveobiT, SeuZlebeli iqneboda cxovrebis Taname-

drove standartebze gasvla. Tumca, potenciurad

xelsayreli gacvla yovelTvis rodia misaRebi.

dominantia eTikur-samarTlebrivi moTxovnebi:

misi unaklo realizacia sxva faqtorebTan erTad

damokidebulia fulis warmomavlobaze, kanonze

da sakuTrebis uflebis usafrTxoebaze.

globaluri ekonomikuri krizisi mravali qvey-

nis xelisuflebas aiZulebs SezRudos ekonomi-

kuri Tavisufleba, Tumca istoriuli gamocdileba

gviCvenebs, rom ase gagrZeleba didxans SeuZle-

belia. xolo im qveynebma, romlebmac sxvadasxva

dros ganicades finansuri krizisi, sawyis etap-

zeve iwyes ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mimarTule-

biT moZraoba da mdgradi liberaluri politikis

gatareba.

vfiqrobT, rom ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis amom-

wuravi definicia unda moicavdes saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis warmoebis, distribuciisa Tu mox-

marebis srul Tavisuflebasa da uflebaTaA er-

Tobliobas. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis umaRlesi

forma unda iTvaliswinebdes sakuTrebis flo-

bis absolutur uflebas; Sromis, kapitalisa da

saqonlis moZraobis Tavisuflebis srulad re-

alizebas.

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis prizmaSi ikveTeba

iseTi fenomenologiuri sakiTxebi, rogoricaa:

ojaxis saSualo – sulobrivi Semosavlebis dina-

59

mika, rac warmoadgens ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis

xarisxis maCvenebels; ojaxis danaxarjebis dina-

mika kvebis produqtebze, rac aCvenebs siRaribis

dones; ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, rogorc gacno-

bierebuli aucilebloba da ekonomikuri Tavisu-

flebis realizaciis saSualebebi: fuladi da-

nazogebi da dagrovebis miznebi, rac miuTiTebs

pirovnebaTa ekonomikuri da samoqalaqo cnobier-

ebis simwifeze.4

sazogadoebaSi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis maRa-

li xarisxi gvevlineba Tanamedrove ekonomikuri

sistemis mniSvnelovan pirobad, rac saSualebas

iZleva miRweul iqnes sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri

urTierTobebis yvela kontragentis inovaciuri

potencialis maqsimaluri realizacia.5

ekonomikuri Tavisufleba aris adamianis

Tavisuflebis is aspeqti, romelic dakavSirebu-

lia pirovnebis materialur damoukideblobasTan

saxelmwifosa da sxva organizebul jgufebTan

mimarTebaSi. pirovneba ekonomikurad Tavisufalia,

Tu ki mas ZaluZs srulad akontrolos sakuTari

Sroma da sakuTreba. ekonomikuri Tavisufleba

dakavSirebulia politikur TavisuflebasTan da

SesaZlebelia, rom igi aris misi aucilebeli wina-

pirobac, magram is aseve Zvirfasia TavisTavad.6

m. fridmani aviTarebda arguments, rom ekonomi-

kuri Tavisufleba, miuxedavad imisa, rom TviTon

ukiduresad mniSvnelovani komponentia zogadad

Tavisuflebis, agreTve aris aucilebeli pirobac

politikuri TavisuflebisTvis. misi ganmarte-

biT, ekonomikuri moqmedebebis centralizebul

kontrols yovelTvis axlavs Tan politikuri

represiebi. ekonomikuri aqtiurobisas centrali-

zebuli kontrolis gauqmebiT ekonomikuri Za-

laufleba gamocalkevdeba politikuri Zalau-

60

flebisagan. avstriuli skolis ekonomisti l. f.

mises amtkicebda, rom ,,ekonomikuri da politi-

kuri Tavisufleba erTmaneTTanaa dakavSirebuli

da urTierTdamokidebuli: mosazreba, rom poli-

tikuri Tavisufleba SesaZlebelia daculi iqnes

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis aryofnis SemTxvevaSi

da piruku, aris iluzia~.7

arsebobs ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis aTi gan-

sxvavebuli indeqsi, romelic warmoadgens misi

Sefasebis da ranJirebis meTods. ekonomikuri

Tavisuflebis ramdenime aspeqti garegani bunebi-

saa, ekonomikuri TvalsaCinoebis zomisa da xarisx-

is dadgenisas kapitaldabandebasa Tu vaWrobasTan

mimarTebaSi. misi umetesi aspeqtebi ki Sinagani

bunebisaa, romlebic afaseben pirovnebis Tavisu-

flebas misive Sromisa Tu finansebiT sargeblo-

bis sferoSi xelisuflebis Carevis an SezRudvis

kuTxiT.

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis indeqsebia: 1) bi-

znesis Tavisufleba; 2) vaWrobis Tavisufleba; 3)

fiskaluri Tavisufleba; 4) mTavrobis zoma anu

moqmedebis masStabi; 5) monetaruli Tavisufleba;

6) investiciis Tavisufleba; 7) finansuri Tavisu-

fleba; 8) sakuTrebis ufleba; 9) korufciisagan

Tavisufleba; 10) Sromis Tavisufleba. ekonomi-

kuri Tavisuflebis aTive komponenti Tanabrad

wonvadia. isini ganicdian urTierTgavlenas da

imyofebian interaqciul damokidebulebaSi, Tumca

am interaqciis zusti meqanizmebi ar aris marti-

vad gansazRvrebadi. sirTules warmoadgens aseve

maT Soris zRvaris dadebac. ekonomikuri Tavisu-

flebis indeqsis mizania asaxos ekonomikuri gare-

mo yvela qveyanaSi, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia.

Tavisuflebis nebismieri formis fundamenti

SeiZleba iyos moqalaqeTa ekonomikuri Tavisu-

61

fleba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ekonomikuri

Tavisuflebis indeqsi ganisazRvreba aTi parame-

triT, romelTagan ZiriTads warmoadgens sakuTre-

bis uflebis dacva da dabrkolebaTa ar arseboba

kapitalis Tavisufali moZraobisaTvis. eWvs gare-

Sea, rom es parametrebi aris Tavisuflebis indi-

katori, Tumca gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi

umetes moqalaqeTaTvis ekonomikuri Tavisufleba

aseve unda moicavdes Semdeg kriteriumebs: 1) Se-

mosavlebis imgvari donis floba, romelic iZleva

ara mxolod biologiuri, aramed socialuri ar-

sebobis SesaZleblobas, rogoricaa: swavlis Sesa-

Zlebloba, fizikuri da sulieri TviTrealizacia;

2) uZravi qonebisa da fasiani qaRaldebis flo-

ba, rac iZleva Semosavlebis zrdisa da dadge-

nili moxmarebis normebis dacvis saSualebas; 3)

samuSao adgilis arCevanis SesaZlebloba spe-

cialobisa da interesTa Sesabamisad, rac iZleva

normaluri Semosavlis garantias; 4) samewarmeo

saqmianobis Tavisufleba, romelic saxelmwifos

mxridan iqneba garantirebuli da mxardaWerili;

5) saxelmwifos mxridan Tanabari uflebebisa da

SesaZleblobebis garantia konkurenciis ganvi-

TarebisaTvis.

saboloo angariSiT moqalaqeTa ekonomikuri

Tavisufleba aRniSnavs ekonomikur Tavisufle-

bas saxelmwifosagan. moqalaqeTa ekonomikuri

Tavisuflebis miRweva SeuZlebelia investiciebis

gareSe ganaTlebaSi, kulturasa da mecniereba-

Si. moqalaqeTa ganviTarebuli inteleqtualuri

SesaZleblobebi xels uwyobs Zalis Rirebuleb-

is zrdas, rac Tavis mxriv amcirebs saxelmwifos

damokidebulebas meurveobisagan. ekonomikuri

Tavisuflebis miRwevisaTvis saWiroa saxelm-

wifos ekonomikuri rolis gaZliereba, mTliani

62

Sida produqtis wilis zrda saxelmwifo biujet-

Si, rogorc es xdeba ganviTarebul qveynebSi. unda

SemuSavdes sawarmoTa sainvesticio, sainovacio

da warmoebis refinansirebis amaRlebis meqanizme-

bi. garda amisa, msoflio bazrebze produqciis

konkurentunarianobis zrdisaTvis aucilebelia

saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva, miT umetes, rom per-

speqtiuli kapitaltevadi dargebi (bioteqnolo-

gia, informatika, energetika da a.S.) SeuZlebelia

viTardebodes saxelmwifo investiciebis gareSe.

saboloo angariSiT, swored amgvari socialur-

ekonomikuri ganviTareba pasuxobs moqalaqeTa in-

teresebs, rac niSnavs imas, rom es mimarTuleba

unda gaxdes saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis

safuZveli.8

dasasruls SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ekonomikuri

Tavisufleba aris sameurneo subieqtebisaTvis sa-

kuTrebis formis, sakuTari unarebis, codnis, Sesa-

Zleblobebis, profesiis, Semosavlebis ganawilebis

xerxebis, materialuri sikeTis moxmarebis arCe-

vanis SesaZlebloba. ekonomikuri Tavisufleba

realizdeba saxelmwifos sakanonmdeblo normaTa

bazis safuZvelze da ganuyofelia moqalaqeTa

socialur-ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobisagan.9

literatura:

1. Koslowski, P., (Ed), Individual Liberty and Demoncratic decision-making: the ethics, economics, and politics of democ-racy, Tübingen: Mohr, 1987, P. 98

2. http:/www.VuzLit.net.ru3. http://www.cato.org4. http:/www.prof.msu.ru5. http:/www.economics.wideworld.ru6. Friedman, M., Capitalism and Freedom, esp. Chapter 1

63

,,The Relation Between Economic Freedom and Political Free-dom, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, P. 17

7. http://www.books.google.com8. http://www.prof.msu.ru9. http://www.bank24.ru

64

$ 2.4. pasuxismgebloba

pasuxismgebloba, rogorc socialuri movlena

Caisaxa adamianTaA sazogadoebis gaCenasTan er-

Tad,1 xolo misi rogorc socialur-filosofi-

uri kategoriis mniSvnelobis gansazRvra moxda

SedarebiT gvian. x. ionasi amas xsnis imiT, rom

pasuxismgblobis zoma TanafardobaSia xelisu-

flebisa da codnis zomasTan, xolo isini indus-

triamdel epoqaSi SezRuduli iyo.2

pasuxismgeblobas gaaCnia orgvari buneba:

samarTlebrivi da socialur-eTikuri. me-19 sauku-

nisa da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi pasuxismgebloba

ganixileboda uSualod rogorc danaSaulis sfer-

os problema. me-20 saukunis SuaSi, roca sameurneo

saqmianobis Sedegi xdeba ara mxolod realize-

buli materialuri keTildReoba, aramed sazoga-

doebis socialur-ekonomikuri mowyobis sakiTxic,

man gansakuTrebuli datvirTva SeiZina. gasul

saukuneSive pasuxismgeblobis, rogorc adamianis

moqmedebis fuZemdebluri principi daiyvaneboda

imgvar gagebamde, rom ,,iyo pasuxismgebeli~ SeuZlia

ara mxolod individs, aramed socialur jgufs,

erTobas, klass. warmoiqmna axali kategoria - ,,so-

cialuri pasuxismgebloba~, romelic xorcieldeba

rogorc socialuri kontrolis formiT, ise sub-

ieqtebis mier gacnobierebuli pasuxismgeblobis

sazogadoebrivi roliT. socialuri pasuxismge-

bloba miewereba ara calke aRebul individs, ara-

med individs, rogorc socialuri erTobis warmo-

madgenels.

dRes socialuri pasuxismgebloba aris bizne-

sis ekonomikuri saqmianobis Sedegi Tanamedrove

65

sabazro meurneobis socialur-ekonomikuri sis-

temis transformaciis CarCoebSi, roca socialur-

ekonomikuri efeqtianoba saboloo jamSi miiRweva

adamianuri kapitaliT, gamoxatuli mis inteleqtu-

alur formaSi.3

arsebobs biznesis socialuri pasuxismgeblo-

bis ori ZiriTadi midgoma. mocemuli midgomebi

erTmaneTisagan ganirCevian racionalurobis ti-

pebis mixedviT. m. fridmanisa da p. heines pirveli

midgoma efuZneba formalur (instrumentalur)

racionalurobas. meore midgomis warmomadgen-

lebi arian mkvlevarebi, romlebic eyrdnobian

substanciur racionalurobas, mag. f. haiti da a.

rixi, romlebic aRiareben, rom biznesis social-

ur pasuxismgeblobas gaaCnia rTuli buneba da ar

daiyvaneba SiSvel ekonomikur interesamde.

biznesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba, rogorc

eTikuri norma, safuZvlad udevs sameurneo saqmi-

anobis process. igi amave dros warmoadgens samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis pirobas da

mis indikators.

saerTaSoriso praqtikaSi biznesis social-

uri pasuxismgeblobis calsaxa gansazRvreba ar

arsebobs. masSi igulisxmeba erTis mxriv qvel-

moqmedeba, mecenateoba, sponsoroba, filanTropia,

meores mxriv, socialur-marketinguli programe-

bi da korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismge-

bloba. biznesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba, es

aris biznesis nebayoflobiT gaRebuli wvlili

sazogadoebis socialur da ekologiur sfero-

Ta ganviTarebis saqmeSi. Tumca aqve unda iTq-

vas, rom misi es mocemuli gansazRvreba ufro

metad idealuria da sinamdvileSi SeuZlebelia

misi srulad ganxorcieleba imitom, rom Tundac

erTi gadawyvetilebis nebismieri Sedegis winas-

66

war gaTvla ubralod SeuZlebelia. biznesis so-

cialuri pasuxismgebloba aris ara wesi, aramed

eTikuri principi, romelic unda arsebobdes gad-

awyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.

biznesis socialur pasuxismgeblobas gaaCnia

mravaldoniani Tviseba. misi sabazo done gulisx-

mobs gadasaxadebis da xelfasis droul da srul

dafarvas, SeZlebisdagvarad samuSao Statebis ga-

farToebas. meore done gulisxmobs muSakTa kval-

ifikaciis amaRlebas, profilaqtikur mkurnalobas,

binaTmSeneblobas, socialuri sferos ganviTare-

bas, e.i. personalisaTvis adekvaturi pirobebis

uzrunvelyofas rogorc samuSao, ise arasamuSao

dros. socialuri pasuxismgeblobis amgvar tips

pirobiTad ewodeba ,,korporaciuli pasuxismge-

bloba~. mesame umaRlesi done gulisxmobs saqv-

elmoqmedo saqmianobas.

ganzogadebuli saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bi-

znesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba aris bizne-

sis gavlena sazogadoebaze, es aris im subieqtTa

pasuxismgebloba vinc iRebs biznes-gadawyvetile-

bebs maT winaSe, viszedac pirdapir Tu iribad

zemoqmedeben aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebebi. igi

aris biznesis subieqtebis pasuxismgebloba im

normebisa da wesebis dacvaze, romlebic kanonm-

deblobiT gansazRvrulia bundovnad, an saerTod

araa gansazRvruli (mag. eTikis, ekologiis, gul-

mowyalebis, kacTmoyvareobis, sibralulisa da a.S.

sferoSi), rac gavlenas axdens calkeuli social-

uri jgufebisa da saerTod sazogadoebis cxovre-

bis xarisxze.4

Tanamedrove msoflioSi socialuri pasux-

ismgebloba ar Semoifargleba mxolod qvelmo-

qmedebiT. is Sedgeba warmoebaSi maRali xarisxis

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, gadasaxadebis sruli

67

gadaxdis, Sromis usafrTxo pirobebis Seqmnis,

partniorebTan da konkurentebTan keTilsindisie-

ri saqmiani praqtikis warmoebis, rogorc sakuTari

personalis, ise adgilobrivi sazogadoebis da

(gaerTianebebis) socialur dacvasa da ganviTare-

baze zrunvis, garemos dacvis RonisZiebebisa da

a.S komponentebisagan. Sedeged saxezea biznessa

da sazogadoebas Soris arsebuli principulad

axali urTierTobebis formireba.

biznesis socialuri pasuxismgebloba aqtiurad

da warmatebiT xorcieldeba mTels msoflioSi.

kompaniebi ara ubralod wyveten sazogadoebis

problemebs, abandeben ra saxsrebs ganaTlebis,

medicinis, mecnierebis, warmoebis ganviTarebaSi,

gverdSi udganan socialurad daucvel fenebs

da zrunaven bunebis dacvis RonisZiebaTa ga-

tarebaze, aramed amgvari saqmianobidan isini iRe-

ben garkveul sargebelsac. dasavleTis qveynebSi

igi funqcionirebs rogorc myari socialuri in-

stituti. is aris racionaluri da efeqturi da

swored amiT gansxvavdeba tradiciuli qvelmoqme-

debisagan.5

amerikeli mkvlevarebis TvalsazrisiT biznesis

socialuri pasuxismgeblobis arsi mdgomareobs

masSi, rom kompaniis strategiuli saqmianoba ori-

entirebuli unda iyos oTxi ZiriTadi mimarTule-

biT: 1) nebismieri iniciativebis mxardaWera mtkice

pozitiuri urTierTobebis formirebisaTvis; 2)

profesiuli ganaTlebis ganviTarebasa da sru-

lyofaSi monawileoba msoflio bazrisa da na-

cionaluri ekonomikis moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad; 3)

biznesis monawileoba kulturisa da xelovnebis

dargebSi SemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis ganviTarebi-

saTvis; 4) sawarmos nebayoflobiTi monawileoba

garemos dacvis RonisZiebebSi.6

68

Tanamedrove msoflioSi biznesis socialur-

ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobis rogorc ekonomi-

kuri ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtoris

formireba da ganviTareba xdeba ufro da ufro

aqtualuri da mwvaved moTxovnadi problema. es

ganpirobebulia imiT, rom msoflio Tanamegobro-

bis praqtikulad yvela qveyanaSi, romlebic met-na-

klebi xarisxiT ganicdian ekonomikuri globali-

zaciis procesebis gavlenas, aseve sazogadoebrivi

ganwyobebis molodinebisa da faseulobaTa siste-

mebis cvlilebebs, izrdeba biznesis roli da mniS-

vneloba mosaxleobis mravalricxovani fenebis

socialuri mxardaWeris, Tanamedrove socialur

standartebamde maTi cxovrebis donis amaRleb-

is da sxva saWirboroto amocanebis gadawyvetis

saqmeSi.

biznesis socialur-ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblo-

bis problemis gadawyvetiT SesaZlebelia savarau-

do an ukve momwifebuli winaaRmdegobis Tavidan

acileba ara mxolod biznessa da sazogadoebis

urTierTdamokidebulebaSi, aramed biznessa da

xelisuflebas Sorisac. xolo es, Tavis mxriv

iwvevs sazogadoebis loialuri ganwyobis Seqmnas

rogorc biznesis, ise xelisuflebis mimarT, iseve

rogorc sazogadoebis mdgomareobis saerTo gaum-

jobesebas da erovnuli meurneobis mdgrad ekono-

mikur ganviTarebas, rac friad aqtualurs xdis

im gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis da gadauWreli

sakiTxebis kompleqsur kvlevas, romelic exeba so-

cialur-ekonomikur pasuxismgeblobas.

ukanaskneli oci wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwi-

fos, samoqalaqo institutebs da kerZo kompaniebs

Soris mTels msoflioSi moxda sakmaod arse-

biTi cvlilebebi. deregulirebis, privatizaciis,

globalizaciis procesebis Sedegad wina planze

69

wamoiwia sazogadoebrivi urTierTqmedebebis prin-

cipulad axalma formebma. qveynebis mTavrobebi

TandaTanobiT xvdebian, rom mkacri regulireba da

mZarcveluri gadasaxadebi xels ar uwyoben sa-

zogadoebrivi keTildReobis amaRlebas, ufro ki

piriqiT. amitom, iZulebiTi urTierTobis formebs

etapobrivad anacvlebs nebayoflobiTi TviTregu-

lirebis formebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom

kerZo seqtori usistemo qvelmoqmedebidan gadad-

is sazogadoebriobasa (public relations, PR) da mTav-

robas (government relations, GR) Soris arsebul ur-

TierTqmedebaTaA strategiul formebze. erT-erT

aseT formas warmoadgens socialuri pasuxismge-

blobis korporaciuli programebi (Corporate Social Responsibility).7

literatura:

1. http://www.5ka.ru2. http://www.lib.ua-ru3. http://www.dibase.ru4. http://www.ru.wikipedia.org5. http://www.lib.ua-ru6. http://www.buiss.ru7. http://www.prompolit.ru

70

Tavi 3. sabazro ekonomika VS socialuri sabazro ekonomika

$ 3.1. sabazro ekonomika

sabazro ekonomikuri sistema aris ekonomikuri

wesrigis imgvari forma, rodesac bazris part-

niorebs Soris dafuZnebuli Tavisufali gacv-

liTi urTierTobebi gansazRvravs ekonomikis

uwyvet sasicocxlo cikls. Tavisufali sabazro

gacvliTi urTierTobebis ZiriTadi principi ki

mdgomareobs sabazro ekonomikaSi ara saxelmwi-

fos mier cxovrebis yvela mimarTulebiT zrunvisa

da misi am funqciis umTavres amocanad qcevaSi, ar-

amed – mxolod SezRudul kompetenciebSi. mas (e.i.

saxelmwifos) ar evaleba arc saqonel-warmoebis

organizeba da arc warmoebuli produqciis ga-

nawileba. ra, ra moculobis, sad, da vis mier iqneba

esa Tu is produqcia nawarmoebi da sad SeiZleba

Semosavlis miReba es mxolod da mxolod bazris

monawileTa gadasawyetia. saxelmwifos amocana

,,sazogadoebrivi sikeTis” uzrunvelyofis Tao-

baze mkveTrad SezRudulia, garda im segmentisa,

romelic Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawilebisa

da sabazro procesebis Seuferxebeli funqcion-

irebisaTvis saxelmwifos mxridan samarTlebriv

mxardaWeras saWiroebs. bazrebi mxolod iq Cnde-

bian, sadac kerZo sakuTrebisa da misi Tavisuflad

gankargvis uflebebi aris daculi.

sabazro ekonomikis eTikurad relevanturi

aspeqtebi

ekonomika, rogorc mecniereba, es aris mecnier-

eba SezRuduli resursebis racionaluri marTvis

71

Sesaxeb, ris realizebasac is cdilobs ori umniS-

vnelovanesi faqtoris _ <<valdebulebisa>>

da <<SesaZleblobis>> gaTvaliswinebiT. amitom

miuxedavad sabazro ekonomikis sruli gaxsnilo-

bisa da gamarTuli funqcionirebisa, nebismieri

formaciis sazogadoebisaTvis, iqneba is cxovre-

bis Tundac yvelaze maRal stadiaze myofi, mis

gankargulebaSi arsebuli SezRuduli resursebi

gamoricxavs yvela individualur Tu koleqtiuri

miznis miRwevisa da survilTa dakmayofilebis

SesaZleblobas. amitom saWiroa, rom moxdes pri-

oritetebis gamokveTa mwiri resursebis ekono-

mikur mizanSewonilobasTan SeTanxmebiT. trans-

formaciisa da substituciis (e.w. trade – offs)* problemebi Tavs iCens yvelgan da yovelTvis.

e.i. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sameurne pro-

cesebis yvela doneze resursebis gamoyenebas,

ganawilebasa da realizacias Tan sdevs wyeba

konfliqtebisa, romlebsac rogorc ekonomikuri

ise eTikuri dimensiebi gaaCniaT. mraval-

ricxovan sazogadoebriv modelSi warmodgenil

SexedulebaTa sistemebSi, TiTqos odesme sab-

olood gaxdeboda SesaZlebeli daZleuli-

yo resursebis ukmarisobis problema, mudam

aCenda utopiuri saxelmwifos ideas. garkveul

postulatebze damyarebuli eTikuri kri-

tika, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs ekono-

mikis umTavres problemebs, rac resurseb-

is simwiriT gamowveul qmedebaTa restriqciebSi

* ekonomikaSi, trade-off Cveulebriv gamoixateba rogorc (xelsayrel) SemTxvevaTa xarji (urTierTdaTmobebi, mag., gare-mos dabinZurebisa da warmoebis Semcirebas Soris). romelic aris upiratesobis mqone alternativa, rodesac miiReba ekono-mikuri gadawyvetileba. [wyaro: study.com/academy/lesson/trade-offs-in-economics-definition-examples.html[Definition of Trade-Offs in Economics]

72

mdgomareobs, rasakvirvelia ararealisturia.

sabazro ekonomikis sistema warmoadgens ekono-

mikis swored im models, romelic aregulirebs

resursebis simwirisgan warmoqmnil gamoyenebiTi

saxis problemebs. misi amosavali principia sameur-

neo subieqtebis sruli avtonomia da aCvenebs maT

erTmaneTisagan nawilobriv Zlier urTierTgad-

amkveT da urTierTsawinaaRmdego poziciebs. maTi

normatiuli mowyobisaTvis arsebobs mravali

Sexeduleba. ekonomikur gadawyvetilebebs, rom-

lebic miiReba sxvadasxva doneze, mivyavarT Sesa-

bamis mosazrebebTan, romlebc saWiroebs garkveul

eTikur Sefasebebs. amgvar mosazrebaTagan SeiZle-

ba gamoiyos sami ZiriTadi midgoma ekonomiurobis,

gacvlisa da ganawilebis Sesaxeb.

1. ekonomiurobis (ekonomikuri efeqtiano-

bis) midgoma: resursebis SezRuduli raodenobis

arseboba msoflioSi TiToeul ekonomikur aqtio-

rs aiZulebs gansakuTrebiT amowurvadi resurseb-

is momWirneobiT da keTilsindisierad gamoyenebi-

saken, rac pirdapir eTanadeba globalur eTikur

moTxovnebs.

cxadia, ekonomiurobis midgomis ignori, avtoma-

turad iwvevs sawarmoebeli produqciis zenormiT

danaxarjebs swored maSin, roca adgili aqvs maT

gankargulebaSi myofi ekonomikuri potencialis

gamouyeneblobas, roca ar xdeba sameurneo siax-

leTa gaSla-ganviTareba da ekonomikur individeb-

is biznesSi praqticireba; mokled rom vTqvaT:

rodesac yvela SesaZlo iracionaluri qmedebiT

umowyalod ikargeba sazogadoebis keTildReo-

bis realuri SesaZleblobebi. ekonomiurobis

midgoma, romelic yvelaze axlo dgas ekonomikis

keTildReobis saboloo mizanTan, gansxvavebul

wesTa sistemaSi aqtiurs xdis alokaciur da

73

distribuciul faqtorebs da sxvadasxva Tval-

sazrisis SejerebiT upirvelesad cdilobs maTi

zemoqmedebis xarisixs dadgenas sazogadoebriv

keTildReobaze.

ekonomiurobis midgomis ugulebelyofa

gamoxatulebas poulobs ori mimarTulebiT. es-

enia: debatebi ekonomikuri sistemebis da garesam-

yaros dacvis problemebis Sesaxeb.

e.w. socializmi-kapitalizmis debatebSi cen-

tralur-gegmiuri ekonomikis gamarTleba efuZneba

im arguments, rom is ,,bazrebis qaosis” Canacvlebas

yvela ekonomikuri movlenisa Tu procesis gegmi-

uri marTvis meSveobiT axorcielebs. drom aCvena

am Sexedulebis umarTebuloba. rac Seexeba sa-

bazro ekonomikis momxreTa pozicias, maTi mosaz-

rebebi emyareba maT mier preferirebul wyobis

imgvar aRqmas, rodesac es ukanaskneli qmnis ara

mxolod sazogado keTildReobas, aramed sakmaod

didi zomiT aseve iTvaliswinebs rentabelurobis,

ekonomikuri efeqtianobis postulats.

ekonomikuri efeqtianobis midgomidan sabazro

ekonomikis sapirispirod sawarmoebi centraluri

azri (Sexeduleba), romelic SeiZleba ganvixiloT

eTikur konteqstSi, aris is, rom mis mier xdeba sico-

cxlis yofiTi safuZvlebis rRveva-ganadgureba da

maSasadame, garesamyaros mwiri resursebis, arsebu-

li bunebrivi simdidris gaqroba. ismeba kiTxva, Tu

ra alternativebi arsebobs aRniSnul problemaTa

regulaciisaTvis. amasTan dakavSirebiT gamoiyofa

Semdegi mimarTulebebi: ,,eko-diqtatura” anu le-

galuri limitirebisa da akrZalvis mkacri sis-

tema. nebismieri saxis diqtaturis ,,zrunvis sa-

gans” maTi danapirebis ar Sesruleba warmoadgens.

akrZalvebis daweseba da samarTlebrivi SezRud-

vebi awarmoeben maRal, nawilobriv ki gacilebiT

74

maRal prohibicionistur kontrolis xarjebs. yo-

veldriur praqtikaSi isini Cndebian rogorc nak-

lebad efeqturni da xSirad sasurvelis sapirisp-

iro Sedegis momcemni. sabazro eknomikis garemos

dacvis politika ki piriqiT, safaso meqanizmis

funqcionirebis marTvis efeqtiTa da garemos

dacvis miznis Sesabamisi sakuTrebis uflebidan

gamomdinare garkveuli sargeblis miRebazea ori-

entirebuli. saxelmwifom SeiZleba iTamaSos mniS-

vnelovani pozitiuri roli ekonomikuri efeqtian-

obis midgomis srulfasovani reabilitaciisTvis.

kerZod, bunebirvi resursebis sargeblobisaTvis

saxelmwifos mier sagadamxdelo valdebulebebis

datvirTviT SesaZloa moxdes ekonomikuri sub-

ieqtebis iZuleba, rom maT ekonomikur xarjTaR-

ricxvaSi iqnas Setanili sruli saxalxomeurneo-

brivi (da ara mxolod kerZo sameurneo) xarjebi.

es ki stimuls miscems im procesebs, riTac Sesa-

Zlebeli gaxdeba garemos maqsimaluri adaptacia

naklebad safrTxis Semcveli warmoebisa da mox-

marebis aqtebis moZraobaSi moyvanis mimarTule-

biT.

2. samarTliani gacvlis midgoma: individu-

alur gacvliT procesebze dafuZnebuli ekono-

mika saWiroebs gacvliTi urTierTobebis morals

(gacvlis morali); gacvliTi qcevebi unda efuZne-

bodes patiosnebisa da samarTlianobis postu-

latebs. samarTliani gacvlis miznis dazusteba

ra Tqma unda yovelTvis awydeba garkveuli saxis

sirTules. magaliTad, Sua saukunebis Teologebi

SeuZleblad Tvlidnen WeSmariti qristianis mier

vaWris profesiis dauflebas, radgan saqonel-

gacvlis mizans mogebis miReba warmoadgens, maTi

azriT es ukavSirdeboda iseT mankier Tvisebas, ro-

goric aris sixarbe, iseve rogorc – erTgulebis,

75

patiosnebisa da saTnoebis gauCinareba–gamoZeve-

bas adamianebidan da adamianTa Soris urTierTo-

bebidan.

maSindel kritikosebs da maT dRevandel mim-

devrebs rogorc Cans gamorCaT is, rom yoveli

gacvliTi urTierToba ormxrivi bunebis matare-

belia da rom gacvlaSi monawile subieqtebis, maT

Soris ki gamorCeulad vaWarTa fenis pirad in-

teress srulebiT ar warmoadgens maTive sabazro

partniorebis motyueba, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rode-

sac maT surT didi xniT imyofebodnen bazarze,

amgvar urTierTobebSi yvelaze mniSvnelovania is

garemoeba, rom rogorc myidveli, ise gamyidveli

moTxovna–miwodebis procesSi cdilobs oqros

Sualedis povnas, romelic orive mxarisaTvis iqne-

ba xelsayreli. es ki miRwevadia mxolod Tavisu-

fali transaqciis pirobebSi, rodesac ekonomikur

subieqtebs Soris arsebul biznesurTierTobebSi

ar xdeba gareSe Zalis Careva da adgili aqvs maTi

keTildReobisa da maqsimaluri sargeblis miRe-

bis poziciaTa gaumjobesebas, mogebis, rogorc sab-

oloo miznis reabilitaciis procesSi.

magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqonel-gacvla anu

vaWroba mogebaze orientirebul ormxriv molod-

inebs warmoadgens, is srulebiT ar gamoricxavs

Secdomebs monawile mxareebs Soris an mcdar qme-

debebs savaWro partniorebis mxridan. swored aq

Cndeba xelSekrulebiTi vaWrobis samarTlisa da

pasuxismgeblobis samarTlis saWiroeba.

sabazro ekonomikaSi Tavisufali gacvliTi pro-

cesebis dros uxeS Carevas yovelTvis aqvs adgili

gansxvavebul drosa da sivrceSi. aseTi Carevebi

bazarze SeiZleba xdebodes rogorc yvela saxis

kerZo konkurenciuli SezRudviT dawyebuli (mag.

kartelebi), ise mravali saxelmwifo SezRudviT

76

damTavrebuli da ara mxolod iq, sadac saxelmwi-

fo gvevlineba rogorc sakanonmdeblo instancia,

armaed aseve iq, sadac is Cndeba sabazro partnior-

is saxiT. RinisZiebebi, romlebic ama Tu im formiT

zRudaven an sulac sruliad auqmeben Tavisufali

saqonelgacvlis process aris (sabaJo) gadasax-

adebi da yvela saxis saxlmwifo intervencia, fasis

regulireba, e.w. mevaxSeobis akrZalva, SezRudvebT-

an dakavSirebuli mokle Tu grZelvadiani weriTi

gankargulebebi, kontraqtaciis SezRudvebi, monop-

oliaTa arsebobisa Tu gansazRvrul saqonelze

an saqonlis garkveul jgufebze moxmarebis akr-

Zalvis dakanoneba. amgvari saxis Carevebi TiTqmis

gamonaklisis gareSe motivirebulia sayovelTao

sazogadoebrivi keTildReobis mosazrebiT da em-

yareba garkveuli jgufebis moCvenebiT, viTomda

dasabuTebul moTxovnebs. rogorc wesi ekono-

mistebisaTvis sirTules ar warmoadgens dausab-

uTebeli da xSirad safuZvels moklebuli saerTo

sazogadoebrivi sikeTis mowodebisaken mimarTuli

sisusteTa SemCneva. amitom, xelSekrulebiT-Teori-

ul safuZvelze orientirebulma eTikam swored

aq unda dasvas kiTxva individualuri avtonomiis

SezRudvebis gamarTlebasTan mimarTebaSi. util-

itaristuli poziciebis warmomadgenlebis, maT

mier preferirebuli sazogadoebrivi sargeblobi-

anobis ideis daxmarebiT unda Seecadon moaxdi-

non misi eTikuri Sefaseba.

3. samarTliani ganawilebis midgoma: sabaz-

ro ekonomikaSi Semosavlebis ganawileba pirvel

rigSi ganisazRvreba myidvelisaTvis sargeblis

miRebiTa da bazarze arsebuli saqonlis relati-

uri simwiriT. Sesyidvis fasis gadaxda yovelTvis

aseve moicavs Semosavlebis ganawilebasac (anar-

icxebis gziT). masTan kavSirSi, momsaxurebis is

77

segmenti, sadac didad fasobs da gaTvaliswinebu-

lia moTxovnis kategoria da misi pirobebi, imy-

ofeba gacilebiT ukeTes biznes-garemoSi, vidre is

– sadac mas nakleb yuradRebas uTmoben. konkuren-

cia da teqnikuri progresi erTi mxriv da pref-

erenciaTa cvlilebebi meore mxriv aseve xels

uwyoben individualuri Semosavlebis sxvadasxva

saxiT ganviTarebas.

Semosavlebis uTanabro ganawileba istoriu-

li rakursiT xSirad zemodgomi samarTlianobis

masStabebiT aris gakritikebuli. ase magaliTad,

egalitaristebi moiTxoven yvelasTvis Semosav-

lebis gaTanabrebas maqsimalurad zeda zRvaris

dawesebis pirobebSi; xelSekrulebis Teoretiko-

sebi, rogoricaa j. roulsi, fiqroben rom Semosav-

lebs Soris gansxvaveba mxolod iq SeiZleba arse-

bobdes, sadac mas RaribTaTvis sargebeli moaqvs.

meritokratiuli poziciebis mxardamWerebi icaven

qalaqisa Tu qveynis winaSe damsaxurebisaTvis

dajildoebis, Sesabamisi materialur sazRauris

gacemis princips; milisturi pozicia (j. st. mili)

aCvenebs wesebs Soris diferencirebisa da pref-

erencirebis arsebobis SeuZleblobas warmoebisa

da ganawilebis sferoebSi, radgan fasTa sistema

gvevlineba sasaqonlos da saSuamavlo bazrebs

Soris erTmaneTTan organulad damakavSirebel

umniSvnelovanes rgolad, sadac (sxva Tanabar

pirobebSi) nebismieri Careva ganawilebis sfero-

Si ukuzemoqmedebas axdens warmoebis sferoze da

piriqiT. samarTliani ganawilebis marqsistuli

midgoma ki efuZneba Semdeg devizs - ,,TiToeuls

misi unaris mixedviT, TiToeuls misi saWiroebis

mixedviT” sazogadoebis Zalzed maRali sayovel-

Tao keTildReobis pirobebSi.

rac Seexeba sabazro ekonomikis dros Semosav-

78

lebis samarTliani ganawilebis sakiTxs, aq say-

uradReboa aRiniSnos is garemoeba, rom ekonomi-

kuri masStabebis uwyveti zrdis procesSi erTi

mxriv saxezea arsebuli sawarmoo struqturebis

totaluri rRveva rasac Tan axlavs samuSao adg-

ilebisa da Sesabamisad Semosavlebis pernanentu-

li Semcireba, magram amave dros, meore mxares is

axdens inovaciur nakadTa stimulirebas, romelic

xsnis axal ekonomikur SesaZleblobebs ara mx-

olod momxmarebelTaTvis, aramed mwarmoeblebisT-

visac, damoukideblad moqmed subieqtTa CaTvliT.

maSasadame, ekonomikuri progresi aseve pozitiurad

zemoqmedebs rogorc sazogadoebis Raribi fenis,

ise naklebad warmatebuli nawilis Semosavlebsa

da moxmarebaze. sabolood, warmatebuli sabazro

ekonomikis procesSi monawileTaTvis ekonomikur

sargebelTa jami sagrZnoblad aRemateba misgan

gancdili zaralis moculobas, romelsac isini

humanuri da materialuri kapitalis danakargebiT

,,SemoqmedebiTi ganadgurebis procesSi” (J. Schum-peter)1 ganicdian. ekonomikuri zrda-ganviTarebis

sasurvel winapirobad SeiZleba miCneul iqnes ,,sa-

zogadoebrivi ganiaraRebis xelSekruleba” (J. M. Buchanan)2, romelic efeqtianobis reJimSi xels uw-

yobs sayovelTao cxovrebis standartis (maT So-

ris RaribTa da dabalSemosavliani fenis) swraf

da garantirebul amaRlebas.3

rogorc es dasawyisSi iqna aRniSnuli, sabazro

ekonomika, romelic <<Tavisuflebas>>, rogorc

umaRles Rirebulebas efuZneba, moralurobis

TvalsazrisiT qmnis garkveuli saxis sirTuleebs,

radgan is Riad provocirebs konkurentul wnexsa

da iZulebaze, rac mniSvnelovnad arTulebs sayov-

elTaod misaRebi erTiani konvenciis ganxorciel-

ebis process. aRniSnuli sirTulis dasaZlevlad

79

misaRebia sabazro ekonomikis axali kriteriumi

solidarobis saxiT. Tuki Cven sabazro ekonomi-

kasTan mimarTebaSi daveyrdnobiT yvela adamianis

solidarobis laitideas, maSin aRniSnuli Tvals-

azrisis safuZvelze SevZlebT ekonomikis sabazro

mowyobis Semdegi Tezis warmodgenas:

sabazro ekonomikuri wesrigi efuZneba zneobriv

kriteriumebs, radgan is yvela adamianis solidaro-

bis ganxorcielebisaTvis aqamde cnobil yvela in-

struments Soris saukeTesoa, da romelic bazris

avtomaturobis maCvenebeli <<uxilavi xelis>>

nacvlad <<sazogadoebriv keTildReobaze>> da-

myarebul CarCo-wesrigs, rogorc kulturis uaR-

resad arabunebriv produqts emyareba.

amis Tqmis safuZvels iZleva Semdegi: sabazro

ekonomikisa da eTikis problema Tanamedrove sa-

bazro ekonomikis formirebidan dRemde mudmivi

ganxilvis Temaa, ramac globalizaciis pirobeb-

Si axali ZaliT iCina Tavi. aRniSnuli sirTulis

dasaZlevad drouli da amave dros mizanSewon-

ilia am urTierTkavSiris sakvanZo problemis –

konkurenciasa da moralTan mimarTebaSi qcevis

normatiuli aspeqtebis win wamoweva, raTa SesaZle-

beli gaxdes msgavsi antagonizmis racionaluri

gadawyveta.

konkurencia moiTxovs disciplinas, riTac is

zrunavs problemebis codnaze dafuZnebuli ino-

vaciuri gziT gadawyvetis swraf gavrcelebaze, ris

miRmac konkurencia qmnis da anadgurebs droebiT

aRmocenebul Zalauflebis poziciebs (Franz Böhm)4,

radgan xangrZlivi droiT maTi arseboba sabazro

ekonomikaSi SeuZlebelia.

aqedan gamomdinare Cven gvaqvs Semdegi probl-

emuri viTareba: Tavisufali konkurencia Tavis-

dauneburad aCens humanurobisa da solidarobis

80

egzistencialur saWiroebas, anu erT mxares aris

morali, romlis arsebobac Tanamedrove sabazro

ekonomikis qmedebaTa aRsrulebaSi SeuZlebeli

Cans, magram meore mxriv, is zrunavs farTo maseb-

is keTildReobaze, romlesac aq aravin uaryofs,

radgan morali iZleva mravali adamianis srul-

fasovani cxovrebis SesaZleblobas. ismeba kiTx-

va: SevZlebT Tu ara konkurenciisa da moralis

Tanaarsebobas? an ufro zusti formulireba rom

mivceT: aris ki SesaZlebeli konkurencia mor-

aluri intenciebis, yvela adamianis solidaro-

bis samsaxurSi rom CavayenoT? diax SesaZlebelia,

mxolod sabazro ekonomikis institucionaluri

sistemis farglebSi.** amgvari CarCo-wesrigis***

dafuZneba da ganviTareba ki davalebulia evolu-

ciuri saswavlo procesebisa da samarTlis <<xi-

luli xelisgan>>.

** amiT ismeba sakiTxi, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli bazris

racionalurobisa da eTikis SesabamisobaSi moyvana. prof. ho-

mans saTanado argumentebis moSveliebiT dilema – situaci-

idan gamoaqvs daskvna, rom sabazro ekonomikaSi moralis sis-

temur adgils... CarCo wesrigi warmoadgens. (Homann, 1994, 112). *** CarCo-wesrigi es aris saxelmwifosa da monawile aqti-

orebis mier mocemuli da aRiarebuli konkurenciis Tama-

Sis wesebi. is moicavs samarTlebriv wesrigs (gansakuTrebiT

konkurenciul samarTals), sagadasaxado sistemas, gadasax-

adebsa da subsidiebs (mag., sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi gare-

mosTvis uvnebeli teqnologiebisaTvis), iseve rogorc bazris

kerZo monawileTa, pirvel rigSi sawarmoTa koleqtiur TviT-

dakavSirebas. (Handbuch der Wirtschaftsethik, Band 3: Ethik wirtschaftli-chen Handelns., im Auftr. der Görres-Gesellschaft von Wilhelm Korff..., Güter-sloher Verlagshaus. Gütersloh., 1999, S. 239).

81

literatura:

1. <<Prozeβ der schöpferischen Zerstörung>>, J. Schumpet-er, Kapitalismus, Sozialismus und Demokratie. Einleitung von E. Salin, München, 1972

2. J. M. Buchanan, Die Grenzen der Freiheit. Zwischen Anar-chie und Leviathan, Tübingen 1984.

3. Lexikon der Wirtschaftsethik, hrsg. von Georges Enderle..., Freiburg; Basel; Wien: Verlag Herder Freiburg im Breisgau, 1993 S. 656-60

4. F. Böhm, Demokratie und ökonomische Macht, in ders. (Hrsg), Kartelle und Monopole im modernen Recht, Karlsruhe, 1961

82

$ 3.2. socialuri sabazro ekonomika

socialuri sabazro ekonomika aris ekonomi-

kuri wesrigis forma, romelic iSva germaniaSi

da romlis amosaval problemas me-19-e sauku-

nidan moyolebuli dRemde ,,socialuri sakiTxi”

warmoadgens. misi warmoSoba mWidro kavSirSia

industrializaciis procesSi dawyebul da ori

msoflio omiT gamowveul masobrivi umuSevrobisa

da materialuri xelmokleobis, avadmyofobis, sao-

jaxo kavSirebisa da maTi usafrTxoebis rRvevis,

loTobis Tu sxva socialur movlenebTan, rasac

Tan erTvis koniunqturuli krizisi da dasaqme-

bulTa damokidebuleba monopoliebsa Tu kartel-

ebze.

jer kidev mecxramete saukunis miwuruls, raix-

skancleri oto fon bismarki interesdeba qvey-

nis socialuri problematikiT da ukve 1884 wels

misi xelmZRvanelobiT xorcieldeba sapensio,

samedicino da Sromisuunarobis (invalidobis)

reforma. meore msoflio omiT miRebuli ngre-

visa da socialuri uaryofis Semdeg mravali

sxva socialur – politikuri RonisZiebebi iqna

gatarebuli da Setanili socialuri dazRvevis

erTian sistemaSi, maT Soris iseTebi, rogoricaa

sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi bavSviani ojaxebisaTvis,

binaTmSeneblobisa Tu profesiuli gadamzadebis

xelSewyobis RonisZiebebi, aseve, arsebuli kartel-

ebis da axali karteluri warmonaqmnebis akrZalva,

subvenciebi ekonomikis iseT sust dargebze, ro-

goric aris naxSirwarmoeba da soflis meurneoba,

koniuqturis marTva, struqturuli politika, in-

dustriuli politika, iseve rogorc dasaqmebulis

monawileoba gadamwyveti xmis uflebiT samuSao

83

adgilze (Betriebsverfassungsgesetz 1972) da sameTvaly-

ureo sabWoSi (Mitbestimmungsgesetz 1976). yvela am

RonisZiebas saerTo ekonomikuri politikis sfer-

oSi adgili hqonda kapitalizmis wiaRSi gaCenili

sisusteebisa Tu krizisebis daZlevis mizniT.

mokle istoriuli eqskursi TvalnaTliv aCven-

ebs saxelmwifos aqtiur Carevas qveynis social-

ur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. Tumca dRes ukve Riad

saubroben, rom <<saxelmwifos ekonomikuri moR-

vaweoba mimarTuli unda iyos ekonomikuri wesrigis

saxis formirebaze, da ara ekonomikuri procesebis

marTvaze>>.1 rogorc cnobilia meoce saukunis

bolos germaniaSi faswarmoqmnis didi wili modi-

oda ara bazarze, aramed administirebaze. swored

am da msgavs mosazrebaTa gauTvaliswineblobis

Sedegi da mtkivneuli gamoZaxili iyo magaliTad,

xangrZliv krizisSi myofi socialuri dazRvevis

sistemis arseboba. SezRudvebi ekonomikuri wesri-

gis tipis formirebaze, ekonomikis CarCo-wesrigi-

sa, Tu ekonomikur qmedebaTa CarCo-pirobebze aris

socialuri sabazro ekonomikis sakvanZo elementi,

da eWvgareSea, rom oikeniseuli es principi yov-

elTvis ar iqna daculi germaniis istoriaSi.

dRevandeli mdgomareoba ki aseTia: germaniaSi

sabanko gaerTianebaTa mier warmoebuli gamokiTx-

vebis Tanaxmad, 2001 wlidan sabazro ekonomikis

mimarT mowonebis procenti mniSvnelovnad iklebs.

2001 wlis Semodgomis mowonebis procenti iyo

76%; 2005 wlis Semodgomas ki – 59%.2 2010 wlis

bolos mowonebis procenti kvlav Semcirda da

IWKöln-is monacemebiT 50%-ze naklebi Seadgina.3

mis mimarT arsebuli sazogadoebis amgvari da-

mokidebuleba axdens aucilebeli da gadaudebe-

li ekonomikuri reformis procesis blokirebas,

radgan mravali adamiani bazris ukmar eTikur

84

xarisxSi Sinaganad Rrmad aris darwmunebuli. am

damokidebulebis eTikuri gamarTlebis tipi saer-

Toa rogorc sabazro, ise socialuri sabazro

ekonomikisaTvis. rom aRaraferi vTqvaT pirvelze,

Tavad meore mxolod eTikurad aris eWvSeuvali

da sasurveli. es argumenti aCens did bundovane-

bas im garemoebasTan mimarTebaSi, rom sabazro

ekonomika eTikurad SesaZloa gamarTlebuli iq-

nas da aqedan gamomdinare is saWiroebs moralur

koreqtivs. rac Seexeba socialur sabazro ekono-

mikas, igi iyenebs socialuri gadanawilebis efeq-

tur berkets im iarebis mosaSuSeblad, romelsac

bazari da konkurencia aCens. e.i. socialur poli-

tikas garkveuli Sesworebebi Seaqvs bazris fun-

qcionirebaSi.

ekonomikis socialuri aspeqtis es interpre-

tacia premodernulia. is gamomdinareobs sazoga-

doebis nulovani Sedegis TamaSisa da araviTari

ekonomikuri zrdis principidan. es principi ki

modernul, pluralistul ekonomikuri zrdis sa-

zogadoebis TvalsazrisTan ar aris Tavsebadi.

kidev meti, am xedvas sabolo angariSiT mivyavarT

redistribuciis ufro da ufrometad gafarToeb-

is moTxovnamde, ,,socialuri samarTlianobis” aR-

dgenis mizniT.

kidev ufro saTanado argumentaciis strategia

SeiZleba qvemoT iqnas ganxiluli, Tumca amisaTvis

upirveles yovlisa aucilebelia eTikis fuZemde-

bluri mosazrebebi sabazro ekonomikaSi iqnas mo-

tanili.

adam smiti SeiZleba miCneul iqnes socialuri

sabazro ekonomikis fuZmedeblad – ueWvelad ara

istoriul, aramed sruliad sistematuri per-

speqtiviT, radgan swored man pirvelma SemogvTa-

vaza adamianur moqmedebaTa or dones Soris mka-

85

fio gamijvnis analizi: saxeldobr, moqmedebebsa

da moqmedebaTa pirobebs Soris. TamaSis Teori-

aSi es gamoixateba rogorc gansxvaveba TamaSis

msvlelobasa da TamaSis wesebs Soris. amasTan,

TamaSis msvleloba moicavs yvela im parametrs,

romlis gakontrolebac aqtiors SeuZlia. xolo,

TamaSis wesebi moicavs im faqtorebs, romlebic ar-

sebiTad gansazRvavs aqtioris qcevebs, romlebic

moqmed pirs Tavad moqmedebaTa Sesrulebisas ar

gaaCnia da romlebsac is ar akontrolebs. qvemoT

motanil naxatSi naCvenebia is mniSvnelovani para-

metrebi, romlebic ganirCevian moqmedebisa da moq-

medebaTa pirobebis mixedviT sawarmos magaliTze.

(ix. nax. 1)4

nax. 1. ,,moqmedebaTa” rekonstruqcia

(sawarmosTvis)

86

am gansxvavebis daxmarebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba

ekonomikuri sistemis yoveli normatiuli dasa-

buTebis ZiriTadi problemis gadaWra, saxeldo-

br, Tu rogor aigeba urTierToba konkurenciasa

da morals Soris. vinaidan imgvari konkurenci-

is pirobebSi, rodesac konkurenciis moraluri

xarisxi dabalia, moralurad motivirebuli

calkeuli aqtioris moqmedebas aucileblad Tan

sdevs xarjebis zrda, amitom TiToeul aqtiors

SeuZlia moralurad moqceva mxolod maSin da

im pirobebSi, rodesac misi konkurentebi msgavsi

moraluri standartebiT xelmZRvaneloben. rac

imas niSnavs, rom moralma unda moaxdinos saerTo,

aseve konkurentebisaTvisac savaldebulo wesebis

inkorporireba, radgan mxolod asea SesaZlebeli

maTi rogorc eqspluataciisaTvis rezistentulis

praqticireba.

smitis mier motanil suraTSi konkurencia da

morali SesaZlebelia erTdroulad iqnes reali-

zebuli, im dros rodesac morali konkurentulad

neitraluri da Sesabamisad eqspluataciisaT-

vis rezistentuli inkorporirdeba moqmedebaTa

pirobebsa Tu TamaSis wesebSi, es maSin rodesac mo-

qmedebis procesSi konkurencias aqvs ganxorciel-

ebis SesaZlebloba. am gziT moralur moqmedebaTa

eqspluataciurobis problema gadaWrilia: aseve

konkurentebic igive moraluri standartebiTa da

TamaSis wesebiT ixelmZRvaneleben. morali xdeba

eqspluataciisaTvis rezistentuli, da problemac

arsebiTad daZleulia.

aqve unda SevexoT solidarobis sakiTxsac.

yvela adamianis solidaroba – rogorc ZiriTadi

(da gadamwyveti) moraluri ideali – Tanamedrove

sabazro ekonomikaSi ara calkeuli aqtioris

znekeTili moqmedebebiT da misi moraluri, sol-

87

idaruli motivebiT aris garantirebuli, aramed

saTanado CarCo-wesrigiT; romlis amocanaa ara

is, rom SezRudos an ugulvelyos TiToeuli am

aqtioris TviTinteresi, aramed piriqiT, TiToeuli

maTganis TviTinteresi warmarTos im mimarTule-

biT, saidanac is aseve sargebels moutans sxva ada-

miansac. maSasadame, xdeba misi TviTinteresis ara

moTviniereba, aramed GgaTavisufleba da gaZlier-

eba Sesabamisi CarCo-wesrigis pirobebSi.

sabazro ekonomikis es programa aris eTikuri.

am programaSi morali damokidebulia (metad) ara

moralur motivebze, ara aqtiorTa keTil nebaze,

aramed saTanado CarCo-wesrigze. swored rom Ta-

vad aqtiorebi mihyvebian da emorCilebian CarCo-

wesrigis TviT-interess. ris Semdegac moraluri

uTanxmoeba (arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) unda aixsnas

ara egoizmisa da sixarbis motiviT, aramed arasru-

li da naklovani CarCo-wesrigiT. iq sadac Zarcva-

gleja, korupcia Tu xelSekrulebis darRveva ar

isjeba, sadac sakuTrebis ufleba ar aris daculi,

pirvel rigSi saWiroa moxdes samarTlebrivi sax-

elmwifo formireba da samarTlis efeqturi ganx-

orcieleba. es ki Tavis mxriv niSnavs imas, rom

morali ara calkeuli individis miwodebaze

realizdeba, aramed CarCo-wesrigis cvlilebebis

gziT, e.i. mxolod ekonomikuri logikiT da aravi-

Tar SemTxvevaSi mis sapirispiroT. anu imperati-

ul formulirebas Tu mivcemT: morali, romelic

ekonomikuri logikis winaaRmdeg dgas araefeqtu-

ria.

bazari da konkurencia, kerZo sakuTreba da

mogebisaken ltolva yvela monawilisaTvis aq,

pozitiuri sistemis funqcionirebis sazRvrebSi

poulobs sakuTar eTikur gamarTlebas. saTanado

CarCo-wesrigis winapirobiT is uefeqturesi saSu-

88

alebaa yvela adamianis Tavisuflebisa da soli-

darobis realizebisaTvis, rac ki aqamde kacobri-

obisaTvis cnobilia. mravali adamianis moraluri

impulsis sapirispirod, rasac sabazro ekonomika

konkurenciiT, kerZo sakuTrebiTa da mogebisaken

ltolviT uaryofs an sul mcire zRudavs, amg-

vari midgoma gvTavazobs sruliad sapirispiro

mimarTulebas: sabazro ekonomika eTikur safuZv-

lebze dayrdnobiT unda gaumjobesdes da gaxdes

srulyofili. eTika iTxovs ara nakleb, aramed met

da ukeTes bazars.

socialuri sabazro ekonomikis konteqstSi gan-

sakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens socialuri poli-

tikis mniSvneloba. konkretulad ki is, Tu ro-

gor aris misi ,,socialuri” aspeqti socialur

sabazro ekonomikasTan dakavSirebuli, saidanac

Semdeg konkretuli amocanebi da politikuri

rekomendaciebi iwarmoeba. dasavlur literatu-

raSi socialur politikasTan mimarTebiT arse-

bobs gansxvavebuli xedvebi, romelTagan SeiZleba

gamoiyos oTxi:

1. socialuri politika bazris saSuale-

biT: klasikuri liberaluri midgoma socialur

politikasTan mimarTebaSi warmoadgens liberal-

izmis nawils politikaSi da farTod gamoyeneba

aSS-is sabazro ekonomikaSi. am midgomis Tanax-

mad, saukeTeso socialuri politika ekonomikur

zrdaze orientirebuli politikaa. amgvar poli-

tikaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri zrdiT miRebu-

li Semosavlebi sikeTis momtania sazogadoebis

<<Raribi>> fenisTvisac. socialuri saxelmwifos

krizisis gamomwvev mizezad ki socialuri dacvis

RonisZiebebis <<siWarbe>> miiCneva. amitom unda

moxdes socialuri saxelmwifo formis gauqmeba.

<<danaSauli>> modis <<RaribTa>> fenaze, rom-

89

lebic eqsploatacias uweven sistemas.

2. socialuri politika bazris sapirisp-

irod: es aris eTikur mosazrebebze dafuZnebu-

li socialuri politikis klasikuri midgoma,

romelic dasabams uZveles social-demokratiis

wiaRSi iRebs. misi mixedviT socialuri poli-

tikis es forma yvela adamianisaTvis, gansakuTre-

biT Raribi FfenisTvis Rirseuli cxovrebis Sesa-

Zleblobas iZleva. ,,gadanawilebis” instrumenti

sasargebloa ,,RaribTaTvis”; <<damnaSaveni>> ar-

ian <<mdidrebi>>, rogorc sabazro ekonomikis

sikeTiT mosargebleni. socialuri saxelmwifos

yoveli <<reforma>> mimarTuli socialuri uz-

runvelyofis Semcirebisa Tu gauqmebis mizniT mi-

iCneva ,,asocialurad”.

3. socialuri politika bazris win (bazram-

de): es gaxlavT j. m. buxananis (1975/1984) koncef-

ciaEromelic gvTavazobs socialuri politikis

ekonomikuri azris konstruqciul ganmartebas.

sakiTxis arsi mdgomareobs SemdegSi: ratom unda

iqnas araefeqtianoba sabazro ekonomikuri wesri-

gis sazogadoebis konstituciur-xelSekrulebiT

SeTanxmebaSi mowonebuli, romelSic TviTon mas

mcire Sansi eqneba. aq buxanani mniSvnelobas ani-

Webs im arguments, rom perspeqtivaSi socialuri

TanamSromlobis SemosavlebSi (maTi) monawileo-

bis garantiiT <<Raribebs>> mxolod maSin Seu-

ZliaT moiwonon sabazro ekonomikuri wesrigi,

Tuki maT mier windawin monawileobis garantiis

safuZvelze socialuri TanamSromlobis Semosav-

lebSi moxdeba maTi mowonebis erTgvarad <<Sesy-

idva>>, riTac gamoiricxeba gadanawilebis katego-

ria. Sesabamisad, socialuri politikac gacvlis

paradigmis saxiT moiazreba. gare eTikur <<Ri-

rebulebebsa>> da msgavs faseulobebs SeiZleba

90

uari eTqvas. <<damnaSave>> aravin aris. problema

identificirebulia, rogorc orive mxaris prob-

lema.

4. socialuri politika bazrisaTvis: es

koncefcia h. v. zinis mier iqna ganviTarebuli.

socialuri uzrunvelyofa gagebulia rogorc in-

vesticia, romelsac aseve moaqvs Semosavali. so-

cialuri saxelmwifo daxuruli rogorc didi

dazRveva, romelic umniSvnelovanesi sawarmoo

faqtoria, rodesac swored ikveTeba misi stimule-

bi. socialuri politikis amocanaa daexmaros

bazars da (kvlav) gaxados is funqciuri. dasaxu-

li miznis miRweva mdgomareobs adamianebis Sesa-

Zleblobebis gafarToebaSi, raTa maT saukeTeso

ganaTlebis miRebiT, kvalifikaciis amaRlebiTa da

sxv. SeZlon bazris mniSvnelovan da srulfasovan

monawileebad warmoCena. e.i. sxvagvarad rom vTq-

vaT mizanSewonilia investiciebis ganxorcieleba

materialur da humanur kapitalSi socialuri uz-

runvelyofis gareSe. aq socialuri politika ar-

sebiTad gaigeba rogorc sawarmoo investicia, da

ara rogorc moxmareba, rogorc es 1 da 2 tipebis

SemTxvevaSia.5

rogorc ekonomikuri ise eTikuri perspeqtiviT

mxedvelobaSi misaRebia ara mxolod xarjTwar-

momqmneli zaralis iseTi SemTxvevebi, rogoricaa

ekonomikuri gaWirveba, avadmyofoba, asaki, umuSev-

roba da sxv., aramed wina planze pirvel rigSi

win unda wamoiwios zaralis armomtanma SemTx-

vevebma. mxolod maSin, Tuki gaCndeba sarisko moq-

medebaTa warmoSobis safrTxe zaralis armomtan

SemTxvevebSi, sadazRveo sistemaSi SesaZleebli

iqneba xarjebis <<afeTqebis>> Tavidan acileba

an sul mcire misi lokalizeba. amisaTvis aq saWi-

roa riskebis ukidiresad Semcireba da mis xarjze

91

Semosavlebis mkveTri zrda, radgan warumateblo-

bis SemTxvevaSi rogorc mosalodnelia aRniS-

nul sistemas emuqreba sruli gakotreba da ganad-

gureba. damatebiTi SemosavlebiT ki SesaZlebli

iqneba aseve zaralis momtani SemTxvevebis dros

warmoqmnili xarjebis gadafarva. Sedegad aRmoC-

ndeba socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistema, romel-

ic axlandelTan SedarebiT ara mxolod gacile-

biT praqtikuli iqneba, aramed ukeTesi socialuri

momsaxurebis safuZvelze is SeiZleba eTikurad

sasurvelic ki iyos. magram amasTan, kvlavinde-

burad winapirobaa calkeuli wesebis (regula-

ciebis) stimulTavsebadi formiT konstruireba

da ara piriqiT. anglosaqsur literaturasa da

politikaSi saubaria <<aqtivirebul socialur

saxelmwifoze>> romelic <<daxmareba TviTdax-

marebisaTvis>> principSi mdgomareobs. sxvaTaSo-

ris es formulireba ara konservatiul, aramed

socialdemokratiul mimarTulebaSi ganviTar-

da bil klintonisa da toni bleris dros, uka-

nasknelTan _ pirvel rigSi antoni gidensis mier6.

zemoT motanili oTxi tipidan, gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania me4-e tipis qveS skicirebuli po-

zicia, romelic me-3-e tipis mTavari ideis gafar-

Toeba-ganzogadebas asaxavs: swored masSi aris

socialuri politika produqtiuli da Semosav-

lis momtani. me-2-e tipis problema, romelic kidev

ufro gafarToebulia, gansakuTrebiT vlindeba

Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi: erovnul

saxelmwifos metad aRar ZaluZs <<mdidrebis>>

(romelTagan is redistribuciis masis molod-

inSia) Tavis sagadasaxado sferoSi damagreba

– SenarCuneba. saSualo da grZelvadiani maRal-

mobilurobis mqone kapitalisaTvis globaluri

konkurencia imyofeba kulminaciur fazaSi, sadac

92

qveynebs dabali xelfasiT, gadasaxadebiTa da so-

cialuri anaricxebiT udavod gaaCniaT upirateso-

ba. mokled rom vTqvaT, socialuri saxelmwifo

internacionalur konkurenciaSi ganicdis eqs-

ploatacias. Sesabamisad, germaniis msgavsi maRa-

li saxelfaso donis qveynisaTvis SesaZlebelia

<<mdidrebis>> damagreba-SenarCuneba, Tuki isinic

da ara mxolod <<Raribebi>> socialuri uzrun-

velyofis sistemidan aseve miiReben sargebels.

mdgradobis miRweva socialuri politikiT mx-

olod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, roca es ukanaskne-

li gadanawilebis formiT ar aris Cafiqrebuli,

sadac yovelTvis erT-erTi jgufi ki ar ikargeba,

aramed roca mas mdidrebsTvis da RaribTaTvis

erTnairad moaqvs sargebeli.

konceptualurad Tu ganvixilavT, socialuri

sabazro ekonomika sulac ar aris moTvinierebu-

li, ueSvo mtaceblis msgavsi sabazro ekonomika.

Tuki socialuri sabazro ekonomika aRqmuli iqne-

ba rogorc moTvinierebuli sabazro ekonomika, mu-

dam Seiqmneba imgvari mtkicebadi situacia, roca

nacnob <<moralur>> koreqtivebs daisaWiroebs

sabazro ekonomika. piriqiT, socialurma politi-

kam saTanado stimulirebiT unda uzrunvelyos

sabazro ekonomikis srulad moZraobaSi moyvana.

socialuri sabazro ekonomikis amgvari gaazre-

biT miRwevadi xdeba zogierTi sakiTxi: pirveli,

- kompaniebi moraluri mizeziT metad aRar iqne-

bian <<msxverplis>> saxiT warmoCenilni. maTgan

ar moiTxoveba msxverpli konkurenciul srbola-

Si. kompaniebi investireben yvela arsebul resurs

sakuTari interesebidan gamomdinare. politikur

sibrtyeze es aris: socialuri politika niSnavs

ara ganawilebas, armed gacvlas urTierinteresTa

safuZvelze, sadac orive mxares, rogorc <<md-

93

idrebs>> ise <<Raribebs>> eqnebaT sargeblis

miRebis SesaZlebloba.

meore, - socialuri politika aRqmuli unda

iqnes rogorc investicia, da ara mxolod – tvir-

Ti xarjebis saxiT (xarjebis tvirTi). Tanamed-

rove diskusiebSi umTavresad fokusireba xdeba

xarjebis irgvliv, rac xarjebis maqsimaluri Sem-

cirebiT <<socialuri mxaris>> minimazaciisa da

misi, rogorc gamosavlis erTaderT gzad warmoCe-

naSi mdgomareobs.

mesame – yvela uideo arguments miRma, rogori-

caa carieli xazina, - miniSneba xdeba <<Return on Investment>>-ze, rogorc socialuri dacviTi saz-

Rvrebis kriteriumze. investicia umniSvnelo Se-

mosavlis perspeqtiviT raRac mcdari stimulebis

gamo ar unda xorcieldebodes. cxadia rom unda

moxdes am ZiriTadi azris Semdgomi specifikacia

da raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT misi ganvrcoba.

magram principulad mniSvnelovania sainvesticio

SesaZleblobaTa umravlesobis realizeba, rom-

lesac yvela monawilisaTvis moaqvs saukeTeso

Semosavali. aRsaniSnavia, rom saubrebi social-

uri saxelmwifos safuZvlian gardaqmnebze zogi-

erTi TvalsazrisiT msgavsi perspeqtivis CaTvliT,

Zalzed bundovania.

problematikis gaanalizebisas am konteqstSi

iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom socialuri sabazro

ekonomikis koncefcia, romelic gasul aTwleul-

Si SesaZlebelia warmatebulic ki iyo, ukve dRes

sakmaod savalalod gamoiyureba grZelvadian

perspeqtivaSi: is gulisxmobs Semdegs: bazari am

saxiT rom yofiliyo moralurad problematuri,

TvalsaCino da gardauvali iqneboda gaRatakebis

procesi da Sesabamisad, eTikur safuZvlebze day-

rdnobiT aucilebebi gaxdeboda misi koreqtireba.

94

Tu gvsurs <<socialuri sabazro ekonomikis>>

koncefciis SenarCuneba, unda moxdes misi <<so-

cialuri mxaris>> axlad gaazreba, risTvisac aq

warmodgenil mosazrebebs garkveuli wvlilis Se-

tana SeuZliaT.

literatura:

1. W. Eucken, Grundzüge der Wirtschaftspolitik, 4 Auflage, Tübingen, 1952/1968, S. 336

2. Die Zukunft der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft. Umfrage im Auftrag des Bundesverbandes deutscher Banken, November 2005

3. Nach Daten das IW Köln, 20104. K. Homman, Chr. Lütge, Einführung in die Wirtschaft-

sefhik, LIT Verlag Dr. W. Hopf Berlin 2013, S. 205. Chr. Lütge, Wirtschaftsethik ohne Illusionen, Mohr Sie-

beck, Tübingen 2012, S. 42/436. A. Giddens, Der dritte Weg: Die Erneuerung der sozialen

Demokratie, Frankfurt / M.: Suhrkamp. 1998/1999

95

Tavi 4. eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika

sul ufro cxadi xdeba, rom yoveli moZraobeb-

is, mimarTulebebisa Tu mosalodneli krizisebis

fonze msoflios socialur-ekonomikuri konste-

lacia ekonomikuri politikis WrilSi ganixileba

post-kapitalistur, post-socialistur ekonomi-

kad, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT eko-socialuri

sabazro ekonomika.1

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika, anu ,,humanuri

ekonomika~ warmoadgens ekonomikur, ekologiur

da sazogadoebriv-politikur xedvas,2 romlis

cnebas rogorc axali ekonomikuri mimarTulebis

koncefcias 1989 wels safuZveli Cauyara avstriis

soflis meurneobis ministrma mogvianebiT ki

vice-kanclerma iozef riglerma, roca man moiTxo-

va, rom socialuri sabazro ekonomika Sevsebuli-

yo ekologiuri pasuxismgeblobis komponentiT.3

eko-socialur sabazro ekonomikaSi arsebobs

sami strategiuli sakvanZo punqti: sabazro ekono-

mikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri aspeqtebi, rom-

lebic qmnian ,,strategiul samkuTxeds~:

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika

sabazro ekonomikuri aspeqti

socialuri aspeqti ekologiuri aspeqti

sadac sabazro ekonomikuri aspeqti gulisx-

mobs: ekonomikuri konkurentunarianobis uzrun-

velyofas; inovaciebisaTvis da mewarmeobisaTvis

stimulebis Seqmnas; investiciebis gafarToebas;

96

normatiuli da biurokratiuli barierebis Sem-

cirebas keTilsindisieri konkurenciis ganxor-

cielebisaTvis globalur masStabSi; aseve saga-

dasaxado sistemis modificirebas ,,Rirebulebis

mwarmoebeli ekonomikis~ sasargeblod. social-

uri aspeqti _ ,,samarTliani urTierTobis ganxor-

cielebas saxelmwifo socialur politikasa da

institucionalur socialur momsaxurebas Soris;

kerZo institutebis ufro metad ganviTarebasa

da mxardaWeras, raTa maT ukeT SeeZloT axali

socialuri problemebisaTvis Tavis garTmeva so-

cialur solidarobas globalur doneze. xolo

ekologiuri aspeqti gulisxmobs garemos dacvasa

da mis mdgrad ganviTarebas, garemos dabinZure-

bisa da bunebrivi resursebis ganadgurebis ten-

denciis uwyveti Semcirebis gziT; ekologiur

simarTles fasebTan da xarjebTan mimarTebaSi;

realur ekologiur gadasaxadebsa da ekologiaze

orientirebul kanonebs; mkacr da zust deklara-

cias sakveb produqtebze (produqtis warmoSobis,

warmoebis, vargisianobis, genuri inJineriis, hor-

monebis gamoyenebisa da a.S. sakiTxebs).4

am samkuTxedis samive mxares Soris wonas-

worobis dacva da misi SenarCuneba warmoadgens

prioritetul amocanas. eko-socialuri sabazro

ekonomika niSnavs ara idealur harmonias, ara-

med mudmiv Widils sxvadasxva politikuri da

socialuri Zalebis gansxvavebul interesTa So-

ris racionaluri balansisaTvis. Sesabamisad, igi

moiTxovs mkveTri politikis gatarebas erovnul,

regionalur da globalur doneze. saWiroa Zlie-

ri sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo institutebis

arseboba, samarTliani TamaSis wesebis Seqmna da

uzrunvelyofa normatiul-samarTlebrivi bazis

pirobebSi, socialuri da ekologiuri standarteb-

97

is Seqmna da transparentulobis ganxorcieleba

gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi.5

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika fokusirdeba

globaluri samarTlianobis, resursebisa da en-

ergiis politikis, da fiskaluri politikis ir-

gvliv.

mTels msoflioSi 1.4 mlrd. adamiani cxovrobs

absolitur siRaribeSi da yoveldRiurad iRebs

1.25 $ naklebs. 2.5 mlrd. adamians aqvs 2 $ naklebi

Semosavali. afrikaSi, saharis samxreTiT uRaribe-

si adamianebis ricxvi 1981 wlidan TiTqmis gaor-

magda. samxreT aziaSi, laTinur amerikaSi, karibis

auzSi, aseve axlo aRmosavleTsa da CrdiloeT af-

rikaSi SeiniSneba siRaribis maCveneblis kleba,

Tumca mravali jer kidev ganicdis gaWirvebas.

ekonomikurma da finansurma krizisma ufro Zlier

daazarala ganviTarebadi vidre ganviTarebuli

qveynebi, radgan maT krizisebis marTvisaTvis sak-

maod SezRuduli resursebi gaaCniaT. es situacia

Rrmavdeba sakvebze fasebis zrdiTa da klimatis

cvlilebiT, riTac milionobiT adamiani aRmoCnda

siRatakeSi.

ukanasknel aTwleulebSi mkveTrad gaizar-

da bunebrivi resursebis moxmareba. 1980 wels

TiTqmis 40 mlrd. tona resursi iqna amoRebuli

globaluri eko-sistemidan. mTels msoflioSi

dRes yovelwliuri 60 mlrd. tonis moxmareba 50%-

iT gaizarda. im SemTxvevaSi Tu mimdinare ten-

dencia SenarCunda, resursebis moxmareba 2030 wl-

isTvis gaizrdeba 100 mlrd. tonamde. rogorc

ganaxlebadi resursebis (mag., sasoflo-sameurneo

daniSnulebis savargulebi da tyis masivebi, da wya-

li), ise ara ganaxlebadi resursebis (mag., metali

da wiaRiseuli sawvav-saTbobi, navTob-produqte-

bi) deficiti gamwvavdeba globaluri masStabiT.

98

ekologiuri problemebi, dakavSirebuli energiisa

da resursebis moxmarebasTan dramatulad gaiz-

rdeba.

erovnuli-fiskaluri sistema mniSvnelovan in-

struments warmoadgens eko-socialur sabazro

ekonomikaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom fiskaluri

politika muSavdeba da xorcieldeba erovnuli

saxelmwifos SigniT, arsebuli problemebis efeq-

turad gadaWrisaTvis aucilebelia fiskaluri

politikis an garkveuli misi aspeqtebis saer-

TaSoriso koordinacia. eko-socialuri pozici-

idan gamomdinare, dRevandeli erovnuli sistemebi

saWiroebs gadaudebel reformebs. isini mtru-

lad arian ganwyobilni dasaqmebis, ganawilebisa

da ekologiuri sakiTxebis mimarT. Tanamedrove

pirobebSi arsebobs Zalian mcire sagadasaxado

stimulebi, energiisa da resursebis ekonomiisaT-

vis da dabinZurebisa da narCenebis Sesamcireblad.

fiskaluri instrumentebi iqneba Zlieri stimuli

maTi gamoyenebis efeqtianobis zrdisaTvis.6

globalizacia xsnis da aCqarebs msoflio sa-

komunikacio procesebs. sxvadasxva qveynebSi mim-

dinare sainformacio nakadebi mkveTrad gaizarda,

rac konkurentebs SesaZleblobas aZlevT uwind-

elze gacilebiT swrafad moaxdinon mowinave te-

qnikisa da produqtebis adaptireba da imitireba.

1990-ian wlebamde SedarebiT advili iyo rome-

lime qveynis izolireba gare zegavlenisagan, raTa

gamoricxuliyo mosaxleobis umravlesobisaTvis

Sesabamisi informaciis xelmisawvdomoba, aseve

erovnuli sawarmoebis dacva ucxouri konkuren-

tebisagan sabaJo barierebisa da diskriminaciis

sxva saSualebaTagan mainc. im droisaTvis TiTqmis

ar arsebobda sajaro ganxilvebi sxvadasxva

ekonomikuri saqmianobis saxeobaTa uaryofiTi

99

ekologiuri Sedegebis Taobaze.

dRes demokratiuli mTavrobebi, romlebic erT-

guleben SexedulebaTa pluralizms da infor-

maciis Tavisuflebas, arc survili aqvT da arc

SeuZliaT Seamciron sakuTar mosaxleobaze ucx-

ouri zegavlena. totalitaruli da avtoritaru-

li mTavrobebic ki uZlurni arian win aRudgnen

informaciis globalur nakadebs sakuTar qveyneb-

Si mxolod mkacri represiebis saSualebiT. in-

terneti da saerTaSoriso savaWro SeTanxmebebi,

gansakuTrebiT msoflio savaWro organizacia da

sxvadasxva regionaluri gaerTianebebi xels uw-

yoben saerTaSoriso interaqciis gaZlierebasa da

ganmtkicebas.

Tavisufali informaciis am samyaroSi, ekono-

mikuri konkurencia qveynebs Soris gaxda kidev

ufro mZafri, ramac moitana intensiuri Zieba-

ni ufro efeqtiani ekonomikuri sistemisaTvis.

TiTqmis aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi es konkurencia

sami TemiT gamoirCeoda:

1. rogor amaRldes xalxis keTildReobisa da

ganaTlebis done, da misi miRwevis Semdeg rogor

moxdes misi SenarCuneba?

2. rogoraa SesaZlebeli ekonomikuri zrdisa

da codnis gaumjobesebis imgvarad ganawileba,

rom rac SeiZleba meti adamianisaTvis iyos Sesa-

Zlebeli masSi monawileobis miReba?

3. rogor SeiZleba rom socialuri usa-

frTxoebis misaRebi forma iqnas yvelasaTvis uz-

runvelyofili?

am konteqstSi socialuri sabazro ekonomikis

yvelaze ufro efeqturi modelisaTvis ekologi-

ur mdgradobas gaaCnia upiratesi safuZveli.

