Europe 1920s and 1930s

British Empire

Egypt

India

British Empireand

Egypt

British Problems in Empire

• Parts of British Empire want to rule themselves

• Since 1882 British controlled Egypt

• Nationalist mov’t under Wafd Party

• 1922 Egypt declared independent

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Ethiopia taken over by Italy!

Egypt scared

Sign Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

*independence to Egypt

* British military bases in Egypt

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Google Earth

As part of LoN Mandate, British Empire was to include a Zionist homeland in Palestine - home for Jews.

Balfour Declaration promised this homeland.

Strongly shapes British foreign policy.

EXCEPT……

British had also promised to create an independent Arab nation…

Tension b/w Arabs and Jews. Britain limits # of Jews to appease ArabsThen WWII comes & nothing gets resolved

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British Empireand India

Living Like a Living Like a MaharajahMaharajah

Darjeeling Railroad, Darjeeling Railroad, 1880s1880s

Karachi, 1896Karachi, 1896

Rise of India Nationalism

The Indian National The Indian National CongressCongress 1885 The Indian National

Congress was founded in Bombay.

swaraj “independence.” * the goal of the movement.

The Indian National The Indian National CongressCongress but the mov’t is split between Hindu but the mov’t is split between Hindu

and Muslim Indians….and Muslim Indians….

and the mov’t is divided on how to and the mov’t is divided on how to break away from the British Empire - is break away from the British Empire - is that a smart thing? that a smart thing?

the mov’t is split on how to design the mov’t is split on how to design the new independent India. Socialist? the new independent India. Socialist? Democracy?Democracy?

The Muslim LeagueThe Muslim League 1905 partition of Bengal based on religions and languages.

1906 creation of the Muslim League.

Formed by Muslims suspicious of Hindu-majority Indian National Congress

Important LeadersImportant Leaders

Mohammed Ali Jinnah

Mohandas Gandhi

Jawaharlal Nehru

Mohammed Ali JinnahMohammed Ali Jinnah

1876 - 19481876 - 1948

Originally supported Indian National Congress but became increasingly unhappy with discriminations against Muslims and would eventually call for a separate Muslim state….

Young Mohandas K. Young Mohandas K. Gandhi, Gandhi,

18761876

1869 - 1948

Gandhi with the Gandhi with the LondonLondon

Vegetarian Society, Vegetarian Society, 18901890

Gandhi as a Young Gandhi as a Young Barrister in NatalBarrister in Natal

Gandhi as a Lawyer in Gandhi as a Lawyer in Johannesburg, So. AfricaJohannesburg, So. Africa

Very successful in creating laws to protect Indians living in South Africa from discriminations

Gandhi

•

•Returned to India 1915 with goal of making India independent from England

• WWI raging and Gandhi supported British during the war w/ belief British would support Indian independence after WWI

• HE WAS WRONG

• 1919, near end of WWI, British troops attacked and killed hundreds of peaceful Indian protestors in town of Amritsar.

• This sparks the beginning of India’s nationalistic mov’t using civil disobedience

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Salt March, 1930Salt March, 1930

MakingSalt

Gandhi

During World War II Gandhi again promised support to the Allies in exchange for a promise of independence

But the English gov’t jailed Gandhi for most of the war

After World War II, Gandhi was released and he began negotiating for an Indian independence

Britain wanted divided lands - Muslim section - Pakistan and Hindu section - India

Gandhi wants unified India

Gandhi

Gandhi protests in peaceful ways for a unified country of India

Gandhi was assassinated by a Hindu radical who was upset with the

possibility of a unified India

composed of Hindu and Muslim people

Gandhi and His Gandhi and His Grandaughters, Grandaughters,

19471947

Last Viceroy of India Last Viceroy of India

Lord Louis & Lady Edwina Montbatten

The Partition The Mountbatten Plan

Pre-PartitionPre-Partition

PartitionPartition!!

Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru

1889 - 19641889 - 1964

Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru

• Nehru is India’s 1st official prime minister after independence is declared in 1947

• Seen as Gandhi’s heir in he followed the same beliefs and goals as Gandhi

• advocated many modern advances for women such as right to divorce