euro

1433018320002.116 European emission standards - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_emission_standards 1/13

Simplified chart showing the

progression of European emission

standards for Diesel cars.

Simplified chart showing the

progression of European emission

standards for Petrol cars. Note that

until Euro 5, there were no PM limits.

European emission standardsFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

European emission standards define the acceptable limits for exhaustemissions of new vehicles sold in EU member states. The emissionstandards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging theprogressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards.

Currently, emissions of nitrogen oxides (NO ), total hydrocarbon (THC),

non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO) andparticulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle types, includingcars, lorries, trains, tractors and similar machinery, barges, but excludingseagoing ships and aeroplanes. For each vehicle type, different standardsapply. Compliance is determined by running the engine at a standardisedtest cycle. Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but newstandards do not apply to vehicles already on the roads. No use ofspecific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though availabletechnology is considered when setting the standards. New modelsintroduced must meet current or planned standards, but minor lifecyclemodel revisions may continue to be offered with pre-compliant engines.

In the early 2000s, Australia began harmonising Australian Design Rulecertification for new motor vehicle emissions with Euro categories. EuroIII was introduced on 1 January 2006 and is progressively beingintroduced to align with European introduction dates.

Also see the EU-mandated European on-board diagnostics.

Contents

1 CO2 emission

1.1 Obligatory labelling

1.2 Obligatory vehicle CO2 emission limits

2 Toxic emission: stages and legal framework

2.1 Emission standards for passenger cars

2.2 Emission standards for light commercial vehicles

2.3 Emission standards for trucks and buses

2.4 Emission standards for large goods vehicles

2.5 Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle2.6 Emission standards for non-road mobile machinery

2.7 Cycle beating

3 Electrification

4 See also

5 Notes

6 References

x



6 References

7 External links

7.1 In the media

CO2 emission

Within the European Union, road transport is responsible for about 20% of all CO2 emissions, with passenger cars

contributing about 12%.[1]

The target fixed at Kyoto Protocol was an 8% reduction of emissions in all sectors of the economy compared to1990 levels by 2008-2012.

Relative CO2 emissions from transport have risen rapidly in recent years, from 21% of the total in 1990 to 28% in

2004,[1][2][3] but currently there are no standards for limits on CO2 emissions from vehicles.

EU transport emissions of CO2 currently account for about 3.5% of total global CO2 emissions.

Obligatory labelling

The purpose of Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 1999relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the

marketing of new passenger cars[4] is to ensure that information relating to the fuel economy and CO2 emissions

of new passenger cars offered for sale or lease in the Community is made available to consumers in order to enableconsumers to make an informed choice.

In the United Kingdom, the initial approach was deemed ineffective. The way the information was presented wastoo complicated for consumers to understand. As a result, car manufacturers in the United Kingdom voluntarilyagreed to put a more consumer-friendly, colour-coded label displaying CO2 emissions on all new cars beginning

in September 2005, with a letter from A (



The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4 and Euro 5 for Light Duty Vehicle standards.The corresponding series of standards for Heavy Duty Vehicles use Roman, rather than Arabic numerals (Euro I,Euro II, etc.)

The legal framework consists in a series of directives, each amendments to the 1970 Directive 70/220/EEC.[7] Thefollowing is a summary list of the standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EUdirectives provide the definition of the standard.

Euro 1 (1993):

For passenger cars - 91/441/EEC.[8]

Also for passenger cars and light trucks - 93/59/EEC.

Euro 2 (1996) for passenger cars - 94/12/EC (& 96/69/EC)

For motorcycle - 2002/51/EC (row A)[9] - 2006/120/EC

Euro 3 (2000) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC[10]

For motorcycle - 2002/51/EC (row B)[9] - 2006/120/ECEuro 4 (2005) for any vehicle - 98/69/EC (& 2002/80/EC)

Euro 5 (2008/9) for light passenger and commercial vehicles - 715/2007/EC[11]

Euro 6 (2014) for light passenger and commercial vehicles - 715/2007/EC[11]

These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC.

The classifications for vehicle category are defined by:[12]

Commission Directive 2001/116/EC of 20 December 2001, adapting to technical progress CouncilDirective 70/156/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval

of motor vehicles and their trailers[13][14]

Directive 2002/24/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 March 2002 relating to the type-

approval of two or three-wheeled motor vehicles and repealing Council Directive 92/61/EEC

In the area of fuels, the 2001 Biofuels Directive requires that 5.75% of all transport fossil fuels (petrol and diesel)should be replaced by biofuels by 31 December 2010, with an intermediate target of 2% by the end of 2005.However, MEPs have since voted to lower this target in the wake of new scientific evidence about the sustainabilityof biofuels and the impact on food prices. In a vote in Strasbourg, the European parliaments environmentcommittee supported a plan to curb the EU target for renewable sources in transport to 4% by 2015. They alsosaid that a thorough review would be required in 2015 before the EU could progress to an 8-10% mark by 2020.