Tanamedroveobis umTavresi sakiTxia Tu sabaz-

ro ekonomikis romeli tipis aris ufro efeqturi

100

ekonomikuri warmatebis, socialuri samarTliano-

bisa da ekologiuri mdgradobis kuTxiT?7 dRes

umetes qveynebSi mimdinareobs msjeloba neo-lib-

eralur da neo-konservatul sabazro ekonomike-

bis irgvliv. am or alternativas Soris Zevs so-

cialuri da ekonomikuri sabazro ekonomika, Ria

da fleqsibluri sistema, romelSic TiToeuli

qveynis specifiur garemoebaTa gaTvalsiwinebiT

SesaZlebelia koreqtivebis Setana. swored ami-

tom eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika ekonomi-

kur sistemaTa skalaze aris ara fiqsirebuli

wertili, aramed _ amplituda, romelsac ZaluZs

gansakuTrebuli saWiroebebisa da garemoebebis

mixedviT moZraoba (mag., roca umuSevrobis done

izrdeba, saxelmwifo an misi dasaqmebis saagento

unda gaaqtiurdes).8 Tavisufal bazrebs TviTon

ar ZaluZT, an ar arian dainteresebulni garemos

dacvaSi, amitom xelisuflebis moqmedeba warmoad-

gens aucileblobas. umaRlesi socialuri da

ekologiuri standartebis Seqmna, gansakuTrebiT

ganviTarebad qveynebSi miiCneva rogorc sasicocx-

lod mniSvnelovani nabiji msoflio mSvidobisaT-

vis momavalSi.9

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika ganixileba

ordoliberalur koncefciad. 10 igi warmoadgens

socialuri sabazro ekonomikis Semdgom logikur

ganviTarebas 21-e saukunis moTxovnebis mixedviT.

is aris ekonomikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri

aspeqtebis sinTezi. eko-socialuri ekonomikuri

wesrigis fundamentia efeqturi, inovaciuri sa-

bazro ekonomika socialuri samarTlianobiTa

da ekologiuri pasuxismgeblobiT, romlebic so-

cialuri konsensusisa da ekologiuri mdgrado-

bis aucilebel pirobebs warmoadgenen. amave dros

isini erTad gvevlinebian ekonomikur qmedebaTa

101

aucilebel kriteriumebad.

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika aRniSnavs

ukeTesi samyaros kapitalistur xedvas, sadac ada-

mianebi TanxmobaSi arian bunebasTan da ekonomi-

kasTan, romelSic arsebobs postcikluri msof-

lio ekonomika, romelic mtkiced farTovdeba da

metad aRar cnobs safondo bazrebis CamoSlasa

Tu sabirJo kraxebs. igi miiswrafvis ekologiur-

ekonomikur- socialuri harmoniis pirobebSi ka-

cobriobis mSvidobiani da usafrTxo Tanacxovre-

bisaken.11

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomikis koncef-

cia mimarTulia Tavisufali sabazro ekono-

mikis dabalansebisaken, eswrafvis socialur

samarTlianobas, bunebrivi resursebis xangrZliv

gamoyenebasa da dacvas. igi warmoadgens holis-

tikur models, dafuZnebuls Zlier da inovaci-

ur sabazro ekonomikaze. misTvis ualternativod

prioritetulia ekonomikur qmedebaTa sasicx-

ocxlod aucilebeli kriteriumebi: socialuri

samarTlianoba da garemos dacva. Sesabamisad, meti

solidaroba da meti pasuxismgebloba bunebrivi

sayofacxovrebo garemosaTvis (iozef rigleri).12

haeri, wyali, miwis savargulebi, cxovelebi, war-

moadgens kapitalisturi sistemis mniSvnelovan

nawils, Tumca dRemdis ar momxdara maTi fulad-

RirebulebiTi formiT Sefaseba. buRaltrul an-

gariSebebSi da zogadad buRalteriaSi ar arse-

bobs bunebrivi kapitalis, iseTis rogoricaa haeri

an wyali, _ srulad Sefaseba. im SemTxvevaSi Tu

Seicvleba midgoma da moxdeba bunebrivi kapital-

is fulad formaSi gadayvana, davinaxavT, rom bune-

ba yovelwliurad iZleva 36 mlrd. aSS dolaris

Rirebulebis sikeTes, rac gamoixateba mdinareebis

gawmendaSi, mcenareebis mier CO2-is STanTqmiT da

102

sxva formebiT. dRes mTeli msoflio ekonomika

mTliani Sida produqtis saxiT yovelwliurad qm-

nis 39 trln. dolars. mTeli Cveni planetis Rire-

buleba uxeSi gaangariSebiT 500 trln. aSS dola-

ria, romlis daaxloebiT 1/3 bunebrivi kapitalisa

adamianebma samwuxarod ukve gavanadgureT, rac

gamoixateba mravalferovani flora-faunis sax-

eobaTa ganadgurebaSi, sasoflo-sameurneo savar-

gulebis mospobaSi, an haeris dabinZurebaSi. Cvens

planetaze TiToeuli adamianisaTvis yovelwli-

urad xelmisawvdomia da mis gankargulebaSi po-

tenciurad imyofeba 70 000 $ ekvivalenti bunebrivi

kapitali. aqedan naTelia is, Tu ramxela simdidre

gvaqvs bunebisagan naboZebi, magram dRemde Cven mas

viyenebT umowyalod da yovelgvari xangrZlivi

keTildReobis generaciisaTvis. uaxloes 50 weli-

wadSi yvela qveynisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

eqneba mas, Tu ramdenad moufrTxildebian isini

sakuTar bunebriv simdidres, mkveTrad Seamcireben

Tu ara imave bunebrivi resursebis moxmarebas.13

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomikis socialuri

aspeqti gamagrebulia humanuri kapitaliT. igi

warmoadgens kritikul faqtors sawarmoo ciklis

produqtiulobis, resursebis uzarmazari moxmare-

bis Semcirebisa da misi racionalurad gamoyen-

ebis, efeqtiani ekonomikuri politikis warmarT-

vis pirobebSi. saWiroa kapitalisturi sistemis

bunebasTan integrireba, raTa man SeZlos arse-

boba bunebisaTvis zianis miuyeneblad. narCenebis

warmoqmnis Tavidan acileba da maTi utilizacia

warmoadgens mniSvnelovan punqtebs. aqedan ara

Tu aRar Cndeba kiTxva ,,gvsurs Tu ara Cven eko-

socialuri sabazro ekonomika~, aramed Cven aRar

gvaqvs sxva arCevani. ,,Cven vimyofebiT eko-kapital-

izmis saukunis dasawyisSi. TiToeuli CvenTagani

103

iZulebulia sakuTari qcevebiT xeli Seuwyos

garemos SenarCunebas. Cven SegviZlia davexmaroT,

raTa ekonomikuri da sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba

pozitiuri mimarTulebiT warimarTos, da es ukve

xdeba, imitom rom es aucilebelia, SesaZlebeli da

ganxorcielebadi~ (ernst fon vaiczekeri).

eko-kapitalizmis qvakuTxedia resursebis

produqtiulobis mkveTri amaRleba, romlis efeq-

tian gamoyenebas gaaCnia sami mTavari upiratesoba:

igi Rirebulebis Seqmnisas anelebs resursebis

gamolevas; amcirebs dabinZurebis masStabebs; da

uzrunvelyofs racionaluri Sromis safuZvlebis

globalur gavrcelebas.

Cveni ekonomikuri da socialuri sistema Tavisi

amJamindeli formiT damokidebulia raodenobriv

ekonomikur zrdaze. Tumca ekonomikuri zrdis

tempebis Semcireba da resursebis deficitis ga-

dideba svams kiTxvas imis Taobaze, Tu rogor uz-

runvelyoT keTildReoba erovnul, regionalur

da globalur doneze xangrZlivi droiT. eko-

socialuri sabazro ekonomikis programa aqcents

akeTebs ara ubralod raodenobriv, aramed ufro

metad xarisxobriv maCveneblebze, rac niSnavs ro-

gorc xarisxobriv zrdas, ise cxovrebis xarisx-

is amaRlebas. misi mowodeba ,,cxovrebis ukeTesi

xarisxi yvelasaTvis _ dRes da xval~ aRniSnavs:

cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas, romelic

moicavs usafrTxoebas, jandacvas, sazogadoebriv

solidarobas, ganaTlebas, ekonomikas, dasaqmebasa

da bunebriv garemos erTi mxriv, da adamianis sub-

ieqtur keTildReobas, _ meore mxriv.

bunebrivi resursebis gamoyeneba da mTeli

ekonomikuri saqmianoba warmoadgens Cveni cxovre-

bis safuZvels, magram maTma eqspluataciam SeiZina

imgvari masStabebi, rom Semdgomi ekonomikuri da

104

socialuri ganviTareba Tanamedrove pirobebSi

safrTxis qveSaa. gamocdilebis Tanaxmad, ekono-

mikuri zrda iwvevs resursebis moxmarebis zr-

das. miuxedavad SesamCnevi progresisa miRweuli

resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis saxiT (e.i.

resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianoba produqci-

is erTeulze) warsulSi, rogorc Cans Znelad

sarwmunos xdis im mosazrebas, rom resursebis

gamoyenebis absolituri Semcireba SesaZlebelia

miRweul iqnas raodenobrivi ekonomikuri zrdis

paralelurad. amitom, eko-socialuri sabazro

ekonomikis amosavali wertili aris imgvari ekono-

mikuri zrdis gaazreba, romelic nacvlad mTliani

Sida produqtis zrdis raodenobrivi maCvenebleb-

isa, mimarTulia xarisxobrivi gaumjobesebisaken.

xarisxobrivma zrdam unda Secvalos resursebis

intensiur gamoyenebaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri

zrda, romelsac Cven ukanasknel aTwleulebSi

ganvicdiT. es ki moiTxovs mdgradi ganviTare-

bis yvela aspeqtis _ ekonomikuri, ekologiuri,

socialuri da kulturuli safuZvlebis prezer-

vacias. amgvarad, bunebrivi resursebis frTxili,

racionaluri moxmareba warmoadgens aucilebel

pirobas keTildReobisa da ayvavebisaTvis.

momavals gaaCnia Tavisi Suq-Crdilebi, rac

gamoixateba klimatis mkveTr cvlilebaSi,

resursebis uyairaTod flangvaSi, biomravalfer-

ovnebis SemcirebaSi, deserTifikaciasa da a.S., rac

uSualod gamoiwvevs ekologiur katastrofas.

imisaTvis, rom Tavidan iqnas acilebuli ekologi-

uri kolafsi, Cven principulad unda SevcvaloT

Cveni midgoma bunebrivi resursebis gamoyenebasTan

mimarTebaSi. umTavres prioritets warmoadgens

resursebisa da energiis gamoyenebis mkveTri Sem-

cireba erT sul mosaxleze maRali moxmarebis

105

qveynebSi. es aris erTaderTi gza maTi moxmare-

bis samarTliani, globaluri ganawilebis mis-

aRwevad. amave dros, socialuri problemebi, ro-

goricaa siRaribe, xdeba kidev ufro mkveTri da

qonebrivi diferenciacia mdidrebsa da Raribebs

Soris izrdeba mTels msoflioSi. garda amisa,

resursebisaTvis brZola Zlierdeba da Cven aseve

jer kidev vitanjebiT finansuri da ekonomikuri

krizisis SedegebiT, rac gamowveulia zRvargada-

suli deregulirebiTa da iafi fuliT. erTad-

erTi gonivruli gamosavali am mZime mdgomareo-

bidan aris eko-socialuri cvlilebebis efeqti,

risi miRwevac SesaZlebeli iqneboda msoflios

mosaxleobis ekologiuri, socialuri da ekono-

mikuri saWiroebebisa da moTxovnebis morigebis

gziT. eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika gansaz-

Rvravs aucilebel CarCo-moTxovnebs, romlis gaT-

valiswinebiTac ekonomikas SeuZlia myarad fun-

qcionireba.

neo-liberaluri ekonomika didi xania rac gan-

icdis sisusteebs: samuSao adgilebis arqona, ga-

naTlebis miRebis cudi SesaZleblobebi, teroriz-

mi, qsenofobia, korufcia aris swored cvlilebebis

niSani. asevea ekologiur-ekonomikuri proble-

mebic. iseTi resursebi, rogoricaa navTobi da

gazi did tvirTad awveba sazogadoebas. yoveli

wveTi navTobi, romelic iwvis anadgurebs bunebriv

kapitals, rac uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs niadag-

ze, haerze da adamianis janmrTelobaze, romlis

xarjebsac anazRaurebs kvlav Tavad gadasaxadis

gadamxdeli, anu Cven yvelani. Semosavlebi erT

sul mosaxleze SesaZloa gaizardos, da mTliani

Sida produqtis zrdac iyos STambeWdavi, magram

miuxedavad amisa mravali adamiani uwindeburad

darCes Raribi, mSieri, minimaluri sayofacxovrebo

106

pirobebis, janmrTelobis dacvisa da sulac sasme-

li wylis gareSe. garda amisa, Semosavlebs ASoris

gansxvavebas zrdis klasebs, rasebs, sazogadoebeb-

sa da genders Soris diskriminacia.14

magram, gvsurs ki ase gagrZeleba? eko-kapital-

izmi gvTavazobs axal sagadasaxado da subsidiis

radikalur sistemas, eko-socialuri fiskaluri

reformebi aucilebelia ekologiuri da so-

cialuri mdgradobis gansamtkiceblad. isini unda

iqnes ganxorcielebuli ramac xeli unda Seu-

wyos dasaqmebis, resursebisa da energiis efeq-

tiani gamoyenebis problemebis gadawyvetas, ris

winapirobasac sagadasaxado sistemis gamartiveba

warmoadgens. fiskaluri reformis ZiriTadi idea

mdgomareobs sagadasaxado tvirTis neitraluri

Semosavlebidan da socialurad misaRebi, sazog-

adoebrivad sasargeblo Sromidan, ekologiurad

mavne saqmianobaze gadanacvlebaSi. aucilebelia

konproduqtiuli subsidiebisa da sagadasaxado

SeRavaTebis Semcireba energiisa da resursebis

moxmarebisaTvis, iseve rogorc garemos dabinZure-

bisaTvis gadasaxadebis gazrda. gansakuTrebulad

mniSvnelovania SromiTi gadasaxadebis (saSemosav-

lo gadasaxadisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis

anaricxebis) daweva dabal da saSualo Semosav-

lian moqalaqeTaTvis. amgvari SemcirebebiT Sesa-

Zlebeli gaxdeba ara mxolod dasaqmebis prob-

lebis mniSvnelovnad gamosworeba da ekonomikuri

upiratesobis miRweva, aramed _ upiratesobis mopo-

vebac bazarze.

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomikis modeli Sei-

Zleba gaviazroT rogorc kapitalisa da Sromis

sinTezis gagrZeleba, sadac garemos dacvis sak-

iTxi xdeba bazris instrumentebis nawili.

imisaTvis, rom swrafad iqnas miRweuli mdgra-

107

dobis mizani, aseve ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri

efeqtianoba, saWiroa swori signalebis gagzavna

bazarze. am miznis misaRwevad SesaZloa gamoyen-

ebuli iqnas ekologiur-socialuri sabazro ekono-

mikis Semdegi instrumentebi: 1. samarTliani fa-

sis gadaxda bunebisaTvis; 2. sagadasaxado sistemis

eko-socialuri reforma; 3. ekologiurad sufTa

produqtis deklaracia; 4. mdgradobis xelSemwyo-

bi subsidiebi; 5. garemos dacvisa da mdgradi gan-

viTarebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli ganaTleba

da informacia. 6. eko-socialuri produqti, erTo-

blivi erovnuli produqtis nacvlad. 7. garemos

dacva, rogorc saerTaSoriso valdebuleba; da a.S.

garemos dabinZureba da resursebis gamoyeneba

unda aisaxos warmoebis procesisa da produqci-

is fasis kalkulaciis dros. kanonebi da wesebi

unda iqces garantad imisa, rom es Tanabrad Seexeba

yvela sawarmos patiosani konkurenciis uzrunve-

lyofisaTvis.15

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika aris social-

ur sabazro ekonomikaze dafuZnebuli. mas koreq-

tivebi Seaqvs iq, sadac bazris Zalebs ar ZaluZT

myari Sedegebis Cveneba. igi mimarTulia ekono-

mikis, socialuri sakiTxebisa da ekologias So-

ris arsebul samarTlian wonasworobaze. SeiZleba

iTqvas, rom is ayalibebs alternatiul sabazro

fundamentalizms.

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika warmoad-

gens erTian models, romelSic warmoebis marTva

efuZneba rogorc socialur samarTlianobas, ise

ekologiur pasuxismgeblobas. mas swams sabazro

ekonomikis meqanizmebis, sadac bazris Zalebi miC-

neulia ganviTarebis ZiriTad da mamoZravebel

Zalebad. eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika aRi-

arebs saarsebo garemosa da socialuri mdgomare-

108

obis xarisxs, rogorc TiToeuli CvenTaganis

keTildReobis fundamentalur dimensiebs. igi

fokusirdeba ekologiurad Tavsebad warmoebis

procesebze da miaCnia rom garemos dacva da so-

cialuri samarTlianoba warmoadgens aucile-

bel kriteriumebs ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis.

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika niSnavs fiqrsa

da moqmedebas erovnuli sazRvrebis miRma gare-

mos dacvisa da socialuri sakiTxebis sferoebSi.

mas Tavisi wvlili Seaqvs msoflio mosaxleobis

mdgrad da Seuqcevad ganviTarebaSi. maRali so-

cialuri da saganmanaTleblo standartebi gav-

lenas axdens demografiul ganviTarebaze. misi

prioritetia partniorebis moZieba ganviTarebad

qveynebSi da ganviTarebad bazrebze. investiciebi

maT socialur struqturebSi saZirkvels uyris

maTsave garemosa da ekonomikis mSvidobian Tan-

aarsebobas momavalSi.

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika msofli-

os masStabiT saWiroebs Sejerebul globalur

wesebs, misi implementacia regionalur doneze

SezRudulia konkurenciiT gamowveuli SesaZlo

damaxinjebebisagan. misi realizaciisaTvis auci-

lebelia farTo saerTaSoriso konsensusis miR-

weva. eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomikis mini-

maluri moTxovnebia: 1. ekologiis, socialuri

samarTlianobis, ekonomikisa da kulturuli

identurobis, rogorc Tanaswori da TanabarRi-

rebuli miznebis saerTaSoriso aRiareba da mow-

oneba. 2. minimaluri ekologiuri da socialuri

standartebi mTels msoflioSi. 3. samarTliani da

myari wesebi globaluri finansuri bazrebisaT-

vis. 4. samarTlianoba saerTaSoriso sagadasaxa-

do dabegvris sistemaSi.

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika saWiroebs

109

reformebs imgvari saerTaSoriso institutebis

interaqciidan, rogorebicaa gaerTianebuli erebis

organizacia, msoflio banki, msoflio savaWro or-

ganizacia da savaluto fondi.16

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomikis mdgradi gan-

viTareba saWiroebs erovnul, ekologiur, social-

ur-kulturul da politikur aspeqtebs daeTmos

imgvarive yuradReba, rogoric ekonomikur aspeqts.

igi efuZneba sabazro ekonomikis principebs, kerZo

seqtoris iniciativebs. socialuri da ekologi-

uri sabazro ekonomikis mizans warmoadgens eko-

sistemis SenarCuneba, socialuri samarTlianoba,

patiosani konkurencia, ekonomikuri da finansuri

stabiluroba.17

Cveni dRevandeli ekonomikuri sistema Cnde-

ba ,,aramdgradi~ fasebTan, xarjebTan, tarifebT-

an, gadasaxadebTan da a.S. mimarTebaSi, romlebic

srulebiT ar asaxaven ,,ekologiur WeSmaritebas.~

is subieqtebi, romlebic moqmedeben mdgradi gan-

viTarebis mimarTulebiT ekonomikurad da finan-

surad xSirad imyofebian araTanabar pirobebSi

konkurentebTan SedarebiT.18

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika aris ekono-

mikuri wesrigis Ria koncepti, romelic xels uw-

yobs mdgrad ekonomikur, socialur da ekologiur

ganviTarebas. igi iZleva kerZo da saxelmwifo se-

qtorebs Soris dialogis SesaZleblobas yvela

mxaris interesTa Sejerebis misaRwevad. is qmnis

socialur-ekonomikur wesrigs, romelic aisax-

eba sazogadoebis faseulobebsa da kulturul

TaviseburebebSi. mocemul sistemaSi saxelmwifos

gaaCnia makoreqtirebeli da maregulirebeli fun-

qcia. is aris nayofieri alternativa centrali-

zebuli dagegmarebis ekonomikasa da liberalur

ekonomikas Soris.19

110

saxelmwifos, mewarmeTa gaerTianebebis, profkav-

Sirebisa da samoqalaqo-sazogadoebrivi organi-

zaciebis interaqcia qmnis da aduRabebs eko-so-

cialur sabazro ekonomikas. saxelmwifo gavlenas

axdens sxvadasxva ekonomikur, socialur da

ekologiur aqtiorebze, ise rogorc isini zemoq-

medeben saxelmwifoze. maT saerTo amocanas war-

moadgens sazogadoebis keTildReobis miRweva.

eko-socialuri sabazro ekonomika, rogorc is

gamoCnda sxvadasxva qveynebis (gansakuTrebiT ger-

maniis) gamocdilebidan, aRmoCnda saukeTeso yvela

arasrulyofil ekonomikur, socialur da ekolo-

giur sistemebs Soris. samewarmeo Tavisuflebis

wyalobiT is qmnis ekonomikur simdidres da am

simdidris gadanawilebaSi iZleva monawileobisa

da socialuri samarTlianobis miRwevis SesaZle-

blobas. mas gaaCnia efeqturi instrumentebi gare-

mos dacvis uzrunvelsayofad. eko-socialuri

sabazro ekonomikis instrumentebi gamoyenebuli

unda iqnes imgvarad, rom Seesabamebodes moce-

muli qveynis pirobebs, saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis

moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. Tumca optimaluri

Sedegebis mizans eko-socialuri sabazro ekono-

mika verasodes srulyofs, miuxedavad amisa, is

sakmarisad moqnilia imisaTvis, rom uzrunvelyos

Seuqcevadi progresi da ekonomikuri, socialuri

da ekologiuri problemebis gadaWra, romlebic

gardauvlad warmoiqmneba drodadro.

arsebuli finansuri da ekonomikuri krizisi

aris aseve Cveni sazogadoebis faseulobaTa krizi-

sic.20 mdgrad socialur sabazro ekonomikaSi

fundamentalurad mniSvnelovania uflebebisa da

faseulobebis realizcia. gaxangrZlivebuli fi-

nansuri da ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi dRis

wesrigSi dgeba eTikuri dimensiis, eTikuri qce-

111

vebisa da faseulobebis Semotana da damkvidreba

ekonomikaSi. saWiroa dauyovnebeli gadasvla gad-

amWrel ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri

politikis gatarebaze.21

humanuri ekonomika ar aris ocneba. igi ukve

yvelganaa. is arsebobs Teoriulad da praqtiku-

lad, Tumca mis CrdilSi moqcevas ganapirobebs

is ekonomikuri modelebi da midgomebi, romlebic

dominireben mediasa da universitetebSi. humanuri

ekonomika ufro metad vizionia, vidre socialuri

recepti, an mravali socialuri recepti formu-

lirebuli erTian midgomaSi. humanuri ekonomikis,

rogorc moraluri da politikuri proeqtis miz-

ans warmoadgens axali institucionaluri sinTez-

is Seqmna da danergva praqtikaSi, raTa yovelTvis

arsebobdes Ria warmodgenebi ukeTesi momavlis

msoflios mimarT.22

eTikuri ekonomikis, rogorc postmodernis

ekonomikis umniSvnelovanes aspeqtebs warmoadgens

sabazro ekonomikuri, socialuri da ekologiuri

aspeqtebi, romelTa sinTezi ayalibebs alternati-

ul sabazro fundamentalizms da romlis safuZ-

velia inovaciuri sabazro ekonomika socialuri

samarTlianobiTa da ekologiuri pasuxismgeblo-

biT. sadac socialuri wonasworoba warmoadgens

socialuri konsensusis, xolo ekologiuri mdgra-

doba _ civilizaciis gadarCenis winapirobas.

literatura:

1. Hans Küng, Projekt Weltethos, München, 2002, S. 402. ökosoziale Markwirtschaft – Wikipedia, Http: //

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96oekosoziale Marktwirtschaft3. ökosoziale Markwirtschaft (Zukunftsfähigkeit als Pro-

gramm), Die Jdee; ökosoziale Marktwirtschaft up to date; P. 1. http://www.oecosozial.at/index.php?id=13333

112

4. http://www.slideshare.net/netzwerkvonchristen/eco-so-cial-market-economy-21-7-2010

5. Josef Riegler, Referat: ,,ökosoziale Marktwirtschhaft~. http://news.forum-fuehrung.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/jiosef_riegler_21102006.pdf

6. ECOSOCIAL MARKET EKONOMY.www.oecosozial.at/uploads/tx.../policypaper_Ecosocilforum_web_01.pdf

7. ORDO: Jahrbuch für die Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, Band 51 (2000): 169-202

8. Social and Ecological Market Economy . A General Overview~, Dieter W.

9. http://www.oekosozial.at10. Franz Josef Rademacher: Global Marshall Plan – Warum

der Marktfundamentalismus die Welt arm macht, in: Welt in Bal-ance, S. 111

11. Die Dialektik – Die Freie Zeitschrift – Die öko-sociale Marktwirtschaft und ihre Theorie.http://www.diedialektik.org/cms/node/95

12. http://www.seri.at13. ix. wyaro 11

14. Ethic of Economic Development. www2.unescobkk.org/elib/.../ethik_in.../111_238ECONOMIC.PDF

15. Eco-social market economy as an European innovation, J. Riegler, Eko-social forum of Europe, Viena, Austria, www.cazv.cz/2003/AE3_03/1-Riegler.pdf

16. Eco-Social World Order /global-commons.net.www.global-commons.net/node/47

17. Social and Ecosocial Market Economy (Principles in German Development Policy). www.bmz.de/en/publications /type_of-publication/.../konzept 158. pdf

18. Austrian Idea Gains Steam, Jiosef Riegler. www.global-marshallplan.org/.../(riegler_the global_marshall_plan_for_a_worldwide_eco_cosia_205)_fra.pdf

19. Social and Ecologial Market Economy, http://www.nbinepal.org.np/adetail.php?id=25

113

20. José Manuel Barroso. Political guidelines for the next Commission. Brussels, September 2009, P 1. httpl://ec:europa.eu/commission_barroso/president/pdf/press_20090903_EN.pdf

21. The Ethical Dimension of the ,,EU 2020~ Strategy. Brus-sels, January 2010. P. 1. 2. http://csc.ceceurope.org/...?Social_Economic.../Conference_of_European_Churches_CSC_of_CEC_Contribution_to_EU_2020_Consultation.pdf

22. Building the human economy. http://thememorybank.co.uk/2010/03/01/building the-human-economy/

114

Tavi 5. globalizacia, misi forme-bi, msoflio finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebi da eTikuri mocemuloba

$5.1. ra aris globalizacia?

istoriisaTvis uaRresad mokle droSi kaco-

briobam saocari metamorfoza ganicada. Tanamed-

rove samecniero-teqnikuri progresis miRwevebis

gamoyenebis Sedegad msoflio Cvens warmodgenaSi

TiTqos ,,SeikumSa da dapataravda~. kontinentebs,

saxelmwifoebsa da adamianebs Soris manZile-

bi ,,Semoklda~, drois mimdinareoba ki daCqarda.

aSkaraa, rom Tanamedrove civilizacia giganturi

nabijebiT miemarTeba zogadplanetaruli erTian-

obisaken. yovelive es Sedegia im procesisa, romel-

mac globalizaciis saxelwodeba miiRo.1

dRevandel msoflioSi arsebobs gansxvavebu-

li midgomebi globalizaciis, rogorc msoflios

mravalganzomilebiani procesis arsis gansaz-

RvrasTan dakavSirebiT. magaliTad: globalizaci-

is cnebis Tanamedrove gaazrebis gamoxatulebad

SeiZleba miCneuli iqnes cnobili kanadeli so-

ciologis marSal makluxanis mier 1960 wels

gamonaTqvami ,,globaluri soflis~ Sesaxeb, rac

warmoadgens msoflio Tanamegobrobis SefasebiT

aRniSvnas.2 rac Seexeba TviTon globalizaciis

cnebas, miuxedavad gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi

misi sayovelTaod xmarebul leqsikur krebulSi

Semotanisa, 80-ian wlebamde, mainc ar moxda misi

farTod aRiareba, rac emTxveva globalizaciis

procesis sirTulisa da mravalganzomilebianobis

Seswavlis dawyebas. imave 80-ian wlebamde aRniSnu-

li procesi xSirad iwodeboda modernizacis pro-

cesad. modernizaciis Teorias erT-erTi pirveli

115

daupirispirda ielis universitetis prof. i. val-

erStaini. loiolis (Cikagos) universitetis prof.

e. epsteinis azriT, zemoT aRniSnulma koncefciam

da misma analizma mniSvnelovani biZgi misca glo-

balizaciis Teoriis ganviTarebas.3

gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan farTo

gavrcelebas poulobs koncefcia, romlis Tanax-

mad TiToeul qveyanaSi arsebobs ekonomikis ori

tipi: e.w. ,,lokalizebuli ekonomika~ da ,,glo-

balizebuli ekonomika~. ekonomikis es ori tipi

,,sxvadasxva fasad~ asrulebs gansxvavebul fun-

qciebs. ukanaskneli sami aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi

revoluciurma gadatrialebam teqnologiasa da

menejments Soris, rac moxda msoflio bazrebze,

Sva saqmianobis saxeobaTa masStaburi gadadineba

erTi tipis ekonomikidan meoreSi, konkretulad ki

,,lokalizebulidan~ ,,globalizebul~ ekonomika-

Si.4

,,konceptualuri wyobis centrSi~ mas anu glo-

balizacias ayenebs amerikeli sociologi j. mak-

lini, romelic 1981, wels mouwodebda, ,,socialuri

urTierTobebis mzardi, globalizaciis istoriu-

li procesis Secnobisaken~.5

picburgis universitetis profesori, sociolo-

gi r. robertsoni am movlenasTan dakavSirebiT

gvTavazobs sakuTari Sexedulebebis sistemas. igi

wers, rom globalizaciis realuri buneba aris da-

faruli, xolo periferiuli damatebiTi konceptebi,

iseTi, mag., rogoricaa ekonomikuri sakiTxebis ana-

lizi, piriqiT _ gadaWarbebuli. misi azriT glo-

balizaciis yvelaze ufro martiv gansazRvrebas

Seesabameba ,,msoflios SekumSva.~6 zemoT naxseneb

prof. i. valerStains miaCnia, rom globalizaciis,

rogorc movlenis ganxilva, damaxasiaTebeli Tan-

amedrove msofliosaTvis, mcdaria7 da rom sa-

116

kuTriv globalizacia da masTan asocirebuli

procesebi arseboben obieqturad. misi gardauva-

li Sedegia axali msoflio sistemis Camoyalibeba

da globalizaciasTan dakavSirebuli mTeli po-

lemika sinamdvileSi warmoadgens diskusias msof-

lio sistemis organizaciis Sesaxeb.

socialuri mecnierebis kidev erTi mniSvnelo-

vani warmomadgenel a. gidensi globalizaciis

cnebas ganmartavs rogorc ,,msoflio socialur

urTierTobaTa intensifikacias, romlebic miuxe-

davad teritoriuli dacilebisa, imgvarad arian

erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulni, rom mravali milis

daSorebiT mimdinare movlenebi da procesebi

gavlenas axdenen erTmaneTze~.8 winamorbedebisa-

gan gansxvavebiT, igi globalizacias ganixilavs,

rogorc ekonomikur-kapitalistur, erovnul sax-

elmwifoTa, aseve samxedro wesrigis, Sromis saer-

TaSoriso danawilebis, globaluri sakomuni-

kacio qselis sistemas erTdroulad, rac qmnis

mravalganzomilebian-kompleqsur warmodgenas,

romelic aqamde warmodgenil midgomaTagan gansx-

vavebiT yvelaze ufro masStaburia.

Cveni azriT, globalizaciis analizis ufro

zust poziciaze imyofeba germaneli mecnieris u.

bekis midgoma, romelic gidensis midgomasTan sak-

maod axloa. ulrix beki globalizacias ganix-

ilavs ekonomikur, ekologiur, kulturul, politi-

kur da samoqalaqo sazogadoebebis konteqstSi.9

globalizaciis qveS is moiazrebs ,,msoflios

bazris batonobis neoliberalur ideologias~,10

rac sinamdvileSi xSirad ganimarteba, rogorc

globalizaciis mTeli procesi. ,,globalizacia~

bekTan aRniSnavs procesis xasiaTs, rac mimdinare-

obs transnacionalur sferoSi, mxedvelobaSia:

transnacionaluri sivrcis, movlenebis, proble-

117

mebis, konfliqtebis, biografiebis intensifikacia.

,,globalizaciis~ cnebis ganmarteba xazs usvams

mis iseT niSandobliv Tvisebebs, rogoricaa Tan-

amedroveoba, dasazRvruloba, informaciuloba, da

Sesabamisad warmoadgens yvelaze ufro zustsa da

aqtualurs.

sityva ,,globalizaciis~ qveS igulisxmeba

,,produqtis, kapitalisa da momsaxurebis msoflio

bazrebis aRmoceneba~. globalizacia ar aris axa-

li movlena. is aris aqamde arsebuli zRvargada-

suli materialur da sulier transaqciaTa inten-

sifikacia, romelic ukanasknel dromde cnobili

iyo ,,internalizaciis~ saxelwodebiT.11 glo-

balizacia es aris obieqturi msoflio tendencia,

saerTaSoriso politikuri, kulturuli, ekonomi-

kuri, finansuri, informaciuli, teqnikuri da sxva

kavSirebiT ganpirobebuli da ganmtkicebuli sax-

elmwifoebs Soris sxvadasxva doneze.12

globalizacia aris sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

sxvadasxva sferos urTierTdamokidebulebebisa

da urTiergavlenis procesi saerTaSoriso ur-

TierTobebis sferoSi, dafuZnebuli kapitalis

daubrkolebel gadaadgilebaze, swraf teqnolo-

giur ganaxlebaze, satarifo barierebis dawvevasa,

da saqonlisa da kapitalis moZraobis liberali-

zaciaze, komunikaciur daaxloebaze, planetarul

mecnierul revoluciaze, erovnebaTaSoris sazog-

adoebriv moZraobebze, transportis axal saxeobe-

bze, tele-komunikaciuri teqnologiis realiza-

ciasa da internacionalur ganaTlebaze.13

globalizacia es aris msoflio ekonomikuri,

politikuri, kulturuli, integraciisa da unifi-

kaciis procesi, ris umTavres Sedegsac warmoad-

gens Sromis sayovelTao danawileba mTeli plan-

etis masStabiT, kapitalis, adamianuri da sawarmoo

118

resursebis migraciebi, kanonmdeblobis standar-

tizacia, ekonomikuri da teqnologiuri procesebi,

aseve sxvadasxva kulturaTa daaxloeba da Serwy-

ma. es aris obieqturi procesi, romelic sistemuri

xasiaTis matarebelia, e.i. moicavs sazogadoebis

cxovrebis yvela sferos.

istorikosebi am process ganixilaven rogorc

kapitalizmis ganviTarebis erT-erT etaps. ekono-

mistebi aTvlas iwyeben finansuri bazrebis trans-

nacionalizaciidan. politologebi xazs usvamen

demokratiuli intitutebis gavrcelebas, kul-

turologebi globalizaciis gamovlinebas ukav-

Sireben kulturaTa vesternizacias, amerikuli

ekonomikuri eqspansiis CaTvliT. globalizaciis

procesis ganmartebisaTvis arsebobs sainforma-

cio-teqnologiuri midgomebic.14

globalizacia rTuli da mravalwaxnagova-

ni kategoriaa. igi zemoqmedebs sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis TiTqmis yvela sferoze_politikaze,

ekonomikaze, kulturaze, ideologiaze, religiaze

da a.S. globalizaciis sxvadasxva aspeqtebis

urTierTkavSiri da urTierTganpirobebuloba

dRis wesrigSi ayenebs am fenomenis kompleqsuri

Seswavlis aucileblobas, romelic SeiZleba ganx-

orcieldes disciplinaTaSorisi midgomis safuZ-

velze da ekonomikur Teorias am azriT mniS-

vnelovani roli akisria.15

literatura:

1. meqvabiSvili,e., ekonomikis globalizacia:

mimarTulebebi, gamowvevebi, perspeqtivebi. Tb. 2009

w., gv. 5.

2. http://www.marshallmcluhan.com/marchand.html3. World Economic Outlook: Globalization and External

Imbalances. – Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund,

119

2005 (April) P. 1294. Garelli, S. A Tale of Two Economies //The Complete

MBA Companion/Ed. by G. Bickerstaffe and T. Dickson. – Lon-don; Lanham (Maryland): Pitman, 1997 – P. 482.

5. Иноземцев В. А., Глобализация; иллюзии и реальность/В. Л. Иноземцев//Свободная мысль – XXI.-2000-#1 – C. 28

6. Robertson, R., Globalization: Social Theory and Global Cultura/ R. Robertson. _SAGE. – 1992, P. 6.

7. Wallerstein I., Globalization or the age of transition? A long –term view of the trajectory of the world system /I. Waler-shtein// International Sociology. – V. 15-2000-#3

8. Giddens, Anthony, The Consequences of Moderity, Standford, 1990, P. 64

9. Beck, Ulrich., Was ist Globalisierung? Irtrümer des Glo-balismus – Antworten auf Globalisierung, Frankfurt/Main, 1997, S. 26

10. ix. wyaro 9, S. 22811. www.muellerscience.com/.../Globalisierung.htm12. vestnik.yspu.org./releases/ekonomika/39_313. www.pr-engineering.narod.ru/glos.html14. ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Глобализация15. ix. wyaro 1, gv. 5-6

120

$ 5.2. ekonomikuri globalizacia

ekonomikis globalizacia aris zogadi glo-

balizaciis Semadgeneli nawili, safuZveli da

mTavari ganmsazRvreli momenti. samecniero lit-

eraturaSi ekonomikis globalizacia ganixileba

rogorc saqonlisa da momsaxurebis, kapitalis, sa-

muSao Zalis, saerTaSoriso bazrebis urTierTkav-

Sirebis gaZlierebisa da urTierTSerwymis pro-

cesi, romelic gulisxmobs msoflio masStabiT

erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis Seqmnas.1

ekonomikis globalizacia warmoadgens msof-

lio ganviTarebis erT-erT kanonzomierebaTagans.

ekonomikis mzardi globalizacia gamoixateba ka-

pitalis gadaadgilebis masStabebisa da tempebis

mkveTr zrdaSi, romelic uswrebs saerTaSoriso

vaWrobis zrdas mTeli Sida produqtis zrdasTan

mimarTebaSi. igi gamoixateba aseve msoflio finan-

suri bazrebis warmoqmnaSi.2

ekonomikis globalizacia SeiZleba danaxuli

iqnes rogorc erovnuli ekonomikebis ekonomikuri

urTierTdamokidebulebis gaZlierebuli procesi

mTeli msoflios masStabiT, rac asaxvas poulobs

saxelmwifo sazRvrebis gavliT saqonlis, momsax-

urebis, teqnologiebisa da kapitalis moZrao-

bis siswrafis zrdaze. es aris qveynebs Soris

ekonomikuri integraciis gaZlierebuli procesi,

romelic iwvevs calkeuli erovnuli bazrebis

Serwymas erT msoflio bazarSi.3

ekonomikis globalizacia rTuli da winaaRmde-

gobrivi procesia. mas gaaCnia pozitiuri da nega-

tiuri aspeqtebi. erTis mxriv is aiolebs sameur-

neo urTierTobebs saxelmwifoebs Soris, qmnis

kacobriobis miRwevaTa miRebis xelmisawvdomo-

121

bis SesaZleblobas qveynebisaTvis, uzrunvelyofs

resursebis ekonomias, stimuls aZlevs msoflio

progress da meores mxriv saxezea ekonomikis per-

iferiuli modelis damkvidreba da ganmtkiceba,

ganviTarebadi qveynebis sakuTari materialuri da

aramaterialuri resursebis dakargva, mcire bizne-

sis ganadgurebis tendencia, cxovrebis donis daw-

eva da a.S.4

garda amisa, ekonomikis globalizaciis Sede-

gad Rrmavdeba winaaRmdegoba industriulad gan-

viTarebul da ekonomikurad CamorCenil qveynebs

Soris, calkeuli qveynebis SigniT ki Zlierdeba

sazogadoebis socialuri diferenciacia da ad-

gili aqvs mosaxleobis qonebriv polarizacias.

es kanonzomiereba met-naklebi zomiT Seexeba ro-

gorc ganviTarebul, ise ganviTarebad qveynebs.5

ekonomikis globalizaciis Sinaarsis mravali

ganmarteba arsebobs, romelic ekuTvnis social-

uri mecnierebis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs.

amerikeli mecnieri T. fridmani globalizacias

gansazRvravs rogorc ,,bazrebis, erovnuli sax-

elmwifoebisa da teqnologiebis ukidegano inte-

gracias, romelic saSualebas aZlevs individebs,

korporaciebsa da erovnul saxelmwifoebs miaR-

wion msoflios nebismier wertils ufro swra-

fad, Rrmad da iafad, vidre es winaT iyo Sesa-

Zlebeli.~6 cnobili amerikeli ekonomistis l.

turous sityvebiT ekonomikis globalizacia niS-

navs, rom ,,dRes SegiZlia awarmoo rac ginda, sadac

ginda da warmoebuli produqti gayido nebismier

sxva adgilas~.7 sazogadoebis informatizaciis

problemebis TvalsaCino mkvlevari, e.w. ,,qseluri

sazogadoebis~ Teoriis fuZemdebeli kaliforni-

is universitetis sociologiis profesori m. kas-

telsi aRniSnavs: ,,globaluri ekonomika es aris

122

ekonomika, romelsac rogorc erTian sistemas Seu-

Zlia muSaoba realur droSi da mTeli planetis

masStabiT~.8 cnobili finansistisa da filantro-

pis j. sorosis azriT, ekonomikis globalizacia

niSnavs ,,erovnul ekonomikebze globaluri finan-

suri bazrebisa da transerovnuli korporaciebis

mzard da dominirebul zegavlenas~.9 rusi ekon-

omisti m. deliagini ekonomikis globalizaciis

ganmartebaSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs ,,erTiani

finansur-informaciuli sivrcis formirebaze~

da aRniSnavs: ,,globalizaciis ekonomikuri gan-

zomileba moicavs ukanaskneli aTwleulebis man-

Zilze saqonlis, kapitalis, Sromisa da informaci-

is mravaljer gazrdil nakadebs qveynebs Soris.

igi agreTve gulisxmobs sawarmoo procesebis

internacionalizacias calkeuli teqnologiuri

operaciebis saerTaSoriso danawilebis CaTvliT.

mTlianobaSi globalizacia SeiZleba daxasiaT-

des rogorc erovnuli ekonomikebis urTierT-

kavSiris, urTierTzemoqmedebisa da urTierTgada-

jaWvis gaZlierebis procesi.~10

ekonomikis globalizaciis arsis gansazRvre-

bas gvTavazoben aseve sxva rusi mecnierebi. mag: e.

koCetovi mas ganixilavs rogorc erovnuli ekono-

mikebis kvlavwarmoebadi transformaciisa da maTi

sameurneo struqturebis, kapitalis, fasiani qaRal-

debis, saqonlis, momsaxurebis, samuSao Zalis pro-

cess, romlis gaTvaliswinebiT msoflio ekono-

mika ganixileba ara mxolod rogorc erovnuli

ekonomikebis, safinanso, savaluto, samarTlebriv-

sainformacio sistemebis erToblioba, aramed ro-

gorc geoekonomikuri (geofinansuri) sivrce, mo-

qmedi Tavisi sakuTari kanonebiT.11 b. smitenko

da t. kuznecova aRniSnaven, rom ekonomikis glo-

balizacia SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc erTad

123

aRebuli kavSirebis zrdis masStaburobis pro-

cesebi, realizebuli saerTaSoriso urTierTo-

bebiT, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobeb-

is sistemurobis gaZlierebiT da maTi ZiriTadi

subieqtebis urTierTdamokidebulebiT kacobri-

obis globaluri problemebis gadawyvetis ur-

TierTSepirobebulobaSi.12 v. lomakini wers, rom

,,erovnuli meurneobebis globalizaciis (gamsof-

liurebis) qveS gaigeba saerTaSoriso, msoflio

samewarmeo Zalebis, warmoebis faqtorebis Seqm-

na da ganviTareba, romelic vlindeba calkeuli

kompaniebis mier sxvadasxva qveynebSi sameurneo

obieqtebis Seqmnasa da gansxvavebul erovnul

meurneobebs Soris sawarmoo kavSirebis zenacion-

aluri formebis ganviTarebaSi, radrosac urTi-

erTqmedebebi sameurneo sistemaSi xdeba mudmivi,

myari da mravalmxrivi~.13

zemoT motanili gansazRvrebebi sworad afiq-

sirebs globalizaciis TvisebaTa zogierT gamov-

linebas, Tumca aRsaniSnavia isic, rom msgavsi saxis

gansazRvrebebi savsebiT misaRebia aseve globali-

zaciamdeli, sameurneo cxovrebis internacion-

alizaciis etapebisaTvis, gansakuTrebiT ki me-20

saukunis 50-80-iani wlebisaTvis. ekonomikis glo-

balizaciis arsis naTelsayofad aucilebelia

im sakiTxis garkveva, Tu rodis moxda internac-

ionalizaciis Tvisobrivad axal globalizaci-

ur stadiaSi gadasvla. mis Sesaxeb dasavleTSi

alaparakdnen jer kidev 1980-iani wlebis dasaw-

yisSi, msoflio meurneobaSi transnacionaluri

korporaciebis (tnk.) rolis mkveTri, naxtomise-

bur zrdasTan dakavSirebiT. transnacionaluri

korporaciebi marTlac warmoadgens msoflio

ekonomikis sakvanZo subieqts, xolo transnacion-

alizacia _ ekonomikis globalizaciis procesis

124

Taviseburi saxis RerZs. amitom, am ukanasknelma,

iseve rogorc ekonomikuri globalizaciis sxva

gamovlinebebma WeSmariti globaluri buneba

SeiZines mxolod ssrk-is daSlisa da ,,realuri

socializmis~kraxis Sedegad 1990-iani wlebis da-

sawyisSi. amitom, albaT unda gamovideT iqidan,

rom internacionalizacia ekonomikuri globali-

zaciis stadiaze sabolood gadavida swored me-20

saukunis ukanasknel aTwleulSi da axla ikrebs

Zalas, iZens intensiurobis siRrmeebs.14

ekonomikis globalizacis seriozul

gamowvevebs Seicavs erovnuli saxelmwifoebis

mier suverenuli ekonomikuri politikis ganx-

orcielebis SesaZleblobebis TvalsazrisiT.

kerZod, kapitalis, samuSao Zalis, saqonlisa da

momsaxurebis daubrkolebeli gadaadgilebis uz-

runvelyofis mizniT, transerovnuli kompaniebi da

saerTaSoriso safinanso ekonomikuri organiza-

ciebi Zlier zewolas axdenen erovnul saxelmwi-

foTa mTavrobebze da aiZuleben maT am procesis

damabrkolebeli barierebis moxsnas. zeerovnuli

institutebis gaZlierebis kvaldakval erovnul

mTavrobebs sul ufro metad uZneldebaT maT-

Tvis winaaRmdegobis gaweva. intensiurad mimdin-

areobs qveynis SigniT ekonomikis deregulireb-

is procesi da amave dros Zlierdeba zeerovnul

doneze ekonomikuri urTierTobebis regulirebis

tendenciebi. Tu rogor SeiZleba gadaiWras es

winaaRmdegoba, amaze dasabuTebuli pasuxi ekono-

mikur mecnierebas jerjerobiT ar gaaCnia. aRniS-

nul gamowvevas uSualod ukavSirdeba kidev erTi

dilema: globalizacia, romelic gulisxmobs

erovnuli saxelmwifoebis mier sakuTari ekono-

mikuri funqciebis garkveuli nawilis zeerovnul

struqturebze delegirebas, iwvevs erovnuli su-

125

verenitetis garkveuli xarisxiT SezRudvas. ra

zomiTaa dasaSvebi aseTi SezRudva da rogori

unda iyos Tanafardoba am SezRudviT gamowveul

SesaZlo danakargebsa da globalizebul samya-

roSi integrirebiT miRebul sargebels Soris?

dRes es sakiTxi mkvlevarebs Soris diskusiis sa-

gnad rCeba.15

amrigad, sxvadasxva avtorTa mier gakeTebuli

daskvnebis safuZvelze ekonomikis globalizacia

Cvens mier ganxilulia rogorc saqonlis, kapi-

talis, momsaxurebis, samuSao Zalis daubrkolebe-

li transazRvriTi gadaadgilebisa da sameurneo

cxovrebis universalizaciis procesi, romelic

ekonomikur sivrces aniWebs unificirebul xasi-

aTs da safuZvels umzadebs globaluri ekono-

mikis Camoyalibebas. globaluri ekonomika aris

Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomika, ganxiluli ara

rogorc masSi Semavali erovnuli ekonomikebis

erToblioba, aramed realuri drois reJimSi fun-

qcionirebadi, erTiani ekonomikuri sistema.16

ekonomikis globalizacia es aris erovnuli

ekonomikebis integracia erTian msoflio bazar-

Si. mis umTavres sakvanZo elementebad gamodis

gare vaWrobis gafarToeba, axali sainformacio

teqnologiebis swrafi gavrceleba da kapitalis

saerTaSoriso nakadebis gadideba. is warmoadgens

sabazro segmentaciis Sesrulebis process msof-

lio masStabiT.17 ekonomikuri globalizacia

aris obieqturi procesi, romelic kanonzomierad

gamomdinareobs sawarmoo Zalebis, warmoebaSi Tan-

amedrove teqnologiebis, adamianuri saqmianobis

sxvadasxva sferos miRweul doneTagan da finan-

sur-ekonomikuri kavSirebis Ria sistemis far-

glebSi mimarTulia qveynebis, firmebis da xalxTa

saerTaSoriso urTierTdamokidebulebisaken.18

126

tetCerisa da reiganis mTavrobebis mier ga-

tarebulma reformebma (deregulirebis sakiTxe-

bi, gadasaxadebis Semcireba, privatizacia da a.S.)

safuZveli Cauyares da mZlavri impulsi misces

ekonomikisa da finansebis globalizacias.19

dRevandel dRes ekonomikis globalizaciurma

procesebma moicva mTeli msoflio meurneobis

sfero, Tavis orbitaSi CaiTria msoflios yvela

qveynis gareekonomikuri sistemebi monawileo-

bis efeqturobisa da Sedegebis gansxvavebuli

xarisxiT. globalurma ekonomikam ,,saerTaSoriso

konkurenciisaTvis gaxsna erovnuli ekonomikuri

sistemebi~.20

ekonomikis globalizacia warmoadgens msof-

lio meurneobis ganviTarebaSi Tvisobrivad axal

da winaaRmdegobriv etaps,21 romelic me-20 sauku-

nis dasasrulsa da 21-e saukunis dasawyisSi gaxda

saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganvi-

Tarebis umniSvnelovanesi faqtori.22 globali-

zaciis ekonomikuri mxare asaxavs mZlavr nabijs

saukeTeso konkurenciis idealisaken da gulisx-

mobs bazrebis sayovelTao gaxsnilobasa da ur-

TierTSerwymas.23

literatura:

1. ix. wyaro 1, gv. 5, naw. I., თავი 5, § 5.12. Глобализация экономики., abc.informbureau.com3. Экономическая Глобализация (Материал из

Википедии – свободнои энциклопедии). ru.wikipedia.org4. ix. wyaro 2, naw. I., თავი 5, § 5.15. ix. wyaro 1, naw. I., თავი 5, § 5.1 გვ.66. Friedman Th. Understanding Globalization. The Lexus

and the Olive Tree. NY, 2000, P. 677. Thurow L., The Future of Capitalism. NY, 1996, P 3.

agreTve: Robert Heilbroner and Lester Thurow, Economics Ex-

127

plained, Touchstone Book, NY, 1998, P. 1978. М. Кастельс., Информационная Эпоха, М., 2002, С.

1059. Дж. Сорос. Тезисы о Глобализации. Вестник Европы.,

Т. 2, 2001, С. 2010. Глобализация мировогь хозяиства и национальные

интересы Росии., М., 2002, С. 1811. Кочетов Э. Г., Глобалистика. Теория, методология,

практика. Учебник для вузов., М.: НОРМА., 2002, С. 60112. Смитиенко Б. М., Кузнецова Т. А., Противоречия

глобализации мировой экономики., Современный антиглобализм альтерглобализм. Монография., М.: 2005, С. 16

13. Ломакин В. К., Мировая экономика. Изд. З-е, перераб. и доп. М.: ЮНИТИ. 2007 С. 123

14. Глобализация Экономики: Некаторые Дискуссионые Вопросы. www.wpes.ru/.../200801162154htm

15. ix. wyaro 1, naw. I., თავი 5, § 5.1 გვ.7-816. ix. wyaro 1, naw. I., თავი 5, § 5.1 გვ.12-1317. www.mirkin.ru/_docs/articles03-006.pdf18. Ливенцев Н.Н. и др. Международные экономические

отношения. М. Изд-во Проспект, 2005, С. 2719. Федякина Л. Н., Финансовая глобализация, долги,

кризисы. Доклад 5.12.2003 www.humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/48607

20. Маргарет Тэтчер., Искуство управления государством. Стратегия для меняющегося мира. /Пер. с англ.-М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2003, С. 492

21. www.nauka-shop.com/mod/.../33861/22. www.lib.ua-ru.net/diss/cont/89695.html23. www.tatort-weltmarkt.de/Pro-Globalisierung2.htm

128

$ 5.3. finansuri globalizacia

finansuri globalizacia aris ekonomikis glo-

balizaciis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili1

da misi ganviTarebis rTuli, mravalfaqtoriani

obieqturi procesi, ramac mniSvnelovnad moicva

msoflio finansuri sistema da finansuri bazari2.

finansuri globalizacia aris msoflio ekonomi-

kuri integraciis Sedegi, romelic intensiurad vi-

Tardeboda gasuli saukunis mTeli meore naxevris

ganmavlobaSi. is warmoadgens erovnuli ekonomi-

kuri sistemebis finansur urTierTdamokidebule-

bas, rasac ganapirobebs saerTaSoriso finansuri

garigebebis moculobis zrda da kapitalis msof-

lio nakadebi finansuri instrumentebis mraval

saxeobaTa gamoyenebiT, Tanamedrove eleqtronuli

teqnologiebis, sakomunikacio da sainformacio

saSualebis danergva finansur saqmianobaSi. Ffi-

nansuri globalizacia exeba Cveni cxovrebis yve-

la sferos da Seaqvs mniSvnelovani koreqtivebi

mTeli msoflio sazogadoebis Semdgom ganviTare-

baSi.3

finansuri globalizaciis subieqtebi, romelTa

saqmianoba da gadawyvetilebebi gavlenas axdenen

msoflio safinanso procesebze arian: saerTaSor-

iso da regionaluri finansuri organizaciebi

(saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, msoflio banki,

msoflio savaWro organizacia, evropis rekon-

struqciisa da ganviTarebis banki, evropis kavS-

iri da sxva); transnacionaluri korporaciebi;

institucionaluri investorebi sapensio da sain-

vesticio fondebis CaTvliT, sadazRvevo kompanie-

bi. msxvili finansuri centrebi (niu-orki, lon-

doni, tokio, mainis franqfurti, parizi da sxva)

129

ganapirobeben cvlilebebs safinanso-sakredito

institutebis saqmianobaSi, romlebic moqmedeben

fulad-sakredito, safondo bazrebze.4 finansuri

globalizaciis procesi koncentrirebulia uwin-

ares yovlisa msoflio ekonomikis sam umTavres

centrSi: aSS, dasavleT evropa da iaponia.5

finansuri globalizaciis ganmasxvavebeli ni-

Sania kapitalis mzardi mobiluroba transTaSo-

ris sivrceSi, saerTaSoriso (savaluto, sakredito,

safondo) bazrebis rolis gaZliereba, saerTaSor-

iso kapitalis mier damoukidebeli da TviTkmari

mniSvnelobis mopoveba. aseT pirobebSi finansuri

globalizacia xdeba ekonomikuri globalizaci-

is procesis erT-erTi ganmsazRvreli maxasiaTe-

beli.6

finansuri globalizacia es aris yvelaze rTu-

li da yvelaze ufro dawinaurebuli procesi in-

ternacionalizaciis mimarTulebiT, warmodgenili

qveynebs Soris finansuri kavSirebis gaRrmavebis,

fasebisa da sainvesticio nakadebis liberali-

zaciis, globaluri transnacionaluri finansuri

jfufebis Seqmnis SedegebiT.7

finansuri globalizaciis termini ganekuT-

vneba im process, romliTac sxvadasxva qveynis

finansuri bazrebi integrirdebian erT global-

ur finansur bazarSi.* finansuri globalizacia

*terminebi ,,finansuri globalizacia~ da ,,finansuri in-tegracia~ moiTxovs mcire ganmartebas: kerZod, ,,finansuri globalizacia~ aris agregatuli koncepti, romelic miu-TiTebs globaluri kavSirebis zrdis Taobaze transsaz-RvriTi finansuri nakadebis safuZvelze, xolo ,,finansuri in-tegracia~ miuTiTebs calkeuli qveynebis kavSirze kapitalis saerTaSoriso bazrebTan mimarTebaSi. aRniSnuli konceptebi mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli. mag: finansuri glo-balizaciis zrda pirdapir kavSirSia finansuri integraciis zrdasTan.

130

SeiZleba aseve ganisazRvros rogorc finansebis

Tavisufali gadaadgileba erovnuli sazRvrebis

gadakveTiT yovelgvari SezRudvebis gareSe. fi-

nansuri globalizaciis winapirobas, magram ara

erTaderTs warmoadgens finansuri liberali-

zacia, romelic miiswrafvis finansuri sistemis

ganviTarebisaken, finansuri SesaZleblobebis am-

aRlebisa da ganmtkicebisaken, kapitalis Rire-

bulebis dawevisaken, da investiciebisa da likvi-

durobis gazrdisaken. finansuri globalizacia

moiTxovs msoflioSi erTiani valutis SemoRebas,

romlis marTva da regulireba moxdeba erTiani

saerTaSoriso savaluto-safinanso instituciis

mier. finansuri globalizaciis SemTxvevaSi es

niSnavs kreditori da debitori qveynebis erTian

bazarSi gaerTianebas.

finansur globalizacias gaaCnia rogorc

dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi mxareebi. misi dadebiTi

mxare gamoixateba finansuri bazrebis uzarmazar

zrdaSi, rac garkveul pozitiur zegavlenas

axdens suverenuli saxelmwifoebis ekonomikur

ganviTarebaze. mzardi finansuri kargaxsniloba

xels uwyobs qveyanaSi ucxouri kapitalis Semod-

inebas da Sida danazogebTan erTad stimuls

aZlevs ekonomikur zrdas. gamokvlevebi adas-

turebs im faqts, rom ukanaskneli 15-20 wlis man-

Zilze ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi im qveynebSi iyo

SedarebiT maRali, romlebmac sxvebze ukeTesad

moaxerxes sakuTari finansuri bazrebis liber-

alizacia.8 finansuri globalizaciis upirateso-

baTagan aseve SeiZleba gamoiyos cxovrebis donis

amaRleba, Sida erovnuli ekonomikuri ryevebis

prevencia, met-naklebad srulyofili sistemis ar-

seboba resursebis efeqtiani globaluri gadan-

awilebisaTvis da a.S.9 finansuri globalizaciis

131

mTavari upiratesoba ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis

aris maTi finansuri sistemebis ganviTareba, rac

mdgomareobs finansuri bazrebis ufro stabilur

da ufro xarisxian regulirebaSi.

arsebobs ori ZiriTadi wyaro, romliTac finan-

suri globalizacia xels uwyobs qveynis finan-

sur ganviTarebas. erTi, finansuri globalizaci-

is dros arsebuli axali tipis kapitali metad

xelmisawvdomi xdeba ganviTarebadi qveynebisaT-

vis, rac maT Sida moxmarebis problemaTa regu-

laciis SesaZleblobas aZlevT. finansuri glo-

balizacia aseve xels uwyobs ukeTesi finansuri

infrasqtruqturis formirebas, romelic Tavis

mxriv arbilebs sainformacio asimetrias, romlis

pozitiuri Sedegic vlindeba imgvari problemebis

Semcirebasa da gadawyvetaSi, rogoricaa araxel-

sayreli seleqciebi da moraluri riskebi.

finansuri globalizaciis uaryofiTi mxare ki

gamoixateba finansuri bazrebis swraf da ukon-

trolo zrdaSi, spekulaciuri operaciebis moWar-

bebaSi, rac arsebiTad cvlis Tanamedrove msoflio

ekonomikis konfiguracias, romelic emsgavseba ga-

dabrunebul piramidas. ekonomikis realuri seq-

tori, romelic am piramidis safuZvelia, sul ufro

viwrovdeba, misgan warmoebuli finansuri seqtori

ki ganuwyvetliv farTovdeba da yovelive es ar-

astabilurobis did safrTxes Seicavs rogorc

msoflio, ise erovnuli ekonomikebisaTvis.10

finansur globalizacias gaaCnia arcTu mcire

xarvezebi da naklovanebebi. magaliTad: riskis

maRali albaTobis qveS myofi ganviTarebadi

qveynebis ekonomikebze ,,dominos principiT~ nega-

tiurad zemoqmedebs sxva qveynebis finansuri

ryevebi da krizisebi, rac vlindeba safondo

bazrebis turbolentobaSi, myisier cvlilebebSi,

132

bankebis masiur gakotrebaSi, valutis gaufasure-

basa da sxva formebSi. aRniSnuli riskebi xSirad

ukavSirdeba sxvadasxva qveynis finansur krizisebs,

romlebic Semdegi movlenebiT xasiaTdeba: 1. sap-

rocento ganakveTebis zrda; 2. finansuri baz-

ris moSla; 3. gaurkvlevlobis zrda; 4. sabanko

panika. finansuri krizisi moicavs sabanko, savalo

da savaluto krizisebs, romlebsac win uswrebs

safondo birJis moSla.

globalizaciis epoqis finansuri krizisebi

daiwyo 1981 wlis msoflio savalo krizisis sax-

iT. am krizisisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo swrafi

gavrceleba qveynidan qveyanaSi da sinqronizacia,

rac imas niSnavda, rom daiwyo globaluri finan-

suri krizis epoqa11. finansuri krizisebis gamov-

linebaa meqsikis 1994-95 wlebis finansuri krizisi,

rasac mosdevs aziisa da ruseTis 1997-98 wlebis,

braziliis 1999 wlis, ekvadoris 2000 wlis, Turqe-

Tis 2001 wlis da ungreTis 2002 wlis finansuri

krizisebi. defoltis zRvarze myofi qveynebis (mag:

argentina) finansuri sistemebis arastabilurobis

mniSvnelovani mizezi Zevs gamarTuli finansuri

infrastruqturis ararsebobaSi, romlis moSlas

iwvevs: 1) finansuri liberalizaciis politikis

gatareba, 2) msoflio finansur bazrebze arsebuli

xarvezebi. finansuri liberalizaciis pirobebSi

aseve aqtualuria is, rom liberaluri politikis

gamtarebeli qveynebisaTvis sagrZnoblad izRude-

ba erovnuli ekonomikuri politikis ganxorciel-

ebis SesaZleblobebi.

finansuri globalizaciis rogorc dadebiTi,

ise uaryofiTi mxareebi ar iZleva misi avkar-

gianobis calsaxad Sefasebis SesaZleblobas,

Tumca potenciuri sargebeli romelic qveynebs

SeuZliaT miiRon misgan, realuria da SesaZlebe-

133

li windaxedulobisa da keTili nebis pirobebSi.

dRes bevri qveyana nawilobriv Riaa ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT, da arsebobs finansuri globali-

zaciis Semdgomi zrdis perspeqtivac.

literatura:

1. Финансовая глобализация, banks-mon.ru/.../18-2009-06-29-13-00-42.html

2. Кушнаренко О. М. [ДОС] Финансовый кризис как элемент современной финансовой глобализации, portal/2.rea.ru/

3. Финансовая глобализация и ее влияние на формирование региональной финансого- инвестиционной политики, Год 2009/ www.dissertcat.com

4. Финансовая глобализация, banks-mon.ru5. referat.kulichki.net6. Диссертация: Влияние финансовои глобализации на

функционирование национальный экономический систем. www.nauka-shop.com/.../33861

7. ix. wyaro 116

8. World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund. Octomber, 2001, P. 15

9. business, mapsofindia.com10. ix. wyaro I nawili I, Tavi 5, §5.1. gv. 207

11. ix. wyaro nawili I, Tavi 5, §5.1. gv. 46,47,48.

134

$ 5.4. finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebis retrospeqcia

1980-iani wlebidan mkveTrad gamoxatuli

globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebi*

srulebiT ar warmoadgens axal fenomens, ara-

med mas Rrma istoriuli fesvebi gaaCnia da

globalizaciis Sedegad gamowveuli finansuri

ryevebi globaluri finansuri bazrebidan miRe-

buli ulmobeli Sedegebis arsebobiT, rac Tan-

amedrove globalizaciis axal xarisxze ayvanis

umTavres dasabuTebas warmoadgens, mxolod nega-

tiuri gamovlinebaa im struqturuli cvlilebeb-

isa, romelsac 1944 wlis ivlisSi Bbreton vudsSi/

niu hempSirSi (aSS) Caeyara safuZveli. konferen-

ciaze, sadac ganixileboda meore msoflio omis

* globalizaciis epoqis finansuri krizisebi daiwyo 1981

wlis msoflio savalo krizisis saxiT. am krizisisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli iyo swrafi gavrceleba qveynidan qveynebSi

da sinqronizacia, rac imas niSnavda, rom daiwyo globaluri

finansuri krizisis epoqa (e. meqvabiSvili, ekonomikis glo-

balizacia: mimarTulebebi, gamowvevebi, perspeqtivebi, Tbilisi,

2009 gv. 48.)

rasakvirvelia am epoqis ekonimikis finansuri seqto-

ris didi Secdoma iafi fulis politikis gatarebasa da

kreditebis, pirvel rigSi ipoTekuri kreditebis zRvargada-

sul gaiafebaSi mdgomareobs. Tumca, am ZiriTadi faqtoris

garda krizisul situaciaze aseve didi roli iTamaSa sax-

elmwifo xarjebis wilis mniSvnelovnad zrdam socialuri

mimarTulebiT, rasac Tan daerTo navTobproduqtebze fasebis

dramatuli zrda, da ramac faqtobrivad mkveTrad Seamcira

biujetis gankargvadi Semosavlebi, da aseve amerikuli avto-

industriis (uwinaresad jeneral motorsSi Seqmnili proble-

mebi) umZimesi mdgomareoba. yvela es zemoaRniSnuli faqtori

warmoadgens recesiis gamomwvev mizezs. (James Surowiecki: ,,The Financial Page: Oil Check.,” The New Yorker, June, 22, 2009,P.30).

135

Semdgomi saerTaSoriso savaluto urTierTobaTa

axal wesrigze mowyobis sakiTxi, ar iqna gaTval-

iswinebuli adreuli 1920-iani wlebis msoflio

ekonomikuri krizisis gamocdileba, raTa msgavsi

krizisebi samomavlod saerTaSoriso regulire-

badi sistemis SeqmniT yofiliyo Tavidan acile-

buli.

am axlad Seqmnili sistemis arsebiTi safuZ-

veli iyo stabiluri da regulirebadi gacvliTi

kursebi, romlebic msoflios ZiriTad valutaze,

anu dolarze iqneboda orientirebuli. masSi Se-

mavali TiToeuli saxelmwifo valdebuli iyo

daecva sakuTari erovnuli valutis pariteti

dolarTan mimarTebaSi, xolo Tavis mxriv dola-

ris Tanafardoba oqrosTan mimarTebiT mkacrad

iqna dadgenili. valutebs Soris paritets Zlier

mcire marJis pirobebSi uzrunvelyofda monawile

qveynebis centraluri bankebis intervenciebi.

aqedan gamomdinare, valutebs Soris dadgenili

gacvliTi kursis cvlilebebi SesaZlebeli xde-

boda mxolod da mxolod saxelmwifoTa ZiriTadi

ekonomikuri maCveneblebis fundamenturi uTanas-

worobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. aRniSnuli cvli-

lebebis ganxorcieleba saWiroebda saerTaSori-

so Tanxmobas, risTvisac Sesabamis saerTaSoriso

institucias saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi (IWF) warmoadgenda. IWF-s SesaZlebloba hqonda, rom is

wevri qveynebi, romlebic momavalSi aRmoCndebod-

nen savaluto an sawarmoo balansTan dakavSire-

buli sirTuleebis winaSe, finansuri wnexisgan

dasacavad uzrunveleyo isini miznobrivi kredi-

tiT yvela wevr saxelmwifos mier Seqmnili fon-

didan. miuxedavad arsebuli konstruqciis mTeli

rigi problemuri niSnebisa, 1970-iani wlebis da-

sawyisamde sistema aCvenebda SesaniSnav stabi-

136

lurobas, ris garantiasac umetesi qveynebis Sida

ekonomikuri zrdis uprecedentod swrafi tempebi

iZleoda.

cnobili amerikeli mecnieris prof. pozn-

eris azriT ,,depresia kapitalizmis marcxi, anu

ufro zustad kapitalizmis gansazRvruli saxe-

obis marcxia”.1 aseve, cnobili germaneli mecnieri

prof. kozlovski gvTavazobs ufro dazustebul

ganmartebas: ,,finansuri krizisebi aris ara kapi-

talizmis, aramed kapitalizmis amerikuli modeli-

Ta da misi didi protagonizmiT gamowveuli”.2 amg-

vari Sefasebis safuZvels iZleva 1960-iani wlebis

meore naxevris bolos dawyebuli aSS-is imdroin-

deli hegemonisturi politikis ganxorcieleba,

rac arsebuli sistemis funqcionirebis rRvevasa

da saboloo moSlas isaxavda miznad. aseTi moqme-

debisaken aSS-is mTavrobas ubiZga im droisaTvis

Seqmnilma geopolitikurma mdgomareobam. kerZod,

inflaciaze moqmedi xarjebi, - rogoric iyo xar-

jebi gamalebuli SeiaraRebisa da vietnamis omi-

saTvis, aseve swrafad mzardi sagadamxdelo bal-

ansis deficiti qmnida imis winapirobas, rom 1971

wlis agvistoSi winaswar gamocxadebuliyo aSS-is

dolaris oqros standartTan mibmis Taobaze da

1973 wlis zafxulSi momxdariyo fiqsirebul gacv-

liT kursze dafuZnebul sistemaze uaris Tqma.

movlenebis amgvarma ganviTarebam rasakvirvelia

koreqtivebi Seitana msoflio bazarze struqtu-

ruli cvlilebebis saxiT da maSindel wamyvan

industriul qveynebs Soris savaWro-ekonomikur

urTierTobebSi, ramac biZgi misca Semdgomi ero-

ziuli procesebis dawyebas, da rac gamoixateboda

valutaTaSoris urTierTobebSi mzardi savaluto

kursebis feTqebadobiT. amgvarma arastabiluro-

bam 1970-iani wlebidan calkeuli qveynebi kvlav

137

Seiyvana Zlier dramatul finansur – ekonomikur

krizisSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirveladi ekono-

mikur-politikuri Canafiqris sapirispiro viTare-

bis ganviTarebas da mis aCqarebas pirvel rigSi

xeli Seuwyo amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma da

gaerTianebulma samefom, romlebic 1970-ian da 1980-

ian wlebSi gamoirCeodnen neoklasikuri sabazro

Teoriis erTgulebiT, anu saerTaSoriso finan-

suri bazrebis myari deregulirebiTa da liber-

alizaciiT. tetCerisa da reiganis mTavrobebis

mier gatarebulma reformebma (deregulirebis

sakiTxebi, gadasaxadebis Semcireba, privatizacia

da a.S.) safuZveli Cauyares da mZlavri impulsi

misces ekonomikisa da finansebis globalizacias.3

maSasadame, Seqmnili mdgomareoba dasavleTis am

gavlenian saxelmwifoTa mTavrobebis politikur-

strategiul moqmedebaTa Sedegia. vaSingtonis

konsesusma** faqtobrivad SeZlo omis Semdgomi

msoflios realuri ekonomikuri wyobis trans-

formireba globaluri ekonomikis virtualur

formaSi, riTac dairRva fundamenturi ekonomi-

kuri kanonzmiereba fulad-sasaqonlo urTierTo-

baTa Soris. mTavrobaTa neoklasikurma aqtivobeb-

ma gamoxatuleba hpova pirvel rigSi fulisa da

kapitalis transferebis masiuri gamartivebiT

erovnuli finansuri bazrebis gaxsnilobaSi;

** termini damkvidrebul iqna vaSingtonis (kolumbiis

olqi) 1990 wlis konferenciaze da asaxavs msoflio savalu-

to fondisa da msoflio bankis poziciebs movale qveynebis

Sesasrulebel valdebulebebTan mimarTebaSi. konsesusis

Tanaxmad TiToeuli movale qveyana valdebulia Seasrulos

Semdegi 10 piroba:

1. sabiujeto disciplinis dacva.

2. ganaTlebis, janmrTelobisa da infrastruqturis sax-

138

meore rigSi ki – saerTaSoriso savaluto in-

stituciebis saerTaSoriso savaluto fondisa da

msoflio bankis politikis cvlilebaSi, rac gam-

ovlinda erovnul ekonomikur da socialur poli-

tikaSi maTi Rrma CareviT. dabegvris sistemasTan

dakavSirebuli maTi saerTaSoriso sakredito

politika ki iTvaliswinebda debitori qveynebis

erovnul ekonomikur da socialur politikaSi

farTo masStabian Carevebs da axdenda kidec amg-

var intervenciebs, rac pirdapir an arapirdapir

zemoqmedebda ama Tu im qveynis saxelmwifo biu-

jetis deficitis gauaresebaze, sagadasaxado sis-

temis cvlilebaze, sagareo vaWrobis mkacr liber-

alizaciaze, ekonomikis regresiul ganviTarebaze,

socialuri standartis Semcirebasa da uTanabro

Semosavlebis mzard progresirebaze.4 aseve, fi-

elmwifo prioritetuli xarjebis subsidirebaze uaris Tqma.

3. sagadasaxado reforma, rac iTvaliswinebs gadasaxadebis

Semcirebasa da sagadasaxado bazis gafarToebas.

4. bazris mier dadgenil pozitiur saprocento ganakveTis

arseboba kapitalis gadinebis Tavidan asacileblad da ucx-

ouri kapitalis mosazidad.

5. konkurentunariani gacvliTi kursebi, romlebic xels

uwyoben ekonomikis eqsportis seqtoris ganviTarebas.

6. savaWro politikis liberalizeba, raTa moxdes eronu-

li bazrebis gaxsna ucxoeli mimwodeblebisaTvis.

7. gaxsniloba da pirobebis gaumjobeseba ucxouri pirda-

piri investiciebisaTvis.

8. saxelmwifo sawarmoebisa da dawesebulebebis privati-

zacia.

9. deregulireba da debiurokratizacia, iseve rogorc sax-

elmwifo gavlenis Semcireba.

10. kerZo sakuTrebis dacva.

deregulireba CamonaTvalSi mxolod me-9 adgilzea, Tumca

es piroba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania finansuri bazrebis

ganviTarebaSi.

139

nansuri bazrebis liberalizaciis Sedegad Seiqm-

na manamde ararsebuli SesaZlebloba savaluto

ryevebis spekulaciuri mizniT gamoyenebisaTvis,

ramac xeli Seuwyo erovnul valutebs Soris ar-

amyari, feTqebadi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas.

garda amisa, SesaZlebeli gaxda fulad-sakredito

operaciebis (transaqciebi, garigebebi) saerTaSor-

iso axali saxeobebis ganviTareba magaliTad e.w.

fiuCersebis, derivaterebisa da opcionebis form-

iT, romlebic nawilobriv maRali spekulaciuri

bunebiT gamoirCevian da romlebmac global-

uri finansuri sistema 1970-iani wlebis Sua pe-

riodidan radikalurad Secvales. sabolood

aRmocenda gansxvavebuli seqciur-segmenturi baz-

rebis globaluri ,,gaumWvirvale kompleqsi”, rom-

lis funqcionirebisa da aqtivobebis erTmaneTi-

sagan mkveTrad gamijvna ukve SeuZlebeli xdeba.5

Tanamedrove sainformacio da sakomunikacio te-

qnologiebis Sedegad daCqarda gacvliTi procese-

bi, romlebic mTeli msoflios masStabiT gigantu-

ri savaluto transferebis uswrafes Sesrulebas

uzrunvelyofdnen. globaluri finansuri bazre-

bis Semdgom ganviTarebasa da funqcionirebaSi

maTi mniSvnelobis srulfasovnad Sesafaseblad

im xelsayreli garemos Seqmnac ikmarebs, riTac in-

vestorebs kapitaldabandebaTa cvlilebebisa da

Sesabamisad didi spekulaciuri (savaWro) mogeb-

is miRebisaTvis eqmnebodaT swrafi reagirebis

moxdenis SesaZlebloba. am garemoebaSi ki, arsebiT

rols fuli, rogorc gacvliTi saqonlis specifi-

kuri abstraqtuli buneba TamaSobs, radgan ,,fuls

sxva saqonelTan mimarTebaSi gaaCnia gadamwyveti

upiratesoba, vinaidan mas ZaluZs materialurad

virtualur gadaxdis formaSi transformirdes

da amitom e.w. ,,real time” msoflios nebismier adgi-

140

las Seuferxeblad iqnas gadanacvlebuli.6

amasTan dakavSirebiT savsebiT logikuri iqneba

Tuki SevniSnavT, rom sainvesticio krediti qmnis

ekonomikis zrdis axal SesaZleblobebs, finansuri

krizisebi kapitalis araefeqtiani ganawilebiT ki

xels uwyobs realuri ekonomikis Semcirebas, risi

prevenciac kapitalis sworad ganawilebis amaR-

lebaSi mdgomareobs, da romelic erTiani ekono-

mikis efeqtianobisaTvis aris aucilebeli.

vaSingtonis konsesusis dominantoba globalur

ekonomikaSi radikaluri deregulirebis kraxiT

da finansur seqtorSi mravalbilioniani dola-

ris e.w. ,,Big Bailout”***-iT dasrulda. dasrulda e.

w. ,,Laisser faire”****-is era. bolo ormoci wlis man-

Zilze gabatonebuli azri vaSingtonis konsesusis

Sesaxeb, TiTqos yvelafers Tavisufali bazrebi

awesrigebs, warsuls Cabarda. mxolod 2007-2009

wlebSi amerikul aqciaTa Rirebulebis sabirJo

danakargebma 8 bilioni (e.i. 8000 miliardi, an ro-

gorc amerikelebi ityvian 8 trilioni) aSS-is

*** bailout [beilaut] (ingl.)aRniSnavs fuladi formiT finan-

suri mxardaWeris aRmoCenas im kompaniebisa Tu qveynebisaTvis,

romlebsac Zalze seriozuli finansuri problemebi gaaCni-

aT., Bailout-Wikipedia. the free encyclopedia, https:/en.m.wikipedia.org-wiki-Bailout., Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 7th Edition , Oxford Univer-sity Press., 2005, P102

**** Laissez-Faire (/leseifer-/, French: [lesefer] aris ekonomikuri

sistema, romelSic calkeul subieqtebs Soris arsebuli

transaqciebi, Tavisufalia mTavrobaTa imgvari Carevebisgan,

rogorebicaa regulaciebi, privilegiebi, tarifebi da subsi-

diebi. maSasadame, es aris mimarTuleba (qcevis forma, politi-

ka), romelic xelisuflebis kontrolis gareSe iZleva kerZo

sawarmoebis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. : Laissez- faire-Wikipe-dia, the free Encyclopedia., https: //en.m.wikipedia.org.-wiki-laisse..., Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 7th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2005, P.859

141

dolari, xolo xarjebma Bailout-isa da Stimulus-Pa-ket-isTvis 2 bilioni (e.i. 2000 miliardi, anu 2 tri-

lioni) aSS-is dolari Seadgina, romelic amerikis

mTavrobis mier iqna dafinansebuli. SedarebisaT-

vis germaniaSi saxelmwifos mier kontrolire-

badi bankebisaTvis danakargebis moculoba 2009

wlis Tebervlamde Seadgenda 27 miliard (0.027

bilioni, aSS: 0.027 trilioni) evros. xolo dax-

marebisa da finansuri garantiis saxiT germaniis

mTavrobis mier mTlianobaSi bankebisaTvis gamoy-

ofili iqna 580 miliardi (0.580 bilioni; aSS: 0.580

trilioni) evro, iseve rogorc kerZo kompaniebze,

garantiis saxiT – 100 mlrd. (0.100 bilioni; aSS:

0.100 trilioni) evro da ekonomikuri stimulire-

bisaTvis koniunqturul programebze – 81 mlrd.

