DNA Replication in Eukaryotes

Krekar Mardan Mohammad

REPLICATIONIt is a process in which the DNA copies itself to produce identical daughter molecules of DNA.It occurs only once in each cell.It occurs very quick, accurate and at correct time.Replication of DNA occurs based on the Chargaff’s Rule that is Cytosine – Guanine ( 3 H bonds) Adenine – Thymine (2 H bonds)

Modes of ReplicationDelbruck suggest that Watson-Crick model of

DNA could theoretically be replicated by three modes

ConservativeSemi-conservativedispersive

Simple ProcessG1

• Replication initiated

S• DNA synthesis occur• Two daughter copies are produced

G2• Repair mechanisms occur

Finally, one copy of the genomes is segregated to each daughter cell at mitosis or M phase.

These daughter copies each contain one strand from the parental duplex DNA and one nascent anti-parallel strand.This process is conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes and the mechanism is called semi-conservative mode of replication.

Complex ProcessDNA replication in eukaryotes divided into

three stages 1. Initiation ( Formation of Pre –

Replicative Complex)2. Initiation complex3. Elongation (Replication fork and

Polymerization)4. Termination

Initiation of ReplicationIt is the first step in eukaryotic replication in

which most of the proteins combines to form Pre – Replicative complex (Pre-RC).

Involved proteinsOrigin Recognition complex (ORC) Cell division cycle 6( Cdc 6) Chromatin licensing and DNA Replication factor

1( Cdt 1)Minichromosome Maintenance Protein Complex

(Mcm 2-7)

Steps in initiationORC binds in the Ori-c Site of the

DNA

Recruits the Cdc 6

Cdc 6 Binds with ORC in ATP

dependent mannerCdc 6 recruits the

Cdt 1

Cdt 1 is required for licensing the chromatin for Replication

Cdt 1 binds with C terminus of Cdc 6

Finally binding all three protein recruit

Mcm

Mcm finally binds with Chromatin

These following steps occur in G1 phase of cell cycle

The activity of Cdt 1 during the cell cycle is regulated by a protein called Geminin.

It also inhibits Cdt 1 activity during the S phase in order to prevent the re-replication of DNA, Ubiquitination and proteolysis.

Functions of Mcm Complex Minichromosome Maintenance Complex has

helicase activity and inactivation of any of the six protein will prevent the progress of formation of replication fork.

It also has ATPase activity. A mutation at any one of the Mcm protein complex will reduce conserved ATP binding site.

Mcm complex is a hexamer with Mcm 3, Mcm 7, Mcm 2, Mcm 6, Mcm 4, Mcm 5.

Initiation ComplexIt is the 2nd stage in DNA replication where the

Pre – Replicative complex is converted into Initiation complex.

Involved proteinsCell Division Cycle 45 ( Cdc 45)GINSCyclin Dependent Kinase ( CDK)Dbf 4 Dependent Kinase (DDK) – Combination

of Cdc 7 and dbf 4

Steps in initiation complexCdc 45 protein is a compound which is need

for the conversion of Pre – RC into initiation complex.

Its binds with chromatin after the beginning of initiation in late G1 phase by physically associated with Mcm 5.

The binding of Cdc 45 is based on Clb - Cdc 28 as well as the function of Cdc 6 and Mcm.

GINS are essential for interaction of Mcm and Cdc 45 at Ori-c site during initiation.

GINS complex is composed of four small proteins namely Sld5 (Cdc105)Psf1 (Cdc101) Psf2 (Cdc102) Psf3 (Cdc103)

GINS represents 'go, ichi, ni, san' which means '5, 1, 2, 3' in Japanese.

At the onset of S phase, the pre-replicative complex must be activated by two S phase-specific kinases in order to form an initiation complex at an origin of replication.

One kinase is the Cdc7-Dbf4 kinase called Dbf4-dependent kinase (DDK) and the other is cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK).

The CDK-dependent phosphorylation of Cdc6 has been considered to be required for entry into the S phase.

DDK targets the Mcm complex, and its phosphorylation leads to the possible activation of Mcm helicase activity.

ElongationOnce the initiation complex is formed and the

cells pass into the S phase, the complex then becomes a replisome and elongation is initiated.

Once the elongation is initiated, it form the replication fork by unwinding the DNA strand.

As the double helix of DNA separates from one side and super coils are formed on the other side.

The problem of super coils comes in the way of DNA replication is solved by a group of enzymes called DNA topoisomerase.

Replication ForkThe replication fork is the junction the

between the newly separated template strands, known as the leading and lagging strands, and the double stranded DNA.

Elongation occur in 5’ to 3’ direction in both the leading and lagging strand.

Leading StrandThe leading strand is the template strand that

is being replicated in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork.

Nucleotides are added by the DNA Polymerase ε.

DNA polymerase requires the RNA primer produced by Primase.

Elongation take place in 5’ to 3’ direction.Finally the primer are removed by RNAse H

and the gap is sealed by the DNA Ligase 1.

Lagging StrandDNA replication on lagging strand is

discontinuous and elongation opposite direction to replication fork.

Nucleotide are added by the DNA Polymerase δ.Lagging strand used more RNA Primer for loading

nucleotide.DNA polymerase will synthesize short fragments

of DNA called Okazaki fragments which are added to the 3' end of the primer. These fragments can be anywhere between 100-400 nucleotides long in eukaryotes.

Step 1 = Binding

Step 3 = Translocation

The binding-polymerization-

translocation cycle can occurs many times

This greatly lengthens one of the strands

The complementarystrand is made by primase, DNA polymerase and ligase

RNA primer

Step 2 = Polymerization

MERCi