Emission standards for passenger cars

Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarised in the following tables. Sincethe Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and petrol vehicles. Diesels have morestringent CO standards but are allowed higher NO emissions. Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from

particulate matter (PM) standards through to the Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection engines will besubject to a limit of 0.005 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6. A particulate number standard (P) or (PN) has been

introduced in 2011 with Euro 5b for diesel engines and in 2014 with Euro 6 for petrol engines. [15] [16]

x



Exhaust gases are far less toxic than

they were years ago.

All dates listed in the tables refer to new type approvals. The EC Directives also specify a second date usuallyone year later which applies to first registration (entry into service) of existing, previously type-approved vehiclemodels.

European emission standards for passenger cars (Category M*), g/km



Tier Date CO THC NMHC NO HC+NO PM P [#/km]

Diesel

Euro 1 July 1992 2.72 (3.16) - - - 0.97 (1.13) 0.14 (0.18) -

Euro 2 January 1996 1.0 - - - 0.7 0.08 -

Euro 3 January 2000 0.64 - - 0.50 0.56 0.05 -

Euro 4 January 2005 0.50 - - 0.25 0.30 0.025 -

Euro 5a September 2009 0.50 - - 0.180 0.230 0.005 -

Euro 5b September 2011 0.50 - - 0.180 0.230 0.005 6 1011

Euro 6 September 2014 0.50 - - 0.080 0.170 0.005 6 1011

Petrol (Gasoline)

Euro 1 July 1992 2.72 (3.16) - - - 0.97 (1.13) - -

Euro 2 January 1996 2.2 - - - 0.5 - -

Euro 3 January 2000 2.3 0.20 - 0.15 - - -

Euro 4 January 2005 1.0 0.10 - 0.08 - - -

Euro 5 September 2009 1.0 0.10 0.068 0.060 - 0.005** -

Euro 6 September 2014 1.0 0.10 0.068 0.060 - 0.005** 6 1011***

* Before Euro 5, passenger vehicles > 2500 kg were type approved as light commercial vehicles N1-I

** Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines

*** 6 1012/km within first three years from Euro 6 effective dates

Values in brackets are conformity of production (COP) limits

Emission standards for light commercial vehicles

European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305 kg (Category N1-I), g/km

x x




Diesel

Euro 1 October 1994 2.72 - - - 0.97 0.14 -

Euro 2 January 1998 1.0 - - - 0.7 0.08 -

Euro 3 January 2000 0.64 - - 0.50 0.56 0.05 -

Euro 4 January 2005 0.50 - - 0.25 0.30 0.025 -

Euro 5a September 2009 0.500 - - 0.180 0.230 0.005 -

Euro 5b September 2011 0.500 - - 0.180 0.230 0.005 61011

Euro 6 September 2014 0.500 - - 0.080 0.170 0.005 61011

Petrol (Gasoline)

Euro 1 October 1994 2.72 - - - 0.97 - -

Euro 2 January 1998 2.2 - - - 0.5 - -

Euro 3 January 2000 2.3 0.20 - 0.15 - - -

Euro 4 January 2005 1.0 0.10 - 0.08 - - -

Euro 5 September 2009 1.000 0.100 0.068 0.060 - 0.005* -

Euro 6 September 2014 1.000 0.100 0.068 0.060 - 0.005* 61011

* Applies only to vehicles with direct injection engines

European emission standards for light commercial vehicles 1305 kg 1760 kg (Category N1-II), g/km

x x




Diesel

Euro 1 October 1994 5.17 - - - 1.4 0.19 -

Euro 2 January 1998 1.25 - - - 1.0 0.12 -

Euro 3 January 2001 0.80 - - 0.65 0.72 0.07 -

Euro 4 January 2006 0.63 - - 0.33 0.39 0.04 -

Euro 5a September 2010 0.630 - - 0.235 0.295 0.005 -

Euro 5b September 2011 0.630 - - 0.235 0.295 0.005 61011

Euro 6 September 2015 0.630 - - 0.105 0.195 0.005 61011

Petrol (Gasoline)