(0.081 bilioni; aSS 0.081 trilioni) evro. ricx-

vebSi asaxuli germaniis mTeli es statistkuri

monacemebi sakmaod mokrZalebulad gamoiyureba

aSS-is analogiur maCveneblebTan SedarebiT.

e.i. aSS-isa da evropas Soris arsebiTi gansx-

vaveba globaluri da socialuri sabazro ekono-

mikis tipebs Soris arsebobisa da im realobis

aRqmisa da SefasebebSi mdgomareobs, rac maT ar-

sebiTad ganasxvavebs erTmaneTisagan. rasakvirve-

lia, ekonomikis amerikuli modeli ganviTarebis

garkveul etapze udavod warmatebuli iyo, Tumca

kontinenturma evropam, da uwinaresad germaniam sa-

kuTari umZimesi gamocdilebis safuZvelze SeZlo

sabazro ekonomikis realisturad Sefaseba, da sa-

kuTari sazogadoebis wiaRSi misi organuli adap-

tacia.***** miuxedavad imisa, rom sabazro ekonomi-

ka saukeTesoa yvela SesaZlo ekonomikur wesrigs

Soris, is sruliadac ar aris uSecdomo, ris da-

142

dasturebasac arsebuli finansur-ekonomikuri

krizisebi warmoadgens. amitom sabazro ekonomika

calkeul pirovnebaTa Tu humanur instituciaTa

Secdomebis gacnobierebis safuZvelze saWiroebs

garkveul CarCo wesrigs.

struqturuli cvlilebebiT gamowveuli

krizisebis garda, rac hiperspekulaciebiT fi-

nansuri seqtoris ukontrolo da zRvargadasul

masStabebSi e.w. ,,Financial Overstertch”-iT gamoixata,

ramac faqtombrivad umZimesi dartyma miayena re-

alur ekonomikas, rogorc yvela Rrma istoriuli

krizisi, finansuri krizisic ara erTi, aramed ram-

denime mizeziT aris Sepirobebuli, radgan am miz-

ezTagan yvela rodia ekonomikasTan mimarTebaSi

eTikurad relevanturi. krizisis zogierTi fenom-

eni finansuri aqtiorebis eTikuri motivaciebisa

da eTikurad mzaobis naklebobiTa da safinanso

institutebis institucionaluri eTikis simwiriT

aris gamowveuli. meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis Sei-

***** germaniis garkveuli istoriuli monakveTis, maT So-

ris aRsaniSnavia germania – safrangeTis 1870/71 wlebis omisa

da versalis xelSekrulebis safuZvelze miRebuli repar-

aciis gadasaxadTan dakavSirebuli naxevarsaukunis Semdgomi

gamoZaxili, romelic garkveulwilad iyo kidec reaqcia um-

Zimes finansur dartymaze, romelsac adgili hqonda germania-

Si 1923 wels pirveli savaluto da safondo birJebis kraxis

saxiT, ra droisTvisac markasa da dolars Soris Tanafar-

doba iyo: 400 mlrd. raixs - marka = 1 aSS-is dolari. am

drois finansur krizisTan SedarebiT Tanamedrove finansuri

krizisi sargZnoblad mcire kalibris aris, da aseve, meore

msoflio omis Semdgomi aranakleb mZime finansuri ryevebi

nacionalsocializmis regresiis katastrofebis, ori msof-

lio omisa da orjer safondo birJis kolafsis Semdeg aSS-

is ekonomikuri modelis sapirwone germanuli ekonomikuri

modelis warmateba gacilebiT ufro pesimisturi Canda vidre

aSS-isa da didi britaneTis.

143

Zleba movitanoT msoflioSi gaxmaurebuli iseTi

SemTxvevebi, rogorebicaa – Enron, World-com da Ver-nard Madoff aSS-i, Siemens germaniaSi. aRniSnuli skan-

dalebi umTavresad unda ganvixiloT, rogorc kom-

paniebis da maTi menejmentis araeTikuri praqtikis

Sedegi.

is, rom mimdinare finansur-ekonomikur kriziss

safuZvlad eTikuri problemebi udevs, absol-

iturad ar uguvebelyofs da ar akninebs krizi-

sis gamomwvev sistemur faqtorTa mniSvnelobas.

piriqiT, saWiroa. rom aRniSnuli krizisi ganvix-

iloT misive sistemuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswine-

biT kulturuli da realuri sivrcis farglebSi,

radgan es krizisi sakmaod scildeba finansuri

an ekonomikuri krizisebis farglebs. dRes ara

mxolod sabanko sistema an ekonomika aRmoCnda

krizisSi, aramed Tavad sazogadoeba.7 arsebuli

finansuri da ekonomikuri krizisi Cveni sazoga-

doebis faseulobaTa krizisic aris.8

ekonomikuri sistema ar warmoadgens TviT-

regulriebis meqanizms: bazris stabiluroba

moiTxovs samarTlebriv da normatiul sistemebs

(safuZvlebs), magram es ar aris sakmarisi. mas aseve

sWirdeba garkveuli zneobrivi regulaciebi myari

da usafrTxo funqcionirebisaTvis. saWiroa eTika,

romelzec daefuZneba adamianTa racionaluri qme-

debebi socialur garemoSi. eTika, romelsac gaaC-

nia sami dimensia: personaluri, organizaciuli da

socialuri, da warmogvidgeba rogorc wonasworo-

bis mdgomareoba aRniSnul mxareTa Soris. krizi-

sis dros warmoqmnili problemebis gadawyveta

iTxovs eTikur reaqciebs samive doneze: adamianebi

unda iyvnen eTikurebi, organizaciebi unda moqme-

debdnen eTikasTan SesabamisobaSi, da sazogadoeba

unda iqceodes eTikurad. amasTan, mas aseve gaaCnia

144

rogorc Teoriuli, ise praqtikuli aspeqtebi. Teo-

riuli aspeqti – ra aris eTika da rogor ukavS-

irdeba is ekonomikas da politikas; praqtikuli

aspeqti – rogor moxdes qcevaTa ganvrcoba da ro-

gor Seiqmnas imgvari pirobebi, rodesac politi-

kuri da instituciuri SezRudvebiT SesaZlebeli

iqneba araeTikur moqmedebaTa blokireba.9

globalurma finansur-ekonomikurma krizisma

kidev erTxel dagvanaxa eTikis gardauvali saWi-

roba ekonomikasa da finansebSi. niSandoblivia

is garemoeba, rom mxolod krizisuli periodebis

dros iZens eTikuri faseulobebi gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas. biznesisa da finansuri eTikis kon-

ceptebisa Tu koncefciebis ganxilva, TiTqos isini

mxolod drodadro xdebian aqtualuri, rasakvir-

velia mcdaria.

arsebuli krizisi SeiZleba ganvixiloT ro-

gorc sawyisi wertili, romelic gviCvenebs Tu

ra SeiZleba moxdes, roca eTika miviwyebulia

ekonomikaSi. Tuki globaluri ekonomikuri gare-

mo ver SeZlebs morigebas globalurad misaReb

ekonomikur eTikasTan, msoflio ekonomika gar-

dauvladaa ganwiruli qaosisa da kraxisaTvis.

gamosavali mdgomareobs ekonomikaSi marTebuli

TamaSis wesebisa da ekonomikis eTikis formire-

baSi, rac waaxalisebs da daexmareba ekonomikur

aqtiorebsa da sazogadoebas TamaSis wesebis Se-

sabamisad moqcevaSi. wina ekonomikurma da finan-

surma krizisebma gviCvena, rom mxolod mkacri

SeTanxmebebiT SeuZlebelia momavlis kriziseb-

is prevencia. msoflio ekonomikaSi, sadac jer

kidev ar aris dawesebuli globaluri TamaSis

wesebi, eTikuri sakiTxebi kidev ufro did mniS-

vnelobas iZens. dRes SeiniSneba eTikisadmi gaz-

rdili moTxovnileba. sabednierod, ukve arsebobs

145

mzardi konsesusi, rom finansuri bazrebi da Ta-

vad ekonomika saWiroebs eTikas, da rom isini unda

fokusirdnen mdgradi ganviTarebis saWiroebaze,

rogorc socialuri procesebis Sedegebze.10

maSasadame, bolo aTwleulebis globaluri baz-

rebis finansur-ekonomikuri krizisebi warmoadgens

sistemuri krizisebis erTian jaWvs da finansuri

meurneobis sistemis Secdomebis Sedegs. finansuri

industriis deregulirebis axalma nimuSma Seqmna

kidev ufro egoisturi finansuri bazari, sadac

daakanona SeuzRudavi angareba, romelic iTval-

iswinebda mxolod msxvili aqcionerebisa da fi-

nansuri menejerebis mogebaze orientirebul in-

teresebs da araferi hqonda saerTo Tavad firmis

an klientis keTildReobasTan dakavSirebuli

kriteriumebis dakmayofilebasTan. eTikuri ori-

entaciis gareSe axali safinanso sistemis Seqmna,

romelic ar iTvaliswinebda sazogadoebis keTil-

dReobas, iyo finansuri bazris reformis mizani,

TumcaRa ,,reformatorebma” kargad uwyodnen, rom

eTikuri perspeqtiva warmoadgens moqmedebaTa sis-

temis ara mxolod moralizebas, aramed aqtiorTa

pirad pasuxismgeblobasac. eTikur-ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT ugulvebelyofili iqna is faqtic,

rom TiTqmis yvela finansuri industria eCveva

qcevis im formebs, romlebic emsaxureba ara safi-

nanso ekonomikis mizans,****** aramed finansuri

aqtiorebis usazRvro gamdidrebas.

yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom globaluri finansuri bazre-

bis pernamentuli krizisebi dasavleTs aiZulebs

ifiqros Tavisufali, humanuri, socialur_ekonomi-

kuri wesrigis axal principebze da am erToblivi

da amave dros gansxvavebuli principebis miuker-

Zoebeli da obieqturi Sejereba unda daefuZnos

146

anglo-amerikuli da kontinentur evropuli sa-

bazro ekonomikis tipebis konceptebs, romlis

mizanic iqneba axali ekonomikur wesrigTa, uke-

Tes ekonomikur kanonmdeblobaTa da ekonomikis

eTikis sinTezi.

literatura:

1.Posner, Richard A.: A Failure of capitalism. The Crisis of 80 and the Descent into Depression, Cambridge , Mass., Harvard University Press, 2009

2.Koslowski, Peter., Ethik Der Banken., Folgerungen Aus Der Finanzkrise, Wilhelm Fink Verlag, München, 2009, S. 232

3.Федякина Л. Н., Финансовая глобализация, долги, кризисы. Доклад 5.12.2003 www.humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/48607

4. Müller., K., Globalisierung., Frankfurt/ New York, S.1035.Huffschmidt, J., Politische Ökonomie Der Finanzmärkte.,

Hamburg, 1999, S.166.Trinczek, K. ,, Es gibt sie, es gibt sie nicht, es gibt sie, es

... „ Die Globalisierung Der Wirtschaft im aktuellen sozialwis-senschaftlichenDiskurs.In: Schmidt, G., Frinczek R.(HRsg): Glo-balisierung. Soziale Welt Sonderband 13, Baden- Baden, 1999, S.59

7.Stefan Drägert, Die Ursachen den Finanz- und Wirtschaft-skrise (26.01.2010): http://archiv.kath.de / index.php? id =386&tx ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=2479&timestam29.08.2011

****** finansuri ekonomikis mizani Tavisi saSuamavlo

funqciis SesrulebiT, anu sakuTari gansazRvruli roliT

sakredito, kapitalisa da derivateris bazrebze warmoebis

SesaZleblobebis zRvarze moqmedbiTa da kapitalis opti-

maluri ganawilebis gziT maqsimaluri socialuri produq-

tis miRwevisa da sabolood erTiani ekonomikis efeqtianobis

amaRlebaSi mdgomareobs.

147

8.Jose Manuel Barroso. Political guidelines for the next Com-mision. Brussels, September 2009.P.1. http://ec:europe.eu/com-misionbarroso/president/pdf/press-20090903_E

9. Antonio Argandõna, Three Ethical dimensions of the finan-cial crisis, www.ies.edu/research/pdfs/DJ-0944-E.pdf.

10.Gabriel., K., 2009-Engagement als Beitrag fur Nachhaltige Wirtschaftsweisen~. OEKOM Corporate Responsibility Review. Nachhaltigkeit in Unternehmensführung und Kapitalanlagen-eine Bestandsaufnahme, P.P. 9-11

148

Tavi 6. religia da ekonomika

$ 6.1. religiis socialur-ekonomi-kuri gaazreba

religias gansakuTrebuli adgili uakavia sa-

zogadoebasa da adamianis cxovrebaSi, amitom

misi mniSvnelobis sakiTxs didi xania ikvleven

filosofosebi, sociologebi, fsiqologebi da

a.S. miuxedavad amisa, ekonomistTa umetesi nawili

ekonomikuri movlenebisa da procesebis analizis

dros am faqtoris ignorirebas axdenda. ekonomi-

kur saqmianobaSi religiis mniSvnelobis Seswavla

ukanasknel periodSi gaxda aqtualuri: daaxloe-

biT 10-15 welia rac profesionali ekonomistebis

sul ufro meti raodenoba religias ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis damoukidebel faqtorad aRiarebs

da amitom am mimarTulebiT sxvadasxva saxis kv-

levebi xorcieldeba, romlebic saukuneTa wiaRSi

iRebs dasabams.

ekonomikasa da religias Soris urTierTda-

mokidebulebis Sesaxeb sayuradRebo mosazrebas

gvTavazobs Sotlandieli klasikosi adam smiti,

romelic Tavis ,,moraluri sentimentebis Teoria-

Si” xazs usvams imas, rom religiuri mrwamsi war-

moadgens karg stimuls imisaTvis, raTa individi

moeqces zneobriv struqturaSi, romelic xels uw-

yobs ekonomikur zrdas. umaRlesi zneobrivi ada-

mianis koncefcia warmoadgens Sinagani moraluri

meqanizmis marTebulad funqcionireba–sargeblo-

bisa da Sinagani moraluri monitoringis siste-

mas.1

religiis faqtoris Seswavlis sakiTxSi gansa-

kuTrebuli wvlili aqvs Setanili cnobil ger-

149

manel sociologs maqs vebers. igi Tavis wignSi

,,protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli”

kapitalisturi sazogadoebis ganviTarebis erT-

erT ZiriTad faqtorad religias miiCnevs.2 veb-

eris mTavari Teza iyo is, rom religia SesaZlebe-

lia warmoadgendes negatiur an pozitiur Zalas

ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi. misi azriT, efeqti auci-

leblad iqneba dadebiTi im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

religia aRiarebs materialur sikeTes da aqcents

gaakeTebs mis dagrovebaze. miseul amgvar argu-

mentacias savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom saerTo moe-

naxos kalvinistur protestanizmTan.

dRes mravali mecnieris kvlevis obieqts swored

am ori sferos, ekonomikisa da religiis kavSirur-

TierTobis aspeqtebi warmoadgens.

cnobili frangi sociologi marsel mosi re-

ligiasa da ekonomikas gaiazrebs rogorc samarT-

lebriv, ojaxur da esTetikur sferoebs, romelTa

identificireba arc Tu ise martivia. mosisTan

am ori mimarTulebis urTierTdamokidebuleba

warmoadgens eTikuri pasuxismgeblobis formas,

romelic socialuri da politikuri mSvidobi-

saTvis konstitutiuria, da romelic ekonomikisa

da religiis seqtorebs Soris asrulebs damakav-

Sirebeli rgolis funqcias.3

harvardis universitetis ekonomistebma robert

barom da reiCal mak-qlirma 2003 wels gamoaqveynes

kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebic exeboda sazoga-

doebis religiurobisa da ekonomikis ganviTare-

bis donis urTierT-kavSiris xarisxis dadgenas.

maT mier gamoyenebuli iyo gelapis institutisa

da msoflio bankis yovelwliurad ganxorciel-

ebuli msoflio kvlevebis monacemebi, romlebic

20 welze met periods moicavda. monacemebis ana-

lizis safuZvelze maT daaskvnes, rom ,,religiis

150

umniSvnelovanes produqtad SeiZleba CaiTvalos

religiuri rwmena, romelic pirdapir zemoqmedebs

ekonomikur saqmianobaze”.4 baro da mak-qliri

amtkiceben rom ekonomikis zrda damokidebulia

ekonomikuri subieqtebis religiur aqtiurobaze.

isini Tvlian, rom ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikuri

zrda pirdapir kavSirSi imyofeba misive moqalaqe-

Ta rwmenis xarisxze religiuri kuTvnilobis gaT-

valiswinebiT. maTive azriT religliuri rwmena

pozitiur kavSiriSia ekonomikur zrdasTan.5

samarTlebriv, politikur da samoqalaqo kul-

turaze mravali naSromis avtori amerikeli pro-

fesori ronald inglhartis azriT, piradi rwmenis

faqtori mTavar rols TamaSobs qveynebis ekonomi-

kur zrdaSi..6

,,WeSmariti RvTismosaoba xels uwyobs vaW-

robaSi (ekonomikur urTierTobebSi) warmatebas,

vinaidan patiosnebis garantad gvevlineba, adamian-

Si zrdis sifrTxilesa da windaxedulebas, esoden

mniSvnelovans sazogadoebaSi wonisa da krediti-

saTvis, rac simdidris aucilebel winapirobas

warmoadgens”. aseT mosazrebas gvTavazobs j. a.

rauntri.7

metin kosgelma da lans minklerma gamoTqves va-

raudi, rom erTianobis erTgulebisa da identuro-

bis konceptebi gvexmareba religluri qcevebisa

da maTi Sedegebis gagebaSi. religiuri qcevebi

emsaxureba pirovnebis identurobis qmnadobisa

da mis valdebulebaTa pirnaTlad aRsrulebis

saqmes.8

maSasadame, religia udides zemoqmedebas axdens

Tanamedrove ekonomikaze msoflios masStabiT.

misi damokidebulebuleba ekonomikasTan mimarTe-

baSi sakmaod ambivalenturia, anu pirvelis gavlena

meoreze SesaZlebelia gamovlindes rogorc poz-

151

itiur ise negatiur aspeqtSi. msoflios dominati

religiebi gansxvavebulad zemoqmedeben ama Tu im

qveynis ekonomikur urTierTobebsa Tu Sedegebze.

maTi pozitiuri Sedegebi SesaZlebelia aisaxos

farTo speqtriT. magaliTad, kanadeli mecnierebis

ulrix blumisa da leonarda dadlis azriT re-

ligia gavlenas axdens ekonomikaze ara imdenad

efeqtiani SromisaTvis saWiro stimulebiT, ramde-

nadac sicruis akrZalvis dadebiTi efeqtiT, rac

ekonomikaSi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.9

italielma ekonomistebma warmoadgines daskvne-

bi, romlis Tanaxmad religias ZaluZs gazardos

mSp sazogadoebaSi ndobis zrdis xarjze. e.i. re-

ligia mniSvnelovania sazogadoebisa Tu saxelm-

wifos simdidrisa da keTildReobis mxrivac. aSS-

Si mkvlevarebma aCvenes rom religia amcirebs

korufcias da amaRlebs kanonisadmi morCilebas

imgvarad, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba saerTo ekonomi-

kuri zrdis mateba.10

rac Seexeba religiis ekonomikaze zegavlenis

uaryofiT mxares, igi vlindeba Sromisadmi gul-

gril damokidebulebaSi, fulad-sakredito siste-

maSi sasesxo procentze uaris TqmaSi, saTamaSo

biznesis akrZalvaSi ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis

SezRudvaSi Caketili religiuri sistemebisa da

sazogadoebebis dros, rac warmoadgens ekono-

mikuri zrdisa da ganviTarebis Semaferxebel

faqtors.11 religiasa da ekonomikas Soris damok-

idebulebaSi negatiur faqtorebad aseve SesaZloa

miCneuli iqnes religiuri SezRudvebi kapitalis

dagrovebaze, mogebis miRebaze, sakredito bazrebsa

da procentebze.

religia, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT gvevlineba

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis qcevaTa regulatorad,

imdenad ramdenadac swored religiuri faqtori

152

ganapirobebs adamianTa agresiul qcevebsa da

samoqalaqo uwesrigobas, romlebic misi gavleniT

SesaZloa gaizardos an Semcirdes. amdenad, Cven

SegviZlia visaubroT, rogorc mikro- ise mak-

roekonomikur doneze ekonomikuri qcevebisa da

Sedgebis religiasTan korelaciaSi yofnis Ta-

obaze. aseve kidev ufro mWidro kavSirebis ar-

sebobaze religiurobasa da ekonomikurad mniS-

vnelovan socialuri qcevebis farTo speqtrs

Soris _ iseTebis, rogorebicaa: danaSaulebrivi

saqmianoba narkotikebi da alkoholi, fizikuri da

fsiqikuri mdgomareoba, qorwineba – ganqorwineba

da Sobadoba.12

ekonomikisa da religiis damokidebulebaSi ar-

sebobs Teoriebi, romlebic gansxvavebulad aCenen

religiuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebis xarisxs

ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. pirveli Teoria aris

mxardaWeris Teoria, sadac aRniSnulia, rom re-

ligiebs gaaCniaT pozitiuri efeqti ekonomikaze.

amis sailustraciod SeiZleba motanili iqnes m.

veberis arsebiTi argumenti, rac exeba kalvinis-

turi eTikis funqcias kapitalizmis warmatebuli

ganviTarebis saqmeSi (Sdr. Kippenberg 2002). igi

formulirdeba Semdegnairad: calkeuli gamo-

naklisis garda religiuri sistemebis formebs

ZiriTadad gaaCniaT pozitiuri gavlena garkveul

instituciebsa da ekonomikuri sistemebis fun-

qcionirebaze. meore, upiratesobis Teoria gulisx-

mobs religiebis mxridan im saWiro normebisa

da qcevaTa formebis mxardaWeras, romlebsac sa-

bazro sistema saWiroebs sakuTari funqcionire-

bisaTvis. amasTan dakavSirebuli Sesabamisi argu-

mentebi ekonomistebs gaaCndaT jer kidev gasuli

saukuneis dasawyisSi. ase magaliTad, Smoleri am

konteqstSi religiur ideas ganixilavs rogorc

153

sasargeblo zneobrivi aRzrdis da zogadad, dis-

ciplinis saSualebas (1923:45ff.). swored piri-

qiT formulirdeba mesame Teoria romelic dab-

rkolebis Teoriis saxeliT aris cnobili, sadac

religiuri instituciebi da religiurad moti-

virebuli qcevaTa formebi usargebloa ekonomi-

kuri subsistemisaTvis, radgan isini abrkoleben

namdvilad mniSvnelovan institucionalizaciebs,

Semosavlebis zrdis nayofiebas erT sul mosax-

leze. skeptikuri damokidebulebebiT mecnierebisa

da teqnikis inovaciaTa mimarT xels uwyoben da

zrdian bazris sayovelTao skepticizmis gaCenis

albaTobas, da a.S. meoTxe, Caurevlobis TeoriaSi

religiis gavlena ekonomikaze gacilebiT mcirea,

vidre Cvens mier zemoT motanil TeoriebSi.

amasTan yuradReba eqceva im garemoebas, rom ara

efeqtiani institucionaluri RonisZiebebi, ro-

goricaa mag. procentis akrZalva, Zalzed xSirad

martivi institunionaluri substitucis msgavsad,

srulad ekvivalenturi ekonomikuri funqciebis

saxiT Cndebian. xolo rac Seexeba sasargeblo

instituciebs, isini martivad adaptirdebian da

praqtikulad ar imyofebian kulturul da reli-

giur faqtorebze damokidebuli.13

religiisa da adamianis ekonomikur saqmianobas

Soris kavSiri arsebobs uZvelesi droidan, reli-

gia axdenda da axdens aqtiur zemoqmedebas ekono-

mikis yvela sferoze. kapitalisturi urTierTo-

bebis formirebaSi Seufasebeli roli religiam

iTamaSa. amis Taobaze mowmobs yvela msoflio re-

ligiebis gamocdileba, magram isic unda aRiniS-

nos, rom yvela religia socialur ganviTarebasa

da ekonomikur zrdas xels ar uwyobs. arsebobs

qveynebi, romlebmac ukeTes socialur da ekono-

mikur maCvneblebs miaRwies vidre sxvebma. es Sei-

154

Zleba aixsnas imiT, rom is religiebi astimulire-

ben faseulobebsa da principebs, romlebic Tavis

mxriv ganapirobeben adamianisa da sazogadoebis

orientacias progresze. maSasadame, ekonomikur

warmatebebs aRweven is sazogadoebebi da qveynebi,

sadac gansxvavebuli religiebi Tavisi specifi-

kuri saSualebebiT stimuls aZleven ekonomikur

saqmianobas, qmnian ra Sesabamis zneobriv fons –

SromiT eTikasa da eTikur normebs.

religia aZlierebs sazogadoebaSi miRebul

qcevis socialur normebs, axorcielebs socialur

kontrols: formalurs, saeklesio organizaciebis

meSveobiT da araformalurs – TviT morwmuneTa

mier, romlebic arian moraluri normebis matare-

blebi maT garemocvaSi myofi adamianebis mimarT.

religiasa da ekonomikis urTierTqmedebebs

gaaCnia ori veqtori: erTis mxriv religiuri

normebi ayalibeben ekonomikur institutebs, meo-

res mxriv – sakralizirdeba mxolod is normebi,

romlebic Seesabamebian ekonomikis GganviTarebis

gansazRvrul donesa da xasiaTs. bunebrivia, rom

droTa ganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri viTareba icv-

leba da uwindeli normebi xdebian dabrkolebad

sazogadoebis ganviTarebaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi up-

iratesoba aris ufro moqnili konfesiebis mqone

eTnosebis mxareze, romlebsac ZaluZT normaTa

sistemis adaptireba cvalebad pirobebSi.

swavlis unari da integraciis SesaZlebloba

warmoadgens nebismieri sazogadeobis ganviTare-

bis umniSvnelobanes momentebs. e.i. religiuri men-

taliteti TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols: ndoba da

dialogis warmarTvis unarianoba iZleva cvlile-

baTa procesSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas da

amave dros sabazro dinamikis cvlilebis gareSe

xels uwyobs sazogadoebis socialuri kapitalis

155

SenarCunebasa da ganviTarebas.14

religias ZaluZs gazardos ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis done iseTi zneobrivi faqtorebiT

rogoricaa magaliTad patiosneba. mas SeuZlia

ndobis xarisxis amaRlebiT SesamCnevad Seamci-

ros korufcia da sxva danaSaulebrivi qmedebani

ekonomikaSi, moaxdinos qveynebis gaxsniloba, riTac

SesaZlebeli iqneba, rom mocemuli qveynis ekono-

mika gaxdes ufro Ria ucxouri investiciebisaT-

vis. religias aseve SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos imgvari

samomxmareblo fenomenis ganviTarebas, rogoric

aris momWirneoba, romelic stimulis momcemia da-

nazogebisaTvis, investiciebisaTvis da Sesabamisad

ekonomikuri zrdisaTvis. amasTan, religiiT Sesa-

Zlebeli xdeba imgvari asocialuri movlenebis

ganeitraleba, rogorebicaa: narkotikebiT vaWroba

da maTi moxmareba. garda amisa, mis wiaRSi cod-

vil qmedebad miCneuli nayrovanebis, alkoholis,

azartuli TamaSebisa da a.S. xelis SeSliT igi qm-

nis sazogadoebaSi jansaRi cxovrebis winapirobas,

rac uciloblad zrdis sawarmoo masStabebs Sro-

miTi mwarmoeblurobis amaRlebis xarjze.

religia warmoadgens cxovrebis warmarTvel

Zalas. rac ufro TvalSisacemia modernizaciis

procesisaTvis Tanamdevi paTologiebi, miT ufro

aqtiurdebian Zlieri religiuri tradiciebi.

globalizacia da religiuri cvlilebebi sazog-

adoebas ayenebs mkacri alternativis winaSe: an

msoflio bazrebis racionalitetTan adaptireba,

an mzardi marginalizirebuli sabazro poziciis

aqceptireba. globalizaciis procesebi industri-

ul sazogadoebebs ubiZgebs maTive instituciuri

struqturis Rrma cvlilebebisaken da calkeu-

li individebisagan moiTxoven maRal fleqsibe-

lurobas.15

156

globalizaciis procesSi religia ar kargavs

Tavis mniSvnelobas, aramed ekonomikuri pirobeb-

is zewoliT igi ganicdis formaTa cvlilebas.

arcerTi religia Tu religiuri eTika srulad

verasodes mova Tanxvedrasa da SesabamisobaSi

globaluri kapitalisturi miznis racionalitet-

Tan, magram miuxedavad amisa, isini Tavis mxriv

mravalgvar gavlenas axdenen ekonomikis mzardad

Zlier dinamiur Zalebze, e.i. religiuri sisteme-

bi warmoadgens simbolur msgavsebaTa da saimedo

wesrigis struqturebs, romlebsac ZaluZT zegav-

lena iqonion ekonomikaze.

literatura:

1. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Cam-bridge University Press,. 2002

2. Max Weber. Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus., 1934

3. Anne Koch, Zur Interdepedenz von Religion und Wirtschaft – ReligionsÖkonomische Perspektive., www.Reli-gionswissenschaft. uni-muenchen.de/downloand...Koch/a.pdf

4. Religion and Economic Growth., by Robert J. Barro and M. McCleary, Harvard University, April 8, 2003

5. Barro, Robert, J. and Rachel M. McCleary (2003). Re-ligion and Economic Growth. NBER Working Paper r #. 9682: National Bureu of Economic Research.

6. Ronald Jnglehart, Pippa Norris, Sacred and Secular: Reli-gion and Politics Worldwide, Cambridge University Press, 2004.

7. J.A. Rowntree, Quakerism, past and present P.. 95/68. Cosgel, Metin M. und Lanse Minkler (2004), Rational-

ity, Jntegrity, and Religious Behaviaur. Journal of Socio-Econom-ics 33(3):329-341

9. Американские исследователи пришли к выводу, что религия влияет на темп зкономческого роста. http://www.spb-gid.ru/index.php?news=111563

157

10. http://translate.google.ruhttp://www.bosto11. Theodore Malloch, Free to Choose: Economics and Reli-

gion. crf. hudson.org/articledocs/FreetoChoose.doc.12. Economic Growth And Religious Production Efficiency.,

www.degit.ifw-kiel.de/papers/degit_09/c009_040.pdf13. Gisela Kubon-Gilke, Religion und Ökonomie.,www.

school-scout.de/extract/18480/18480.pdf.14. Graf, F.W.;Wiederkehr der GÖtter, Religion in der mod-

ernen Kultur, München 2004, S. 19415. Wirtschaft und Religion., www.kaththeol.uni-munchen.

de/lehrstuehle/christl.../wi-ethik-zsflo.pdf

158

$ 6.2. religiis calkeuli saxeebi ekonomikur prizmaSi

msoflios religiur mozaikaSi qristianoba

warmoadgens yvelaze ufro gavlenian religias,

romlis procentuli maCvenebelia 34.1% (kaTo-

likebi – 51,8%, protestantebi – 31.4%, marTlma-

dideblebi – 12.5%, seqtebi - 4.3%). Semdeg modis

islami – 20.4%, indiuzmi – 14.1%, budizmi – 12.1%,

iudaizmi - 0.3%. danarCeni - 19.1% aTeistebia.

qristianoba. qristianoba sulier – zneobriv

mxaresTan erTad sakmaod farTo speqtriT moi-

cavs sameurneo cxovrebis aspeqtebsac. es Seexeba

sakuTrebis uflebis, qonebis, simdidris, Sromis, ga-

nawilebis da a.S. sakiTxebs.1 qristianobaSi arse-

bobs gansxvavebuli xedvebi ekonomikuri sistemis

formebTan mimarTebaSi. pirveli – ekonomikuri

urTierTobebi dafuZnebuli kerZo sakuTrebaze,

individualur pasuxismgeblobasa da iniciati-

vaze. meore – socialisturi elementebis Semotana

ekonomikur urTierTobebSi. pirvelSi igulisxme-

ba Tavisufali mewarmeoba da Ria bazrebi, xolo

meoreSi – centralizebuli marTva.2 Tumca aqve

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom arc erTi ekonomikuri

sistema ar arsebobs realur samyaroSi wminda

formiT – yvela kapitalisturi sistema Seicavs

socializmis zogierT elements da piriqiT.

159

grf. 1 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebulebis

grafiki qristianul da araqtistianul qveynebSi qris-

tianTa zRvruli %-is mniSvnelobiT.

grafiki 1 a).-dan Cans, rom Semosavlebs Soris

damokidebuleba qristianul da araqristianul

qveynebSi imyofeba 4,8-dan 5,8-mde diapazonSi.

grf. 1 b). saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosavali

qristianul da araqristianul qveynebSi zRvruli 50%-

iani mniSvnelobiT.

Semosavlebs Soris damokidebuleba (saSualo

wliuri Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze) qris-

tianul da araqristianul qveynebSi aris 5.1. sxva

sityvebiT, qristianTa zRvruli 50%-iani mniS-

vnelobis pirobebSi qristianuli qveynebi msof-

160

lios danarCen araqristianul qveynebze 5-jer

mdidaria.

qristianoba sxva religiebTan SedarebiT

axdens yvelaze ufro dadebiT gavlenas msoflio

ekonomikaze. qristianobis ganStoebebia: kaToli-

cizmi, protestantizmi da marTlmadidebloba. Ti-

Toeulis damokidebulebas ekonomikasTan gaaCnia

sakuTari Taviseburebebi da niuansebi. amasTan,

qristianul SexedulebeSi am sakiTxis irgvliv

arsebobs bevri saerTo, imdenad ramdenadac isini

formirdebian erTian msoflmxedvelobriv safuZ-

velze.

kaTolicizmi. kaTolicizmSi ekonomika miiCneva

pirvel rigSi adamianur qmedebaTa sferod. ekono-

mikuri saqmianoba ki ganixileba rogorc adamianis

SemoqmedebiTi bunebis RvTaebrivi gamovlineba. ka-

Tolicizmi Tvlis, rom ukanasknel dros ekono-

mikis sferoSi moxda dadebiTi cvlilebebi, rac

qmnis eklesiis ideis realizaciis winapirobebs,

raSic igulisxmeba warmoebis TandaTanobiTi ,,de-

materializacia”, riTac SesaZlebeli xdeba ekono-

mikis humanizacia da axal ekonomikur urTier-

TobebSi adamianis rolis amaRlebaze saubari.3

amgvarad Tanamedrove kaTolikoba gansakuTrebul

aqcents akeTebs Tavisufali mewarmeobis sistemis

dadebiT Tvisebebze.

161

grf. 2 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebulebis

grafiki kaTolikur da arakaTolikur qveynebSi, kaTo-

likeTa zRvruli %-is mniSvnelobiT.

grafiki 2 a).-dan Cans, rom Semosavlebs Soris

damokidebuleba kaTolikur da arakaTolikur

qveynebSi meryeobs 1,5-dan 2.0-mde diapazonSi.

grf. 2 b) saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosavali

kaTolikur da arakaTolikur qveynebSi zRvruli 50%-

iani mniSvnelobiT.

Semosavlebis damokidebuleba kaTolikur da

arakaTolikur qveynebSi tolia 1,49. sxva sityve-

biT, kaTolikeTa zRvruli 50%-iani mniSvnelobis

pirobebSi, kaTolikuri qveynebi msoflios danar-

Cen arakaTolikur qveynebze 1,5-jer ufro mdidar-

ia.

cnobs ra mogebis, kapitalis zrdis RvTivnebe-

lobas, kaTolicizmi yuradRebas amaxvilebs maszed,

Tu rogor iyenebs adamiani SeZenil simdidres,

pirad sakuTrebas.4 mentalobis Semadgeneli

swored es faseuli Taviseburebani gansazRvraven

kaTolikuri qveynebis ekonomikaTa warmatebebs

msoflio meurneobis postekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis stadiaze gadasvlis procesSi.

protestantizmi. gamorCeulia protestan-

162

tizmis damsaxureba dasavluri ekonomikis ganvi-

TarebaSi. amis mizezi Zevs reformaciis periodSi

momxdar mentalur revoluciaSi, roca qristian-

uli samyaros mniSvnelovani nawilisaTvis gaCn-

da arsebiTad axali midgomebi faseulobaTa sis-

temaSi, romelTagan unda aRiniSnos: 1) simdidre,

rogorc RvTis jildo morwmune-qristianisaTvis

miwier cxovrebaSi; 2) konkurentunarianoba_pa-

tiosneba, da saqonlisa da momsaxurebis maRali

xarisxi; 3) momWirneoba da yairaTianoba, mflang-

velobis nacvlad; 4) alkoholis zomieri moxmare-

ba da a.S.5

grf. 3 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebulebis

grafiki protestantul da araprotestantul qveynebs So-

ris protestantTa zRvruli %-is mniSvnelobiT.

grafiki 3 a).-dan Cans rom Semosavlebis da-

mokidebuleba protestantul da araprotestan-

tul qveynebSi aris erTze meti da imyofeba

4-dan 8-mde diapazonSi.

163

grf. 3 b). saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosavali

protestantul da araprotestantul qveynebSi zRvru-

li 50%-iani mniSvnelobiT.

Semosavlebis damokidebuleba protestantul

da araprotestantul qveynebSi udris 7,95. sxva

sityvebiT protestantTa zRvruli 50%-iani min-

Svnelobis pirobebSi, protestantuli qveynebi

msoflios danarCen araprotestantul qveynebTan

SedarebiT TiTqmis 8-jer mdidaria.

dRes protestantizmi xasaiTdeba samyarosadmi

axali urTierTobiT, Rrma cvlilebebiT faseu-

lobaTa sistemaSi. protestantuli mentaliteti-

saTvis niSandoblivia uaRresad pragmatuli mso-

flaRqma, racionaluri angariSianoba, rogorc

moqmedebis safuZveli da ekonomikuri warmatebis

winapiroba. rasac adasturebs kidec motanili

statistika.

marTlmadidebloba. marTlmadideblobaSi

sulier mxares gaaCnia absoluturi upiratesoba

materialur mxaresTan SedarebiT. moraluri cno-

biereba da ara praqtikuli interesi gansazRvravs

saqmianobaTa Sinaars. aq socialur-ekonomikuri

msoflmxedveloba eyrdnoba marTlmadidebel-

164

qristianuli sulieri faseulobebis sistemas,

romelic ayalibebs meurneobiobis sulier-zneo-

briv kriteriumebasa da stimulebs.6 Sromis mniS-

vnelobas ganapirobebs ara misi praqtikuli, gare

utilitaruli mxareebi, aramed Sinagani motiva-

ciebi, rogoricaa RvTisa da moyvasis siyvaruli.

simdidre ar warmoadgens pirovnebis damsaxurebis

mowmobis aRiarebas RmerTis winaSe. ufro metic,

aqcenti keTdeba misi SeZenis usamarTlo codvi-

li wyaros maRal albaTobaze. yovelive es aris

marTlmadidebluri qveynebis ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis negatiuri da xelisSemSleli faqtorebi,

rac asaxulia qvemoT motanil grafikebSi:

grf. 4 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebuleb-

is grafiki marTlmadidebel da aramarTlmadidebel

qveynebSi marTlmadidebel qristianTa zRvruli %-is

mniSvnelobiT.

grafiki 4 a).-dan Cans, rom Semosavlebis damok-

idebuleba marTlmadidebel da aramarTlmadide-

bel qveynebSi erTze naklebia TiTqmis yvela dia-

pazonSi.

165

grf. 4 b). saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosava-

li marTlmadidebel da aramarTlmadidebel qveynebSi

zRvruli 50%-iani mniSvnelobiT.

Semosavlebis damokidebuleba marTlmadide-

bel da aramarTlmadidebel qveynebSi tolia 0,8.

es mowmobs imis Sesaxeb, rom marTlmadidebelTa

zRvruli 50%-iani mniSvnelobis pirobebSi, marTl-

madidebeli qveynebi aramarTlmadidebel qveynebze

1,24-jer Raribia.

islami. islamuri ekonomikuri sistemis kon-

cefcia efuZneba sakuTrebis, Sromisa da bunebri-

vi resursebiT sargeblobis uflebas. TiToeul

adamians gaaCnia sakuTrebis ufleba, romelsac

flobs rogorc individualurad ise sxva pirebT-

an erTad. islamSi nebadarTulia saqmianobis saxe-

obis arCeva mxolod sazogadoebis saWiroebaTa

gaTvaliswinebiT. SariaTiT ikrZaleba nebismieri

araproduqtiuli Sroma, radgan iTvleba, rom us-

argeblo Sromas adamiani mihyavs urwmunoebasTan.

sasargeblo wiaRiseuli ar SeiZleba imyofebodes

kerZo sakuTrebaSi, radgan navTobis Tu sxva bune-

brivi resursis gayidvidan miRebuli Semosavle-

bi gamoyenebuli unda iqnes mTeli sazogadoebis

moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisaTvis. aseve, isla-

166

mur finansur sistemaSi ikrZaleba sasesxo pro-

centi. mevaxSeobis problemisa da misi akrZalvis

sakiTxi mwvaved wamoiWra gasuli saukunis Sua pe-

riodSi, rodesac Cndeba pirveli islamuri bankebi,

da am gadawyvetilebebis arsi mdgomareobs masSi,

rom sainvesticio logika unda gamomdinareobdes

ara bankis uSualo gamorCenis miRebidan, aramed

sazogadoebrivi sargeblis zrdisagan. mkacrad

ikrZaleba ekonomikuri Zalauflebis koncentra-

cia SezRuduli ricxovnebis pirTa xelSi, monop-

oliebis daweseba, SeTanxmeba monopoliur saqon-

elze fasis dadgenis mizniT da a.S.7

grf. 5 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebulebis

grafiki musulmanur da aramusulmanur qveynebSi, mu-

sulmanTa zRvruli %-is mniSvnelobiT.

grafiki 5 a).-dan Cans rom Semosavlebs Soris

damokidebuleba musulmanur da aramusulmanur

qveynebSi arsebobs erT erTeulze naklebi da imy-

ofeba 0.19-dan 0.24-mde diapazonSi.

167

grf. 5 b) saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosavali

musulmanur da aramusulmanur qveynebSi 50%-iani mniS-

vnelobiT.

Semosavlebis damokidebuleba musulmanur da

aramusulmanur qveynebs Soris tolia 0.23. sxva

sityvebiT, musulmanTa zRvruli 50%-iani mniS-

vnelobis piroebebSi, musulmanuri qveynebi msof-

lios danarCen aramusulmanur qveynebTan Sedar-

ebiT 4.4 –jer Raribia.

islamuri sazogadoeba warmoadgens adreqris-

tianuli sazogadoebis modernizebul saxes mevax-

Seobis akrZalvis, simdidris gakicxvis, SezRudu-

li kerZo sakuTrebis principebis SenarCunebiTa

da dacviT. damuSavebis procesSi myofi, igi did-

wilad orientirebulia ganawilebis procesis reg-

ulirebaze da ara warmoebaze, rac mniSvnelovnad

zRudavs misi SesaZleblobebis sferos. islami

monoTeisturi religiaa, sadac yofiereba dakav-

Sirebulia providenciasTan, da sadac ar xdeba

adamianis personifikacia. erTi mxriv, is qmnis

simSvidesa da moTminebas, xolo meore mxriv – fa-

168

talizms, rac ar iZleva did stimuls social-

ur_ekonomikuri cvlilebebisaTvis.8

induizmi. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom

induizmi arc geografiuli da arc regionaluri

fenomenia. induizmi filosofiuri sistemaa. in-

duisturi msoflxedva arsebiTad holistikuria

da fokusirdeba brahmaSi. induizmis azrovneb-

is paradigma efuZneba erTianobis princips, sa-

dac primati eniWeba mTels, vidre mis romelime

nawils.9 induizmi warmoadgens universalur

gaazrebas. aq ekonomikuri saqmianoba dafuZnebu-

lia sulieri cxovrebisa, miwis pativiscemisa da

qvelmoqmedebis principebze. swored es princi-

pebi ganapiroebebs mewarmeobisa da komerciis

masStabebis zomierebas da xSirad maT mkacr

SezRudvebs.11 induizmis ekonomikaSi adgili

ara aqvs fasis moTxovna-miwodebis Teorias. es

aris sistema romelsac safuZvlad udevs dhar-

ma* da ara kaami.**

*dharma – dharma xSirad iTargmneba rogorc valdebule-

ba. magram unda aRiniSnos rom msoflio valdebulebis kono-

tacia SezRudulia, maSin rodesac dharmas gacilebiT farTo

mniSvneloba gaaCnia, igi kosmiuri datvirTvis matarebelia.

[ix. wyaro 198]

**kaami - igi sitva-sityviT aRniSnavs survils. Zalian

xSirad sayovelTao xmarebisas es sityva gamoiyeneba rogorc

erotiuli survilis aRmniSvneli. Tumca, misi WeSmariti mniS-

vneloba survilis yvela tips gulisxmobs [ix. wyaro 198]

169

grf. 6 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebuleb-

is grafiki induistur da arainduistur qveynebSi in-

duistTa zRvruli %-is mniSvnelobiT.

grafiki 6 a).-dan Cans, rom Semosavlebs Soris

damokidebuleba induistur da arainduistur

qveynebSi imyofeba 0.08-dan 0.09-mde diapazonSi.

grf. 6 b) saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosavali

induistur da arainduistur qveyynebs Soris zRvruli

50%-iani mniSvnelobiT.

Semosavlebis damokidebuleba induistur da

170

arainduistur qveynebSi udris 0.086. sxva sityve-

biT, induistTa zRvruli 50%-iani mniSvnelobis

pirobebSi, induisturi qveynebi msoflios danarCen

arainduistur qveynebze 11.6 - jer Raribia. msof-

lios yvela religiebs Soris induisturi qveynebi

axdenen albaT yvelaze negatiur gavlenas msof-

lios qveynebis ekonomikaze.

induizmi icavs socialur sistemas, romelic

efuZneba varnas***, kastebsa da aSramebs****. ada-

mianTa keTildReobis xarisxi da maTi social-

uri mdgomareoba damokidebulia sakuTari kas-

tis dadgenilebebis zust Sesrulebaze. arsebuli

struqtura udides dabrkolebas qmnis induistu-

ri qveynebis progresis gzaze.12

budizmi. budizmi aris religia da filosofia,

romelic moicavs gansxvavebul tradiciebs rwme-

nebsa da gamocdilebebs. igi efuZneba sidxarta

gautamas swavlebas. 13

budisturi ekonomika warmoadgens ekonomikur

principTa krebuls, nawilobriv STagonebuls

budisturi rwmeniT, romelic mouwodebs adami-

anebs keTil saqmeTa keTebisaken humanuri poten-

cialis saTanado ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis

mizniT.14 ungreli akademikosis laslo zolnais

Tanaxmad, budisturi ekonomika koncentrirebulia

survilis uaryofasa da adamianuri bunebis gan-

wmendaze. is cvlis dasavluri ekonomikis fuZem-

***varna [sanskr.] – Zvel indoeTSi: saerTo sax-

elwodeba 4 sazogadoebrivi jgufisa: brahmanebi-

sa, qSatriebisa, vaiSiebisa da Sudrebisa [ix. ucxo

sityvaTa leqsikoni, Tbilisi 1989, gv. 169].

****aSramebi - sulieri ganviTarebis stadiebi

[ix. wyaro 11]

171

deblur principebs – mogebis maqsimizacias, sur-

vilTa kultivirebas, arsebul bazrebs, samyaros

instrumentalur gamoyenebas da kerZo interese-

bze dafuZnebul eTikas. nacvlad amisa, budisturi

ekonomika axdens iseTi alternatiuli princi-

pebis SemoTavazebas, rogorebicaa: tanjvis minimi-

zacia, survilTa gaubraloeba, Zaladobaze uaris

Tqma, namdvili mzrunveloba da guluxvoba.15

grf. 7 a). sulobrivi Semosavlebis damokidebuleb-

is grafiki budistur da arabudistur qveynebs Soris

budistebis zRvruli %-is mniSvnelobiT.

grafiki 7 a).-dan Cans, rom Semosavlebs So-

ris damokidebuleba budistur da arabudistur

qveynebSi arsebiTad erT erTeulze naklebia da

imyofeba 0.15-dan 0-25-mde diapazonSi.

172

grf. 7 b) saSualo wliuri sulobrivi Semosavali

budistur da arabudistur qveynebs Soris zRvruli

50%-iani mniSvnelobiT.

Semosavlebs Soris damokidebuleba budistur

da arabudistur qveynebSi tolia 0.15. sxva sityve-

biT, budistTa zRvruli 50%-iani mniSvnelobis

pirobebSi, budisturi qveynebi msoflios danarCen

arabudistur qveynebze 6.7-jer Raribia.

budizmSi materialuri keTildReoba miCneu-

lia bunebriv jildod wminda cxovrebisaTvis.

imavdroulad mxardaWerilia TavSekavebuli-

uaryofiTi damokidebuleba vaWarsa da mewarmes-

Tan mimarTebaSi. es ki iwvevs sameurneo sistemis

formirebis SeuZleblobas, romelic orientire-

buli iqneboda materialuri sikeTis warmoebasa

da realizaciaze. arsebul yofasTan Semguebloba,

Cveuli cxovrebis wesis racionalizaciis SeuZle-

bloba samxreT aziis qveynebSi xels ar uwyobs

ekonomikur winsvlasa da ganviTarebas.16

iudaizmi. iudaizmi aris bevri ram: is aris re-

ligia, rituali, suliereba da erovnuloba.17 es

173

yvelaferi koncentrirdeba im xuT ZiriTad aqsio-

maSi, romlebic vlindeba ebraeli xalxis xasaiTsa

da urTierTobebSi. esenia: 1) qmnadobis procesSi

monawileoba; 2) kerZo sakuTrebis dacva; 3) sim-

didris dagroveba; 4) gaWirvebulebze zrunva; 5)

SezRuduli mmarTveloba.18

miuxedavad Rrma istoriuli fesvebisa, iudaizmi

iyo da rCeba ebraelTa religiad. garda israeli-

sa, sadac iudevelebi mosaxleobis 81.4%-s Sead-

genen, am religiis didi raodenobis mimdevarTa

qveynebis ricxvi praqtikulad ar arsebobs. amitom

Znelia msoflio ekonomikaze gavlenis Taobaze

saubari.

(SeniSvna #1 - grafikuli monacemebi aRebulia

eleqtronuli wyarodan: http://www.nideya.narod.ru/razdel14 htm; SeniSvna #2 –Semosavlebs Soris da-

mokidebuleba qristian da araqristian qveynebSi

gamoiTvleba formuliT:

Semosavlebis damokidebuleba = S.qr /S.araqr.

sadac,

S.qr – saSualo sulobrivi Semosavali qris-

tianul qveynebSi;

S.araqr – saSualo sulobrivi Semosavali

araqristianul qveynebSi;

am formulis Sesabamisad, Tu ki Semosavlebs So-

ris damokidebuleba erTze metia, maSin sulobrivi

Semosavali qristianul qveynebSi metia araqris-

tianuli qveynebis sulobriv Semosavalze, da piri-

qiT, roca SemosavlebSi damokidebuleba erTze na-

klebia, maSin sulobrivi Semosavali qristianul

qveynebSi naklebia araqristianuli qveynebis su-

lobriv Semosavalze. xolo rac Seexeba qristian-

Ta zRvrul mniSvnelobas gamosaxuls procentSi,

saerTaSoriso oficialuri statistikis mixedviT

roca romelime qveyanaSi qristianebi mosaxleobis

174

50%-ze naklebia, maSin es qveyana araqristianulia,

xolo Tu 50%-ze metia an toli, maSin es qveyana

qristianulia. am SemTxvevaSi sulobrivi Semosav-

lebi qristianul da araqristianul qveynebSi

tolia 5,1. Semosavlebs Soris damokidebulebis

gamosaTvleli formula motanilia qristianul

da araqristianul qveynebis magaliTze, romelic

danarCeni konmfesiebisTvisac msgavsi formiT

gamoiyeneba.)

literatura:

1. Зкономика и религя: от первоисточииков к современным концепциям, /liberty-belarus.info/.../Зкономика-и-религия – от-первоисточников-к-современным-концепциям.html

2. Christian Economics., www.allaboutworlldview.org/christian-economics.htm

3. http://www.dissercat.com/content/ekonomicheskie-aspekty-sovremennogo-sotisialnogo-ucheniya-katolicheskoi-tserkvi-ii-polovi...

4. Path dependency: религиозные ценности как фактор формирования социально – зкономических моделей. http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/text. 16213418

5. Успех в бизнесе – протестантская трудовая зтика. Зкономический Кодекс Библии – Финансы и религии. bho-ga.ru>Cтатьи

6. E.C. Злбакаян, С.В. Медведко, Влиияние религиозных ценностеи на зкономические предпочтения верующих Россян., 2001., www.ecsocman. edu.ru/socis/msg/16690937.html

7. ix.wyaro 1.

8. Hans-Jonchim Hahn, Religion, Kultur, Wirtschaft – die Auswirkung von Wertesystemen auf das tägliche Leben und die Entscheidungen im Markt (Ein kurzer historisher Rückblick

175

und ein Kulturfergleich), www.professorenforum.de/professoren-forun/content/.../v07n03a3.pdf.

9. Ramayan And Hindu Economics., www.samarthbharat.com/files/ramayaneconomics.pdf.

10. What Is The Hindu View of Economics?, www.hindu-books.org/.../hinduism/hinduism.../page36.htm.

11. Индуизм, sr.artap.ru/induism.htm12. Buddhism – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.,

en.wikipedia.org./wiki/Buddhism13. Buddhist economics – Wikipedia, the free

encyclopedia.,en.wikipedia.org./Wiki/Buddhist/economics14. http://laszlo-zsolnai.net/content/buddhist-economics-

busienss15. Мюрдаль Г., Современные проблемы третьего мира.,

М., Прогресс, 1972., С. 17616. Jewish Economics, www.jevishmag.com/48mag/eco-

nomics/economics.htm17. Jewish Theology and Economic Theory,www.action.org

>...>Religion&Liberty>Volume17, Number 1

176

Tavi 7. kultura da ekonomika

kultura, rogorc rTuli humanuri fenom-

eni udides gavlenas axdenda da axdens ekono-

mikaze. igi warmoadgens ekonomikis ganviTarebis

umniSvnelovanes faqtors, romelic Tavisi fa-

seulobebiT da normebiT gvevlineba adamianis

ekonomikuri qcevisa da SromiTi saqmianobis reg-

ulatorad. kultura asrulebs ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis ,,sazogadoebrivi mexsierebis” rolsac,

asaxavs ra wina TaobaTa mier dagrovil ekonomi-

kur gamocdilebas, romelic gamoiyeneba Tanamed-

rove ekonomikur cxovrebaSi.1 kultura erTna-

irad zemoqmedebs materialuri sikeTis warmoebis,

ganawilebis da moxmarebis sferoebze, riTac ar-

sebul mocemulobaTa gaTvaliswinebiT warmoad-

gens ekonomikis ganviTarebis an mis Semaferxebel

faqtors. iqidan gamomdinare, rom ekonomika ar

warmoadgens sazogadoebis cxovrebis gamocalke-

vebul da TviTkmar sferos, aramed gamodis sazog-

adoebis sistemis erT-erTi qvesistemis saxiT, misi

rogorc calkeuli firmisa Tu dargis ise, mTli-

anad qveynis ekonomikis Seswavlisas SeuZlebelia

sxva faqtorebTan erTad kulturuli faqtorebis

ignorireba.2

istoriul rakursSi mecnier-ekonomistebis mxri-

dan sakmaod didi yuradReba eTmoba kulturuli

faqtorebis problemas ekonomikaSi. aq SeiZleba

gavixsenoT ekonomikuri azris adreul klasikos-

Ta da maTi gviandeli mimdevrebis Sromebi. magal-

iTad, a. smiti Tvlida, rom kulturas garkveuli

xarisxiT ZaluZs xeli Seuwyos mewarmeobis gan-

viTarebas.3 k. marqsi da f. engelsi aRniSnavdnen,

rom ekonomikuri mdgomareoba – es aris bazisi,

Tumca istoriuli brZolis msvlelobisas, misi

177

zednaSenis sxvadasxva momentebi aseve axdenen gav-

lenas da bevr SemTxvevaSi gansazRvraven kidec mi-

sive ganviTarebis upirates formas.4 sazogadoeb-

is sameurneo cxovrebaSi kulturuli faqtorebis

rolze saintereso azrs gamoTqvamdnen aseve T.

malTusi, J. b.. sei, s. sismondi, j. milli.

dRes ekonomikur mecnierebaSi kulturisa da

kulturuli faqtorebis cnebis Sesaxeb ar ar-

sebobs sistemuri warmodgena.5 aqedan gamomdin-

are, mocemul sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi saWiro xdeba

disciplinaTaSorisi midgoma, rac gulisxmobs

problemis filosofiis, istoriis, sociologiisa

da sxva fundamentur mecnierebaTa WrilSi gaaz-

rebas.

istoriul-filosofiur WrilSi saintereso da

mniSvnelovania germaneli sociologis m. veberis

midgoma kulturuli faqtorebis rolze kapital-

isturi urTierTobebis aRmocenebis procesSi. es

midgoma warmoadgens uadress, magram is dResac

dominirebs ekonomikaSi. misi arsi mdgomareobs

masSi, rom kapitalizmi aris dasavleTevropuli

saozogadoebis ganviTarebis produqti, romlis

fenomenic atarebs universalur da zogadplane-

tarul xasiaTs da romelic institucionaluri da

kulturuli (religiuri) faqtorebis, gansakuTre-

bulad ki – protestantuli eTikis wyalobiT pi-

rvelad swored dasavleT evropaSi aRmocenda.6

gamorCeulad aRniSvnis Rirsia germanuli is-

toriuli skolis warmomadgenlebis Sexedulebebi

kulturis rolze ekonomikaSi. isini amtkicebdnen,

rom sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi ekonomikuri kanon-

ebi uSualodaa damokidebuli kulturul da is-

toriul garemoebebze.7

ekonomikisa da kulturis urTierTqmedebaTa

ganviTarebaSi Semdegi etapi dgeba amerikeli in-

178

stitucionalistebis (t. vebleni, j. komonsi, h. ad-

amsi, u. mitCeli, j. gelbreiti) SromebiT, romlebic

ganicdidnen germanuli ekonomikuri skolis did

gavlenas. Zveli institucionalistebi ekonomi-

kas ganixilavdnen, rogorc rTuli sistemis gan-

viTarebis dinamiur process Tavisi kulturuli

normebiTa da miTiTebebiT, romlebic zemoqmede-

ben adamianTa individualur qcevebze da pref-

erenciebze. aseve garkveul interess iwvevs maTi

Sexeduleba bazris Sesaxeb, romelsac institu-

cionalistebi ganixilavdnen rogorc kulturul

fenomens, romelic gavlenas axdens sazogadoebri-

vi qcevis normebze.8

1920-1930-ian wlebSi Zveli institucionalisteb-

is Sromebi Canacvlebuli iqna neoklasikosTa kv-

levebiT, romlebic aqtiurad nergavdnen ekonomika-

Si statistikisa da maTematikis uaxles meTodebs,

riTac keinsianurma revoluciam didi xniT moswy-

vita ekonomikuri azri kulturisa da ekonomikis

urTierTobis problemas. am periodSi yuradRebis

centrSi imyofeba wonasworobis mdgomareobis

Seswavlis problema.

mocemuli naklovanebebis aRmofxvras ekonomi-

kaSi Seecada axali institucionaluri ekonomi-

kuri Teoria, romelic 1970-ian wlebSi aSS-Si aR-

mocenda da saTaves iRebs, r. kouzis naSromidan

,,firmis buneba”. Tumca aRniSnuli Teoriis sruli

gafurCqvna dakavSirebulia o. uiliamsonis Srome-

bTan, sadac pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli termini

,,transaqciuli xarjebi”.9

miuxedavad imisa, rom uiliamsonis SromebSi

kulturul faqtors arc Tu ise didi yuradReba

eTmoba, misi mimdevrebisa da kolegebis SromebSi

xdeba am problemis Sevseba magaliTad, e. laz-

eri Tvlida, rom kulturas ZaluZs erTi mxriv

179

xeli Seuwyos transaqciuli xarjebis Semcire-

bas, xolo meore mxriv – gamoiwvios misi zrda.10

amgvarad, kulturuli faqtorebi Cndebian firmis

specifikur aqtivebad. aq mxedvelobaSia uwinare-

sad firmis organizaciuli kultura.

Tuki e. lazeri da misi Tanamoazreni kulturas

ganixilaven funqcionaluri midgomis poziciidan,

istoriul-komparatiuli institucionaluri ana-

lizis warmomadgenlebi kulturas upiratesobas

ama Tu im sameurneo sistemis istoriuli Tavise-

burebebis poziciidan aniWeben. 11

me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulebis ekonomikuri

Teoriebi kulturasTan mimarTebaSi pirobiTad

SeiZleba daiyos or ZiriTad formalistur da

substanciur mimarTulebad, rac Tavis modelSi

moicavs kulturul aspeqtebs. formalistebisaT-

vis aqtiurobis umcires sameurneo erTeuls <homo oeconomicus>warmoadgens. kulturul da social-

ur kavSirebs mowyvetili is iRebs ekonomikur

racionalizms da miiswrafvis mwiri resursebiT

sakuTari sargeblis maqsimizirebisaken. maTTvis

kultura da kulturuli urTierTobebi warmoad-

gens ekonomikis Sedegs da ara mis msazRvrels.

meore mxares arian substantivistebi da institu-

cionaluri ekonomikis warmomadgeneli, nobelian-

ti amartia seni. isini adamians ganixilaven mor-

alur da kulturul arsebad, romlis ekonomikuri

qmedebebi emorCileba garkveul wesebsa da Sez-

Rudvebs, da romlisTvisac ar aris mTavari mx-

olod ekonomikuri mogebis maqsimizacia. isini

materialuri sikeTis warmoebas, mimoqcevasa da

ganawilebas Seiswavlian Sesabamis socialur da

kulturul konteqstSi.12

Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecniereba erTi Sexed-

viT gverds uvlis kulturis faqtors. ukanasknel

180

wlebSi gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebis

gamocdilebam aCvena, rom sakmarisi ar aris kerZo

seqtoris dafuZneba, bazrebis liberalizacia da

fuladi stabilizacia. saWiroa kulturis, rogorc

ekonomikis funqcionirebis winapirobis arsebobac,

radgan eWvgareSea, rom tradiciebi da Cveulebebi,

rogorc kulturis organulad Semadgeneli ele-

mentebi damaxasiaTebeli eTnosebisaTvis, konfesia-

TaTvis da mosaxleobis jgufebisaTvis, seriozul

gavlenas axdens maT ekonomikur miRwevebze.

am mxriv sainteresoa cnobili amerikeli mec-

nieris, saxelmwifo marTvis sferos specialistis

edvard benfildis mier 1958 wels Sesrulebuli

kvlevis Sedegebi. misi azriT, ama Tu im qveynis

ganviTarebis dabali tempebi mocemul qveyanaSi

Camoyalibebuli da arsebuli kulturuli siste-

miT SeiZleba aixsnas.13

aseve amerikelma politologma robert patmen-

ma 1993 wels wamoayena hipoteza, romlis Tanax-

mad, rac ufro ,,altruistulia” sazogadoeba, miT

maRalia masSi moqedi politikuri da saxelmwifo

struqturebis xarisxi.14

istorikosma da ekonomistma devid landesma

daasabuTa, rom arsebobs pirdapiri kavSiri sax-

elmwifos erovnuli ekonomikis warmatebebsa da

misi mosaxleobis iseT Tvisebebs Soris, rogori-

caa: ekonomiuroba da momWirneoba, patiosneba da

Semwynarebloba, xolo iseTi Tvisebebi ki, rogor-

icaa: qsenofobia, religiuri Seuwynarebloba, ko-

rufcia mosaxleobis farTo masebis siRaribesa

da ekonomikis ganviTarebis dabal tempebs gana-

pirobebs. devid landesi eTanxmeba maqs veberis

mosazrebas ekonomikur warmatebaSi religiis

mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. igi wers, rom Tu Cven Tvals

gadavavlebT msoflio ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

181

istorias, mivalT daskvnamde, rom ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis doneebSi qveynebis TiTqmis yvela gansx-

vaveba kulturiT aixsneba.15

aviTarebs ra landesis Tezas, iaponeli ekono-

misti iosixara kunio aRniSnavs: ,,iaponiis warmate-

buli ganviTarebis erT-erTi mizezi dakavSirebu-

lia masTan, rom amas xels uwyobda misi kultura.

iaponelebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen: 1) mate-

rialur mosazrebebs; 2) Sromismoyvareobas; 3) da-

nazogebs momavlisaTvis; 4) ganaTlebasa da koleq-

tivizms.16

italielma ekonomistma gvido tabelinim gaa-

naliza ganaTlebis done da politikuri insti-

tutebis xarisxi evropis 69 regionSi. igi Catare-

buli kvlevis Sedegad mivida im daskvnamde, rom

mSp-is moculoba da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebi

maRalia im regionebSi, sadac adgili aqvs urTi-

erTndobas, adamianis individualur iniciativaSi

rwmenas da kanonisadmi morCilebas. misi azriT,

,,arsebuli kulturul TaviseburebebTan uSu-

alod aris dakavSirebuli ara mxolod evropis

regionebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xasiaTi da

buneba, aramed calkeuli qveynebis ekonomikuri da

institucionaluri ganviTarebac...” 17

swavluli ekonomistebi luiji guizo, paula

sapienza da luiji zingalesi amtkiceben, rom

kultura pirdapir zemoqmedebas axdens ekonomi-

kaze. maT miaCniaT, rom grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi

swored ekonomikuri sistema da ara sawarmoo ur-

TierTobani ayalibebs Tavad sazogadoebis kul-

turas. miuxedavad amisa, kulturuli faseulobebi

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sesabamisad yovelTvis

ar ganicdis cvlilebas. esoden neli cvlile-

bebis mizezi kulturul ganviTarebaSi aixsneba

memkvidreobiTi informaciis Taobidan TaobaSi

182

gadacemis midrekilebasa da swrafvaSi mocemuli

informaciis gaazrebisa da adaptaciis gareSe

Tanamedroveobis moTxovnebTan mimarTebaSi, rac

asaxvas poulobs kidec qcevis garkveuli stere-

otipebis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze SenarCuneba-

Si.18 amgvarad, tradiciebi mas Semdegac ganagr-

Zobs arsebobas, roca isini xdeba usargeblo da

moZvelebuli.

kultura da ekonomika warmoadgens Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis or sabaziso katego-

rias. pirvels meoresTan mimarTebaSi uSualo gav-

lenis Tviseba gaaCnia. kultura akumulirebs da

translirebs sazogadoebis gansazRvrul sabazo

faseulobebs, romlebsac eyrdnoba rogorc komer-

ciuli ise saxelmwifo ekonomikuri institutebi:

reklama, korporatiuli kulturis formireba, sti-

li, personalTan muSaoba, sazogadoebasTan kavSiri

da a.S. kulturis sferos socialuri partnioroba

biznesTan gamodis ra samoqalaqo sazogadoebis

formirebis meqanizmad, xels uwyobs mis TviTgan-

viTarebas da amaRlebs garemos mniSvnelobas.19

tradiciuli kulturuli faseulobebi miCneu-

li unda iqnes rogorc ekonomikis myari ganviTare-

bis safuZveli.20 isini gansazRvraven adamianis

Sexedulebebs cxovrebaze, mis damokidebulebas

garemosTan da mimdinare movlenebTan, da umTavre-

si, isini CarTulni arian adamianuri qcevis moti-

vaciaSi, gansazRvraven ra mTel mis moqmedebas, maT

Soris ekonomikur qcevas, da motivaciis meqanizmis

saSualebiT kulturis sulieri faseulobebi da

normebi aregulireben adamianTa ekonomikur qme-

debebs.21 amgvarad, ekonomikur qcevebSi arsebobs

kulturuli dimensia. 22

magram arsebobs kardinalurad sapirispiro

Sexedulebebic, sadac ignorirebulia kulturis

183

dominanturi faqtori ekonomikur urTierTobeb-

Si. ase magaliTad, piter j. bietke dgas sapirisp-

iro poziciaze, rodesac is ganixilavs kulturis

mniSvnelobas ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. mis-

Tvis naklebad mniSvnelovania is Tu ra tipis sa-

zogadoeba (es iqneba qristianuli, musulmanuri,

iudaisturi, Tu gnebavT aTeisturi) monawileobs

am procesSi. misTvis gadamwyvetia politikuri da

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis institutebis arsebo-

ba. iq, sadac ar arsebobs imgvari institutebi da

politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs kerZo sakuTre-

bis garantiebs, xelSekrulebaTa dadebis Tavisu-

flebas, saxelmwifo regulirebis SezRudulobas,

finansur disciplinas da vaWrobis Tavisuflebas,

SeuZlebelia ekonomikur zrdasa da ganviTarebaze

saubari. bietke miiCnevs, rom ra upiratesobasac

ar unda flobdes esa Tu is kultura, ar moxdeba

misi realizeba, Tu am sivrceSi ar iarsebebs zemoT

aRniSnuli faqtorebi.23 kulturuli faqtorebi

mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen ekonomikur ganvi-

Tarebaze, Tumca ekonomikuri ganviTarebis zrdis

tempebze aseve didi gavlenas axdens sazogadoeb-

is ekonomikur da politikur institutebs Soris

gansxvavebulobac, risi naTeli magaliTic aris

CrdiloeT da samxreT korea, maTi ekonomikuri gan-

viTarebis masStabebs Soris arsebuli sxvadasx-

vaoba, am ori qveynis saerTo kulturuli erTobis

miuxedavad.24 maSasadame, amis axsna SeuZlebelia

mxolod ekonomikuri institutebisa da saxelmwi-

fo politikas Soris arsebuli sxvadasxvaobiT. im

qveynebSi, sadac daculia kerZo sakuTrebis ufle-

ba, ar izRudeba saxelmwifo regulirebis masSta-

bebi, ar tardeba gonivruli da pasuxismgeblobis

mqone finansuri politika, ar arsebobs vaWrobis

Tavisufleba, saeWvoa miRweul iqnas ekonomikuri

184

zrda. ama Tu im qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis

gasaRebi mdgomareobs ara mosaxleobis kultu-

rul tradiciebSi, aramed ekonomikur Tavisufle-

baSi. kultura SesaZloa axdens garkveul zegav-

lenas ekonomikur situaciebze, magram umTavresi

faqtori, romelic ganapirobebs qveynebs Soris

arsebul ekonomikuri maCveneblebis gansxvavebu-

lobas, aris is TamaSis wesebi, rac gansazRvravs

adamianebs Soris erTmaneTze, da maTsa da bune-

briv resursebs Soris urTierTqmedebas.25

miuxedavad zemoT motanili sakamaod safuZv-

liani mtkicebulebisa imis Taobaze, rom ekono-

mikis ganviTarebis procesSi kultura ar Ta-

maSobs gadamwyvet rols, albaT SeuZlebeli

iqneboda misi am formiT upirobod miReba, radgan

didi xnidanaa cnobili, rom sxvadasxva qveynebis

da xalxis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneSi gan-

sxvaveba aixsneba ara mxolod ekonomikur-poli-

tikuri faqtorebiT, Tundac es iyos ,,warmoebis

faqtorebi”, aramed didwilad swored kulturuli

faqtorebiTac. magaliTad, zemoT naxseneb mecni-

er-ekonomistebs l. zingales. p. sapienzas da l.

guizos SemoaqvT ,,samoqalaqo kapitalis” cneba,

rac warmoadgens moqalaqeobriobis maCvenebels

da amave dros ,,socialuri kapitalis” koncefci-

is erT-erT variants, romlis arsic mdgomareobs

sazogado keTildReobis miRwevisaTvis sakuTari

resursebis uSurvelad gaRebaSi. ,,socialuri kap-

italis” meore formas ,,moqalaqeobriobasTan” er-

Tad warmoadgens iseTi kulturuli faqtori, ro-

goricaa ,,ndoba”, romelic ,,moqalaqeobriobasTan”

erTad udides gavlenas axdens sazogadoebis

ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, rasac mowmobs Sem-

degi statistikuri monacemebic: magaliTad, af-

rikis qveynebSi (mcireodenis gamoklebiT) ndobis

185

xarisxi rom iyos iseTive maRali, rogoricaa Sve-

deTSi, maSin zogierTi SefasebiT mSp-is moculoba

Sav kontinentze iqneboda 546%-iT, xolo ruseTsa

da meqsikaSi 60%-iT ufro meti vidre axla.26 ra-

sakvirvelia, am ricxvebis absolutur WeSmarite-

bad miReba ar SeiZleba, Tumca maTi xelaRebiT

ugulebelyofac SeuZlebelia.

iseTi cnobili amerikeli ekonomisti, rogori-

caa prof. jefri saqsi, romelic zogadad skepti-

kurad aris ganwyobili ekonomikaSi kulturuli

faqtorebis mimarT, mainc saWirod miiCnevs aRi-

aros am ukanasknelis gavlena ekonomikur urTi-

erTobebsa da Sedegebze.27 misi azriT, ,,maSinac ki,

roca xelisufleba seriozulad cdilobs qvey-

nis modernizebas, ganviTarebis dabrkolebad Sesa-

Zlebelia iqces kulturuli garemo. ase magali-

Tad, kulturul an religiur normebs SeuZliaT

xeli SeuSalon qalebs sakuTari rolis TamaSSi

am procesSi, ris Sedegadac mosaxleobis naxe-

vari moklebuli iqneba ekonomikur da politikur

uflebebs...”. 28

kulturul planSi qveynebi rasakvirvelia gan-

sxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan, rac imas niSnavs, rom

sxvadasxvagvar kulturul normebs ZaluZT didi

an mcire xarisxiT xeli Seuwyon ama Tu im in-

stitucionaluri garemos aRqmas. ekonomikuri

TvalsazrisiT kultura aris adamianTa qcevebis

TviTregulirebis instrumenti, e.i. mas SeuZlia

Seamciros an gazardos xarjebi gansazRvruli

TamaSis wesebis uzrunvelyofaze. Tuki qcevis

wesebi, romlebic xels uwyobs ekonomikuri keTil-

dReobis zrdas, konkretuli kulturuli sivrcis

farglebSi aRiqmeba aralegitimurad, meTvalyure-

obis mZlavri sistemis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,

isini ubralod arc ki iqneba daculi. xarjebi

186

amgvar meTvalyuraobaze SesaZloa iyos imdenad

didi, rom mocemuli socialuri mowyobis mxardaW-

era aRmoCndes SeuZlebeli29 da piriqiT, kultu-

ruli legitimaciis pirobebSi izrdeba kulturis

elementebis zemoqmedeba adamianTa qcevebze, rom-

lebic xarjebis minimizaciis dros pozitiur gav-

lenas axdenen ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.

rogorc zemoT iqna aRniSnuli, qveynebi mosax-

leobis ufro maRali kulturuli doniT flo-

ben gacilebiT ufro ganviTarebul ekonomikas.

msgavs SemTxvevaSi, rogorc wesi moiazreba ama Tu

im eris sulieri da inteleqtualuri potenciali.

magram, CvenTvis aseve mniSvnelovania kulturis

rogorc mosaxleobis sayofacxovrebo da qce-

viTi kulturisa da aseve, sazogadoebrivi mora-

lis mdgomareoba, im pirobebSi rodesac kultu-

ra gavlenas axdens ekonomikuri urTierTobebisa

da ekonomikis ganviTarebis doneze zneobrivi da

civilizaciis xelSemwyobi orientirebis SeTava-

zebiT mTeli sazogadoebisaTvis.30

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa da

sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi ukanaskneli aT-

wleulis ganmavlobaSi momxdarma kardinalur-

ma cvlilebebma ekonomikur da kulturul kav-

SirurTierTobebs SesZina globaluri xasiaTi. am

ormxriv urTierTobebSi ganuzomlad gaizarda

kulturuli kapitalis, rogorc adamianur qmede-

baTa ganmsazRvreli faqtoris roli ekonomika-

Si. kulturuli kapitali, warmomdgari adamianis

sulieri simdidris saxiT sabaziso faseulobebis,

normebis, principebis, inteleqtualur, moralur-

zneobriv da socialur maxasaiaTeblebis for-

maSi, realizirdeba sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi,

romelic amave sazogadoebisaTvis iZleva damate-

biT socialur-ekonomikur sargebels. Tanamed-

187

rove ekonomikur mecnierebaSi aRiarebulia, rom

kulturuli kapitali warmoadgens damoukidebel

ekonomikur kategorias, romelic uzrunvelyofs

ekonomikur zrdas da ra drosac igi zemoqmedebs

ekonomikuri kapitalis sxva saxeobebze.31

kulturuli kapitalis rolis Sesafaseblad

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofaSi gamoi-

yeneba ori ZiriTadi kategoria – Canacvlebis

(substitution category) kategoria da mdgradi ganvi-

Tarebis (sustainable development category) kategoria.

ekonomikuri kapitalis zogierTi saxeoba, ro-

gorc ekonomikuri zrdis faqtorebi, SesaZlebe-

lia Canacvlebul iqnas kapitalis sxva saxeobe-

biT. kerZod, rogorc vxedavT Cvens Tvalwin xdeba

imgvari procesi, roca kulturuli kapitali Tan-

daTanobiT anacvlebs sawarmoo da fizikur kapi-

tals ekonomikuri zrdis SesaZleblobis uzrun-

velyofaSi da mniSvnelovania is, rom es tendencia

kidev ufro Zlierdeba. amave dros unda aRiniSnos

isic rom kulturuli resursebis mimarT agde-

buli damokidebuleba iwvevs ekonomikuri zrdis

tempebis Senelebas. kulturuli kapitalis buneba

Tavisi arsiT warmoadgens imgvar fenomens, rom

misi degradaciis procesi xdeba Seuqcevadi da

amcirebs Semdgomi ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sesa-

Zleblobebs, maSin roca kulturuli kapitalis

SenarCuneba-dacva uzrunvelyofs ekonomikur zr-

das.32

kulturis cnebis qveS igulisxmeba ZiriTadad

saerTo faseulobaTa sistema, romelic gansaz-

Rvravs adamianTa qcevis formebs mocemul sa-

zogadoebaSi. industriamdel sazogadoebaSi mas

ayalibebs religia da igi xasaiTdeba neli cvli-

lebebiT. magram, industrializaciisa da moderni-

zaciis Tanamdevi procesebis kvaldakval, rogorc

188

wesi faseulobaTa es sistema xdeba ufro saero,

racionaluri da gaxsnili cvlilebebisaTvis.33

aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom kulturuli,

iseve rogorc religiuri faqtori ar aris er-

TaderTi faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs ekono-

mikur qcevebs da ar gaaCnia eqskluziuri gavlena

calkeuli qveynisa Tu romelime regionis ekono-

mikur maCveneblebze.34 miuxedavad amisa kultura

TamaSobs mniSvnelovan rols ekonomikur maCven-

eblebze, imdenad ramdenadac mas SeuZlia gavlenis

moxdena xalxTa qcevebze danazogebTan, aRzr-

dasTan, Sromis eTikasTan da a.S. mimarTebaSi.

rogorc zogadad kulturas, ise konkretulad

kulturis TiToeul formas gaaCnia Tavisi, saku-

Tari unikaluri pozitiuri da negatiuri kompo-

nentebi, magram pozitiur komponentebs avtomatu-

rad ar ZaluZT ukeTesi ekonomikuri maCveneblebis

Seqmna sxva iseTi aucilebeli pirobebis gareSe,

rogorebicaa: ekonomikuri politika, efeqturi in-

stituciebi, xelsayreli msoflio ekonomikuri

mdgomareobebi, politikuri stabiluroba da a.S.

sxva sityvebiT mxolod xelsayrel ekonomikur da

politikur garemoSi xdeba kultura ekonomikuri

zrdis xelSemwyobi. swored amiT SeiZleba aixs-

nas CineTis, konfucianelobis samSoblos saocari

ekonomikuri miRwevebi ekonomikuri reformebis

gasuli ori dekadis ganmavlobaSi.35

ekonomikasa da kulturas Soris arsebuli ur-

TierTqmedeba iZleva qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomi-

kuri gardaqmnebis xasiaTsa da socialur-kultu-

rul meqanizmebs (e.i. adaminTa cxovelmoqmedebisa

da qcevebis faseulobiT-normatiul regulaciebs)

Soris kavSiris gamorkvevis SesaZleblobas. sa-

zogadoebaSi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba

da sxva cvlilebebi gulisxmobs adamianebis mier

189

axali codnis, ideebis, normebis, faseulobebis, qce-

vis nimuSebisa da modelebis SeTvisebas. msgavsi

procesi Zalzed mniSvnelovania adamianTa qceveb-

isa da saqmianobis socialur-kulturuli regu-

lirebis meqanizmebis aqtivizaciis dros, romelic

iZleva progresuli gamocdilebisa, da informaci-

is gadacemisa da gavrcelebis SesaZleblobebs.

amgvari regulireba amartivebs da aCqarebs axal

faseulobaTa da normaTa SeTvisebas, rac Tavis

mxriv uzrunvelyofs maT komfortul arsebobas

dinamiurad cvalebad ekonomiur pirobebSi.36

Tanamedrove postindustriul sazogadoebaSi

kultura xdeba ekonomikuri progresis erT-erTi

strategiuli faqtorTagani. kulturis rolisa

da mniSvnelobis zrda sazogadoebaSi asaxvas pou-

lobs misi ganviTarebis ekonomikur maCvenebleb-

Sic – mTeli ekonomikuri struqturis absolutur

da SefardebiT parametrebSi.37

dRes ukve yvelasaTvis cxadia, rom ekonomikis

mdgradi ganviTarebisaTvis saWiroa ara mxolod

mecniereba, teqnologiebi, aramed WeSmariti kul-

turis arsebobac. aqedan warmodgeba ekonomikisa

da kulturis daaxloebis mwvave aucileblo-

ba. ekonomika uzrunvelyofs sayofacxovrebo

pirobebs. adamiani misgan iRebs simdidresa da

keTildReobas. kultura ki garkveulwilad ani-

Webs adamianis cxovrebas azrs da gansazRvravs

mis miznebs.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebasa da

sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi ukanaskneli aT-

wleulis ganmavlobaSi momxdarma kardinalurma

cvlilebebma ekonomikur da kulturul kavSirur-

TierTobebs SesZina globaluri xasaiaTi.

dRes ekonomikasa da kulturas Soris arsebul

urTierTdamokidebulebas axasiaTebs gardatexis

190

momenti. maTi daaxloeba imyofeba sawyis stadiaze,

Tumca am warmatebaze bevrad aris damokidebuli

kacobriobis gadarCena. ekonomika unda iyos ara-

mxolod efeqtiani, aramed ekologiuri da humanu-

ric. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adamiani da buneba

ganwirulia degradaciisaTvis, rRvevisaTvis da

daRupvisaTvis.38

ekonomikisa da kulturis kavSirurTierTobani

azrs iZens modernizaciis konteqstSi. kulturul

faseulobaTa mimarT mcire erTguleba, gulgrili

damokidebuleba irgvlivmyofTa, bunebis mimarT,

cvlilebis mimarT gaxsnilobis ararseboba se-

riozul bariers qmnis modernizaciis gzaze.39

amitom, socialuri sabazro ekonomikisaTvis au-

cilebelia gansazRvruli kulturuli bazisi,40

sadac kultura ganixileba rogorc realurobis

axsna-ganmartebisa da Sefasebis sistema.41

ekonomikuri warmateba aris xangrZlivi gan-

viTarebis procesis Sedegi, romelic ekonomikur

da kulturul sivrceTa integraciiT miiRweva.

kultura mniSvnelovan zemoqmedebas axdens ekono-

mikis ganviTarebaze. am procesSi mxedvelobaSi mi-

iReba kulturuli faqtorebisa da kulturuli

cvlilebebis problema, romelTa gaTvaliswinebac

xels uwyobs msoflioSi ekonomikuri ganviTare-

bis procesebis arsebiT daCqarebas.

literatura:

1. Зкономическая культура как фактор развития зкономики. http://www.iteconomic.com/economicheskaya-kultura-kak-faktor-razvitiya-ekonomiki.aspx.