Euro 1 October 1994 5.17 - - - 1.4 - -

Euro 2 January 1998 4.0 - - - 0.6 - -

Euro 3 January 2001 4.17 0.25 - 0.18 - - -

Euro 4 January 2006 1.81 0.130 - 0.10 - - -

Euro 5 September 2010 1.810 0.130 0.090 0.075 - 0.005* -

Euro 6 September 2015 1.810 0.130 0.090 0.075 - 0.005* 61011


European emission standards for light commercial vehicles >1760 kg max 3500 kg. (Category N1-III &

N2), g/km

x x




Diesel

Euro 1 October 1994 6.9 - - - 1.7 0.25 -

Euro 2 January 1998 1.5 - - - 1.2 0.17 -

Euro 3 January 2001 0.95 - - 0.78 0.86 0.10 -

Euro 4 January 2006 0.74 - - 0.39 0.46 0.06 -

Euro 5a September 2010 0.740 - - 0.280 0.350 0.005 -

Euro 5b September 2011 0.740 - - 0.280 0.350 0.005 61011

Euro 6 September 2015 0.740 - - 0.125 0.215 0.005 61011

Petrol (Gasoline)

Euro 1 October 1994 6.9 - - - 1.7 - -

Euro 2 January 1998 5.0 - - - 0.7 - -

Euro 3 January 2001 5.22 0.29 - 0.21 - - -

Euro 4 January 2006 2.27 0.16 - 0.11 - - -

Euro 5 September 2010 2.270 0.160 0.108 0.082 - 0.005* -

Euro 6 September 2015 2.270 0.160 0.108 0.082 - 0.005* 61011


Emission standards for trucks and buses

Whereas for passenger cars, the standards are defined by vehicle driving distance, g/km, for lorries (trucks) theyare defined by engine energy output, g/kWh, and are therefore in no way comparable. The following table containsa summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates in the tables refer to new typeapprovals; the dates for all type approvals are in most cases one year later (EU type approvals are valid longer thanone year).

The official category name is heavy-duty diesel engines, which generally includes lorries and buses.

EU Emission Standards for HD Diesel Engines, g/kWh (smoke in m1)

x x



Tier Date Test cycle CO HC NO PM Smoke

Euro I1992, < 85 kW

ECE R-49

4.5 1.1 8.0 0.612

1992, > 85 kW 4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36

Euro IIOctober 1996 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.25

October 1998 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15

Euro III

October 1999 EEVs only ESC & ELR 1.0 0.25 2.0 0.02 0.15

October 2000

ESC & ELR

2.1 0.66 5.00.10

0.13*0.8

Euro IV October 2005 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 0.5

Euro V October 2008 1.5 0.46 2.0 0.02 0.5

Euro VI 31 December 2013[17] 1.5 0.13 0.4 0.01

* for engines of less than 0.75 dm swept volume per cylinder and a rated power speed of more than 3,000 per

minute. EEV is "Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle".

Emission standards for large goods vehicles

Euro norm emissions for category N3, EDC, (2000 and up)

Standard Date CO (g/kWh) NO (g/kWh) HC (g/kWh) PM (g/kWh)

Euro 0 19881992 12.3 15.8 2.6 NA

Euro I 19921995 4.9 9.0 1.23 0.40

Euro II 19951999 4.0 7.0 1.1 0.15

Euro III 19992005 2.1 5.0 0.66 0.1

Euro IV 20052008 1.5 3.5 0.46 0.02

Euro V 20082012 1.5 2.0 0.46 0.02

Euro norm emissions for (older) ECE R49 cycle

Standard Date CO (g/kWh) NO (g/kWh) HC (g/kWh) PM (g/kWh)

Euro 0 19881992 11.2 14.4 2.4 NA

Euro I 19921995 4.5 8.0 1.1 0.36

Euro II 19951999 4.0 7.0 1.1 0.15

Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle

Enhanced environmentally friendly vehicle or EEV is a term used in the European emission standards for thedefinition of a "clean vehicle" > 3.5 tonne in the category M2 and M3. The standard lies between the levels of EuroV and Euro VI.

Emission standards for non-road mobile machinery

x

x

x



The term non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) is a term used in the European emission standards to controlemissions of engines that are not used primarily on public roadways. This definition included off-road vehicles aswell as railway vehicles.

European standards for non-road diesel engines harmonize with the US EPA standards, and comprise graduallystringent tiers known as Stage I-IV standards. The Stage I/II was part of the 1997 directive (Directive 97/68/EC).It was implemented in two stages with Stage I implemented in 1999 and Stage II implemented between 2001 and2004. In 2004, the European Parliament adopted Stage III/IV standards. The Stage III standards were furtherdivided into Stage III A and III B were phased in between 2006 and 2013. Stage IV standards will be enforced in2014.

As of 1 January 2015, EU Member States have to ensure that ships in the Baltic, the North Sea and the EnglishChannel are using fuels with a sulphur content of no more than 0.10%. Higher sulphur contents are still possible, but

only if the appropriate exhaust cleaning systems are in place.[18]

Cycle beating

For the emission standards to deliver real emission reductions it is crucial to use a test cycle that reflects real-worlddriving style. It was discovered that engine manufacturers would engage in what was called 'cycle beating' tooptimise emission performance to the test cycle, while emissions from typical driving conditions would be muchhigher than expected, undermining the standards and public health. In one particular instance, research from twoGerman technology institutes found that for diesel cars no 'real' NO reductions have been achieved after 13 years

of stricter standards (2006 report).[19]

An independent study in 2014 used portable emission measurement systems to measure NOx emissions during realworld driving from fifteen Euro 6 compliant diesel passenger cars. The results showed that NOx emissions were onaverage as much as 7 times higher than the Euro 6 limit. However, some of the vehicles did show reduced

emissions, suggesting that real world NOx emission control is possible. [20]

Electrification

As Europe's requirements for its vehicle fleets head toward a goal of 98 grams of CO2 per kilometer by 2020,

Christian Maloney of the German office of consulting group McKinsey & Co. says the only way the automakers

can get there and make money is with plug-in vehicles.[21][22]

Many EU member states have responded to this problem by exploring the possibility of including electric vehicle-related infrastructure into their existing road traffic system, with some even having begun implementation. The UKhas begun its "plugged-in-places" scheme which sees funding go to several areas across the UK in order to create a

network of charging points for electric vehicles.[23]

See also

ACEA agreement (the voluntary agreement with auto manufacturers to limit CO2 emissions)

Biofuels Directive

Emission standards

x



Energy policy of the European Union

European Common Transport Policy

European Federation for Transport and Environment

European Union Emission Trading Scheme

Life cycle assessment

Motor vehicle emissions

National Emission Ceiling

Portable emissions measurement systemType approval

World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

(UNECE))

Notes

References

1. "European Commission plans legislative framework to ensure the EU meets its target for cutting CO2 emissions

from cars. Ref: IP/07/155 07/02/2007" (http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/155&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en). Europa.eu. Retrieved2011-02-02.

2. Mulvey, Stephen (2007-02-07). "7 February 2007, EU car CO2 fight only beginning. by Stephen Mulvey"

(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6337057.stm). BBC News. Retrieved 2011-02-02.3. Suellentrop, Chris (2013-06-29). "International Herald Tribune. EU to compromise on auto emissions - by Dan

Bilefsky, Published: February 6, 2007" (http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/06/news/carbon.php). InternationalHerald Tribune. Retrieved 2013-07-15.

4. "Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to theavailability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of newpassenger cars" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31999L0094:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

5. "Resources for the Future, Resources Magazine, Weathervane, One Car At A Time"(http://www.rff.org/news/features/pages/combating-global-warming-one-car-at-a-time.aspx). Rff.org. 2006-01-10. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

6. International Council on Clean Transportation (January 2014). "EU CO2 standards for passenger cars and light-commercial vehicles" (http://www.theicct.org/eu-co2-standards-passenger-cars-and-lcvs). Retrieved 2014-02-05.

7. "European Commission > Enterprise and Industry > Sectors > Automotive > Reference documents > Directivesand regulations > Directive 70/220/EEC"(http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/automotive/documents/directives/directive-70-220-eec_en.htm).Ec.europa.eu. 2010-08-31. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

8. "91/441/EEC Council Directive 91/441/EEC of 26 June 1991 amending Directive 70/220/EEC on the approximationof the laws of the Member States relating to measures to be taken against air pollution by emissions from motorvehicles" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0441:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

9. "Directive 2002/51/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 July 2002 on the reduction of the levelof pollutant emissions from two- and three-wheel motor vehicles and amending Directive 97/24/EC" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32002L0051:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved2011-02-02.



Wikisource has originaltext related to this article:

European Parliament

resolution on Winning

the Battle Against

Global Climate Change

External links

European emission standards(http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/road.htm).European Environment Agency

EEA Glossary (http://glossary.eea.europa.eu)EEA transport page

(http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/transport).EurActiv.com - Euro 5 emissions standards for cars

10. "Directive 98/69/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 October 1998 relating to measures to betaken against air pollution by emissions from motor vehicles and amending Council Directive 70/220/EEC"(http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31998L0069:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu.Retrieved 2011-02-02.