2. Надель С. Социальные факторы зкономического роста//Мировая зкономика и международные отношения.2005 №5.С26

3. Blaung M. Great Economists before Keynes. Wheatsheaf

191

Publications, Guildford, Surrey, 1986 4. Маркс К., Знгельс Ф.,М., СоЧ. Т. 37., С.3945. Каган, М.С., Философия культуры. СПБ., 1996., С.3196. Max Weber, Die Protestantische Ethik und Der Geist Des

Kapitalismus, München, 20047. Bloch F., Rao V., Terror as a bargaining instrument: a

case study of dowry violence in rural Indie//American Economic Review.2002.#92 (4). P.1029-1043

8. Firth.R., The study of primitive economics//Economi-ca.1927. #21. P.312-335

9. Anderson G. Mr., Smith and the Preachers: The Econom-ics of Religion in the Wealth of Nations//Journal of Ploitolical Economy. 1988.#5 P. 1066-1088

10. Lazear E., Culture and Language//Journal of Political Economy.1999.#107 (6). P.95-126

11. Левкин Н.В., Зкономика и Общегуманитарные Ценности (Концепция купьтуры в зкономической науке)// Проблемы современной зкономики, №1 (17). С.З http://www.m-economy.ru/art.php3.?artid=21376

12. Michael Schonhuth, Das Kulturglossar (Eine Vademe-cum durch den Kulturdschungel für Interkulturalisten)., http://www.kulturglossar.de/html/w-begriffe.html

13. Edward C. Banfield (with Laura Fasano), The Moral Ba-sis of a Backward Society Glencoe, IL: The Free Press, 1958

14. Robert D. Putman with Robert Leonardi and Raffalella Y. Nanetti., Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Mod-ern Italy., 1993, Princetion, Nev Jersey

15. David S. Landes. The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor. 1998, New York

16. citirebulia: Harrison L. The Central Liberal Truth. N.Y.; Oxford University Press, 2006. P. 128

17. http://ideas.repec.org/p/ces/ceswps/_1492.html18. Культура и зкономика, www. humanities.edu.ru/db/

msg/80190

192

19. СФЕРА КУЛЬТУРЫ И ЗКОНОМИКА., artpragmatica.ru/projects/?uid=2287

20. Ивлиев: Влияние культуры на зкономику беспорно., www.er-oren.ru/index.php?...

21. ix. wyaro 1

22. Culture and Economic Development: Cultural Concerns., P.3130.,sais jhu.edu/faculty/fukuyama/articles/isb505010.pdf

23. www.inliberty.ru/library/study/322.24. Jim Granato, Ronald Inglehart, David Leblang, The Ef-

fect of Cultural Values on Economic Development: Theory, Hy-potheses, and Some Empirical Tests. P.608., www.uh.edu/.../The EffectOfCultural ValuesOn Economic Development.pdf

25. Концепция ,,культура имеет значение”: содержание, основы, вопросы,www.inliberty.ru./library/study/322

26. Гражданские ценности. Можно ли измерить влияние культуры на зкономическое развитие.www.forbes.ru/.../47475-grazhdanskie-tsennosti

27. Nathan Glazer, David Landes, Seymour Martin Lipset, Orlando Patterson, Michael Porter, Jeffrey Sachs, and Richard Shweder., Culture Matters: how values shape human progress., New York,2000.P.37

28. Jeffrey D.Sachs., The End of Poverty: Economic Possi-bilities for Our Time. New York, 2005. P.218

29. ix. წyaro 2530. Зкономика и общественая среда: Взаимосвязь и

взаимовлияние., www.imepi-eurasia.ru/baner/bogomolov.doc31. Cooke and Schwartz, 2007; Mameцкая, 2009; Bucci,

Segre, 200932. David Throsby, Economics and Culture, Cambridge Uni-

veersity Press, 2001 P.6333. ix. wyaro 24

34. Alvin Y. So and Stephen W.K. Chiu: East Asia and the World Economy, Sage Publications, 1995, P.8

35. Jiang Shixue, CULTURAL FACTORS AND ECONOM-IC PERFORMANCE IN EAST ASIA AND LATIN AMFRICA.,

193

P.31., orpheus. ucsd.edu/las/studies/pdfs/jiang.pdf36. Взаимодеиствие зкономикии культуры – Социология.,

socio.rin.ru/cgi-bin/article.pl?id=88937. www.nasledie.ru/politvne/18_31/article.php?...38. В.В. Миронов., Философия: учебник для ВУЗов.,

Взаимосвязь культуры и экономики., society.polbu.ru/mi-ronov.../ch126_i.html

39. Встреча культуры и экономики., expert.ru./expert/.../vstrecha_kultury_i_ekonomiki/

40. Die soziale Marktwirtschaft als Leitbild für Entwicklung-sländer?, www.hss.de.../Die_soziale_Marktwirtschaft_als_Leit-bild_01.pdf

41. Wimmer, A.: Kultur: Zur Reformulierung eines sozialan-thropologischen Grundbegriffs, in: KÖlner Zeitschrift für Sozi-ologie und Sozialpsychologie H.3,S.413, KÖln, 1996

194

nawili II. biznesis eTika

195

Tavi 1. ra aris biznesis eTika?

$1.1. biznesis eTika da misi mniS-vneloba

vidre uSualod SevexebodeT biznesis eTikas

da mis mniSvnelobas, marTebuli iqneba Tu or saw-

yis kiTxvas vupasuxebT:

1. ra aris eTika ?

2. ra aris biznesi ?

eTika (berZ. ethike<ēthos-zne) filosofiuri mec-

nierebaa zneobis, moralis Sesaxeb. igi exeba mor-

alisa da gonis gamoyenebas konkretuli wesebisa

da principebis garkvevisaTvis, romlebic gansaz-

Rvraven “sworis” da “arasworis” sakiTxebs neb-

ismier mocemul situaciaSi. eTika ganuyofelia

yoveldRiuri yofisagan rogorc calkeuli ada-

mianis cxovrebaSi, ise korporaciul samyaroSi.

cdilobs ra sworis arasworisagan garCevas, eTika

ayalibebs sasurvel damokidebulebas sazogadoe-

briv garemoebaTa gansazRvrul situaciaSi, iTval-

iswinebs moralur kodeqsebs, normebs, rwmenebsa da

praqtikas.

biznesi (ingl. business – saqme, saqmianoba) ga-

nixileba rogorc ekonomikuri saqmianoba da

ukavSirdeba saqonlis / momsaxurebis uwyvet da

regularul warmoeba – ganawilebas. Tanamedrove

gagebiT biznesi aRniSnavs warmoebisa da vaWrobis

erTian kompleqss kerZo seqtorSi da gulisxmobs

mogebis miRebas da Semdgom samewarmeo saqmianobas.

biznesSi warmodgenili subieqtebi _ sawarmo, kom-

pania Tu firma warmoadgens organizacias, romel-

ic myisierad reagirebs bazris moTxovnebze, ori-

entirebulia momxmareblebze, swavlobs ra maT

196

molodinebs survilebTan da fasebTan mimarTeba-

Si, da romlis saqmianobac determinirebulia so-

cialuri pasuxismgeblobis niSniT.

ramodenime aTeuli wlis win, biznesis mzardi

sazogadoebrivi gavlenis Sedegad aSS-Si rogorc

diskretuli sagani aRmocenda biznesis eTika. bi-

znesis eTika exeba moraluri principebis Seswav-

las, rac iZleva adamianebsa da garemoze bizne-

sorganizaciebis saqmianobis xarisxisa da efeqtis

Sefasebis SesaZleblobas.

biznesis, anu korporaciuli eTika aris gamoy-

enebiTi eTikis forma, romelic ikvlevs eTikur

principebsa da problemebs aRmocenebulT bi-

znesis garemoSi. es Aaris moraluri samarTlis

specialuri sfero, koncentrirebuli moraluri

standartebis gamoyenebaze biznesinstituciebis

irgvliv. biznesis eTika exeba biznesis warmarT-

vis yvela aspeqts da relevanturia calkeul

pirebTan, organizaciebTan Tu mTel sazogadoe-

basTan mimarTebaSi. biznesis eTika aris swavleba

biznessituaciebis, biznessaqmianobebisa da biznes-

gadawyvetilebebis Sesaxeb, sadac sworis da aras-

wori sakiTxebi ganixileba,1 anu is fokusirdeba

msgavsi moraluri standartebis identificirebaze,

Tu rogor gamoiyeneba isini moqmedebebSi rogorc

biznesinstituciebis SigniT, ise sxva Sesabamis

organizaciebTan mimarTebaSi. aqve SevniSnavT, rom

“sworis” da “arasworis” cnebebSi igulisxmeba

moralurad swori da moralurad araswori, gan-

sxvavebiT magaliTad, komerciulad, strategiulad

an finansurad sworis an arasworisagan.

biznesis eTikis mier sworis da arasworis gan-

sazRvris TvalsazrisiT, bunebrivad Cndeba kiTxva

samarTalTan dakavSirebiT, radgan es ukanaskneli

xom aseve exeba sworis da arasworis sakiTxTa

197

garkvevas. diax, namdvilad arsebobs mniSvnelovani

damTxveva eTikasa da samarTals Soris. sinamd-

vileSi, samarTali arsebiTad warmoadgens eTikis

institucionalizacias anu kodifikacias konk-

retul socialur normebSi, regulaciebsa da

proskrifciebSi. miuxedavad amisa, isini mainc ar

arian ekvivalenturi, magram eTika da samarTali

savsebiT SesaZlebelia gaazrebul iqnas rogorc

ori urTierTgadamkveTi dargi. kanonma SeiZleba

isaubros qcevis misaRebi standartebis gansaz-

Rvrebaze, Tumca bevri moralurad sakamaTo sak-

iTxi biznesSi, rig SemTxvevaSi aSkarad ver pou-

lobs asaxvas samarTalSi. magaliTad, mravali

sawarmos mier sakuTari produqciis cxovelebze

gamocda. analogiuri msjeloba SeiZleba sakiTx-

ebze, romlebic ganekuTvnebian samarTlis sferos,

magram ar ukavSirdebian eTikas. magaliTad, kanon-

iT daregulirebuli satransporto mimosvlis

wesebi. garkveuli azriT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom bi-

znesis eTika iwyeba iq, sadac mTavrdeba kanoni.

meti sicxadisaTvis, _ biznesis eTikas upiratesad

exeba is sakiTxebi romlebic ar ganekuTvnebian

samarTlis sferos, an sadac ar arsebobs gansaz-

Rvruli konsensusi Tu ra aris “swori” da ra

– “araswori”. swored am mizeziT xSirad ismis _

biznesis eTika biznesis ruxi sferoa, an rogorc

mis Sesaxeb amerikelma mecnierebma Camoayalibes:

‘faseulobebi imyofebian konfliqtSi’2. rogorc

gamocdileba aCvenebs, swored biznesis eTikis am

rux sferoSi, anu iq sadac faseulobaTa konfliq-

tia, xdeba problemaTa gadawyvetis mcdeloba, rac

mianiSnebs maszed, rom jer kidev mravali sakamaTo

da gaurkveveli sakiTxi rCeba Riad da bundovnad.

swored amitom da amgvar situaciebSi biznesis

eTikas eniWeba gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba zneo-

198

brivad dasabuTebuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis

TvalsazrisiT, vinaidan sazogadoebam kargad uwyis

msoflioSi cnobili biznesskandalebis Sesaxeb,

roca korporaciebi arRvevdnen sazogadoebaSi say-

ovelTaod miRebul qcevis wesebsa Tu standartebs.

kerZod, kompaniebi manipulirebdnen finansebiT,

raTa eCvenaT ukeTesi balansi vidre sinamdvileSi

gaaCndaT. adgili hqonda toqsikuri narCenebis mdi-

nareebSi Cadinebis, biznessaqmianobis gasaumjobese-

blad moqrTamvis, bavSvTa Sromis faqtebs. xSiri

iyo diskriminaciuli praqtikis SemTxvevebic, rac

xels uSlida garkveuli jgufebis wevrTa dasaqme-

basa da Semdgom dawinaurebas.3 maSin rodesac sa-

warmoebi moqmedeben araeTikurad, farTo sazoga-

doebisaTvis maTi saqmianoba xdeba moralurad

miuRebeli amgvar mizezTa gamo ukanasknel xans

dasavleTSi biznesis eTikam SeiZina gansakuTrebu-

li aqtualoba da is Zalzed cnobili biznesTema

gaxda, romlis irgvliv debatebi atarebs sistemur

xasiaTs da amave dros iwvevs sazogadoebis did

interess. media mudmivad fokusirebs korporaci-

ul darRvevebsa da araeTikur qcevebze. Sedegad

ki, Tavad firmebi sul ufro aRiareben eTikis, an

ukidures SemTxvevaSi eTikis ganxilvis faqtors

biznesis warmatebaSi.

yovelive zemoT Tqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT Segvi-

Zlia movaxdinoT ZiriTad mizezTa CamonaTvali, Tu

ratom aris biznesis eTika mniSvnelovani: dRes bi-

znesis Zalaufleba da gavlena sazogadoebaze gac-

ilebiT didia, vidre odesme yofila. movlenebi* cx-

*igulisxmeba globaluri transnacionaluri korpora-

ciebis sazogadoebaze, erovnul ekonomikebsa da garemoze

uxeSi Carevisa da mzardi gavlenis gamo bolo aTwleulis

masobrivi gamosvlebi sietlis, stokholmis, genuis, londonis,

niu orkisa da msoflios sxva didi qalaqebis quCebSi.

199

adyofs, rom sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis

SeSfoTeba ukavSirdeba swored amgvar procesebs.

biznesis eTika gvexmareba gavigoT Tu ratom xde-

ba es, rogori SeiZleba iyos misiT gamowveuli

Sedegebi, da rogor SegviZlia ganvixiloT msgavsi

situaciebi.

1. biznesis kanonsawinaaRmdego moqmedebebs

gaaCniaT potenciali, raTa uzarmazari ziani miay-

enon calkeul pirovnebebs, sazogadoebriv jgufeb-

sa da garemos. gvexmareba ra gavigoT gacilebiT

meti amgvar kanonsawinaaRmdego saqmianobis mize-

zebsa da Sedegebze, biznesis eTika eZiebs adamianis

mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis SesaZleblobebs.

2. biznesisadmi wayenebuli moTxovna iyos

eTikuri sakuTar aqcionerebTan, xdeba sul ufro

kompleqsuri da moTxovnadi. biznesis eTika gvTa-

vazobs am problemebis naTlad Sefasebisa da

gagebis saSualebebs, raTa firmebma SeZlon efeq-

turad daakmayofilon es eTikuri molodinebi.

3. dasavleTis qveynebSi biznesmenebi iReben

oficialur ganaTlebas biznesis eTikaSi an ga-

dian profesiul momzadebas (treiningebs). bizne-

sis eTikas SeuZlia daxmareba menejerTaTvis Se-

sabamisi codnis da unar-Cvevebis aRWurviT, rac

maT im eTikuri problemebisa da dilemaTa iden-

tificirebis, diagnostirebis, analizisa da marTe-

buli gadawyvetilebebis SesaZleblobas miscemT,

romlebsac isini awydebian praqtikaSi.

4. biznesSi mudmivad aqvs adgili sxvadasxva

saxis darRvevas, sadac dasaqmebulTa TiTqmis nax-

evari rogorc wesi nebsiT Tu unieblieT yovel-

wliurad Cadis raime araeTikur an arakanonier

saqciels. biznesis eTika gvTavazobs SesaZle-

blobas davinaxoT am problemaTa mizezebi da gam-

ovnaxoT is gzebi, riTac menejerebisTvis SesaZle-

200

beli iqneba msgavsi problemebis gadawyveta.

5. biznesis eTika gvTavazobs im upirateso-

baTa da problemebis Sefasebas, romlebic sxva-

dasxvagvarad dakavSirebulia eTikis marTvasTan

organizaciebSi.

6. da bolos, biznesis eTika aris, gansakuTre-

bulad sintereso da miSvnelovani imdenad, ramde-

nadac is gvaZlevs im codnas, romelic gamodis bi-

znesis kvlevis tradiciuli CarCoebidan da exeba

sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxebs.

amgvarad, biznesis eTikas gaaCnia arsebiTi mniS-

vneloba nebismieri sawarmos grZelvadiani war-

matebuli funqcionirebisaTvis.

globalizaciis epoqaSi biznesis eTika mniS-

vnelovnad zemoqmedebs aqcionerebze, TanamSrom-

lebze, klientebze, mimwodeblebze, konkurentebze,

xelisuflebasa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebaze.

msgavs mocemulobaSi organizaciebs marTebT

yuradRebis gamaxvileba eTikur sakiTxebze, rom-

lebsac isini awydebian iseT funqcionalur sfer-

oebSi, rogorebicaa _ marketingi, finansebi, hu-

manuri resursebi, warmoeba, ICT da a.S.

literatura:

1. Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Business Ethics (A EURO-PEAN PERSPECTIVE), Oxford University Press, 2004, P.8

2. Treviňo, L. K. and Nelson, K. A., Managing Business Ethics: Straight Talk about How to do it Right, 2nd edn. New York, 1999, P. 4

3. Business Ethics – QFinance; www. qfinance. com/.../12/2/business-ethics.pdf

201

$1.2. bizneseTikis ganviTarebis etapebi

ramodenime aTeuli wlis win, biznesis mzardi

sazogadoebrivi gavlenis Sedegad aSS-Si rogorc

diskretuli sagani aRmocenda biznesis eTika1,

romelmac ganviTarebis ramodenime etapi ganvlo:

(1) 1960 wlamde; (2) 1960-1970 wlebi; (3) 1970-1980 wle-

bamde; (4) 1980-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari; (5)

1980-iani wlebis meore naxevari.

1. 1960 wlamde periodi xasiaTdeba rogorc

<<eTika biznesSi>>. am marTlacda xangrZlivi

da ganusazRvreli drois ganmavlobaSi aqtivo-

bis umTavres mxares Teologiuri da religiuri

sawyisebi warmoadgenda. kerZod, 1870-iani wlebidan

dawyebuli, papebis socialur enciklikebSi Cnde-

ba sakiTxebi samarTliani xelfasisa da kapital-

izmis moralis2 Sesaxeb. SemdgomSi es teqstebi

safuZvlad daedo kaTolikur socialur eTikas

romelic exeboda biznesurTierTobebSi zneobis

arsebobas iseT subfaqtorebTan mimarTebaSi, ro-

gorebic aris mSromelTa uflebebis uzrunvelyo-

fa dasaqmebis Rirseuli pirobebiTa da Rirseuli

anazRaurebiT; moraluri faseulobebi materi-

aluri faseulobebis sapirwoned; da mosaxleobis

Raribi fenis mdgomareobis gaumjobeseba. garda

amisa am periodSi zogierT kaTolikur kolejsa

da universitetSi ganviTarda socialuri eTikis

kursebi, xolo ukve 1950-ianebSi yvelaze popu-

larul teqstad mesneris <<socialuri eTika>>

iyo miCneuli, romelic inglisurenovan samyaroSi

germanulidan iTargmna3.

rac Seexeba protestantizms, aq yvelaze ufro

mniSvnelovan da gavlenian Sromad rainhold

nieburis wigni iTvleboda.4 misi kapitalizmis

202

kritika iyo gesliani da provokaciuli, ramac

Teologiis seminaribsa da skolebSi warmoSva

msgavsi xasiaTis kursebi.

sasuliero pirTa mxridan gaismoda qadagebani

biznesSi moralisa Tu eTikis Sesaxeb, iseve ro-

gorc cxovrebis yvela sxva sferoSi – mowodebebi

sicruis, TaRliTobis, qurdobis da a.S. winaaRmdeg.

drois erT-erTi mTavari moTxovna protestantu-

li Sromis eTikis mxardaWera da ganviTareba gax-

ldaT.

mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda mcire

warumatebeli mcdelobebi biznesSi eTikur qce-

vaTa kursebis Semotanisa. agreTve mcire iyo amg-

vari Tematikis wignic.

miuxedavad amisa, mniSvnelovani mTel am

aqtivobebSi mainc iyo is, rom es zustad SeiZleba

daxasiaTdes rogorc eTika biznesSi, Tumca es ara-

viTar SemTxvevaSi ar aRniSnavs axali gansxvave-

buli dargis formirebas. eTika iqna gamoyenebuli

biznesTan mimarTebaSi, iseve rogorc xelisufle-

basTan, politikasTan, ojaxTan da pirad cxovre-

basTan, sqesTan, profesiebTan da cxovrebis yvela

sxva aspeqtTan mimarTebaSi.

2. 1960-iani wlebi cnobilia sazogadoebriv

sakiTxTa wamoWriT biznesSi, kerZod – avtokratiis

winaaRmdeg warmoebuli amboxebebis, studenturi

mRelvarebisa da kontrkulturebis gamoCenis pe-

riodad, romelic nawilobriv vietnamis omis mZime

SedegebiT iyo Sepirobebuli. amerikis SeerTebu-

li Statebis axalgazrdobam iwyo mizezTa Zieba.

mZlavri antibiznesdamokidebuleba ganviTarda

mravali formiT, romelTa Soris aRsaniSnavia

Setevebi samxedro industriis Seqmnis mimarTule-

biT.

gasuli saukunis samociani wlebi aseve SeiZle-

203

ba danaxuli iqnes didi qalaqebis degradaciis,

Tanamedrove industriis ganviTarebis, ekolo-

giuri problemebis – maT Soris toqsikuri da

birTvuli narCenebis zrdiT garemos dabinZurebis

mxriv. es periodi aseve aRiniSneba konsumerizmis

warmoSobiT.

biznesis skolebma sxvadasxvagvarad upasux-

es amgvar gamowvevebs. maT Soris umTavresi da

umniSvnelovanesi sazogadoebrivi mimarTulebis

sakiTxTa win wamoweva gaxldaT. kerZod, menejmen-

tis mravalma profesorma sakuTari Sromebi miuZ-

Rvna korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis

sakiTxebs. swavlul mecnierTa Sromebi atarebda

ufro metad reaqtiul (rac garkveuli Tvalsaz-

risiT ama Tu im sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi epizodur

reagirebaSi vlindeboda), vidre sistemur xasiaTs.

aRniSnul teqstebSi Tavdapirvelad Warbobda me-

nejerTa Sexedulebebi, Tumca mogvianebiT persona-

lis, momxmarebelTa da farTo sazogadoebis per-

speqtiviTac aseve moxda yuradRebis gamaxvileba.

avtorTa kvlevebSi dominirebda samarTlianobis

da kanonierebis aspeqtebi eTikuri Teoriisadmi

sistemuri yuradRebis gareSe, maSinac ki, rodesac

isini msjelobisas xelmZRvanelobdnen moraluri

mosazrebebiT, imperativebiTa Tu eqshortaciebiT.

3. 1970-iani wlebSi aRmocenda bizneseTika, ro-

gorc axali interdisciplinaruli dargi. Te-

ologma da religiurma moazroovneebma safuZve-

li Cauyares biznesSi moralur diskusiebs, riTac

SesaZebeli gaxades eTikuri mimarTulebiT misi

Semdgomi ganviTareba. menejmentis profesorebma

ganagrZes wera da swavleba korporaciuli so-

cialuri pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb.6 maT maleve

SeuerTdnen filosofosebic, romlebmac katali-

zatoris roli iTamaSes eTikuri Teoriis Semo-

204

taniT mTel am diskusrSi, riTac filosofiuri

analizis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda biznesis

eTikis, rogorc sruliad axlo akademiuri dargis

struqturis formireba.

aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom yovelive amas

nawilobriv aseve Seuwyo xeli bio-medicinis

eTikis adreulma ganviTarebam. jon roulsis

<<samarTlianobis Teoriam>> legitimuri gaxa-

da filosofiuri sakiTxebis urTierTobis qona

ekonomikur problematikasTan dakavSirebiT. sax-

alxo reaqciebma Watergate-ze, DC-10 scandels-ze, meqr-Tameobis, e.w. <<Kickbacks>>-isa da sxva msgavs

negatiur movlenebTan mimarTebiT, studentebSi

biznesis eTikisadmi aRZra didi interesi, ramac

ganapiroba filosofiis departamentebze samec-

niero kvlevebis fokusireba bazris praqtikuli

sakiTxebis irgvliv.

biznesis eTikuri sakiTxebisadmi interesi 1970-

ian wlebSi kidev ufro mzardi gaxda da man stu-

dentebTan erTad moicva mosaxleobac, romelic

segmenturad qmnida saerTo interesTa jgufebs,

da romelTa moTxovnebSi dominanti biznesSi so-

cialuri moTxovnebi gaxldaT, miuxedavad imisa,

rom es moTxovnebi xSirad urTierTsawinaaRmdego

da araTavsebadi iyo. amgvarma yuradRebam da so-

cialurma dakveTam biznesisadmi, es ukanaskneli

gaxada metad orientirebuli saxalxo imijze. ami-

tom socialuri problematikis aqtivizaciam sa-

zogadoebaSi da maTi gadawyvetis gzebis Ziebam,

kompaniebSi gaaCina Sida restruqturizaciis saWi-

roeba am mimarTulebiT.

biznesis socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da

biznesSi moraluri sakiTxebis irgvliv gamar-

Tuli konferenciebis ricxvi mudmivad izrdebo-

da. gzadagza Cndeboda bizneseTikis sakiTxebis

205

garSemo koncentrirebuli kvleviTi centrebi.

ewyoboda interdisciplinaruli Sexvedrebi, sa-

dac monawileobas iRebdnen biznesis, Teologiis,

filosofiis profesorebi, saqmiani wreebisaTvis

sayuradRebo Seiqmna presis, televiziisa Tu masme-

diis sxva saSualebebiT gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi.

korporaciis moraluri statusi iyo erT-erTi

centraluri sakiTxi, romelic manamade biznes-

Si eTikisa da korporaciuli pasuxismgeblobis

Sesaxeb arsebul literaturaSi ar wamoWrila.

aRniSnuli Tematikis aqtualizaciam ganapiroba

biznesSi pasuxismgeblobis rolis zrda, misi ar-

sis garkveva da kvlevis Semdgomi ganviTareba.

dekadis dasasruls, biznesis eTikis mkvlevar-

Ta mxridan adgili hqonda am sferos sistemuri

midgomis ganviTarebas. swored rom sistemurma

midgomam gaxada SesaZlebeli msjeloba ara mx-

olod menejmentis, aramed personalis, aqcioner-

ebisa da firmis miRma myofi adamianebis Tvals-

azrisiTac, romelic moicavada korporaciuli da

samoqalaqo daumorCileblobis, muSakTa samsax-

urSi ayvanisa da maTi gaTavisuflebis, diskrimi-

naciisa da reversuli diskriminaciis da a.S. as-

peqtebs. jer kidev adreul 1930-ian wlebSi Berle da Means5 aRniSnavdnen korporaciis cvalebadi

bunebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnul movlenebTan pirdapir

kavSirSi myofma eTikurma, iseve rogorc sazoga-

doebrivi pasuxismgeblobis mkveTrma cvlilebebma

daaCqara amerikuli biznesisa da sazogadoebis

cvalebadi faseulobebis sistemuri Seswavlis

procesi. Tumca am epoqis yvela naSromSi naTlad

Cans biznesisa da filosofiis akademiur dargebs

Soris arsebuli Warbi bundovaneba aRniSnul

problemur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.

1970-iani wlebis miwuruls <<biznesis eTikis>>

206

sayovelTao gamomsaxvelobisaTvis dasavlur da

pirvel rigSi amerikis samecniero sivrceSi sak-

maod moculobiTi Sroma iqna gaweuli, ris Sem-

degac realurad aRar damdgara qilikis saWiroe-

ba <<biznesis eTikis>> oqsimoronad warmoCenis

Taobaze. miuxedavad amisa, mainc ar Sewyvetila

debatebi imis irgvliv, - iyo Tu ara <<biznesis

eTika>> namdvilad akademiuri dargi, Tu is mx-

olod epoqis moduri axireba gaxldaT.

4. 1980-iani wlebis pirveli naxevari warmoad-

gens sawyisi konsolidaciis periods. ukve 1985

wels biznesis eTika gaxda akademiuri, sauniver-

siteto dargi amerikis SerTebul StatebSi, miuxe-

davad imisa, rom misi definiciis procesi jer

kidev ar iyo dasrulebuli. rac biznesis eTikis

ganviTarebis arsebul viTarebas ganasxvavebs wina

periodebis mravali warumatebeli da izolire-

buli mcdelobebisagan momxdariyo dargis sru-

lyofili ganviTareba, gaxlavT is garemoeba, rom

biznesis eTikis ganviTareba am droisaTvis xasi-

aTdeba Tavad dargis institucionalizaciiT. Se-

muSavebuli iqna ra garkveuli saxis meqanizmebi,

partikularul mosazrebaTa safuZvelze sxva-

dasxva instuticiaTa sxvadasxvagvar jgufebs So-

ris biznesis eTikas, rogorc akademiuri sferos

mimarT gaCnda misi Semdgomi warmatebuli ganvi-

Tarebis organuli daintereseba. biznesis eTika

gaxda warmoudgenlad moduri da mas, rogorc say-

ovelTao gatacebis obieqts mWidrod daukavSirda

biznesi. mravalma kompaniam Tu firmam saqmianobis

avangardSi Caayena socialuri auditisa da so-

cialuri politikis aspeqtebi, romlebic moicavd-

nen eTikur sakiTxebs. amgvarad, am periodisaTvis

niSandoblivia is, rom biznesis eTika gaxda in-

stitucionalizebuli da es institucionaliza-

207

cia biurokratiis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT kv-

lavac gagrZeldeba axlo momavalSi.

dasrulda skepticizmis xana, rodesac eWvqveS

dgeboda biznesis eTikis sferosa Tu dargis ar-

sebobis sakiTxi. magram darCa kiTxvebi, romlebic

ukavSirdeba misi raobis, funqcionirebisa da moma-

vali ganviTarebisaTvis misive perspeqtivebisa da

saWiroebaTa problemur mxareebs.

5. 1985 weli es aris biznesis eTikis dargis

gansazRvris weli.

ra aris biznesis eTika rogorc dargi da ra

gansxvavebaa biznesSi eTikasa da biznmesis eTikas

Soris?

biznesis eTika aris dargi, romelic exeba rig

urTierTdakavSirebul sakiTxebs, da cdilobs maT

gamorkvevasa da ganxilvas erTiani struqturis

farglebSi, romelic Sevsebas iRebs ara kantia-

nuri, utilitarianuli Tu nebismieri eTikuri

Tu Teologiuri Teoriebidan, - aramed sakiTxTa

sistemuri urTierTdamokidebulebis gziT, rom-

lebic exeba sxvadasxva filosofiur, Teologiur,

Tu sxva mimarTulebis Tvalsazriss. am sferoSi

momuSave Teologebs SeiZleba ainteresebdeT mx-

olod religiuri eTikis biznesTan dakavSirebiT

gamoyenebiTi mxare, biznesis profesorebs SeiZle-

ba ainteresebdeT mxolod arsebulis ganviTare-

bis Tu axali mmarTvelobiTi Tu organizaciuli

struqturis SemuSavebis procesSi myofi garkveu-

li moraluri problemebis warmoqmnis Semcire-

bis albaTobisa da Tavidan acilebis mizniT, da

filosofosebs SeiZleba ainteresebdeT mxolod

eTikuri safuZvlebis Teoriul sakiTxebsa Tu

mniSvnelobaTa ganmartebis mxriv. bizneseTikis

dargi moicavs yvela am aspeqts da is erTnairad

wonvadia misTvis.

208

biznesis eTikis, rogorc mecnieruli kvle-

vis dargis mizans warmoadgens Teoriuli mxare,

Tumca mas aseve gaaCnia praqtikuli gamoyenebac.

mocemuli dargi ganisazRvreba eTikisa da bizne-

sis interaqciis safuZvelze. farTo perspeqtiv-

idan misi sagania zneobisa da uzneobis sakiTxTa

Seswavla-gamokvleva, iseve rogorc ekonomikur

sistemaTa SesaZlo gamarTleba.6 makro doneze

bizneseTika fokusirdeba erTi mxriv Tavisufal

mewarmeobaze dafuZnebuli ekonomikuri sistemis

da meore mxriv – misi SesaZlo alternativebisa

da modifikaciebis irgvliv. biznesis eTika aris

nacionaluri, internacionaluri anu global-

uri, rogorc Tavad biznesi, da ara TviTneburad

geografiuli sazRvrebiT SezRuduli. analizis,

da amasTan Tanamedroveobis udidesi yuradRebis

mqone meore dones warmoadgens biznesis Seswav-

la Tavisufali mewarmeobis sistemaSi, gamorCeu-

lad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi (da dasavleT

evropaSi). gamomdianre iqidan, rom korporaciebi

warmoadgenen am sistemis dominants, maTY mimarT

arsebobs gansakuTrebuli daintereseba. magram

profesiuli kavSirebi, mcire biznesi, konsumer-

izmi da biznespraqtikis didi mravalferovneba

sistemis farglebSi warmoadgenen moraluri kv-

levis Sesabamis obieqtebs. korporaciebsa da sa-

waroebSi arian individebi, romlebic maTSi deben

investiciebs, iRwvian maTi warmatebisaTvis da did

gavlenas axdenen maTze. individTa morali ekono-

mikur da biznes-interaqciebsa da transaqciebSi

ayalibebs kvlevis mesame dones, da romelic biz-

nesSi eTikis sakiTxebze momuSave adreul mecni-

er-mkvlevarTa Tu sasuliero pirTa yuradRebis

centrSi imyofeboda.

biznesis eTikis dargi moicavs samive dones am

209

doneTa urTierTkavSirebis saxiT, iseve rogorc

is SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes kvlevis diskre-

tul sferoebad. amgvarad, vsaubrobT ra biznesis

eTikis, rogorc dargis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom is diferencirdeba ori mimarTulebiT: I.

eTika biznesSi da II korporaciuli socialuri

pasuxismgebloba. miuxedavad imisa, rom biznesis

eTika TavisTavad moicavs orive am mimarTulebas

da Sesabamisad sagrZnob gavlenas axdens maT cv-

lilebebze. eTika biznesSi, rogorc dargis nawi-

li aRar aris ubralod moralizeba an ubralod

gamoyeneba saerTo moraluri principebisa qcevis

konkretul SemTxvevebSi. korporaciuli social-

ur pasuxismgebloba, rogorc bizneseTikis nawili

saWiroebs am pasuxismgeblobis sistemur dakavS-

irebas dargis sxva aspeqtebTan.

rogorc dargi, biznesis eTika ekonomistebisa-

gan da yvela maTgan, vinc ikvlevs biznessa da kor-

poraciebs sociologiuri, fsiqologiuri da sxva

socialur mecnierebaTa perspeqtividan, iTxovs

konkretul deskrifciul komponents; is saWi-

roebs biznesis profesorTa interesTa sferoSi

moqceul organizaciis Teoriis, menejmentisa da

biznesaqtivobaTa sakiTxebs; da is aseve iTxovs

moraluri normebisa da normatiul Teoriis sis-

temur ganviTarebasa da gamoyenebas uzrunvelyo-

fils filosofosebisa da Teologebis mier.

biznesis eTikis dargi rasakvirvelia uTuod

aris interdisciplinaruli, imitom, rom masSi Se-

mavali TiToeuli disciplinis monawileoba gar-

dauvali aucileblobiT aris determinirebuli

da amasTan, yoveli maTgani garkveuli xarisxiT

zemoqmedebs am saerTo kordinaciasa Tu kavSirze

da Tavadac ganicdis dinamiur cvlilebebs.

sazogadod arsebobs aqtivobaTa xuTi saxeoba,

210

romlebic dominireben biznesis eTikis dargSi.

pirveli da dominanti aqtivoba aris amor-

alurobis (amoralur SemTxvevaTa) gamovlena da

analizi. am procesis arss uwinaresad empiruli

da deskrifciuli amocana warmoadgens. mxolod

amis Semdeg Semodis analizSi normatiuli aqtivo-

ba. msgavsi SemTxvevebis arseboba mkvlevarTaTvis

mniSvnelovania amgvari problemebisadmi yuradRe-

bis mipyrobis TvalsazrisiT, radgan analogiuri

SemTxvevebis arsebobisas maT SesaZlebloba eZle-

vaT gamonaxon maTi gadawyvetis gzebi da awar-

moon msjelobebi alternatiuli struqturebis

Taobaze biznesis samyaroSi, romlebic perspeqti-

vaSi gamoricxaven msgavsi SemTxvevis gameorebas.

garkveuli xarisxiT, es aqtivoba moicavs eTikas

biznesSi, rac SesaZlo alternatiuli struqture-

bisa da korporaciuli da biznes-praqtikebsa Tu

struqturebis ZiebaSi gacilebiT mets niSnavs,

vidre ubralod individebis Sesaferi moqmedebe-

bi. filosofosebi, Teologebi da biznesis pro-

fesorebi yvela monawileobs aqtivobaTa amgvar

formaSi, maSinac ki, rodesac Zalzed xSirad Ti-

Toeul mxares erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli kv-

levis mimarTuleba da interesi gaaCnia.

mWidrod dakavSirebul aqtivobaTa meore tipi

mocavs biznespraqtikis empirul kvlevebs (swavle-

bas). es aqtivoba waroadgens bizneseTikis nawils,

maSinac ki roca is wminda deskrifciuli xasiaTi-

saa, imis daSvebiT, rom kvlevis orive sagani aris

moraluri an amoraluri aqtivoba Tu perspeq-

tiva, romlis mizani moraluri Tvalsazrisidan

gamomdinareobs. amgvarad, konkretuli Tematuri

kvlevisagan gansxvavebiT, samsaxurSi daniSvnisa

Tu samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis praqtikis kv-

leva (rogorc konkretuli Tematuri kvlevis sa-

211

pirispirod) SeiZleboda yofiliyo bizneseTikis

nawili, Tuki ganzraxva misi iqneboda diskrimi-

naciis faqtebis gansazRvra – dadgena, anu daedgi-

naT diskriminaciis SemTxvevebi, an ganeviTarebinaT

zogadad diskriminaciis warmatebiT dasrulebis

praqtika. amgvar swavlebaSi (kvlevaSi) integrire-

buli Tu misgan aRmocenebuli aqtivobebi xSirad

warmoadgens swored SemoTavazebul alternati-

ul praqtikebs.

aqtivobebis mesame tipi Sedgeba ZiriTad ter-

minTa dazustebisa da eTikur wanamZRvarTa aR-

moCenisagan biznesSi. magaliTad, is moicavs kerZo

sakuTrebis moralur Sefasebasa da misi moraluri

gamarTlebis formulirebis sakiTxebs; Semosaval-

gasavlis, buRaltruli angariSgebis procedure-

bis, zRvruli sargeblianobis gamoyenebis kalku-

laciis moraluri wanamZRvarebis analizss; da

aseve eqspluataciis mniSvnelobis, samarTliani

xelfasis, Tanasworuflebiani Sromis, reversuli

diskriminaciis, sakuTrebis da sxv. moralur Se-

fasebasa da analizs. Tavisi specializirebuli

xasiaTis gamo es analizi ganekuTvneba swored bi-

zneseTikis sferos da ar warmoadgens sayovelTao

eTikis nawils. analizis procesma da dasrule-

bulma Sedegma SeiZleba mianiSnos sayovelTao

eTikuri Teoriisa da konkurentuli praqtikis na-

klovanebaze. miuxedavad filosofiisa da ekono-

mikis profesorTa gansxvavebuli midgomebisa,

isini arian relevanturebi da ZaluZT urTierT-

gaZliereba.

analizi xSirad ukavSirdeba aqtivobaTa meoTxe

saxeobas, saxeldobr, wamoWril metaeTikur sak-

iTxebs da eTikuri Teoriis SesaZlo cvlilebebs.

magaliTad, korporaciis moraluri statusi aris

metaeTikuri sakiTxi da mis kiTxvebs pasuxi ar

212

gaecema sayovelTao eTikuri Teoriidan. Tu Seu-

Zlia koproracias iyos moralurad pasuxismge-

beli Tavis qmedebaze, mas moeTxoveba moraluri

pasuxismgeblobis konceptis analizi, romelic

tradiciulad ukve gaanalizebulia mxolod ada-

mianTan mimarTebaSi. menejmentis profesorebi da

organizaciuli sakiTxebis Teoretikosebi ukavS-

irdebian filosofosebsa da Teologebs am de-

batebSi.

aqtivobaTa mexuTe saxeoba moicavs imgvar

problemebs, romlebic exeba naklebad ganviTare-

buli qveynebis multinacionalur valdebuleba-

Ta sakiTxebs, romlebSic isini arseboben, da rac

saWiroebs magaliTad, mravali didi problemuri

sakiTxis daxarisxeba – dajgufebas, e.w. sifting-s em-piriuli da normatiuli miarTulebiT. ar aris

martivi pasuxi gaeces kiTxvebs, romelic gulisx-

mobs da moicavs kidev sxva mraval sakiTxs: -

internacionaluri struqturiT dawyebuli da

mdidar da Rarib qveynebs Soris damokidebulebis

sakiTxiT damTavrebuli.

zemoT aRniSnuli aqtivobebi aris erTmaneT-

Tan mWidrod dakavSirebuli da amave dros yve-

la es aqtivoba bizneseTikis, rogorc akademiuri

dargisaTvis warmoadgens centralurs. kvlevebi

am dargSi moicavs gansxvavebul Tvalsazrisidan

gamomdinare urTierTdakavSirebul aqtivobaTa

Tanamdev sxvadasxva aspeqts. miuxedavad imisa, Tu

biznesis, Teologiisa da filosofiis profesorebs

ama Tu im sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi maTi mecnieruli

midgoma rogori perspeqtividan ainteresebT, maT

Soris sruli kordinaciis pirobebSi progresis

miRweva da Sesabamisad dargis ganviTareba savs-

ebiT SesaZlebelia, rodesac problemaTa warmoCen-

iTa da poziciebis gacxadebiT calkeuli amocanis

213

specifikuri gadawyveta miRweuli iqneba konsesu-

sis gziT.

biznesis eTikis, rogorc dargis definicia gan-

sazRvravs sagnis adgils, rolsa da mniSvnelobas

mimdinare weriT Tu zepir samecniero polemika-

sa da diskusiaSi. miuxedavad dargis gansxvavebi-

sa, mas gaaCnia nawilobrivi, magram mniSvnelovani

Tanxvedra biznesSi eTikasTan da korporaciul

socialur pasuxismgeblobasTan. aseve, mas kavSiri

aqvs sayovelTao eTikasTan, gamoyenebiTi eTikis

sxva sferoebTan da biznesganaTlebis sxvadasxva

dargebTan.

biznesis eTikis, rogorc akademiuri dargi mow-

odebulia Secvalos arsebuli biznespraqtika, Tum-

ca SeuZlebelia misi Sefaseba biznesis samyaroSi

misive uSualo, mkveTri efeqtebiT. sicxade, prob-

lematikis warmoCena da alternatiuli midgome-

bis artikulacia biznespraqtikasTan mimarTebaSi

is saSualebebia, riTac SesaZlebelia moralis ga-

Zliereba, rac TavisTavad ukve faseulia, maSinac

ki, rodesac pirdapir da uSualod ar xdeba mor-

aluri aspeqtebis miReba da gaTaviseba biznesSi.

Tu vfiqrobT, rom biznesis eTikis, rogorc aka-

demiuri dargis ganviTareba bizness myisierad

gaxdis ufro zneobrivs albaT ararealisturi

iqneba. magram srulebiT ar aris ararealistu-

ri miviswrafodeT misi respeqtabelurobisaken,

firmis farglebSi eTikuri sakiTxebis wamoWris

gziT; aseve ar aris ararealisturi Tu davitovebT

imeds, rom droTaganmavlobaSi ufro da ufro

meti firma SeZlebs ganaviTaros eTikuri sak-

iTxebisa da maTi gadawyvetilebebis avtomaturi

ganxilvis praqtika. eTika bunebrivia ver SeZlebs

biznesis problemebis gadaWras, da ver Caanacv-

lebs menejments, buRaltrul angariSgebas da bi-

214

znesganaTlebis sxva dargebs. eTika win wamowevs

sxva dimensias, kerZod, grZelvadiani perspeqtiviT

nebismier qmedebaTa efeqtis samarTlianobis sak-

iTxs da exmareba biznsess gaxdes metad obieqturi,

ramac SesaZloa didwilad SeZlos arasasurveli

procesebis prevencia.

literatura:

1. v. xizaniSvili, bizneseTika da misi mniS-

vneloba, Jurn. ,,ekonomisti”, #5, 2012, gv. 73.

2. The Papal Encyclicals ed. Claudia Carlen, McGrath Pub-lishing Co., Vol. II, 1981, for the encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII. For a Summaru;Philip Hughes, The pope’s New Order, London: Burns, Oates & Washbourne Ltd. 1943

3. Iohannes Messner, Social Ethics, Translated from the German by J.J. Doherty, St. Louis: B. Herder, 1952.

4. Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society New York : C. Scribners, 1932

5. Adolf A. Berle, Gardiner C. Means, the Modern Corpo-ration and Private Property, New York: The Macmillan Co. 1933

6. Richard T. De George, The Status of Business Ethics: Past and Future., P. 496

215

Tavi 2. biznesis eTikis doneebi

bizneseTika samocdaaTiani wlebis Suadan iyo-

fa mikro, mezo da makro doneebad.1

mikro, individualur qmedebaTa anu individu-

aluri done socialur-ekonomikur konteqstiT

dakavSirebulia calkeuli ekonomikuri subieqteb-

is pirad faseulobebTan, SexedulebebTan da qce-

vebTan. 2

mezo, anu sawarmoo (korporaciuli) done ex-

eba firmebis, korporaciebis, sxvadasxva organiza-

ciebisa da maT msgavs instituciaTa wesrigisa da

qcevis moralur problemebs. 3

makro, anu sazogadoebrivi done, romlis kv-

levis sagania saxelmwifo, ekonomikuri sistema

(ekonomikuri CarCo-wesrigi), mTeli sazogadoeba

da a.S.4

$2.1. mikro done am doneze eTikuri moTxovnebi mimarTulia indi-

videbze, rogorc ekonomikuri aqtiorebis rolze,

maSasadame rogorc momxmareblebze, mewarmeebze,

menejerebze, daqiravebulebs, investorebze, birJis

maklerebs da aS. yvela im rolidan romelsac

TiToeuli adamiani ansaxierebs rogorc ,,ekonomi-

kuri aqtioris” rolebs, xdeba normatiuli gansjis

sagani. ra unda gaakeTos calkeulma ekonomikurma

aqtiorma? magaliTad, daqiravebulT moeTxovebaT

patiosneba samuSao saaTebisa da Sromis moralis

dros; myidvelebs – gadaxdis morali; gamyid-

216

velebs swori informaciis miwodeba produqciis

xarisxze; birJis maklerebs – uari Sida (savaWro)

garigebebze; bankis TanamSromlebs keTilsindis-

ieri rCevebi klienturisaTvis da a.S.

ganasxveveben ekonomikuri aqtiorebis sam did

jgufs: momxmareblebi, mewarmeebi da investorebi.

2.1.1. momxmareblis eTika

2.1.1.1. eTikuri moTxovnebi momxmarebelTa

mimarT

yvela adamiani, rogorc momxmarebeli iRebs

monawileobas ekonomikur sistemaSi, ris gamoc

<<momxmareblis eTika>> individualur-eTikuri

mimarTulebiT umniSvnelovanes rols ikavebs

bizneseTikaSi. adamianebs, rogorc momxmare-

blebs upirveles yovlisa moeTxovebaT sakuTari

moTxovnilebebis intensiuri asaxva da sakuTar

moxmarebaze pasuxismgeblobis aReba5.

pasuxismgebloba sakuTari Tavis mimarT niSnavs

mas, rom momxmarebeli Tavisi srulwlovanebiT

da TavisuflebiT ar isargeblebs borotad mis

winaSe arsebul mimzidveli da macduri saqonlis

samyaroSi, riTac Warbi aRmgznebi saSualebebis

(rogoric aris mag, yava, alkoholuri sasmeli, Tam-

baqo) moxmarebiT Tavidan airidebs TviTdaziane-

bas.

magram momxmarebels aseve didi pasuxismgeblo-

ba akisria gare samyarosTan mimarTebiT. radgan

saqonlis warmoeba, moxmareba da momsaxureba dRes

xSirad ukavSirdeba garemos dazianebas, TiToeuli

myidveli movalea aseve ifiqros sakuTari moxmare-

bis <<momavlisunarianobaze>>.6 Tu dRevandeli

moxmareba momaval Taobebs sicocxlis safuZ-

vlebis moSliT daemuqreba, maSin saWiroa saku-

Tari moTxovnilebebis dauyonebliv kidev erTxel

Sefaseba da moxmarebis uarzec yuradRebis mipy-

217

roba. dabolos, aseve ismeba kiTxva imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ramdenad aqvT momxmareblebs pasuxismgebloba

nayidi saqonlis sawarmoo pirobebis mimarT, Tu

isini sakuTari surviliT kvlavdakvlav dabali

fasis pirobebSi xels uwyoben arsebuli cudi

SromiTi pirobebisa da saarsebo minimumze dabali

saxelfaso ganakveTis SenarCunebas, rac mxolod

ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvis ar aris niSandobli-

vi. maSasadame, eTikas kvlav ainteresebs Tu Taname-

drove ekonomika Tavisi kompetenciis romel sfer-

odan ugulvebelyofs Semdeg sakiTxebs

• saqonlis namdvilobisa da vargisianobis

Sesaxeb;

• saWiroebaTa valentobisa da sakmarisi moc-

ulobis saqonliT uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb;

• humanuri SromiTi pirobebis Sesaxeb;

• samarTliani fasisa da xelfasis Sesaxeb;

Otto Group-is ganviTarebis mimarTuleba/tenden-

ciaTa kvlevebis e.w. trendStudiebis mixedviT7

ukanasknel wlebSi mudmivad izrdeba <<eTikuri

moxmareba>>. samomavlod arsebobs am tenden-

ciis kidev ufro gagrZelebis molodini. momav-

lis mkvlevarni ukve saubroben <<megatrendis>>

Sesaxeb. msoflio masStabiT izrdeba <<Lohas>>-is jgufi, romelic warmoadgens adamianTa gaer-

Tianebas da romlebic eswrafvian <<Lifestyle of Health and Sustainebility>>-s. sociologi paul rei da

fsiqologi ruTi andersoni masStaburi empiriu-

li kvlevis safuZvelze didad afaseben maT mier

<<cultural creatives>>-ad wodebuli jgufis sazoga-

doebriv asparezze gamoCenas, romelTa ricxovnoba

mxolod aSS-Si 50 milion kacs aRemateba. 8<<Lo-has arsebobs sicocxlis da momxmareblis faseu-

lobebze dafuZnebuli stiliT, romlsiTvisac fa-

sisa da xarisixis gverdiT aseve aris bazarze

218

orientirebuli axali dimensia: eTika>>9. – ase-

Tia maTive gansazRvreba. <<Lohas>> jgufis wevrTa

moxmarebis wesi efuZneba Segnebul da informire-

bul midgomas. erTjeradi gamoyenebis saqonlis

nacvlad, upiratesobas mravaljeradi, xangrZlivi

gamoyenebis saqonels aniWeben; amjobineben nak-

lebi, magram maRalxarisxovani, keTilsindisierad

nawarmoebi da bioproduqtebis SeZenas; maTi sur-

vilia cxovrebis sayovelTao <<Senelebisa>> da

moxmarebis wnexisagan Tavis daRweva. mwarmoebleb-

is sapirispirod rogorc mizani, wina planze dgas

piradi janmrTeloba da cxovrebis xarisixi, gare-

mos dacva, iseve rogorc keTilsindisiereba.

2.1.1.2 momxmarebelTa pasuxismgebelobis saz-

Rvrebi

neoklasikuri TvalsazrisiT Tu mivudgebiT

momxmarebeli es aris srulad informirebuli,

momxmareblis rolSi myofi subieqti, romel-

ic Tavisi avtonomiurad formirebuli prefen-

ciebiT xvdeba bazarze da Tavisive Tavisufali

moTxovniT marTavs da mimarTulebas aZlevs mi-

wodebas, da masve ekisreba erTaderTs gansakuTre-

buli pasuxismgebloba bazris Sedegebze. rogorc

amas metaforulad gamoTqvamda ludvig mises: mim-

wodeblebi usaTuod unda daemorCilon kapitnis

brZanebebs, da aq kapitani aris momxmarebeli.10

gamomdinare aqedan mimwodeblebi srulad SeiZle-

ba eqskulpirdnen Semdegi CvenebiT: Cven (mimwode-

blebi) momxmarebels vTavazobT mxolod mas, rac

mas Tavad surs. is rom momxmarebels SesaZloa

amgvari absolituri Zalaufleba mieweros da

ekonomikuri saqmianobis yvela SedegisaTvis daek-

isros pasuxismgebloba, - realobas moklebulia.

• momxmarebels gaaCnia didi informaciuli

deficiti. bevr saqonels ara mxolod inspeqciis

219

Tviseba aqvs, rac erTi SexedviTac sacnobia, aramed

aseve – gamocdilebis da ndobis Tvisebebic.11 es

niSnavs: moxmarebisas pirvelad vamCnevT produq-

tis sasurvel Tvisebebs (mag., kargi gemo vaSlis

SemTxvevaSi), Sesabamisad, momxmarebelma SeiZleba

ver miiRos utyuari cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, Seesa-

bameba Tu ara sinmadviles mwarmoeblis danapire-

bi. is mravalricxovani Stempi Tu beWedi, romelic

nawilobriv TiTqmis nebismier mrewvelobasa da

vaWrobaSi gamoiyeneba, mainc tovebs arasaimedoo-

bis grZnobas myidvelebSi.

• verc erTi momxmarebeli iqneba saqmis gare-

moebaTa Sesaxeb ise kargad informirebuli rom

sruli warmodgena hqondes: warmoebaSi arse-

bul teqnikaze, Sesabamisi firmis Sromis pirobe-

bze, TanamSromleTa struqturaze, mimwodeblis

struqturaze, xelfasis struqturaze, warmoebiT

gamowveuli garemos dazianebasa da Sesabamisad,

garemosdacviTi investiciebis moculobaze da a.S.

maSasadame, saeWvoa imis mtkiceba, rom momxmarebeli

yvela am garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT axdendes

Tavis Sesyidvebs da aseve yovelive amisTvis iyos

pasuxismgebeli.

• momxmareblis Zalaufleba dasazRvrulia

misi SezRuduli biujetiT (Budget-Restriction). mrav-ali adamiani finansurad uZluria misTvis sas-

urveli ufro Zvirfasi saqonlis SesaZenad (mag.,

ekologiurad warmoebuli sasursaTo produqcia).

aqtualuri ekonomikuri krizisi kidev ufro met

adamians aiZulebs momWirneobisaken. Otto Group-is kvlevebis Tanaxmad, is rom axalgazrda momxmare-

blebs 16-dan 27 wlamde ar gaaCniaT gansakuTrebu-

lad mZlavri interesi eTikuri moxmarebis Sesax-

eb, SesaZloa aixsnebodes maTi mwiri biujetiTac,

romelsac zogadad axalgazrdoba flobs da

220

gankargavs.

• garda amisa, mimwodebeli sruliad aqti-

ur rols TamaSobs moTxovnilebaTa formirebi-

sas. iseTi sayovelTao moTxovnilebebi, rogori-

caa saWiroebani farTo moxmarebis <<gasarTob

saqonelze>>, mwarmoeblebis mier nivTdeba konk-

retul produqtebSi. magaliTad, e.w. playstation, LC - televizori, kompiuteruli TamaSebi da a.S.

konkretizaciis es procesi amJamad mimdinareobs

mimwodeblis mier. dRes momxmarebeli Tavisi mox-

marebis TiTqmis yvela, gansakuTrebiT ki teqnikur

sferoSi aris Zlier profani imis gansjisaTvis,

rom mimwodeblebisaTvis ukeTesi alternativebis

SeTavazeba SeeZlos. mas arCevanis gakeTeba Seu-

Zlia mxolod im winadadebebs Soris romlebsac

mwarmoeblebi sTavazoben. mimwodeblis inter-

esSia saqonlis swrafi moxmareba anu realiza-

cia. mwarmoeblebis mxridan momxmareblebis mis-

amarTiT kvlav da kvlav adgili aqvs <<gasaRebis

strategiis>> Segnebul gameorebas teqnikuri da

moraluri cveTis Sesaxeb. da bolos, mimwode-

blebi cdiloben margetingis, kerZod ki reklamis

saSualebiT momxmareblis yidvis qcevebze iqon-

ion masiuri gavlena. amasTanave, dasavleTSi gan-

sakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva reklamis damdgen

samarTlebriv regulaciebs, radgan reklamasa da

saredaqcio teqstebs, maT Soris teleprogramebs

Soris sazRvrebi imdenad waSlilia, rom msmeneli/

mayurebeli metad veRar amCnevs konkretul SemTx-

vevaSi saqme aqvs standartul informaciasTan Tu

reklamasTan. miuxedavad amisa, bunebrivia momx-

marebels mainc gaaCnia Tanapasuxismgebloba baz-

ris Sedegebze, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri suverenuli

momxmareblis poziciaSi.

221

2.1.2.1 mwarmoeblis eTika

momxmareblis SezRuduli pasuxismgeblobis un-

arianobis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT aseve SesaZle-

belia warmoebis mxriv daisvas kiTxva <<eTikuri

investiciebis Sesaxeb>>12. momxmareblis eTikis

Sesabamisad arsebobs warmoebis eTika mewarmis

eTikiT da menejeris eTikiT. personebis nacvlad

aseve SesaZlebelia maTi rogorc mewarmis da me-

nejeris (anu principalisa da agentis) saqmianoba

<<sawarmos marTvis eTikad>> iqnas warmodgeni-

li. aq <<marTvis eTikis>> qveS igulisxmeba marT-

velobiTi Zalebis individualuri pasuxismgeblo-

ba sawarmos marTvis stilze. magaliTad, arCevani

produqti – bazari – strategiasa da warmoebis

eTikas Soris. nawilobriv, marTvis eTika aseve vi-

wro gagebiT SeiZleba rogorc personalis marT-

vis eTika interpretirdes. 13

mwarmoeblis mxares gansakuTrebul mniS-

vnelobas iZens mmarTvelobiTi Zalebi (menejer-

ebi), radgan isini sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT mniS-

vnelovnad gansazRvraven sawarmos politikas.

miuxedavad imisa, rom kompaniis TanamSromlebs

SromiTi xelSekrulebiT evalebaT dakisrebul

movaleobaTa (maT Soris gadawyvetilebebis) aR-

sruleba, garkveul pirobebSi isini moralurad

valdebulni arian uari Tqvan msgavs morCile-

baze da maTi damsaqmeblis araeTikuri praqtikis

SemTxvevebi <<Whistle Blowing>>-is saSualebiT gaxa-

don sajaro, radgan arcerTi TanamSromelia val-

debuli dafaros sawarmos ukanono saqmianoba14.

rasakvirvelia maT araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar moe-

TxovebaT imdenadve didi pasuxismgebloba, ro-

gorc marTvelobiT Zalebs (menejerebs): umetesad

sawarmos muSakebs sruliadac ar SeuZliaT ganix-

ilon gadawyvetilebaTa araeTikuri implikaciebi.

222

rogorc wesi, maT ar SeswevT imdeni Zala, rom

raime Secvalon da sawarmoSi, rig gadacdenaTa

gamoaSkaravebisas xSirad isini did personalur

risksac ki ewevian.

2.1.3.1. investoris eTika

ukanasknel wlebSi mowodebam investorebis

eTikis Sesaxeb rogorc iqna xmamaRla gaiJRera.

sawarmoebi yovelTvis kapitalis, gansakuTrebiT

sakuTari kapitalis maqsimalur zrdaze arian

orientirebulni da Sesabamisad isini, upirveles

yovlisa ki saaqcio sazogadoebebi cdiloben

gaamartivon saWiro kapitalis Semodineba. iqidan

gamomdinare, rom investorebs gansxvavebul sain-

vesticio SesaZleblobebs Soris uwevT arCevanis

gakeTeba, sawarmos perspeqtividan mniSvnelovania

mimzidveli garemos Seqmna potenciuri investori-

saTvis. Tu davuSvebT, rom investori iqceva ro-

gorc Homo Oeconomicus, maSin misTvis pirvel rigSi

gansakuTrebiT saintereso unda iyos investicieb-

is gziT rogor SeZlebs is Semosavlebis situaci-

is gaumjobesebas. mimzidveli sainvesticio Sesa-

Zleblobebis SefasebisaTvis misTvis gadamwyvet

niSan-Tvisebas warmoadgens kapitalukugebis da

riskebis sidide. is Tu ra gziT da formiT aris

SesaZlebeli fulis Sovna (mag., iaraRis vaWrobiT),

es mas naklebad ainteresebs.

imisaTvis rom sawarmom SeZlos sainvesticio

konkurentul srbolaSi gamarjveba, is movalea

investors SesTavazos swored is, rac am uka-

nasknels surs. aq ki sainvesticio eTika TiToeul

investors mouwodebs gadawyvetilebebis miRebi-

sas mxedvelobaSi iqonios ara mxolod monetaru-

li, aramed aramonetaruli mxareebic da miznebic.

evropuli mdgradi investiciebis forumis (Europe-an Sustainable Investment Forum) ukanaskneli kvlevebis

223

Tanaxmad,15 mdgradi da pasuxismgeblobiT aRsavse

investiciebis masStabebi, romlebic aseve cno-

bilia rogorc SRI (Sustainable and Responsible Invest-ment) bolo wlebSi sakmaod damajereblad aris

gazrdili. amasTanave arsebobs mravali eTikuri

mimarTulebis sainvesticio fondi, romlebic Seg-

nebulad mxolod ekologiuri da sazogadoebrivi

niSniT determinirebul proeqtebs afinanseben.

msgavsi dafinansebebi maTTvis naklebad komerci-

uli mniSvnelobis mqonea. is rac eTikur investi-

cias warmoadgens, SesaZloa sruliad sxvadasxva

iyos. sainvesticio SesaZleblobaTa Sefasebis

uxeS instruqciad SeiZleba firmis saqmianobeb-

is ekologiuri, socialuri da mmarTvelobiTi

– esm aspeqtebis (Environmental, Social and Governance – ESG) kvleva iqnes rekomedirebuli. investors

ainteresebs magaliTad ganaxlebadi energiebis

monawileoba (e), Sromis pirobebi (s) da korufciis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Sida sawarmoo RonisZie-

bebi. (mm) aseve, zogierTi investori aprotestebs

kapitaldabandebebs warmoebis garkveul sferoeb-

Si, mag., Tambaqosa Tu SeiaraRebis warmoebaSi. 2007

wels gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciam moiwo-

na da miiRo gaeros principebi pasuxismgeblobis

mqone kapitaldabandebebis Sesaxeb (UN Principles for responsible Investment)16, raTa mxardaWera gamoecxade-

bina eTikuri investiciebisaTvis.

amitom, bizneseTikis konteqstSi ekonomikuri

aqtiorebis individualur eTikis gardauvaloba

sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli.17 eTikis amgvari au-

cilebeloba qmnis sawarmosa da investors Soris

moralurad pozitiuri damokidebulebis wanamZ-

Rvarebs. Tumca aqve unda SevniSnoT isic, rom sayo-

velTao konsesusis formaSi asaxuli erTianobisa

da TanxmobisaTvis am or mxares Soris, gamorCeu-

224

lad ki mewarmeTa mxriv <<mmarTvelobiTi gadawy-

vetilebebis martivi moralizeba>>18 SeiZleba ar

iyos sakmarisi. gamomdinare aqedan, individualuri

eTika yovelTvis institucionalur-eTikuri kuTx-

iT unda iqnas mxardaWerili.

literatura:

1. Hans-Ulrich Küpper, Unternehmensethik, Hintergunde, Konzepte, Anwendungsbereiche, 2Auflage, Schäffer-Poeschel Verlag, Stutgart, 2011 S.31, DeGeorge, Richard T., Unternehmen-sethik, 1992: Unternehmensethik aus amerikanischer Sicht, in : Wirtschaft und Ethik, Hrsg., V. Hans Lenk Und Matthias Maring, Stuttgart, 1992, S. 302.

2. v.xizaniSvili, disertacia: eknomikisa da

eTikis dialeqtika globalizebul msoflioSi,

Telavi, 2011, gv 12

3. ix. wyaro 1., gv 31

4. W, Zimmerli , M. Assländer, Wirtschaftsethik, in : Julian , Nida –Rümelin (Hrsg): Angewandte Ethik, 2 Auflage, Stuttgart 2005, S. 322

5. Wilhelm Korff, Neue Dimensionen Der Bedürfnisethis-chen Frage, in: Korff, Wilhem (Hrsg): Handburch der Wirtschaft-sethik , Bd1.: Verhältnisbestimmug von Wirtschaft und Ethik, Gütersloh, 1999,S. 31-59.

6. Ursula Hanson, Ulf Schrader, Zukunftsflähiger Konsum als Ziel der Wirtschaftstatigkeit, in: Korff, Wilhelm (Hrsg): Hand-buch der Wirtschaftsethik, BD3: Ethik wirtschaftlichen Handelns, Gutersloh, 1999,S. 463-486

7. www.ottogroup.com/nachhafigkeitsbericht8. Paul Ray, Ruth Anderson, Cultural Creatives, How 50

Million People are Changing the World, New York, 2000.9. www.lohas.de10. Ludvig von Mises, Human Action ,A Treatise on Eco-

nomics, London,1949.

225

11. Klaus Peter Kaas, Anina Busch, Inspeksions-, Erfrah-rungs- und Vertrauenseigenschaften von Produkten, in : Market-ing, Zeitschrift für Forschung und Praxis, 18 Jg. , 1996, Heft 4, S. 243-252.

12. Wilhelm Korff, Neue Dimensionen der bedurfnise-thischen Frage, in : Korff, Wilhelm (Hrsg.): Handburch der Wirtschaftsethik, Bd.1: Verhältnisbestimmung von Wirtschaft und Ethik, Gütersloh 1999, S. 42

13. Peter Ulrich, Führungsethik , in : Wilhelm Korff (Hrsg): Handbuch der Wirtschaftsethik, Bd. 4 : Ausgewälte Handlungs-felder, Gütersloh, 1999, S.230.

14. Klaus M. Leisinger, Unternehmensethik, Globale Verant-wortung und modernes Management, München, 1997, S.. 130

15. www.euroif.org16. www.unpri.org17. Leisinger, Unternehmensethik, 141 ff; Enderle, Wirtschaft-

sefhik, S. 68; KarlHomann, Franz Blome- Dress, Wirtschafts- und Unternemensefhik als Beitrag zur Bildung mündiger Wirtschafts- bürger, Diskussionspapier Nr. 57 des Instituts für Wirtschaftsef-hik der Hochschule St. Gallen, Juli 1993, S. 23

18. Peter Ulrich, Die neue Sachlichkeit oder: Wie Kann Die Undernehmensefhik betriebswirtschaftlich zur Sache kommen, in: Die Unternehmung, 41. 1987, S. 410.

226

$2.2. mezo done

2.2.1. sawarmo rogorc moraluri aqtiori?

bizneseTikis mezo done exeba sameurneo organi-

zaciebis moralur qcevebs da saxeldobr, upirve-

les yovlisa kerZo sakuTrebaSi myof ekonomikur

sawarmoebs, rogorc umniSvnelovanes sameur-

neo organizaciebs.1 <<mezo done>> warmoadgens

ekonomikuri aqtiorebis individualuri eTikis

mikro donesa da saerTo ekonomikuri CarCo wes-

rigis makro dones Soris Semdgomi dakvirvebis

dones. amasTan dakavSirebiT qvemoT gTavazobT

sawarmos <<saSualo pozitiur>> sakamaTo inter-

pretaciebs.

• jer erTi, sawarmos mikro donesTan mima-

rTebiT SeiZleboda relatiurad didi siaxlovis

danaxva, vidre es mxolod subieqtis gansakuTre-

buli saxe da moraluri aqtioria.

• meorec, magram aseve SesaZlebelia rom sa-

warmo rogorc masSi moqmedi individebis CarCo

wesrigi metad gadanacvlebuliyo makro donis

siaxloves. ris Sedegadac saubari iqneboda ara

saerTo ekonomikuri, aramed calkeuli ekonomi-

kuri CarCo-wesrigis Sesaxeb.

pirveli Sexeduleba, romlis mixedviTac sawar-

mo TviTon aris moraluri aqtiori,2 jer kidev

namdvilad rCeba Zlier problematuri. SeuZli-

aT Tu ara firmebs gaaCndeT <<keTili neba>>, an

<<mdare sindisi>>? SeuZliaT Tu ara maT <<dana-

Saulis>> an <<pasuxismgeblobis>> sakuTar Tavze

aReba?

es kiTxvebi midrekilia urTierTgaerTianebi-

saken, vinaidan imgvari movlenebi, rogoric aris

Tavisufali neba, sindisi, danaSauli, sinanuli,

TanagrZnoba da <<moraluri unarebi>> saerTod,

227

mainc srulad exeba adamianur subieqtebs, person-

ebs. e.i. <<moraluri unarebi>> mainc personebis

statuszea damokidebuli.3 aseT SemTxvevaSi arian

ki firmebi personebi?

ra Tqma unda, bizneseTikis miRma aseve arsebobs

sawarmos mravalricxovani ,,personificireba>>.

• sawarmo samarTlianad miiCneva iuridiuli

pirad (firmis) sakuTari saxeliT.

• mas pirovnebis msgavsad SeuZlia

xelSekrulebis dadeba, davalebebis micema, Se-

mosavlebis miReba da gadasaxadebis gadaxda.

• sawarmos aqvs sakuTari imiji da reputacia,

romelic misi calkeuli wevrebis imijis da Sesa-

bamisad reputaciis identuri ar aris. maSasadame,

sawarmos, rogorc mTelis mimarT arsebobs stabi-

luri pasuxismgebloba missave qcevebze.

• sawarmom angariSi unda Caabaros Tavis qce-

vaze. <<Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations>>-is (1991) ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg aSS-Si korporaci-

uli sisxlis samarTalic ki moqmedebs. e.i. ara

mxolod sawarmos TanamSromeli SeiZleba iqnes

sicruisaTvis / TaRliTobisaTvis, mosyidvisaT-

vis/meqrTameobisaTvis, garemos dabinZurebisTvis,

janmrTelobis dazianebisTvis da a.S. dadana-

Saulebuli, aramed – Tavad sawarmoc. germaniaSi

am dromde miiCneva, rom danaSaulebrivi qmedeba

SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes mxolod personeb-

is da ara sawarmoTa mxridan. sawarmos korpo-

raciuli pasuxismgebloba amasTan dakavSirebiT

samarTlebirvad uaryofilia, garda im gamonakli-

sisa, romelic kartelur SeTanxmebebTan da zoga-

dad antimonopoliur kanonmdeblobasTan modis

winaaRmdegobaSi. fulad formaSi gamoxatul amg-

var sajarimo sanqciebs zogierTi iuristi <<kva-

zi – sisxlis samarTalsac>> ki uwodebs.

228

• sajaro gancxadebebis gakeTebiT sawarmoebi

Canan <<metyvelni>>.