11. "Regulation (EC) No 715/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2007 on type approval ofmotor vehicles with respect to emissions from light passenger and commercial vehicles (Euro 5 and Euro 6) andon access to vehicle repair and maintenance information" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32007R0715:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

12. "EUROPA > Summaries of EU legislation > Internal market > Single Market for Goods > Motor vehicles >Technical harmonisation for motor vehicles"(http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/internal_market/single_market_for_goods/motor_vehicles/motor_vehicles_technical_harmonisation/index_en.htm). Europa.eu. 2010-10-29. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

13. "Council Directive 70/156/EEC of 6 February 1970 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relatingto the type-approval of motor vehicles and their trailers" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31970L0156:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

14. "Commission Directive 2001/116/EC of 20 December 2001 adapting to technical progress Council Directive70/156/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the type-approval of motor vehiclesand their trailers" (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32001L0116:EN:NOT). Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved 2011-02-02.

15. http://www.psa-peugeot-citroen.com/sites/default/files/content_files/les-moteurs-diesel-elimination-des-particules.pdf

16. https://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.php17. "COMMISSION REGULATION (EU) No 582/2011 (Euro VI), date is for new registrations" (http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:167:0001:0168:EN:PDF). Retrieved 2013-07-15.18. "Transport & Environment - Emissions from Maritime Transport"

(http://ec.europa.eu/environment/air/transport/ships.htm). European Commission. 2015-02-16. Retrieved2015-02-28.

19. "Transport Environment.org Transport & Environment, Bulletin - News from the European Federation forTransport and Environment, No 146, March 2006, WHO adds pressure for stricter Euro-5 standards"(http://www.transportenvironment.org/docs/Bulletin/2006/2006-02_bulletin146_web.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved2011-02-02.

20. http://www.theicct.org/real-world-exhaust-emissions-modern-diesel-cars21. "The California Cars Initiative. The Ultimate Posting on Plug-In Hybrid Developments: Sep 22, 2009"

(http://www.calcars.org/calcars-news/1072.html). Calcars.org. Retrieved 2011-02-02.22. "03 Sep 2009 McKinsey: EU CO2 Regs Are a Death Sentence to Car Makers - But There's a Solution ...

SYNOPSIS: Consultants McKinsey in Germany says there is only one way for car makers to reach the EU'sambitious CO2 targets: by selling lots of electric cars" (http://evworld.com/news.cfm?newsid=21688).

Evworld.com. Retrieved 2011-02-02.23. "Recharging infrastructure" (http://www.dft.gov.uk/topics/sustainable/olev/recharging-electric-vehicles/).

Department for Transport. Retrieved 2011-12-22.



(http://www.euractiv.com/en/transport/euro-5-emissions-standards-cars/article-133325)Dieselnet: EU emission standards (http://www.dieselnet.com/standards/eu/ld.html)

Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (http://www.rivm.nl/bibliotheek/rapporten/500043002.pdf)The Impact of Euro 5 - Facts and figures.Commission proposal for Euro 5 (http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?

reference=IP/05/1660&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en)T&E: No diesel NOX reduction in 13 years due to cycle beating

(http://www.transportenvironment.org/Downloads-index-req-getit-lid-421.html)COM 2007/19 Results of the review of the Community Strategy to reduce CO2 emissions from passenger

cars and light-commercial vehicles (http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:52007DC0019:EN:NOT)

European Commission conference (2003): Options to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions due to Mobile AirConditioning (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/archives/mac2003/index.htm)

In the media

2007-07-02, Auto Industry: ACEA welcomes EU Environment Councils recognition of need for integratedapproach to CO2 reduction (http://www.autoindustry.co.uk/news/02-07-07_19)

February 7, 2007, BBC: EU car CO2 fight only beginning (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6337057.stm)

February 7, 2007, European Commission: EU plans legislation to cut CO2 emissions from cars

(http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=IP/07/155&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en)

February 6, 2007, International Herald Tribune: EU to compromise on auto emissions(http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/02/06/news/carbon.php)

January 31, 2007, Transport and Environment: Europe set to clean up fuels but stalls on cars(http://www.transportenvironment.org/Article353.html)January 31, 2007, European Commission: EU proposes stricter fuel standards to cut CO2 emissions

(http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?

reference=IP/07/120&type=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en)January 24, 2007, The Guardian: Grand plan for a low-carbon Europe goes up in smoke(http://environment.guardian.co.uk/travel/story/0,,1997422,00.html)

October 19, 2004: European Environment Agency: Poor European test standards understate air pollutionfrom cars (http://www.eea.europa.eu/pressroom/newsreleases/TERM2004-en)

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