• aseve maTi sayovelTao sityvaTxmareba xSirad

personificirebs sawarmoebs, rac sakmaod rezo-

nansul SemTxvevebs ukavSirdeba. ase magaliTad,

Hewlett Packard axdenda TanamSromlebis masobriv

daTxovnas samsaxuridan, Apple ixdida sadempingo gasamrjelos (xelfass), Merck-ma damala Vioxx-is revmatizmis samkurnalo saSualebebis gverdiTi

movlenebi, Tchibo dajildovda biznesis eTikuri

warmoebisaTvis, Degussa mesame raixis dros eweoda samuSaoze iZulebiT myof pirTa eqspluatacias,

Deutsche Bank spekulirdeba sasursaTo produqte-

biT, riTac xels uwyobda SimSils msoflioSi.

aRniSnul gancxadebaSi Tavad kompaniebi miiCne-

vian aqtiorebad.

im SemTxvevaSi Tu sawarmo Tavad ar miiCneva

aqtiorad, maSin saubari mis gansakuTrebul pasux-

ismgeblobaze sakuTari personalis mimarT aseve

azrs moklebulia.4

2.2.2. pirobebi sawarmos moralunarianobi-

saTvis

maSasadame, imisaTvis rom visaubroT sawarmos

pirovnulobis Sesaxeb arsebobs kargi safuZvlebi.

magram imavdroulad aseve kargi safuZvlebi ar-

sebobs mis sapirispirod.5 absurdia, magram war-

modgenili Sedegebis logikiT sawarmos aseve

unda exebodes adamianis uflebebi, mag., saarCevno

uflebebi da gaaCndes zrunva – pasuxismgeblo-

bis aRebis konkretuli SesaZleblobebi. imisaT-

vis rom sawarmo iyos <<moralunariani>>, srule-

biTac ar aris aucilebebi misi <<pirovnebad>>

deklarireba. sawarmos pasuxismgeblobis racion-

aluri gaazrebisaTvis ikmarebs Semdegi pirobebi6:

• sawarmo realuri, stabiluri identurobiT

229

unda warmoadgendes sacnob subieqts, rogorc sa-

kuTar TavTan ise sxvebTan mimarTebaSi.

• sawarmos rogorc subieqts unda SeeZlos

<<obieqtze>> zemoqmedebis moxdena (kauzaluri

damokidebuleba subieqtsa da obieqts Soris).

• sakuTar gadawyvetilebebis dros sawarmos

ufleba aqvs srulad ar iyos determinirebuli.

e.i. sawarmos qcevis mizezi ara mxolod mis ga-

reT SeiZleba arsebobdes. piriqiT, sawarmom unda

aCvenos Sinagani struqtura, rac gansazRvravs sa-

kuTar qcevebs (neba, ganzraxuloba).

• es Sinagani struqtura subieqtis xelSew-

yobiT principulad Tavad unda iyos Secvladi.

pirovnebis paralelurad aq SeiZleba yofiliyo

nebis, ganWvretisa da saxelmZRvanelo unarebis

TviTgamorkveva, TviTSegneba an refleqsuri Seg-

neba, sindisi.

• sawarmom unda aCvenos WeSmariti social-

uroba (socialuri mxare), e.i. sxvebTan kontaqt-

Si Sesvlis SesaZlebloba. unda SeeZlos pasux-

ismgeblobis adresatebTan urTierTobis ageba

(relacionaluroba) da maTi survilebis SemCneva,

damuSaveba, aseve maTze pasuxis gacema (komunikabe-

luroba)

2.2.3 sawarmo aris moralunariani

yvela es piroba SesaZlebelia Sesrulebulad

iqnes CaTvlili. sawarmos aqvs stabiluri iden-

turoba. rom ar iyos sawarmo identificirebadi,

maSin aseve SeuZlebeli iqneboda mag., iseTi ram,

rogoricaa sawarmos angariSi, Sefaseba, Sesyid-

va an gadasaxadebiT dabegvra, radgan imis cod-

nac ki sruliad SeuZlebeli iqneboda, Tu ras-

Tan mimarTebaSi SeiZleboda yofiliyo angariSi,

Rirebuleba, fasi, gadasaxadebi. rogorc e.w. Cor-porate Identity – RonisZiebebi aCvenebs, sawarmoebi

230

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasac ki aniWeben sxva

sawarmoTa ganurCevel <<sawarmos zust pirovnu-

lobas>>7. eWvgareSea sawarmos aseve Seswevs Zala

sxvebTan mimarTebaSi iqonios obieqturi gav-

lena. sawarmos moqmedebebi gavlenas axdens mag.,

saqonliT uzrunvelyofa-momaragebaze, dasaqmebis

mdgomareobaze, janmrTelobaze, bunebirv garemoze,

saxelmwifo finansebze da a.S. da aqedan gamomdi-

nare uricxv adamianTa cxovrebis pirobebze. amas

garda, sawarmos gadawyvetilebebi ar aris garedan

determinirebuli. Tumca sawarmos gadawyvetile-

bebSi garedan gasaTvaliswinebelia mravalricxo-

vani gavlenebi gasaRebis, finansuri Tu SromiTi

bazrebis, aseve sasamarTlos ganaCenis, politikis

da sxv. mxridan. miuxedavad amisa, sawarmos mniS-

vnelovnad SeuZlia Tavad gasces pasuxi Semdeg

kiTxvebs: <<risi gakeTeba gvsurs?>> da <<rogor

gvsurs amis keTeba?>>. sawarmos (Tavisufali) gad-

awyvetilebebis analizi centralur sakiTxadac

ki iTvleba biznesadministrirebaSi.8 samarTlis

formisa da adgilmdebareobis arCevaniT dawye-

buli, produqti-bazari-strategiebis, konkretuli

strategiebis struqturuli modelebisa da war-

moebis meTodebis arCevaniT gagrZelebuli, da op-

eratiuli RonisZiebebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebeb-

is siuxviT damTavrebuli warmoadgens sawarmos

gadawyvetilebebis erTobliobas. miuxedavad ami-

sa, mimdinare biznessaqmianobaSi upirveles yov-

lisa mainc swored sawarmos gadawyvetilebebzea

saubari SesaZlebeli, radgan individebis perspeq-

tiviT – magaliTad mmarTvelobiTi Zala (menejeri)

sawarmos <<Sida struqturis>> gadawyvetilebebs

arsebiTad gansazRvravs. es <<Sida struqtura>>

ar aris organizaciuli struqturiT Semofar-

gluli. piriqiT, arsebobs ufro metad vrceli or-

231

ganizaciis realobis msazRvreli gadawyvetileba,

romelic ase vTqvaT adreuli gadawyvetilebaTa

sediments asaxavs.

am Sida struqturas miekuTvneba strategiuli

gzebi, romlebic moicavs arsebul teqnikas, manqana-

danadgarebs da Senoba-nagebobebs, sawarmos qcevis

formebsa da meTodebs, personals, sainformacio

da sakomunikacio sistemebs; ofisebs, stimulebis

sistemebs, saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebs, mzard

kulturul normebsa da a.S. rogorc sawarmoa

ekonomikuri wesrigis CarCoebiT garemoculi da

misiT ganicdis garkveuli saxis restriqciebs,

aseve mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedebs <<Sida struqtu-

ra>> sawarmos calkeul xelmZRvanelze gadawy-

vetilebaTa miRebisas.

amitom, SesaZlebelia aseve swored imis Sesaxeb

saubari, rom sawarmo <<intencionalurad>> moq-

medebs; mag., maZieblis samsaxurSi ayvanis an Tan-

amSromlis samsaxuridan gaTvaisuflebis, bazarze

Sesvlisa Tu iqidan ukan daxevis, garemos dabinZure-

bisa Tu mofrTxilebis dros da a.S. calkeulma

TanamSromelma SesaZloa saWirod cnos sawarmo-

saTvis imgvari gadawyvetilebis miReba, romelsac

rogorc <<kerZo piri>> ar moiwonebda.

magram arsebuli Sida struqtura piriqiT Ta-

vad aris intencionalurad Secvladi. swored es

SemTxvevaa nagulisxmebi, rodesac <<organizebul

swavlebaze>> aris saubari, gansakuTrebiT e.w.

<<double–Loop Learning>>9-is formis dros. rodesac sawarmos gadawyvetilebebi da moqmedebebi ekono-

mikuri an moraluri kuTxiT iqneboda aradamakmay-

ofilebeli, maSin double-Loop Learning-Tan daismebo-

da kiTxvi imis Taobaze, Tu savaraudod romelma

CarCopirobebma gamoiwvies amgvari gadawyvetile-

bebi da Sesabamisad moqmedebebi. koreqtura iwyeba

232

ara pirdapir calkeuli gadawyvetilebebiTa da

moqmedebebiT (es iqneboda single Loop Learning), ara-med mmarTvelobiTi cvladebiT (governing variables), Sesabamisad Sida struqturiT, romelic swored

rom am moqmedebebs uwyobs xels. organizaciuli

swavleba Sida struqturis Secvlazea damokide-

buli.

organizaciuli swavlebisaTvis aucilebel, ma-

gram arasakmaris pirobebs asaxavs individualuri

swavleba. imisaTvis, rom ganxorcieldes Sida

struqturis cvlileba, Tavdapirvelad mizezTa ga-

nurCevlad saWiroa dadgindes sawaros aqamde ar-

sebuli romeli <<outputs>> miiCneva sakoreqturod. cicabi ierarqia, gadawyvetilebaTa mZlavri cen-

tralizacia, mkveTrad gamoxatuli Sromis dan-

awileba, dajarimeba Secdomebis sajarod gacx-

adebisaTvis, kolegebs Soris arsebuli SiSisa da

Sejibris atmosfero magaliTad is CarCopirobebia,

romlebic arTulebs individualuri swavlebis Se-

motanas.10 am azriT sawarmo cxadia Tavad SeiZle-

ba iyos gansxvavebuli Semecnebisa da Seswavlis

unaris mqone. dabolos, sawarmos aseve SeiZleba

miekuTvnos relacionarulobisa da komunikaciis

unari. xSirad urTierTobaTa movlis special-

izirebuli saagentoebi da departamentebic ki ar-

sebobs, mag., iseTi rogoric aris sazogadoebasTan

urTierTobis (Public Relations), momxmareblebTan

urTierTobis (Customer Relations) an investorebT-

an urTierTobis (Investor Relations) dawesebulebebi

Tu ganyofilebebi. sawarmos rasakvirvelia aseve

Riad SeuZlia hqondes urTierToba rogorc or-

ganizaciis SigniT sakuTar TanamSromlebTan, ise

garesamyarosTan. is informirebs momxmarebels,

urTierTobs mimwodeblebTan, Tavs icavs maso-

brivi sainformacio saSualebebis braldebaTagan,

233

gamodis arsebuli sazogadoebrivi azris, garkveu-

li politikis momxred an mowinaaRmdeged. cxadia,

adamianebma Riad unda gamoTqvan sakuTari azri

kritikul viTarebaSi, magram rogorc wesi, samwux-

arod xSirad isini mxolod sawarmos Sexeduleba-

Ta gamxmovaneblad da maT ruporad gvevlinebian.

rogori Zlieri unaric ar unda gaaCndes sawarmos

Sida Tu gare samyaros survilTa aRsaqmelad da

maT moTxovnaTa arsSi Casawvdomad, is mainc Sida

struqturis sakiTxia. aqedan gamomdinare, sawar-

mos, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis unaris mqone sub-

ieqtis statusis mikuTvnebisaTvis yvela piroba

Sesrulebulia. sawarmoebi, rogorc intencion-

alurad moqmedi subieqtebi zemoqmedeben sxvebze,

romlebTanac isini amiT axdenen komunicirebas.

radgan Sida struqtura asaxavs sawarmos komuni-

kaciis, Semecnebisa da Seswavlis unarebs da indi-

videbis gadawyvetilebebi da qmedebebi sawarmoSi

mniSvnelovan, SeiZleba iTqvas gadamwyvet gavlena-

sac ki axdens, Sida struqtura gadataniTi mniS-

vnelobiT sawarmos sindiss warmoadgens.11

2.2.4. individebis Tanapasuxismgebloba sawar-

moSi

ar SeiZleba sawarmoSi mxolod calkeulTa

moralisa da sindisis imedad darCena, imisaTvis

rom sawarmo pasuxismgeblobis SegnebiT iqceodes.

ase rom yofiliyo, es iqneboda individis mimarT

gadaWarbebuli moTxovna, vinaidan am mxriv is mx-

olod agentia firmis saqmianobaSi da moqmedebs

gawerili instruqciiT. magram, bunebrivia am ur-

TierTdamokidebulebaSi kvlav unda gaesvas xazi

mas, rom es TavisTavad ar SeiZleba individualur

eTikaze uaris Tqmas niSnavdes. ramdenadac firma

saerToekonomikuri CarCo-wesrigiT aris deter-

minirebuli, imdenad aris sawarmos wevri Tavad

234

sawarmos Sida struqturiT determinirebuli.

calkeul ekonomikur aqtiors sawarmoSi SeuZlia

• gadaamowmos arsebuli Sida struqtura,

iseve rogorc aqedan gamomdinare gadawyvetile-

bebi da moqmedebebi.

• monawileoba miiRos karg Sida struqtura-

Si.

• SegnebiT (da ara ekonomikuri angariSiT)

daemorCilos karg wesebs.

• sicariele da bundovaneba daZlios CarCo

(zRvrul) pirobebSi da

• rogorc <<novatorma>> maRali eTikuri

standartebiT Tavad misces sxvebs magaliTi gad-

awyvetilebebsa Tu moqmedebebSi.

amasTan mimarTebiT arsebobs sawarmos pasux-

ismgeblobis (CSR), rogorc mTlianobis da indi-

videbis Tanapasuxismgeblobis ori racionaluri

midgoma, romlebsac SeTanxmebuli moqmedebebi

marTebT. prof. gidensis mosazrebiT SesaZlebeli

iqneboda am ori midgomis erT <<struqturis du-

alizmis>>12 konceptad formulireba. struqturis

dualizmi erTdroulad individualur moqmedeba-

Ta mediums da rezultats gulisxmobs. magaliTi-

saTvis, mocemuli ierarqiuli damokidebulebis

Tanaxmad xelmZRvanelis mier gacemul miTiTebebs

/ gankargulebebs mosdevs xelqveiTis mier misi

(dauyovneblivi) aRsruleba. am mxriv struqtu-

ra aris garkveuli qcevis gadacemis / xelSew-

yobis mediumi. imave dros xelqveiTis morCileba

daiyvaneba masze, rom <<virtualuri>> subordi-

naciidan, romelic jer kidev mxolod qaRaldzea,

iZens realuri marTvelobiTi urTierTobis for-

mas. amdenad, struqtura warmoadgens moqmedebaTa

Sedegs. mas araviTari efeqti aqvs iqamde, vidre ar

moxdeba misi moqmedebaSi ganxorcieleba.

235

kompaniaSi Sida sawarmoo CarCo wesrigi (Semd-

gari magaliTad organizaciuli sistemebiT, strat-

egiebiT, sainformacio sistemebiT da a.S.) SeiZleba

iqces moqmedebaTa mediumis moralis adgilad da

am mimarTulebiT is ayalibebs sawarmos pasux-

ismgeblobis sruliad arsebiT aspeqts. magram ima-

vdroulad sawarmoSi arian individebi, romlebic

am CarCowesrigs mxolod qmedebaSi reproducire-

ben an avseben da cvlilebebi SeaqvT masSi. ara

formalur struqturas ekisreba pasuxismgebloba,

aramed mxolod sawarmos <<cocxal urTierTo-

baTa sistemas>>, romelsac aseve ekuTvnian konk-

retuli adamianebi sakuTari roliT (sawarmoSi),

rogorc TanamSromlebi an rogorc marTvelobiTi

Zalebi (menejerebi).13

literatura:

1. Georges Enderle, Wirtschaftsethik im Werden., Stuttgart, 1988, S.56

2. Georges Enderle, Zur Grundlegung einer Unternehmen-sethik: das Unternehmen als moralischer Akteur, in: Homann, Karl (Hrsg.): Aktulle Probleme der Wirtschaftsethik, Berlin, 1992, S. 143-158; Peter A. French., The Coproration as a Marl Person, in: American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 16, 1979, S. 207-215; Kenneth E. Goodpaster; John B. Matthews, Können Unternehmen ein Gewissen haben? In: Harvard Manager, Un-ternehmensethik, Band 1, S. 9-18.

3. Joachim Fetzer, die Verantwortung der Unternehmung, Gütersloh, 2004, S. 124

4. Hans Jürgen Drumm, Personalwirtschaftslehre, 5 A., Berlin, 2005, S. 656

5. ix. wyaro 3, gv. 134

6. ix. wyaro 3, gv. 142

7. Robert Nieschlag, Erwin Dichtl, Hans Hörschgen, Mar-

236

keting, 18 A., Berlin, 1997, S. 609.8. Hans-Ulrich Küpper, Arnold Picot, Gegenstand der

Unternehmensethik, in: Korff, Wilhem (Hrsg.): Handbuch der Wirtschaftsetik. Bd. 3: Ethik wirtschaftlichen Handelns, Güter-sloh 1999, S. 132

9. Chris Argyris, On Organizational Learnig, Cambridge Mass, Oxford 1994, P. 8

10. ix. wyaro 9, gv. 27

11. Kenneth E. Goodpaster, John B. Matthews, Können Un-ternehmen ein Gewissen haben? In: Harvard Manager, Unterneh-mensethik, Band 1, S. 9-18.

12. Anthony Giddens, Die Constitution der Gesellschaft, Grundzüge einer Theorie der Strukturierung, Frankfurt a.M. 1988, S. 430

13. ix. wyaro 3, gv 159

237

$2.3. makro done

2.3.1. ekonomikur instituciaTa eTikuri Se-

faseba

ara mxolod ekonomikuri aqtiorebi, aramed

aseve ekonomikuri saqmianobis institucionaluri

CarCopirobebi eqvemdebareba eTikur Sefasebas da

Sesabamisad, savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom maTi zneo-

briobis xarisxic iyos gacilebiT maRali an da-

bali.

ekonomikuri instituciebi es aris komerciuli

organizaciebi (iseTebi, rogoric arian mewarmee-

bi, biTumad an calobiT movaWreni da myidvel-

ebi), romlebic awarmoeben, anawileben da iZenen

saqonelsa da momsaxurebas,1 da aqve, romlebic

urTierTdamokidebulebiT qmnian samarTliT, mo-

raliTa da mizniT determinirebul qcevis erTian

sistemas, romelic Rrmad aris fesvgadgmuli sa-

zogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.

instituciebi ayalibeben qcevis garegan Car-

Coebs individebis moqmedebebisaTvis. Tumca sab-

oloo angariSiT isini mniSvnelobas iZenen mx-

olod maSin, rodesac adamianebisagan xdeba maTi

rogorc gare, mza mocemulobis qmedebaSi (valde-

bulebaTa Sesrulebisas) aqceptireba da repro-

ducireba sakuTar moqmedebaTa marTvis, SezRudvisa

da gakontrolebis dros. es marTva da kontroli

nawilobriv warimarTeba gaucnobierblad. es ex-

eba sazogadoebaSi socializaciis procesSi erTi

SexedviT SeumCnevel, garkveul gabatonebul Ri-

rebulebaTa konkretuli gamovlenis formebs, ro-

goric aris mag., materialuri orientacia, romel-

ic sayovelTaod miRebuli da aRiarebulia. garda

amisa marTva nawilobriv aseve cxadad SeigrZnoba

238

da SeZlebisdagvarad mxolod survilis gareSe

aqceptirdeba. ase magaliTad, gadasaxadebis gadax-

da, wesebis dacva da sxv. Sinagani mrwamsis, konk-

retuli faseulobebis gareSe, mxolod sasjelTa

SiSiT realizdeba.

instituciebi individualur qmedebebze gavle-

nas axdenen imiT, rom isini SesaZlo RirebulebaTa

da miznebis CarCoebs winaswar adgenen.

ekonomikur saqmianobaTa institucionaluri

CarCopirobebis eTikuri Sefasebisas gamoiyofa

ori (urTierTdamokidebuli) aspeqti: I. SesaZlebe-

lia daisvas kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda

Sefasdes Tavad institucia magaliTad, gansaz-

Rvruli eTikuri principebisa (adamianuri Rirse-

ba, samarTlianoba) da sasurveli miznebis (materi-

aluri keTildReoba, Tavisufleba) Tavsebadobis

SemTxvevaSi; II. SesaZloa Tu ara im mastimulire-

beli efeqtebis problematizireba, romlebic in-

stituciaTa individualuri qmedebebidan, iseve

rogorc sazogadoebisaTvis maTgan warmoebuli

Sedegebidan gamomdinareobs. aq orive aspeqtis

Seswavla xdeba sabazro ekonomikis instituciebT-

an mimarTebaSi.

2.3.2 sabazro ekonomikis upiratesobani da

problemebi

makro doneze bizneseTikis centraluri sak-

iTxia is, Tu ekonomikis romeli tipi (sabazro an

gegmuri ekonomika) SeiZleba iyos umjobesi. iTv-

leba ra, rom ekonomikis arssa da mizans adamianTa

saqonliT uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, gamomdin-

are aqedan ekonomikuri wesrigis (wyobis) sabazro

ekonomikur tips da masTan kavSirSi myof kerZo

sakuTrebasa da xelSekrulebiTi Tavisuflebis

bazarze dafuZnebul instituciebs ekonomikuri

wesrigis (wyobis) gegmuri ekonomikis tipTan

239

mimarTebiT gaaCnia <<moraluri> upiratesobani,

radgan is zneobrivad misaReb karg mizans (sa-

Tanado keTildReoba, rogorc saSualeba kargi

cxovrebisaTvis) ukeT asrulebs. papi ioane pavle

Tavis socialur enciklikaSi <<Centesimus annus>> gansakuTrebulad amaxvilebs yuradRebas amgvar

pozitiur efeqtebze.2 sabazro ekonomika aseve

umjobesad iTvleba imitom, rom is sakmaod didi

zomiT uSvebs centraluri individualuri Tavisu-

flebis uflebis arsebobas.3 amasTan, SeiZleboda

samarTlianad miCneuliyo bazris Sedegebi, radgan

sabazro ekonomika konkurenciaSi misaRebi Sanseb-

is Tanasworobisas bolos da bolos saqonlis

samarTlian ganawilebas uwyobs xels.

bazridan gamomavali stimulebi iTvleba prim-

itiulad. mogebis interesTan kavSirSi konkuren-

ciam unda SeZlos gansakuTrebiT inovaciur,

klientTaTvis xelsayrel da araZviradRirebul

saqonlisa da momsaxurebis arseboba imavdrouli

mwiri resursebis momWirne gamoyenebis pirobebSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, sabazro ekonomika uwinare-

sad ekonomistebis mier xasiaTdeba saerTo keTil-

dReobaze orientirebulad, moralurad, socialu-

rad da gansakuTrebiT, - solidarulad.4

Zlier pozitiuri Sefasebisas, sabazro ekono-

mikuri CarCo-wesrigi ra Tqma unda xSirad eqvem-

debareba Semdeg institucionalur, gansakuTrebiT

ki samarTlebriv CarCo-pirobebs, romlebic Tavis-

ufali bazris potenciur xarvezebsa da naklo-

vanebebs, e.w. bazris warumateblobas zRudaven. ase

magaliTad:

• antitrestuli kanonmdebloba iZleva

konkurenciis SenarCunebis SesaZleblbas xangr-

Zlivi droiT, radgan bazris logika mimwodeblebi-

saTvis mimzidvels xdis monopoliisaken swrafvas

240

da aqedan aRmocenebul Zalauflebas momxmareb-

lis eqsploataciisaTvis.

• ikrZaleba garkveuli saqonliT (narkotiki,

iaraRi da sxv.) vaWroba radgan is astimulirebs

bazars daakmayofilos nebismieri moTxovna.

• iblokeba eko-resursebis usindiso eqsp-

loatacia, romlebic bevrgan Tavisufali gayidvis

saqonlad miiCneva.

• aseve exeba im adamianebis saarsebo mini-

mumebiT uzrunvelyofas, romelTac ar SeuZliaT

monawileoba miiRon bazarze, radgan isini Sez-

Ruduli SesaZleblobebis gamo arian Sromis uun-

aroni.

• Zlierdeba momxmareblis pozicia magali-

Tad, mimwodeblis garkveuli sainformacio valde-

bulebebiT, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adgili

aqvs arsebuli sainformacio asimetriis negati-

uri efeqtebis gamovlinebas momxmarebelTan mima-

rTebaSi.

• xelisuflebis (Zalauflebis) asimetriu-

lobis problema ixsneba gansakuTrebiT Sromis

bazarze gansazRvruli dacviTi dadgenilebis

saSualebiT.

dasavleTis industriul qveynebSi dRes arse-

buli umetesi ,,Tavisufali” sabazro ekonomikebi

saxelmiwfoebrivad ar aris Zlier reglamentire-

buli, radgan sasurveli Sedegis miRweva aseve

SesaZlebelia mxolod bazris CarTulobiT sxva-

dasxva instituciis mxridan SemuSavebul siste-

maSi.

2.3.3 ubiZgebs Tu ara uzneobisaken bazari?

amgvar SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT baz-

ris mravalricxovani flanguri RonisZieba miiC-

neva saWirod, radgan konkurencia mimwodeblebs

241

bazarze <<gakotrebis sasjeliT>> aiZulebs sa-

kuTari mogebis maqsimizirebas eTikurad saeWvo

saSualebebis daxmarebiTac ki. aseT SemTxvevaSi,

miiRebda ra erTi konkurenti uzneo moqmedeb-

iT ekonomikur sargebels, maSin sxva danarCeni

konkurentebi iZulebulni gaxdebodnen myisve am

cudi magaliTiT exelmZRvanelaT da msgavsad mo-

qceuliyvnen, raTa Tavidan aeridebinaT mosalod-

neli ekonomikuri zarali. mimwodeblebs ekono-

mikur konkurenciaSi SeuZliaT (da valdebulnic

arian) ar Seurigdnen mogebis danakargebs, Tuki ar

surT maT riskis qveS daayenon kompaniis Semdgo-

mi arseboba. am mizeziT, nawilobriv ekonomikuri

aqtiorebis, gansakuTrebiT mewarmeTa da menejer-

ebis individualuri morali, rogorc sawarmoTa

xelmZRvanelebis TvisebebSi myofis, _ iTvleba

SeuZleblad da morali mxolod da mxolod, da

isic mudam sistemuri formiT CarCo-wesrigis Ta-

maSis wesebSi, upirvels yovlisa kanonmdeblobaSi

poulobs adgils.5 es TamaSis wesebi warmoadgens

Tanabarzomierad savaldebulos yvela mimwodeb-

lisaTvis Sesasruleblad, ase rom ekonomikur,

gamorCeulad ki moralurad moqmed ekonomikur

aqtiorTa eqsploatacia xdeba SeuZlebeli.

aseT viTarebaSi namdvilad SeiZleba daeWveba:

moqmedebs Tu ara mimwodeblis moraluri qmedebebi

<<saWiro efeqtianobis xarjze>> da maSin Cndeba

Tu ara myis ekonomikuri kraxis realuri saSiS-

roeba. rogorc wesi, sawarmoebs aseve Zalian kar-

gad SeuZliaT sargeblis (mogebis) <<maqsimumis>>

qveviT arseboba, radgan Tavad moraluri mosazre-

bebiT gamowveuli mogebis danakargebi normalur

SemTxvevaSi pirdapir jer kidev ar axdens sawar-

mos funqcionirebaze ,,damRupvel” zemoqmedebas.

garda amisa, aseve mudam arsebobs SesaZlebloba,

242

rom swored moraluri qmedeba xdeba konkurenci-

ul WrilSi momgebiani, rodesac momxmareblebi an

investorebi eTikur aspeqtebs sakuTari yidvis Tu

investiciis gadawyvetilebis dros iTvaliswine-

ben.

magram aseve, roca SeuZlebelia ueWveli mtkice-

ba imis, rom eTikurad umwiklo qmedeba avtomatu-

rad iwvevs ekonomikur kraxs, unda daisvas kiTx-

va imis Sesaxeb, Tu rasTan gvaqvs saqme roca es

SemTxveva xdeba?

magaliTi: Tu garkveul garemoebaTa gaTval-

iswinebiT mwarmoebeli Tavs valdebulad Tvlis

kakaos mimwodeblebs nedleulisaTvis sabazro

fass zeviT e.w. faire price gadauxados, bunebrivia es sagemovno Tvisebebis Seucvlelad gaaZvirebs sab-

oloo produqtis fass. Semdeg ki Tu davuSvebT,

rom momxmarebeli sakuTari moxmarebis gadawy-

vetilebis dros orientirebuli iqneba fasze da

msgavsi sagemovno Tvisebebis mqone iaf Sokolads

SeiZens, maSin savaraudod, patiosani mewarme gay-

idvebis (brunvis) da mogebis mniSvnelovani dana-

kargebiT SesaZloa didi albaTobiT bazridanac

ki iqnes gamoZevebuli.

es aris ekonomikuri dilemis idealur-tipi-

uri situacia, romleSic morali da ekonomikuri

warmateba negatiurad korelirebs. amgvar moce-

mulobaSi aris ki mwarmoebeli mimwodeblebis

winaSe kvlavindeburad Fairess formatSi valdebu-

li? sazogadod SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: ra xdeba

imgvar situaciaSi, romleSic moraluri moqmede-

bebi TviTinteresebs kveTs?

moralis ekonomistebisaTvis eTikur normaTa

dacvis / SenarCunebis sruliad araviTari val-

debuleba arsebobs im wamidan, ra droidanac is

ekonomikur naklovanebebs ukavSirdeba. vinaidan

243

bazari mimwodeblebs aramoralur moqmedebisaken

aiZulebs, calkeuli mimwodebeli movaleobaTa

ekonomikiT gamarTlebulia moralurad imoqmedos

iqamde, vidre sxva mimwdebeli swored am damokide-

bulebas sakuTari ekonomikuri interesebisaTvis

gamoyenebas SeZlebs.

ara eTikur normaTa safuZvlianobis, aramed

maTi ganxorcielebadobis TvalsazrisiT aris

saintereso moralsa da bazris warmatebas Soris

arsebuli dilema-situaciis SeZlebisdagvarad

Tavidan arideba.

2.3.4. saxelmwifo CarCo-wesrigi

ekonomikuri dilemis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia

CarCo-wesrigis cvlilebebiT.

situacia ise unda Seicvalos, rom samarTli-

anad da savaldebulod aRiarebuli qmedebaTa

formebi mimzidveli iyos da Sesabamisad, maTgan

gadacdomebi ki – aramimzidveli.

es SesaZlebelia aseve sadagadasaxado da safi-

nanso politikis daxmarebiT ganxorcieldes, raTa

garkveuli sasurveli qmedebaTa formebi am kuTx-

iT iqnas waxalisebuli, an moxdes subsidiebis

Semcireba/gauqmeba, romlebic aqamde astimulire-

ben sxvadasxva negatiur movlenebs (mag., garemos

dabinZurebas da sxv.). amgvar RonisZiebaTa miRma

arsebuli mTavari idea yovelTvis mdgomareobs

masSi, rom instituciurma CarCo-pirobebma xeli

Seuwyos garkveul qmedebebs, radgan isini ekonomi-

kur sargebelTan kavSirSi imyofebian, da ekonomi-

kur aqtiorTa mxridan warmoudgenelia am stimu-

lirebis ignorireba. amitom, politikosebi msgavsi

CarCo-pirobebis dadgenisas gulisyuriT unda moe-

kidon adamianTa ekonomikur interesebs, raTa maT

qcevebs miznobrivi swori mimarTulebis micemaSi

daexmaron.

244

2.3.5 zesaxelmwifo CarCo-wesrigi

aseTi institucionaluri-eTikuri mosazrebe-

bi dRes Sidasaxelmwifo donidan zesaxelmwifo

donemde unda ganivrcos.

ara mxolod qveynis SigniT arsebobs mimwode-

blebs Soris konkurencia, aramed aseve ufro da

ufro meti – qveynebs Soris konkurencia kompa-

niaTa mozidvisa da masTan dakavSirebul samuSao

adgilebsa da sagadasaxado gadasaxdelebTan mima-

rTebaSi.

ekonomikuri dilemis argumentacia meordeba

dakvirvebis sxva sibrtyeze: rodesac calkeuli

sawarmoebi qveynebSi Tavs arideben garemosa Tu

Sromis dacvis, Tu Sromis patiosani anazRaurebis

sakiTxebs da maT ar aniWeben did mniSvnelobas, Se-

degad garemoebisda mixedviT isini iReben ekono-

mikur problemebs, rac dauSveblad iTvleba. amis

gamo xdeba sul ufro meti samuSao adgilis ,,eqs-

portireba”, rac bolos da bolos iwvevs mTliani

saxalxo meurneobisa da pasuxismgeblobis mqone

politikosebis Seviwroebas. mTeli qveyana aRmoC-

ndeba ra ekonomikuri dilemis winaSe, ismeba kiTxva

Tu ramdenad SeuZlia mas mihyves marTebulad aRi-

arebul qmedebaTa (mag., garemos dacvis) formebs.

Segueba e.w. <<race to the bottom>>-Tan aris saSiSi.

magaliTi: Ppakistanis teqstilis fabrikaSi ga-

manadgurebeli xanZris Semdeg, rasac 250-ze meti

adamianis sicocxle emsxverpla, pakistanis te-

qstilis sazogadoebam, romlesac rasakvirvelia

pirvel rigSi marTebda samarTliani poziciis

dakaveba momxdarTan dakavSirebiT ukmari usa-

frTxoebis, cudi SromiTi pirobebisa da dabali

xelfasebis problemaTa win wamowevis nacvlad, pa-

raleli gaavlo bangladeSis analogiuri teqsti-

lis warmoebis kidev ufro cud pirobebTan, da mi-

245

iCnia, rom pakistanis wamyvan dargs am garemoebaTa

gamo ar unda midgomoda ziani, vidre is dasavlur

standarts miaRwevda.

ganviTarebul qveynebSi arsebuli standartis

Rarib qveynebSi gadmosatanad arsebobs saukeTeso

opcioni, rac saerTaSoriso CarCo-pirobebs bizne-

seTikis makro doneze gaxdis savaldebulos. am

SemTxvevaSi es SeiZleba yofiliyo msoflio ekono-

mikuri wesrigi. mxolod am donezea aseve Sesa-

Zlebeli qveynebs Soris arsebuli materialuri

sikeTis samarTliani ganawilebis problemis gad-

awyveta.6 globaluri standartis ganmaxorciel-

eblad nawilobriv swored multinacionaluri

korporaciebi, rogorc globaluri moTamaSeni

(Global Player) gvevlinebian gansakuTrebiT Sesaf-

eris instituciebad. maSasadame, maSin rodesac ar-

sebuli mocemuloba sawarmosagan korporaciul

moqalaqeobas (Corporate Citizenship) anu sazogadoe-briv CarTulobas iTxovs, es swored rom multi-

nacionaluri korporaciebis aqtiur politikur

rolze mianiSnebs.

literatura:

1. What are economic institutions? definition and meaning. www.businessdictionary. com/definition/economic-institutions.html

2. Reinhard Marx, Helge Wulsdorf, Christliche Sozialithik, Paderbon, 2002, S. 291

3. Bruno Molitor, Wirtschaftsethik, München, 1989, S. 704. Bruno Molitor [Wirtschaftscthik] 73; Homann/Blome-

Dress [Unternehmensethik] 26, 495. ix. Homann/Blome-Dress [Unternehmensethik] 34, 356. Arthur Rich, Wirtschaftsefhik II, Marktwirtschaft, Plan-

wirtschaft, Weltwirtschaft aus sozialethischer Sicht, 1. A., Güter-sloh, 1990, S. 345

246

Tavi 3. biznesis eTikis Teoriebi

biznesis eTika SeiZleba diferencirdes or far-

To mimarTulebad. pirveli es aris<<normatiuli

biznesis eTika>>, romelic umTavresad efuZneba

filosofiur msjelobas da cdilobs Cawvdes Tu

ra aris moralurad swori an araswori moqmede-

baTa msvlelobis specifikur situaciebSi. meore

es aris <<deskrifciuli (pozitiuri) biznesis

eTika>>, romelic umTavresad efuZneba fsiqolo-

giur da eTnografiul gamokvlevebs da cdilobs

gaerkves Tu rogor xdeba sinamdvileSi eTikur

gadawyvetilebaTa miReba biznesSi, da ra axdens

gavlenas am gadawyvetilebis procesebsa da Se-

degebze.1 aqedan Cven SegviZlia gamovyoT norma-

tiuli da deskrifciuli eTikuri Teoriebis ori

intencia: pirveli, romelic miekuTvneba normati-

uls Tu ra unda gaakeTon saqmianma adamianebma,

da meore, romelic miekuTvneba deskrifciuls –

ras akeTeben da kidev ufro mniSvnelovani, ratom

akeTeben mas sinamdvileSi es saqmiani adamianebi.

$3.1. normatiuli eTikuri Teoria

normatiulSi igulisxmeba eTikuri Teoriebi

romlebic cdilobs gviCvenos moqmedebis moralu-

rad koreqtuli forma. e.i. eTikuri Teoriebi aris

wesebisa da principebis erToblioba, romlebic

adgens sworsa da araswors yovel mocemul sit-

uaciaSi.

normatiuli eTikuri Teoriebi iyofa tradici-

ul da Tanamedrove eTikur Teoriebad.

tradiciuli eTikuri Teoriebi

tradiciuli eTikuri Teoriebi Cveulebriv

247

gvTavazoben garkveul wesebsa da principebs, rom-

lebic SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnas nebismier moce-

mul situaciaSi. es Teoriebi ZiriTadad diferen-

cirdeba ori jgufis saxiT (ix. nax. 1)

arakonsekvencialisturi

eTika

konsekvencialisturi

eTika

nax. 1 konsekvencialisturi da arakonsekvencialis-

turi Teoriebi biznesis eTikaSi

nax. 1-is marjvena mxares Cven gvaqvs Teoriebi,

romlebic moralur gansjas afuZneben gansaz-

Rvrul qmedebaTa Sedegebze. Tu es Sedegebi aris

sasurveli, aseT SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi moqmedeba/

moqmedebebi moralurad sworia. Tu moqmedebaTa

Sedegebi aris arasurveli moqmedeba/moqmedebebi

moralurad arasworia. amgvarad, moraluri gansja

konsekvencialistur TeoriebSi aris dafuZnebuli

moqmedebaTa savaraudo miznebsa da Sedegebze.

konsekvencialisturi eTika xSirad aseve aRiniS-

neba terminiT <<teleoligiuri>>, rac warmodgeba

berZnulidan da aRniSnavs <<mizans>>.

meore mxriv Cven gvaqvs is Teoriebi, romlebic

moralur msjelobas gadawyvetilebaTa mimRebis

motivaciis ZiriTad principebze afuZneben. es ara-

konsekvencialisturi midgomebi Zlier mWidrod

248

aris dakavSirebuli iudaistur-qristianul az-

rovnebasTan da iwyeba calkeul pirovnebaTa

uflebebisa da movaleobebis Sesaxeb argument-

aciiT. aRniSnul filosofiur Teoriebs aseve

ewodeba <<deontologiuri>>, rac berZnulidan

<<movaleobas>> niSnavs.

qvemoT SesaZlebloba gveqneba axlos gavec-

noT filosofiuri Teoriebis orive mimarTule-

bas. naxati 2. gvTavazobs Sesabamisi filosofiuri

skolebisa da maTi azrovnebis ZiriTadi elemen-

tebis mokle mimoxilvas.

naxati 2. ZiriTadi normatiuli Teoriebi biznesis

eTikaSi

konsekvencialisturi Teoriebi

konsekvencialisturi Teoriebi ZiriTadad cno-

bilia rogorc:

249

• egoizmi

• utilitarizmi

miuxedavad imisa, rom am TeoriaTagan orive ex-

eba gadawyvetilebis Sedegebis mixedviT sworisa

da arasworis sakiTxebs, maT SedegebTan mainc gan-

sxvavebuli Semxebloba gaaCniaT. kerZod, egoizmi

fokusirdeba gadawyvetilebis mimRebis Sedegebze,

xolo utilitarizmi – sazogadoebis (Temis) far-

glebSi arsebul farTo socialur Sedegebze.

egoizmi. egoizmi erT-erTi uZvelesi filosofi-

uri cnebaa, romelic ukve kargad cnobili da gan-

sjis sagani iyo antikuri saberZneTis filoso-

fosebTan, upirvelesad platonTan. ukasknel sam

saukuneSi man sakmao gavlena SeiZina Tanamedrove

ekonomikaSi, gansakuTrebiT adam smitis liber-

aluri ekonomikis monaxazSi. egoizmi SeiZleba

ganisazRvros Semdegnairad:

egoizmis Teoriis mixedviT moqmedeba moralu-

rad sworia, rodesac gadawyvetilebis mimRebi

Tavisuflad iRebs gadawyvetilebas imisaTvis, rom

mihyves rogorc moklevadian survilebs, ise gr-

Zelvadian interesebs.

egoizmis gamarTleba emyareba adamianis fuZem-

debel princips: vinaidan adamaini SezRudulia sa-

kuTar moqmedebaTa Sedegebis ganWvretaSi, amitom

kargi cxovrebis misaRwev saTanado strategias

warmoadgens sakuTari survilebisa da interesebis

miyola. adam smitis azriT ekonomikur sistemaSi

individualuri piradi interesis amgvari miyola

misaRebia, radgan is bazris <<uxilavi xeliT>>

sazogadoebisaTvis awarmoebs moralurad sasur-

vel Sedegs. maSasadame, moraluri Sedegis, rogorc

sistemis saboloo produqtis miReba efuZneba

Tavisufal konkurenciasa da karg informacias.

magaliTad, Tu mewarme qmnis da yidis uvargis

250

produqts, momxmareblisaTvis, romelic yidulobs

mis saqonels, yidva-gayidvis mxolod drois es

mokle monakveTi iqneba erTi mxriv mewarmisaTvis

misaRebi da momxmareblisaTvis miuRebeli. Tum-

ca grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, momxmareblis mier

alternatiuli variantebis gacnobis SemTxvevaSi,

bunebrivia, rom aRniSnuli mewarmis produqciis

warmoeba-gasaRebasac gardauvlad Seeqmneba mZime

problemebi, rogorc ki momxmarebeli gadainacv-

lebs sxva mwarmoeblisaken. amitom, mewarme pi-

radi interesis gamo Seecdeba moeridos aras-

rulfasovani, uvargisi produqtis warmoebas. ase

rom iqmneba situacia, romelic orive mxarisaTvis

xelsayrelia. swored am niSniT, awarmoos farTo

socialuri sargebeli – sacnobi xdeba garkveuli

kavSiris arseboba egoistur praqtikebsa da util-

itarul Sedegebs Soris.

adam smitis azriT es meqanizmi aris bazari. Tum-

ca, miuxadavad imisa, rom umetes SemTxvevaSi bazari

brwyinvaled muSaobs, arsebobs mravali situacia

rodesac egoizmi calkeul aqtiors ayenebs arax-

elsayreli Sedegis winaSe. mimdinare anti-glo-

balizaciis moZraoba didwilad ganpirobebulia

swored im garemoebiT rom globalur doneze baz-

rebi srulyofilad ar funqcionirebs da rom Cven

yvelani mowmeni varT mTeli msoflios masSta-

biT simdidris aSkarad uTanabro ganawilebisa. aq

aseve SeiZleba motanil iqnes mdgradi ganviTareb-

is Tanmxlebi problemebic: dRevandeli arsebuli

resursebis umowyalod gamolevis msxverpls war-

moadgens momavlis generacia, romelic jer kidev

ar iRebs monawileobas bazris nebismier saxeoba-

Si. yovelive es naTlad aCvenebs egoizmis Teoriis

garkveul pirveldawyebiT limitaciebs.

utilitarizmi. utilitarizmis filosofia

251

erT-erTi yvelaze ufro sayovelTaod misaRebi

eTikuri Teoria iyo anglo-saqsur samyaroSi. is

ukavSirdeba britaneli filosofosisa da ekono-

mistis ieremia bentamisa da jon stiuart milis

saxelebs da romelmac zogadad didi gavlena

iqonies mTel Tanamedrove ekonimikaze. utilita-

rizmis ZiriTadi principi SeiZleba ganisazRvros

Semdegnairad:

utilitarizmis Tanaxmad moqmedeba aris mor-

alurad swori, rodesac mas Sedegad moaqvs meti

sikeTe ufro meti adamianisTvis, (vidre am moqmede-

baTa Sedegad dazaralebulia).

es principi aseve iwodeba udidesi bednierebis

principad, da warmoadgens saboloo konsekven-

cialistur princips, ramdenadac is fokusirebs

martoden moqmedebaTa Sedegebze, kargi da cudi

Sedegebis urTierTSedarebaze, da sabolood

stimuls aZlevs imgvar moqmedebebs, rasac moaqvs

meti sikeTe yvela adamianisTvis. egoizmisagan gan-

sxvavebiT, misi mzera mimarTulia ara mxolod Ti-

Toeuli pirovnebisaken kiTxviT – sruldeba Tu

ara maTi individualuri survilebi Tu intere-

sebi, aramed is fokusirdeba koleqtiur keTil-

dReobaze, rac gansazRvruli gadawyvetilebebiT

iwarmoeba.

ZiriTadi idea aris sargeblianobis cneba,

romelsac bentami cxovrebis saboloo miznad

ganixilavs. adamiani danaxulia rogorc hedon-

isti, romlis mizani cxovrebaSi aris siamovnebis

maqsimizireba da tanjvis minimizireba. utilitar-

ianizmis am hedonistur rendiciaSi sargeblianoba

ganizomeba siamovnebasa da tanjvasTan kavSirSi

(hedonisturi xedva). sargeblianobis sxva inter-

pretaciebi erTi mxriv ganixileba bednierebisa da

ubedurebis konteqstSi (“eudomonistikuri” xedva),

252

meore mxriv – yvela faseuli adamianuri sike-

Tis konteqstSi (“idealuri” xedva). garda amisa es

sikeTeni Cveulebriv aseve moicavs iseT aspeqtebs,

rogoric aris megobroba, siyvaruli, erTguleba

da a.S.

utilitarizmis Teoria sami ZiriTadi proble-

miT xasiaTdeba:

• subieqturoba. am Teoriis sargeblobisas

aSkarad saWiroa ufro metad kritikuli azrovne-

ba, da imgvari Sedegebis Sefaseba, rogoric aris

siamovneba da tkivili, analizis warmoebisas Sesa-

Zleblia Znelad iyos damokidebuli pirovnebis

subieqtur perspeqtivebze.

• raodenobis problemebi. agreTve sakmaod

Znelia TiToeuli situaciis dadebiTi da uary-

ofiTi mxareebis Sefaseba. es SeiZleba sakmaod

ioli iyos pirovnebebis uSualod transaqciebSi

CarTulobasTan dakavSirebul magaliTze, magram

namdvilad rTuli – bavSvebis SemTxvevaSi (gansa-

kuTrebiT iZulebiTi Sromis pirobebSi), ramdena-

dac maTi siamovneba da tkivili ar aris raodeno-

brivad daTvladi.

• sargeblianobis distribucia. dasas-

rul, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom umravlesobisaTvis

udidesi sikeTis Sefasebisas, umciresobis inter-

esebi aris gamorCenili.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sargeblianoba dgas

moraluri gadawyvetilebebis centrSi, romel-

ic farTod gamoiyeneba ekonomikaSi da romelic

moqmedebaTa (ekonomikur) faseulobebis sazoms

warmoadgens, zemoT aRniSnul sirTuleTagan

gamomdinare, utilitaristebs rasakvirvelia yov-

elTvis kargad esmodaT maTi Teoriis dasazRvru-

lobis sakiTxi.

253

arakonsekvencialisturi Teoriebi

biznesis eTikaSi tradiciulad gamoiyeneba ara-

konsekvencialisturi eTikuri Teoriebis ori Zir-

iTadi tipi:

• movaleobaTa eTika

• uflebebisa da samarTlianobis eTika

orive am midgomas Soris arsebobs Zlier didi

msgavseba, romlebic gamomdinareoben sworisa da

arasworis mTavar universalur principTa Sesaxeb

daSvebulobidan, Tumca ki maT Soris aseve Sesa-

mCnevia garkveuli gansxvavebulobac. kerZod, Tu

uflebebsa da samarTlianobaze dafuZnebuli Te-

oriebi miiswrafvis samarTlebrivi Sefasebisaken

da Semdeg movaleobaTa advokatirebiT uflebaTa

dacvisaken, movaleobaTa eTika garkveul situa-

ciebSi upirveles yovlisa iwyebs qmedebaTa mov-

aleobis SefasebiT.

movaleobaTa eTika. movaleobaTa eTikis mTa-

vari kontributori, germaneli filosofosi ima-

nuel kanti fiqrobda, rom morali da gadawyvetile-

bebi swor da araswor moqmedebaTa Sesaxeb ar iyo

damokidebuli calkeul situaciaze, aRarafers

vambobT Tavad moqmedebaTa Sedegebze. kantisaTvis,

morali iyo zogierTi maradiuli, abstraqtuli

da ucvleli principis sakiTxi, riTac adamianebi

isargeblebdnen yvela eTikuri problemis dros.

aqedan gamomdinare, misi Teoria mWidro kavSir-

Sia iudaistur-qristianul moralTan, romelic

amodis gansazRvrul (“divine” anu RvTivboZebul)

moralur principebidan. kanti darwmunebuli iyo,

rom am principTa identificirebisaTvis adamians

ar sWirdeboda RmerTi, eklesia, Tu sxva zemdgomi

avtoriteti. is adamianebs ganixilavda rogorc

racionalur aqtiorebs, romlebsac sakuTari

TavisTvis Tavad SeeZloT am principebidan arCe-

254

vanis gakeTeba. Sesabamisad, misTvis adamianebi da-

naxuli iyo rogorc damoukidebeli moraluri

aqtiorebi, romlebsac sworis da arasworis Tao-

baze aseve Tavad SeeZloT mieRoT racionaluri

gadawyvetilebebi.

kantma ganaviTara Teoriuli safuZvlebi, saidan-

ac CvenTvis cnobilia “kategoriul imperativad”

wodebuli es principebi. amiT mas mxedvelobaSi

hqonda is, rom am Teoriuli safuZvlebis gamoyen-

eba SesaZlebeli iyo yovel moralur sakiTxTan

(sirTulesTan) mimarTebiT, miuxedavad imisa Tu

vis SeiZleba mieRo masSi monawileoba, vis SeiZle-

ba esargebla an ezarala am principiT, mas Semdeg

rac isini gamoyenebuli iqnebodnen konkretul

situaciebSi.

kategoriuli imperativi Sedgeba sami nawilisa-

gan:

maqsima 1: imoqmede mxolod im umaRlesi prin-

cipiT, romelic Sen amave dros SegiZlia aqcio

sayovelTao wesad.

maqsima 2: imoqmede ise, rom adamiani SenTvis

iyos umaRlesi faseuloba, saboloo mizani, da ara

mxolod rogorc saSualeba.

maqsima 3: imoqmede mxolod ise, rom Seni saqcie-

li mimarTuli iyos saerTo keTildReobisaken.

kantis Tanaxmad samive maqsima SeiZleba gamoy-

enebuli iqnas rogorc testebi yovel SesaZlo

moqmedebisaTvis, da Sesabamisad esa Tu is moqmede-

ba moralurad, Tu winaaRmdegobaSi ar mova yvela

sam testTan. e.i. es niSnavs, rom morali xasiaT-

deba sami mniSvnelovani elementiT, romleTagan

TiToeuli gamoicdeba am maqsimebiT.

uflebebisa da samarTlianobis eTika.

uflebebis cneba dakavSirebulia britanel

filosofos jon lokTan. man moaxdina “bune-

255

brivi uflebebis” cnebis, Sesabamisad moraluri

moTxovnebis konceptualizacia, raSic igulisxme-

ba is, rom adamianebs gaaCniaT pativiscemis ufleba,

da romlebic unda iqnen pativcemulni da daculni

(maT Soris pirvel rigSi saxelmwifos mxridan).

yvelaze ufro mniSvnelovan uflebebs Soris, lok-

isa da Semdgomi uflebaTa Teoretikosebis mier

formulirebuli iqna sicocxlis, Tavisuflebisa

da sakuTrebis uflebebi. mogvianebiT es ufle-

bebi gafarTovda sityvis Tavisuflebis, sindisis,

Tanxmobis, monacemTa dacvis / piradi cxovrebis

xelSeuxeblobisa da samarTliani sasamarTlo

procesis miRebis uflebaTa saxiT.

eTikuri Teoriis TvalsazrisiT Cven SegviZlia

ganvsazRvroT uflebebi Semdegi mimarTulebiT:

bunebrivi uflebebi aris gansazRvruli sabazi-

so, mniSvnelovani, ganuyofeli dadgenili norma,

romelic pativcemuli da daculi unda iyos yo-

vel calkeul moqmedebaSi.

adamianis uflebebis eTikur midgomas gaaCnia

gansakuTrebuli damokidebuleba ekonomikur da

biznesgadawyvetilebebTan. yovelTvis, roca ori

mxare Sedis ekonomikur transaqciaSi xarjebsa

da sargebelTan mimarTebaSi mxareebs Soris unda

arsebobdes SeTanxmeba. am SeTanxmebis realizeba

miRwevadia bazris saSualebiT. Tumca ara mxolod

transaqciebSi Cndeba distribuciasTan dakavSire-

buli problemebi, romlebic gacilebiT farTo

masStabiT vlindeba:

• rogor unda gadauxados sawarmom Tavis

aqcionerebs, marTvelobiT Zalebs (menejerebs) da

Cveulebriv rigiT muSakebs ise, rom TiToeulma

maTganma miiRos samarTliani kompensacia maT mier

gaRebuli wvlilisaTvis korporaciaSi?

• rogor unda miiRos sawarmom mxedveloba-

256

Si adgilobriv TemTa, muSakTa da aqcionerTa

moTxovnebi sainvesticio dagegmarebisas garemoze

sagrZnobi gavlenebis gaTvaliswinebiT?

• rogor unda moaxdinos xelisuflebam fu-

ladi alokaciebi ganaTlebisaTvis ise, rom sa-

zogadoebis TiToeul nawils SeeZlos hqondes

ganaTlebis miRebis patiosani Sansi.

cxadia, rom individualuri uflebebi gansaz-

Rvrul socialur konteqstSi imgvarad unda re-

alizirdes, rom isini Tanasworad da samarTli-

anad iqnes miCneuli da mowonebuli. aq ukve Cndeba

samarTlianobis Zalzed sensibeluri sakiTxi.

samarTlianoba SeiZleba definirdes rogorc

individebis erTdroulad samarTliani moqceva

mocemul situaciaSi SedegiT – TiToeuli iRebs

damsaxurebisamebr.

aq sakvanZo moraluri sakiTxi aris mainc is

sakiTxi, rasac swored samarTlianoba aRniSnavs

situaciaSi, Tu ra standartebiT SegviZlia Cven

gadavwyvitoT ras SeiZleba dasabuTebulad imsax-

urebdes adamiani. boSampis da bovies2 mixedviT,

samarTlianobis Teoriebi Cveulebriv SeiZleba

danaxuli iqnes ori mTavari mimarTulebiT:

• samarTliani procedurebi. samarTliano-

ba ganisazRvreba imis mixedviT gaaCnia Tu ara

Tanabari SesaZlebloba TiToeuls miaRwios

samarTlian jildos misi ZalisxmevisaTvis. Cveu-

lebriv es iwodeba procesualur samarTlianobad.

• samarTliani Sedegebi. samarTlianoba gan-

isazRvreba imis mixedviT samarTliani formiT

aris Tu ara ganawilebuli Sedegebi. Cveulebriv

es iwodeba rogorc socialuri samarTlianoba.

samarTlianobis umetesi xedva SeiZleba ide-

alurad cdilobdes samarTlianobis orive tipis

miRwevas, Tumca es yovelTvis ar aris SesaZle-

257

beli.

samarTlianobis cnebebi ukve farTod aris

gamoyenebuli bizneseTikis problemebTan mimarTe-

biT, gansakuTrebiT dasaqmebis/saqmianobis praqtike-

bsa da diskriminaciis sakiTxebSi. samarTlianoba

aseve warmoadgens sakvanZo sakiTxs globaliza-

ciasa da mdgrad ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebul

debatebSi. aq mTavaria socialuri da ekonomikuri

samarTlianobis sakiTxebi – Temebi, romlebic

didi xania gascda wminda ekonomikur sistemis

farglebs da exeba mis eTikur mxares.

simdidris samarTliani ganawilebis am

problemis gamokveTa sazogadoebaSi da sazoga-

doebebs Soris mniSvnelovania ori poziciidan.

esenia: egalitarizmi da araegalitarizmi.

egalitarizmis midgoma amtkicebs, rom

samarTlianoba aris igive Tanasworoba, sadac

jildoc da simZimec samarTlianad unda iqnes

gadanawilebuli da sadac deviaciebi Tanasworo-

bidan miuRebuli da arasworia. ramodenime aseu-

li miliardelis arseboba, romelTa simdidre

planetis mosaxleobis qonebis naxevars Seadgens,

naTlad mianiSnebs usamarTlobaze egalitari-

anuli poziciidan. ekonomikuri sistemis egali-

tarianuli midgomis ganviTarebis yvelaze naTeli

magaliTia komunisturi reJimi, sadac yvelas aqvs

Tanabari xelfasi, aqvs ufleba flobdes Tanabar

qonebas, ixdis saxelmwifos mier dadgenil erT-

nair fasebs da a.S.

egalitarianul midgomas gaaCnia rigi proble-

mebi, rac gamomdinareobs adamianTa gansxvavebulo-

bidan. mag., SeuZlebelia bejiTi da zarmaci muSaki

iRebdes Tanabar anazRaurebas; aseve, egalitari-

anuli midgoma midrekilia araefeqtianobisaken,

radgan ar arsebobs iniciativebi inovaciebTan

258

da mzard efeqtianobasTan mimarTebiT nebismier

pirobebSi TiToeuls Tanasworad dajildovebidan

gamomdinare; garda amisa, isini iwveven individu-

alur TavisuflebaTa restriqciebs, mag., monawile

aqtiorebs Soris uTanasworoba, ris demonstrire-

basac naTlad axdens Tavisufali sabazro ekono-

mikis sistema.

araegalitarianuli midgoma speqtris sxva bo-

los amtkicebs, rom samarTlianoba ekonomikur

sistemaSi sabolood warmoadgens Tavisufali

bazrebis patiosani procesis produqts. aqtio-

rebi garkveuli saWiroebebiT xvdebian aqtiorebs,

visac ZaluZT maTi moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba, da

Tu maT Soris arsebobs Tanxmoba transaqciebSi,

samarTlianoba ganisazRvreba bazris moTxovna-

miwodebis ZalebiT. es midgoma 1980-ian wlebSi

popularuli iyo dasavleTis bevr qveyanaSi. Tum-

ca mainc aCvena mniSvnelovani tendencia uTanas-

worobisaken. bazris cneba gulisxmobs sruli-

ad Tanaswori monawileobis arsebobas bazarze

samarTliani Sedegebis misaRwevad. magram, ramde-

nadac adamianebi gansxvavdebian SemosavlebiT, un-

arebiT, janmrTelobiT, socialuri da ekonomikuri

statusiT da a.S., bazrebs SeuZliaT gamoiwvion

Sedegebi, risi mixedviTac calkeuli adamianebi

metad aRar ganixilebian Tanasworad. globalur

doneze es naTlad warmoCndeba dabalganviTare-

buli qveynebis mosaxleobis maRalindustriuli

qveynebis mosaxleobasTan metoqeobis magaliTze,

rac Formula 1-Si Ferrari-s gverdiT velosipedis yof-

nas hgavs, sadac es ukanaskneli patiosani TamaSis

wesebis pirobebSic ki ubralod ganwirulia.

cxadia, rom es ori gansxvavebuli pasuxi kiTx-

vaze Tu saxeldobr ras niSnavs samarTlianoba

ekonomikur konteqstSi aris aradamakmayofile-

259

beli. magram SesaZloa pasuxi swored am ors So-

ris arsebobdes. am problemis gamorCeulad pop-

ularuli midgoma warmodgenili iqna amerikeli

jon roulsis <<samarTlianobis Teroiis>> sax-

iT. <<samarTlianobis Teoria>> adgens qmedebaTa

orientacias _ ,,samarTlianoba” utilitaruli

,,sargeblis” nacvlad.

samarTlianobis cneba am azriT, romelsac mas

roulsi aniWebs, zemoT aRniSnuli Teoriis cen-

trSi iZleva subieqtis moqmedebaTa gansazRvruli

,,patiosani TamaSis” wesebis dadgenis SesaZle-

blobas.3

ukanaskneli ramodenime dekadis ganmavlobaSi

biznesis eTikis dargSi ganviTarda Tanamedrove

eTikuri Teoriebi, romlebmac am dargisTvis

didi mniSvneloba SeiZines. Tanamedrove eTikuri

TeoriaTagan SeiZleba gamoiyos oTxi ZiriTadi:

• saTnoebis eTika

• feministuri eTika

• diskursis eTika

• postmodernis eTika

saTnoebis eTika

aqamde Cven sworisa da arasworis sakiTxebs

ZiriTadad ganvixilavdiT calkeul moqmedebaTa

eTikis mixedviT. saTnoebis eTika ki iwyeba gan-

sxvavebuli perspeqtividan: TiToeuli calkeuli

moqmedebis misive Sedegebisa Tu ZiriTadi princ-

ipebis mixedviT Sefasebis nacvlad, es midgoma

yuradRebas uTmobs gadawyvetilebebis mimRebis

aspeqts. arsebiTad, am Teoriuli xedvis mesiji

uxeSad SeiZleba Semdegnairad formulirdes –

“ kargi qmedebebi modis kargi pirovnebebidan”.

maSasadame, SesaZlebelia, misi amgvari gansazRvra:

260

saTnoebis eTika amtkicebs, rom moralurad kore-

qtuli moqmedebebi aris is moqmedebebi, romlebic

aqtiorTa mxridan saTno xasiaTis matarebelia.

e.i. saTno xasiaTis formireba pirveli nabijia

moralurad koreqtuli qcevebis mimarTulebiT.

saTnoebani aris SeZenili xasiTais TvisebaTa

erToblioba, romelic adamians kargi cxovrebisak-

en svlis SesaZleblobas aZlevs. isini SeiZleba

diferencirdes inteleqtualur da moralur saT-

noebad. inteleqtualur saTnoebaTa yvelaze cno-

bili maxasiaTebelia “sibrZne”, xolo moraluri

saTnoebani moicavs iseT maxasiaTebel TvisebaTa

grZel CamonaTvals, rogoric aris patiosneba, va-

Jkacoba, megobroba, gulmowyaleba, erTguleba,

Tavmdabloba, sulgrZeloba da sxv. yvela es saT-

noeba manifestirdeba moqmedebebSi, romlebic war-

moadgens saTno adamianTa qcevis WeSmarit nimuSs.

xasiaTis es Tvisebebi Cven dabadebidan ar gvergeba,

aramed maT swavlis dros viZenT da gansakuTre-

biT – cxovrebiseuli praqtikiT sxva adamianeTan

saqmian urTierTobebSi4.

saTnoebis eTikis centralur ideas <<kargi

cxovrebis>> idea warmoadgens. aristotelesaTvis,

rogorc saTnoebis eTikis Tavdapirveli mxardam-

WerisaTvis, is Sedgeba bednierebisagan ara Sez-

Ruduli hedonisturi, siamovnebaze orientirebuli

azriT, aramed gacilebiT farTo mniSvnelobiT. is

pirve rigSi farTod moicavs saTno qcevebs, ro-

gorc kargi cxovrebis integralur nawils: bed-

nieri saqmiani adamiani unda iyos ara mxolod is

vinc saqmis dasasruls did fuls gamoimuSavebs,

aramed is vinc imave dros saTno xerxiT miRweuli

warmatebiT ganicdis siamovnebas. biznesis konte-

qstSi ,,kargi cxovreba” niSnavs gacilebiT mets,

vidre rentabeluri kompaniis arsebobas. aq aseve

261

Tanabarad mniSvnelovania TiToeuli TanamSrom-

lis keTilganwyoba, sawarmos wevrebs Soris kargi

urTierTobebi da yvela steikholderTan harmo-

niuli damokidebuleba. amgvarad, rogorc erTi

mxriv sawarmos mogeba, xolo meore mxriv aRniSnu-

li Sida da gare urTierTobani aris medlis ori

mxare, rac warmoadgens saTnoebis eTikis politi-

kur xedvas. maSasadame, saTnoebis eTika biznesis

eTikisaTvis aseve aqtualuria im kuTxiTac, rom

sworisa da arasworis gadawyveta ar SeiZleba

mxolod konkretuli normebisa da principebis

gamoyenebiT, aramed Cven aseve gvWirdeba drois

msvlelobaSi gamocdilebiTa da monawileobiT

miRebuli Cvenive codnisa da gadawyvetilebebis

kultivireba eTikis sakiTxTan mimarTebiT.

feministuri eTika

biznesis eTikis feministuri midgomebi iwyeba

hipoTeziT (daSvebiT), rom mamakacebs da qalebs

gaaCniaT sakmaod gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba

socialuri cxovrebis organizaciasTan mimarTe-

biT, rac eTikur konfliqtebze mniSvnelovan gav-

lenebSi vlindeba5.

feministur eTikas aqvs midgoma, romelic ada-

mians uyurebs rogorc Rrmad Cakiruls inter-

personalur urTierTobaTa qselSi. Sesabamisad,

pasuxismgebloba am qselis wevrebisaTvis da

dakavSirebulobis mxardaWerisaTvis, da ara ab-

straqtuli moraluri principebis erTguleba

aris feministuri eTikis aRiarebuli sazruna-

vi. xSirad es midgoma iwodeba rogorc ,,zrun-

vis eTika”6, moraluri problemebi aris pasux-

ismgeblobis konfliqtebi urTierTobebSi da ara

uflebaTa konfliqtebi adamianebs Soris, amgvarad

isini SesaZloa gadawyvetili iqnas mxolod per-

262

sonaluri, subieqturi azrovnebiT, romelic gan-

sakuTrebulad usvams xazs intuiciiisa da Seg-

rZnebis mniSvnelobas. im dros roca mamakacuri

midgomebi fokusirdeba samarTlian “fair” Sedegeze, feminsturi perspeqtivebi mianiSnebs socialur

procesebze da gansakuTrebiT mimarTulia har-

moniis emfatiisa da organizaciis aspeqtebisaken

eTikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. mTavari mizania

zianis acileba da jansaRi urTierTobebis dac-

va-SenarCuneba. aRniSnuli deskrifciis mixedviT

SesaZlebelia Semdegi definicia:

feministuri eTika aris midgoma, romelic pri-

oritets aniWebs emfatiur, harmoniul da jansaR

socialur urTierTobebs, erTmaneTze zrunvas da

zianis acilebas abstraqtuli principebis miRma.

maSasadame, mniSvnelovania gvaxsovdes, rom ro-

gorc eTikuri Teoria, feminizmi ar amtkicebs rom

swored qalebi warmoadgenen saukeTeso eTikur

aqtiorebs. feminizmi ufro metad gvTavazobs par-

tikularul urTierTobaTa gziT intuiciaze dam-

yarebuli moqmedebis formebs eTikur konfliqteb-

Si.

qvemoT nax. 1 –is saxiT vaCvenebT biznesis eTikis

kontrastul genderul xedvebs.

263

nax. 1. biznesis eTikis konkretuli genderuli xed-

vebi

wyaro: Maier, M. gender equity, organizational transforma-tion and Challenger., Journal of Business Ethics, #16, P. 949

diskursis eTika

diskursis eTikis ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi bi-

znesis eTikaSi, profesorebi Stainmani da lori7

amtkiceben, rom eTikuri refleqsiebi unda iwye-

bodes realuri cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebidan

da ara rwmenis sistemebidan, romlebic SeiZleba

iyos gansxvavebuli. magaliTad, qristianoba, is-

lami, budizmi, iudaizmi, induizmi, aTeizmi da sxv.

264

maTi mtkicebiT eTikur sakiTxTa saboloo miza-

ni biznesSi unda iyos konfliqtebis mSvidobiani

daregulireba. amitom, konfliqtSi myofi mxareebi

erTad unda monawileobdnen saerTo diskusiebSi

warmoqmnili konfliqtebis mowesrigebis mizniT

da saboloo angariSiT unda SeeZloT yvelasaTvis

misaRebi gadawyvetilebis miReba. maTi azriT, es

,,idealuri diskursi”, rogorc mas xSirad uwode-

ben, gacilebiT metia vidre SemTxveviTi saubrebi

an saqmiani Sexvedrebi.

Cven mier aqamde warmodgenili yvela Teoriuli

midgoma arsebiTad normatiuli bunebisaa. norma-

tiulSi ki rogorc wesi swor da araswor moqme-

debaTa preskrifciebi igulisxmeba. biznesSi eTi-

kur konfliqtTa gadaWris sirTules ki swored

is warmoadgens, rom diskursis eTikis filosofi-

uri safuZvlebis Tanaxmad normebi sabolod ar

SeiZleba gamarTlebul iqnas mxolod racion-

aluri argumentebiT, aramed ,,idealuri diskur-

sis” sivrceSi eTikuri konfliqtebis msgavsi

problemebis gadasaWrelad isini iqmneba da gamoi-

yeneba yoveldRiurobis safuZvelze. amgvarad, am

mokle eqskursis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebelia

ZiriTadi definiciis Semdegi saxiT postulireba:

diskursis eTika miiswrafvis eTikuri kon-

fliqtebis gadaWrisaken normaTa generaciis

pocesis pirobebSi yvela Sesabamisi monawilis

realuri cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis racion-

aluri refleqsiis saSualebiT.

postmodernis eTika

postmodernuli azrovnebis skolisaTvis fun-

damentur sakiTxs racionalurobas da morals

Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba warmoadgens, rac

niSandoblivia yvela tradiciuli eTikuri Teori-

265

isaTvis. tradiciul Teoriebs aqvT Tavisi sawyisi

modernizmSi, romlis aTvlis wertilad SeiZle-

ba meTvramete saukunis ganmanaTleblobis epoqa

iqnes miCneuli. modernis moazrovneni cdilobd-

nen samyaros racionalurad, mecnierulad axsnas

da adamianisa Tu sazogadoebis bunebaSi garkvevas

yovelmxriv Tanmimdevruli, Rrma da amomwuravi

Teoriebis formirebiT. socialur mecneirebaTa

sferoSi misi erT-erTi Sedegi gamovlinda sx-

vadasxva izmebis saxiT, mag., liberalizmi, komu-

nizmi, socializmi, racionalizmi, kapitalizmi da

a.S. rac Seexeba postmodernis moazrovneT, maTi

mtkicebiT es farTo Teoriebi, sazogadoebis es

<<didi narativi>>8 aris sakmaod ambiciuri, op-

timisturi da redukcionisturi, romlis sust mx-

aresac saboloo angariSiT warmoadgens is, rom

mas ar SeuZlia axsnas adamianuri egzistenciis

rTuli realoba.

postmodernizmi tendirebs moicavs Teoriuli

varaudisa da argumentebis mTeli speqtri. post-

modernis moazrovneebi identificireben moralis

racionaluri midgomis specifikur safrTxeebs.

zigmund baumani9. postmodernis eTikis erT-erTi

yvelaze ufro cnobili mxardamWeri asabuTebs,

rom moralis kodifikaciiT qcevis specifikuri

wesebisa da kodeqsebis farglebSi racionaluri

midgomebi uaryofs moralis realur wyaros,

romelic sxvebTan mimarTebiT aris fesvgadgmuli

moralur impulsebSi. es aris TiToeuli adami-

anis subieqturi, emociuri konvikcia sworisa da

arasworis Sesaxeb, dafuZnebuli maT gamocdilebe-

bze, grZnobebsa da instiqtebze. moraluri gansja

ufro metad aris <<good feeling>>, presentimenti anu winaTgrZnoba, vidre sxva ram, magram is gardauvlad

anulirdeba myisve, rogorc ki adamianebi ikaveben

266

organizaciul Tanamdebobebs da distancirdebian

maTgan, vinc sakuTar Tavze realurad ganicdis

am adamianTa gadawyvetilebebis Sedegebs. bizne-

sis eTikis konteqstSi esenia momxmareblebi, inve-

storebi, mimwodeblebi da sxv. am ideaTa safuZv-

elze SeiZleba movaxdinoT postmodernis eTikis

Semdegi saxis definicia:

postmodernis eTika aris midgoma, rac gansaz-

Rvravs moralis lokacias racionalurobis sfer-

os miRma emociur ,,moralur impulsSi” sxvebTan

mimarTebiT. is waaqezebs individualur aqtiorebs

yoveldriur praqtikasa da wesebSi daeWvebisaken,

mosmenisaken da maTi emociebis, Sida konvikciebis

gagebisaken da <<good feelings>> intuiciebisken, Tu

ras fiqroben isini sworisa da arasworis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis calkeul SemTxvevebSi.

sabolod, postmodernistebi ufro skeptikurad

arian ganwyobilni biznesis eTikis mTeli riske-

bis Sesaxeb, imdenad ramdenadac eTikuri Teoriebi

mimarTulia wesebisa da principebis Ziebisaken,

romlebic gansazRvraven sworsa da araswors.

postmodernistebis varaudiT martiv, universalur

da uryev qcevis formebze dafuZnebuli eTikuri

kodeqsi arasodes iqneba napovni. postmodernis,

iseve rogorc diskursis eTikas, biznesis eTikis

Sesaxeb ar SeuZlia Cveni raime wesebiTa da princ-

ipebiT, da miTumetes arc raime receptiT uzrunve-

lyofa eTikuri gadawyvetilebebisaTvis.

literatura:

1. Wayne Visser, Dirk Matten, Manfred Pohl and Nick Tol-hurst, The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility, Chichester, West Sussex, 2008, P. 53.

267

2. Beauchamp, T.L. and Bowie, N.E., Ethical Theory and Business, 5th edn. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentince Hall. 1997.

3. v. xizaniSvili, ekonomikis eTikis Sesaxeb,

Jur. <<ekonomisti>> #4, 2011, gv. 52.

4. MacJntyre, A., After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 2ndand. Notr Dame Press, 1984

5. Gilligan, C. In a Different Voice, Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1982

6. Rabouin, M. ‘ Lyin’ T (*) gers, and “ Cares”, oh my: the case of feminist integration of business ethics’. Journal of Busi-ness Ethics, #16, P.P. 247-61

7. Steinmann, H., Löhr, A., Grundlangen der Unterneh-mensethik, 2nd edn. Stuttgart, Schäffer – Poeschel, 1994.

8. Lyotard, J. –F., The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge, trans. G. Bennington and B. Massumi. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1984

9. Bauman, Z., Postmodern Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell., 1993.

268

$3.2. deskrifciuli eTikuri Teoria

deskripciuli eTikuri Teoriebi eZiebs aRw-

eros Tu rogor xdeba biznesSi eTikuri gadawy-

vetilebebis miReba da ra gavlenebi aqvs am gad-

awyvetilebebs Tavad procesebsa da Sedegebze.

arsebobs faqtorebi romlebic gavlenas

axdens gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesebze. es

faqtorebi SeiZleba diferencirdes or vrcel

kategoriad. esenia: individualuri da situaciuri

faqtorebi. 1’

individualuri gavlenebi eTikur gadawy-

vetilebebze

individualuri gavlenebi eTikur gadawyvetile-

bebze ukavSirdeba pirovnebis im aspeqtebs, rasac

faqtobrivad adgili aqvs gadawyvetilebebis miRe-

bis procesSi. Sesabamisad, es sakiTxi aris ara im-

denad determinirebuli mizezTa Sesaxeb Tu ratom

arian adamianebi metad an naklebad eTikurebi, ara-

med is ufro metad ukavSirdeba im faqtorebs, rom-

lebic gavlenas axdens Cvenze vifiqroT, Sevigr-

ZnoT, vimoqmedoT da aRviqvaT garkveuli formiT

is rac relevanturia eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis

miRebasTan mimarTebiT. faqtorebi da maTi Sesa-

Zlo gavlena eTikur gadawyvetilebeze gadmoce-

mulia nax. 1-Si.

269

nax. 1. individualuri gavlenebi eTikur gad-

awyvetilebaze

270

asaki da genderi

vin arian ufro eTikurni – kacebi Tu qale-

bi? eWvgareSea kiTxva TavisTavad sainteresoa, da

fordisa da riCardsonis2 Tanaxmad biznesSi eTi-

kur gadawyvetilebebze individualuri gavlenis

faqtori xSirad gamxdara kvlevis sagani. miuxe-

davad amisa, sabolood mainc ar arsebobs erTiani

Sejerebuli rezultati sxvadasxva warmoebuli

kvlevebis urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sedegebidan

gamomdinare.3

imis daSvebiT, rom erTni ufro eTikurni arian

vidre sxvani, rasakvirvelia erTi SexedviT sruli-

ad ar avlens mkafio mizezs imisas, Tu ratom Sei-

Zleba iyos aq sqesi mniSvnelovani determinanti.

magram rasakvirvelia arsebobs safuZveli viva-

raudoT, rom formebi, romlebSic orive sqesi (ro-

gorc qalebi ise kacebi) fiqrobs da moqmedebs

eTikur dilemaTa sapasuxod, SeiZleba gansxvavde-

bodes.

meore ZiriTadi faqtori romelic SesaZloa qm-

nides raime gansxvavebas eTikuri gadawyvetileb-

is miRebisas aris asaki, radgan msgavsi problema

sqesTan erTad asakTanac niSandoblivia. empiri-

uli testebi gviCvenebs sakmaod aramkafio suraTs

eTikur rwmenebsa da moqmedebebze asakis gavlen-

iT miRebul sakmaod araerTgvarovan SedegebTan

dakavSirebiT.

nacionaluri da kulturuli maxasiaTeblebi

globalizaciis tendenciis gaTvaliswinebiT

sacnobi xdeba eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis mkvle-

varTa didi daintereseba nacionalurobis, eTni-

kuri kuTvnilebisa da religiis sakiTxTa mimarT.

radgan msgavs mozaikurobas, sworsa da araswo-

ris, gansxvavebul faseulobebsa da sxva msgavs

271

faqtorebs Soris arsebuli rwmenaTa sxvadasxvao-

bas rasakvirvelia Seaqvs garkveuli koreqtivebi

eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis dros gansxvevebul

erebSi, religiebsa da kulturebSi. rogorc es

aCvena sxvadasxva kvlevam4 nacionalobas SeuZlia

mniSvnelovani efeqtis moxdena eTikur rwmenebze.

gert hofstedes kvlevebi5 gansakuTrebuli

mniSvnelobis mqonea am gansxvavebulobaTa mimarT

SexedulebaTa formirebis procesSi. mTeli msof-

lios masStabiT IBM-is TanamSromlebze warmoe-

bul kvlevaTa safuZvelze, hofstede varaudobs,

rom qveynebis mixedviT kulturis codnasa da

rwmenebs Soris gansxvevbuloba SeiZleba aixsnas

oTxi dimensiis TvalsazrisiT:

• individualizmi / koleqtivizmi. gamoxatavs

xarisxs, romelTanac erT mxares aris avtonomi-

uri da upiratesad sakuTari sargeblis miRebi-

saTvis moqmedi, xolo meore mxares – ufro metad

socialuri orientaciis, romelic gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas aniWebs gundur muSaobasa da erTo-

bliv miznebs.

• distanciis Zala. gamoxatavs xarisxs,

romelTanac ierarqiuli Zalauflebisa da sta-

tusTa uTanabro distribucia aris miRebuli da

pativdebuli.

• gaurkvevlobis Tavidan arideba. zomavs sa-

kuTari upiratesobis xarisxs, sicxadis wesebisa

da absoluturi sizustis mimarT.

• mamakacuroba / qaluroba. xarisxi, romelT-

anac aqcenti keTdeba fulisa da nivTebis Sefase-

basa (mamakacuroba) da adamianebsa da urTierTo-

baTa Sefasebas (qaluroba) Soris.

maSasadame, hofstedes dimensiebi SeiZleba dan-

axul iqnas eTikur gadawyvetilebeSi garkveul gan-

sxvavebulobaTa axsnis kuTxiT. magaliTad, maSin

272

rodesac vinme Crdilo evropisa Tu amerikis indi-

vidualisturi kulturidan didi albaTobiT Sesa-

Zlebelia gamoirCeodes sakuTari damoukidebeli

gadawyvetilebebis miRebiT, samxreT evropisa Tu

amerikis koleqtiuri kulturis warmomadgeneli

msgavs situaciaSi albaT konsultaciebs gaivl-

ida farTo jgufebTan. msgavsad amisa, nebismieri

maRali Zalauflebis distanciis kulturidan (e.i.

is vinc pativs scems da iRebs Zalauflebisa da

statusTa stratifikaciis), rogoricaa iaponia da

CineTi, albaT naklebad isurvebda eWvqveS daey-

enebina zemdgomidan miRebuli brZanebis siswore,

maSinac ki, rodesac adgili eqneboda aSkarad raime

eTikurad saTuo brZanebis Sesrulebas. empiriuli

Sroma rogorc wesi ZiriTadad tendirebs amgvari

saxis urTierTobaTa mxardaWerisaken.

ganaTleba da samsaxuri

pirovnebis miRebuli ganaTlebis tipi da

xarisxi, iseve rogorc misi profesiuli momzadeb-

is done da gamocdileba SeiZleba aseve iqnas

miCneuli individualuri gavlenebis faqtorebad

eTikur gadawyvetilebebze. magaliTad, kvlevebma

aCvena, rom biznesis studentebi dasavleTSi sxva

mag., samarTlis studentebisagan ara mxolod mor-

aluri ganviTarebis rangiT dganan dabla, aramed

akademiuri TaRliTobis, kerZod plagiatis mxri-

vac gamoirCevian.6

amasTan, biznesis studentebi sxva studentebi-

sagan gansxvavebiT metad amJRavneben egocentris-

tul faseulobebs.7

aSkaraa, rom eTikis komponents moklebul bi-

znesganaTlebas ZaluZs gaamyaros miTi amoraluri

biznesis Sesaxeb8 _ idea, romelic bizness ar ga-

nixilavs moralis sakiTxebTan kavSirSi. amgvarad,

273

miuxedavad imisa, rom individualuri (individis)

moralis zogierTi aspeqti SesaZlebelia ganvi-

Tardes aRzrdisa da saerTo ganaTlebis saSuale-

biT, aseve mainc rCeba adgili eTikuri treiningeb-

isTvis admianTa unarebis asamaRleblad, raTa

samuSao adgilebze moxdes arsebul problemaTa

Secnoba da gadaWra.9 biznesis eTikis Seswavla

iZleva analitikuri unar-Cvevebis zrdisa da sru-

lyofis SesaZleblobas eTikur sakiTxebTan da

problemebTan urTierTdamokidebulebaSi. maSasa-

dame, ganaTleba da samsaxuri is faqtorebia, rom-

lebsac aseve SeuZliaT iTamaSon mniSvnelovani

roli Cveni eTikuri rwmenebisa da faseulobebis

formirebaSi.

fsiqologiuri faqtorebi

fsiqologiuri faqtorebi dakavSirebulia kog-

nitur procesebTan, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,

sinamdvileSi Tu rogor fiqroben adamianebi. eTi-

kuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT, cod-

nas gansxvavebulobis Sesaxeb individTa kognitur

procesebSi SeuZlia dagvexmaros gaverkveT Cveni

warmodgenis gaumjobesebaSi Tu rogor iReben

adamianebi gadawyvetilebebs moqmedebaTa kursis

moralurad sworTan an arasworTan dakavSirebiT.

qvemoT gTavazobT ori yvelaze ufro cnobili

fsiqologiuri faqtoris, - kognituri moraluri

ganviTarebisa da kontrolis lokusis mimoxil-

vas.

kognituri moraluri ganviTareba

kognituri procesebis asaxsnelad gamoiyen-

eba fsiqologiuri disciplinis wiaRSi myofi

yvelaze ufro ganviTarebuli lourens kolber-

gis10 kognituri moraluri ganviTarebis Teoria

274

(kmg). faqtobrivad, biznesSi eTikuri gadawyvetis

praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove modeli sarge-

blobs am TeoriiT11, Tu masac gaviTvaliswinebT,

rom am Teoriis Tavdapirveli ganviTareba moxda

ara biznesis konteqstSi.

kolbergma ganaviTara kmg-is Teoria, rac

mdgomareobs gansxvavebul mosazrebaTa proceseb-

is axsnaSi, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas

eTikuri gansjisaTvis, da asaxavs momwifebis pro-

cess bavSobidan zrdasrulobamde. amgvarad:

kognituri moraluri ganviTareba exeba gansjis

gansxvavebul doneebs, rac SeiZleba gamoyenebuli

iqnes eTikur sakiTxebTan da problemebTan.

kolbergis mixedviT SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT mor-

aluri ganviTarebis sami farTo done:

pirveli done. individi avlens damokidebule-

bas TviTinteresTan (angarebasTan) da gareSe jil-

dosTan da sasjelTan.

meore done. individi iqceva ise, rogorc misgan

moelian sxvani.

mesame done. individi aviTarebs ufro metad av-

tonomiur gadawyvetilebebs dafuZnebuls ufle-

bebisa da samarTlianobis principebze, vidre gar-

egan gavlenebze.

am TeoriaSi mniSvnelovania ara is Tu ra aris

gadawyvetili, aramed is Tu rogor aris es gadawy-

vetileba miRweuli individis gansjis procesis

TvalsazrisiT – or adamians sxvadasxva doneze

SeuZlia msgavsi gadawyvetilebis miReba, magram

azrovnebis gansxvavebuli saSualebebis gziT.

miuxedavad imisa, rom kmg-is Teoria dominirebda

eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis mimarTulebis speci-

fikur literaturaSi, adgili hqonda aseve mrav-

alricxovan kritikasac. da mainc kmg-is Teoria

farTod iqna aRiarebuli, rogorc mniSvnelovani

275

elementi (individualur) individis gavlenebSi

eTikur gadawyvetilebebze.

kontrolis lokusi

meore fsiqologiuri faqtori, Cveulebriv gan-

sazRvruli rogorc gavlena eTikur azrovnebaze

aris kontrolis lokusi (adgili).

individis kontrolis lokusi gansazRvravs

xarisxs, sadac mas sjera, rom gaaCnia kontroli

movlenebze missave cxovrebaSi. ase rom vinmes

maRali Sinagani kontrolis lokusiT sjera, rom

movlenebi mis cxovrebaSi SeiZleba ganviTardes

sakuTari ZalisxmeviT, maSin rodesac vinme sxva

maRali garegani kontrolis lokusiT Tvlis, rom

movlenebi rogorc wesi ukavSirdeba sxvebis moq-

medebaTa Sedegs, iRbalsa da bedisweras.

mTlianobaSi, kontrolis lokuss metwilad

gaaCnia mxolod relatiurad limitirebuli gav-

lena eTikur gadawyvetilebebze. miuxedavad amisa,

imis gageba floben Tu ara firmis TanamSromlebi

Sinagan an garegan kontrolis lokuss, SesaZloa

mniSvnelovani iyos prognozirebisaTvis imis

Sesaxeb Tu rogor reagirebas moaxdenen isini bi-

znesis eTikis problemebze da gansakuTrebiT gak-

icxvis an Seqebis Taobaze, rodesac amgvar gadawy-

vetilebaTa pirispir dgebian.

personaluri erTianoba

sityva, romelic eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis

miRebasTan kavSirSi yovelTvis ufro metad Cans

zedapirze, aris erTianoba.

erTianoba ganisazRvreba rogorc moraluri

principebisa Tu faseulobebis mimarT erTguleba.

sityvis Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba ukavSirdeba

mTlianobas, sadac Cans, rom moraluri principebis

276

erTguleba aris simtkice da erTianoba rwmenebsa

da moqmedebaSi, rac miuxedavad raime ganzraxviT

an cdunebiT misgan gadasaxvevad, SenarCunebulia.

aq Zalze mniSvnelovania e.w. <<whistleblowing>>-is sakiTxi, romelic Cveulebriv biznesis eTikis mkv-

levarTa da studentTa interesis sagans warmoad-

gens. whistleblowing anu faqtebis gamoaSkaraveba

exeba moqmedebebs, rac rangisa da kvalifikaciis

miuxedavad TanamSromlebis mxridan damsaqmebleb-

isaTvis SemCneuli eTikuri darRvevebis warmoCena

– SetyobinebaSi mdgomareobs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari situacia warmoSobs

urTierTobaTa radikalizaciis molodinebs sa-

warmoSi, rac arc Tu sasurvel formebSi SeiZleba

iqnes gamovlenili. swored amitom aRniSnuli er-

Tianobis realizeba xSirad saWiroebs proteqci-

is garkveul dones SesaZlo rekomendaciis gamo.

erTianobis sakiTxis mniSvnelobis mzardi

yuradRebis miuxedavad, eTikuri gadawyvetilebeb-

is miRebis umetesi deskrifciuli modeli12 ar

eswrafvis misi anu whistleblowing-is, rogorc gav-

lenis faqtoris gaTvaliswinebas biznesis eTikis

sakiTxTa gadawyvetaSi, radgan mraval swavluls

mainc sakmaod bundovnad da aradamajereblad

eCveneba is Tu rogor da ratom zemoqmedebs per-

sonaluri erTianoba eTikur gadawyvetilebaTa

miRebis procesebze.

moraluri warmosaxva

dasasruls, kidev erTi individualuri faqtori,

romelsac ukanaskenl aTwleulSi sul ufro

mzardi yuradReba eTmoba biznesis eTikaSi aris

moraluri warmosaxva. moraluri warmosaxva nak-

lebad exeba moralur faseulobaTa krebuls, da

metad – SesaZlo sakiTxebis gadawyvetilebaTa da

277

Sedegebis farTo speqtris warmosaxvis unars13. es

niSnavs, rom moraluri warmosaxva aris Semoqmede-

ba, riTac individs ZaluZs asaxos eTikuri dile-

ma, vidre Cveulebrivi organizaciuli receptis

miReba prioritetulobaze da sagnebTan damokide-

bulebaze dakvirvebisaTvis, moraluri warmosaxva

individs SesaZleblobas aZlevs gaiTvaliswinos

moraluri problemebi, perspeqtivebi da Sedegebi

erT mTlianobaSi.

moraluri warmosaxva CarTuli unda iyos eTi-

kuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis tipobriv model-

ebSi da naklebad unda eqvemdebarebodes empiriul

testirebas.

da bolos, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom

moraluri warmosaxva flobs mniSvnelovan po-

tencials Cven dasaxmareblad, _ axsnas da gamo-

avlinos vitaluri sakiTxi masTan dakavSirebiT,

Tu ratom arsebobs variaciebi individebs Soris

samuSao konteqstis efeqtSi maTi eTikuri gadawy-

vetilebis miRebaze.

situaciuri gavlenebi gadawyvetilebis miRe-

baze

situaciuri gavlenebi Tanabari da SesaZloa

ufro didi mniSvnelobis iyos Cveni eTikuri gad-

awyvetilebebis formirebisas. qvemoT naxati 1.-is

saxiT gTavazobT situaciur gavlenebs eTikuri

gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze.

278

nax. 1. situaciuri gavlenebi eTikuri gadawyvetilebis

miRebaze

279

Sesabamisad Cven SegviZlia gamovyoT situaci-

uri gavlenis ori ZiriTadi tipi:

• sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi

• konteqstTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi

movaxdinoT am or kategoriaSi warmodgenili

ZiriTadi faqtorebisa da eTikuri gadawyvetileb-

is miRebaze maTi mosalodneli gavlenis deta-

luri aRweris ganxilva.

sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi

sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi sul ufro

metad aRiarebulia rogorc mniSvnelovani gavle-

nebi biznesgadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros eTi-

kur problemebTan pirispir aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi.

esenia moraluri intensivoba da moraluri CarCo-

struqtura.

moraluri intensivoba

moraluri intensivobis cneba Tavdapirvelad

SemoTavazebuli iqna Tomas jonsis14 mier, rogorc

eTikur gadawyvetilebis miRebis modelTa ganvr-

cobis saSualeba, masSi ideis CaTvliT, romelsac

gaaCnia eTikur sakiTxTa relatiuri mniSvneloba

da gavlena im procesebze, sadac gadawyvetilebis

mimRebni pirispir Cndebian eTikur problemebTan.

jonsis mixedviT15 sakiTxTa intensivoba varirebs

eqvsi faqtoris Tanaxmad, romlebzedac aris is

damokidebuli:

• Sedegebis sidide. es aris zaralis (an

sargeblis) mosalodneli saerTo odenoba maTTvis,

vinc problemebiTa da moqmedebebiT ganicdis gav-

lenas. cxadia, problema SeigrZnoba gacilebiT in-

tensiurad, roca Sedegebi aris sagrZnobi. magali-

Tad iseTi, rogoric aris janmrTelobis problema

an sikvdili, gamowveuli defeqturi produqtebis

280

mizeziT.

• socialuri konsensusi. aq adamianebi Tan-

axmdebian eTikasTan dakavSirebul problemebsa

Tu moqmedebebze. moraluri intensivobis zrda

mosalodnelia im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac moqmedeba

sxvaTa mier miiCneva araeTikurad.

• efeqtebis albaToba. es exeba albaTobas, rac

faqtobrivad zaraliT (Tu sargebliT) gamowveul

xdomilebasTan kavSirSia.

• droebiTi uSualoba. es dakavSirebulia im

siswrafesTan, riTac SeiZleba Sedegebi dadges.

rodesac Sedegebis dadgomas didi efeqtis misaR-

wevad sWirdeba wlebi, gadawyvetilebis mimRebebma

moraluri intensivoba SeiZleba drulad verc

ki SeniSnon - magaliTad, mowevis Tu sxva mavne

produqtebTan dakavSirebiT.

• siaxlove. am faqtors gaaCnia (socialuri,

kulturuli, fsiqologiuri Tu fizikuri) siax-

lovis gancda, riTac gadawyvetilebis mimRebi

piri gadawyvetilebis miRebisas ganicdis gavle-

nas. magaliTad, ganviTarebuli qveynis fabrika-

qarxnebSi cudi Sromis pirobebi, rogorc inten-

siuri moraluri sakiTxi, SeiZleba ufro metad

iyos Secnobili, vidre msoflios ganviTarebad

qveynebSi.

• efeqtis koncentracia. igi aRniSnavs xarisxs,

rac exeba moqmedebaTa Sedegebs koncentrirebuls

met-naklebad mciresa Tu bevrze. mravali SeiZleba

grZnobdes, rom adamianis TaRliToba asi evroTi

ufro metad moralurad intensiuria, vidre imave

Tanxis odenobiT Cadenili TaRliToba uamravi

msxvili multinacionaluri aqcioneris mxridan.

jonsis moraluri intensivobis originaluri

formulireba aris Teoriuli (dafuZnebuli upi-

281

ratesad socialur fsiqologiaze), Tumca Semdgom

misi mtkicebulebaTa kargi mxardaWera uzrunve-

lyofili iqna empiriuli testirebis warmoCenis

gziT.16 unda aRiniSnos, rom sakiTxis intensivoba

aris ara obieqturi, faqtiuri cvladi, aramed is

ufro damokidebulia masze, Tu es sakiTxi da misi

intensivoba rogor aris gagebuli da aRqmuli

organizaciis SigniT.

moraluri CarCo-struqtura

Tumca SesaZlebelia, rom jonsis eqvsi cvladiT

gadawyvetilebis mimRebTa mier moraluri sak-

iTxis intensivobis xarisxi iqnas gansazRvruli,

cxadia gasaTvaliswinebelia is garemoebac, rom

adamianebi sxvadasxva organizaciul konteqstSi

SesaZloa gansxvavebulad aRiqvamdnen am inten-

sivobas. msgavsi problema Tu dilema SeiZleba

aRqmuli iyos Zalzed gansxvavebulad imisda

mixedviT Tu rogor da ra gziT aris aRniSnu-

li sakiTxi struqturizebuli. maSasadame, formas

romelSic formulirebulia moraluri sakiTxebi,

sakvanZo gavlena aqvs eTikur gadawyvetilebebze.

moraluri CarCo-struqturis yvelaze ufro

mniSvnelovani aspeqti, romelSic formulirebu-

lia moraluri problema aris ena. moralis eniT

sargebloba (iseTi sityvebis gamoyeneba, rogori-

caa – erTianoba, patiosneba, samarTlianoba, wesier-

eba, an sicrue, TaRliToba, qurdoba) albaT ufro

metad ukavSirdeba moralur azrovnebas, radgan

es cnebebi mibmulia arsebul kognitur katego-

riebs romlebsac moraluri Sinaarsi gaaCniaT”.17

problema aris is, rom bevri adamiani biznesSi

uxalisod ekideba moraluri kondiciebiT Sefu-

Tos Tavisi saqme, maSinac ki, rodesac isini moqme-

deben moraluri mosazrebebiT, anda rodesac maT

282

moqmedebebs aSkarad mosdevs moraluri Sedegebi.

zogierTi mkvlevari mas axasiaTebs rogorc mor-

alur mdumarebas.18 dasavleTSi farTod citire-

bul kvleviT proeqtSi, rac menejerebTan intervi-

uebs efuZneba, gamovlinda, rom menejerTa jgufebi

eswrafvis moralur moqmedebaTa, motivebisa da

saubrebis restruqturizacias, nacvlad imisa, Tu

rogor moqmedeben praqtikuli mosazrebebis or-

ganizaciis interesebisa da ekonomikuri azris

gaTvaliswinebiT. bairdisa da veitersis Tanaxmad

(1989), mosalodneli safrTxeebis SiSiT menejerebi

SesaZloa iqceodnen imgvarad, rom mxedvelobaSi

hqondeT Semdegi garemoebebi:

• harmonia. menejerebs rogorc wesi miaCniaT,

rom moraluri saubrebi arRvevs organizaciul

harmonias konfrontaciis provocirebiT, rekrimi-

naciiT / urTierTbraldebebiTa da erTmaneTisaken

TiTis gaSveriT.

• efeqtianoba. menejerebi xSirad grZnoben,

rom moralurma saubrebma SeiZleba bundovani gax-

ados sakiTxebi, rac xdis gadawyvetilebis miRebis

process ufro rTuls, xangrZlivsa da mouqnels.

• Zalisa da efeqturobis imiji. menejerebi

aseve Tvlian, rom maTi sakuTari imiji SesaZloa

dazaraldes, ramdenadac eTikasTan kavSirSi is

SeiZleba danaxul iqnes rogorc idealuri, utopi-

uri da sakmarisad arasaimedoobis mqone efeqturi

marTvisTvis.

sakuTari saqmianobis potenciuri moraluri di-

mensiebidan distancirebuli da gaTavisuflebuli

erTi mxriv, da aRniSnuli marginalizaciis SiSi

meore mxriv is garemoebiTi faqtorebia, rac eWvS-

euvlad aCens sawarmos personaslis, pirvel rigSi

ki menejerTa amoralizaciis procesSi CarTvis sa-

frTxes.

283

konteqstTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi

situaciuri gavlenis meore jgufs miekuTvne-

ba konteqstTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi. kon-

teqstSi igulisxmeba organizaciuli konteqsti,

sadac moiazreba organizaciaSi dasaqmebuli Tan-

amSromlebi. magram, amave dros masSi gansakuTre-

biT igulisxmeba saqmian adamianebTan samuSao

garemos farglebSi warmoqmnili molodinebi da

moTxovnebi, romlebsac ZaluZT gavlena iqonion

maT aRqmebze moralurad swori kursis garkvev-

asTan dakavSirebiT. es faqtorebi gansakuTrebu-

li mniSvnelobis mqonea eTikuri gadawyvetileb-

is miRebis formirebisas organizaciebs SigniT.

biznesis eTikis menejmentisaTvis arsebobs aseve

mniSvnelovani ZiriTadi faqtorebi, romlebic sa-

muSao adgilebze xels uwyoben eTikuri gadawy-

vetilebis miRebis procesis gaumjobesebas.

dajildoebis sistemebi

mravli organizacia Tavisi TanamSromlebis

motivirebisaTvis iyenebs dajildoebis sistemas

bonus – sakomisio formis saxiT. magaliTad, gay-

idvebis zrdis miRwevisaTvis gamyidvelebi iRe-

ben Sesabamis jildos, magram aq sayuradReboa

is garemoeba, rom amgvar SemTxvevaSi ufro meti

sakomisio – bonusis gamomuSavebis mizniT maTi

mxridan momxmareblebTan urTierTobaSi SesaZloa

adgili hqondes garkvel eTikur standartebTan

kompromiss, rac rasakvirvelia pirdapir aisaxeba

gamyidvelTa eTikur qcevebze. amgvar gamovline-

baTa efeqtur prevencias warmoadgens sawarmos

xelmZRvanelobis mier araeTikurad moqmedi Tan-

amSromlebis mimarT (rac SeiZleba gamoixatos

momxmareblisaTvis saqonlis upiratesobaTa gada-

Warbebasa Tu momxmarebelTa SecdomaSi SeyvanaSi

284

konkurentebis saqonlis Taobaze) gamafrTxilebe-

li Tu sxva dasjadi RonisZiebebis gatareba. daus-

jelobis SemTxvevaSi ki savsebiT SesaZlebelia,

rom eTikur moTxovnaTa sakmaod martivad darRve-

vis faqtebi xSirad meordebodes. amitom, eTikuri

principebisa da standartebis mimarT erTguleba

is saukeTeso gamosavalia, rac gameorebis nakleb

Sanss tovebs mTlianad kompaniaSi.

miuxedavad jildoebisa da eTikur qcevebs So-

ris arsebuli urTierTdamokidebulebis Zlie-

ri akademiri mxardaWerisa, zogierTma kvlevam19

mainc aCvena araeTikuri qcevebis dajildoebasa

da amgvar moqmedebaTa gagrZelebas Soris arse-

biTi korelaciis SemTxvevebi da maTi negatiuri

mxareebi. amitom, menejerebi faqtobrivad irCeven

dabalansebul midgomas, ramdenadac pragmatuli

interesebi da mastimulirebeli jildoebi Seg-

nebulad aris gadaxlarTuli moralur mosazre-

bebTan gadawyvetilebis miRebis menejmentSi20.

xelmZRvaneloba

aqedan Cven SegviZlia ganvixiloT xelmZ-

Rvanelobis sakiTxi. cnobilia, rom adamianebi

xSirad ar akeTeben swored mas, rac jildos im-

saxurebs. isini, rogorc wesi akeTeben mas, risi ga-

keTebac maT ubrZanes. es SeiZleba iyos pirdapiri

instruqcia ufrosis mxridan raimes Sesasrule-

blad, ra drosac xelqveiTebi savaldebulod ar

miiCneven eWvqveS daayenon an uaryon msgavsi mi-

TiTebebi maTi ierarqiulad dabla myofi statu-

sis gamo. sxva dros xelqveiTebma SesaZlebelia

menejerTagan miiRon arapirdapiri instruqciebi

raimes araeTikurad Sesasruleblad, sadac isini

aucileblad igrZnoben mcire opcions, Tumca moq-

medebis saeWvo formebSi.

285

menejerebs cudi magaliTis micemiT aseve Seu-

ZliaT hqondeT gavlena sakuTar TanamSromle-

bze. poznerisa da Smitis21 Tanaxmad, aSS-is erTi

mesamedi dabali da saSualo rangis menejerebi

namdvilad ganicdian moraluri principebis erT-

gulebis simwires, rasac adasturebs maTi xSiri

CarTuloba kompaniis SigniT mimdinare araeTikur

procesebSi. SedarebiT gviandeli monacemebi22 ki

mowmobs, rom msxvili da saSualo masStabis or-

ganizaciaTa TanamSromlebis naxevarze naklebis

SefasebiT, maTi xelmZRvanelebi sakmaod maRali

dadebiTi pirovnuli niSanTvisebebiT gamoirCevian.

dasasruls, cxadia, rom xelmZRvanelobas

xelqveiTTa meSveobiT ZaluZs gavlena iqonios

eTikur gadawyvetilebebze, maSin rodesac isini

aRmoCndebian potenciur problemaTa pirispir.

biurokratia

jildo-sasjelisa da xelmZRvanelobis gav-

lenis safuZvladdeba biznesorganizaciebSi war-

moadgens biurokratiis xarisxs. biurokratia

aris formaluri organizaciis tipi dafuZnebuli

racionalur principebze da xasiaTdeba deta-

luri wesebiTa da procedurebiT, arapersonaluri

ierarqiuli urTierTobebiTa da amocanaTa myari

dayofiT.

biurokratia, dafuZnebuli maqs veberis23 Srome-

bze biurokratiuli formis Sesaxeb, iseve rogorc

gviandeli diskusiebi biurokratiis irgvlil

moralis Taobaze robert jeikolTan,24 zigmunT

baumanTan25 da rene ten bosTan26 asabuTebs rigi

efeqtebis arsebobas eTikur gadawyvetilebeze:

• moraluri avtonomiis represia. individ-

is morali mimarTulia iqiTken, rom daemorCilos

286

funqcionalurad specifikur wesebsa da biurok-

ratiuli organizaciis wesebs. amgvarad, efeqturi

biurokratia arsebiTad ,,aTavisuflebs” adamians

moraluri refleqsiisa da gadawyvetilebis miReb-

isagan, ramdenadac is mxolod saWiroebs preskrif-

ciuli wesebisa da procedurebis miyolas, dadge-

nilT organizaciuli miznebis miRwevisaTvis,

ramac SeiZleba gamoiwvios TanamSromelTa ,,mor-

alur robotad” qceva, romlebic mxolod wesebs

icaven da ar fiqroben Tu ratom arsebobs isini,

an SeiZleba Tu ara maT miznebSi daeWveba.

• instrumentaluri morali. biurokratia

organizaciis wevrTa yuradRebas mimarTavs or-

ganizaciuli miznebis efeqtur miRwevaze. aqedan,

morali SesaZloa racionaluri iyos mxolod am

miznebis miRwevisaTvis dadgenil wesebTan Sesa-

bamisobis TvalsazrisiT, e.i. saqme gvaqvs instumen-

talizebul moralTan da ara Tavad miznebis mor-

alur substanciaze yuradRebis fokusirebasTan.

Sesabamisad gadawyvetilebis miReba fokusirdeba

masze, iyo Tu ara swori procedurebi, gatarebuli

gansazRvruli miznis misaRwevad, nacvlad imisa,

aris Tu ara Tavad miznebi moralurad sasikeTo.

• distancireba. biurokratia emsaxureba

Cveni sakuTari moralis Semdgom CaxSobas Cveni

distancirebiT Cvenive moqmedebaTa Sedegebisgan.

• moraluri statusis uaryofa. dasasrul,

biurokratia gardaqmnis moralis obieqtebs, ro-

goric aris adamianebi Tu cxovelebi, sagnebi Tu

niSan-TvisebaTa erToblioba. amgvarad, TanamSrom-

lebi xdebian humanuri <<resursi>> zogierTi or-

ganizaciuli miznisaTvis; momxmareblebi daiyvane-

bian prefinanciaTa erTobliobamde marketingis

monacemTa bazaSi; cxovelebi xdebian produqci-

is erTeuli, romlebic ganicdian teqnologiur

287

damuSavebas fabrika-qarxnebSi. saqme imaSia, rom

amocanaTa dayofisa da efeqtianobaze fokusire-

bis gziT adamianebi, rogorc moraluri arsebebi

dakargulia da saboloo angariSiT isini uaryo-

filni arian WeSmariti moraluri statusisgan.

samuSao rolebi

rogorc davinaxeT, Sromis biurokratiuli or-

ganizacia adamianebs ganawesebs konkretul spe-

cializaciebsa Tu amocanebSi, romlebic (Sromis)

samuSao rolebs warmoadgenen. qcevis es model-

ebi gulisxmobs sxvadasxva pirTagan gansazRvru-

li poziciis dakavebas organizaciaSi.27 samuSao

rolebi SeiZleba iyos funqcionaluri _ magali-

Tad, buRaltris, inJinrisa Tu gamyidvelis – anda

isini SeiZleba iyos ierarqiuli – magaliTad, di-

reqtoris, menejerisa Tu xelmZRvanelis rolebi.

rolebs ZaluZT moaxdinon inkafsulacia molod-

inebis mTeli nakrebisa sakiTxebis Sesaxeb: ra

unda Sefasdes, rogor urTierTob sxvebTan, rogor

unda moiqce.

es molodinebi aigeba formaluri ganaTlebiT,

treiningebiTa da gamocdilebiT da maT SeiZleba

hqondeT Zlieri gavlena adamianis qcevebze. bi-

znesis eTikis konteqstSi, miTiTebuli samuSao

rolebsa da Tanmxleb molodinebs dafuZnebulT

pirovnebis adaptur rolze, SeiZleba hqondeT mniS-

vnelovani gavlenebi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.

Cveni individualuri morali, faseulobebi da

rwmenebi, romlebsac rogorc wesi SegviZlia rom

vflobdeT, SesaZloa iqnas CaxSobili im faseu-

lobebisa da rwmenebis SeTvisebiT, rac Cakirulia

Cven samuSao rolSi. amitom, rolebi ar warmoad-

gens Cveni pirovnulobis myar maxasiaTebelsa Tu

aspeqts, magram mas mainc didi konteqstualuri

288

gavlenebi gaaCnia Cven gadawyvetilebasa da qce-

vebze.

organizaciuli normebi da kultura

eTikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebaze sxva poten-

ciurad mZlavri gavlenis mqone aris normaTa jgu-

fi, romelic aRwers qcevis misaReb standartebs

SromiT TemSi, rogorc mSromleTa mcire jgufis,

departamentisa Tu mTeli organizaciis doneze.

normaTa jgufi gamoxatavs saSualebas, riTac xde-

ba intenciaciaTa realizacia gansazRvrul gare-

moSi an maTi SesaZlo konfrontacia organizaciis

mier dadgenil oficialur wesebTan Tu proce-

durebTan.

normaTa jgufs SesaZloa kavSiri hqondes az-

rovnebis, moqmedebis, saubris, Sefasebisa da a.S.

saSualebebTan. Sedegad, normaTa jgufi eswrafvis

moicavs faqtorTa sul ufro farTo speqtri, maT

Soris zogadi faseulobebi, rwmenebi da qcevebi,

romlebic organul kavSirSia organizaciuli

kulturis cnebasTan.

organizaciuli kultura warmoadgens er-

Tian garemos organizaciis farglebSi an mis

garkveul nawilSi. kultura Sedgeba konkretu-

li mniSvnelobebiT, rwmenebiTa da saRi azrisgan,

romlebic nawildeba organizaciis wevrebs Soris,

da warmodgenilia varaudebis, normaTa da faseu-

lobebis saxiT. organizaciuli kultura eTikuri

gadawyvetilebis formirebisas farTod aris aRi-

arebuli rogorc erT-erTi sakvanZo sakiTxi. is

aramxolod intensiurad aris CarTuli eTikuri

gadawyvetilebis miRebis modelebSi,28 aramed is

aseve farTod ganixileba empiriul kvlevebSi.29

srulebiT ar aris sakvirveli, rom kulturasa da

eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis Rrma kavSirebs Soris

arsebul mosazrebebs amyarebs mravali mowmoba

289

da mZlavri konceptualuri mxardaWera.30 cxadia,

zemoT aRniSnul saSualebebSi kompaniis Tanam-

Sromlebis socializaciis xarisxi mniSvnelovnad

gansazRvravs gadawyvetilebis miRebis formebs

maTi eTikur problemebTan pirispir aRmoCenis

dros. kulturul molodinebsa da faseulobebs

ZaluZT uzrunvelyon Zlieri gavlena masze, rac

Cven SeiZleba miviCnioT ,,sworad” an ,,arasworad”.

amgvarad, Cveni kulturuli wvdomebi da codna

SesaZlebelia mogvevlinos orive saxiT, rogorc

fasilitatori da rogorc barieri.

amgvar msjelobaTa Sedegad, mravali avtori,

rogorebicaa trevino, nelson,31 fereli da sxv32.,

saubroben eTikuri kulturis amaRlebis saWi-

roebaze eTikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis ganmt-

kicebisaTvis. arsebobs mniSvnelovani azrTa sxva-

dasxvaoba imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu rogor unda

moxdes es, anda sinamdvileSi ramdenad aris es

SesaZlo an sasurveli. rogorc Cans, kulturis

winaswar ganzraxuli menejmenti aris ukiduresad

Zneli, sadac Sedegebis ganWvreta SeuZlebelia.

SesaZloa ar aris mTlad garkveuli Tu rogori

damokidebuleba arsebobs organizaciuli kul-

turis gavlenisa eTikuri gadawyvetilebis miRe-

baze, magram Tavad faqti, rom arsebobs garkveuli

saxis urTierToba maT Soris, ar aris sakamaTo.

nacionaluri da kulturuli konteqsti

dasasruls, iseve rogorc organizaciis kul-

turisa da samuSao qcevis kulturas SeuZlia gav-

lenis moxdena eTikur gadawyvetilebebze, aseve

SeuZlia im qveynebsa Tu kulturebs, romleTa ar-

ealSic ganlagebulia calkeuli organizaciebi.

individualur gavlenaTa es faqtori varirebs

nacionalur da kulturul Taviseburebebs So-

290

ris: Tu winaT yuradReba maxvildeboda calkeuli

gadawyvetilebebis nacionalurobaze, axla mxed-

velobaSi miiReba erebi, sadac faqtobrivad miiRe-

ba gadawyvetilebebi ganurCevlad gadawyvetileb-

is mimRebis erovnebisa. gansxvavebuli kulturebi

jer kidev garkveuli xarisxiT icaven gansxvave-

bul mosazrebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu ra

aris swori da ra – araswori. am gansxvavebebs

mniSvnelovani gavlena aqvs masze, aris Tu ara aRi-

arebuli moraluri sakiTxebi da individebis mier

gaziarebuli gadawyvetilebis formebi da qcevis

modelebi.

globalizaciiT gamowveuli nacionalur kul-

turaTa gansxvavebulobis waSlisas SeiZleboda

gvqonoda molodini, gvexila Zvrebi am faqtor-

is gavlenaSi, SesaZloa gacilebiT kompleqsuri

efeqtebiTa da interaqciebis gamovleniT.

literatura:

1. W. Visser, D. Matten, M. Pohl, N. Tolhurst, <<The A to Z of Corporate Social Responsibility>>, Chichester, West Sussex, 2008, P. 57

2. Ford, R. C., and Richardson, W.D., Ethical Decision making: a review of the empirical literature., Journal of Business Ethics, #13/3, 1994, P. 205-21

3. Loe, T. W., Ferrell, L., Mansfield, P., A review of empiri-cal studies assesing ethical decision making in business., Journal of Business Ethics, #25/3, 2000, P. 185-204.

4. arsebobs mravalricxovani gamokvleve-

bi, romlebSic es sakiTxia ganxiluli: Becker and Fritzsche’s (1987) study of French, German, and US managers; Lysonski and Gaidis’s (1991) study of US, Danish, and New Zea-land business students; Nyaw and Ng’s (1994) study of Canadian, Japanese, Hong Kong, and Taiwanese business students; Jackson

291

and Artola’s (1997) study of French and German manageres; and Jackson’s (2001) tencountry study across four continents.

5. Hofstede, G., Gulture’s Consequences: Jnternational Differences in Work Related Values. Beverly Hills: Sage., 1980 Hofstede, G., Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: Harper Collins., 1994

6. McCabe, D. L., Dukerich, J. M., and Dutton, J. E., ‘Con-text, varlues and morals dilemmas: comparing the choices of busi-ness and law school students’ journal of Business Ethics, N10/2, S. 951-61, 1991., McCabe, D.L., and Treviño, L. K., ‘Academic dishonesty: honor codes and other situational influences’. Journal of Higher Education, #64, S. 522-38, 1993.

7. ix. wyaro 6. McCabe da sxv. 1991.8. De George, R. T., Business Ethics, 5 th edn. Upper Sad-

dle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 19999. Treviño, L. K., Nelson, K. A., Managing Business Ethics:

Straight Talk about Haw to do it Right, 2 nd edn. New York: John Wiley., 1999.

10. Kohlberg, L., Stage and sequence: the cognitive develop-ment approach to socialization. D. Goslin (ed.) Handbook of So-cialization Theory and Research. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969, P. 347-480.

11. Fraedrich, J., Thorne, D. M., Ferrell, O. C., ‘Assesing the application of cognitive moral development to business ethics’., Journal of Business Ethics, N13/10, 1994, P. 829-38.

12. Solomon, R.C., A Better Way to Think about Business: How Personal Integrity Leads to corporate Success. New York: Oxford University Press., 1999

13. Werhane, P.H., ‘Moral Imagination and the search for ethical decision-making in managmment’, Business Ethics Quar-terly, Ruffin Series (1): 1998,P. 76

14. Jones, T. M., Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: an issue-contingent model, Academy of Manage-ment Review, #16, 1991

15. ix. wyaro 14, gv. 347-8

292

16. Morris, S. A., McDonald, R.A., ‘The role of moral inten-sity in moral judgements: an empirical investigation’., Journal of Business Ethics, #14, 1995, P. 715-26; Frey, B. F., ‘The impact of moral intensity on decision making in a business context’., Jour-nal of Business Ethics, #26, 2000, P. 181-95

17. Theviño, L. K.,’ Nelson, K. A., Managing Business Eth-ics: Straight Talk about How to do it Right, 2nd edn. New York: John Wiley., 1999, P. 101.

18. Bird, F.B., Waters, J. A., ‘The moral muteness of manag-ers’. California Management Review, 1989.

19. Loe, T. W., Ferrell, L., Mansfield, P., A review of empiri-cal studies assessing ethical decision making in business., Journal of Business Ethics, #25/3, 2000, P. 185-204.

20. Watson, T. J., Ethical codes and moral communities: the gunlaw temptation, the Simon solution and the David dilemma., In M. Parker (ed.), Ethics and Organizations. London, 1998.

21. Posner, B.Z., Schmidt, W. H., Values and the American Manager: an update updated., California management Review, #34/3, 1992

22. Ferrell, O.C., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell, L., Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, 5th edn. Boston: Houghton Mifflin., 2002, P. 135

23. Weber, M., the Theory of Social and Economic Organiza-tion, trans. A. M. Henderson, T. Parsons. Oxford: Oxford Univer-sity Press. 1947.

24. Jackall, R., Moral Mazes. Oxford University Press. 198825. Bauman, Z., Modernity and the Holocaust. Cambridge:

Polity Press. 1989; Bauman, Z., Postmodern Ethics. Oxford: Blackwell 1993.

26. Ten Bos, R., ‘Business ethics and Bauman ethics’. Or-ganization Studies, 18/6: 997-1014, 1997

27. Buchanan, D., Huczynski, A., Organizational Behaviour, 3rd edn. London: Prentice – Hall., 1997, P. 374

28. Ferrell, A., Fraedrich, J., A synthesis of ethical decision models for marketing., Journal of Macromarketing, #9/2, 1989, P.

293

55-6429. Loe, T. W., Ferrell., Mansfield, P., A review of empirical

studies assessing ethical decision making in business., Journal of Business Ethics, #25/3 2000, P. 1985-204

30. Sinclair, A., Approaches to organizational culture and ethics., Journal of Business Ethics, #12., 1993, P. 63-73; Dahler – Larsen, P., Corporate Culture and morality: Durkheiminspired reflections on the limits of corporate culture., Journal of Manag-ment Studies., #31/1, 1994, P. 1-18; Starkey, K., Durheim and the limits of corporate culture: whose culture? Wich Durkheim?, Jurnal of Managment Studies, #35/2, 1998 P. 125-36

31. Treviño, L. K., Nelson, K. A., Managing Business Eth-ics: Straight Talk About How to do it Right, 2nd edn. New York: John Wiley., 1999.

32. Ferrell, O.C., Fraedrich, J., Ferrell, L., Business Ethics: Ethical Decision Making and Cases, 5ht edn. Boston: Houghton Mifflin., 2002.

294

Tavi 4. globalizacia da biznesis eTika

$4.1. globalizacia bizneseTikis konteqstSi

globalizacia axali droebis yvelaze ufro

moduri sityvaa, xolo globalizebuli samyaro

Zalzed xSirad Tanamedrove sazogadoebis erT-

erT umniSvnelovanes sakiTxTan aris gaigivebuli.

bolo aTwleulis msoflio finansur-ekonomi-

kur krizisebamde, globalizaciis pozitiur mx-

ared miCneuli iyo msoflio ekonomikaSi mimdin-

are transnacionaluri da transkontinentaluri

kavSir-urTierTobebis mzardi dinamika da misiT

miRebuli sargebeli, romelTa Soris aRniSnavd-

nen – ekonomikur zrdas, globalur keTildReobas,

demokratias da msoflio mSvidobas1 . magram,

globalizaciis, rogorc pozitiuri ganviTare-

bis Sesaxeb, msoflioSi ar arsebobs erTsulov-

ani Sexeduleba. 1970-iani wlebis anti-birTvuli

moZraobis msgavsad, Cven mowmeni gavxdiT axali,

msoflioSi gavrcelebuli anti-globalisturi

kampaniisa, romelmac mZlavri sazogadoebrivi pro-

testis forma SeiZina ,,globaluri msoflio wes-

rigis”, ,,globaluri kapitalizmis”, ,,multinacion-

aluri diqtatis” da a.S. winaaRmdeg, da romlis

samiznes msoflio savaWro organizacia, msoflio

banki, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondi, aseve, didi

rvianisa Tu evrokavSiris liderTa samitebi war-

moadgenen. mRelvarebebi sietlSi, davosSi, praRasa

da genuaSi aCvenebs, rom globalizacia sazoga-

doebrivi dRis wesrigis sakmaod sakamaTo Temaa.

biznesis eTikis konteqstSi globalizaciis ir-

gvliv kamaTi TamaSobs gadamwyvet rols. bolos

295

da bolos, korporaciebi, uwinaresad ki multina-

cionaluri korporaciebi (mnk) globalizaciis

dros sazogadoebis kritikis centrSi imyofebian.

maT adanaSauleben umciresad ganviTarebuli e.w.

meoTxe samyaros qveynebSi muSaxelis eqspluata-

ciaSi, garemos ganadgurebasa da ekonomikuri sim-

Zlavreebis borotad gamoyenebis gziT e.w. <<race to the bottom>>*-is arsebobaSi.

da mainc ra aris globalizacia? globaliza-

cia aris sakamaTo termini da gansasjeli Tema

ara marto sajaro debatebSi, aramed aseve –

samecniero diskusiebSi**. endriu kreini da dirk

mateni gvTavazoben globalizaciis ganviTarebis

or formas – teqnologiurs da politikurs.2

Tanamedrove sakomunikacio da satransporto

teqnologiebis swrafi ganviTareba da gavrceleba,

miuxedavad teritoriuli daSorebebisa erTi mxriv,

da e.w. ,,rkinis fardis” gaqrobis Semdeg daZleuli

teritoriuli sasazRvro sirTuleni meore mxriv,

iZleva adamianebs Soris erTmaneTTan dakavSire-

bisa da interaqciis SesaZleblobebs mTel msof-

lioSi. globalizaciis ganviTarebis orive forma

qmnis masiur proliferacias anu swraf zrdas

zeteritoriul kavSirSi. miuxedavad formaTa amg-

*termini << race to the bottom>> aris socialur-ekonomikuri

koncepti, romelic konkretul SemTxvevaSi asaxavs process,

romlis Tanaxmad mnk-i investiciebs abandeben im umciresad

ganviTarebul qveynebSi (ugq), romlebic maT sTavazoben uke-

Tes xelsayrel pirobebs dabali sagadasaxado nixris, ekolo-

giuri regulirebis dabali donisa da muSakTa SezRuduli

uflebebis mxriv.

** globalizaciis da misi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb arsebobs

mravali literatura. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia bekis, gidensis,

heldisa da makgreis Sromebi.

296

vari bunebisa, aucilebeli ar aris, rom msgavs kavS-

irebs yovelTvis hqondes globaluri gavrceleba

msoflios masStabiT. am kavSirebTan mimarTebaSi

axali midgoma mdgomareobs masSi, rom is metad

aRar saWiroebs geografiul xdomilebebs da rom

isini metad aRar izRudebian teritoriuli daS-

orebebiTa da sazRvrebiT. prof Solte3 amgvar

globalizacias axasiaTebs rogorc deteritori-

zacias. maSasadame, globalizacia aris terito-

riuli bazisis progresirebadi moSla socialur,

ekonomikur da politikur urTierTobaTa da pro-

cesebis warsamarTavad. globaluri komunikaciebi,

globaluri produqtebi, globaluri finansuri

sistemebi da kapitalis bazrebi warmoadgens det-

eritorizaciis metad mkafio magaliTebs. aqedan

gamomdinare, saxezea globalizaciis rogorc

deteritorizaciis Seuqcevadi procesi msoflio

ekonomikaSi.

globalizacia ekonomikuri saqmianobis deter-

itorizaciis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT rel-

evanturia biznesis eTikisaTvis, rac sam ZiriTad

sferoSi vlindeba. esenia: kultura, samarTali da

angariSvaldebuleba.4

kulturuli sakiTxi. geografiuli manZilebis,

rogorc biznessaqmianobebis erT-erTi umTavresi

xelisSemSleli faqtoris, biznesze gavlenis sul

ufro Semcirebis kvaldakval, korporaciebi mzar-

dad ikaveben ucxour bazrebs, ra drosac isini

xSirad awydebian axal-axal da sxvadasxvagvar

urTierTsawinaaRmdego eTikur moTxovnebs. evrop-

uli firmebis magaliTze Tu vityviT, is moraluri

faseulobebi, romlebic Sida bazrebzea miRebuli,

SesaZloa eWqveS dadges, maTi ucxour bazrebze

SesvlasTan erTad. magaliTad, evropuli Sexed-

297

ulebebi da damokidebulebebi rasiul da gen-

derul sakiTxebze absoliturad gansxvavdeba

axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTe-

beli tradiciuli xedvisagan. aseve, ekonomikuri

daqveiTebis dros CineTSi TanamSromlebis sam-

saxuridan daTxovna aRiqmeba araeTikur qmedebad,

maSin rodesac evropasa da aSS-Si mas bunebriv

procesad miiCneven. ise rogorc dasavleTisaT-

vis miuRebelia da mkacrad araeTikuria bavSvTa

Sromis gamoyeneba, xolo mraval aziur qveyanaSi

– dasaSvebi. mizezi Tu ratom arsebobs msgavsi

problemebis potenciali aris is, rom globali-

zaciis pirobebSi deteritorizaciis gamo ekonomi-

kuri urTierTobebis aCqarebis miuxedavad, umetes

SemTxvevaSi jer kidev adgili aqvs adgilobriv,

lokalur kulturebs Soris mWidro kavSirebis

arsebobas, moraluri faseulobebisa da garkveu-

li geografiuli regionebis CaTvliT.

samarTlebrivi sakiTxi. biznesis eTikis kuTx-

iT samarTlis sfero mWidro kavSirSia eTikasTan.

mravali ekonomikuri transaqcia rac ufro kar-

gavs kavSirs garkveul regionalur teritoria-

sTan, miT ufro aRwevs Tavs is Sesabamisi erovnuli

mTavrobebis kontrols. bunebrivia, xelisufleba-

Ta Zalaufleba dasazRvrulia garkveuli teri-

toriebiT, mag.: didi britaneTis kanonebi saval-

debuloa mxolod didi britaneTis teritoriaze,

da a.S. rogorc ki kompania tovebs sakuTar ter-

itorias da Sedis sxva, gansakuTrebiT mesame an

meoTxe samyaros qveynebSi, samarTlebrivi CarCoe-

bi xdeba Zlier gansxvavebuli. Sesabamisad, mene-

jerebs metad aRar ZaluZT ubralod daeyrdnon

samarTlebriv CarCoebs, rodesac biznesis praqti-

kaSi gadasawyveti xdeba ,,sworisa” da ,,arasworis”

sakiTxebi. gamomdinare iqidan, rom biznesis eTikas

298

upiratesad exeba is sakiTxebi, romlebic ar gane-

kuTvneba samarTlis sferos, an sadac ar arsebobs

gansazRvruli konsesusi Tu ra aris ,,swori” da

ra ,,araswori”, garkveuli azriT SeiZleba iTq-

vas, rom biznesis eTika iwyeba iq, sadac mTavrdeba

kanoni. amgvar mocemulobaSi deteritorizacia

zrdis moTxovnas biznesis eTikaze, radgan det-

eritorizebuli ekonomikuri saqmianobebi gamodis

erovnul mTavrobaTa kontrolis sazRvrebidan.

magaliTad, globaluri finansuri bazrebi imyofe-

bian nebismieri erovnuli xelisuflebis kontro-

lis miRma.

angariSvaldebulebis sakiTxi. mivapyrobT ra

dakvirvebul mzeras msoflio movlenebs, advilad

SevamCnevT ekonomikuri subieqtebis globalur

scenaze im dominanti multinacionaluri korpo-

raciebis arsebobas, romlebic gansazRvraven ara

mxolod calkeuli regionebis, aramed msoflio

ekonomikur politikasac. calkeuli mnk ekonomi-

kurad gacilebiT mZlavria, vidre ara mxolod gan-

viTarebadi, aramed mravali ganviTarebuli qveynis

mTavroba. miuxedavad amisa, nebismieri qveynis mTav-

roba angariSvaldebulia sakuTari xalxis winaSe,

maSin rodesac mnk-is menejerebi formalurad an-

gariSvaldebulni arian mxolod adamianTa Sedar-

ebiT patara jgufebis winaSe, romlebic floben

kompaniaTa aqciebs. sazogadoebriv jgufebs sxva-

dasxva qveyanaSi, romlebic pirdapir arian mnk-is

sainvesticio gadawyvetilebebze damokidebulni,

ar gaaCniaT kompaniebze gavlena, da regionaluri

Tu erovnuli mTavrobebisagan gansxvavebiT, arc

mnk-i arian angariSvaldebulni zemoT aRniSnuli

wreebis mimarT. ras niSnavs es? es niSnavs imas,

rom deteritorizaciis pirobebSi mTavrobebs

korporaciebze sul ufro naklebad SeZliaT kon-

299

trolis ganxorcieleba, da Tavis mxriv miT ufro

naklebad gaxsnilni arian korporaciebi demokra-

tiuli kontrolisaTvis dazaralebuli adamianeb-

is mxridan. amgvarad, pirdapiri mowodeba mnk-is an-

gariSvaldebulebis Sesaxeb, sul ufro xmamaRala

gaismis ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi, rasac

zemoT naxsenebi antoglobalistTa protestebic

adasturebs.

literatura:

1. Paulson, H., ‘The gospel of globalisation’., Financial Times, 2001, 13 Nov: 25.

2. Crane, A., Matten, D., Business Ethics, A EUROPIAN PERSPECTIVE (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustain-ability in the Age of Globalization), Oxford, 2004, P. 16.

3. Scholte, I.A., Globalization: A Gritical Introduction. Bas-ingstoke: Polgrave., 2000, P. 46

4. ix. wyaro 2., gv.17

300

$4.2. globalizaciis gavlena biznesurTierTobebze

globalizaciam mniSvnelovani gavlena iqo-

nia postmodernis biznesurTierTobebze. am mxriv

aRsaniSnavia multinacionalur korporacieb-

Si dasaqmebulTa gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba da

pirobebi ara mxolod regionebis, aramed konti-

nentebis (aRmosavleT evropis zogierTi qveyana,

samxreT-aRmosavleT azia, afrika, samxreT amerika)

mixedviTac. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs dasaqmebulTa

uflebebis universaluroba, romelic Tavis mxriv

moicavs sakiTxTa imgvar wyebas, rogoricaa: dis-

kriminacia, patiosani urTierTobebi, misaRebi sam-

uSao pirobebi, samarTliani xelfasi da verbal-

uri / araverbaluri gamoxatvis Tavisufleba. es

sakiTxebi sxvadasxva kulturebSi gansxvavebulad

interpretirdeba da aseve gansxvavebul datvirT-

vas iZens. magaliTad, rasiuli, seqsualuri Tu re-

ligiuri diskriminaciis cnebebi savsebiT SesaZle-

belia gansxvavebuli iyos islandiaSi, italiaSi,

israelsa da indoneziaSi. msgavsad amisa, gamoxat-

vis Tavisuflebac SesaZlebelia gansxvavebulad

iqnas aRqmuli belgiasa da birmaSi.

qvemoT gTavazobT im ZiriTad sakiTxebs, romelTa

gaazrebis gareSec SeuZlebelia mocemul Temati-

kaSi kargad garkveva. es aris1:

• erovnuli kulturebi da moraluri faseu-

lobebi;

• absolutizmi VS relativizmi;

• e.w. <<race to the bottom>> *

*ix. v. xizaniSvili, ,,globalizacia da biznes eTika”,. Jur-

nali <<ekonomika>>, #5-6, Tb. 2013, gv. 195

301

mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani

erovnuli kulturebi da moraluri faseu-

lobebi. erovnul kulturebsa da moralur fa-

seulobebs Soris arsebobs mWidro kavSir-urTi-

erToba msoflio masStabiT. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia

prof. hofsteidis2 oTxi dimensis mqone modeli,

damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva kulturuli faseu-

lobebiT: individualizmi/koleqtivizmi, Zalau-

flebis distancia anu masStabi, mamakacuroba

/ qaluroba, gaurkvevlobis Tavidan acileba. es

dimensebi bundovnad fokusirdeba zogierT sak-

vanZo aspeqtze, rac safuZvlad udevs im moralur

faseulobebs, romlebic gansazRvraven damsaqme-

belsa da dasaqmebuls Soris arsebul urTierTo-

bebs. mag., “individualizmi / koleqtivizmi” dimen-

sis SemTxvevaSi, individualuri qcevis kultura

gamoxatulebas poulobs imgvar formebSi, rom

TiToeuli dasaqmebulisaTvis misaRebia individu-

aluri pasuxismgeblobis aReba sakuTari damsaqme-

blis winaSe, maSin rodesac koleqtiuri qcevis

kulturisaTvis, rogorc wesi niSandoblivia gaer-

Tianebis saWiroeba da koleqtiuri monawileoba.

agreTve, koleqtivistebis sazogadoebaSi, pirovneb-

is unari imuSaos kargad sxvebTan erTad da Se-

Zlos TanamSromlobis safuZvelze erToblivi

gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi monawileoba, SesaZle-

belia Sefasebul iqnas swored rom maRali pro-

fesionalizmis kvalifikaciiT. rogorc cnobi-

li mecnierebi trevino da nelsoni3 gvTavazoben,

es SeiZleba niSnavdes imas, rom koleqtivistur

kulturaSi, ramdenadac Sromis maZiebeli da misi

ojaxi aris nacnobi, sando da mosawoni, imdenad am

faqtorebs aplikantis samsaxurSi asayvanad dam-

saqmeblis TvalSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba gaaC-

nia, maSin rodesac individualisturi kulturis

302

qveynebSi msgavsi ,,nepotizmi” SesaZloa aRqmuli

iqnes, rogorc cudi gavlenis momxdeni faqti da

diskriminaciuli qmedeba.

saqme imaSia, rom gansxvavebul kulturebSi gan-

sxvavebulad ganixileba dasaqmebulTa uflebebi

da movaleobebi. es niSnavs imas, rom mmarTvelTa

damokidebulebis dros sxva qveynis (gansakuTrebiT

mesame da meoTxe samyaros qveynebis) personalTan,

an sulac biznesis kritikasa da Sefasebisas, ro-

gorc mecnierTa, ise eqspertTa mxridan upiratesad

saWiroa eTikis kulturuli bazisis wvdoma da

gageba msgavs qveynebSi. rasakvirvelia, industriu-

lad ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs So-

ris arsebuli Sromis zogaduniversaluri ufle-

bebis dacvis, maTi realizaciis xarisxis mkveTri

da aSkara Seusabamoba, warmoSobs absolutizmis

da relativizmis urTierTSepirispirebulobis

problemas.

absulutizmi VS relativizmi. absolutizmi

warmoadgens ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom Tu eTikuri

principi marTebulad iqna miCneuli, maSin is var-

gisia yvelgan. relativizmi piriqiT _, igi gaiaz-

reba imgvarad, rom eTikis arcerTi xedva ar miiC-

neva marTebulad, vinaidan is yovelTvis unda iyos

relatiuri istoriul da kulturul konteqstTan

mimarTebaSi. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davuS-

vaT, rom eTikuri absolutizmisa da relativizmis

orive ukiduresoba ar iZleva sakmaris pasuxs im

aSkarad gansxvavebul pirobebze, romlebsac dRem-

de aqvs adgili mTel msoflioSi. relativisti-

saTvis evropidan, romelic warmarTavs Sida saqmi-

anobiT politikas ucxo kulturul konteqstSi,

sruliad zedmetia moraluri gansjis aucile-

bloba. mag., Tu pakistanis kulturaSi dasaSvebia

ToTxmetsaaTiani samuSao dRe, ratom Caanacvleb-

303

da is mas dasavluri standartebiT? maSasadame,

relativizmi uaryofs nebismier eTikur proble-

mas, wamoWrils Sromis cudi pirobebisa da eqspl-

uataciis irgvliv, vidre isini Seesabamebian moce-

muli qveynisa da kulturis standartebs. maSin

rodesac, speqtris meore bolos myofi absolutis-

tisaTvis Tu marTebulia moraluri standartebi,

maSin isini marTebuli da misaRebia yvelgan mTel

msoflioSi, da kompaniebSic, gamodinare aqedan

valdebulni arian daicvan muSakTa Sromis ufle-

bebi da mainc, rogorc Cans es ori mxare veras-

dros miva saerTo konsesusamde. amitom, Tu gvsurs

vipovnoT praqtikuli gzebi winsvlisa, saWiroa

amas SevxedoT cota sxvagvarad da ufro dakvir-

vebiT. samoqmedo orientiris ZiriTad wess Sei-

Zleba warmoadgendes adamianis uflebebi, rogorc

marTvelobiTi saqmianobis sabazo kompasi4. Tuki

garkveuli praqtika arRvevs adamianis uflebebs,

SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom es eTikurad mcdari da

miuRebelia. amgvari Sexedulebis miRma arsebobs

mosazreba, rom TanamSromelTa mimarT gansxvave-

buli midgomebi globaluri masStabiT, TavisTa-

vad ar gulisxmobs eTikurad arasworsa da miuRe-

bels, aramed damokidebulia im qveynis SedarebiT

ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, romelSic mimdinareobs

aRniSnuli praqtika. amgvar SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi

ekonomikuri sakiTxi mdgomareobs xelfassa da

samuSao pirobebis SesabamisobaSi ganviTarebadi

qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan5. magaliTad,

is ToTxmetsaaTiani samuSao dRe, romelsac fran-

guli mnk uwesebs Tavis TanamSromlebs pakistanSi,

iqneboda Tu ara misaRebi maSin Tuki safrangeTis

eqneboda igive ekonomikuri mdgomareoba rogorc

pakistans?

e.w. ‘race to the bottom’. ucxoeTSi dasaqmebis

304

standartebis adaptaciisa Tu ara adaptaciisagan

damoukideblad, profesorebi Sereri da smidi6

amtkiceben, rom mnk-i aseve TamaSoben garkveul

rols standartebis mxriv am qveynebSi. kerZod,

ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris gaCaRebulia didi Se-

jibri, erovnuli interesebis mkveTri SezRudvis

xarjze mnk-Tvis saukeTeso sainvesticio garemos

SesaTavazeblad, ucxouri investiciebis mozid-

vis mizniT. xolo am konteqstSi, globalizacia,

romelic ekonomikur sivrceTa deteritorizacia-

sTan asocirdeba, ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis qm-

nis uzarmazari arCevanis Tavisuflebas biznesis

sawarmoeblad.

globalizaciis mravali kritikosi7 amtkicebs,

rom investiciebis mosazidad dawyebul am gamale-

bul konkurenciaSi sakvanZo faqtorebs warmoad-

gens mnk-Tan arsebuli xarjebi, rac dakavSirebu-

lia ekologiur regulaciebTan, gadasaxadebTan

da tarifebTan, dasaqmebulTa socialur keTil-

dReobasTan, janmrTelobisa da usafrTxoebis

sakiTxebis uzrunvelyofasTan. Sedegad, msxvili

investorebi irCeven iseT qveynebs, romlebic maT

sTavazoben SedarebiT umjobes pirobebs, rac

xSirad niSnavs regulaciebisa da socialuri uz-

runvelyofis udables dones dasaqmebulTaTvis.

amitom, msgavsi Sejibrebebi qveynebs Soris kidev

ufro auaresebs maT eko-socialurs mdgomare-

obs da mihyavs isini e.w. << race to the bottom>>-is

arsebobamde. msgavsi umisamarTo srbolebis uz-

runvelyofis umTavres subieqtad ki swored mnk-i

gvevlinebian8 miuxedavad SeuzRudavi Tavisufali

vaWrobis momxreebis sapirispiro mosazrebebisa,

romlebic ar iziareben aRniSnul pozicias da mi-

aCniaT, rom qveynebs Soris arsebuli konkurenciis

negatiur argumentad motana ara mxolod Secdoma,

305

aramed winaaRmdegobaSia Tavisufal vaWrobasTan

da bazris deregulirebasTan, SeuZlebelia imis

uaryofa, rom mnk-is mier warmoebuli samsaxovani

(socialuri, ekonomikuri, ekologiuri) interven-

ciebi mesame da meoTxe samyaros qveynebSi dRemde

grZeldeba.

globalizaciis konteqstSi multinacionalur

kompaniebs akisriaT sakmaod didi potenciuri

pasuxismgebloba. mnk warmoadgenen saerTaSoriso

biznespraqtikis mZlavr aqtiorebs dislokaciis

qveynebSi, romlebic gansakuTrebul sakvanZo rols

TamaSoben e.w. <<instituciuri fonis>> SeqmnaSi,

da romelic moicavs iseT instituciur forme-

bs, rogorebicaa profkavSirebi, janmrTelobisa

da usafrTxoebis normebi, sxvadasxvagvari wesebi,

regulaciebi da standartebi, romlebic xels uw-

yoben mSromelTa uflebebis dacvas globaluri

ekonomikuri urTierToebebis pirobebSi.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. A. Crane, D. Matten; Business Ethics, A European Per-spective (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization). Oxford – New York, Oxford Univer-sity Press, 2004, P.253.

2. G. Hofstede; Cuture’s Consequences: International Dif-ferences in Work Related Values; Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980.

3. L.K. Trevino, K.A. Nelson; Managing Business Ethics: Straight Talk about How to do it Right, 2nd edn., New York: John Wiley., 1999., P.292

4. P. Frankental, “The UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights as a corporate code of Conduct”. Business Ethics: A Euro-pean Review, #11/2, 2002., P.129-33.

5. T. Donaldson, The Ethics of International Business., New

306

York: Oxford University Press., 1989. P. 101-6.6. A.G. Scherer, M. Smid., “The Downward spiral and the

V.S. model business principles: why MNEs should take respon-sibility for improvement of worldwide social and environmental conditions”., Management International Review, # 40/4, 2000; P.351-71.

7. ix. wyaro 1. , gv. 255

8. D. Spar, D. Yoffie., “Multinational enterprises and the prospects for justice”., Journal of International Affairs, #52/2, 1999, P.557-81.

307

$4.3. biznesis eTikis analizuri midgoma kompaniaTa gadawyvetile-

bebis problematikaSi

kompaniaTa funqcionirebis sabaziso doneze,

romelic exeba racionalur moqmedebaTa da eTi-

kur normaTa urTierTSesabamisobis urTules as-

peqtebs, warmoiSoba konfliqturi situaciebi, sa-

dac amgvari konfliqtebis pozitiuri gadawyvetis

safuZvels eqsplicituri analizi* warmoadgens.

amitom bizneseTikis Seswavlis centralur sa-

gnad savsebiT SesaZlebelia, rom swored <<ana-

lizuri>> midgoma iqnes miCenuli, romlis arsic

biznesgadawyvetilebis miRebis dros warmoqmnili

moraluri problemebisa da maTi gadaWris gzebis

ZiebaSi mdgomareobs.

biznesis eTikis es mniSvnelovani problemuri

sfero iyofa normaTa da gadawyvetilebaTa kon-

fliqtebad.

normaTa konfliqtis Secnoba SesaZlebelia

ekonomikuri miznebsa da eTikur normebs So-

ris arsebuli damokidebulebis analiziT. nor-

maTa analizSi kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens is,

Tu ra moculobasa da TanafardobaSi imyofebian

ekonomikuri miznebi – likviduroba, erTeuli Tu

multiperiodulobis warmatebebi (mag., sezonuri

mogeba, Semosavlis odenoba, aqciis Rirebuleba),

moTxovnis dakmayofileba da a.S., iseve rogorc

aqedan nawarmoebi calkeuli komplementaruli,

konkurentuli, neitraluri operaciuli mizne-

* eqsplicituri analizi ayalibebs eTikuri diskursis

Sinaarsis, Sinaarsobrivad gansazRvrul normaTa gamoyenebis

da moralurad arasruli CarCowesrigis, anu zogadi regula-

ciebis Sevsebis safuZvlebs.

308

bi iseT eTikur normebTan mimarTebaSi, rogoric

aris humanuroba, samarTlianoba, Tavisufleba, pa-

tiosneba da sxv.1 es damokidebulebebi SeiZleba

iyos logikuri da/an empiruli saxis. logikuri

saxis damokidebulebebi aixsneba definirebuli

dasazRvrulobiTa da tavtologiuri saxecvli-

lebebiT, xolo empiriuli saxis damokidebule-

bebi xSirad konkretuli gamoyenebis sferoebiT

aris limitirebuli. ekonomikuri gadawyvetilebis

TeoriaSi miznobriv urTierTobaTa wvdomisa da

analizisaTvis SemuSavda da ganviTarda rigi saS-

ualebebi, romlebic normaTa analizisaTvis Sei-

Zleba iqnas gamoyenebuli.

sakvlev kriteriumTa SerCeva erTi mxriv damok-

idebulia ekonomikur sistemasa da masTan erTad

CarCowesrigze, iseve rogorc masSi dasaxul mizne-

bze, xolo meore mxriv – sazogadoebis moralsa da

am moralis normaTa mxedvelobaSi mimReb sazoga-

doebis wevrebze. swored amitom aqvs ekonomikuri

sistemis gaxsnilobas, farTo ekonomikur sivrc-

eTa integraciasa da globalizacias mniSvnelo-

vani gavlena bizneseTikaSi Semaval sagnebze. gan-

sxvavebul ekonomikur sistemebsa da kulturebs

Soris Sexvedrebi xsnis kvlevis axal sferoebs

bizneseTikisaTvis. aqve unda SevniSnoT isic, rom

analizuri bizneseTika efuZneba deskrifciuli

bizneseTikis** wvdomas da mianiSnebs misi Secno-

bis gardauval aucileblobaze.

** deskripciuli bizneseTikis amocanas warmoadgens biznes-

Si arsebuli normebisa da faseulobebis wvdoma da ganmarte-

ba. is biznesSi sferoebisa da masStabebis mixedviT cdilobs

gansazRvros personalze eTikuri normebisa da moraluri

faseulobebis qmediTobis xarisxi, da daadginos Tu ra gav-

lenas axdens maTi mxedvelobaSi miReba ekonomikur gadawy-

vetilebebze, moqmedebebsa da procesebze.

309

sinamdvileSi, ekonomikur da eTikur normebs So-

ris konfliqtebi Tavs iCens kompaniebSi uwinaresad

konkretuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas warmo-

qmnili problemis dros. empiruli gamocdilebe-

bi aCvenebs, rom kompaniebs msgavs miznobriv kon-

fliqtTa gadaWra mxolod garkveuli masStabiT

ZaluZT. amitom gadawyvetilebaTa konfliqtis

analizSi normaTa analizis gverdiT arsebobs

analizuri bizneseTikis meore mniSvnelovani sa-

gani. igi moicavs gadawyvetilebaTa problemis

guldasmiT damuSavebas, mis sistematizaciasa da

kvlevas iq, sadac saxezea konfliqtebi ekonomikur

da eTikur kriteriumebs Soris.2 maTi urTiergam-

ijvnisaTvis SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ra zomiT arsebobs amgvari konfliqtebi ro-

gorc calkeul, ise sxvadasxva personaliebsa da

instituciebs Soris. Tanaxmad amisa, SesaZlebelia

moxdes intra _ da interpersonaluri, iseve ro-

gorc intra– da interinstucionaluri gadawy-

vetilebis konfliqtTa gamijvnac.3

eTikuri normebis mxedvelobaSi miReba da maTi

maqsimalurad gaTvaliswineba rogorc calkeul

pirebTan, jgufebTan, aseve kompaniis Sida fun-

qcionirebasa da kompaniaTaSoris urTierTobebT-

an mimarTebaSi warmoadgens qmediT saSualbas ar-

sebuli konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad. garda amisa,

gadawyvetilebaTa konfliqtebis analiziT Sesa-

mCnevi xdeba is, Tu ra efeqtebi aRZravs eTikuri

kriteriumebis dacvisa da maTTan gadawyvetilebis

miRebis SesabamisobaSi yofnis aucileblobas am

mimarTulebiT.

eTikuri kriteriumebis gavlenis sistemuri kv-

leva sawarmoo gadawyvetilebaTa problemebis

Sesaxeb aseve emsaxureba garkveul sferoTa da

Tavad gadawyvetilebebis sirTuleTa Secnobas,

310

sadac moralur konfliqtebs srulebiT ar aqvs

adgili, da Tu aqvs, mxolod umniSvnelod. es ki

gviCvenebs mas, rom kompaniaSi moRvawe nebismieri

adamiani, romelic moraluri qcevisaTvis flobs

garkveul saTamaSo sivrces, arc CarCowesrigis

da arc biznes-ekonomikuri miznebis pirobebiT

ar izRudeba. amitom am sferoebSi eTikuri nor-

mebis sapirispirod mimarTuli qcevebi aris ara

ekonomikuri, aramed individualuri niSniT de-

terminirebuli. urTierTwinaaRmdegobrivi miznis

konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad ekonomikur gadawy-

vetilebaTa miRebis Teoriis farglebSi ganvi-

Tarebuli iqna farTo meqanizmebi, miznis kompro-

misis gansxvavebuli meTodebiT dawyebuli da

interaqciul preferenciaTa formirebis wesebiT

damTavrebuli.4 es meTodebi gamoiyeneba kor-

poraciul normaTa da gadawyvetilebaTa kon-

fliqtebis gadasaWrelad gadawyvetilebis mimReb

rogorc calkeul pirovnebebTan ise jgufebTan

mimarTebaSi. amgvarad, korporaciul konfliqtTa

gadaWris midgomaTa ganviTareba ganekuTvneba ana-

lizuri bizneseTikis mesame sagnobriv sferos.

gadawyvetilebaTa Teoriuli gadaWris midgome-

bi sxvadasxva kriteriumebisa da/an pirovnebebs

Soris arsebuli konfliqtebis miuxedavad gviCven-

ebs marTebul gadawyvetilebaTa mignebis gzebsa

da potenciuri meqanizmebis moqmedebaTa sazRvris

dadgenis SesaZleblobebs. aq mTavaria is, rom

Sesabamis gadawyvetilebaTa problemebis mosag-

vareblad arsebobdes moqmedebaTa alternatiuli

formebi. problemaTa gadaWris sxva gza mdgomare-

obs axali alternativebis moZiebaSi, riTac ekono-

mikur da eTikur kriteriumTa komplementaruli

Sesruleba xdeba miRwevadi. amgvari <<moraluri

inovaciebis strategiaTa>> SemuSavebis meqanizme-

311

bis ganviTareba/analizi aseve warmoadgens anali-

zuri bizneseTikis mniSvnelovan amocanas.

am saxis analizuri eTikis midgomebs gaaCnia

didi praqtikuli mniSvneloba imdenad, ramdena-

dac isini naTlad gviCvenebs maT mWidro damok-

idebulebas konkretul problemebTan mimarTebaSi,

- kerZod ki mas, Tu ra meqanizmebiT, anu ra instru-

mentebiTa da meTodebiT miiReba kompaniaSi gad-

awyvetilebebi, romelbic zogadi eTosis fargleb-

Si moqceuli eTikis safuZvlebsa da mis ZiriTad

principebze aRmocenebul mecnierul diskursebs

emyareba.

literatura:

1. Gäfgen, G. ökonomische Jmplikationen ethischer Prin-zipien, in: Duwendag, D., Siebert, H. (Hrsg.),: Politik und Markt. Wirtschaftspolitische Probleme der 80er Jahre, Stuttgart-New York, 1980, S.191-207; Schneider, D., Undernehmensethik und Gewinnprinzip in der Betriebswirschaftshehre, in : Zeitschrift für betriebswirtschaftliche Forschung, #42, 1990, S. 869-891.

2. Hansen, U., Marketing und siziale Verantwortung, in : Die Betriechswirtschaft 48., Jahrgang, Heft 6.,1988, S. 713.

3. Kreikebaum, H., Grundlagen Der Undernehmensthik, Stuttgart, 1996, S. 229.

4. Küpper, H.-U., Controlling. Konzeption, Aufgaben und Instrumente, Stuttgart, 2. Auflage., 1997, S. 70., Laux, H., Etsc-heidungstheorie ., Berlin,4 Auflage., 1998, S. .87

312

Tavi 5. menejmentis sakiTxebi bi-znesis eTikaSi

$5.1. biznesis eTikis menejmenti

ra igulisxmeba biznesis eTikis menejmentSi?

biznesis TiToeuli sferos marTva gulisxmobs

rogorc warmoebis, marketingis, finansuri angariS-

gebis, humanuri resursebis sakiTxebs, ise marTvis

yvela im funqcias, rac ayalibebs moqmedebaTa

mTel areals, moculs dagegmvis, implementacii-

sa da kontrolis formaluri da araformaluri

saSualebebiT. Tumca, biznesis eTikis menejmentis

ZiriTadi relevanturi aspeqtebia swored is as-

peqtebi, romlebic aris aSkarad SesamCnevi da mima-

rTuli specifikurad eTikuri problemebisa da

sakamaTo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad. gamomdinare

aqedan, SesaZlebelia misi amgvari definicia:

biznesis eTikis menejmenti aris eTikuri saka-

maTo sakiTxebisa Tu problemebis formaluri

Tu araformaluri marTvis pirdapiri mcdeloba

specifikuri politikiT, praqtikiT da programiT.

arsebobs mravali marTvelobiTi saqmianoba,

romelTagan zogierTi, rogoricaa eTikis kodeqsi,

samarTlianad aris kargad dafuZnebuli praqti-

kaSi, maSin rodesac danarCeni, iseTi rogoric

aris socialuri auditi, dasavleTSi ganviTarebis

jer kidev SedarebiT adreul stadiaze imyofe-

ba. maSasadame, rogorc qvemoT vaCvenebT, biznesis

eTikis menejmenti moicavs gansxvavebuli elemen-

tebis mTel wyebas, romelTagan TiToeuli biznes-

Si eTikur sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi SesaZlebelia

gamoyenebuli iqnas rogorc individualurad, ise

jgufur kombinaciaSi. es elementebia:

313

nax.1. biznesis eTikis menejmenti 1

SevecadoT mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maT-

gani:

korporaciis gacxadebuli misia anu faseu-

lobebi. arsebobs ZiriTadi ganacxadi korporaci-

is ganzraxvebis, SexedulebaTa da faseulobebis

Taobaze.

amgvari ganacxadi xSirad Seicavs sxavdasxva

saxis socialur miznebs2 da aRniSnavs eTikuri

moqmedebis valdebulebas.

eTikis kodeqsi. gansazRvruli organizaciis,

profesiisa Tu industriis farglebSi eTikuri

TvalsazrisiT yovelTvis arsebobs garkveuli

safuZvlebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu moqmedebaTa ra tipi

SeiZleba iyos sasurveli da mosalodneli.

saangariSo moxsenebis /Setyobinebis arxebi.

eTikuri sakiTxebis Sesaxeb Tavmoyrili informa-

cia aris mniSvnelovani input * efeqtiani menejmen-

tisaTvis, da zemoT aRniSnuli arxebi SeiZleba

* aq input gulisxmobs drois, codnis, ideebis da a.S. infor-

maciul erTobas, rac SesaZloa ganTavsdes sxvadasxva saxis

SromaSi, proeqtSi da sxv., warmatebis miRwevis mizniT., Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 7th edlition, 2010, P.801.

314

iqces potenciuri problemebis identificirebisa

da maTi gadaWris mniSvnelovan saSualebebad, amave

problemebis gamwvaveba – gasajaroebamde.

eTikis menejerebi, oficrebi da komitete-

bi. zogierT organizaciaSi, specifikuri indi-

videbi Tu jgufebi Tanxmdebian da / an iReben

pasuxismgeblobas eTikis menejmentisaTvis maTsave

organizaciebSi. daniSnuli eTikis oficeri aSS-

Si popularuli da prevelenturi, anu farTod

gavrcelebulia dRes. StatebSive dafuZnebuli

eTikis oficrebis asociacia axdens saukeTeso

praqtikebisa da sainformacio resursis biznese-

Tikis menejerTa Soris ganawilebas3.

aseve, mravalricxovan msxvil korporaciebs

gaaCniaT eTikis komitetebi, an ksp-is komitetebi,

romlebic meTvalyureoben biznesis eTikis menej-

mentis mraval aspeqts. am komitetebis pasuxismge-

bloba warmoadgens swored kps-is, prioritetebis

dadgenisa da momavali saqmianobebis dagegmvis

kompaniseul midgomaTa implementacias da mimox-

ilvas.

eTikis konsultantebi. biznesis eTikis kon-

sultantebs mokrZalebuli, magram myarad gansaz-

Rvruli pozicia gaaCniaT bazarze. biznesis eTikis

garkveul sferoTa saxelmZRvanelod, korpora-

ciebi Sida aRmasrulebel organoebze metad gare

konsultantebs aniWeben upiratesobas. sawyisi

zrda am seqtorSi gamowveulia garemos konsult-

antebis mier teqnikuri xasiaTis rCevebis SeTava-

zebiT. Tumca, kompaniebis socialuri da eTikuri

dRis wesrigi ganapirobebs momsaxurebis farTo

portfelis SeTavazebas kvlevis warmoebis, pro-

eqtis menejmentis, strategiuli rCevebis, social-

uri da garemos auditis da reportis, Semowmebis,

steikholderebis dialogisa da sxvaTa CaTvliT.

315

ganaTlebisa da treiningis eTika. biznesis

eTikis menejmentSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

eTmoba eTikis ganaTlebisa da treiningis sakiTx-

ebs, rac pirdapir kavSirSia eTikuri probleme-

bis gadaWrasTan biznesurTierTobebSi da risi

saWiroebis Sesaxeb mravali dasavleli swavlu-

li amaxvilebs yuradRebas4. situaciaTa identi-

ficireba gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi, or-

ganizaciis kulturisa da faseulobebis gaazreba,

da organizaciaze eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis gav-

lenis Sefaseba5 _ yvela es aspeqti warmoadgens

ganaTlebisa da treiningis eTikis miznebs.

steikholderebis sakonsultacio, dialogis

da sapartnioro programebi. korporaciuli gad-

awyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi sxvadasxva saS-

ualebebTan erTad aqtiurad ganixileba organi-

zaciaTa steikholderebis sakiTxi korporaciuli

angariSvaldebulebis mxriv. cxadia, rom biznesis

eTika exeba marTebul saqmianobebs, sadac msgavsi

programebi Zalzed mniSvnelovania nebismieri kom-

paniis grZelvadiani warmatebisaTvis.

auditi, finansuri angariSgeba da reporti.

arsebobs mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebuli saqmi-

anobebi, romlebic exeba organizaciis gavlenis

gazomvas, Sefasebasa da komunikacias, steikhold-

erebis interesTa gaTvaliswinebiT socialur, eTi-

kur da garemos sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi.

miuxedavad biznesis eTikis menejmentis am el-

ementebis arsebobis jer kidev adreul period-

Si myofobisa, korporaciuli moqalaqeobis eraSi

maT SeuZliaT gadamwyveti roli iTamaSon korpo-

raciuli angariSvaldebulebis amaRlebis mxriv.

Sesabamisad, korporaciaTa dRis wesrigSi dgeba

biznesis eTikis menejmentis gansxvavebuli kom-

ponentebis organizebisa da kompaniaSi maTi in-

316

tegrirebis sakiTxi korporaciaTa miznebis miRw-

evisaTvis. dasasruls, biznesis eTikis menejmenti

korporaciisaTvis mniSvnelovania gansxavebul

socialur da kulturul sivrceSi, eTikuri qce-

vebis kontrolis da marTebuli eTikuri gadaw-

yevtilebebis konteqstiT.

literatura:

1. Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten., Business Ethics; A EURO-PEAN PERSPECTIVE ( Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization)., Oxford, New York, 2004, P.145

2. Starkey, K., Durkheim and the limits of corporate cul-ture: Whose Culture ? Which Durkheim ? Journal of management Studies, 35/2, 1998, P.125.

3. www.eben.org4. Thore Leclair, D. and Ferrell, L. ,, Innovation in expe-

riential business ethics training”. Journal of Business Ethics, 23 (3/1), 2000, P.313.

5. Kirrane, D.E., ,,Managing values: a systematic approach to business ethics”. Training and Development Journal, Nov: 53-60, 1990.

317

$5.2. bizneseTikis menejmentis organizeba

imisaTvis, rom kompaniam SeZlos sakuTari miz-

nebis miRweva, misi funqcionirebis garkveul etap-

ze savsebiT SesaZlebelia dRis wesrigSi dadges

sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeZlos man sxva-

dasxvagvari komponentebis saukeTesod organizeba

da maTi integrireba Tavissave wiaRSi.

arsebobs bizneseTikis menejmentis ori, formar-

maluri da araformaluri midgoma, romelTa saS-

ualebiTac SesaZlebeli xdeba msgavsi amocanis

gadawyveta.

formaluri midgoma moicavs Tanxmobis, faseu-

lobebis, gare da dacvis mimarTulebebs1, rac sqe-

maturad SeiZleba Semdegnairad gamoisaxos:

bizneseTikis menejmentis

organizebis oTxi

saSualeba

Tanxmobis mimarTuleba

faseulobebis mimarTuleba

gare mimarTuleba

dacvis mimarTuleba

• Tanxmobis mimarTuleba. am midgomis arsi

mdgomareobs kanondarRvevaTa prevenciaSi, gam-

ovlenasa da dasjaSi. personali informirebu-

lia arsebul wesTa Sesaxeb da marTebul fun-

qcionirebas SiSis faqtori ganapirobebs. amgvari

midgoma efuZneba im mosazrebas, rom muSakTa sa-

kuTari faseulobebis miuxedavad, konkurentulma

garemom SesaZloa waaqezos TanamSromlebi saqmis

nebismieri formiT keTebisaken, maTSoris arale-

galuri Tu araeTikuri moqmedebebis CaTvliT2

• faseulobebis mimarTuleba. es midgoma

efuZneba organizaciuli faseulobebis gansaz-

318

Rvrasa da mosamsaxureTa valdebulebebis Ses-

rulebis saimedobas, WeSmaritad eTikuri miswrafe-

biT. 3 trevinosa da misi kolegebis 4 Tanaxmad,

faseulobebis midgoma ,,fesvgadgmulia person-

alur TviTmarTvaSi” da garkveuli saSualebebiT

uzrunvelyofs eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRe-

bis process, sadac calkeul wesTaTvis adgili

aRar rCeba.

• rac Seexeba gare mimarTulebis midgomas,

is naklebad fokusirdeba kompaniis faseulobe-

bze, da metad _ gare steikholderebis (klientebi,

sazogadoeba da aqcionerebi) dakmayofilebaze .5

aq samarTlianad miiCneva is, rac mosalodneli an

misaRebia umTavresad gare subieqtebisaTvis.

• dacvis mimarTuleba. dasasruls, zogi-

erTi programebi6 upiratesad orientirebulia

top - menejmentis dacvaze, eTikuri problemebi-

sa Tu samarTlebrivi darRvevebis braldebebisa-

gan. aRniSnuli midgoma firmis TanamSromlebisa

da sxva steikholderebisaTvis aris ufro metad

eTikis menejmentis Sesavlis sfero, vidre mene-

jerTaTvis legaluri safaris Seqmnis mcdeloba,

zogierTi saxis samarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevaSi.

bizneseTikis menejmentis Cven mier ganxiluli

formaluri midgomis oTxi mimarTulebidan, aSS-

Si gabatonebulia Tanxmobis mimarTuleba,7 ma-

Sin rodesac evropaSi dominirebs gare da faseu-

lobebze dafuZnebuli mimarTulebebi. aqve unda

aRiniSnos isic, rom yvela es midgoma ar aris ur-

TierTsawinaaRmdego da urTierTSeuTavsebadi. 8

magaliTad, mravali eTikuri kodeqsi efuZneba Zir-

iTad korporaciul faseulobebsa da principebs,

maSin rodesac amgvari kodeqsis efeqtianoba aseve

damokidebulia saTanado implementaciasa da Sem-

dgom RonisZiebebze. rogoricaa, sxvadasxva saxis

319

darRvevebze TanamSromelTaTvis disciplinaru-

li sasjelis daweseba ( Tanxmobis mimarTuleba).

faseulobebis, gare da Tanxmobis mimarTulebaTa

gaerTianebis mizniT, analogiurad mkacrad kon-

troldeba steikholderebTan Sexvedrebsa da kon-

sultaciebze dafuZnebuli eTikuri auditis pro-

cesebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom gansxvavebuli midgomebis

(da midgomaTa kombinaciebis) efeqtianobis Sesaxeb

warmoebuli kvleva sakmaod mwiria, mainc aRsaniS-

navia gasuli saukunis bolos aSS-Si, mecnierTa

erTi jgufis9 mier eqvs umsxviles kompaniis 10

000 met TanamSromelze ganxorcielebuli dakvir-

veba, ramac aCvena, rom faseulobebis mimarTuleba

yvelaze efeqtiani erTaderTi mimarTulebaa eTi-

kuri qcevebis waxalisebis kuTxiT, Tumca Tanx-

mobisa da gare mimarTulebebi naklebi xarisx-

iT aseve SeiZleba iyos gamosadegi. rac Seexeba

dacvis midgomas, is calsaxad saziano mimarTule-

badaa miCneuli. maTi mniSvnelobis miuxedavad,

es formaluri elementebi warmoadgens biznese-

Tikis marTvis mxolod erT-erT aspeqts. mravali

dasavleli mecnieri10 gamoTqvams mosazrebas, rom

firmis kulturasa da garemoSi arsebuli far-

To eTikuri konteqsti didi zemoqmedebis mqonea

eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis formirebis procesSi.

amgvarad, bizneseTikis menejmentis organizebisas,

aseve mniSvnelovania firmis eTikuri kulturis

mxedvelobaSi miReba.

araformaluri midgoma dakavSirebulia swored

organizaciis eTikur kulturasTan. organizaci-

is kulturas da normebs gaaCnia sakmaod didi

gavlena eTikur gadawyvetilebebze, rac zogierT

mkvlevars bizneseTikis mzardi mniSvnelobis

mxardasaWerad aZlevs kulturis cvlilebisa da

320

misi ,,ufro gaeTikurebis” Tqmis SesaZleblobas.

,,eTikuri gadawyvetilebebis formirebis srulyo-

fa adasturebs organizaciis faseulobaTa marT-

vis transformaciis saWiroebas, raTa SesZlebeli

gaxdes kulturaTa ufro metad gaeTikureba”.11

amitom, maTi azriT, sasurveli iqneboda Tuki kom-

paniebi aqtiurad ganaviTarebdnen eTikur organ-

izaciul kulturasa da kulturis cvlilebiT

moaxerxebdnen ,,eTikur problemebTan” gamklave-

bas.12

kulturuli cvlilebis midgomis popularobis

miuxedavad, sakmaod mwiri yuradReba eTmoba Ta-

vad am kulturul xdomilebaTa mizez-Sedegobriv

process: rogor aris SesaZlebeli msgavsi trans-

formacia, ra ganapirobebs mas, an SesaZlebelia ki

misi yvelaze ganvrcoba? amgvar situaciaSi auci-

lebladaa gasaTvaliswinebeli is garemoeba, rom

kulturis winaswarganzraxuli marTva warmoad-

gens rTulsa da xangrZliv process da calkeu-

li gamonaklisis garda, rogorc wesi iSviaTad

Tu aris warmatebuli. Zalze Znelia imis dasab-

uTeba, rom eTikuri qcevebis sferoSi namdvilad

iyos SesaZlebeli kulturis marTva. arsebuli

kulturuli rwmenebi da faseulobebi sworisa

da arasworis, kargisa da cudis Sesaxeb, rogorc

cnobilia did winaaRmdegobaSi imyofeba cvlile-

bebTan. amitom, faseulobaTa calkeuli jgufis

konformizmze dafuZnebuli ,,eTikuri kulture-

bis” Seqmnis naclad, misaRebia dasavleTSi ukve

aprobirebuli kulturaTa Seswavlis midgoma,

romelic fokusirdeba firmis SigniT myof mcire

subkulturul jgufebze. swored asea SesaZle-

beli kulturaTa adaptacia organizaciis menej-

mentSi, rac Tavsmoxveul avtoritarul ideolo-

giur kontrols gamoricxavs.

321

aSkaraa, rom orive, formaluri da araform-

aluri eTikuri menejmentis midgomas gaaCnia Ta-

visi Rirseba da nakli. umTavresi, rac maT gan-

sakuTrebul mniSvnelobas sZens aris is, rom

kompaniis xelmZRvanelebs, yvela donis menejerebs

maTi gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZlebloba eZlevaT mar-

TvelobiT procesSi miiRon firmis strategiul

miznebTan TanxvedraSi myofi Sesabamisi eTikuri

gadawyvetilebebi.

literatura:

1. Treviño, L.K., Weaver, G.R., Gibson, D. G., and Toffler, B.L., ,,Managing ethics and legal compliance: what works and what hurts”. California Management Review, 1999, #41/2, P. 131-51.

2. Hoffman, W.M., Driscoll, D. –M., and Painter-Morland, M., ,,Integrating ethics”. In C. Moon and C. Bonny (ads.), Business Ethics: Facing up to the Issues. London: The Economist Books, 2001, P. 38-54.

3. Paine, L.S. ,, Managing for organizational integrity”. Har-vard Business Review, 1994, Mar.-Apr., P. 106-17.

4. ix. wyaro 1

5. ix. wyaro 1

6. ix. wyaro 1

7. Weaver, G., Treviño, L.K., and Cochran, P.L., ,,Corporate ethics programs as control systems: influences of executive com-mitment and environmental factors”. Academy of Management Jurnal, 1999, #42/1, P.41-57.

8. ix. wyaro 7

9. ix. wyaro 1

10. Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten., Business Ethics: A Europe-an Perspective (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainabil-ity in the Age of Globalization), Oxford University Press, Oxford,

322

2004, P. 17211. Chen, A.Y.S., Sawyers, R.B. and Williams, P.F., ,,Rein-

forcing ethical decision making through corporate culture”. Jour-nal of Business Ethics, 1997, #16, P. 855-65.

12. Treviño, L.K. and Nelson, K.A., Managing Business Eth-ics: Straight Talk about How to do it Right, 2nd edn., New York: John Wiley., 1999, P.204.

323

$5.3. riskebisa da Sansebis menejmen-ti sawarmos mdgradi ganviTarebis

konteqstSi

sawarmos saqmianobis farglebSi misi menej-

menti regularulad konfrontirebs riskebTan

da SansebTan. riskebi da Sansebi sawarmos bi-

znesprocesebTan ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli.

maT gavlena aqvT sawarmos materialur da ara-

materialur aqtivebze. sawarmos ZiriTad miznebs

Sorisaa qonebis usafrTxoebis, saTanado Semosav-

lebis miRebis, iseve rogorc sawarmos Rirebuleb-

is zrdis sakiTxebi. am miznebis misaRwevad au-

cilebelia riskebisa da Sansebis permanentuli

da sistematuri Sefaseba. riskebisa da Sansebis

mudmivi dakvirveba aseve warmoadgens sawarmos

mdgradi ganviTarebis menejmentis sagans.1 riskis

cnebis qveS iglisxmeba mcdari gadawyvetilebis

SesaZlebloba (safrTxe), rasac Sedegad erTi an

mravali araxelsayreli movlena axlavs da ramac

SesaZloa miznidan sruli acdenac ki gamoiwvios.

riskebad miiCneva yvela ganviTareba da movlena,

romlebsac sawarmos raodenobrivi da xarisxo-

brivi miznebis miRwevaze, gansakuTrebiT ki Sedeg-

ze negatiuri gavlenis moxdena SeuZliaT. riskebi

aseve SeiZleba iyos xelidan gaSvebuli da cudad

gamoyenebuli Sansebi. riskebis gaTvaliswinebis

mzaoba warmoadgens winapirobas Sansebis sarge-

blobis SesaZleblobisaTvis. riskebi da Sansebi

gamomdinareobs momavalTan kavSirSi myofi ara-

saimedoobebisa da albaTobis kategoriebidan. sa-

warmosaTvis arasaimedoobebi yovelTvis niSnavs

riskebsa da Sansebs. amitom, maTi imavdrouli

win wamoweva da asaxva sagegmo da saprognozo

angariSgebebSi Zalzed mniSvnelovania sawarmos

324

Semdgomi funqcionirebisaTvis.

Sansebad SeiZleba moazrebul iqnas Sida da

gare, operatiuli da strategiuli ganviTarebebi,

romelTa Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba pozitiur gav-

lenas axdens sawarmos materialur da aramate-

rialur aqtivebze. Sansebi SesaZlo warmatebebia,

romlebsac wvlili SeaqvT miznis miRwevis saqme-

Si. Sansebis menejmenti aris sawarmoo saqmianobis

proaqtiuli uwyveti amocana, imisaTvis rom uzrun-

velyos sawarmos warmatebebi xangrZlivi droiT.

Sansebis menejmenti ZiriTadad Sedgeba sawarmos,

Sesabamisad moqmedebis arsis miznebisa da strat-

egiebisagan da zrunavs Sansebsa da riskebis sa-

Tanado urTierTobebisaTvis, sadac gansakuTrebu-

li yuradReba mis srul potencialze dakvirvebas

unda daeTmos. saTanado RonisZiebebis saidenti-

fikaciod, Sesafaseblad da samarTavad riskebisa

da Sansebis sargeblobisaTvis riskebis menejmen-

tis sistemebi gamoiyeneba.

riskebis menejmenti moicavs yvela dagegmviT

da organizaciul process, romlebSic winaswar

xdeba riskebis identificireba da alternatiuli

marTvis zomebis miReba da gatareba. riskebisa da

Sansebis Sesacnobad, Sesafaseblad da Sesabamis

moqmedebaTa SesaZleblobisaTvis xdeba integ-

rirebuli dagegmviTi, marTviTi, kontrolisa da

moxsenebiTi/saangariSgebo sistemebis gamoyeneba.

riskebisa da Sansebis menejmenti aris arsebiTi

warmatebis faqtori integrirebuli mdgradi gan-

viTarebis menejmentis midgomaSi.

riskebisa da Sansebis menejmentis Semotani-

sas sawarmoebi pirvel rigSi koncentrirdebian

riskebis gazomvisa da riskebis marTvis, aseve San-

sebis Secnobis validuri instrumentebis sruly-

ofa-ganviTarebaze. garda amisa, mas aseve miekuT-

325

vneba mTeli sawarmos masStabiT korporaciuli

,,riskebis kulturis” srulyofa da implementire-

ba. es niSnavs mas, rom ara mxolod warmatebuli

riskebis menejmentis farglebSi xdeba uaxlesi

kontrolisa da marTvis sistemebis ganviTareba,

aramed riskebisa da Sansebis menejmentis matare-

blebTan aseve xdeba specifikuri aRqma da miReba

,,mentaluri cvlilebis” (mental Change) farglebSi.

am TvalsazrisiT riskebisa da Sansebis menejmen-

tis dros saqme gvaqvs bevrismomcvel, farTo inte-

grirebul mmarTvelobiT sistemasTan. es niSnavs,

rom mis gankargulebaSi Semxvedri gadawyvetile-

bebisaTvis unda arsebobdes Sesabamisi codna,

gamocdileba da informacia. sawarmoebs ara mx-

olod operatiuli riskebis Sefaseba da sakuTar

gadawyvetilebebSi Sesabamisi daskvnebis (Sedegeb-

is) integrirebis moxdena unda SeeZloT, aramed

aseve strategiuli riskebis menejmentisaTvis –

Tavisi ZiriTadi riskebis, iseve rogorc Sansebis

sakuTari konkurentuli upiratesobebis Tvals-

azirisiT generireba da gamoyeneba. strategiuli

riskebis menejmenti dakavebulia sawaros mTavari

kompetenciebis strategiuli mniSvnelobiT, e.i. –

ZiriTadi da araZiriTadi riskebis Sedgeniloba/

arsebobis sakiTxebiT aRniSnul riskebTan ur-

TierTobis sakiTxTa mxedvelobaSi miRebiT. war-

matebuli sawarmoebi gamoirCevian imiT, rom isini

didi strategiuli mniSvnelobis riskebs, e.i. Ziri-

Tad riskebs maRali riskebis menejmentis kompe-

tenciiT marTaven.

operatiuli riskebisa da Sansebis menejmenti

exeba mag. gasaRebisa da miwodebis bazrebis gan-

viTarebas da teqnikur riskebs. SerCeuli Sanseb-

is potenciali da riskebi aisaxeba saprognozo

angariSebSi. is iZleva informacias ekonomikuri

326

ganviTarebis Sefasebisa da aqedan gamomdianre

Sansebis Sesaxeb sferoebisaTvis, funqciebisaTvis,

nedleulis fasebisaTvis da gamoTqvams sakuTar

azrs ganviTarebis molodinebze. am riskebis mar-

Tvas, monitorings da aseve Sida kontrolis sis-

temas korporaciuli marTvis (Corporate Covernance) farglebSi wvlili SeaqvT riskebisa da Sansebis

menejmentis saqmeSi.

riskebisa da Sansebis menejmenti xorcieldeba

mravalsafexurian standartizirebul procesSi

da uzrunvelyofs, rom sawarmoo gadawyvetilebebi

da mimdinare sawarmoo aqtivobebi riskebis saz-

Rvrebis farglebSi movides moqmedebaSi da Seesa-

bamebodes samarTlebriv moTxovnebs.

principebi, procesebi da pasuxismgeblobebi

sistematuri da xarjebTan mimarTebiT efeqturi

riskebis menejmentisaTvis xSirad sayovelTaod

miRebuli saerTo organizaciuli/korporaciuli

politikis safuZveli da msazRvrelia. riskebisa

da Sansebis menejmenti Semdegi fazebiT aRiniS-

neba:

• riskebisa da Sansebis identifikacia

• riskebisa da Sansebis ganviTareba

• riskebisa da Sansebis marTva

• riskebisa da Sansebis monitoringi da kon-

troli

• riskebisa da Sansebis agregacia da angariS-

geba

Sedegebi da daskvnebi riskebis inventarizacia-

Si aisaxeba, fasdeba da sawarmoo da centraluri

funqcionirebis sferoebSi xdeba maTi periodu-

li gadagzavna. riskebis perspeqtivaSi dakvirveba/

gaanalizeba aris mimdinare mravalsafexuriani

dagegmvis, kontrolisa da marTvis procesi, rac

reportingisa (Reporting) da regularuli komuni-

327

kaciis saSualebiT rogorc savaldebulo ise pe-

rioduli moxsenebebiT xorcieldeba sawarmos me-

nejmentsa Tu kontrolis organoebSi.

institucionaluri riskebis menejmenti exeba

organizaciul sawarmoo erTeulebs, romlebic

amocanebis Sesrulebas centralizebuli an de-

centralizebuli formiT axdenen. rogorc xSir-

ad praqtikaSi, aseve aqac aqvs adgili Sereuli

sistemebis arsebobas.

pirdapiri pasuxismgebloba Sansebis winas-

wari da regularuli identificirebisaTis, ana-

lizisaTvis da marTvisaTvis akisria operatiul

menejments centralur sawarmoo erTeulebsa da

Sesabamisad sawarmoo dargebSi, riTac is dageg-

mvis, marTvisa da kontrolis sistemebis inte-

gralur Semadgenel elements warmoadgens. aqve

unda SevniSnoT, rom Sansebi ganixileba rogorc

strategiuli zrdis potencialis mignebis far-

glebSi, ise operatiul saqmianobaSi (biznesopera-

ciebSi) efeqtianobis amaRlebisa da Semosavlebis

zrdis, aseve xarjebis marTvis kuTxiT. es moicavs

intensiur saqmianobas bazrisa da konkurenciis

detaluri analiziT, bazris scenarebs, relevan-

turi xarjebis gamomwvevs, warmatebis kritikul

faqtorebsa da sawarmos politikis sistemas.

aqedan iwarmoeba konkretuli sawarmoo sferos

specifikuri Sansebis potencialic. RonisZiebebi

Sansebis potencialis gamoyenebisaTvis upirveles

yovlisa aris: aqtiuri safaso politika, bazris

seleqciuri damuSaveba, bazris moTxovnebis Sesa-

bamisi produqtebis ganviTareba, efeqtianobisa da

zrdis programebis danergva, aseve akviziciebi da

strategiuli kooperaciebi.

riskebisa da Sansebis menejmentis sistemaSi yo-

velTvis arsebobs ekologiuri, socialuri da

328

ekonomikuri gamowvevebis integracis sirTule.2

riskebis Sefaseba xdeba rogorc xarisxobrivi ise

raodenobrivi maCveneblebiT.

ekologiuri gamowveva uwinaresad mdgomareobs

sawarmos garemosTan TavsebadobaSi, kerZod – pro-

cesebisa da produqtebis.

socialuri gamowveva riskebis analizSi moi-

cavs steikholderebis miswrafebebs, interesebsa

da SiSebs.

ekonomikuri gamowveva upiratesad exeba sawar-

mos Rirebulebis zrdasa da rentabelurobis am-

aRlebas.

zemoT aRniSnul ekologiur, socialur da

ekonomikur gamowvevebs Soris arsebobs Rrma

mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri, sadac sawarmos gr-

Zelvadiani ekonomikuri warmateba uzrunvelyo-

filia mxolod da mxolod ekologiuri da so-

cialuri riskebisa da Sansebis srulyofili

marTvis pirobebSi, rac riskebisa da Sansebis gaT-

valiswinebiT ekonomikuri miznis realizaciis

procesSi gulisxmobs: I. garemos potenciuri da-

zianebis Tavidan acilebis an mosalodneli zi-

anis xarisxis Semcirebis SesaZleblobas, riTac

SesaZlo xdeba eko-efeqtianobis gaumjobeseba; da

II. rogorc riskis misaRebi wonasworobis damyare-

bas, ise personalis da sazogadoebis socialuri

problematikis gaTvaliswinebas mag., Sromisa da

janmrTelobis dacvis kuTxiT.

maSasadame, ekonomikis mdgradi ganviTareba pir-

dapir kavSirSia erTi mxriv riskebis minimalize-

basTan da meore mxriv axali miznebis SesaZle-

blobebisaTvis Sansebis aRmoCenasTan. riskebisa

da Sansebis saidentifikaciod da gamosayeneblad

aucilebelia riskebisa da Sansebis menejmenti.

mdgradi ganviTarebis ZiriTadi principi – ekono-

329

mikuri, ekologiuri da socialuri miznebis gawo-

nasworebuloba, sawarmosaTvis imavdroulad aris

Sansebi da gamowvevebi. socialuri da ekologi-

uri aspeqtebi integrirdebian biznesprocesebsa

da sawarmos marTvelobiT koncefciaSi, imisaTvis

rom riskebi iqnas Tavidan acilebuli da ekono-

mikuri warmateba generirebuli. am azriT ekono-

mikis mdgradi ganviTareba aris ganviTarebisa da

gaumjobesebis uwyveti procesi, rac samive aspeq-

tis harmoniul ganviTarebaSi mdgomareobs.

literatura:

1. Ioachim Hentze, Bjőrn Thies,Unternehmensethik und Nachhaltigkeitsmanagement,Haup Velag, Bern. Stuttgart.Wien, 2012., S. 3

2. Stefan Schaltegger u.a. (Hrsg)., Nachhaltigkeits-management in Unternehmen.Bundesministerium Fűr Um-welt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMV), Referat Őffentlichkeitsarbeit, 2007, S.11

330

Tavi 6. korporaciis pasuxismgeblo-bis saxeebi

$6.1. korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba

farTo gagebiT, korporacia aris biznesis

erTianobis dominanturi forma Tanamedrove

globalur ekonomikaSi.1

korporacia miCneulia, rogorc avtonomiuri so-

cialuri erToba, rac korporaciis Sida da gare

dainteresebul mxareTa (The internal and external stake-holders) kooperaciaSi vlindeba. msgavsi praqtika

ayalibebs korporaciis moralur erTobas, misi

moraluri kriteriumebisa da standartebis gan-

sazRvris saxiT, ris Semdegac SesaZlebeli xdeba

korporaciis moralur pasuxismgeblobaze saubari,

anu SeuZlia Tu ara korporacias pasuxismgebeli

iyos sakuTar moqmedebaze?

arsebobs ori umTavresi argumenti am Tvalsaz-

risis mxardasaWerad. pirveli, – yovel organiza-

cias gaaCnia korporaciuli Sida gadawyvetilebis

struqtura, romelic korporaciuli gadawyvetile-

bebis dros winaswargansazRvruli miznebis Sesa-

bamisad xelmZRvanelobaSi mdgomareobs.2 prof.

peter frenCis mtkicebiT, zemoT naxsenebi korpo-

raciuli Sida gadawyvetilebis struqtura uzrun-

velyofs sakmaris safuZvels korporaciebisaTvis

moraluri mxardaWeris mizniT.3 meore, _ yvela

kompanias gaaCnia ara mxolod organizebuli kor-

poraciuli Sida gadawyvetilebis struqtura, ara-

med rwmenebisa da faseulobebis erTobac. msgav-

si erToba korporaciaSi SesaZleblobas iZleva

yuradReba gamaxvildes kargisa da cudis, sworisa

da arasworis, e.i. organizaciuli kulturis sak-

331

iTxebze.4 es faseulobebi da rwmenebi did gavle-

nas axdens individualuri, eTikuri gadawyvetile-

bebis miRebasa da qcevebze kompaniebSi.

1970 wels, swored biznesis eTikis moZraobis

didi talRis Semdeg, nobelis premiis laureat-

ma milton fridmanma5 gamoaqveyna statia korpo-

raciis socialuri rolis Sesaxeb. provokaciuli

saxelwodebis qveS <<biznesis socialuri pasux-

ismgebloba aris is, rom man gazardos sakuTari

mogeba>>, is energiulad aprotestebda korporaci-

is socialuri pasuxismgeblobis cnebas. prof.

fridmani Tavis arguments afuZnebda sam mTavar

wanamZRvarze:

• mxolod adamianebs aqvT pasuxismgebloba

sakuTar qmedebebze. misi pirveli arsebiTi momen-

ti iyo is, rom korporacia ar aris adamiani da

swored amitom mas ar ZaluZs WeSmariti moraluri

pasuxismgeblobis aReba sakuTari qmedebebisaTvis.

ramdenadac korporacia iqmneba calkeuli adami-

anebis mier, es adamianebi Semdgom iReben pirad

pasuxismgeblobas korporaciis moqmedebebze.

• es aris menejeris pasuxismgebloba imoqme-

dos mxolod aqcionerTa interesebidan gamomdi-

nare. misi meore momenti iyo is, rom iqamde vidre

korporacia icavs samarTlebriv CarCo-wesrigs

(struqturas), Seqmnils biznesisaTvis, korporaci-

is menejerTa erTaderTi pasuxismgebloba aris

mogebis miReba, radgan es Seesabameba im amocanas,

risTvisac kompania iqna dafuZnebuli da menejer-

ebi daqiravebulni. yvela sxva ganzraxviT moqme-

deba warmoadgens Ralats aqcionerTa gansakuTre-

buli pasuxismgeblobis winaSe, rac arsebiTad

aqcionerTa jibidan fulis parvas niSnavs.

• socialuri sakiTxebi da problemebi war-

moadgens saxelmwifos saTanado moqmedebis sfer-

332

os, vidre korporaciuli menejerebis. fridmanis

mesame ZiriTadi momenti iyo is, rom menejerebs ar

evalebaT da ar SeuZliaT imis gadawyveta Tu ra

warmoadgens sazogadoebis saukeTeso interesebs.

es xelisuflebis saqmea. menejerebi arc gatre-

ningebulni arian socialuri miznebis miRwevaSi,

arc politikosebisagan gansxvavebiT demokratiu-

lad arian arCeulni, rom amis qmna itvirTon.

sistemuri msjeloba korporaciuli social-

uri pasuxismgeblobis (ksp) konceptualuri Car-

Co-wesrigis (struqturis) Sesaxeb daiwyo aSS-Si

naxevari saukunis win (Carroll 1999).6 am drois ganma-vlobaSi gansxvavebuli konceptebi da principebi

iqna saaSkaraoze gamotanili da ganxiluli ksp-is

Taobaze.

msgavsi debatebi fokusirdeba or sakvanZo sak-

iTxze:

• ratom SeiZleboda gvemtkica, rom sawarmos

aqvs socialuri da finansuri pasuxismgebloba?

• ra aris am socialuri pasuxismgeblobis

buneba?

ratom unda hqondeT sawarmoebs socialuri

pasuxismgebloba? warsulSi, am pirvelma sakiTxma

Sva usazRvrod didi azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, Tum-

ca ukve dReisaTvis farTod iqna aRiarebuli is,

rom sawarmoebs mogebis miRebis garda namdvilad

gaaCniaT socialuri pasuxismgebloba. es efuZne-

ba rig gansxvavebul, magram monaTesave arguments,

romelTagan mravali rogorc wesi formulirebu-

lia gacnobierebuli egoizmis TvalsazrisiT, e.i.

korporacia iRebs socialur pasuxismgeblobas.

magaliTad:

• korporacia aRiqmeba ra socialuri pasux-

ismgeblobis mqoned, is jildod iRebs gacilebiT

333

ufro kmayofil momxmarebels, xolod rogorc ki

is warmoCindeba arapasuxismgeblobis mqoned, san-

acvlod myis iRebs boikotebsa da sxva arasasur-

vel moqmedebebs momxmarebelTa mxridan. magali-

Tad, 2001 wels Exxon Mobil-s uars xeli moewera

kiotos globaluri daTbobis protokolze, mohyva

momxmarebelTa didi armiis organizebuli boiko-

ti bevr evropul qveyanaSi.

• agreTve TanamSromlebis gacnobierebuli

CarTulobiT msgavs procesebSi, korporacia iRebs

socialurad pasuxismgeblobis mqone wevrebs.7

• nebayoflobiTi monawileobiT socialur

aqciebsa da programebSi uzrunvelyofs sawarmos

did korporaciul damoukideblobas (da sakanonm-

deblo xelSeuxeblobas) xelisuflebis mxridan.

• pozitiuri kontribuciis Setana sazogadoe-

briv cxovrebaSi, SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc

grZelvadiani investiciebi ufro metad usafrTxo,

ganaTlebuli da samarTliani sazogadoebisaTvis,

rac SemdgomSi sargeblis momtani iqneba kompa-

niisTvis imgvari gaumjobesebuli da stabiluri

konteqstis SeqmniT raSic iqmneba biznesi.

yovelive es upirveles yovlisa aris kargi

biznesafuZvlebi imisaTvis, Tu ratom aris kor-

poraciisaTvis xelsayreli imoqmedos socialu-

rad pasuxismgeblobis formiT. kps-is sapirispiro

mosazrebis dasabuTebaSi, fridmani sinamdvileSi

ar kamaTobs amgvar moqmedebaTa validurobis

Sesaxeb, aramed amtkicebs, rom rodesac isini xor-

cieldeba egoizmis (TviT-interesis) mosazrebiT,

srulebiT warmoudgenelia maTi kps-is saxiT aR-

qma, radgan misi azriT es sxva araferia, Tu ara

socialuri pasuxismgeblobis safarqveS korpo-

raciis mogebis maqsimizacia. SesaZloa es aseve

iyos swori da garkveuli xarisxiT damokidebuli

334

– gadawyvetilebis mimRebis ZiriTad motivebze8.

naklebad mniSvnelovania, aRmocendeba Tu ara so-

cialur moqmedebaTagan Semdgom mogeba, upirve-

les yovlisa mniSvnelovania, iyo Tu ara mogeba

an altruizmi mTavari safuZveli amgvar moqmede-

bebisaTvis. rogorc ar unda iyos, rTulia, zogjer

SeuZlebelic ki aris korporaciul motivTa gan-

sazRvra. ufro metic, miuxedavad mravalricxovani

akademiuri kvlevisa, socialur pasuxismgeblobasa

da mogebas Soris pirdapiri kavSiris arsebobis

Sesaxeb calsaxad damtkiceba praqtikulad Seu-

Zlebeli aRmoCnda. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos,

rom rig pozitiur urTierTobaTa mTeli sicxadiT

warmodgenis SemTxvevaSic ki rCeba kauzalurobis

sakiTxi. rodesac warmatebuli kompaniebi ganix-

ileba moqmedi kps-is programebis farglebSi, ra

Tqma unda gonivruli ar iqneba imis daSveba, rom

ksp-is arsebobas wvlili ar Seaqvs kompaniaTa

warmatebis saqmeSi. maSasadame, am biznesargumen-

tebis gverdiT kps-Tan kavSirSi aseve mniSvnelova-

nia kps-is Semdgomi moraluri argumentebis mxed-

velobaSi miReba:

• korporaciebi iwveven socialur proble-

mebs da amitom valdebulni arian gadawyviton es

problemebi da aseve izrunon samomavlod warmo-

qmnil socialur problemaTa prevenciisaTvis;

• rogorc mZlavri socialuri aqtiorebi

mniSvnelovani resursebis daxmarebiT korpora-

ciebi movaleni arian pasuxismgeblobiT gamoi-

yenon sakuTari Zalaufleba da resursi sazoga-

doebaSi;

• yvela korporaciul qmedebas gaaCnia so-

cialuri gavlenebi ama Tu im saxiT, iqneba es saqon-

lis Tu momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofiT, mSromelTa

dasaqmebiT, Tu sxva korporaciuli aqtivobebiT.

335

amgvarad, korporacias ar SeuZlia Tavi aari-

dos pasuxismgeblobebs msgavs zemoqmedebaTagan

gamowveul SedegebTan miarTebaSi, rogoric ar

unda iyos isini. iqnebian pozitiuri, negatiuri, Tu

neitraluri;

• korporaciebi eyrdnobian klienturisa Tu

sxva steikholderebis gacilebiT farTo speqtris

kontribucias sazogadoebaSi (rogorebic arian:

momxmareblebi, mimwodeblebi, lokaluri Temebi),

da ara mxolod aqcionerebs, da swored amitom

valdebulni arian isini gaiTvaliswinon rogorc

aqcionerTa ise yvela dainteresebuli mxaris miz-

nebi da interesebi.

ra aris korporaciuli socialuri pasux-

ismgeblobis buneba? kps-is albaT ufro metad

Camoyalibebul da miRebul models, romelsac

exeba Cveni meore sakiTxi aris <<korporaciuli

socialuri pasuxismgeblobis oTxnawiliani mod-

eli>>, romlis Tavdapirveli warmodgena9 da Sem-

dgom gamocemebSi misi dazusteba10 ganxorcielda

prof. kerolis mier.

dasavleTSi cnobili da aRiarebulia e. kero-

lis korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis

piramidis formis modeli:

336

figura 1. kerolis piramiduli k.s.p. modeli

wyaro: Carroll, A. B., ‘The pyramid of corporate social re-sponsibility: toward the moral management of organizational stakeholders’ - , Business Horizons., 1991, July-Aug.: P. 39-48

keroli yuradRebas amaxvilebs korporaciul

pasuxismgeblobaze (ksp), rogorc multifenovan

konceptze, romelic SeiZleba diferencirdes oTx

urTierTdakavSirebul aspeqtad – ekonomikur,

legalur, eTikur da filanTropiul pasuxismge-

blobad.

ekonomikuri pasuxismgebloba. kompaniis

aqcionerebi kompaniisagan iTxoven Sesabamis sarge-

bels maTive investiciebidan. kompaniis mosamsax-

ure personali dainteresebulia gaweuli Sromis

garantirebuli da samarTliani anazRaurebiT.

kompaniis klientebis molodini ki dakavSirebu-

lia kargi xarisxis produqciasTan samarTliani

fasebiT da a.S. kompaniis amgvari gaazreba iZleva

misi, rogorc ekonomikuri erTeulis funqcionire-

bisa da biznesSi arsebobis gamarTlebis SesaZle-

blobas.

ksp – is pirveli fena, warmodgenili modelis

337

yvela Semdgomi pasuxismgeblobis formis safuZ-

velia. ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobis pirobaTa

dakmayofileba TiToeuli korporaciisaTvis Tana-

brad moTxovnadia.

legaluri pasuxismgebloba. korporaciis

legaluri pasuxismgebloba moiTxovs, rom sa-

warmoebi Tanabrad icavdnen kanonsa da TamaSis

wesebs. kanonTa krebuli sazogadoebis moralur

SexedulebaTa kodifikaciaa, da maSasadame am

standartebis mudmivi dacva aris yoveli Semdgomi

msjelobis aucilebeli prerekviziti socialuri

pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb.

ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobis msgavsad, le-

galuri pasuxismgeblobis dakmayofileba yvela

korporaciisaTvis aris Tanabrad moTxovnadi da

savaldebulo.

eTikuri pasuxismgebloba. pasuxismgeblobis es

forma korporaciebs ubiZgebs swori, samarTliani

da patiosani moqmedebebis ganxorcielebisaken

maSinac ki, rodesac isini eTikurad da legalurad

movaleni ar arian amgvari qmedebebisaTvis. gamom-

dinare aqedan, eTikuri pasuxismgebloba arsebiTad

Sedgeba ekonomikuri da legaluri moTxovnebis

maRla myofi sazogadoebis zneobrivi molodineb-

isagan.

filanTropiuli pasuxismgebloba. dasas-

ruls, piramidis wverSi, ksp – is meoTxe dones

warmoadgens korporaciis filantropiuli pasux-

ismgebloba, rac biznesis konteqstSi gulisxmobs

korporaciaSi dasaqmebulTa, lokaluri Temebisa

da zogadad, sazogadoebis cxovrebis xarisxis

gaumjobesebas korporaciis diskreciaSi. kps-is es

aspeqti mimarTulia sakiTxTa im nairsaxeobisaken,

romlebic moicavs muSakTaTvis da maTi ojaxebi-

saTvis qvelmoqmedebis sxvadasxva formebs, garTo-

338

bisa da dasvenebis pirobebs, adgilobrivi sabavSo

baRebisa da skolebis finansur mxardaWeras, spor-

tisa da xelovnebis sferoTa sponsorobas. kor-

poraciisaTvis, filanTropiuli pasuxismgebloba

aris ubralod sasurveli da naklebad mniSvnelo-

vani, vidre danarCeni sami kategoria.

mniSvnelovani ekonomikur-eTikuri sakiTxebi

anglo-amerikul enobriv sivrceSi, ekonomikur

praqtikasa da sazogadoebaSi xSirad ganixile-

boda da ganixileba korporaciuli socialuri

pasuxismgeblobis (ksp) cnebis qveS. diskusia ksp-

is irgvliv TariRdeba 1930-iani wlebiT, ramac uka-

nasknel or aTwleulSi hpova farTo gavrceleba.

dawyebuli iqidan am dromde sakamaTo rCeba is, Tu

zustad ra igulisxmeba ksp-Si. miuxedavad amisa,

korporaciulma socialurma pasuxismgeblobam

gamoiwvia farTo samecniero disputebi, iseve ro-

gorc – mravalricxovani empiriuli kvlevebi. Tum-

ca bolo xans ksp-as, rogorc sawarmoo koncepts

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmo politikaSi11

ase magaliTad, ksp-is koncepti, romelic sawarmos

safuZvelia, Tavis samewarmeo saqmianobasa da dain-

teresebul mxareebTan urTierTdamokidebulebaSi

(steikhoderebTan korelaciaSi) socialur da

garemo interesTa nebayoflobiT bazisze integ-

rirebas gulisxmobs.12 korporaciuli socialuri

pasuxismgeblobis swored es daxasiaTeba iqca mis

Semdgom centralur msazRvrelad. maSasadame, wina

planze wamoiwia sawarmoTa urTierTobebma Tavis

lokalur da nacionalur jgufebTan Tu erTo-

bebTan mimarTebiT.13 rac daefuZna gagebas, romlis

mixedviTac saxelmwifos <uflebisa>> da <<mmarT-

velobis>> sistemis Sesaxeb martos ar Seswevs

Zala ise mimarTos ekonomikur aqtiorTa qcevebi,

339

rom maTma mogebaze orientirebulma moqmedebaTa

Sedegebma ar daazianos sazogadoebrivi keTil-

dReoba14.

1990-iani wlebis bolodan sawarmos pasuxismge-

bloba ekonomikisa da sazogadoebaSi kidev ufro

intensiurad ganixileba, risi upirvelesi arsebi-

Ti gamomwvevi mizezi ekonomikis mzardi social-

ekonomikuri globalizaciaa. erTi mxriv klebadi

saxelmwifo marTvis unarianoba da meore mxriv

sazogadoebis kulturul da faseulobaTa bazi-

sis mzardi heterogenuroba prof. habermasis mier

aRweril iqna rogorc <<postnacionaluri kon-

stelacia>>15. postnacionaluri konstelacia ax-

ali gamowvevebis winaSe ayenebs ksp-is Teoriasa

da praqtikas. am konstelaciaSi sawarmosa da misi

protagonistebis legitimuroba dgas gamocdis

winaSe. sawarmos gaZlierebuli socialuri Car-

Tuloba warmoadgens am legitimurobis xarvezis

aRmofxvris mcdelobas.

gasul wlebSi sajaro (saxelmwifo) da samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis aqtiorTa (subieqtTa)

monawileobiT formulirebuli iqna ksp-is mrav-

alricxovani iniciativebi ksp-is standartebis

formulirebisa da implementirebisaTvis. garda

zemoT naxsenebi EU-komisiis mimarTulebisa, arse-

bobs gaerTianebuli erebis (UN) <<globaluri Se-

Tanxmeba>>, saerTaSoriso SromiTi organizaciis

(ILO) <<Sromis standartebi>>, iseve rogorc ekono-mikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organ-

izaciis (OECD) Tezisebi, romlebic erToblivad

asaxavs kargad cnobil iniciativebs. globaluri

SeTanxmebis (Clobal Compact) centrSi dgas adamianis uflebaTa, socialuri standartebisa da garemos

dacvis, iseve rogorc korporaciis winaaRmdeg br-

340

Zolis aTi principi.*

gaeros (UN) mizani aris mTel msoflioSi sawar-

moTa mier am principebis nebayoflobiTi aRiareba

da ganxorcieleba arsebul sawarmoTa gavlenis

sferoSi. amasTavane, globaluri SeTanxmeba unda

funqcionirebdes rogorc interaqciuli plat-

forma, romelic aRniSnuli aTi principis ganxor-

cielebis dros xels unda uwyobdes ekonomikur

da sxva sazogadoebriv aqtiorebs Soris urTier-

Tobas da saukeTeso praqtikis (Best Practices) gadace-mas.16 aseve <<OECD-Tezisebi multinacionaluri

korporaciebisaTvis>> asaxavs samarTlebrivad

* mdgradi ganviTarebis miznebis aTi principi

adamianis uflebebi

prinacipi 1: sawarmoebma mxari unda dauWiron da pativi

unda scen saerTaSorisod gamocxadebul adamianis ufle-

bebis dacvas; da

principi 2.: darwmundnen, rom isini ar arian Tanamonawileni

adamianis uflebebis darRvevaSi.

Sroma

principi 3: sawarmoebma mxari unda dauWiron asociaciaTa

Tavisuflebasa da uflebaTa efeqtur aRiarebas koleqtiur

molaparakebebSi.

principi 4: iZulebiTi Sromis yvela formis likvidacia.

principi 5: bavSvTa Sromis efeqturi gauqmeba; da

principi 6: diskriminaciis likvidacia Sromisa da dasaqme-

bis sferoSi.

garemo

principi 7: sawarmoebma mxari unda dauWiron frTxil

midgomas ekologiur problemebTan.

principi 8: iniciativaTa aReba didi ekologiuri pasux-

ismgeblobis xelSewyobisaTvis.

principi 9: ekologiurad usafrTxo teqnologiebis ganvi-

Tarebisa da gavrcelebis daxmareba.

korupciasTan brZola

principi 10: sawarmoebma unda imuSaon korupciis winaaRm-

deg mis yvela formaSi, gamoZalvisa da meqrTameobis CaTvliT.

wyaro: www.unglobalcompact.org

341

arasavaldebulo qcevis kodeqss, romelic gamox-

atavs rCevebs pasuxismgeblobis mqone sawarmos

marTvisaTvis adamianis uflebaTa, iseve rogorc

ekologiuri da ekonomikuri mdgradobis gaTval-

iswinebiT17 <<ILO-s ZiriTadi normebi>>18 gaerTi-

anebis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofiT, iZulebiTi

da bavSvTa Sromis gauqmebiT da diskriminaciis

akrZalviT eswrafvis yvela adamianis Sromisa da

cxovrebis pirobebis gaumjobesebas.

amgvarad, korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismge-

bloba aris biznesis gavlena sazogadoebaze. igi

aris biznesis eTikuri qceva sazogadoebriv gaer-

TianebebTan mimarTebaSi. is gulisxmobs komerci-

uli warmatebebis miRwevas im gzebiT, romlebic

afaseben eTikur principebs, icaven kanons da pa-

tivs scemen adamians, sazogadoebasa da garemos.

ksp, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis mqone biznesis

ganviTarebuli da mis modelSi integrirebuli

korporaciuli TviTregulirebis forma warmoad-

gens imgvar aqtivobebs, romlebic Tanabrad Rire-

bulia biznesisaTvis, garemosa da sazogadoebi-

saTvis.

literatura:

1..Market And Morality: Business Ethics and the Dirty and Many Hands Dilemma, Rotterdam, 1998., P. 19

2..Franch, P., ‘The corporation as a maral person’, American Philosophical Quarterly, #16, 1979., P. 207-15.

3. Business Ethics – Ammon Allred’s Online Classroom., pro-fessorallred. wikidot...

4. Moore, G., ‘Corporate moral agency: review and implica-tions’, Journal of Business Ethics, #21, 1999, P. 329-43

5. Friedman, Milton., The Social Responsibility of Business is to Increase its Profits., New York Times Magazine (13. 9. 1970),

342

P. 122-1266. Carroll, Archie B., Corporate Social Responsibility –

Evolution of a Definitional Construct., Business & Society 38/3, 1999, P. 268-295

7. Greening, D. W., Turban, D. B., Corporate Social perfor-mance as a competetive advantage in attracting a quality work-force., Business & Society, 39/3, 2000, P. 254-80

8. Bowie, N. E., New directions in corporate social respon-sibility., Business Horizons, 34 (IulyAug.), P. 56-65

9. Carroll, A. B., A three dimensional model of corporate social performance., Academy of Managment Review, #4, 1979, P. 497-505.

10. Carroll, A. B., The pyramid of corporate social responsi-bility: toward the moral managment of organizational stakehold-ers, Business Horizons, Iuly-Aug.: 1991, P. 39-48.

Carroll, A. B., Buchholtz, A. K., Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Managment, 4th edn., Cincinnati: South-West-ern College., 2000, P. 27-62

11. ix. wy. 2; Crande, Andrew /McWilliams, Abagail/Mat-ten, Dirk/Moon, Jeremy/Siegel, Donald S. (Hg.), The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility, Oxford 2008.

12. Europäishe Kommission: Grünbuch. Europäis-che Rahmenbedingungen für die soziale Verantwortung der Unternehmen.,http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do? uri=COM:2001:0366:FIN:DE:PDF(19.3.2009).

13. ix wy. 2; Clark, J. Maurice., The Changing Basis of Economic Responsibility., The Journal of Political Economy 24/3, 1916, P. 209-229.; Steinmann, Horst., Löhr, Albert., Un-ternehmensethik-Zur Geschinchte eines ungeliebten Kinders der Betriebswirtschaftslehre., Eduard Gaugler/Richard Köhler (Hg): Entwicklungen der Betriebswirtschaftslehre. 100 Jahre Fachdiszi-plin-zugleich eine Verlagsgeschichte, Stuttgart, 2002, S. 510-535.

14. Stone, Christopher D., Where the Law Ends: The Social Control of Corporate Behavior., New York, 1975.

15. Habermas, Jürgen, Faktizität und Geltung. Beiträge zur

343

Diskurstheorie des Rechts und des demokratischen Rechtsstaats., Frankfurt a. M. 1998

16. BMZ: Der UN Global Compact., Gesellschaftlich ve-rantwortungsvolles unternehmerisches Handeln. Factsheet des Bundesministerium Für wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ). http://globalcompact.de/fileadmin/PDFs/BMZ-Factsheet_UN-Global_Compact_2009. pdf(27.3.2009); Global Compact: Deutsches Global Compact Netzwerk., http://globalcompact.de (27.3.2009)

17. www.oecd.org18. ILO: ILO Kernarbeitsnormen., http://www.ilo.org/pub-

lic/german/region/eurpro/bonn/kernarbeitsnormen/index.htm (27.3.2009).

344

$6.2. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba

me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulSi, aSS-Si Cnde-

ba axali cneba ,,korporaciuli moqalaqeoba” (km),

romelic aRniSnavs korporaciis socialur rols,

mis pasuxismgeblobas sazogadoebis winaSe. korpo-

raciuli moqalaqeoba aris Zalzed cnobili ter-

mini biznesis eTikis Sesaxeb mimdinare debatebSi

evropaSi, amerikasa Tu sxvagan.

imisaTvis, rom naTlad warmoCindes km-is arsi

da mniSvneloba, gTavazobT nax. 1, sadac asaxulia

cnobili kompaniebis damokidebuleba ,,korporaci-

uli moqalaqeobis” mimarT.

nax.1. korporaciuli moqalaqeobis valdebulebebi

kompania gancxadeba wyaro

fordi korporaciuli moqalaqeoba gaxda yovel

moqmedebaTa integraluri nawili. Cven gvjera,

rom korporaciuli moqalaqeoba aCvenebs mas Tu

vin varT Cven rogorc kompania, rogor vzrunavT

Cvens TanamSromlebze da saerTod, rogor

interaqciaSi vimyofebiT samyarosTan.

www.ford.com

nokia Cveni mizania karg moqalaqed yofna yvelgan,

sadac Cven vfunqcionirebT rogorc sazogadoebis

pasuxismgebeli da kontributori wevri.

www.nokia.com

simensi msgavsi masStaburi cvlilebebis droSi

sazogadoebasa da pasuxismgeblobis mqone

korporaciul moqalaqeobas Soris dialogi

sacicocxlod mniSvnelovania, vidre es aqamde

yofila. Cveni codna da gadawyvetilebebi

gvexmareba SevqmnaT ukeTesi samyaro, romelic

Cvens korporaciul princips warmoadgens da Cven

darwmunebulni varT, rom TiToeul organizacias

– rogorc sazogadoebis integralur nawils –

gaaCnia Sesabamisi valdebuleba wvlili Seitanos

saerTo sikeTeSi.

Corporate

Citizenship.,

Report, 2001

345

amJamad dasavleTSi arsebobs korporaciuli

moqalaqeobis sami gansxvavebuli xedva: SezRudu-

li, ekvivalenturi da gaSlili.

• km-is SezRuduli xedva Seesabameba korpo-

raciul filanTropias.

• km-is ekvivalenturi xedva Seesabameba kor-

poraciul socialur pasuxismgeblobas.

• km-is gaSlili xedva cnobs korporaciis

farTo politikur rols sazogadoebaSi.

ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

km-is SezRuduli xedva. korporaciuli mo-

qalaqeobis es forma dRemde gaigivebulia firmis

filanTropiul rolTan da pasuxismgeblobasTan,

adgilobriv sazogadoebebSi nebayoflobiTi saqv-

elmoqmedo Sewirulobebis saxiT. km-is SezRudu-

li xedva TiTqmis srulad fokusirdeba kompaniis

uSualo fizikur garemoze, lokalur Temebze, ro-

gorc firmis mTavar steikholderebze.1 magali-

Tad, keroli2 ‘kargi korporaciuli moqalaqis’ ar-

sebobas aigivebs misave cnobil ksp-is piramidis

meoTxe donesTan, kerZod filantropiul pasux-

ismgeblobasTan. amitom igi km-s aTavsebs Tavis

ksp-is piramidis umaRles doneze imis daSvebiT,

rom es aris biznesmolodinebis miRma arsebuli

diskreciuli moqmedeba.

km-is ekvivalneturi xedva. korporaciuli mo-

qalaqeobis meore forma exeba korporaciul so-

cialur pasuxismgeblobas3 da warmoadgens mis

modernizebul saxes korporaciis axali rolis

an pasuxismgeblobis definiciis gareSe. oTxdo-

niani kps-is gansazRvris msgavsad keroli iZleva

km-is analogiur ganmartebas saxelwodebiT ,,kor-

poraciuli moqalaqeobis oTxi saxe”.4 izabel meg-

neni5 Tavis kolegebTan erTad gvTavazobs Semdeg-

nari gansazRvrebas: ‘km aris sivrce, sadac firmis

346

steokholderebis davalebiT biznesmenebi xvdebi-

an ekonomikur, legalur, eTikur da diskreciul

pasuxismgeblobebs’, - rac arsebiTad warmoadgens

kidec ksp-is keroliseuli definiciis xelaxal

SefuTvas.

km-is gaSlili xedva. rac Seexeba korporaci-

uli moqalaqeobis gaSlil xedvas, mis amosaval

wertils ,,moqalaqeobis” cneba warmoadgens,

romelic umetes industrializebul sazogadoe-

baSi dominanturia, da romlis Tanamedrove gaaz-

rebac efuZneba liberalur tradiciebs, sadac

moqalaqeoba ganisazRvreba rogorc individTa

uflebebis nakrebi6 xolo Tavad korporaciuli

moqalaqeoba ganixileba aSkarad misi politi-

kuri konotaciebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorebicaa:

moqalaqeobis uflebaTa aRWurvis korporaciuli

moTxovnebi, firmebis monawileoba globalur mar-

TvaSi, an korporaciuli CarTuloba individTa

socialuri, civiluri da politikuri uflebebis

administraciaSi. zogierTi swavluli mas ganix-

ilavs “politikuri ksp” saxiT7.

korporaciuli moqalaqeobis samive midgoma

SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnes praqtikaSi, magram

maTgan pirveli ori xedva dominirebs biznesis

samyaroSi, maSin rodesac mesames, km-is gaSlil

xedvas mecnierebaSi didi mniSvneloba gaaCnia.

garda zemoT aRniSnuli xedvebisa, dasavleTSi

aseve arsebobs korporaciuli moqalaqeobis sami

gansxvavebuli seqtoraluri gagebac, sadac sami

seqtoris konceptis erToba warmoadgens sawarmo-

Ta pasuxismgeblobis sistematizaciis safuZvels.

maSasadame, korporaciuli moqalaqeobis gansxvave-

buli sferoebi SeiZleba aixsnas warmodgenili

konceptebis erTobiT. e.i. sazogadoeba Sedgeba

saxelmwifos, ekonomikisa da samoqalaqo sazoga-

347

doebis seqtorebisagan, sadac am sam seqtors Soris

yovelTvis ar aris zRvari gavlebuli. esenia: pi-

rveli, viwro gagebiT korporaciuli moqalaqeoba

samoqalaqo sazogadoebis WrilSi; meore, farTo

gagebiT – korporaciuli moqalaqeoba saxelmwi-

fos WrilSi; da mesame, ufarToesi gagebiT – kor-

poraciuli moqalaqeoba ZiriTadad biznesSi.

1. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis WrilSi. viwro gagebiT korpo-

raciuli moqalaqeoba aRniSnavs sawarmoTa saqmi-

anobebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi (ix. nax. 1)

nax. 1. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba viwro gagebiT

korporaciuli moqalaqeobis amgvari gaazrebiT

sawarmoebi moqmedeben rogorc kargi moqalaqeni,

icaven ra im sazogadoebis interesebs romelSic

isini moRvaweoben. korporaciuli moqalaqeobis

es viwro gageba gansakuTrebiT dominirebs germa-

niaSi.

kompaniis samoqalaqo (civiluri) CarTuloba

samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi SeiZleba daiyos kor-

poraciuli qvelmoqmedebisa da korporaciuli

348

moxaliseobis ZiriTad formebad (ix. mag, koncep-

tualuri mosazrebebi da praqtikuli magaliTebi

bekhauz-maulTan da sxv.)8. orive am sferoSi arse-

bobs gansxvavebuli subformebi (ix. nax. 2)

korporaciuli

moqalaqeoba viwro gagebiT

korporaciuli

qvelmoqmedeba

korporaciuli

moxaliseoba

sponsoroba

Semwirveloba

TanamSromelTa

nebayoflobiTi

CarTulobis

daxmareba

samoqalaqo

CarTuloba

rogorc

anazRaurebadi

saqmianobis

elementi

fuladi

daxmareba

materialuri

daxmareba

erTjeradi

droSi

SezRuduli

gaTavisuflebebi

<<Days of

Service>>

sistematuri

xangrZlivi

samuSao adgilis

gamoyeneba'

TanamSromelTa

mivlineba

mxardaWera

SemwirvelobiT

mentoringi

korporaciuli qvelmoqmedeba SeiZleba war-

modgenil iqnas sponsorobisa Tu Semwirvelo-

bis formebSi. sponsoroba warmoadgens market-

ingis klasikur instruments, romelSic fuladi

daxmarebebi warmoebs xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad

Tavsebadi sakomunikacio sanacvlo momsaxurebis

safuZvelze. sponsoroba korporaciuli moqalaqe-

obis farglebSi orientirebulia sazogadoebrivi

keTildReobis miznebze. sazogadoebrivi keTil-

dReobis orientaciis safuZvlad devs aseve Sem-

nax.2. kompaniis samoqalaqo CarTuloba

349

wirveloba, sadac sponsorobis sapirispiroT, yo-

velgvari xelSekrulebiTi SeTanxmebis gareSe

xdeba fuladi daxmarebis Sewirulobis gaReba.

Tumca es ar gamoricxavs imas rom Semwirvelis

nebayoflobiTi sakomunikacio RonisZiebebi spon-

sorobis msgavsad, mocemuli sawarmos imijze ar

axdens an ar moaxdens pozitiur gavlenas.

rogorc SewirulobasTan, ise sponsorobasTan

dakavSirebuli saqmianoba SesaZlebelia ganx-

orcieldes erTjeradad an xangrZlivi droiT

rogorc fuladi, ise materialuri formiT (mag.,

Senoba-nagebobebis, infrastruqturis gadacema).

arsebuli formebis garda korporaciuli qvel-

moqmedeba msxvil korporaciaTa mxridan xSirad

xorcieldeba specialuri fondebis saSualebiT.

Sewirulobasa da sponsorobisagan gansxvevebiT,

korporaciuli moxaliseoba aris instrumenti, ra-

mac mxolod korporaciuli moqalaqeobis irgvliv

mimdinare diskusiaTa farglebSi miiqcia mzardi

yuradReba. korporaciuli moxaliseobisas saqme

gvaqvs kompaniis TanamSromelTa mxridan samo-

qalaqo saqmianobaTa daxmareba-Sewyobis kuTxiT

aqtiur CarTulobasTan. amgvari saqmianobebi Sesa-

Zlebelia sruldebodes nebayoflobiTi saqmi-

anobis (anu korporaciuli moxaliseobis) waxal-

isebis mizniT iseTi mimarTulebiT, rogoric aris

mag., ekologiuri organizaciebi, sportuli gaer-

Tianebebi Tu saxanZro-samaSveli jgufebi da a.S.

korporaciebi axdenen maT samsaxuridan droebiT

gaTavisuflebas samuSao saaTebis dros SromiTi

anazRaurebis datovebiT. SromiTi anazRaurebis

farglebSi samoqalaqo CarTuloba farTod aris

gavrcelebuli gansakuTrebiT aSS-Si,9 sadac tar-

deba specialuri e.w. <<Days of Service>> da sadac sawarmos erT jgufs garkveuli wvlili Seaqvs

350

sportuli moednis mowyobisa Tu sabavSo baRis

gaaxlebis saqmeSi. sxva forma, Tu rogor iyeneben

TanamSromlebi sakuTar samuSao drosa da kompe-

tenciebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi, aris mentor-

ingi garkveul pirTa jgufis daxamrebis saqmeSi.

magaliTad, mmarTvelobiTi Zalebis mier garkveu-

li saxis Sefobis aReba socialurad arasasike-

To mdgomareobaSi myofi axalgazrdobis nawilze,

maTTvis profesiaTa Ziebis etapze mxardasaWerad.

dasasruls, maSasadame korporaciuli moxali-

seoba aris drois Sewirulobis (an drois sponso-

robis) ZiriTadi forma da SesaZlebelia misi fu-

lad da materialur formaTa gverdiT ganTavseba.

amdenad, aq aRwerili instrumentebis srulad

gamosayeneblad, sawarmoebs marTebT samoqalaqo-

sazogadoebriv organizaciebTan mWidro inte-

raqciaSi yofna.

2. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba saxelmwi-

fos WrilSi. farTo gagebiT korporaciuli mo-

qalaqeoba samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi CarTulo-

bis gverdiT aseve moicavs wesrigis politikis

Tanapasuxismgeblobis aRebas saxelmwifos Wril-

Si (ix. nax. 3).

nax.3. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba farTo gagebiT

351

es midgoma yuradRebas amaxvilebs masze, rom

kompaniebma unda moaxerxon ara mxolod moqmed

CarCo-pirobebTan adaptireba, aramed aseve unda Se-

Zlon, aiRon pasuxismgebloba maT Semdgom ganvi-

Tarebasa da ganxorcielebaze.

wesrigis politikis pasuxismgebloba korpo-

raciuli moqalaqeobis konteqstSi mdgomareobs

masSi, rom is politikuri lobirebis gareSec sul

mcire aseve cnobs sazogadoebriv keTildReobaze

orientirebul mimarTulebas. amis naTel magaliTs

warmoadgens kopenhagenis komunike klimatis cvli-

lebasTan dakavSirebiT. kerZod, 2009 wlis bolos

pasuxismgeblobis mqone wamyvanma politikosebma

kopenhagenis klimatis samitze mouwodes biznes-

liderebs daedoT savaldebulo SeTanxmeba kli-

matis dacvis Taobaze, risi Sesruleba obligato-

ruli iqneboda yvelasTvis.

iq, sadac damakmayofilebeli savaldebulo Za-

lis mqone regulaciebi ar xorcieldeba, wesrigis

politikis Tanapasuxismgeblobas aseve ZaluZs

TviTregulireba nebayoflobiTi TviTdavalde-

bulebis formaSi gamosaxos, risi TvalsaCino

magaliTebic aris: evropis sacalo vaWrobis bi-

znesis socialuri Tanxmobis iniciativa (Business Social Compliance Initiative) socialuri standartebis

uzrunvelyofis mizniT miwodeba/momaragebis in-

dustriaSi; saerTo kodeqsis miReba yavis sazoga-

doebisaTvis yavis warmoebis (gaSeneba/damuSaveba)

xangrZlivi xelSewyobis mizniT; an gaerTianebu-

li erebis globaluri SeTanxmeba minimaluri

standartebis erTobliv dacvaze rogorc zoga-

dad adamianis uflebebis, ise mSromelTa uflebeb-

is da aseve garemos dacvis sferoSi. amasTan, wevri

kompaniebis pasuxismgebloba scdeba sakuTari

warmoebis farglebs da moicavs miRebuli wesebis

352

uzrunvelyofasa da dacvas mimwodeblebTan. maSi-

nac ki, rodesac amgvar iniciativaTa masStabebi da

forma sadavoa, is mainc aCvenebs, rom globalize-

bul msoflioSi sawarmoTa CarTuloba moicavs

zesawarmoo wesTa dadgenasa da ganxorceielbas,

da amiT _ im sferos, romelic tradiciulad sax-

elmwifos sferod moiazreboda.

3. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba aseve Ziri-

Tad biznesSi. Tavis ufarToes interpretaciaSi

korporaciuli moqalaqeobis cneba moicavs sazog-

adoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis aRebis yvela for-

mas sawarmoTa mxridan. amdenad, ZiriTad biznesSi

pasuxismgeblobis aRebac exeba korporaciuli mo-

qalaqeobis sagnobriv sferos. (ix. nax. 4).

korporaciuli moqalaqeobis es ufarToesi

definicia yvelaze ufro gavrcelebulia saer-

TaSoriso doneze.10 Tumca zogierTi swavluli

eqspluataciur damokidebulebas wesrigis poli-

tikis TanapasuxismgeblobasTan uguvebelyofs.

ZiriTadi biznesis CarTviT korporaciuli mo-

nax.4. korporaciuli moqalaqeoba ufarToesi gagebiT

353

qalaqeoba moicavs mdgradobis (mdgradi ganvi-

Tarebis) menejmentis yvela aspeqts, rogoric aris

magaliTad, globaluri reportingis moxsenebiT

CamonaTvalSi iniciativa mdgradobis (mdgradi gan-

viTarebis) Taobaze. maSasadame, saqme exeba ekono-

mikebis socialur da ekologiur gverdiT da Sem-

dgom efeqtTa mxedvelobaSi miRebas Rirebulebis

Seqmnis TanamimdevrobaTa yvela doneze. am per-

speqtivaSi, sawarmos, rogorc kvazi-sazogadoebriv

iniciativas marTebs imoqmedos ara mxolod ise,

rom iyos pasuxismgebeli sakuTar ekonomikur

warmatebaze, aramed aseve imgvarad, rom SeeZlos

negatiuri gare efeqtebis Tavidan acileba da

amave dros yuradRebis gamaxvileba pozitiuri

gare efeqtebis warmoebaze rac pirdapir an ara-

pirdapir exeba sxva biznespartniorebs Sesabamisi

dadebiTi an uaryofiTi SedegebiT.

korporaciuli moqalaqeobis eqspluataciuri

gamijvna korporaciuli socialuri pasuxismge-

blobis farTod gavrcelebul cnebisagan Zalzed

iSviaTad gvxvdeba literaturaSi, sadac miuxeda-

vad maT Soris arsebuli sagnobriv sferoTa moc-

ulobisa, es cnebebi rogorc sinonimebi xSirad im-

pliciturad gamoiyeneba. magaliTad, keroli Tavis

kargad cnobil oTxsafexuriani pasuxismgeblobis

formas ksp-is piramidis11 formiT moixseniebs mas

Semdeg, rac man is Tavdapirvelad TiTqmis oci

wlis win <<The Four Faces of Corporate Citizenship>>12 saxiT gamoaqveyna; meigneni da fereli13 [2001, 2004]

erTsa da imave koncepts publikaciebSi moixsenie-

ben rogorc <<Corporate Citizenship>>-is, ise <<Corpo-rate Social Responsibility>>-is saxelwodebiT; da rom

iseTi avtorebi, rogorebic arian habiSi, Smidpe-

teri da noiraiTeri14 am cnebebs akuTvneben urTi-

erTCamnacvlebel saTaurTa Tvisebas.

354

aRniSnul cnebaTa gamijvnasTan dakavSirebuli

movlenebi konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT asaxvas

poulobs urTierTsapirispiro definiciebSi. ase

magaliTad, germaniis garemos saministrosaTvis

warmoebul kvlevebSi korporaciuli moqalaqeoba

ganisazRvreba rogorc <<kompaniis faqtiuri biz-

nessaqmianobis miRma arsebuli CarTuloba kompa-

niis lokalur garemosa da sivrceSi socialur

problemaTa mosagvareblad>>, rac korporaciu-

li socialuri pasuxismgeblobis (ksp) nawilad

SeiZleba iqnes miCneuli15 da mis sapirispirod

samecniero wreebSi farTod xmarebuli Semxvedri

gagebis Tanaxmad korporaciuli moqalaqeoba aris

zogadi cneba, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs kor-

poraciul socialur pasuxismgeblobas.16 am per-

speqtiviT ksp igivdeba sazogadoebrivi pasuxismge-

blobis aRebasTan ZiriTad biznesSi, maSin roca km

moicavs aseve yvela sxva sazogadoebrivi keTil-

dReobis aqtivobebs samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da

wesrigis politikis TanapasuxismgeblobaSi.

literatura:

1. Altman, B.W., ‘Corporate community relations in 1990s: a study in transformation (dissertation abstract)’ Business an So-ciety, 37/2; P. 221-7, 1998.

2. Carroll, A. B., ‘The pyramid of corporate social responsi-bility: toward the moral management of organizational stakehold-ers’. Business Horizons, July-Aug.: P. 39-48., 1991.

3. Corporate citizenship, From Wikipedia, the free encyclo-pedia, http: //en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporate_citizenship

4. Carroll, A.B., ‘The four faces of corporate citizenship. ‘ Business and Society Review, 100/1: P. 1-7, 1998.

5. Maignan, I., Ferrell, O.C. and Hult, G.T. M., ’Corporate citizenship: cultural antecendents and business benefitss’, Journal

355

of the Academy of Marketing Science, 27/4: P. 455-69, 1999.6. Faulks, K., Citizenship. London: Routledge, 2000, P. 55-82.7. Scherer, A. G. & Palazzo, G. Toward a Political Concep-

tion of Corporate Responshibility: Business and Society Seen From a Habermasian Perspective. Academy of Management Re-view, 32 (4), P. 1096-1120., 2007.

8. Backhaus - Maul Holger, Biedermann Christiane, Nähr-lich Stefan, Polterauer Judith (Hg.): Corporate Citizenship in Deutschland. Gesellschaftliches Engagement von Unternehmen. Bilanz und Perspektiven. Wiesbaden, 2010.

9. Backhaus - Maul Holger, Engagementförderung durch Unternehmen in den USA. Über die produktive Balance zwischen Erwerbsarbeit, Familienleben und Bürgerschaftlichem Engage-ment., Enquete – Kommission <<Zukunft des bürgerschaftlichen Engagements>> des Deutschen Bundestages (Hg.): Bürger-schaftliches Engagement Von Unternehmen., Opladen 2003, S. 85-147.

10. Logan David., Corporate Citizenship in a Global Age., RSA journal 146, 3/4 (1998), 64-71; Marsden Chris, Andriof Jorg; Towards an Understanding of Corporate Citizenship and how to Influence it., Citizenship Studies 2,2 (1998), 329-352; Maignan Isabelle, Ferrell O.C., Corporate Citizenship as a Marketing In-strument: Concepts, Evidence, and Research Directions., Europe-an Journal of Marketing 35, 4 (2001) 457-484; Maigan Isabelle, Ferrell O.C., Corporate Social Responsibility and Marketing, An Integrative Framework., Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 32 (2004), 3-19; Wood Donna J., Logsdon Jeanne M.: Theorising Business Citizenship., Jörg Andriof/Malcolm McIn-tosh (Hg): Perspectives on Corporate Citizenship. Sheffield 2001, 83-103; Ulrich Peter., Republikanisher Liberalismus und Corpo-rate Citizenship. Von der ökonomishen Gemeinwohlfiktion zur republikanisch-ethischen Selbsbindung wirtschaftlicher Akteure., Herfried Münkler, Harald Blum (Hg.): Gemeinwohl und Gemein-sinn: Zwishen Normativität und Faktizität. Berlin 2002, 273-291.

11. Carroll, A. B., The pyramid of corporate social responsi-

356

bility: toward the moral management of organizational stakehold-ers -, Business Horizons., 1991, July-Aug.: P. 39-48

12. Carroll, Archie B.: The Four Faces of Corporate Citizen-ship., Business and Society Review 100/101, 1998, P. 1-7.

13. ix. Maignan/Ferrell [2001, 2004]14. Habisch André, Schmidpeter René, Neureiter Martin

(Hg.): Handbuch Corporate Citizenship. Corporate Social Re-sponsibility für Manager. Berlin u. a. 2007

15. Loew Thomas, Ankele Kathrin, Braun Sabine, Clausen Jens., Bedeutung der internationalen CSR-Diskussion für Nach-haltigkeit und die sich daraus ergebenden Anforderungen an Un-ternehmen mit Fokus Berichterstattung, Berlin/Münster 2004, S. 71

16. Marsden Chris, Andriof Jorg., Towards an Understand-ing of Corporate Citizenship and how to Influence it. Citizenship Studies 2, 2., 1998, P. 329-352

357

Tavi 7. steikholderebi

$7.1. firmis steikholderis Teoria

steikholderis anu dainteresebul mxareTa Te-

oria aris biznesis eTikis erT-erTi Teoriuli

mimarTuleba, _ Teoria, romelic exeba moralisa

da faseulobebis sakiTxebs organizaciis marT-

vaSi1. aseve, is ayalibebs da ganmartavs firmis

ganviTarebis strategias e.w. steikholderebis in-

teresTa gaTvaliswinebiT.2

Teoriis safuZvlebis formireba iwyeba XX

saukunis 60-ian wlebSi aSS-Si. aRniSnuli Teoriis

Tanxmad kompania aris ara mxolod ekonomikuri

mTlianoba da instrumenti mogebis misaRebad, ara-

med im garemos elementic, romelSic is moqmedebs.

is warmoadgens sistemas, romelic gavlenas axdens

Tavis garemoze * da aseve, misgan ganicdis zemoq-

medebas.

Tanamedrove saxiT << steikholderis Teoria >> gavrcelebas poulobs XX saukunis oTxmociani

wlebis SuaSi, rodesac dRis Suqze Cndeba amerike-

li profesoris robert edvard frimenis naSromi

<<strategiuli menejmenti: dainteresebul mxare-

Ta midgoma>>.3, masSi avtors Semoaqvs << dainter-

esebul mxareTa>> (stakeholder) ganmarteba, iZleva

mis gansazRvrebas da gansaxilvelad gvTavazobs

firmis organul models. frimenis idea mdgomare-

obs firmis Sida da gare garemod, rogorc firmis

saqmianobiT dainteresebul mxareTa erTobad war-

modgenaSi, romelTa interesebis da moTxovnebis

* kompaniis garemos miekuTvneba _ adgilobrivi gaerTi-

anebebi, momxmareblebi, mimwodeblebi, sazogadoebrivi organi-

zaciebi; investorebi da aqcionerebi.

358

mxedvelobaSi miReba da dakmayofileba marTebT

menejerebs.

steikholderis Teoriis mixedviT, organizaci-

is miznebis miRwevisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba sx-

vadasxva dainteresebul mxareTa gansxvavebuli

interesebi, romlebic araformaluri koaliciis

tips warmoadgenen. steikholderbs Sorisac Sei-

Zleba arsebobdes gansxvavebuli damokidebule-

ba, rac yovelTvis ar xasiaTdeba TanamSromlo-

biT, interesTa TanxvedriT, da piriqiT, xSirad

konkurentuli xasiaTis matarebalia. Sesabamisad,

yvela steikholderi SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes

rogorc erTiani winaaRmdegobrivi mTlianoba, ro-

gorc tolqmed interesTa nawili, romelic gan-

sazRvravs organizaciis ganviTarebis traeqto-

rias. amgvari mTlianoba iwodeba organizaciis

<<gavlenis koaliciad>> an <<biznesSi monawile-

Ta koaliciad>>,4

korporaciul socialuri pasuxismgeblobis

midgomisagan gansxavebiT, romelic mkacrad foku-

sirdeba korporaciaze da mis pasuxismgeblobaze,

steikholderuli midgoma aqcents akeTebs im gan-

sxvavebul jgufebze, romelTa mimarTac korpora-

cias gaaCnia pasuxismgebloba. ZiriTadi sawyisi

wertili aris is moTxovna, rom korporaciebi ara

mxolod maTive aqcionirebis (shareholders) intere-sebis mixedviT unda imarTebodnen, aramed arsebobs

mTeli rigi wyeba jgufebisa, anu steikholderebi-

sa, romelTac aseve gaaCniaT legitimuri interesi

korporaciaSi. Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom arsebobs

steikholderis cnebis mravalricxovani urTi-

erTgansxvavebuli ganmarteba, frimenis [ix.wyaro3.

gv.46] originaluri definicia yvelaze ufro cno-

bili da gavrcelebulia:

359

steikholderi organizaciaSi aris jgufi

an individi, romelic zemoqmedebs an

ganicdis zemoqmedebas organizaciis

miznis miRwevis procesSi.

magram, ras gulisxmobs avtori sityvebSi

,,zemoqmedebs” an ,,ganicdis zemoqmedebas”? mis

gasagebad evani da frimeni5 gvTavazoben ori marti-

vi principis gamoyenebas. pirveli, korporaciuli

uflebebis principi, romelic moiTxovs, rom kor-

poracias aqvs valdebulebebi ar daarRvios sxvaTa

uflebebi. meore, korporaciuli efeqtis principi,

romlis mixedviT kompaniebi pasuxismgebelni arian

sakuTari qmedebebis Sedegebze sxvebTan mimarTe-

baSi. am ori ZiriTadi principis safuZvelze Sesa-

Zlebelia steikholderis cnebis meti sizustiT

ganmarteba:

korporaciis steikholderi aris individi an

jgufi, romelic

• korporaciidan iRebs zarals an sargebels,

an

• visi uflebebic SeiZleba dairRves an iqnes

pativcemuli korporaciis mier.

es definicia naTelyofs imas, rom steikholder-

ebs Soris arsebuli zRvari icvleba kompaniidan

kompaniamde, swored msgavs kompaniaTa sxvadasxva

situaciebSi, miznebsa Tu amocanebSi. amitom, vsarge-

blobT ra am gansazRvrebiT, SeuZlebelia Sesaf-

erisi steikholderebis saboloo jgufis gaigiveba

romelime mocemul korporaciasTan raime mocemul

situaciaSi. qvemoT gTavazobT firmis steikhold-

eris Teoriis sqematur reprezentacias 6

360

(a) tradiciuli menejmentis modeli

mimwodeblebi

firma

TanamSromlebi

aqcionerebi momxmareblebi

(b) steikholderuli modeli

konkurentebi mTavroba

firma aqcionerebi

momxmareblebi

mimwodeblebi

TanamSromlebi samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba

(g) qseluri modeli

firma

mTavroba konkurentebi

aqcionerebi momxmareblebi

momwodeblebi samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba

TanamSromlebi

Mmimwodebeli

steikholderi 1 samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba

steikholderi 2

samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba

steikholderi 1

momxmarebeli

steikholderi 1 momxmarebeli

steikholderi 2

momxmarebeli

steikholderi 3

TanamSromeli

steikholderi 1

TanamSromeli

steikholderi 2

nax.1. firmis steikholderis Teoria

361

a. samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi igulisxmeba

gavlenis jgufebi, adgilobrivi Temebi arasamTav-

robo organizaciebi da a.S.

nax. 1 (a) gviCvenebs mmarTvelobiTi kapitalizmis

(managerial capitalism) tradiciul models, sadac kom-

pania mxolod oTx jgufTan aris dakavSirebuli.

mimwodeblebi, TanamSromlebi da aqcionerebi uz-

runvelyofen ZiriTad resursebs korporaciisaT-

vis, romelic Semdeg maT iyenebs momxmareblis

produqtebiT uzrunvelsayofad. aqcionerebi ar-

ian firmis ,,mflobelebi” da amitom isini domi-

nanturi jgufia, romelTa interesis gamtarebelia

firma.

Nnax. 1 (b) gviCvenebs steikholderul models,

sadac aqcionerebi warmoadgenen calke jgufs

ramdenime sxva jgufs Soris; sadac kompanias

gaaCnia valdebulebebi ara mxolod erT jgufTan,

aramed aseve yvela danarCenTan, romelebzec misi

qmedeba axdens zemoqmedebas. amgvarad, korporacia

mdebareobs urTierTdamokidebul ormxriv urTi-

erTobaTa centrSi.

Nnax. 1 (g) gviCvenebs qselur models, sadac steik-

holderul jgufebs SeiZleba hqondeT garkveuli

valdebulebebi rogorc steikholderTa sakuTar

wreSi (jgufSi) ise korporaciis sxva steikhold-

erebTan.

steikholderis TeoriasTan mimarTebaSi arse-

bobs mis wiaRSi aRmocenebuli Teoriis srulad

gansxvavebuli formebi. tomas donaldsoni da li

pristoni7 gvTavazoben steikholderis Teoriis

sam formas:

• steikholderis normatiuli Teoria – es

aris Teoria, romelic cdilobs axsnas is miz-

ezebi, Tu ratom SeiZleba gaiTvaliswinon korpo-

raciebma steikholderebis interesebi.

362

• steikholderis deskripciuli Teoria –

es aris Teoria, romelic cdilobs im konkretuli

steikholderebis dadgenas, romelTa interesebic

SeiZleba iqnas korporaciebis mier gaTval-

iswinebuli mocemul momentSi.

• steikholderis instrumentaluri Teoria

– es aris Teoria, romelic cdilobs gasces kiTx-

vas pasuxi, Tu ramdenad sasikeToa korporaciisaT-

vis steikholderebis interesTa gaTvaliswineba.

steikholderis Teoriis damatebis erT-er-

Ti umniSvnelovanes mimarTulebas warmoadgens

strategiuli marTvis Teoria. strategiuli mar-

Tva, rogorc moqmedebis sfero mimarTulia or-

ganizaciis myari konkurentuli upiratesobis

formirebasa da SenarCunebaze, romlis miRwevac

SesaZlebelia mravalricxovan jgufebTan da in-

dividebTan aqtiuri urTierTqmedebebiT, ramde-

nadac maTi mxardaWera aucilebelia strategi-

is realizaciis dros. axorcielebs ra amgvar

strategias, organizacia iRebs myar konkurentul

upiratesobas, rac xangrZlivi droiT uzrunvely-

ofs mis konkurentunarianobasa da mogebis miRe-

bis saSualoze maRal dones8 .

amgvarad, steikholderis Teoria warmoadgens

korporaciis Tanamedrove midgomas, romelic

gulisxmobs socialur kontraqts firmasa da

sazogadoebas Soris. farTo gagebiT, aRniSnuli

Teoria aris zogadi xedva biznesis funqcionire-

bisa da misi efeqturad marTvis Sesaxeb, da exeba

humanuri faseulobebis Seqmnas korporaciul ur-

TierTobebSi, rac erTi mxriv, nacionaluri ekono-

mikebis damokideblobis mkveTri SezRudvisa da

faqtobrivi dakargvis, da meore mxriv, transkon-

tinenturi korporaciebis dominantur pirobebSi

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens.

363

literatura:

1. Stakeholder theory, From wikipedia, the free encyclope-dia., en. Wikipedia.org/wiki/Stakeholder __theory

2. Теория стеикхолдеров, Материал из Википедии – свободной енциклопедий, ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Теория_стеикхолдеров

3 . Freeman R.Edward, Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach., Boston: Pitman, 1984

4. Зуб А.Т. стратегический менеджмент. ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА . М.: АСПЕК ПРЕСС, 2002 ,С. 415

5. Evan, W.M., and Freeman, R. E., ,,A stakeholder theory of the modern corporation: Kantian capitalism”. In W.M. Hoff-man and R.E. Frederick (eds.) Business Ethics: Readings and Cases in Corporate Morality, 3rd edn., New York: McCraw-Hill., 1993, P.145-154.

6. Andrew Crane., Dirk Matten., Business Ethics: A EU-ROPEAN PERSPECTIVE (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainibility in the Age of Globalization)., Oxford, New York, 2004. P.51

7. Donaldson, T. and Preston, L.E., ,,The stakeholder theory of the corporation: concepts, evidence, and implications”. Acad-emy of Management Review, 20/1; 1995, P.65-91.

8. Солодухин К.С. Проблемы применения теории заинтересованных сторон встратегическом управлении организацией. http: www.m-ekonomy.ru/art.php 3?artid=23057., рус. // проблемы современной экономики: журнал. № 4(24).

364

$7.2. aqcionerebi da menejerebi

cnobilia, rom Tanamedrove kapitalizmis da-

sawyisi da mTlianad me-19 saukunis samrewvelo

revoluciis periodi kompaniis funqcionirebis

Zalzed martivi saerTo modeliT xasiaTdeboda,

rac misi flobisa da marTvis erTianobaSi gamoix-

ateboda. debatebis sakuTrebisa da kontorlis gam-

ijvnis Taobaze saTaves iRebs mxolod me-20 sauku-

nis 30-iani wlebidan1 Tanamedrove korporaciebi

ki, maTi winamorbedebisagan gansxvavebiT gamoirCe-

vian flobisa da marTvis funqciaTa gamijvniT.

faqtobrivad, aRniSnuli separacia gvevlineba Tan-

amedrove kapitalizmis erT-erT centralur as-

peqtad, romlis sakvanZo moments aqcionerebisa da

menejerebis korelacia warmoadgens.

aqcionerebi, romlebic korporaciis aqciaTa

anu fasiani qaRaldebis mflobelni arian da

monawileoben amave korporaciis kapitalis mar-

TvaSi iReben mogebis wils, Tumca maTi, rogorc

korporaciis mesakuTreTa umTavres sazrunavs

dividendebis miRebasTan erTad aseve warmoad-

gens maTive sakuTrebis uflebis dacva, romelic

garkveuli specifikuri uflebebis saxiT SeiZle-

ba daiyos 2

• ufleba sakuTari aqciebis gayidvaze

• xmis ufleba gaerTianebul krebaze

• ufleba kompaniis garkveul informaciaze

• saCivris ufleba menejerTa (damtkicebul)

gadacdomebze

• garkveuli sxva uflebebi korporaciis

likvidaciis SemTxvevaSi.

aqcionerebi, menejerTagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa

xelSicaa faqtobrivi kontroli korporaciaze,

saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi axdenen sakuTari qonebis

365

arapirdapir da upirovno kontrols. aqcionerebi-

saTvis, menejerTagan gansxvavebiT, romelTaTvisac

upiratesia kompaniis simZlavreebis zrda yvela

arsebuli parametriT, umTavresia mogebis miReba.

rac Seexeba menejerebs, isini arian korporaci-

is mier daqiravebuli profesionali mmarTvelebi,

romelTac evalebaT aqcionerTa interesebis ga-

tareba kompaniaSi 3 , kerZod zogadi movaleoba

iyofa ufro konkretul valdebulebebad 4:

kompaniis interesebiT moqmedebis valde-

buleba• es valdebuleba SeiZleba axsnili iqnas

kompaniis moklevadiani finansuri saqmianobisa

da grZelvadiani gadarCenis TvalsazrisiT. arse-

biTad, es aqcionerebis gadasawyvetia Tu rogor

da ra saxiT surT maT kompaniis funqcionireba.

Tumca, menejerebs gaaCniaT mniSvnelovani diskre-

cia am valdebulebis praqtikuli implementacii-

saTvis.

zrunvis da unaris valdebuleba• am movaleo-

bis arseboba gulisxmobs, rom menejerebi Tavad

eswrafvian kompaniaTa yvelaze ufro profesion-

aluri da efeqturi saSualebebiT srulyofili

marTvis miRwevas.

Sromismoyvareobis (gulmodginebis) valde-

buleba• es bolo movaleoba aris yvelaze mTavari

movaleoba da asaxavs aqtiuri CarTulobis mosa-

lodnel dones kompaniis saqmeebSi. Sesabamisad, es

aris menejerebze zewolis masStaburi saSualeba,

raTa maT SeZlon mTeli Zalisxmevis investireba

kompaniis marTvaSi yvelaze ufro warmatebuli

saSualebebiT.

menejerebis samoqmedo speqtri kompaniaSi mrav-

alferovania da moicavs imdenad bevr aspeqts,

rom sakmaod rTuldeba funqciur mxareTa konk-

retuli aqtiurobebisa da iniciativebis kuTxiT

366

gamijvna: ragvari strategiebi, produqtebi da

saerTaSoriso sainvesticio produqtebi unda iq-

nas SemuSavebuli da gansazRvruli korporaciis

momavali warmatebis misaRwevad? – es aris sakiTx-

ebi, romelTa gadawyvetac xdeba ukve SeuZlebeli

insaiderebisTvis, aRarafers vambobT aqcionerebze,

romlebmac cota ram Tu uwyian korporaciis Sida

saqmianobisa da misi produqtebis, bazrebisa Tu

konkurentebis Sesaxeb.

aqcionerebsa da kompanias Soris damokide-

buleba aris relatiurad mWidro, Tumca naT-

lad gansazRvruli aqcionerTa uflebebiTa da

bundovnad gansazRvruli menejerTa an mTli-

anad firmis valdebulebebiT. aqedan gamomdinare

aRniSnuli situacia yovelTvis iyo delikaturi,

da rom menejerebsa da aqcionerebs Soris damok-

idebuleba dRemde rCeba korporaciuli marTvis

sust wertilad. amgvarad, msgavsi konfliqtebi

fokusirdeba ,,korporaciuli marTvis” sakvanZo

frazaSi. zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT is Sei-

Zleba definirdes Semdegnairad:

korporaciuli marTva aris kontrolisa da

balansis sistema 5. igi aRwers process, romelSic

aqcionerebi cdiloben uzrunvelyon, rom ,,maTi”

korporacia moqmedebdes maTive zraxvebis mixed-

viT. korporaciuli marTva moicavs miznis gan-

sazRvris, zedamxedvelobis, kontrolisa da san-

qcionirebis procesebs. viwro gagebiT is moicavs

aqcionerebsa da korporaciis menejments, rogorc

marTvis procesis mTavar monawileT. ufro farTo

gagebiT ki – marTvis procesis yvela monawiles,

romelTac wvlili SeaqvT dainteresebul mxareTa

(steikholderebis) miznebis miRwevaSi korporaci-

is SigniT da gareT [ix. wyaro 4, gv. 157].

gadavavlebT ra Tvals korporaciul marTvis

sferoSi arcTu Soreul warsulSi momxdar skan-

367

dalebsa da problemebs, SeiZleba vikiTxoT Tu

ratom Cans ase delikaturi es urTierTobebi. ai

isinic 6:

• 2002 wlis noemberSi gamJRavnebuli iqneba,

rom Jan pier garnie, britaneli farmacevtuli

gigantis GlaxoSmithKline (GSR) frangi direqtori

cdilobda Tavisi xelfasis masiur zrdas Svi-

di milioni funti sterlingiT, kompaniis dabali

ekonomikuri parametrebisa da kerZod ki, aqciebze

fasebis dramatuli vardnis miuxedavad.

ismeba kiTxva, Tu ratom unda momxdariyo amg-

vari moTxovnis ganxilva aqcionerebTan?

• rodesac xdeboda Mercedes-is Serwyma

kraislerTan, raTa Seqmniliyo axali global-

uri moTamaSe saavtomobilo industriaSi, iurgen

Srempma, Daimler-Chrysler – is direqtorma am ganz-raxvas uwoda ,,TanasworTa Serwyma”. erTi wlis

Semdeg, roca gairkva rom Chrysler Rrma finansur krizisSi imyofeboda, Financial Times – Tvis mice-

mul interviuSi man ganacxada, rom mas arasodes

ganuzraxavs Chrysler-is rogorc Tanasworuflebi-

ani partnioris miReba grZelvadian perspeqtiviT,

aramed surda amerikuli kompania exila germanu-

li konglomeratis Daimler-Benz-is nawilad.

ratom moxda, rom Chrysler-is msxvilma aqcioner-

ebma mxolod amis Semdeg aRmoaCines is, rom isini

nawilobriv iyvnen motyuebulni, radgan germanuli

menejmentis namdvili ganzraxva absoluturad

sxva iyo.

kompaniis marTvasa da mflobelobas Soris ar-

sebuli problemuri urTierTobebi formulire-

bulia rogorc e.w. saagento urTierTobebi 7. es

niSnavs, rom aqcioneri aris principali anu mTa-

vari, vinc debs xelSekrulebas momaval menejer-

Tan anu agentTan kompaniis menejmentisaTvis. nax.

368

1 gviCvenebs urTierTobis ZiriTad xedvas firmas,

menejersa da aqcioners Soris.

principali:

aqcioneri

agenti:

menejeri

cdilobs mogebis, aqciaze fasis

da a.S. zrdas

cdilobs dajildoebis, Zalauflebis,

pativiscemis da a.S. miRebasa da mopovebas

aqcionerebs, rogorc principalebs surT, rom me-

nejerebma firmaSi maTTvis Seasrulon garkveuli

saxis amocanebi. meore mxriv, menejerebs, rogorc

agentebs gaaCniaT garkveuli interesebi firmaSi.

saagento urTierTobebi aris gansakuTrebuli ur-

TierTobebi, gamorCeuli ori TvisebiT 8:

1. arsebobs Cveuli interesTa konfliqti

aqcionerebsa da menejerebs Soris. aqcionerebs

surT mogebis miReba da aqciebze fasebis zrda,

romelic menejerTa mxridan moiTxovs sakmao Zal-

isxmevas SesaZlo dabali saxelfaso anazRaure-

biT. menejerebs surT hqondeT maRali xelfasi

da aqcionerTa miswrafebebis sazianod SeeZloT

Zalauflebisa da prestiJis realizeba.

2. principals aqvs mxolod SezRuduli cod-

na da warmodgena agentis kvalifikaciis, moqmedeb-

isa da miznis Sesaxeb, rasac dasavleTSi mecnier-

ekonomistebi uwodeben informaciul asimetrias.

am orive aspeqtis kombinacia ayalibebs aqcioner-

ebis urTierTobas menejerebTan da korporaciuli

mmarTvelobis sakiTxTa mTel wyebas. maSasadame,

aqcionerebi da menejerebi korporaciis marTvaSi

warmoadgenen ZiriTad steikholderebs, romelTa

nax. 1. saagento urTierTobebi menejersa da

aqcioners Soris

369

Soris marTvis procesSi adgili aqvs interesTa

konfliqts da informaciul asimetriulobas, rac

miuTiTebs kidec orive dainteresebuli mxaris

funqcionalur gansxvavebulobaze. es ki, Tavis

mxriv garkveuli saxis siZneleebs warmoSobs

korporaciis funqcionirebaSi da Sesabamisad ar-

Tulebs dasaxuli miznis miRwevas, romelic kor-

poraciis efeqturi marTvis procesSi realizdeba

da rasac mxolod mTavari – moqmedi, principali

– agentis normalur urTierTobasa da interesTa

pativiscemaze dafuZnebuli urTierTobebis arse-

boba uzrunvelyofs.

literatura:

1. Berle, A.A., and Means, G.C., The Modern Corporation and Private Property., New York, 1932

2. Monks, R.A.G., and Minow, N., Corporate Governance, 2nd edn. Malden, Mass: Blackwell., 2001.

3. Moore, G., Tinged Shareholder theory: or what’s so spe-cial about stakeholders? , Business Ethics: A European Review, 1999, 8/2: P. 117-27.

4. Parkinson, J.E., Corporate Power and Responsibility. Ox-ford: Oxford University Press., 1993, P. 76-100.

5. Berk, J., DeMarzo, P., Corporate Finance, (2end edition), Harlow, Essex, 2011, P. 939

6. Crane, A. , Matten, D., Business Ethics : A European Per-spective (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization). Oxford- New York., Oxford University Press., 2004, P.186-187

7. Jensen, M., and Meckling, W., Theory of the firm: mana-gerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 1976, 3 :P. 305-60.

8. Shankmann, N.A., Reframing the debate between agency and skateholder theories of the firm? Journal of Business Ethics, 1999, 19: P. 319-34

370

$7.3. kompaniis TanamSromlebi

kompaniis TanamSromlebi gansakuTrebul adg-

ils ikaveben steikholderTa Soris, ramdenadac

isini mWidrod arian integrirebulni firmaSi.

aqcionerebisagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic ZiriTa-

dad floben firmis yvela materialur da arama-

terialur aqtivebs, personali warmoadgens kompa-

niis adamianur resurss da faqtobrivad swored is

ayalibebs korporaciis fizikur birTvs, da amave

dros warmoebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorad

gvevlineba.

korporaciis TanamSromlebis, rogorc dainter-

esebuli mxaris ukeT gasagebad, mniSvnelovania

maTsa da korporacias Soris damokidebulebis

ori, samarTlebrivi (legaluri) da ekonomikuri

aspeqtis naTlad warmoCena:1

legalur doneze kompaniasa da mis TanamSrom-

lebs Soris Cveulebriv arsebobs Taviseburi sax-

is kontraqti, orive mxaris garkveuli uflebebiTa

da movaleobebiT. msgavsi samarTlebrivi urTi-

erTobebi, romlebic mocemuli qveynisa Tu saer-

TaSoriso samarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobiT aris

uzrunvelyofili, xels uwyobs kompaniasa da mis

TanamSromlebs Soris arsebuli didi raodeno-

bis sakiTxis Sesaxeb iuridiulad kodificirebul

gadawyvetilebebis miRebas. amgvari urTierTobebi

gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa dasavleT evropisaT-

vis, radgan aq jer kidev industriuli revolu-

ciis gariJraJamde didi xniT adre aRniSnul sub-

ieqtebs Soris arsebuli damokidebulebani ukve

warmoadgenda samTavrobo regulaciebis sagans.

legaluri urTierTobebi warmoadgens mniS-

vnelovan faqtors firmis dainteresebul mxare-

Ta urTierTobebis ekonomikuri aspeqtisaTvis.2

371

firmasa da TanamSromlebs Soris urTier-

Tobebi xasiaTdeba uzarmazari raodenobis gare

faqtorebis arsebobiT orive mxridan, e.i. saubar-

ia TiToeulisaTvis potenciurad SesaZlo im

xarjebze, romlebic ar aris Setanili SromiT

xelSekrulebaSi. es latenturi anu faruli xar-

jebi SeiZleba xasiaTdebodes kompaniis aqtivebis

specifikurobiT, rac niSnavs TanamSromlebis mxri-

dan sakuTari droisa da Zalisxmevis investirebas

kompaniis aqtivebis ganviTarebaSi calkeuli dam-

saqmeblis sasargeblod da piriqiT. specifikuri

bunebis amgvarma xarjebma SesaZloa warmoSvas is,

rac biznesis eTikaSi moraluri riskebis saxel-

wodebiT aris cnobili. aRniSnuli riskebis arse-

boba mosalodnelia orive mxridan, rac warmoaCens

eTikur sakiTxTa farTo speqtrs Sida urTierTo-

baSi.

meti TvalsaCinoebisaTvis SevexoT ramodenime

aspeqts:

• samsaxurSi mowyoba samuSaos maZieblis

mxridan saWiroebs sxvadasxva saxis seriozul

gadawyvetilebebis miRebas, rac ukavSirdeba mis

sayofacxovrebo garemos cvlilebebs, aseve – mniS-

vnelovan finansur investiciebs ganaTlebasa da

spectreiningebis sferoSi da sxv.

• kompaniisaTvis xangrZlivi droiT muSaoba

warmoSobs mniSvnelovan damokidebulebas amave

kompaniaze e.i. damsaqmebeli SeiZleba gaxdes

dasaqmebulis finansuri bazisi. analogiurad,

TanamSromeli codnis didi nawiliT SesaZlebe-

lia daukavSirdes erT konkretul kompanias, rac

niSnavs imas, rom amgvarma metismetobam SesaZloa

katastrofuli gavlena iqonios mis Semdgom kari-

eraze.

• sxva aspeqtia samsaxuris qona, rac dasaqme-

372

bulis SromiTi saqmianobis umetes periods moi-

cavs, da sadac mravalTaTvis igi ar warmoadgens

mxolod yoveldRiur yofiT rutinas, aramed mniS-

vnelovani karieris gakeTebis kargi SesaZleblo-

bacaa, da rac erTi-orad zrdis dasaqmebulis dam-

saqmebelze damokidebulebis xarisxs.

yvela es aspeqti ver Tavsdeba firma-dasaqme-

bulis urTierTobebis xelSekrulebiT formatSi.

aqedan gamomdinare, arsebuli mocemuloba SeiZle-

ba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc moraluri safrTxis

Semcveli situacia, radgan, miuxedavad sakanonmde-

blo doneze arsebuli mniSvnelovani Zalisxme-

visa, gaumjobesdes dasaqmebulTa samarTlebrivi

statusi, swored damsaqmeblis subieqturi gad-

awyvetilebebi ganapirobebs didwilad umuSevro-

bis relatiurad maRal dones umetes evropul

qveynebSi, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT mesame da me-

oTxe samyaros qveynebSi am mxriv Seqmnil umZimes

mdgomareobaze. amgvarad, SromiTi personali imy-

ofeba mudmivi riskis qveS damsaqmeblis mxridan,

raTa am ukanasknelma subieqturad, sakuTari sur-

vilisamebr ar gamoiyenos TanamSromlebis masze

damokidebulebis momenti, rac bunebrivia samsaxu-

ridan maT daTxovnaSi gamoixateba.

meore mxriv, damsaqmebeli sakuTari TanamSrom-

lebis mxridan aseve awydeba moraluri safrTxis

msgavs elementebs:3

• arcerT damsaqmebels SeuZlia akontrolos

an iwinaswarmetyvelos srulad TanamSromlis

saqmianoba, Tumca kompaniam drois raRac monakveT-

Si SeiZleba aRmoaCinos personalis WeSmaritad

nayofieri saqmianobis, gunduri muSaobisa da

saimedoobis utyuari xelwera, rac gansakuTrebiT

sacnobia im kompaniebisaTvis, romlemac funqcion-

irebis krizisul fazaSi ganicades mniSvnelovani

373

zarali. swored amitom, kompanias sakuTari Tanam-

Sromlebis qcevebis mimarT gaaCnia mkacri moni-

toringisa da kontrolis interesi.

• globalur bazrebze kompaniebi indus-

trializebul dasavleTSi sul ufro didi in-

tensivobiT axdenen dabalkvalificiuri Sromis

uaxles codnaze dafuZnebuli SromiT Canacvle-

bas. aRniSnulma procesma kompaniebi miiyvana im

mdgomareobamde, roca Rirebulebis mniSvnelovani

odenobis Seqmna sruldeba maRalkvalificiuri

specialistebis mier, romleTa codnis praqticire-

bis kontroli, kompanias mxolod nawilobriv Tu

SeuZlia, rac kompaniis konkurentunarianobisaT-

vis garkveuli safrTxis Semcvelia.

• umetes Wkvian, gamocdil menejersac ki uWirs

srulad Seafasos momavali TanamSromlis namdvi-

li SesaZleblobebi. amitom, rodesac korporacia

qiraobs momaval TanamSromels da valdebulebas

iRebs moaxdinos ZviradRirebuli investiciebi

misi kvalifikaciis amaRlebaSi, TiTqmis SeuZle-

belia imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad produqtiuli

iqneba msgavsi kapitaldabandebebi kompaniisaTvis.

rogorc zemoT avRniSneT, damsaqmebeli –

dasaqmebuls Soris urTierTobebSi moraluri

riskebidan mravali warmoadgens kanonmdeblobis

obieqts, ramdenadac TanamSromlebi ufro metad

damokidebul da sust mxared gvevlinebian mor-

aluri safrTxis qveS myofobis TvalsazrisiT,

am kanonmdeblobis didi nawili fokusirebulia

dasaqmebulis uflebebze. Tumca arsebobs samarT-

lebrivi traeqtoriis mkafio sazRvrebi eTikuri

sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi. amas garda, damsaqmebelsa

da dasaqmebuls Soris urTierTobebis xasiaTidan

gamomdinare, xSirad iqmneba arsebuli kanonebis

aSkara gamoyenebis saWiroeba, da samarTlebrivi

374

gadacdomis SemTxvevaSi, is Zalzed xSirad eTi-

kuri gansjis sagani xdeba.

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas rom kompaniis Tanam-

Sromlebi warmoadgenen kompaniis saxes da saku-

Tar kompanias sxva umetes steikholderTa winaSe

da moqmedeben korporaciis saxeliT maTTan mima-

rTebaSi. Sesabamisad, is faqti, rom korporaciis

TanamSromlebi gavlenas axdenen sakuTari kompa-

niis warmatebebze, SeiZleba miCneul iqnes, rogorc

maT mier gaRebuli umniSvnelovanesi kontribucia

kompaniis grZelvadiani stabiluri funqcionireb-

is saqmeSi, da rac damsaqmeblis mxridan moiTxovs

jerovan Sefasebebsa da analizs kompaniis sakadro

politikis gatarebis procesSi.

literatura:

1. Carroll, A.B., “The four faces of corporate citizenship” Business and Society Review, 1998, 100/1:P.P.1-7

2. Carroll, A.B. and Buchholz, ics and Stakeholder Manage-ment, 4th edn. Cincinnati: South-Western College., 2000

3. A. Crane, D. Matten., Business Ethics, A EUROPEAN PERSPECTIVE (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustain-ability in the Age of Globalization). , Oxford – New York, OX-FORD UNIVERSITY PRESS, 2004, P.226

375

$7.4. mimwodeblebi da konkurentebi

biznesis eTikis sxva steikholderebs Soris

(rogorebic arian momxmareblebi, xelisufleba,

arasamTavrobo seqtori, kompaniis TanamSromlebi

Tu aqcionerebi), mimwodeblebsa da konkurentebs

mniSvnelovani adgili ukaviaT.

steikholderis cnebis naTelsayofad Cven Seg-

viZlia moviSvelioT prof. ivenisa da frimenis

cnobili definicia: <<korporaciis steikholderi

aris individi an jgufi, romelic korporaciidan

iRebs zarals an sargebels, an romlis uflebebi

SeiZleba darRveul an pativcemul iqnes korpo-

raciis mxridan>>.1

rogorc cnobilia, mimwodeblebi arian steik-

holderebi, romlebsac korporaciis warmateb-

is Sedegad SeuZliaT mniSvnelovani sargeblis

miReba saqonelsa da momsaxurebaze gazrdili

SekveTiT, an piriqiT, maT SeiZleba ganicadon mniS-

vnelovani zarali SekveTebis arqonisa da da-

kargvis gamo. maSasadame, mimwodeblebi floben

garkveul uflebebs, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuli

da pativcemuli unda iqnes korporaciaTa mxri-

dan. mimwodeblebis uflebebSi Cven vgulisxmobT

iseT uflebebs, sadac mxedvelobaSi miiReba: kon-

traqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebis realizeba,

patiosani vaWroba, patiosani qcevis wesebis dacva

da loialobis garkveuli donis arseboba. marT-

lac, Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, organizaciebi da

maTi mimwodeblebi sakuTari warmatebiT Zalzed

mWidrod arian urTierTdamokidebulni. Tumca,

aqve unda SevniSnoT isic, rom am or mxares Soris

arsebuli urTierTdamokidebuleba sruliadac

ar aRniSnavs mas, rom maTi interesebi yovelTvis

konvergentuli, anu urTierTTanxvedria. magali-

376

Tad, kompaniis mier warmoebuli Sesyidvebis dros,

mimwodeblebis mxridan SesaZloa adgili hqondes

iafi produqciis miwodebiT xarjebis Semcirebas,

rac maT interesSia, radgan es ukanasknelni yov-

elTvis eswrafvian garigebebs saukeTeso pirobe-

biT da Semosavlebis maqsimizacias.

meore mxriv, konkurentebi Zalzed iSviaTad Tu

moixseniebian steikholderebad. prof. spensi da

sxva mecnierebi2 konkurentebs <<Zlier kargad>>

miviwyebul steikholderebsac ki uwodeben. ra

aris amis mizezi? es xdeba imitom, rom konkuren-

tebi ganixilebian klienturisaTvis, sxvadasxva

resursisaTvis Tu jildosaTvis daundobel me-

brZol mxareebad, sadac eTikuri aspeqti Zalzed

xSirad ignorirebulia da amitom, is kompaniebi,

romlebic met-naklebad daculni arian erovnuli

Tu saerTaSoriso savaWro SeTanxmebebiT, valde-

bulni arian aseve pativi scen sakuTar da sxvaTa

samarTlebliv uflebebs, romelTac ganekuTvneba

bazrebze Tavisuflad Sesvlisa da maTi datoveb-

is ufleba, yovelgvari gavleniTa da iZulebis ga-

reSe fasebze TviTregulaciis ufleba, da saku-

Tari produqciis Sesaxeb potenciuri klientebis

drouli informirebis ufleba. amgvar kanonier

uflebaTa miRma konkurentebs gaaCniaT moraluri

pretenziebi iseTi organizaciebis mimarT, rom-

lebic gadian kanoniT dadgenili CarCoebidan, mag.,

rac Seexeba e.w. <<fair play>>, <<anu patiosani Ta-

maSis>> uflebis formas Tu sxv. rasakvirvelia,

dRes aRaravin kamaTobs konkurentul situacieb-

Si organizaciebisaTvis kartblanSiT moqmedeb-

is, maTi mxridan imgvar moqmedebaTa, rogoricaa

konkurentebis mimarT motyuebis ciliswamebis,

momxmareblebisaTvis konkurentebis Sesaxeb cru

informaciis gadacemis, konkurent organizacieb-

377

is TanamSromlebze ,,nadirobisa” da sxva msgavsi

sakamaTo praqtikis warmarTvis dauSveblobaze.3

aseve aravin ayenebs eWqveS mas, rom konkurentebma,

rogorc steikholderebma organizaciebis mxridan

SesaZloa miiRon garkveuli sargebeli an gani-

cadon mniSvnelovani zarali. sabazro pirobebis

mkveTri cvlilebebis kvaldakval (rogoric aris

maTi mimwodeblebis gadasvla konkurentebis mx-

ares, am ukanasknelTa mxridan gacilebiT maRali

fasebis SeTavazebis gamo) kompaniebma savsebiT

SesaZloa dakargon an SeiZinon sakuTari wili

bazarze.

swored amgvar mocemulobaTa gaTvaliswine-

biT, sawarmoebi ganxilulni unda iqnen ara ro-

gorc ekonomikuri aqtiurobebis izolirebuli

kunZulebi, aramed rogorc subieqtebi, sxva sawar-

moebTan erTad moqmedi erT saerTo qselSi, sx-

vadasxva urTierTinteresTa valdebulebiTa da

urTierTdakavSirebuli resursis Tu jildos na-

kadiT. gamomdinare aqedan, naTeli xdeba is, rom

firmebi albaT yvelaze ukeT gagebul unda iqnes,

rogorc e.w. <<industrial network>> anu <<sawarmoo

qselis>> nawili, da ara ubralod, rogorc or

mxares Soris martivi gacvlis subieqtebi.4 amg-

vari qselis modeli mogvyavs nax. 1. saxiT, sad-

ac asaxulia korporaciisa da mis mimwodebelebs

Soris damokidebuleba, konkurent kompaniebs, mim-

wodeblebsa da maT mimwodeblebs Soris urTier-

TobaTa konteqstiT.

378

nax. 1. mimwodeblebis urTierToba sawarmoo

qselis farglebSi

sawarmoo qselis modelis Tanaxmad, mniSvnelo-

van gadawyvetilebebs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor bi-

znesgarigebaSi imyofeba esa Tu is firma nebi-

smier calkeul sxva firmasTan (rogoricaa misi

erT-erTi mimwodebelTagani), SesaZloa hqondes

mniSvnelovani efeqti biznesis qselis sxva mrav-

alricxovan wevrebze, sxva mimwodeblebis, poten-

ciuri mimwodeblebisa da konkurentebis CaTvliT.

im dros, rodesac eTikuri valdebulebebi, rom-

lebic gaaCnia firmas qselis sxva wevrebis mimarT

SesaZloa rom varirebdes, es ar xdis sakamaTod

im faqts, rom maT yvelas uZevT garkveuli wili

pasuxismgeblobisa gadawyvetilebaTa ama Tu im

formaSi, - da SeswevT unari movaleobaTa msgavsi

gadanawilebis safuZvelze saerTo interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT imoqmedon.

mimwodeblis

mimwodebeli

korporacia

mimwodebeli

mimwodeblis

mimwodebeli konkurenti

potenciuri

mimwodebeli konkurenti

mimwodeblis

mimwodebeli

potenciuri

mimwodebeli

mimwodebeli

379

literatura:

1. Evan, W.M. , and Freeman, R.E. ‘A stakeholder theory of the modern corporation: Kantian Capitalism’. In W.M. Hoffman and R.E. Frederick (eds), Business Ethics: Reading and Cases in Corporate Morality,3rd edn. New York: McGraw-Hill: P.P.145-54,1993.

2.Spence, L.J. , Coles, A., and Harris, L ‘The forgotten stake-holder? Ethics and social responsibility in relation to competi-tors’. Business and Society Review, #106/4, P. P. 331-52, 2001.

3.Crane, A.,Matten,D., Business Ethics, A EUROPEAN PER-PECTIVE (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainability in the Age of Globalization), OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS P.305,2004.

4. Easton, G., Industrial networks: a review. In.B. Axelsson and G Easton (eds.), Industrial Networks: A New View of Reality. London: Routledge: P. P. 3-27

380

$7.5. momxmareblebi

steikholderebs Soris, momxmareblebi aSkarad

erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi steikholderebia

nebismieri organizaciisaTvis, ramdenadac momx-

marebelTa Taviseburi saxis mxardaWeris gareSe

(iseTis, rogoricaa moTxovnis, rogorc ekonomi-

kuri kategoriis bazarze gasvlis Sedegad sxva-

dasxva saxis saqonlisa da momsaxurebis Sesyidva)

saeWvoa, rom romelime organizacias SeZleboda

didxans arseboba. momxmareblebSi Cven vgulisx-

mobT ara ubralod im momxmareblebs, romlebic

saboloo angariSiT iZenen mza produqcias maRa-

ziebsa Tu supermarketebSi, aramed yvela organi-

zacias, romelic debs xelSekrulebas sxva or-

ganizaciebTan saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT maTi

uzrunvelyofis Taobaze (mag., iseTi institucia,

rogoric aris universiteti, garkveuli azriT

warmoadgens aseve momxmarebels, radgan is yidu-

lobs inventars, maT Soris avejs, sakancelario

saqonels, wignebs, Jurnalebs da sxva saqonelsa

Tu momsaxurebas sakuTari biznesis, anu swavlebi-

sa da kvlevisaTvis).

dasavleTis qveynebSi sayovelTaod miRebul

praqtikad iTvleba is, rom sawarmoebi maqsimalu-

rad cdiloben iqonion saukeTeso urTierTobebi

sakuTar klientebTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es

midgoma namdvilad warmoadgens organizaciebis

biznesstrategiebis umTavres da umniSvnelovanes

princips, rac ganapirobebs maT momaval komerci-

ul warmatebebs, e.i. uaxloesi konkurentebis Camo-

tovebas konkurenciul srbolaSi. kompaniebi, rom-

lebic bazarze yvavian, is kompaniebia, romlebic

mudmivad uTmoben yuradRebas sakuTari klienteb-

is moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebas. xolo sapirispiro

381

SemTxvevaSi ki, kompaniebi gardauvalad kargaven

sakuTar wils bazarze, rac sabolood bunebrivia

uaryofiTad zemoqmedebs maTsave rentabelobaze.

magram SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva: miuxedavad

mwarmoebelTa da momxmarebelTa interesTa aseTi

mWidro Tanxvedrisa am ukanasknelTan mimarTeba-

Si arcTu iSviaTad ratom aqvs adgili eTikur

darRvevebs da amis fonze ratom gamoiyureba mar-

ketingisa da gayidvebis samsaxuris reputacia ase

ubadrukad? magaliTad, arc Tu Soreul warsulSi,

dasavleTSi firmebis mxridan adgili hqonda sa-

kuTar klienturaze saeWvo xerxebiT mopyrobis

mraval SemTxvevas:1

• Tambaqos mwarmoebeli kompaniebi dadana-

Saulebulni iyvnen sakuTari momxmareblebis

motyuebaSi, maTTvis janmrTelobisaTvis saSiSi

produqtis miyidvis gamo, rac mdgomareobs mwarmoe-

belTa mxridan, daavadebis gamomwvevi produqciis

saxifaTo Tvisebebis damalvasa da uaryofaSi.

• multinacionaluri farmacevtuli kom-

paniebi dadanaSaulebulni iyvnen mesame samyaros

qveynebis eqspluataciaSi, rac mdgomareobs gad-

amdebi infeqciebis sawinaaRmdego medikamentebiT

vaWrobis procesSi maRali fasebis SenarCunebisa

da dabali fasebis gamoyenebis prevenciaSi.

rasakvirvelia, msgavsi magaliTebi iZleva SeS-

foTebis safuZvels msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi.

aq usaTuod Cndeba kiTxva imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramde-

nad TanxvedraSia momxmareblebis, rogorc steik-

holderebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba firmis

interesebTan? da Tu aris imgvari situaciebic, sa-

dac myidvelisa da gamyidvelis interesebi Sorde-

ba erTmaneTs?2 vfiqrobT, rom sabazo doneze mis

provocirebas SeiZleba axdendes alternatiuli

variantebis arseboba mxareebs Soris. magram es ar

382

unda iyos arsebiTi safuZveli amgvari mdgomareo-

bisa. Cveni azriT, aq gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs

eTikuri aspeqti. Tundac calsaxad gamokveTili

urTierTinteresis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, saWiroa

imis garkveva, Tu ra ayalibebs eTikur an araeTi-

kur qcevebs momxmarebelTa mimarT. rogorc wesi,

dasavleTSi qcevaTa es normatiuli baza efuZneba

momxmareblis uflebebis ideas, romelic SeiZleba

Semdegnairad iqnes warmodgenili:

momxmareblis uflebebi gulisxmobs TiToeuli

momxmareblis Rirsebis pativiscemas, anu mwarmoe-

blebi valdebulni arian momxmareblebi ganix-

ilon rogorc mizani, da ara mxolod maTi miz-

nis miRwevis saSualeba. maSasadame, momxmareblis

uflebebis dacva warmoadgens zneobriv imperativs,

romelic vlindeba patiosani sabazro urTierTo-

bebis procesSi.

yvela demokratiuli qveynis kanonmdeblobiT

akrZaluli saqonlis SefuTvasTan da reklamire-

basTan mimarTebaSi informaciis Segnebuli falsi-

fikaciis dros, momxmarebels sruli ufleba aqvs

ama Tu im produqtis warmomavlobasTan dakavS-

irebuli sarwmuno informaciis flobis Sesaxeb.

mxolod amgvar konteqstSi iqneboda SesaZlebeli

dasmuliyo kiTxva myidvelsa da gamyidvels So-

ris patiosani urTierTobebis Taobaze. momxmareb-

lis uflebebis swored amgvari ruxi sferoebis

sivrceSi Cndeba zemoT naxsenebi marketingisa

da gayidvebis saeWvo praqtikac, romlis preven-

cias momxmareblebisaTvis ara mxolod garkveuli

uflebebis miniWeba, aramed aseve maTi mxridan val-

debulebis nebayoflobiTi aReba warmoadgens, da

rac asaxvas korporaciebze erTgvari kontrolis

ganxorcielebaSi poulobs, rogorc lokalur, _

calkeuli momxmareblis uflebebis dacvis, ise

383

globalur, _ ekologiuri problemebis Tavidan ac-

ilebis sibrtyeze. amgvar efeqtebze udides zemoq-

medebas swored rom Cveni, rogorc momxmareblebis

mier SesyidvebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebe-

bi axdens. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac arsebobs iseTi

precendentebi rogoric aris saqveynod cnobili

amerikuli sportuli produqciis mwarmoebeli

kompaniis “Reebok”-is damokidebuleba mesame samya-

ros muSaxelis mimarT, an aseve amerikuli navTob-

mompovebeli gigantis “ExxonMobil”-is gamoxmaureba globaluri daTbobis mtkivneul sakiTxTan dakav-

SirebiT, momxmareblebis, rogorc steikholdereb-

is adekvatur pozicias gadamwyveti mniSvneloba

eniWeba warmoebis usafrTxo da mdgradi ganvi-

Tarebis saqmeSi.

literatura:

1. Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten, Business Ethics, A European Perspective (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainabil-ity in the age of globalization), Oxford University Press, Oxford , 2004. P. 267

2. N.C. Smith, Marketing strategies for the ethics era., Sloan Management Review , N 36/4, 1995, P.P. 85-97

384

$7.6. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis or-ganizaciebi

arc Tu ise Soreul warsulSi, kerZod ki ori

aTwleulis win, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gaaqti-

urebis sawyis etapze socialuri da politikuri

sferos Teoretikosebs sjerodaT, rom Cven vcxov-

robdiT orseqtorian msoflioSi, romelSic ig-

ulisxmeboda bazris, anu ekonomikuri seqtori

(biznesi), da saxelmwifo seqtori (xelisufleba).

isini uSvebdnen, rom iseTi aqtualuri da saWir-

boroto sakiTxebi, rogoric aris sazogadoebri-

vi keTildReobda da garemos dacva, unda ganxi-

luliyo TiToeulis, _ erTi mxriv SromiTi da

sasaqonlo bazrebis, da meore mxriv saxelmwifo

momarageba - uzrunvelyofis WrilSi.

globaluri ekonomikuri procesebis kvaldakval

dasrulda da arsebuli forma da datvirTva SeiZi-

na samoqalaqo sazogadoebrivma seqtorma (sss), da

nacvlad orseqtoriani planetaruli mowyobisa,

miviReT samseqtoriani konfiguracia (ix. nax. 1),

saxelmwifo

seqtori

xelisufleba

bazris seqtori

biznesi

samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis seqtori arasamTavrobo

organizaciebi,presing-

jgufebi, saqvelmoqmedo

sazogadoebebi da sxv.

nax. 1. samoqalaqo sazogadoeba rogorc ,,mesame

seqtori”.

385

sadac yuradRebis centrSi fokusirdeba or-

ganizaciaTa iseTi tipebi maTive funqciuri

datvirTviT, rogorebicaa arasamTavrobo organ-

izaciebi, presing-jgufebi, saqvelmoqmedo sazoga-

doebebi, adgilobriv TemTa jgufebi, religiuri

organizaciebi da sxv., romlebic rogorc pir-

dapir, ise iribad urTierToben kompaniebTan da

mniSvnelovnad zemoqmedeben korporaciul saqmi-

anobebze da SeaqvT cvlilebebi maT miznebsa da

strategiebSi, ris TvalsaCino magaliTebsac war-

moadgens <<McDonald>> VS <<Jose Bove farmer union>>, <<Nestlé>> VS <<Baby Milk Aktion>>, da <<Shell>> VS <<Greenpeace>> Soris warmoebuli daundobeli br-

Zolebi. meti TvalsaCineobisaTvis es ukanaskneli

SemTxvevac kmara: saqme exeba 1995 wels warmoqm-

nil problemas, romlis winaSec imyofeboda bri-

tanuli navTobkompania Shell mas Semdeg, rac man gadawyvita Tavidan moeSorebina Brent Spar-is navTo-

bis sazRvao platforma da CaeZira atlantikis

okeaneSi. es gaxldaT klasikuri magaliTi imgvari

krizisuli situaciisa, romelSic kompania Shall aRmoCnda garemos damcvelTa mxridan mxolod

imitom, rom man gamoavlina sruli uunaroba sa-

zogadoebis winaaRmdegobis xarisixs SefasebaSi

platformis CaZirvis gegmebTan dakavSirebiT. mog-

vianebiT Catarebulma samecniero gamokvlevebma

aCvena, rom swored Rrmad CaZirva iyo ekologi-

urad gacilebiT usafrTxo varianti platformis

gasanadgureblad, magram kompaniis xelmZRvanelo-

bam ver SeZlo ekologiuri sazogadoebis, maT So-

ris upirvelesad Grenpeace-is darwmuneba amgvar

mosazrbaTa sisworeSi. <<mwvaneTa>> mier inspiri-

rebulma protestis farTomasStabianma kampaniam

platformis CaZirvis winaaRmdeg, kompania Shell ai-Zula uari eTqva pirvelad gegmaze da ganexila

386

alternatiuli da gacilebiT ZviradRirebuli

SesaZleblobebi am marTlacda uSvelebeli meta-

lis konstruqciis Tavidan mosaSoreblad.1 sxva

steikholderebisagan gansxvavebiT, rogoric aris

personali, momxmarebeli Tu aqcionerebi, rom-

lebic korporaciasTan mimarTebaSi Sromis, Se-

mosavlebisa da kapitalis formiT gvevlinebian

kompaniis pirdapir kontributorebad, samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis organizaciebs, iSviaTi gamonakli-

sis garda, arasodes SeaqvT pirdapiri wvlili

korporaciaTa funqcionirebaSi. Cven mier zemoT

motanili SemTxvevac swored amis maCvenebelia da

miuxedavad imisa, rom Greenpeace namdvilad ar war-

moadgens kompaniis uSualo kontributors, misi

rogorc steikholderis ignorireba SeuZlebelia,

radgan man kompania Shell-is faqtobrivad Seunar-Cuna is uamravi momxmarebeli, romelic CarTuli

iyo am saprotesto moZraobaSi.

zogadad dasavlur literaturaSi samoqalaqo

sazogadoebis organizaciebis msgavsi zewolis

jgufebis Sesaxeb, Tu saxeldobr vis warmoadgenen

isini, dominirebs ori ZiriTadi tipi:2 seqciuri

da promociuri (ix. nax.2).

seqciuri jgufebi promociuli jgufebi

wevroba daxuruli Ria

warmodgena sazogadoebis

specifikuri seqcia

sadavo sakiTxebi

miznebi TviT-interesi socialuri miznebi

tradiciuli statusi insaideri autsaideri

mTavari midgoma konsultacia argumenti

zewola

ganxorcielebuli…

. . . meSveobiT (-iT)

anulirebis muqara masmediis

sajarooba

nax. 2 samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizacieb-

is gansxvavebuli tipebi

387

• seqciuri jgufebi moicavs profesiul kav-

Sirebs, asociaciebs, studentur organizaciebsa da

sxva imgvar gaerTianebebs, romelic efuZneba saku-

Tar wevrTa survilebsa da interesebs, da romelic

miiCneva sazogadoebis gansakuTrebul segmentad.

sso-is seqciuri jgufebis wevroba Riaa mxolod

maTTvis, vinc specifikuri seqciis farglebSi as-

rulebs gansazRvrul obieqtur kriteriumebs.

magaliTad, isini warmoadgenen konkretuli sam-

uSao adgilis, profesiisa Tu geografiuli re-

gionis nawils. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organi-

zaciebi uwinaresad mihyvebian da iTvaliswineben

am wevrobis TviT-interesebs.

• promociuri jgufebi ki piriqiT, fokuris-

debian specifikuri mizezebisa Tu problemebis win

wamowevaze. garemos dacvis jgufebi, anti-Tambaqos

mwevelTa jgufebi da pro-jansaRi cxovrebis jg-

febi warmoadgenen promociuri sso-is TvalsaCi-

no magaliTebs. es organizaciebi warmogvidgebian

problemebisadmi saerTo ideologiisa Tu damok-

idebulebis mqone organizaciebad. es jgufebi na-

klebad exebian sakuTari wevrebis interesebs da

metad koncentrirdebian farTo socialuri miz-

nebis miRwevis Ziebaze.

tradiciulad, seqciuri jgufebi arian insaid-

eris statusis matarebeli, xolo promociuri

jgufebi ki autsaideris stausis mqone,3 rac ni-

Snavs imas, rom vinaidan seqciuri jgufebi ga-

nixileba rogorc specifikur, identificirebad

amomrCevelTa legitimur warmomadgenlad, vTqvaT

rogoricaa – eleqtrikosebi, fermerebi, muslimebi,

an studentebi, anu konkretuli profesiuli, reli-

giuri, Tu sxva gansazRvruli segmenti, samarTli-

anad miiCneva amave amomrCevelTan SemxeblobaSi

myofi raime problemis gadawyvetasTan dakavSire-

388

biT maTi azris gaTvaliswineba. mag.: soflis meur-

neobis politikis SemuSavebis dros xelisufleba

konsultaciebs gadis fermerul gaerTianebebTan.

rac Seexeba promociur jgufebs, rogorc wesi

maT ufro naklebad martivi wvdoma aqvT samTav-

robo Tu korporaciuli politikis SemuSavebis

procesSi. ramdenadac isini ar warmoadgenen ad-

vilad identificirebad amomrCevlebs, Sesabamisad

ar aris naTeli maTi poziciac. Sedegad, promoci-

uri jgufebi eswrafvian masobrivi sazogadoebri-

vi azris mobilizebas iqamde, vidre maT xmas gai-

gonebdnen, an iqnebian CarTulni nebismieri saxis

gadawyvetrilebis miRebis procesSi. amis safuZv-

elze, promociur jgufebs marTebT Zlier aqtiuri

CarTuloba problemaTa gadaWris saqmeSi. es Cveu-

lebriv moicavs Zlieri argumentebis formirebis,

demonstraciebis organizebisa Tu provokaciuli

media-triukebis mowyobis mxareebs, imisaTvis rom

SesaZlebeli iyos maTi mesijebis dayvana adresa-

tamde.

maSasadame, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iseTma samo-

qalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebma, rogoricaa

Greenpeace, Amnesty, WWF, Friends of the Earth da sxv., uka-nasknel wlebSi sakuTari moRvaweobiT SeZles

farTo sazogadoebis ndobis mopoveba da war-

moCindnen socialuri da ekonomikuri debatebis

solidur moTamaSeTa saxiT, ramac maT biznes

eTikis irgvliv warmoebul diskusiebSi SesaZle-

bloba misca yofiliyvnen imgvaradve aRiarebulni,

rogorc sxva ufro tradiciuli ,,ekonomikuri”

Tu ,,ZiriTadi” steikholderebi.

389

literatura:

1. Нефтяная платформа BrentSpar – Кризис коммуникаций с общественностью,.

http://www.adeator.com/novyj-vzglyad-na-reklamu/neftya-naya/platforma-brent-spar-krizis/

2. Smith, N.C., <<Moraliy and the Market: Consumer Pres-sure for Corporate Accountability>>., London: Routldge., 1990,P. P.105-13

3. Whawell, P. P<<The ethics of pressure groups>>,. Busi-ness Ethics: A European Review, #7/3, 1998, P. 225-45

390

$ 7.7. xelisufleba

yoveli xelisuflebis erT-erT umTavres fun-

qcias biznespraqtikis regulirebisaTvis, sakanon-

mdeblo sferoSi misi aqtiuri CarTuloba war-

moadgens. rogorc cnobilia da ris Sesaxebac Cven

agviRniSnavs, bizneseTika iwyeba iq, sadac mTavrdeba

kanoni,* raSic igulisxmeba is, rom xelisufleba

Tavis Tavze iRebs sul mcire sabaziso misaRebi

praqtikis dawesebas biznesSi. is aseve efeqturad

uzrunvelyofs ,,funqcionirebis licenziiT” biz-

ness Tavis iurisdiqciaSi.

rodesac Cven vsaubrobT ,,xelisuflebis” Sesax-

eb am konteqstSi, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sxvadasxva

aqtiorTa, instituciaTa mTeli jgufebi da pro-

cesebi1 umetesi evropuli qveynis msgavs demokra-

tiul sazogadoebaSi xelisufleba moicavs yvela

sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel Stos, romlebic

moqmedeben saparlamento Tanxmobis safuZvelze.

maSasadame, “xelisufleba” SesaZloa ganisazRvros

Semdegnairad:

xelisufleba Sedgeba mravalgvari institucie-

biTa da aqtiorebisagan sxvadasxva doneze, rom-

lebic kanonTa gamoyenebisas inawileben saerTo

uflebamosilebebs.

kanonTan mimarTebaSi, biznesis eTikis konteqst-

Si arsebiTad Cven dakavSirebulni varT kodifi-

kaciis konkretulad im sakiTxTan, Tu ras miiCnevs

sazogadoeba Sesabamis da Seusabamo moqmedebad,

saidanac gamomdinareobs Semdegi saxis definicia:

socialuri konsensusis zust wesebSi kanonebi

* v. xizaniSvili., Jurn. ekonomika #5-6, Tb., 2013,

gv. 197

391

asruleben kodifikaciis funqcias imis Sesaxeb, Tu

ra miaCnia sazogadoebas sworad da arasworad.

swori da araswori biznespraqtikis kanonTa

kodifikaciis ganxilvisas, mniSvnelovania imis aR-

iareba, rom kanoni warmoadgens biznesregulaciis

gacilebiT farTo sferos erT-erT aspeqts. sax-

eldobr, ra igulisxmeba regulaciaSi?

regulacia srulad exeba biznesqcevebis mTel

marTvelobiT wesebs. is moicavs wesebsa da qme-

debebs, iseve rogorc kavSirSia formaluri Tu

araformaluri wesebis Seqmnisa da zemoqmedebis

sxva formebTan. regulacia aseve moicavs farTo

samTavrobo politikis mimarTulebebs, konceftebs,

miznebsa da strategiebs, yvelafer mas, rac sab-

olood SesaZlebels xdis an zRudavs biznesaqti-

orTa moqmedebs. Tumca yvela regulacia rodi wa-

rimarTeba kanonebiT; xandaxan is funqcionirebs

kreatiuli normebis safuZvelze, rac gansazRvravs

misaReb qcevebs, magram romelic arsebiTad fun-

qcionirebs mxolod sazogadoebrivi zegavleniT

da waxalisebiT.

orive es ganmarteba – rom regulacia aris

wesebis gansazRvruli tipebis Sesaxeb, da rom is

warimarTeba samTavrobo da arasamTavrobo aqtio-

rebiT, SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs movaxdinoT misi

Semdegi definicia:

regulacia SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc

wesebi, romlebic gamoicema samTavrobo aqtio-

rTa da sxva uflebamosili organoebis mier bi-

znesmoqmedebebis SezRudvis, gafarToebis, Tu wax-

alisebisaTvis. regulacia moicavs wesebs, kanonebs,

meqanizmebs, procesebs, sanqciebsa da iniciativebs.

es definicia SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gaverkveT

biznessa da xelisuflebas Soris urTierTobis

bunebaSi da kerZod, korporaciaSi xelisuflebis

392

specifikuri wilis flobaSi.

rodesac Cven vsaubrobT xelisuflebis, rogorc

steikholderis ZiriTad rolze biznesSi, saWi-

roa gvaxsovdes, rom rogorc wesi, saqmin wreebs

araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba aqvT xelisu-

flebis mimarT. erTi mxriv, bizness uyvars “Civi-

li” hiperaqtiur xelisuflebaze, romelic bizne-

sisagan “zRvargadasuli” gadasaxadebis gadaxdas

moiTxovs, an axdens misi saqmianobis SezRudvas,

magaliTad, kompaniebis SerwymaTa blokirebas, an

produqciis usafrTxoebis axali standartebis

wamoyenebas. meore mxriv, biznesi aseve elodeba,

rom xelisufleba mudmivad monawileobdes misi

interesebis dacvaSi, iseTis, rogoric aris mag.,

qveyanaSi infrastruqturis gaumjobeseba an su-

lac proteqcionisturi politikis gatareba, rac

mkveTrad SezRudavda ucxouri kompaniebis wils

da samoqmedo areals Sida bazarze.

Tu Cven SevxedavT am urTierTobebs xelisu-

flebis perspeqtividan, situacia sruliadac ar

aris martivi. miuxedavad imisa, rom politikose-

bi aqtiurad TanamSromloben biznesTan, arCevne-

bidan arCevnebamde isini aseve iTvaliswineben sa-

kuTari amomrCevlis mier maT mimarT wayenebul

moTxovnebs, romelTa molodins biznesSi xelisu-

flebis mxridan dozirebuli kontroli warmoad-

gens imisaTvis, rom biznesi yovelTvis moqmedebs

sazogadoebis interesTa gaTvaliswinebiT.

xelisuflebis, rogorc mniSvnelovani steik-

holderis biznesze zegavlenisa da am ukanaskne-

lis mxridan masze ukuqmedebis sakmaod rTuli

urTierTobis gasarkvevad saWiroa, rom Cven gavmi-

jnoT xelisuflebis ori ZiriTadi roli, romel-

ic naCvenebia nax. 1 saxiT.2

393

nax. 1. xelisufleba rogorc biznesis steik-

holderi

es aris: pirveli, - xelisufleba, rogorc mo-

qalaqeTa interesebis warmomadgeneli; da meore,

- xelisufleba, rogorc aqtiori (an aqtiorTa

jgufi) Tavisi sakuTari interesebiT. ganvixiloT

TiToeuli maTgani:

xelisufleba, rogorc moqalaqeTa inter-

esebis arCeuli warmomadgeneli. sxva steik-

holderebisgan (mag., aqcionerebi, TanamSromlebi,

an mimwodeblebi) gansxvavebiT, xelisufleba ar-

sebiTad warmoadgens mTel sazogadoebas, imdenad,

ramdenadac is airCeva garkveuli qalaqis, region-

is, qveynisa Tu kontinentis (mag. evropis parla-

menti) moqalaqeTa mier. am kavSirSi, xelisufleba

Tavisebrivad msgavsia samoqalaqo sazogadoe-

brivi organizaciebisa, radgan isini warmoadgenen

sazogadoebis didi nawilis interesebs da am

rolSi, rogorc moqalaqeTa interesebis arCeuli

warmomadgeneli, xelisufleba umTavresad gansaz-

Rvravs kidec biznesis funqcionirebis licenziis

pirobebs.

xelisufleba rogorc

biznesis steikholderi

xelisufleba, rogorc

moqalaqeTa interesebis

arCeuli warmomadgeneli

xelisufleba, rogorc

aqtiuri (an aqtiorTa jgufi)

Tavisi sakuTari interesebiT

biznesis

SezRudva biznesis

waxaliseba biznesze

damokidebuli biznesis

konkurenti

394

praqtikaSi, funqcionirebis es definicia Cveu-

lebriv ufro SesamCnevi xdeba im sivrceSi, sad-

ac xelisufleba sakuTar amomrCevelTa mandatis

Sesrulebisas cdilobs biznesis SezRudvas. mag:

isini aweseben garemos dacviT regulaciebs, rac

aiZulebs kompaniebs filtrebis instalirebas, an

narCenebis gadamuSavebas; isini uweseben maT ga-

dasaxadebs korporaciul mogebebze; da isini

ikvleven, Tu ramdenad aris kompaniebis Serwymis

moTxovna sazogadoebis interesSi.

yovelive es RonisZieba tardeba imisaTvis, rom

biznesinteresebi mudmiv TanxvedraSi iyos sa-

zogadoebriv moTxovnebTan. kerZod, - yovelTvis

arsebobdes patiosani da Ria konkurencia momx-

marebelTa sasikeTod, da safrTxe ar Seeqmnas ax-

landel da momaval TaobaTa janmrTelobas3.

pirveli aspeqti mWidrod ukavSirdeba biznesTan

mimarTebaSi xelisuflebis dadebiT rols4. ko-

paniebis Serwymis akrZalviT an safondo bazrebze

treiderebis qcevaTa regulirebiT, xelisufleba

faqtobrivad pirvel rigSi asrulebs sakvanZo

rols biznesis waxalisebis, biznessaqmianobaTa

SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi. radgan

logikuria, rom bazrebi SeiZleba mxolod maSin

funqcionirebdes, rodesac dadgenilia ZiriTadi

wesebi da arsebobs Sesabamisi normatiuli baza.

xelisufleba rogorc aqtiori (an aqtiorTa

jgufi) Tavisi sakuTari interesebiT. motivacie-

bi, ris safuZvelzec xelisufleba aqtiurad ere-

va ekonomikaSi, drodadro SesaZloa iyos Zalian

mniSvnelovani, magram arsebiTia is, rom isini moq-

medeben uSualod maTi eleqtoratis interesebis

gaTvaliswinebiT. xelisufleba SeiZleba aseve

iqnes ganxiluli, rogorc aqtiori (an aqtiorTa

jgufi) Tavisi sakuTari interesebiT. amis erT-erT

395

mizezs warmoadgens is, rom xelisuflebas Cveu-

lebriv gaaCnia kvlav arCevis survili da inter-

esi. demokratiis umetes qveynebSi xelisuflebis

mier eleqtoratze dawesebuli kontroli ramde-

nadme iribia. Tumca Cven SeiZleba davuSvaT, rom

biznesiT dainteresebuli xelisufleba warmoad-

gens ara mxolod sakuTari eleqtoratis (irib)

warmomadgenels, aramed aseve, rogorc (pirdapir)

steikholders Tavisi sakuTari uflebebiTa da in-

teresebiT.

amgvarad, xelisufleba warmoadgens pirvel da

yvelaze metad dainteresebul mxares ekonomikuri

bumis dros, rac faqtobrivad mas xdis Zlier da-

mokidebuls biznesze. erTi mxriv, maTi saarCevno

warmatebebi damokidebulia maRali dasaqmebis,

mzardi Semosavlebis da biznessaqmianobebis, ga-

farToebis politikis mxardaWerasa da gatare-

baze. meore mxriv, arcerTi amaTTagani ar imyofeba

uSualo gavlenis qveS xelisuflebis mxridan. es

mdgomareoba ki xelisuflebas xdis sakmaod susts

da biznesze damokidebul steikholders. Tumca am

rolSi xelisufleba ara mxolod damokidebulia

biznesze, aramed aseve metoqeobs biznesTan. magal-

iTad, bevr evropul qveyanaSi saxelmwifosgan fi-

nansirebadi satelevizio kompaniebi (maT Soris

BBC did britaneTSi da ARD germaniaSi) konkuren-cias uweven kerZo operatorebs.

dasasruls SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom biznessa

da xelisuflebas Soris arsebuli urTierTda-

mokidebulebis delikaturi buneba, rodesac isi-

ni TanamSromloben an metoqeoben erTsa da imave

sferoSi, cxaddeba im garemoebaTa gamo, rom isini

xSirad funqcionireben gansxvebul da araTana-

bar ZalTa poziciidan. erTi mxriv, xelisufleba

sargeblobs gadaWarbebuli ZalauflebiT anu in-

396

stitucionaluri uflebamosilebiT, ramdenadac

mas SeuZlia gansazRvros biznesis TamaSis wese-

bi Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis safuZvelze.

meore mxriv, korporaciebs, Sesabamisad bizness

drodadro ZaluZs isargeblos ekonomikuri upi-

ratesobiT (anu xelsayreli ekonomikuri pirobe-

biT), vinaidan potenciurad maT gaaCniaT finansur

wyaroTa damatebiTi resursi investiciebisaTvis,

maSin rodesac xelisuflebas zogjer ar ZaluZs

an ar surs damatebiTi gadasaxadebis generire-

biT misi realizeba. amgvari mdgomareoba kidev

ufro mgrZnobiares xdis xelisuflebasa da bi-

znesis damokidebulebas, da romelTa Soris nor-

maluri urTierTobebisaTvis, gadamwyvet rols

swored xelisufleba, rogorc biznesis warmate-

biT dainteresebuli mxare, rogorc steikholderi

TamaSobs.

literatura:

1. Andrew Crane, Dirk Matten; Business Ethics, A European Perspective (Managing Corporate Citizenship and Sustainabil-ity in the Age of Globalization); Oxford University Press, 2004, P.388

2. ix. wyaro [1] gv. 3913. Thorne McAlister, D., Ferrel, O.C., Ferrel, L. Business and

Society: A Strange Approach to Corporate Citizenship. Boston: Houghton Mifflin., 2003., P.P, 97,120

4. Carroll, A.B. and Buchholtz , A.k. Business and Society: Ethics and Stakeholder Management, 4th edn. Cincinnati: South-Western College., 2000., P.P 208-15

397

boloTqma

saxelmZRvanelo wigni ,,eTikuri ekonomika”

warmoadgens siaxles qarTul samecniero sivrce-

Si, gamomdinare iqidan, rom msgavsi saxis naSromi

saqarTveloSi ar Sesrulebula da misi am form-

iT warmoCineba dRemde ar momxdara.

,,eTikuri ekonomika” aris ekonomikisa da eTikis

konvergencia da gaiazreba postmodernis, axali

msoflio eTosis WrilSi. eTikis sakiTxebi ase

Tu ise exeba ekonomikur urTierTobaTa praqti-

kulad yvela sferos. gabatonebuli eTikuri fa-

seulobebis sistema kacobriobis mTeli istoriis

ganmavlobaSi gansazRvravda da momavalSic uci-

loblad gansazRvravs ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

ara mxolod tempebs, aramed mimarTulebebsac. esa

Tu is pozicia gansazRvrul eTikur sakiTxebTan

mimarTebaSi gavlenas axdens ekonomikuri ganvi-

Tarebis mimarTulebis veqtorsa da arCeuli mima-

rTulebis moZraobis siswrafeze.

ukanasknel xans ekonomikisa da eTikis kavSi-

rurTierTobaTa sakiTxebi iZens met aqtualobas.

sagrZnobia religiis, moralis, kulturis mniS-

vnelovani gavlena adamianis da mTlianad sazoga-

doebis ekonomikur qcevebze. aseve mniSvnelovani

da sayuradReboa sabazro ekonomikis eko-social-

uri aspeqtebi, romlebmac bolo aTwleulebSi

gansakuTrebuli simwvave SeiZines. amasTan erTad

unda aRiniSnos isic, rom ekonomikisa da saerTod

sazogadoebis humanizacia warmoadgens movlenas,

rac kacobriobas aiZulebs arsebuli normebisa

da faseulobebis axleburad gaazrebas, da maSas-

adame – axlebur midgomas, romelTa pozitiuri

gadawyvetac pirdapir kavSiriSia globalur so-

cialur-ekonomikur politikasTan.

398

gasuli saukunis da Tanamedroveobis ekono-

mikuri kvlevebis erT-erT umTavres problemas

pirdapiri kavSiri gaaCnia eTikasTan. es aris in-

dividualur, zogaderovnul da zogadsakaco-

brio interesTa Soris Tanafardoba. sxvadasxva

mkvlevarTa (gamorCeulad ki germaneli ekonomis-

tis v. oikenis da amerikeli nobeliantis k. er-

ous) Sromis Sedegebma da ekonomikurma praqtikam

dagvanaxa, rom xangrZliv perspeqtivaSi individu-

aluri interesebi emTxveva sazogadoebriv inter-

esebs.

gadaWarbebis gareSe SeiZleba iTqvas, rom a. sm-

itiT dawyebuli mravali gamoCenili swavluli

ekonomisti avlebda paralels qcevaTaA eTikuri

normebis dacvasa da bazris efeqtian funqcion-

irebas Soris.

sazogadoebis zneobriv donesa da ekonomikis

efeqtian funqcionirebas Soris arsebul urTi-

erTkavSirze miuTiTebda aseve italieli ekono-

misti da sociologi v. pareto, romelsac miaCnda,

rom sabazro ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcionireba

SesaZlebelia im pirobebSi, roca sazogadoebaSi

Semosavlebis ganawileba emorCileba eTikur kri-

teriumebs.1

yoveli ekonomikuri sistema, iseve rogorc yo-

veli sazogadoeba saWiroebs eTikur safuZvels.

Tanamedrove ekonomikac aseve saWiroebs zneobriv

dasabuTebas. eTikuri normebis gareSe sazogadoe-

brivi meurneobis upiratesoba, romelSic yvela

monawile axorcielebs garigebas bazarze da rom-

lis xarjzec Sromis danawilebidan isini iRe-

ben sargebels, swrafad gaqreboda ramdenadac es

1. http:/ www.mce.biophys.msu.ru.

399

garigebebi dakavSirebuli iqneboda did danaxar-

jebTan.

ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT sruliad realis-

turia is, rom eTikuri normebis formireba xde-

boda adamianuri gamocdilebis zemoqmedebiT

aTaswleulebis manZilze. isini aRmocendnen prag-

matul-evoluciuri swavlebis procesSi. eTikuri

normebi Trgunaven uaryofiT gare efeqtebs da

piriqiT, xels uwyoben dadebiTi gare efeqtebis

gamovlenas. eTikuri normebi – es aris Sinagani

kompasi, riTac SesaZlebelia sakuTari qcevebisaT-

vis swori mimarTulebis micema.

Cveni sazogadoeba imdenad rTulia, rom mas ar

SeuZlia mxolod am normebiT funqcionireba. is

aucileblad saWiroebs institucionaluri sis-

temis wesebis damatebas, romelSic dadgindeba, Tu

rogor unda xdebodes urTierTobebi normalur

meurneobaSi. es wesebi warmoiqmnebian resursebis

gaZlierebuli SezRudvis (mag., bunebis sargeblo-

bis wesebi) Sedegad da sameurneo urTierTobaTa

sirTuleebis zrdis (mag., saaqcio sazogadoebebSi

riskebis ganawilebis wesebi) kvaldakval.

kacobriobis istoriuli ganviTarebis procesSi

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis garTulebis Sedegad

individebis eTikuri normebi icvleboda institu-

cionaluri wesebiT. Tumca aqve unda iTqvas isic,

rom isini efuZneba eTikur normebs. amitomaa Sesa-

Zlebeli am wesTa, bazris da sabazro ekonomikis

eTikis irgvliv msjeloba.2

dRes ukve cxadi gaxda, rom sazogadoebrivi

koordinaciisaTvis mxolod wminda ekonomikuri

urTierTobani ar aris sakmarisi da rom ekono-

2. http:/ www.economicus.ru

400

mikis sferoSi aucilebelia eTikur sawyisebTan

dabruneba. Cven vimyofebiT globalizaciis epo-

qaSi, sadac saxezea erTi ekonomikuri tipis meo-

reTi Canacvlebis procesi, e.i. liberaluri sabaz-

ro ekonomikuri urTierTobebis adgils ikavebs

axali, eTikur principebsa da faseulobebze

dafuZnebuli humanuri ekonomikuri urTierTobebi.

ekonomikasa da eTikas Soris arsebuli dialeqti-

kuri kavSir-urTierTobebi Tanamedrove msoflio-

Si gaiazreba postmodernis, axali msoflio eTo-

sis WrilSi. postmodernis ekonomikis anu eTikuri

ekonomikis axali paradigma efuZneba axal msof-

lio ekonomikur eToss. dRes ukve SeuZlebelia

erovnuli ekonomikis, erovnuli bazrebis eTosze

saubari, radgan globalizaciis kulminaciur

fazaSi man SeiZina globaluri ekonomikuri eTo-

sis forma.3 msoflio ekonomikis am axali moce-

mulobis wvdoma da analizi aris dRes eTikuri

ekonomikis centraluri amocana. misi mecnieruli

midgomis umTavres sakiTxTagania ekonomikis da-

mokidebuleba ekologiasTan, kulturasTan, reli-

giasTan, tradiciebTan, esTetikasTan da eTikasTan,

raTa moxerxdes globalizebuli ekonomikis

gageba da axsna.4

eTikuri ekonomikis axali paradigma, romelic

dafuZnebuli iqneba eTikur faseulobebze _ da-

bali umuSevrobisa da inflaciis, warmoebis, vaW-

robisa da kapitalis mobilurobis amaRlebis,

warmoebis zRvruli xarjebis dacemisa da in-

formaciis gavrcelebis nulovani danaxarjebis,

3 .Peter Koslowski (Hg) Weltwirtschaftsethos (Globalisierung und Wirtschaftsethik), Passagen Verlag, Wien, 1997, S.69

4. ix. wyaro 3, gv 70.

401

transaqciebis siswrafisa da transaqciuli da-

naxarjebis Semcirebis fonze unda uzrunvely-

ofdes ekonomikis mdgrad ganviTarebas. is saWi-

roebs mimdinare globalizaciisa da msoflio

integraciis procesebis jerovan gaTvaliswine-

bas romlebic erTi mxriv iwveven yoveli nacion-

aluri ekonomikis funqcionirebis pirobaTaA cv-

lilebebs, xolo meore mxriv axali nacionaluri

ekonomikuri da saxelmwifoTaSorisi politikis

koordinaciis arCevasTan dakavSirebiT moiTxoven

axal midgomebs.5

globaluri kapitalizmi mxolod maSin aris

warmatebuli grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, roca

is sazogadoebrivadaa misaRebi6 da gamagrebu-

lia Zlieri moraluri safuZvlebiT nebismieri

ekonomikuri sistema moqmedia da funqcionirebs

gansazRvrul momentamde, magram maSinve ganicdis

kraxs, rogorc ki misi eTikuri safuZvlebi iwyeben

rRvevas, an Cndeba axali sazogadoebrivi sistema

rogorc misi realuri alternativa.7 amitom mig-

vaCnia, rom globaluri ekonomikis axali sistema,

romelic warmodgenili iqneba eTikuri ekonomikis

paradigmis saxiT, unda iyos dafuZnebuli kerZo da

sazogado interesTa Tanxvedraze, rac iqneba dar-

egulirebuli iseTi faseulobebiT, rogoricaa: hu-

manuroba, sicocxlis pativiscema da mofrTxileba,

araZaladoba, solidaroba, samarTlianoba, toler-

5А. Б. Кузнецов, «Новая экономика» и Новая экономическая парадигма (Актуальные проблемы экономической теории), экономическая наука современной Росии, №2, 2002 г. С. 7

6 Hans Küng, An Ethical Framework the Global Market Economy; Making Globalization Good. (The Moral Challenges of Global Capitalism) Edited by Hohn H. Dunning, Oxford, 2003, P. 147

7ix. wyaro 6; gv 148

402

antoba, Tanasworoba, partnioroba, erTguleba.

21-e saukunis dasawyisSi saxezea ekonomikisa da

eTikis mWidro daaxloeba. qmnian ra organul er-

Tobas ekonomikuri da eTikuri Teoriebis gaer-

TianebiT mecnierebis es ori dargi ayalibebs er-

Tian interdisciplinarul xedvas, romelic Tavis

wiaRSi aseve moicavs sociologiis, Teologiis,

polotologiis, ekologiis, kulturologiisa da

sxva fundamentur mimarTulebebs.

imisaTvis, rom SesaZlebeli iyos eTikuri

ekonomikis axali paradigmis cxovrebaSi danergva

da gatareba, saWiroa samecniero doneze moxdes

ekonomikisa da filosofiis (konkretulad ki so-

cialuri eTikis) daaxloeba da safuZveli Caeya-

ros ori mimarTulebis konstruqciul TanamSrom-

lobas.

yoveli paradigma gamomdinareobs samyaros wv-

domis sakuTari modelis erTianobidan.8 msgavsi

damokidebuleba arsebobs eTikuri ekonomikis, ro-

gorc postmodernis axali paradigmis mimarTac.

8http://www.ushakov.org/arch/oooooocf.htm

403

Vasil Khizanishvili

Ethical Economics

In the work are successively discussed the essential sides of ,,Ethical Economics”, as quite new interdiscipli-nary subject in Georgia.

The textbook is destined for the Professors and Bach-elor, Master, PhD students of all corresponding speciali-ties. It will also come to the aid of other readers which are interested in these questions.

Editor: Elguja Meqvabishvili

Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor

Reviewers: Loid Qarchava

Doctor of Business Administracion,

Associate Professor

Giorgi Sibashvili

Doctor of Philosophical Sciences,

Associate Professor

The textbook was published by KAAD financing.

404

wigni aewyo da dakabadonda gamomcemloba

`loi~-s ofisSi